text:
a higher automation level and reduce the weather waiting time during the installation of offshore wind turbines, a flexible simulation-verification framework with high fidelity is needed. However, stateof-the-art wind turbine numerical analysis code is neither convenient nor open enough for applications concerning the design and verification of control algorithms. MATLAB/Simulink is among the most widely utilized numerical platforms by control engineers and researchers. This paper describes the development of a modularized blade installation simulation toolbox for the purpose of control design in MATLAB/Simulink. The toolbox can be used to simulate several blade installation configurations, both onshore and offshore. The paper presents the key features and equations of the different modules, exemplified by a single blade installation operation. Code-to-code verification results are presented and discussed with both quasi-steady wind and threedimensional turbulent wind field.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MX3MKU82/ren_et_al_2018_development_and_application_of_a_simulator_for_offshore_wind_turbine_blades.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{RenewableEnergySources2012,
  title = {Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation: Special Report of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}},
  shorttitle = {Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  volume = {49},
  pages = {49-6309-49-6309},
  issn = {0009-4978, 1523-8253},
  doi = {10.5860/CHOICE.49-6309},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/QPMCFD7S/2012 - Renewable energy sources and climate change mitiga.pdf},
  journal = {Choice Reviews Online},
  language = {en},
  number = {11}
}

@article{RenewableEnergySources2012a,
  title = {Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation: Special Report of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}},
  shorttitle = {Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  volume = {49},
  pages = {49-6309-49-6309},
  issn = {0009-4978, 1523-8253},
  doi = {10.5860/CHOICE.49-6309},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6KUSR3CV/2012 - Renewable energy sources and climate change mitiga.pdf},
  journal = {Choice Reviews Online},
  language = {en},
  number = {11}
}

@article{Renewables2020Analysis2020,
  title = {Renewables 2020 - {{Analysis}} and Forecast to 2025},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {172},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SU8SH63E/2020_renewables_2020_-_analysis_and_forecast_to_2025.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Renewables2020Analysis2020a,
  title = {Renewables 2020 - {{Analysis}} and Forecast to 2025},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {172},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2YX79MWJ/2020_renewables_2020_-_analysis_and_forecast_to_2025.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{RenewablesCertificationGuidelines,
  title = {Renewables {{Certification Guidelines}} and {{Technical Notes}}},
  abstract = {DNV GL developed guidelines and technical notes for the certification of wind turbines, wind farms and other renewables.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SXL3FK6W/energy-guidelines-and-technical-notes.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.dnvgl.com/energy/renewables-certification/energy-guidelines-and-technical-notes.html},
  journal = {DNV GL},
  language = {en}
}

@article{renFiniteTimeBacksteppingNonlinear2020,
  title = {Finite-{{Time Backstepping}} of a {{Nonlinear System}} in {{Strict}}-{{Feedback Form}}: {{Proved}} by {{Bernoulli Inequality}}},
  shorttitle = {Finite-{{Time Backstepping}} of a {{Nonlinear System}} in {{Strict}}-{{Feedback Form}}},
  author = {Ren, Zhengru and Zhao, Bo and Nguyen, Dong Trong},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {47768--47775},
  issn = {2169-3536},
  doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2979068},
  abstract = {In this paper, we propose a novel state-feedback backstepping control design approach for a single-input single-output (SISO) nonlinear system in strict-feedback form. Rational-exponent Lyapunov functions (ReLFs) are employed in the backstepping design, and the Bernoulli inequality is primarily adopted in the stability proof. Semiglobal practical finite-time stability, or global asymptotically stability, is guaranteed by a continuous control law using a commonly used recursive backstepping-like approach. Unlike the inductive design of typical finite-time backstepping controllers, the proposed method has the advantage of reduced design complexity. The virtual control laws are designed by directly canceling the nonlinear terms in the derivative of the specific Lyapunov functions. The terms with exponents are transformed into linear forms as their bases. The stability proof is simplified by applying several inequalities in the final proof, instead of in each step. Furthermore, the singularity problem no longer exists. The weakness of the concept of practical finite-time stability is discussed. The method can be applied to smoothly extend numerous design methodologies with asymptotic stability with a higher convergence rate near the equilibrium. Two numerical case studies are provided to present the performance of the proposed control.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/I8FZWVJE/ren_et_al_2020_finite-time_backstepping_of_a_nonlinear_system_in_strict-feedback_form.pdf},
  journal = {IEEE Access},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{renIntegratedGNSSIMU2019,
  title = {Integrated {{GNSS}}/{{IMU}} Hub Motion Estimator for Offshore Wind Turbine Blade Installation},
  author = {Ren, Zhengru and Skjetne, Roger and Jiang, Zhiyu and Gao, Zhen and Verma, Amrit Shankar},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  volume = {123},
  pages = {222--243},
  issn = {0888-3270},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.01.008},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) have become increasingly popular for their ability to harvest clean offshore wind energy. Bottom-fixed foundations are the most used foundation type. Because of its large diameter, the foundation is sensitive to wave loads. For typical manually assisted blade-mating operations, the decision to perform the mating operation is based on the relative distance and velocity between the blade root center and the hub, and in accordance with the weather window. Hence, monitoring the hub real-time position and velocity is necessary, whether the blade installation is conducted manually or automatically. In this study, we design a hub motion estimation algorithm for the OWT with a bottom-fixed foundation using sensor fusion of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Two schemes are proposed based on a moving horizon estimator, a multirate Kalman filter, an online smoother, and a predictor. The moving horizon estimator mitigates the slow GNSS sampling rate relative to the hub dynamics. The multirate Kalman filter estimates the position, velocity, and accelerometer bias with a constant GNSS measurement delay. The online smoothing algorithm filters the delayed estimated trajectory to remove sudden step changes. The predictor compensates the delayed estimate, resulting in real-time monitoring. HAWC2 and MATLAB are used to verify the performance of the estimation algorithms, showing that a sufficiently accurate real-time position and velocity estimate with a high sampling rate is achieved. A sensitivity study compares the accuracy of different algorithms applied in various conditions. By combining both proposed algorithms, a sufficiently accurate estimation can be achieved for a wider scope of practical applications.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8RUCYJT5/2019_Ren et al_Integrated GNSS-IMU hub motion estimator for offshore wind turbine blade.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/BGSH99J9/S088832701930007X.html},
  journal = {Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing},
  keywords = {_tablet,Accelerometer,Bottom-fixed wind turbine,GPS,Multirate Kalman filter,Offshore installation,Offshore wind turbine,Real-time monitoring,Sensor fusion},
  language = {en}
}

@article{richmondMultiCriteriaDecisionAnalysis2018,
  title = {Multi-{{Criteria Decision Analysis}} for {{Benchmarking Human}}-{{Free Lifting Solutions}} in the {{Offshore Wind Energy Environment}}},
  author = {Richmond, Mark and Balaam, Toby and Causon, Paul and Cevasco, Debora and Leimeister, Mareike and Kolios, Athanasios and Brennan, Feargal},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1175},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en11051175},
  abstract = {With single components weighing up to hundreds of tonnes and lifted to heights of approximately 100 m, offshore wind turbines can pose risks to personnel, assets, and the environment during installation and maintenance interventions. Guidelines and standards for health and safety in lifting operations exist; however, having people directly beneath the load is still common practice in offshore wind turbine installations. Concepts for human-free offshore lifting operations in the categories of guidance and control, connections, and assembly are studied in this work. This paper documents the process of applying Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), using experts' opinions for the importance of defined criteria obtained by conducting an industry survey, to benchmark the suitability of the concepts at two stages. Stage one streamlined possible options and stage two ranked the remaining suite of options after further development. The survey results showed that criteria such as 'reduction of risk', 'handling improvement' and 'reliability of operation' were most important. The most viable options, weighted by industry opinion, to remove personnel from areas of high risk are: Boom Lock and tag lines, a camera system with mechanical guidance, and automated bolt installation/fastening for seafastening. The decision analysis framework developed can be applied to similar problems to inform choices subject to multiple criteria.},
  annotation = {WOS:000435610300153},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4BXFQM7H/2018_Richmond et al_Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Benchmarking Human-Free Lifting Solutions.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {_tablet,benefit-risk assessment,health \&   safety,installation,multi-criteria decision making,offshore lifting operations,offshore wind turbines,Technique for Order of Preference by   Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)},
  language = {English},
  number = {5}
}

@book{rippelIntegratedDomainModel2019,
  title = {Integrated {{Domain Model}} for {{Operative Offshore Installation Planning}}},
  author = {Rippel, Daniel and Jathe, Nicolas and L{\"u}tjen, Michael and Szczerbicka, Helena and Freitag, Michael},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {Purpose: Generally, the model-based installation planning of offshore wind farms knows two approaches: event-discrete simulations and mathematical optimizations. Both provide advantages in terms of computational time, detail and optimality. This article aims to identify common structural elements in the descriptions of both approaches, enabling the application of model transformations. Methodology: Therefore, several models of both types will be compared, combining relevant concepts, i.e., entities, attributes and relationships into a generalized model. In a second step, elements crucial to either type of model are identified. For the remaining elements, interdependencies and redundancies will be identified to enable a model reduction. Findings: While the structure and notation of both approaches are different, both describe the same fundamental concepts and relationships. The article provides a data model of these common concepts for the operational planning of offshore activities, including weather restrictions and forecasts. Originality: In current literature, there exist no approaches to combine mathematical optimization with event-discrete simulations in the context of offshore wind farm installations. To harness the advantages of both approaches in an integrated methodology, a model of common concepts is required, which does not exist at this time. Limitations: While the current model is limited to the operations planning for the installation ; it provides a foundation for future extensions to cover additional planning problems in this context, e.g., the capacity planning for vessels and storage spaces.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/S8G5FNLJ/rippel_et_al_2019_integrated_domain_model_for_operative_offshore_installation_planning.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{rivaIEAWindTCP,
  title = {{{IEA Wind TCP Task}} 26: {{Wind Technology}}, {{Cost}}, and {{Performance Trends}} in {{Denmark}}, {{Germany}}, {{Ireland}}, {{Norway}}, {{Sweden}}, the {{European Union}}, and the {{United States}}: 2008-2016},
  author = {Riva, Alberto Dalla and Hethey, Janos and Luers, Silke and Wallasch, Anna-Kathrin and Rehfeldt, Knud and Duffy, Aidan and Weir, David Edward and Stenkvist, Maria and Uihlein, Andreas and Stehly, Tyler and Lantz, Eric},
  pages = {104},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VK766D8T/Riva et al. - IEA Wind TCP Task 26 Wind Technology, Cost, and P.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{roacheVerificationValidation,
  title = {Verification and {{Validation}}},
  author = {Roache, Patrick J},
  pages = {484},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/TWTGABIL/roache_verification_and_validation.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{roacheVerificationValidationa,
  title = {Verification and {{Validation}}},
  author = {Roache, Patrick J},
  pages = {484},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6HELXA4E/Roache - Verification and Validation.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{roacheVerificationValidationb,
  title = {Verification and {{Validation}}},
  author = {Roache, Patrick J},
  pages = {484},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/C4769XQM/Roache - Verification and Validation.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{robertsonValidationOpenFOAMNumerical2015,
  title = {Validation of {{OpenFOAM}} Numerical Methods and Turbulence Models for Incompressible Bluff Body Flows},
  author = {Robertson, E. and Choudhury, V. and Bhushan, S. and Walters, D.K.},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  volume = {123},
  pages = {122--145},
  issn = {00457930},
  doi = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2015.09.010},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/26Z3GAQ5/robertson_et_al_2015_validation_of_openfoam_numerical_methods_and_turbulence_models_for.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/2ECE8KUQ/robertson_et_al_2015_validation_of_openfoam_numerical_methods_and_turbulence_models_for.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/7E3RQEIJ/robertson_et_al_2015_validation_of_openfoam_numerical_methods_and_turbulence_models_for.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/I6AW5Q7Z/robertson_et_al_2015_validation_of_openfoam_numerical_methods_and_turbulence_models_for.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/T6AHNNI6/robertson_et_al_2015_validation_of_openfoam_numerical_methods_and_turbulence_models_for.pdf},
  journal = {Computers \& Fluids},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{robertsonValidationOpenFOAMNumerical2015a,
  title = {Validation of {{OpenFOAM}} Numerical Methods and Turbulence Models for Incompressible Bluff Body Flows},
  author = {Robertson, E. and Choudhury, V. and Bhushan, S. and Walters, D.K.},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  volume = {123},
  pages = {122--145},
  issn = {00457930},
  doi = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2015.09.010},
  abstract = {A verification and validation study was performed using the open source computational fluid dynamics solver OpenFOAM version 2.0.0 for incompressible bluff body fluid flows. This includes flow over a backward facing step, a sphere in the subcritical regime, and delta wing with sharp leading edge. The study investigates solver scalability, and accuracy of numerical methods and turbulence models available in the solver. Grid verification study shows mostly monotonic convergence with averaged grid uncertainty {$<$}5\% for integral quantities and up to 10\% for local variables. The solver shows good strong scalability up to 192 processors on a mesh with 11M cells. The study identifies that the 2nd order linear upwind scheme is most efficient and accurate for Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations, while the 1st/2nd order blended limited linear scheme is best for simulations employing hybrid RANS/Large Eddy Simulation (HRL). PIMPLE and SIMPLE pressure\textendash velocity coupling methods are identified to be best for HRL and RANS simulations, respectively. The validation study showed that drag and mean velocity predictions compared within 5\% of the experimental data, whereas larger errors were predicted for turbulent kinetic energy and instability frequency predictions. OpenFOAM predictions compared within 6\% of FLUENT results for backward facing step and sphere cases, and performed better than the latter for the delta wing vortex breakdown predictions. Overall, OpenFOAM is found to be a reliable research solver; however, it is more sensitivity to grid quality than FLUENT, which needs to be further investigated.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/T7XSLV9A/Robertson et al. - 2015 - Validation of OpenFOAM numerical methods and turbu.pdf},
  journal = {Computers \& Fluids},
  language = {en}
}

@article{rodriguesWakeLossesOptimization2015,
  title = {Wake Losses Optimization of Offshore Wind Farms with Moveable Floating Wind Turbines},
  author = {Rodrigues, S. F. and Pinto, R. Teixeira and Soleimanzadeh, M. and Bosman, Peter A. N. and Bauer, P.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  volume = {89},
  pages = {933--941},
  issn = {0196-8904},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.005},
  abstract = {In the future, floating wind turbines could be used to harvest energy in deep offshore areas where higher wind mean speeds are observed. Currently, several floating turbine concepts are being designed and tested in small scale projects; in particular, one concept allows the turbine to move after installation. This article presents a novel layout optimization framework for wind farms composed of moveable floating turbines. The proposed framework uses an evolutionary optimization strategy in a nested configuration which simultaneously optimizes the anchoring locations and the wind turbine position within the mooring lines for each individual wind direction. The results show that maximum energy production is obtained when moveable wind turbines are deployed in an optimized layout. In conclusion, the framework represents a new design optimization tool for future offshore wind farms composed of moveable floating turbines. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  annotation = {WOS:000346552200088},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KU8G8C5Y/2015_Rodrigues et al_Wake losses optimization of offshore wind farms with moveable floating wind.pdf},
  journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
  keywords = {_tablet,layout optimization,Moveable floating turbines,Nested optimization,Offshore wind energy,placement,Turbine micro siting,Wake losses},
  language = {English}
}

@book{roithmayrDynamicsTheoryApplication2016,
  title = {Dynamics: {{Theory}} and {{Application}} of {{Kane}}'s {{Method}}},
  shorttitle = {Dynamics},
  author = {Roithmayr, Carlos M. and Hodges, Dewey H.},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139047524},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/I5FHWWYZ/roithmayr_hodges_2016_dynamics.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-139-04752-4},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{roithmayrDynamicsTheoryApplication2016a,
  title = {Dynamics: {{Theory}} and {{Application}} of {{Kane}}'s {{Method}}},
  shorttitle = {Dynamics},
  author = {Roithmayr, Carlos M. and Hodges, Dewey H.},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139047524},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SSY2T97B/roithmayr_hodges_2016_dynamics.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-139-04752-4},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{roithmayrDynamicsTheoryApplication2016b,
  title = {Dynamics: {{Theory}} and {{Application}} of {{Kane}}'s {{Method}}},
  shorttitle = {Dynamics},
  author = {Roithmayr, Carlos M. and Hodges, Dewey H.},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139047524},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IGFZQ72C/Roithmayr and Hodges - 2016 - Dynamics Theory and Application of Kane's Method.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-139-04752-4},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@phdthesis{ruscheweyhBeitragZurWindbelastung1974,
  title = {{Beitrag zur Windbelastung hoher kreiszylinder\"ahnlicher schlanker Bauwerke im nat\"urlichen Wind bei Reynoldszahlen bis Re=1,4x10 7}},
  author = {Ruscheweyh, Hans},
  year = {1974},
  address = {{Aachen}},
  language = {German}
}

@article{ruscheweyhStrakedInlineSteel1981,
  title = {Straked In-Line Steel Stacks with Low Mass-Damping Parameter},
  author = {Ruscheweyh, H.},
  year = {1981},
  month = jul,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {203--210},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/0167-6105(81)90019-2},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  language = {en},
  number = {1-2}
}

@article{sabinoVortexinducedVibrationPrediction2020,
  title = {Vortex-Induced Vibration Prediction via an Impedance Criterion},
  author = {Sabino, D. and Fabre, D. and Leontini, J. S. and Jacono, D. Lo},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  volume = {890},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
  doi = {10.1017/jfm.2020.104},
  abstract = {, The vortex-induced vibration of a spring-mounted, damped, rigid circular cylinder, immersed in a Newtonian viscous flow and capable of moving in the direction orthogonal to the unperturbed flow is investigated for Reynolds numbers  ReRe  in the vicinity of the onset of unsteadiness ( 15{$\leqslant$}Re{$\leqslant$}6015\textbackslash leqslant Re\textbackslash leqslant 60 ) using the incompressible linearised Navier\textendash Stokes equations. In a first step, we solve the linear problem considering an imposed harmonic motion of the cylinder. Results are interpreted in terms of the mechanical impedance, i.e.~the ratio between the vertical force coefficient and the cylinder velocity, which is represented as function of the Reynolds number and the driving frequency. Considering the energy transfer between the cylinder and the fluid, we show that impedance results provide a simple criterion allowing the prediction of the onset of instability of the coupled fluid-elastic structure case. A global stability analysis of the fully coupled fluid/cylinder system is then performed. The instability thresholds obtained by this second approach are found to be in perfect agreement with the predictions of the impedance-based criterion. A theoretical argument, based on asymptotic developments, is then provided to give a prediction of eigenvalues of the coupled problem, as well as to characterise the region of instability beyond the threshold as function of the reduced velocity  U{${_\ast}$}U\^\{\textbackslash ast \} , the dimensionless mass  m{${_\ast}$}m\^\{\textbackslash ast \}  and the Reynolds number. The influence of the damping parameter  {$\mathsl{\gamma}\mathsl{\gamma}\backslash$}unicode[STIX]\{x1D6FE\}  on the instability region is also explored.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8V8EGIKB/4B8ABEAAE22F916624ADA0FB138CAC25.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {flow–structure interactions,parametric instability,vortex shedding},
  language = {en}
}

@article{sanchez-caleroSegregationTestOffshore2018,
  title = {{Segregation test of the off-shore wind turbine jacket foundations made by free fall pouring}},
  author = {{Sanchez-Calero}, Miguel and {Jesus Perea-Moreno}, Alberto and Antonio Gomez, Carlos de San and {Manzano-Agugliaro}, Francisco},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  volume = {93},
  pages = {221--227},
  issn = {0012-7361},
  doi = {10.6036/8542},
  abstract = {One of the major concern of wind farm offshore is the type of wind turbine foundation to be installed. When it comes to talk about offshore installation of pre-piled fixed jacket foundations (3-4 legs), one of the most critical activities to be performed by the installer is the grouting operation. For currently wind turbines size, pre-piling jacket installation is a very extended alternative used which are drilled into the seabed until only 4-5 m come out the seabed line. Once piles have been installed into the seabed it comes the time to proceed with jacket legs installation. Next step is to grouting-secured together both structures (pile and jacket) pouring grout, throughout the already pre-installed grouting lines into the lower part of the jacket leg. Due to complexity of the overall manoeuvre as well as required precision not only for the grout system but for the right parameters should be considered for pouring in order to ensure the grout correctly into the pile/jacket annulus without segregation or other undesirable effects occurring a mockup test was carried out. The proposed and analysed method defines a protocol that could be used and repeated for others offshore windfarms that are planned to be installed in the future over pre-pilled foundations. Running a grout wall test based on protocol described on this paper prior to offshore grout operations will guarantee mix of grout and lub is in line with grouting foundations requirements, saving pumping grout time and therefore vessel stand by costs as well as money savings for grout exceeds, avoiding segregation problems could lead up to in worst case to foundations removal with massive vessel standby costs for reparation of the entire installation foundation operation.},
  annotation = {WOS:000428766100025},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6NNC2PTF/2018_Sanchez-Calero et al_Segregation test of the off-shore wind turbine jacket foundations made by free.pdf},
  journal = {Dyna},
  keywords = {_tablet,cement grouts,energy,grouting,jackets,mock-up   test,offshore installation,Piles,segregation},
  language = {Spanish},
  number = {2}
}

@inproceedings{sanderMONITORINGOFFSHOREWIND2020,
  title = {{{Monitoring of Offshore Wind Turbines under Wave and Wind Loading during Installation}}},
  booktitle = {{{XI International Conference}} on {{Structural Dynamics}}},
  author = {Sander, Aljoscha and Meinhardt, Christian and Thoben, Klaus-Dieter},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {2189--2205},
  address = {{Athens, Greece}},
  doi = {10.47964/1120.9178.19731},
  abstract = {During the single blade installation of offshore wind turbines, relative motion between the blade root and turbine hub can cause a delay in the progression of the installation. This contribution presents the results of a monitoring campaign conducted during the installation of an offshore wind park in the North Sea. The campaign covered different states of the turbines: without rotor blades, with rotor blades, without supplementary damping system and with an installed, tuned mass damper system. The objective of the campaign was to determine the dynamic behaviour of the turbines in correlation with wind and wave data and to determine modal parameters. Accordingly, the turbines have been instrumented with sensors to record accelerations at three different positions. The modal parameters were then obtained using SSI/FDD algorithms. Structural damping is additionally determined with an RDM algorithm, and the results are being compared. The analysis of the data will be presented, including the different stages of the structural damping and the corresponding changes in movement patterns. The results shall be used to verify the load models and the predicted response of the structure.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 Internationale Lizenz (CC-BY-SA)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7H9NVMRZ/sander_et_al_2020_monitoring_of_offshore_wind_turbines_under_wave_and_wind_loading_during.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/HNLUHJ77/EuroDyn2020_MonitoringOffshoreWindTurbines_Submission.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{sanderOscillationsOffshoreWind2020,
  title = {Oscillations of {{Offshore Wind Turbines}} Undergoing {{Installation I}}: {{Raw Measurements}}},
  shorttitle = {Oscillations of {{Offshore Wind Turbines}} Undergoing {{Installation I}}},
  author = {Sander, Aljoscha},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  publisher = {{Zenodo}},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.4498779},
  abstract = {Overview This repository contains~data from an offshore measurement campaign conducted during the installation of the offshore wind farm trianel wind farm borkum II (https://www.trianel-borkumzwei.de/). The wind farm consists of 32 Senvion 6XM152 turbines. The installation took place between August 2019 and May 2020. An offshore wind turbine undergoing installation is interesting from a research point of view for several reasons: Simple geometry: turbine foundation and tower are both rotationally symmetric steel tubes. Rotational symmetry also leads to (approximate) isotrope structural characteristics in the plane normal to tower and foundation. High Reynolds number flow: Assuming a tower diameter of 6 m, and average wind speeds ranging from 5 m/s to 12 m/s under installation conditions, Reynolds numbers range from 4.5 million to 10.5 million. Wave loading und full scale conditions. Practical relevance to improving the competability of offshore wind. For fluid mechanics, closely monitoring offshore wind turbines under wind and wave loading thus compares to a full scale experiment. Monitoring 32 turbines undergoing installation thus enables the measurement a broad spectrum of different states. The investigation into the data is~ongoing, questions and contributions are welcome. The current data release still does not include all data. The dataset will thus be updated again in the future with more data to come.~First analytic results can be found here: Sander, A, Haselsteiner, AF, Barat, K, Janssen, M, Oelker, S, Ohlendorf, J, \& Thoben, K. "Relative Motion During Single Blade Installation: Measurements From the North Sea." Proceedings of the ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. Volume 9: Ocean Renewable Energy. Virtual, Online. August 3\textendash 7, 2020. V009T09A069. ASME. {$<$}https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2020-18935{$>$} Sander, A, Meinhardt, C \& Thoben, KD. "Monitoring of Offshore Wind Turbines under Wind and Wave Loading during Installation" Proceedings of the EuroDyn 2020 XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics. Volume 1. Virtual, Online. November 23-26, 2020. {$<$}https://generalconferencefiles.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/eurodyn\_2020\_ebook\_procedings\_vol1.pdf{$>$} Physical Background An offshore wind turbine under installation conditions can be simplified as a cantlivered beam (circular cross section, rotationally symmetric wall thickness) with an eccentric mass~(nacelle with generator) vibrating transversally (fore-aft and side-side in the reference system of the nacelle) under wind and wave loads. Both wind and wave loads are stochastic and are described using statistical models. Wave loads are a function of the sea state. For a sea states, the most important parameters are significant wave heigh H\_m0 and Wave peak period T\_P. To a lesser extend, wave direction, zero upcrossing period and maximum wave height are also important. Different statistical models can be used to describe the sea state and the relationship between significant wave heigh H\_m0 and wave peak period. Most prominent in the North Sea is the JONSWAP spectrum. Wind loads are depending on wind speed, wind direction, shear factor and turbulence intensity. Different statistical models are available to describe the wind spectrum. Wind and wave loads trigger a structural response of the turbine. The structural response depends on the loading spectrum as well as the transfer function. Furthermore the structural response is strongly depending on damping and elasticity of the structure. In turbines, damping is typically very low (\textasciitilde{} 0.5 - 1.5 \%). The response is dominated by the first Eigenfrequency of the turbine. As the turbine is assumed to be rotationally symmetric, the fore-aft and side-side mode are extremely close together if not indistinguishable [1]. The response has the characteristics of a narrow-band random vibration. A narrow-band random vibration is characterized by being dominated by a single, narrow frequency peak (here: first Eigenfrequency). The amplitude envelope follows a Rayleigh distribution and the phase angle is equally distributed between 0 and 2 pi. If viewed from above, the structural response describes a closed curve (orbit) which can be characterized by it shape (eccentricity), mean amplitude and direction. Mathematically speaking, this is a lissajous-figure, where the time series from one response direction is plotted as a function of the time series of the second response direction. [1]: under installation condition Experimental Setup Several locations were used to record data during the installation of the wind farm. They are listed in the following table: helihoist-\{1,2\}:~data recorded from the helicopter hoisting platform atop the turbine nacelle. For most installations, two sensor boxes were deployed to ensure data availability. tp:~Measurements from the transition piece sbitroot:~Measurements from the blade lifting yoke's blade root side. The Z-axis is aligned to the blade main axis, X-Axis is perpendicular. sbittip:~Measurements from the tip side of the blade lifting yoke. Z-axis aligned with the blade main axis, X-axis perpendicular damper:~Measurements from the tuned mass damper used during single blade installation towertop:~measurements from inside the turbine tower at the upper lift plattform towertransfer: measurements from atop the towers during sail out from the base harbour to the installation site~ Organization of data For each turbine installation, a separate folder can be found, e.g. turbine-01 for the first and turbine-16 for the 16th turbine. Turbine numbering follows the order of installation. Different data sources are organized in subfolders for each turbine dataset. Unfortunately, not every data source is available for each turbine. Data sources are roughly sorted into categories. The following table lists these categories: location / tom : data from custom build sensor boxes. Data includes acceleration, angular acceleration, magnetic field, gnss recording and rough estimates of the eulerian angles. waves / wmb-sued :~Sea state statistics for the installatin period of the turbine. waves / fino :~Sea state statistics from the german research platform FINO1~located approx. 6 km from the installation site. waves / waveradar :~Sea state statstics, recorded by a wave rider wave laser.~ wind / lidar :~high fidelity wind data recorded on the installation vessel during the installation of the wind farm. wind / scada :~10 min. mean wind statistisc recorded on wind turbines in the vicinity of the installation site. This data is used in case no LIDAR data is available. wind / anemometer :~During some of the installations, anemometers were present on the installation vessel. These recordings are sorted into this sub-subfolder. wind / fino :~Additonal wind statistics recorded by the FINO research station. Least recommended for investigations, as these recordings were taken approx. 6 km from the installation site. The zenodo data set includes 16 zip archives (for 16 turbines) as well as one zip archive including environmental data. The following lists the folder structure of the turbine-04.zip archive (with most of the data files removed for clarity). +-- turbines +-- turbine-04 | +-- helihoist-1 | | +-- tom | | +-- clean | | +-- turbine-04\_helihoist-1\_tom\_clean\_2019-09-01-11-27-17\_2019-09-01-11-54-00.csv | | +-- turbine-04\_helihoist-1\_tom\_clean\_2019-09-01-11-54-00\_2019-09-01-12-20-44.csv | +-- sbitroot | | +-- tom | | +-- clean | | +-- turbine-04\_sbitroot\_tom\_clean\_2019-09-07-06-48-53\_2019-09-07-07-17-16.csv | | +-- turbine-04\_sbitroot\_tom\_clean\_2019-09-07-07-17-16\_2019-09-07-07-45-59.csv | +-- towertop | | +-- tom | | +-- clean | | +-- turbine-04\_towertop\_tom\_clean\_2000-01-06-18-55-52\_2000-01-06-20-30-10.csv | | +-- turbine-04\_towertop\_tom\_clean\_2000-01-06-20-30-11\_2000-01-06-22-04-31.csv | +-- towertransfer | | +-- tom | | +-- clean | | +-- turbine-04\_towertransfer\_tom\_clean\_2019-08-31-03-11-53\_2019-08-31-04-00-09.csv | | +-- turbine-04\_towertransfer\_tom\_clean\_2019-08-31-04-00-10\_2019-08-31-04-48-19.csv | +-- tp | +-- tom | +-- clean | +-- turbine-04\_tp\_tom\_clean\_2019-08-31-18-34-45\_2019-08-31-19-07-52.csv | +-- turbine-04\_tp\_tom\_clean\_2019-08-31-19-08-00\_2019-08-31-19-40-43.csv The following list the contents of the environment.zip archive. Note that again most of the data files have been removed for clarity.~ +-- environment +-- waves | +-- wmb-sued | +-- wmb-sued\_2019-08-15.csv | +-- wmb-sued\_2019-08-16.csv | +-- wmb-sued\_2019-08-17.csv +-- wind +-- lidar +-- lidar\_2019-08-03.csv +-- lidar\_2019-08-04.csv +-- lidar\_2019-08-05.csv TOM data description The abbreviation TOM~referes to Tower Oscillation Measurement and the data that was acquired using a specific set of sensor boxes built by university of Bremen for this specific purpose. These Sensor Boxes were initially designed to measure accelerations and GPS tracks of offshore wind turbine towers undergoing installation. During the installation of the wind farm Trianel Windpark Borkum II they were subsequentially used to track the complete installation with a focus on single blade installation Data from the TOM devices comes as CSV files. The firmware of the boxes was designed, such that data was written into 10 MB sized txt files instead of one large txt file in order to circumvent data corruption due to power loss. However, this leads to a few milliseconds of missing data between log files. Additionally, jitter due to IO-Operations is present in the data as well and data should under all circumstance be resampled befor further analysis. Parameters provided by the TOM devices are listed in the following: epoch :~machine readable time stamp based on the unix epoch in UTC [s]~ runtime : time since last boot of the tom device [ms]~ latitude : Degrees latitude in decimal writing. For Trianel: [degree due North]~ longitude :~Degrees longitude in decimal writing. For Trianel: [degree due East]~ elevation :~elevation above mean sea level [m]~ rot\_\{x,y,z\} :~Rotational acceleration around the three cartesian axis \{x,y,z\} of the TOM box. [degree / s\^2]~ acc\_\{x,y,z\} :~linear acceleration in each of the three cartesian axis \{x,y,z\} in the reference system of the TOM box [m/s\^2]~ mag\_\{x,y,z\} :~magnetic field strength in each of the local cartesian TOM box axis \{x,y,z\} [micro-Tesla]~ roll :~eulerian roll angle (angle around the x Axis of the tom box) [degree]~ pitch :~eulerian pitch angle (angle around the y Axis of the tom box) [degree]~ yaw :~eulerian yaw angle (angle around the z Axis of the tom box) [degree]~ LIDAR wind data description A Leosphere WindCube LIDAR was mounted on the installation vessel Taillevent~to record the atmospheric boundary layer during installation.~The data recorded by the lidar was exported as csvs and provided by the vessel operator. The raw data includes the following parameters epoch :~time stamp as a unix epoch in UTC [s] wind\_speed\_N :~The wind speed at the N'th return level [m/s] wind\_dir\_N :~Wind direction at the N'th return level in the vessels reference frame [degree] wind\_dir\_N\_corr :~Wind direction at the N'th return level due North [degree due North] heigh\_N :~The height of the lidar return level [m]~ Data is resampled to a 1 s return interval.~ wave data description Wave data was recorded using a waverider wave buoy (DWR-G). The wave rider buoy was located at 54 00' 238'' degree North and 6 26' 553'' degree East. In decimals: 54.0031096 North, 6.4425532 East.~Based on the raw data, sea state statistics were derived with a return period of 30 minutes. The data comes as csv, column oriented text files. The first line entails parameter names and units and is commented out by a hashbang (unix commentary). The data is a combination of two different data files as provided by the buoy: \textbackslash *.HIS Data Text File (History of Spectrum parameters) and \textbackslash *.HIW Data Text File (History of Wave Statistics). This results in the two timestamps in the data file because history of wave statistics data is available immediately after each measurement time period, whereas history of spectrum parameters take approx. 5 minutes to calculate by the buoy and thus have a slightly later time stamp. For actual postprocessing purposes, a third timestamp rounded to full half hour is used. Parameters included in the data files are: epoch: number of seconds since 1st of January 1970 in UTC. Common time stamp format in computing. [s] Tp ~Tp := 1 / fp, peak period, the frequency at which S(f) is maximal [s] ~Dirp ~peak direction, the direction at f = fp [deg due North] ~Sprp ~peak spread, the directional spread at f = fp [s] ~Tz ~Tz := sqrt(m0 / m2), zero-upcross period [s] ~Hm0 ~Hm0 := 4*sqrt(m0), the significant waveheight [m] ~TI ~TI := sqrt(m[-2] / m0), integral period [s] ~T1 ~T1 := m0 / m1, mean period [s] ~Tc ~Tc := sqrt(m2 / m4), crest period [s] ~Tdw2 ~Tdw2 := sqrt(m[-1] / m1) [s] ~Tdw1 ~Tdw1 := sqrt(m[-1,2] / m0) [s] ~Tpc ~Tpc := m[-2] * m1 / m0 \^ 2, calculated peak period [s] ~nu ~nu := sqrt((T1 / Tz) \^ 2 - 1), band width parameter [-] ~eps ~eps := sqrt(1 - (Tc / Tz) \^ 2), bandwidth parameter [-] ~QP ~QP := 2 * m[1,2] / m0 \^ 2, Goda's peakedness parameter [-] ~Ss ~Ss :=2 * pi / g * Hs / Tz \^ 2, significant steepness [-] ~TRef ~TRef, reference temperature (25deg) [C] ~TSea ~TSea, sea surface temperature [C] ~Bat ~Bat, battery status (0..7)~ ~m[n] ~m[n] := Integral from f=0 to f=Inf over S(f) * f \^ n~ ~m[n,2] ~m[n,2] := Integral from f=0 to f=Inf over S(f) \^ 2 * f \^ n~~ ~Percentage ~Percentage of data with no reception errors [\%]~ ~Hmax ~Height of the highest wave [cm]~ ~Tmax ~Period of the highest wave) [s]~ ~H(1/10) ~Average height of 10\% highest waves [cm]~ ~T(1/10) ~Average period of 10\% highest waves [s]~ ~H(1/3) ~Average height of 33\% highest waves [cm]~ ~T(1/3) ~Average period of 33\% highest waves [s]~ ~Hav ~Average height of all waves [cm]~ ~Tav ~Average period of all waves) [s]~ ~Eps ~bandwidth parameter~ ~\#Waves ~Number of waves Note: the m's are moments of the power spectral density S(f).},
  copyright = {CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RT5UV3VS/4498779.html},
  keywords = {Offshore Wind,Single Blade Installation,Turbine Vibrations}
}

@inproceedings{sanderRelativeMotionSingle2020,
  title = {Relative {{Motion During Single Blade Installation}}: {{Measurements From}} the {{North Sea}}},
  shorttitle = {Relative {{Motion During Single Blade Installation}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2020 39th {{International Conference}} on {{Ocean}}, {{Offshore}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Sander, Aljoscha and Haselsteiner, Andreas F. and Barat, Kader and Janssen, Michael and Oelker, Stephan and Ohlendorf, Jan-Hendrik and Thoben, Klaus-Dieter},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2020-18935},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7XAJDWQ7/sander_et_al_2020_relative_motion_during_single_blade_installation.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/T245SBSG/1093136.html},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{sanderTWBIIFinalReport2020,
  title = {{{TWBII Final Report}}},
  author = {Sander, Aljoscha},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  pages = {80},
  address = {{Bremen}},
  institution = {{University of Bremen}},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC-BY-SA)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FKPSIWIQ/sander_2020_twbii_final_report.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

@article{sarpkayaCriticalReviewIntrinsic2004,
  title = {A Critical Review of the Intrinsic Nature of Vortex-Induced Vibrations},
  author = {Sarpkaya, T.},
  year = {2004},
  month = may,
  volume = {19},
  pages = {389--447},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2004.02.005},
  abstract = {This is a comprehensive review of the progress made during the past two decades on vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of mostly circular cylindrical structures subjected to steady uniform flow. The critical elements of the evolution of the ideas, theoretical insights, experimental methods, and numerical models are traced systematically; the strengths and weaknesses of the current state of the understanding of the complex fluid/structure interaction are discussed in some detail. Finally, some suggestions are made for further research on VIV.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6ZQING7G/2004_Sarpkaya_A critical review of the intrinsic nature of vortex-induced vibrations.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/RLPZZW2Q/Sarpkaya_2004_A critical review of the intrinsic nature of vortex-induced vibrations.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/WJ9DJWST/sarpkaya_2004_a_critical_review_of_the_intrinsic_nature_of_vortex-induced_vibrations.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/3WEF4GMK/S0889974604000350.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/FTRYWIFZ/S0889974604000350.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/S874CMGZ/S0889974604000350.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {4}
}

@article{sarpkayaHydrodynamicDampingFlowinduced1995,
  title = {Hydrodynamic Damping, Flow-Induced Oscillations, and Biharmonic Response},
  author = {Sarpkaya, T.},
  year = {1995},
  month = nov,
  volume = {117},
  doi = {10.1115/1.2827228},
  abstract = {The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MBF5DWI9/sarpkaya_1995_hydrodynamic_damping,_flow-induced_oscillations,_and_biharmonic_response.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/3L63ZSRR/175947.html},
  journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {English},
  number = {4}
}

@article{sarpkayaVortexInducedOscillationsSelective1979,
  title = {Vortex-{{Induced Oscillations}}: {{A Selective Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Vortex-{{Induced Oscillations}}},
  author = {Sarpkaya, T.},
  year = {1979},
  month = jun,
  volume = {46},
  pages = {241--258},
  issn = {0021-8936},
  doi = {10.1115/1.3424537},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/TGKV57SS/424108.html},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@book{schmidtNonlinearVibrations1986,
  title = {Non-Linear {{Vibrations}}},
  author = {Schmidt, G. and Tondl, A.},
  year = {1986},
  month = mar,
  edition = {First},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511735752},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FSXSAZM9/schmidt_tondl_1986_non-linear_vibrations.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-26698-7 978-0-521-11322-9 978-0-511-73575-2},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{schmidtNonlinearVibrations1986a,
  title = {Non-Linear {{Vibrations}}},
  author = {Schmidt, G. and Tondl, A.},
  year = {1986},
  month = mar,
  edition = {First},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511735752},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XIJ3BSEQ/schmidt_tondl_1986_non-linear_vibrations.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-26698-7 978-0-521-11322-9 978-0-511-73575-2},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{schmidtNonlinearVibrations1986b,
  title = {Non-Linear {{Vibrations}}},
  author = {Schmidt, G. and Tondl, A.},
  year = {1986},
  month = mar,
  edition = {First},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511735752},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/T486WMWP/Schmidt and Tondl - 1986 - Non-linear Vibrations.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-26698-7 978-0-521-11322-9 978-0-511-73575-2},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@incollection{schmidtOrientationCorrectionWind2016,
  title = {Orientation Correction of Wind Direction Measurements by Means of Staring Lidar},
  booktitle = {Windeurope {{Summit}} 2016},
  author = {Schmidt, Michael and Trujillo, Juan Jose and Kuehn, Martin},
  editor = {Muskulus, M. and Aubrun, S.},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {749},
  pages = {UNSP 012005},
  publisher = {{Iop Publishing Ltd}},
  address = {{Bristol}},
  abstract = {In spite of the efforts made at the time of installation of wind vanes or ultrasonic anemometers (Sonic), there is always a remaining uncertainty of several degrees in the absolute north of such sensors. In this research a method is presented to reduce the azimuthal orientation error of wind direction sensors by means of Doppler Lidar measurements. The method is based on the comparison between the conventional sensor and a distant long range lidar pointing to it in staring mode. By comparing their line-of-sight wind speeds any misalignment between both systems can be estimated more accurately. This method was applied in an measurement campaign in the offshore wind farm alpha ventus next to the meteorological mast FINO1. The maximum alignment error of a Sonic was reduced to below +/- 1 degrees. This accurate alignment has asserted, that no bias exists between Lidar and Sonic wind speed measurements.},
  annotation = {WOS:000435192700005},
  keywords = {turbine,yaw},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Schwingung2020,
  title = {{Schwingung}},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  abstract = {Als Schwingungen oder Oszillationen (lateinisch oscillare ,schaukeln`) werden wiederholte zeitliche Schwankungen von Zustandsgr\"o\ss en eines Systems bezeichnet. Unter Schwankung ist dabei die Abweichung von einem Mittelwert zu verstehen. Schwingungen k\"onnen in allen r\"uckgekoppelten Systemen auftreten. Beispiele f\"ur Schwingungen sind in der Mechanik, in der Elektrotechnik, der Biologie, in der Wirtschaft und in vielen anderen Bereichen anzutreffen. Man unterscheidet: periodische und nichtperiodische (quasiperiodische oder chaotische) Schwingungen unged\"ampfte, ged\"ampfte und aperiodische Schwingungen freie, erzwungene (fremderregte), selbsterregte und parametererregte Schwingungen lineare und nichtlineare Schwingungen Schwingungen mit einem Freiheitsgrad, mit mehreren Freiheitsgraden und mit unendlich vielen Freiheitsgraden (Schwingungen eines Kontinuums) kontinuierliche Schwingungen und Oszillation zwischen diskreten Zust\"andenAlle diese Eigenschaften k\"onnen kombiniert sein. Als Vibration werden periodische, mit Verformung verbundene mechanische Schwingungen eines K\"orpers bezeichnet. Eine Schwingung, die zur Informations\"ubermittlung dient, nennt man manchmal Signal, zum Beispiel elektrisches Signal. Die r\"aumliche Ausbreitung einer St\"orung oder Schwingung ist eine Welle.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 201094648},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/5FSUSQIJ/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {de}
}

@article{scipy1.0contributorsSciPyFundamentalAlgorithms2020,
  title = {{{SciPy}} 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in {{Python}}},
  shorttitle = {{{SciPy}} 1.0},
  author = {{SciPy 1.0 Contributors} and Virtanen, Pauli and Gommers, Ralf and Oliphant, Travis E. and Haberland, Matt and Reddy, Tyler and Cournapeau, David and Burovski, Evgeni and Peterson, Pearu and Weckesser, Warren and Bright, Jonathan and {van der Walt}, St{\'e}fan J. and Brett, Matthew and Wilson, Joshua and Millman, K. Jarrod and Mayorov, Nikolay and Nelson, Andrew R. J. and Jones, Eric and Kern, Robert and Larson, Eric and Carey, C J and Polat, {\.I}lhan and Feng, Yu and Moore, Eric W. and VanderPlas, Jake and Laxalde, Denis and Perktold, Josef and Cimrman, Robert and Henriksen, Ian and Quintero, E. A. and Harris, Charles R. and Archibald, Anne M. and Ribeiro, Ant{\^o}nio H. and Pedregosa, Fabian and {van Mulbregt}, Paul},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  issn = {1548-7091, 1548-7105},
  doi = {10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/K8HYSDIZ/2020_SciPy 1.0 Contributors et al_SciPy 1.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Methods},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{seacordEffectiveIntroductionProfessional2020,
  title = {Effective {{C}}: An Introduction to Professional {{C}} Programming},
  shorttitle = {Effective {{C}}},
  author = {Seacord, Robert C.},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {{No Starch Press}},
  address = {{San Francisco}},
  abstract = {"An in-depth guide for developers who already know how to program and want to quickly come up to speed on professional programming in C. It introduces the language's basic data types and code structures ; addresses best practices and common errors ; and teaches how to debug, test, and analyze C programs"},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HKR3D574/Seacord - 2020 - Effective C an introduction to professional C pro.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-71850-104-1},
  keywords = {_tablet,C (Computer program language)},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {QA76.73.C15 S417 2020}
}

@article{seeniCriticalReviewTubercles2018,
  title = {A {{Critical Review}} on {{Tubercles Design}} for {{Propellers}}},
  author = {Seeni, A and Rajendran, P and Kutty, H A},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  volume = {370},
  pages = {012015},
  issn = {1757-8981, 1757-899X},
  doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/370/1/012015},
  abstract = {The design of propellers in aeronautics is still earning high interest. This has led to the application of biomimetic for improving aerodynamic performance. One such design is the usage of tubercles in either leading or trailing edge of airfoils. So the usage of tubercles has so far been in the design of wing or wind-turbines. Recent studies have aimed to study tubercles for the design of a propeller. The studies have so far gained reputations in improving the aerodynamic performance on a few but not all of the airfoil shapes. Similar results have been identified for propeller designs with improvement in thrust at low torque. We have so far led research works on developing new propeller designs with the aim to improve the thrust and torque performance of propeller. A review of recent studies has been performed to study the state-of-the-art. The results of this work will be discussed in this paper.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PUIF22D3/seeni_et_al_2018_a_critical_review_on_tubercles_design_for_propellers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/QMKAVTGW/seeni_et_al_2018_a_critical_review_on_tubercles_design_for_propellers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/WN4KUCL9/seeni_et_al_2018_a_critical_review_on_tubercles_design_for_propellers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/Y5CCJVBP/seeni_et_al_2018_a_critical_review_on_tubercles_design_for_propellers.pdf},
  journal = {IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@incollection{segerenExperimentalInvestigationDynamic2014,
  title = {Experimental Investigation of the Dynamic Installation of a Slip Joint Connection between the Monopile and Tower of an Offshore Wind Turbine},
  booktitle = {Science of {{Making Torque}} from {{Wind}} 2014 (Torque 2014)},
  author = {Segeren, M. L. A. and Hermans, K. W.},
  editor = {Bak, C. and Bechmann, A. and Bingol, F. and Dellwik, E. and Dimitrov, N. and Giebel, G. and Hansen, M. O. L. and Jensen, D. J. and Larsen, G. and Madsen, H. A. and Mann, J. and Natarajan, A. and Rathmann, O. and Sathe, A. and Sorensen, J. N. and Sorensen, N. N.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {524},
  pages = {012080},
  publisher = {{Iop Publishing Ltd}},
  address = {{Bristol}},
  abstract = {The failure of the traditional grouted connections of offshore wind turbines has led to the investigation of alternatives that provide a connection between the foundation pile and the turbine tower. An alternative to the traditional joint is a steel-to-steel connection also called a slip joint. To ensure a proper fit of the slip joint a dynamic installation of the joint is proposed. In this contribution, the effectiveness of harmonic excitation as an installation procedure is experimentally investigated using a 1:10 scaled model of the joint. During the dynamic installation test the applied static load, settlements and dynamic response of the joint are monitored using respectively load cells, taut wires and strain gauges placed both inside and outside the conical surfaces. The results show that settlement occurs only when applying a harmonic load at specific forcing frequencies. The settlement stabilizes to a certain level for each of the specific frequencies, indicating that a controlled way of installation is possible. The results show that it is essential to vibrate at specific frequencies and that a larger amplitude of the harmonic force does not automatically lead to additional settlement.},
  annotation = {WOS:000344193600080},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{sehtsPrognoseInstallationskostenOffshoreWindenergieparks2021,
  title = {Prognose Der {{Installationskosten}} von {{Offshore}}-{{Windenergieparks}} Auf {{Basis}} von Empirischen {{Daten}}},
  author = {Sehts, Alexander},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  address = {{Bremen}},
  abstract = {To make the installation of offshore wind turbines more profitable, installation costs must be minimized. This can be achieved, among other things, by reducing installation times. This work aims to establish correlations between prevailing environmental conditions and rotor blade installation to subsequently make predictions for future installation projects. Furthermore, it is investigated to what extent the use of a vibration damper changes the installation frequency in a year. For this purpose, worldwide data measurements from 2007-2017 are examined. Using the programming language "R", time windows are filtered out that have installationfriendly wind speeds and wave heights. Finally, the filtered datasets are examined for contiguous times that reflect the respective installation times required with and without vibration dampeners. It can be shown that the use of a vibration damper noticeably increases the number of possible installation windows. The probability of a successful installation is lowest in January and highest in June. Filtering wave height and wind speed reduce the number of installation windows. The elaboration offers future work the opportunity to build on the results and use them further to make sense of the analysis of past installation projects using environmental data forecasting.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/5DX3PDDN/Bachelorarbeit Alexander_Sehts_4435584-zusammengefügt.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  school = {University of Bremen},
  type = {Bachelor of {{Science}}}
}

@article{seidel6MWTURBINES150M,
  ids = {seidel6MWTURBINES150Ma},
  title = {{{6MW TURBINES WITH 150M}}+ {{ROTOR DIAMETER}} \textendash{} {{WHAT IS THE IMPACT ON SUBSTRUCTURES}}?},
  author = {Seidel, M},
  pages = {4},
  abstract = {The rotor size of offshore wind turbines is due to increase in the coming years. While the currently largest offshore wind turbine (the REpower 6M) has a rotor diameter of 126m, this will increase to 150m or even larger in the coming years. This has some implications on the support structures, primarily due to increased lever arm to hub height and increased swept area. Nevertheless, it can be shown that the impact on support structures is limited, as other factors (like wave loading) are of equal importance. With capacities for monopile fabrication increasing, it appears that even 40m water depth is feasible, provided that stiff soil conditions are present. Another interesting finding is that tower head mass does not influence substructure masses as much as thought so far. It can be shown that smaller head masses can even lead to increased substructure weights, depending on site conditions.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/3MJJGFHU/seidel_6mw_turbines_with_150m+_rotor_diameter_–_what_is_the_impact_on_substructures.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/SDARIDIT/seidel_6mw_turbines_with_150m+_rotor_diameter_–_what_is_the_impact_on_substructures.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{seidelDESIGNLOADCALCULATIONS,
  title = {{{DESIGN AND LOAD CALCULATIONS FOR OFFSHORE FOUNDATIONS OF A 5MW TURBINE}}},
  author = {Seidel, M},
  pages = {7},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbines are subject to combined wind and wave loading which must be taken into account for the structural assessment. While commercial software is available that allows for integrated wind/wave analysis for a Monopile foundation, programs which accomplish this task for complex structures are currently not available. While the widely used Monopile is still an option for the REpower 5M with 126m rotor diameter, investigations regarding different substructures to develop the most cost efficient solution were conducted. This lead to the development of ``semi-integrated'' calculation methods for complex substructures which employ specialized programs from the Wind industry and the Offshore industry to combine these into a comprehensive load calculation package. Two different superposition approaches are explained and illustrated by an example which shows that excellent agreement compared to integrated analysis can be achieved.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KMNNT4N6/seidel_design_and_load_calculations_for_offshore_foundations_of_a_5mw_turbine.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{seidelDesignSupportStructures2010,
  title = {Design of Support Structures for Offshore Wind Turbines - {{Interfaces}} between Project Owner, Turbine Manufacturer, Authorities and Designer},
  author = {Seidel, Marc},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  volume = {79},
  pages = {631--636},
  issn = {00389145},
  doi = {10.1002/stab.201001362},
  abstract = {Design of support structures for offshore wind turbines is a challenging subject both technically and logistically. Many stakeholders are involved in this process, which have many technical and commercial interfaces. Managing these interfaces can involved special technical approaches and procedures, some of which are discussed in this paper. It is of great benefit to the project if these interfaces are managed well.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/TPTP8WJ6/seidel_2010_design_of_support_structures_for_offshore_wind_turbines_-_interfaces_between.pdf},
  journal = {Stahlbau},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@article{seidelDesignSupportStructures2010a,
  title = {Design of Support Structures for Offshore Wind Turbines - {{Interfaces}} between Project Owner, Turbine Manufacturer, Authorities and Designer},
  author = {Seidel, Marc},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  volume = {79},
  pages = {631--636},
  issn = {00389145},
  doi = {10.1002/stab.201001362},
  abstract = {Design of support structures for offshore wind turbines is a challenging subject both technically and logistically. Many stakeholders are involved in this process, which have many technical and commercial interfaces. Managing these interfaces can involved special technical approaches and procedures, some of which are discussed in this paper. It is of great benefit to the project if these interfaces are managed well.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/P9JKVW4E/Seidel - 2010 - Design of support structures for offshore wind tur.pdf},
  journal = {Stahlbau},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@article{seidelStateoftheartDesignProcesses2016,
  title = {State-of-the-Art Design Processes for Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures: {{Practical}} Approaches and Pitfalls during Different Stages in the Design Process},
  shorttitle = {State-of-the-Art Design Processes for Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures},
  author = {Seidel, Marc and Voormeeren, Sven and {van der Steen}, Jan-Bart},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  volume = {85},
  pages = {583--590},
  issn = {00389145},
  doi = {10.1002/stab.201610404},
  abstract = {Entwurfsprozess f\"ur Tragstrukturen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen \textendash{} Praktische Vorgehensweisen und Fallstricke w\"ahrend unterschiedlicher Phasen. Der Entwurf von Tragstrukturen f\"ur Offshore-Windenergieanlagen ist eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe. Insbesondere in der fr\"uhen Entwurfsphase ist es oft schwierig, die richtige Entscheidung f\"ur das Konzept der Tragstruktur zu treffen und die strukturellen Massen mit angemessener Genauigkeit zu bestimmen, da dies h\"aufig in einem zeitaufwendigen Iterationsprozess m\"undet. Im weiteren Verlauf muss sichergestellt sein, dass alle notwendigen Eingangsdaten f\"ur ein optimiertes Design vorliegen und die beteiligten Parteien \"uber die notwendige Software verf\"ugen. In dieser Ver\"offentlichung werden praktische Hinweise gegeben, wie dieser Prozess durchgef\"uhrt werden kann und welche Methoden in welcher Phase angemessen sind. Au\ss erdem werden h\"aufige Fehler beschrieben, damit diese vermieden werden k\"onnen.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IIAIIXJZ/seidel_et_al_2016_state-of-the-art_design_processes_for_offshore_wind_turbine_support_structures.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/IQGPI3JV/seidel_et_al_2016_state-of-the-art_design_processes_for_offshore_wind_turbine_support_structures.pdf},
  journal = {Stahlbau},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@article{seidelTragstrukturUndInstallation2007,
  title = {{Tragstruktur und Installation der Offshore-Windenergieanlage Repower 5M}},
  author = {Seidel, Marc},
  year = {2007},
  month = sep,
  volume = {76},
  pages = {650--656},
  issn = {00389145, 14371049},
  doi = {10.1002/stab.200710069},
  abstract = {In summer 2006 the first 5MW Offshore wind turbine has been installed in 45m water depth in Scotland. The large water depth and other difficult site conditions, like harsh wave climate and unfavourable soil conditions, made numerous innovations for the support structures and installation necessary. This paper describes design, fabrication and installation of the jacket structures which have been developed. Furthermore the installation methodology for the turbine for which a floating crane instead of a fixed platform was used, is described. The knowledge gained from this project will enable realization of Offshore Windfarms in water depth beyond 20m.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/GZBM33QG/seidel_2007_tragstruktur_und_installation_der_offshore-windenergieanlage_repower_5m.pdf},
  journal = {Stahlbau},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de},
  number = {9}
}

@article{seidelValidationOffshoreLoad,
  title = {Validation of {{Offshore}} Load Simulations Using Measurement Data from the {{DOWNVInD}} Project},
  author = {Seidel, M and Ostermann, F},
  pages = {10},
  abstract = {Integrated analysis of the wind turbine including the complete support structure is an important task for modern wind turbines. This paper presents calculation methods to accomplish this task and validation results from comparative calculations and measurements. The results show that the coupling methods yield good results, although additional validation is still required to finally conclude on the accurateness which can be expected.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Y7QCB7IH/Seidel and Ostermann - Validation of Offshore load simulations using meas.pdf},
  journal = {Conference Proceedings},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{sernaPredictiveControlHydrogen2017,
  title = {Predictive Control for Hydrogen Production by Electrolysis in an Offshore Platform Using Renewable Energies},
  author = {Serna, Alvaro and Yahyaoui, Imene and {Normey-Rico}, Julio E. and {de Prada}, Cesar and Tadeo, Fernando},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  volume = {42},
  pages = {12865--12876},
  issn = {0360-3199},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.077},
  abstract = {An Energy Management System (EMS), based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) ideas, is proposed here to balance the consumption of power by a set of electrolysis units in an offshore platform. In order to produce renewable hydrogen, the power is locally generated by wind turbines and wave energy converters and fully used by the electrolyzers. The energy generated at the platform by wind and wave is balanced by regulating the operating point of each electrolysis unit and its connections or disconnections, using an MPC based on a Mixed-Integer-Quadratic-Programming algorithm. This Predictive Control algorithm makes it possible to take into account predictions of available power and power consumption, to improve the balance and reduce the number of connections and disconnections of the devices. Two case studies are carried out on different installations composed of wave and wind energies feeding a set of alkaline electrolyzers. Validation using measured data at the target location of the platforms shows the adequate operation of the proposed EMS. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  annotation = {WOS:000403381500078},
  journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
  keywords = {dynamics,Electrolysis,power,Predictive control,scale,system,wave energy,Wave energy,Wind energy},
  language = {English},
  number = {17}
}

@article{seSubstructuresOffshoreWind,
  ids = {seSubstructuresOffshoreWinda},
  title = {Substructures for Offshore Wind Turbines {{Current}} Trends and Developments},
  author = {Se, Senvion},
  pages = {6},
  abstract = {Substructures for offshore wind turbines are huge structures \textendash{} with total masses of 1000t or more for wind turbines of 5MW. As the current trend is towards larger turbines of 6MW or more and deeper waters of 30m or more, demands on efficient substructure design increases. This paper will review the state-of-the-art and current trends as perceived by the author, who is actively participating in the industry since more than 10 years. It is shown that monopiles and jackets will likely dominate the market during the next decade and the design challenges especially associated with large monopiles in deeper waters will be highlighted.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4ZPEDTBY/se_substructures_for_offshore_wind_turbines_current_trends_and_developments.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/9WPC2WCI/se_substructures_for_offshore_wind_turbines_current_trends_and_developments.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{shafieeParametricWholeLife2016,
  title = {A Parametric Whole Life Cost Model for Offshore Wind Farms},
  author = {Shafiee, Mahmood and Brennan, Feargal and Espinosa, Ines Armada},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {961--975},
  issn = {0948-3349},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-016-1075-z},
  abstract = {Life cycle cost (LCC) considerations are of increasing importance to offshore wind farm operators and their insurers to undertake long-term profitable investments and to make electricity generation more price-competitive. This paper presents a cost breakdown structure (CBS) and develops a whole life cost (WLC) analysis framework for offshore wind farms throughout their life span (similar to 25 years). A combined multivariate regression/neural network approach is developed to identify key cost drivers and evaluate all the costs associated with five phases of offshore wind projects, namely pre-development and consenting (P\&C), production and acquisition (P\&A), installation and commissioning (I\&C), operation and maintenance (O\&M) and decommissioning and disposal (D\&D). Several critical factors such as geographical location and meteorological conditions, rated power and capacity factor of wind turbines, reliability of sub-systems and availability and accessibility of transportation means are taken into account in cost calculations. The O\&M costs (including the cost of renewal and replacement, cost of lost production, cost of skilled maintenance labour and logistics cost) are assessed using the data available in failure databases (e.g. fault logs and O\&M reports) and the data supplied by inspection agencies. A net present value (NPV) approach is used to quantify the current value of future cash flows, and then, a bottom-up estimate of the overall cost is obtained. The proposed model is tested on an offshore 500-MW baseline wind farm project, and the results are compared to experimental ones reported in the literature. Our results indicate that the capital cost of wind turbines and their installation costs account for the largest proportion of WLC, followed by the O\&M costs. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to identify those factors having the greatest impact on levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The installed capacity of a wind farm, distance from shore and fault detection capability of the condition monitoring system are identified as parameters with significant influence on LCOE. Since the service lifetime of a wind farm is relatively long, a small change in interest rate leads to a large variation in the project's total cost. The presented models not only assist stakeholders in evaluating the performance of ongoing projects but also help the wind farm developers reduce their costs in the medium-long term.},
  annotation = {WOS:000378079900003},
  journal = {International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  keywords = {Capital expenditure (CAPEX),energy,Levelized cost of energy (LCOE),Multivariate regression,Offshore wind farm,Operating expenditure   (OPEX),systems,Whole life cost (WLC)},
  language = {English},
  number = {7}
}

@article{shermanOffshoreWindOpportunity2020,
  title = {Offshore Wind: {{An}} Opportunity for Cost-Competitive Decarbonization of {{China}}'s Energy Economy},
  shorttitle = {Offshore Wind},
  author = {Sherman, Peter and Chen, Xinyu and McElroy, Michael},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {eaax9571},
  publisher = {{American Association for the Advancement of Science}},
  issn = {2375-2548},
  doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aax9571},
  abstract = {China has reduced growth in its emissions of greenhouse gases, partly attributable to major investments in onshore wind. By comparison, investments in offshore wind have been minor, limited until recently largely by perceptions of cost. Assimilated meteorological data are used here to assess future offshore wind potential for China. Analysis on a provincial basis indicates that the aggregate potential wind resource is 5.4 times larger than the current coastal demand for power. Recent experiences with markets in both Europe and the United States suggest that potential offshore resources in China could be exploited to cost-competitively provide 1148.3 TWh of energy in a high-cost scenario, 6383.4 TWh in a low-cost option, equivalent to between 36 and 200\% of the total coastal energy demand after 2020. The analysis underscores notable benefits for offshore wind for China, with prospects for major reductions in greenhouse emissions with ancillary benefits for air quality. China can use the latest offshore wind technologies to cost-competitively supply a notable portion of its energy demand. China can use the latest offshore wind technologies to cost-competitively supply a notable portion of its energy demand.},
  chapter = {Research Article},
  copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/NCX9DXQI/sherman_et_al_2020_offshore_wind.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/W46ABBUE/eaax9571.html},
  journal = {Science Advances},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {8}
}

@article{shihExperimentsFlowRough1993,
  title = {Experiments on Flow Past Rough Circular Cylinders at Large {{Reynolds}} Numbers},
  author = {Shih, W. C. L. and Wang, C. and Coles, D. and Roshko, A.},
  year = {1993},
  month = dec,
  volume = {49},
  pages = {351--368},
  issn = {0167-6105},
  doi = {10.1016/0167-6105(93)90030-R},
  abstract = {Data have been obtained in the 12-foot pressurized wind tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center on flow past smooth and rough circular cylinders at high Reynolds numbers. Steady and unsteady surface pressures were measured around and along the cylinders. Analysis of the results provides lift and drag coefficients and Strouhal numbers for cylinders of several roughness at Reynolds numbers up to 8 \texttimes{} 106.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/GQ7TRJNJ/016761059390030R.html},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{shinFundamentalsSignalProcessing,
  title = {Fundamentals of {{Signal Processing}}: For {{Sound}} and {{Vibration Engineers}}},
  author = {Shin, Kihong and Hammond, Joseph K},
  pages = {416},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/YCNZEIWM/Shin and Hammond - Fundamentals of Signal Processing for Sound and V.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{shirzadehExperimentalComputationalDamping2013b,
  title = {Experimental and Computational Damping Estimation of an Offshore Wind Turbine on a Monopile Foundation},
  author = {Shirzadeh, R. and Devriendt, C. and Bidakhvidi, M.A. and Guillaume, P.},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  volume = {120},
  pages = {96--106},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2013.07.004},
  abstract = {In this study, Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) is used to identify the damping value of the fundamental for-aft (FA) mode of an Offshore Wind Turbine (OWT) using both real life measurements and simulations. Estimations of the total damping of an offshore wind turbine (taking into account the effects of the aerodynamic, hydrodynamic and soil loads) give a quantitative view of the stability characteristics of the wind turbine. Two different test cases including an overspeed stop and ambient excitation have been considered. The experimental data has been obtained during a measurement campaign on an offshore wind turbine in the Belgian North Sea and the results are compared with the numerical simulations which have been carried out in HAWC2.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XJ3JMY7I/Shirzadeh et al. - 2013 - Experimental and computational damping estimation .pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{SignalProcessingCourse,
  title = {Signal {{Processing Course}}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IBVXSIUS/course.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/\textasciitilde wpenny/course/course.html}
}

@misc{SignalProcessingScipy,
  title = {Signal {{Processing}} (Scipy.Signal) \textemdash{} {{SciPy}} v1.6.0.Dev0+aa3a12d {{Reference Guide}}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HQRNBRUR/signal.html},
  howpublished = {https://scipy.github.io/devdocs/tutorial/signal.html\#spectral-analysis}
}

@article{sinclairAerodynamicDampingOffshore1994a,
  title = {Aerodynamic Damping on Offshore Installations \textemdash{} a Comparison of Experimental Measurements with Theory},
  author = {Sinclair, F.M.},
  year = {1994},
  month = may,
  volume = {52},
  pages = {321--344},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/0167-6105(94)90057-4},
  abstract = {On any offshore installation, wave loading causes vibrations, and therefore fatigue. Aerodynamic effects can, to some extent, damp these vibrations, and the extent is more significant on some types of structure than on others.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/64NQVG2S/Sinclair - 1994 - Aerodynamic damping on offshore installations — a .pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{SkyLimitSolar,
  title = {The {{Sky}}'s the {{Limit}}: {{Solar}} and Wind Energy Potential},
  shorttitle = {The {{Sky}}'s the {{Limit}}},
  abstract = {With current technology we can capture at least 6,700 PWh p.a. from solar and wind, which is more than 100 times global energy demand.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KKZ7J7B2/the-skys-the-limit-solar-wind.html},
  howpublished = {https://carbontracker.org/reports/the-skys-the-limit-solar-wind/},
  journal = {Carbon Tracker Initiative},
  language = {en-US}
}

@misc{SmallWindTurbine,
  title = {Small {{Wind Turbine Certification}}},
  abstract = {A DNV GL Certificate for your small wind turbine assures you and your customers that the  design meets the highest technical, safety and quality requirements},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XIFHVHUH/small-wind-turbine-certification-4030.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.dnvgl.de/services/small-wind-turbine-certification-4030},
  journal = {DNV GL},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{smartIEAWindTask2016,
  title = {{{IEA Wind Task}} 26: {{Offshore Wind Farm Baseline Documentation}}},
  shorttitle = {{{IEA Wind Task}} 26},
  author = {Smart, Gavin and Smith, Aaron and Warner, Ethan and Sperstad, Iver Bakken and Prinsen, Bob and {Lacal-Arantegui}, Roberto},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  pages = {NREL/TP--6A20-66262, 1259255},
  doi = {10.2172/1259255},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XIQH2X75/Smart et al. - 2016 - IEA Wind Task 26 Offshore Wind Farm Baseline Docu.pdf},
  language = {en},
  number = {NREL/TP--6A20-66262, 1259255}
}

@book{smithScientistEngineerGuide1999,
  title = {The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing},
  author = {Smith, Steven W},
  year = {1999},
  publisher = {{California Technical Pub.}},
  address = {{San Diego, Calif.}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 850748178},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KD5FHJW5/smith_1999_the_scientist_and_engineer's_guide_to_digital_signal_processing.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-9660176-7-0 978-0-9660176-4-9 978-0-9660176-6-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{smithScientistEngineerGuide1999a,
  title = {The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing},
  author = {Smith, Steven W},
  year = {1999},
  publisher = {{California Technical Pub.}},
  address = {{San Diego (Calif.)}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 493473234},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CMMF5DIP/Smith - 1999 - The scientist and engineer's guide to digital sign.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-9660176-4-9 978-0-9660176-7-0 978-0-9660176-6-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{smithSituObservationsInfluence2013,
  title = {In Situ Observations of the Influence of a Large Onshore Wind Farm on Near-Surface Temperature, Turbulence Intensity and Wind Speed Profiles},
  author = {Smith, Craig M. and Barthelmie, R. J. and Pryor, S. C.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jul,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {034006},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034006},
  abstract = {Observations of wakes from individual wind turbines and a multi-megawatt wind energy installation in the Midwestern US indicate that directly downstream of a turbine (at a distance of 190 m, or 2.4 rotor diameters (D)), there is a clear impact on wind speed and turbulence intensity (TI) throughout the rotor swept area. However, at a downwind distance of 2.1 km (26 D downstream of the closest wind turbine) the wake of the whole wind farm is not evident. There is no significant reduction of hub-height wind speed or increase in TI especially during daytime. Thus, in high turbulence regimes even very large wind installations may have only a modest impact on downstream flow fields. No impact is observable in daytime vertical potential temperature gradients at downwind distances of {$>$}2 km, but at night the presence of the wind farm does significantly decrease the vertical gradients of potential temperature (though the profile remains stably stratified), largely by increasing the temperature at 2 m.},
  annotation = {WOS:000325247100012},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/JJ32FGZC/2013_Smith et al_In situ observations of the influence of a large onshore wind farm on.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  keywords = {_tablet,boundary-layer,flow,impacts,lidar,lidars,offshore,surface temperature profiles,turbine wakes,turbulence   intensity,wind shear,wind turbine wakes},
  language = {English},
  number = {3}
}

@article{soBuffetingForcesRigid1981,
  title = {Buffeting Forces on Rigid Circular Cylinders in Cross Flows},
  author = {So, Ronald M. C. and Savkar, Sudhir D.},
  year = {1981},
  month = apr,
  volume = {105},
  pages = {397},
  issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112081003261},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZDUYAQ54/So and Savkar - 1981 - Buffeting forces on rigid circular cylinders in cr.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {-1}
}

@article{sorensenEXPERIENCEESTABLISHMENTMIDDELGRUNDEN2001,
  title = {{{EXPERIENCE FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MIDDELGRUNDEN}} 40 {{MW OFFSHORE WIND FARM}}},
  author = {S{\o}rensen, Hans Chr and ApS, SPOK and Hansen, Jens and V{\o}lund, Per and Denmark, Haslev},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {4},
  abstract = {The paper describes the special issues, which differentiate the offshore wind farm from an onshore wind farm of the same size. The paper is based on the experience gained during the establishment of the Worlds largest offshore wind farm Middelgrunden, 40 MW established 3.5 km outside Copenhagen harbor in the autumn of 2000. The paper concludes based on the experience gained and draws the line to the coming wind farms with a power of total 750 to 780 MW in Danish water: Horns Rev, R\o dsand, Sams\o, Om\o{} St\aa lgrunde and L\ae s\o.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8FAR27MW/Sørensen et al. - 2001 - EXPERIENCE FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MIDDELGRUNDEN.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{SOWOffshorewindUbersicht,
  title = {{{SOW}}\_{{Offshorewind \"Ubersicht}}\_{{DE}}\_100720\_0.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1200~\texttimes ~694 Pixels)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Q9ZTF4EG/SOW_Offshorewind Übersicht_DE_100720_0.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/SOW\_Offshorewind\%20U\%CC\%88bersicht\_DE\_100720\_0.jpg}
}

@misc{SOWOffshorewindUbersichta,
  title = {{{SOW}}\_{{Offshorewind \"Ubersicht}}\_{{DE}}\_180121.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 9354~\texttimes ~5409 Pixels) \textendash{} {{Scaled}} (24\%)},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/SOW\_Offshorewind\%20\%C3\%9Cbersicht\_DE\_180121.jpg}
}

@article{spalartDetachedEddySimulation2008a,
  title = {Detached-{{Eddy Simulation}}},
  author = {Spalart, Philippe R},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {24},
  abstract = {Detached-eddy simulation (DES) was first proposed in 1997 and first used in 1999, so its full history can be surveyed. A DES community has formed, with adepts and critics, as well as new branches. The initial motivation of high\textendash Reynolds number, massively separated flows remains, for which DES is convincingly more capable presently than either unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) or large-eddy simulation (LES). This review discusses compelling examples, noting the visual and quantitative success of DES. Its principal weakness is its response to ambiguous grids, in which the wall-parallel grid spacing is of the order of the boundary-layer thickness. In some situations, DES on a given grid is then less accurate than RANS on the same grid or DES on a coarser grid. Partial remedies have been found, yet dealing with thickening boundary layers and shallow separation bubbles is a central challenge. The nonmonotonic response of DES to grid refinement is disturbing to most observers, as is the absence of a theoretical order of accuracy. These issues also affect LES in any nontrivial flow. This review also covers the numerical needs of DES, gridding practices, coupling with different RANS models, derivative uses such as wall modeling in LES, and extensions such as zonal DES and delayed DES.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SFIFGDX4/Spalart - 2008 - Detached-Eddy Simulation.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{SpectralDensity2020,
  title = {Spectral Density},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  abstract = {The power spectrum                                    S                        x             x                             (         f         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle S\_\{xx\}(f)\}    of a time series                         x         (         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle x(t)\}    describes the distribution of power into frequency components composing that signal.  According to Fourier analysis, any physical signal can be decomposed into a number of discrete frequencies, or a spectrum of frequencies over a continuous range. The statistical average of a certain signal or sort of signal (including noise) as analyzed in terms of its frequency content, is called its spectrum. When the energy of the signal is concentrated around a finite time interval, especially if its total energy is finite, one may compute the energy spectral density. More commonly used is the power spectral density (or simply power spectrum), which applies to signals existing over all time, or over a time period large enough (especially in relation to the duration of a measurement) that it could as well have been over an infinite time interval. The power spectral density (PSD) then refers to the spectral energy distribution that would be found per unit time, since the total energy of such a signal over all time would generally be infinite. Summation or integration of the spectral components yields the total power (for a physical process) or variance (in a statistical process), identical to what would be obtained by integrating                                    x                        2                             (         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle x\^\{2\}(t)\}    over the time domain, as dictated by Parseval's theorem.The spectrum of a physical process                         x         (         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle x(t)\}    often contains essential  information about the nature of                         x                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle x\}   . For instance, the pitch and timbre of a musical instrument are immediately determined from a spectral analysis. The color of a light source is determined by the spectrum of the electromagnetic wave's electric field                         E         (         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle E(t)\}    as it fluctuates at an extremely high frequency. Obtaining a spectrum from time series such as these involves the Fourier transform, and generalizations based on Fourier analysis. In many cases the time domain is not specifically employed in practice, such as when a dispersive prism is used to obtain a spectrum of light in a spectrograph, or when a sound is perceived through its effect on the auditory receptors of the inner ear, each of which is sensitive to a particular frequency. However this article concentrates on situations in which the time series is known (at least in a statistical sense) or directly measured (such as by a microphone sampled by a computer). The power spectrum is important in statistical signal processing and in the statistical study of stochastic processes, as well as in many other branches of physics and engineering. Typically the process is a function of time, but one can similarly discuss data in the spatial domain being decomposed in terms of spatial frequency.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 983657859},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FUCSAAV3/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{srikakulapuOptimizedDesignCollector2018,
  title = {Optimized Design of Collector Topology for Offshore Wind Farm Based on Ant Colony Optimization with Multiple Travelling Salesman Problem},
  author = {Srikakulapu, Ramu and Vinatha, U.},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {1181--1192},
  issn = {2196-5625},
  doi = {10.1007/s40565-018-0386-4},
  abstract = {A layout of the offshore wind farm (OSWF) plays a vital role in its capital cost of installation. One of the major contributions in the installation cost is electrical collector system (ECS). ECS includes: submarine cables, number of wind turbines (WTs), offshore platforms etc. By considering the above mentioned problem having an optimized design of OSWF provides the better feasibility in terms of economic considerations. This paper explains the methodology for optimized designing of ECS. The proposed methodology is based on combined elitist ant colony optimization and multiple travelling salesman problem. The objective is to minimize the length of submarine cable connected between WTs and to minimize the wake loss in the wind farm in order to reduce the cost of cable and cable power loss. The methodology is applied on North Hoyle and Horns Rev OSWFs connected with 30 and 80 WTs respectively and the results are presented.},
  annotation = {WOS:000449273500007},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HBXPZZQX/2018_Srikakulapu_Vinatha_Optimized design of collector topology for offshore wind farm based on ant.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy},
  keywords = {_tablet,algorithm,Ant colony optimization,layout,Multiple travelling   salesman problem,network,Offshore wind farm,system,turbine wakes,Wake effect,Wake loss},
  language = {English},
  number = {6}
}

@article{stansbyLockingonVortexShedding1976,
  title = {The Locking-on of Vortex Shedding Due to the Cross-Stream Vibration of Circular Cylinders in Uniform and Shear Flows},
  author = {Stansby, P. K.},
  year = {1976},
  month = apr,
  volume = {74},
  pages = {641--665},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112076001985},
  abstract = {The frequencies of vortex shedding from circular cylinders forced to oscillate transversely in low-turbulence uniform and shear flows were investigated. The stream velocity in the shear flow varied linearly with spanwise distance.In both flows the vortex shedding frequency locked on to the cylinder frequency and to submultiples of the cylinder frequency. In uniform flow the range of cylinder frequencies for locking-on was dependent on the amplitude of oscillation and Reynolds number. At the boundaries of locking-on at the cylinder frequency locked-on shedding was intermittent with unforced shedding and locking-on was accompanied by a change in wake width. At a particular cylinder frequency near mid-range it is conjectured that the wake width jumped from being greater to being less than that for the stationary cylinder. In shear flow the spanwise extent of locking-on at the cylinder frequency was explained by considering the uniform flow results and the inclination of shed vortices in shear flow. At the spanwise boundaries of this locking-on, locked-on cells were shed intermittently with unforced cells which were more stable in frequency than the corresponding cells for the stationary cylinder.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/UB7572CQ/F68140FA4F7B40BCD0F09C31869AD0C4.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@misc{StatisticalReviewWorld,
  title = {Statistical {{Review}} of {{World Energy}} | {{Energy}} Economics | {{Home}}},
  abstract = {Growth in carbon emissions in 2019 slowed from the sharp increase seen in the previous year, as primary energy consumption decelerated and renewables and natural gas displaced coal from the energy mix},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/S335QY6R/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html},
  journal = {bp global},
  language = {en}
}

@article{stdenisMOTIONSSHIPSCONFUSED1953,
  title = {{{ON THE MOTIONS OF SHIPS IN CONFUSED SEAS}}},
  author = {St Denis, Manley and Pierson, Willard},
  year = {1953},
  pages = {81},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/88A5V8CK/st_denis_pierson_1953_on_the_motions_of_ships_in_confused_seas.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{stevensFlowStructureTurbulence2017,
  ids = {stevensFlowStructureTurbulence2017a},
  title = {Flow {{Structure}} and {{Turbulence}} in {{Wind Farms}}},
  author = {Stevens, Richard J.A.M. and Meneveau, Charles},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {311--339},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-fluid-010816-060206},
  abstract = {Similar to other renewable energy sources, wind energy is characterized by a low power density. Hence, for wind energy to make considerable contributions to the world's overall energy supply, large wind farms (on- and offshore) consisting of arrays of ever larger wind turbines are being envisioned and built. From a fluid mechanics perspective, wind farms encompass turbulent flow phenomena occurring at many spatial and temporal scales. Of particular interest to understanding mean power extraction and fluctuations in wind farms are the scales ranging from 1 to 10 m that comprise the wakes behind individual wind turbines, to motions reaching 100 m to kilometers in scale, inherently associated with the atmospheric boundary layer. In this review, we summarize current understanding of these flow phenomena (particularly mean and second-order statistics) through field studies, wind tunnel experiments, large-eddy simulations, and analytical modeling, emphasizing the most relevant features for wind farm design and operation.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/33R6FN9B/stevens_meneveau_2017_flow_structure_and_turbulence_in_wind_farms.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/7389Q9AH/stevens_meneveau_2017_flow_structure_and_turbulence_in_wind_farms.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ML4ENKTP/stevens_meneveau_2017_flow_structure_and_turbulence_in_wind_farms.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/WZJRVYTF/stevens_meneveau_2017_flow_structure_and_turbulence_in_wind_farms.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {1}
}

@article{stewartImpactPassiveTuned2014,
  title = {The Impact of Passive Tuned Mass Dampers and Wind\textendash Wave Misalignment on Offshore Wind Turbine Loads},
  author = {Stewart, Gordon M. and Lackner, Matthew A.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {54--61},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IMC23YKI/2014_Stewart_Lackner_The impact of passive tuned mass dampers and wind–wave misalignment on offshore.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/WJ8UZKQJ/S0141029614002673.html},
  journal = {Engineering Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{stewartOffshoreWindTurbine2013,
  title = {Offshore {{Wind Turbine Load Reduction Employing Optimal Passive Tuned Mass Damping Systems}}},
  author = {Stewart, Gordon and Lackner, Matthew},
  year = {2013},
  month = jul,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {1090--1104},
  issn = {2374-0159},
  doi = {10.1109/TCST.2013.2260825},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbines can capture the high-quality offshore wind resource but suffer from increased loading from waves and ice. Reducing these loads through structural control techniques has the potential to be an economically viable solution. Both fixed-bottom and floating substructures are considered in this paper, which will investigate a fixed-bottom monopile as well as a barge, spar buoy, and tension-leg platform for the floating platforms. A set of optimum passive tuned mass dampers are developed by creating a limited degree-of-freedom model for each of the four offshore wind platforms. These models are then integrated into an optimization function using a genetic algorithm to find a globally optimum design for the tuned mass damper. The tuned mass damper parameters determined by the optimization are applied to a series of wind turbine design code simulations using FAST. A sensitivity analysis of the tuned mass damper parameters and a study on the effect of misaligned wind and waves on load reductions are also conducted. Results from these simulations are presented, and tower fatigue damage reductions of up to 20\% are achieved for the various tuned mass damper configurations.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/5AA6TGD2/2013_Stewart_Lackner_Offshore Wind Turbine Load Reduction Employing Optimal Passive Tuned Mass.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/2ESDE9I9/6532422.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/XRCEU7BT/6532422.html},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology},
  keywords = {_tablet,barge,control engineering computing,damping,digital simulation,FAST,fixed-bottom monopile,fixed-bottom substructures,Floating offshore wind,floating platforms,floating substructures,genetic algorithm,genetic algorithms,high-quality offshore wind resource,ice,offshore installations,offshore wind turbine load reduction,offshore wind turbines,optimal control,optimal passive tuned mass damping systems,optimization function,power engineering computing,spar buoy,structural control,structural control techniques,tension-leg platform,tower fatigue damage reductions,tuned mass dampers,waves,wind turbine design code simulations,wind turbines},
  number = {4}
}

@book{stoicaSpectralAnalysisSignals2005,
  title = {Spectral Analysis of Signals},
  author = {Stoica, Petre and Moses, Randolph L.},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Pearson/Prentice Hall}},
  address = {{Upper Saddle River, N.J}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/R2S8EAZM/Stoica and Moses - 2005 - Spectral analysis of signals.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-13-113956-5},
  keywords = {_tablet,Spectral theory (Mathematics)},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {QA320 .S864 2005}
}

@article{strykowskiFormationSuppressionVortex1990,
  title = {On the Formation and Suppression of Vortex `Shedding' at Low {{Reynolds}} Numbers},
  author = {Strykowski, P. J. and Sreenivasan, K. R.},
  year = {1990},
  month = sep,
  volume = {218},
  pages = {71--107},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112090000933},
  abstract = {Vortex `shedding' behind circular cylinders can be altered and suppressed altogether (or `controlled') over a limited range of Reynolds numbers, by a proper placement of a second, much smaller, cylinder in the near wake of the main cylinder. This new and dramatic suppression of vortex `shedding' is the subject of this paper. Details of the phenomenon are documented through parallel experimental and numerical investigations, including flow visualization. Temporal growth rate measurements of the velocity fluctuations reveal that the presence of the smaller cylinder reduces the growth rate of the disturbances leading to vortex `shedding', and that its suppression, accompanied by the disappearance of sharp spectral peaks, coincides with negative temporal growth rates. It is argued that the presence of the secondary cylinder has the effect of altering the local stability of the flow by smearing and diffusing concentrated vorticity in the shear layers behind the body; a related effect is that the secondary cylinder diverts a small amount of fluid into the wake of the main cylinder. A unified explanation of the formation and suppression of the vortex street is attempted, and it is suggested that the vortex `shedding' is associated with temporally unstable eigenmodes which are heavily weighted by the near field. It is also shown that absolute instability is relevant, up to a point, in explaining vortex shedding, whose suppression can similarly be associated with altering the instability in the near wake region from absolute to convective.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7F58SWHG/FDFFF417DBB74454E6C275E2F27A52DC.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{sukarnoorEffectivenessHelicalStrakes2021,
  title = {The Effectiveness of Helical Strakes in Suppressing Vortex-Induced Vibration of Tandem Circular Cylinders},
  author = {Sukarnoor, Noor Idora Mohd and Quen, Lee Kee and Abu, Aminudin and Kuwano, Noriyuki and {Hooi-Siang}, Kang and Desa, Safari Mat},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  issn = {2090-4479},
  doi = {10.1016/j.asej.2021.05.016},
  abstract = {An experiment study of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of two rigid cylinders equipped with and without helical strakes (pitch of 10.0D and height of 0.15D) in a tandem configuration was investigated at a critical spacing distance of 3.5D. Here, the cylinders were attached to a structural test rig, which would allow them to oscillate in the cross-flow direction only. The oscillation amplitude and frequency data were collected. Accordingly, the results revealed that in the case of the two bare cylinders, the amplitude response of the upstream cylinder was higher compared to the case of single cylinder usage. Furthermore, outcomes obtained confirmed that the helical strakes successfully reduced the oscillation amplitude for the upstream and downstream cylinders both, whereas they were ineffective if merely applied at the downstream cylinder. Hence, it can be concluded that the arrangement of the strakes influences the VIV suppression in the context of two-cylinder cases.},
  journal = {Ain Shams Engineering Journal},
  keywords = {Helical strakes,Rigid cylinders,Suppression,Vortex-induced vibration},
  language = {en}
}

@article{sunBidirectionalVibrationControl2018,
  title = {Bi-Directional Vibration Control of Offshore Wind Turbines Using a {{3D}} Pendulum Tuned Mass Damper},
  author = {Sun, C. and Jahangiri, V.},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  volume = {105},
  pages = {338--360},
  issn = {0888-3270},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.12.011},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbines suffer from excessive bi-directional vibrations due to wind-wave misalignment and vortex induced vibrations. However, most of existing research focus on unidirectional vibration attenuation which is inadequate for real applications. The present paper proposes a three dimensional pendulum tuned mass damper (3d-PTMD) to mitigate the tower and nacelle dynamic response in the fore-aft and side-side directions. An analytical model of the wind turbine coupled with the 3d-PTMD is established wherein the interaction between the blades, the tower and the 3d-PTMD is modeled. Aerodynamic loading is computed using the Blade Element Momentum method where the Prandtls tip loss factor and the Glauert correction are considered. JONSWAP spectrum is adopted to generate wave data. Wave loading is computed using Morisons equation in collaboration with the strip theory. Via a numerical search approach, the design formula of the 3d-PTMD is obtained and examined on a National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) monopile 5 MW baseline wind turbine model under misaligned wind, wave and seismic loading. Dual linear tuned mass dampers (TMDs) deployed in the fore-aft and side-side directions are utilized for comparison. It is found that the 3d-PTMD with a mass ratio of 2\% can improve the mitigation of the root mean square and peak response by around 10\% when compared with the dual linear TMDs in controlling the bi-directional vibration of the offshore wind turbines under misaligned wind, wave and seismic loading.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/EIY857RX/2018_Sun_Jahangiri_Bi-directional vibration control of offshore wind turbines using a 3D pendulum.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/PJDTUKVW/S0888327017306465.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/VVL9CKYK/S0888327017306465.html},
  journal = {Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing},
  keywords = {_tablet,Bi-directional vibration control,Offshore wind turbines,Pendulum tuned mass damper,Wind-wave misalignment}
}

@article{sunFatigueDamageMitigation2019,
  title = {Fatigue Damage Mitigation of Offshore Wind Turbines under Real Wind and Wave Conditions},
  author = {Sun, Chao and Jahangiri, Vahid},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  volume = {178},
  pages = {472--483},
  issn = {01410296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.10.053},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) subjected to combined wind and wave loadings experience excessive vibrations which will increase fatigue loadings on the structure and reduce the fatigue life. In this paper, a three-dimensional pendulum tuned mass damper (3d-PTMD) is attached to the OWT to mitigate the bi-directional vibrations resulting from wind-wave misalignment so as to increase the fatigue life. An analytical model of the offshore wind turbine coupled with the 3dPTMD is established using the Euler-Lagrangian equation. To predict long-term metocean condition, a statistical analysis for different properties of wind and wave loading such as, windwave misalignment, significant wave height and wind velocity is carried out. The aerodynamic wind loading is calculated using the blade element method and the wave loading is computed using the JONSWAP wave spectrum and Morison equation. Dual linear tuned mass dampers (TMDs) deployed in the side-side and fore-aft directions are used for comparison. The NREL monopile 5 MW baseline wind turbine is used to examine the performance of 3d-PTMD in a realistic metocean condition. The fatigue damage is estimated based on the rain-flow cycle counting method and Miner's rule. Results indicate that the 3d-PTMD can increase the wind turbine tower fatigue life by more than 50\% in comparison with the dual TMDs.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CSJK42A3/2019_Sun_Jahangiri_Fatigue damage mitigation of offshore wind turbines under real wind and wave.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/JR6YXTLK/2019_Sun_Jahangiri_Fatigue damage mitigation of offshore wind turbines under real wind and wave.pdf},
  journal = {Engineering Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{sunPerformance3DPendulum2019,
  title = {Performance of a {{3D}} Pendulum Tuned Mass Damper in Offshore Wind Turbines under Multiple Hazards and System Variations},
  author = {Sun, Chao and Jahangiri, Vahid and Sun, Hui},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  volume = {24},
  pages = {53--65},
  doi = {10.12989/SSS.2019.24.1.053},
  abstract = {Misaligned wind-wave and seismic loading render offshore wind turbines suffering from excessive bidirectional vibration. However, most of existing research in this field focused on unidirectional vibration mitigation, which is insufficient for research and real application. Based on the authors' work (C. Sun and Jahangiri 2018), the present study uses a three dimensional pendulum tuned mass damper (3dPTMD) to mitigate the nacelle structural response in the fore-aft and side-side directions under wind, wave and near-fault ground motions. An analytical model of the offshore wind turbine coupled with the 3d-PTMD is established wherein the interaction between the blades and the tower is modelled. Aerodynamic loading is computed using the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method where the Prandtl's tip loss factor and the Glauert correction are considered. Wave loading is computed using Morison equation in collaboration with the strip theory. Performance of the 3d-PTMD is examined on a National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) monopile 5 MW baseline wind turbine under misaligned windwave and near-fault ground motions. The robustness of the mitigation performance of the 3d-PTMD under system variations is studied. Dual linear TMDs are used for comparison. Research results show that the 3d-PTMD responds more rapidly and provides better mitigation of the bi-directional response caused by misaligned wind, wave and near-fault ground motions. Under system variations, the 3d-PTMD is found to be more robust than the dual linear TMDs to overcome the detuning effect. Moreover, the 3dPTMD with a mass ratio of 2\% can mitigate the short-term fatigue damage of the offshore wind turbine tower by up to 90\%.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/28KZKX5W/2019_Sun et al_Performance of a 3D pendulum tuned mass damper in offshore wind turbines under.pdf},
  journal = {Smart Structures and Systems},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{tairaModalAnalysisFluid2020a,
  title = {Modal {{Analysis}} of {{Fluid Flows}}: {{Applications}} and {{Outlook}}},
  shorttitle = {Modal {{Analysis}} of {{Fluid Flows}}},
  author = {Taira, Kunihiko and Hemati, Maziar S. and Brunton, Steven L. and Sun, Yiyang and Duraisamy, Karthik and Bagheri, Shervin and Dawson, Scott T. M. and Yeh, Chi-An},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  volume = {58},
  pages = {998--1022},
  issn = {0001-1452, 1533-385X},
  doi = {10.2514/1.J058462},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/V2B9AEZ3/Taira et al. - 2020 - Modal Analysis of Fluid Flows Applications and Ou.pdf},
  journal = {AIAA Journal},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{tamuraReliabilityCFDEstimation1999a,
  title = {Reliability on {{CFD}} Estimation for Wind-Structure Interaction Problems},
  author = {Tamura, Tetsuro},
  year = {1999},
  month = may,
  volume = {81},
  pages = {117--143},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/S0167-6105(99)00012-4},
  abstract = {In order to estimate the potential of the technique of computational \#uid dynamics (CFD) in wind and structural engineering, the predicted values of wind forces and wind-induced responses due to numerical simulations are examined from a practical point of view. Especially, the aeroelastic problems are focused on a cylinder with several kinds of sectional shapes. These blu! con"gurations have a possibility to generate many types of unfavorable unstable oscillations, such as vortex-induced oscillation, galloping and others. However, thus far these unsteady phenomena with di!erent physical meanings, which can be found in various characteristic behaviors of cylinder-type structures, have not been completely understood. Based on a review of previous studies, this paper discusses the current status of the CFD technique for the prediction with regard to the response behaviors as well as the onset of a variety of unstable oscillations. In comparison with the previous experimental data, the accuracy and the limitation of the technique is clari"ed. Also, as a result of a detailed analysis of the computed data, a physical mechanism is established for understanding wind\vphantom\{\}structure interaction. It is also expected that further insight into unsteady phenomena can realize the reliability of CFD estimation. 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/LRQVT93W/Tamura - 1999 - Reliability on CFD estimation for wind-structure i.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {1-3}
}

@article{tangEffectsNonlinearWave2020,
  title = {Effects of Nonlinear Wave Loads on Large Monopile Offshore Wind Turbines with and without Ice-Breaking Cone Configuration},
  author = {Tang, Ye and Shi, Wei and You, Jikun and Michailides, Constantine},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  issn = {0948-4280, 1437-8213},
  doi = {10.1007/s00773-020-00719-4},
  abstract = {In the present paper, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used to investigate the variation of linear and nonlinear wave loads on a 10-MW large-scale monopile offshore wind turbine under typical sea conditions in the eastern seas of China. The effect of adding a structural ice-breaking cone configuration close to the mean water level on the monopile's hydrodynamic response is studied further. Results are derived with the use of the CFD model and are compared with the relevant results that are calculated using the Morison equation and the potential flow theory based on the high-order boundary element method. The fifth-order Stokes' theorem is used to model the incoming wave kinematics, and the volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to capture the free surface of waves and to accurately calculate the wave run-up on the monopile and cone configuration. The influence of different water depths and wave heights on the wave maximum vertical extent of wave uprush on the structure, pressure and horizontal wave forces on the monopile is investigated for both with and without the use of the cone configuration. Up\textendash downward cone configuration results in better performance compared to the inverted cone configuration in terms of reduction of hydrodynamic nonlinear excitation loads and wave maximum vertical extent of wave uprush on the structure.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/H3AB4L56/tang_et_al_2020_effects_of_nonlinear_wave_loads_on_large_monopile_offshore_wind_turbines_with.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Technology},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{tangPhaseJumpEnergy2017a,
  title = {Phase Jump and Energy Transfer of Forced Oscillating Circular Cylinder in Uniform Flow},
  author = {Tang, Guoqiang and Lu, Lin and Zhao, Ming and Liu, Mingming and

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/main

extension: bib