text:
Zong, Zhi},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  volume = {231},
  pages = {496--510},
  issn = {1475-0902, 2041-3084},
  doi = {10.1177/1475090216656950},
  abstract = {The phase jump, energy transfer, and the associated vortex shedding modes of a circular cylinder undergoing forced oscillation normal to the incoming uniform flow are investigated numerically at Reynolds number (Re) of 200. The dependence of the fluid forces on the non-dimensional oscillating amplitude A* = A/D 2 [0.1, 0.6] and frequency f* = fe/fs 2 [0.5, 2.0] is examined, where A is the oscillating amplitude, D is the cylinder diameter, fe is the cylinder oscillating frequency, and fs is the Strouhal frequency of fixed cylinder at the same Reynolds number, respectively. The lock-in region is identified by the combination of Fourier analysis and Lissajous phase diagram. The phase difference between displacement and lift fluctuation and the energy transfer between fluid and structure are discussed. Within the lock-in region, a jump in the phase difference is found to occur in the cases with A* = 0.5 and 0.55 without a wake mode transition. The numerical results reveal that the appearance of the phase jump is consistent with the reversal of the energy transfer direction. For the special cases of A* = 0.5 and 0.55, changes in the sign of energy transfer are observed, while no reversal of energy transfer is observed at other amplitudes. The energy transfer direction is either from fluid to cylinder when A* 2 [0.1, 0.4] or from cylinder to fluid when A* 5 0.6. It is confirmed that the energy transfer between fluid and cylinder is not only dependent on cylinder oscillating frequency but also on cylinder oscillating amplitude.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/3L39GD4U/tang_et_al_2017_phase_jump_and_energy_transfer_of_forced_oscillating_circular_cylinder_in.pdf},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{tavoularisVortexSheddingBluff1987a,
  title = {Vortex Shedding from Bluff Cylinders in Strongly Sheared Turbulent Streams},
  author = {Tavoularis, S. and Stapountzis, H. and Karnik, U.},
  year = {1987},
  month = jan,
  volume = {26},
  pages = {165--178},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/0167-6105(87)90042-0},
  abstract = {Vortexsheddingfrequenciesacrosscircularand rectangularcylindersinuniformlyshearedturbulentflowhave been measured athighsubcriticalReynolds numbers and largeshearparameters and turbulenceintensities.The resultsconfirmthe occurrenceofspahwise cellswith nearlyconstantsheddingfrequency.The presenceofstrongshearand turbulenceappears,ingeneral,tocause a strongspanwisevariationofthe localbase pressurecoeffficientand an appreciabledecreaseof the averageStrouhalnumber.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KGQQWFJ3/Tavoularis et al. - 1987 - Vortex shedding from bluff cylinders in strongly s.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{techetVorticalPatternsTapered1998,
  title = {Vortical Patterns behind a Tapered Cylinder Oscillating Transversely to a Uniform Flow},
  author = {Techet, A. H. and Hover, F. S. and Triantafyllou, M. S.},
  year = {1998},
  month = may,
  volume = {363},
  pages = {79--96},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112098001104},
  abstract = {Visualization studies of the flow behind an oscillating tapered cylinder are performed at Reynolds numbers from 400 to 1500. The cylinder has taper ratio 40[ratio ]1 and is moving at constant forward speed U while being forced to oscillate harmonically in the transverse direction. It is shown that within the lock-in region and above a threshold amplitude, no cells form and, instead, a single frequency of response dominates the entire span. Within certain frequency ranges a single mode dominates in the wake, consisting of shedding along the entire span of either two vortices per cycle (`2S' mode), or four vortices per cycle (`2P' mode); but within specific parametric ranges a hybrid mode is observed, consisting of a `2S' pattern along the part of the span with the larger diameter and a `2P' pattern along the part of the span with the smaller diameter. A distinct vortex split connects the two patterns which are phase-locked and have the same frequency. The hybrid mode is periodic, unlike vortex dislocations, and the location of the vortex split remains stable and repeatable, within one to two diameters, depending on the amplitude and frequency of oscillation and the Reynolds number.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PKJVNYTC/techet_et_al_1998_vortical_patterns_behind_a_tapered_cylinder_oscillating_transversely_to_a.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/2PEZMPW5/2B1A30D5F86E5FAF9F086834D1DC05F5.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{tranbergDeterminingOffshoreWind2019,
  title = {Determining Offshore Wind Installation Times Using Machine Learning and Open Data},
  author = {Tranberg, Bo and Kratmann, Kasper and Stege, Jason},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {The installation process of offshore wind turbines requires the use of expensive jack-up vessels. These vessels regularly report their position via the Automatic Identification System (AIS). This paper introduces a novel approach of applying machine learning to AIS data from jack-up vessels. We apply the new method to 13 offshore wind farms in Danish, German and British waters. For each of the wind farms we identify individual turbine locations, individual installation times, time in transit and time in harbor for the respective vessel. This is done in an automated way exclusively using AIS data with no prior knowledge of turbine locations, thus enabling a detailed description of the entire installation process.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8IC2GYM5/tranberg_et_al_2019_determining_offshore_wind_installation_times_using_machine_learning_and_open.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{TransferFunction2020,
  title = {Transfer Function},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  abstract = {In engineering, a transfer function (also known as system function or network function) of an electronic or control system component is a mathematical function which theoretically models the device's output for each possible input. In its simplest form, this function is a two-dimensional graph of an independent scalar input versus the dependent scalar output, called a transfer curve or characteristic curve. Transfer functions for components are used to design and analyze systems assembled from components, particularly using the block diagram technique, in electronics and control theory. The dimensions and units of the transfer function model the output response of the device for a range of possible inputs. For example, the transfer function of a two-port electronic circuit like an amplifier might be a two-dimensional graph of the scalar voltage at the output as a function of the scalar voltage applied to the input; the transfer function of an electromechanical actuator might be the mechanical displacement of the movable arm as a function of electrical current applied to the device; the transfer function of a photodetector might be the output voltage as a function of the luminous intensity of incident light of a given wavelength. The term "transfer function" is also used in the frequency domain analysis of systems using transform methods such as the Laplace transform; here it means the amplitude of the output as a function of the frequency of the input signal. For example, the transfer function of an electronic filter is the voltage amplitude at the output as a function of the frequency of a constant amplitude sine wave applied to the input. For optical imaging devices, the optical transfer function is the Fourier transform of the point spread function (hence a function of spatial frequency).},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 982071949},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MPMS7K4S/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@incollection{triantafyllouChapterCableDynamics1999,
  title = {Chapter 6 - {{Cable Dynamics For Offshore Application}}},
  booktitle = {Developments in {{Offshore Engineering}}},
  author = {Triantafyllou, M. S.},
  editor = {Herbich, John B. and Ansari, Khyruddin A. and Chakrabarti, Subrata K. and Demirbilek, Zeki and Fenton, John D. and Isobe, Masahiko and Kim, M. H. and Panchang, Vijay G. and Randall, Robert E. and Triantafyllou, Michael S. and Webster, William C. and Xu, Bingyi},
  year = {1999},
  month = jan,
  pages = {256--294},
  publisher = {{Gulf Professional Publishing}},
  address = {{Houston}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-088415380-1/50025-X},
  abstract = {Mooring lines are used to anchor large structures, i.e., prevent them from drifting away from their average position and from performing large-amplitude, low-frequency resonant oscillations. At the same time, the mooring lines are forced to move at the top with the wave-induced motions of the structure, and are subject to flow-induced vibrations.. Cables have complex mechanics of their own, which interact with fluid forces to create several important mechanisms for dynamic tension amplification and generation of damping forces. Recent progress in developing codes for the simulation of cable structures, conceptual developments in the proper modeling of low-tension cables, and the development of experimentally-based models for fluid forces, allows a comprehensive analysis of mooring line dynamics, suitable for design. Because of the superposition of excitation forces of many time scales, the problem becomes tractable for design applications only by separating the equations through an amplitude and time-scale expansion. Three separate equations describe: slowly-varying large amplitude motions, which are very important for studying the resonant motions of a moored structure, wave-induced motions of moderate amplitude, which are important to evaluate the peak dynamic tensions due to the seaway, as well as the drag coefficient amplification caused by nonlinear superposition of slow and wave-induced motions; and very fast, small-amplitude vortex-induced motions, which affect the drag coefficient. All three sets of equations are coupled parametrically; hence analysis is still computationally intensive. Reliable results can be obtained now, which can assist the practicing engineer in choosing optimal configuration.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/V2JPPR2Y/triantafyllou_1999_chapter_6_-_cable_dynamics_for_offshore_application.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/FFHRQ66J/B978088415380150025X.html},
  isbn = {978-0-88415-380-1},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{triantafyllouDampingMooredFloating1994,
  title = {Damping {{Of Moored Floating Structures}}},
  booktitle = {Offshore {{Technology Conference}}},
  author = {Triantafyllou, M. S. and Yue, D. K. P. and Tein, D. Y. S.},
  year = {1994},
  month = jan,
  publisher = {{Offshore Technology Conference}},
  doi = {10.4043/7489-MS},
  abstract = {1.ABSTRACT The resonant response of moored floating structures due to low-frequency excitation is controlled primarily by the effective damping coefficient of the structure. A Joint Industry Project addressed the feasibility of predicting the variou},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/58S6HD5N/OTC-7489-MS.html},
  isbn = {978-1-61399-096-4},
  language = {english}
}

@article{triantafyllouFormationVortexStreets1986,
  title = {On the Formation of Vortex Streets behind Stationary Cylinders},
  author = {Triantafyllou, George S. and Triantafyllou, Michael S. and Chryssostomidis, C.},
  year = {1986},
  month = sep,
  volume = {170},
  pages = {461--477},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112086000976},
  abstract = {The formation of vortex streets behind stationary cylinders is found to be caused by an absolute instability in the wake immediately behind the cylinder. The inviscid Orr\textendash Sommerfeld equation is used together with measured profiles at Reynolds numbers of (a) Re = 56 when the absolute instability provides a Strouhal number of 0.13; and (b) Re = 140000 providing a Strouhal number of 0.21, both in agreement with experimental values. At the subcritical Re = 34 the instability is of the convective type; i.e. the disturbance decays, being convected away once the external disturbance is removed, in agreement with experimental observations. Finally, the instability of the mode which causes a symmetric array of vortices is shown to be always of the convective type.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PQRT8QEF/529B78132466387AC78B90B9DD9C20CA.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{triantafyllouPragmaticRiserVIV1999,
  title = {Pragmatic {{Riser VIV Analysis}}},
  booktitle = {Offshore {{Technology Conference}}},
  author = {Triantafyllou, Michael and Triantafyllou, George and Tein, Y. S. David and Ambrose, Bill D.},
  year = {1999},
  month = jan,
  publisher = {{Offshore Technology Conference}},
  doi = {10.4043/10931-MS},
  abstract = {Abstract Drilling and production risers experiencing vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) may adversely impact operations in two ways: by increasing deflection due to amplified drag and causing structural fatigue damage due to VIV induced dynamic stresse},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ND8DPMMA/OTC-10931-MS.html},
  isbn = {978-1-55563-247-2},
  language = {english}
}

@techreport{triantafyllouVortexInducedVibrationsSheared1994,
  title = {Vortex-{{Induced Vibrations}} in a {{Sheared Flow}}: A {{New Predictive Method}}.},
  shorttitle = {Vortex-{{Induced Vibrations}} in a {{Sheared Flow}}},
  author = {Triantafyllou, M. S. and Grosenbaugh, M. A. and Gopalkrishnan, R.},
  year = {1994},
  institution = {{WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION MA}},
  abstract = {It is shown that a linear hydrodynamic damping term is an intrinsic feature of the vortex-induced vibrations of slender cylinders in the lock-in regime. The damping coefficient can be directly evaluated from experimental measurements of the force acting on a section of the cylinder forced to move in a uniform flow.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/TLG7XVP9/1994_Triantafyllou et al_Vortex-Induced Vibrations in a Sheared Flow.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/7KL6WZ7W/ADA329099.html},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {WHOI-CONTRIB-8553}
}

@article{tuFlowinducedVibrationsTwo2015,
  title = {Flow-Induced Vibrations of Two Circular Cylinders in Tandem with Shear Flow at Low {{Reynolds}} Number},
  author = {Tu, Jiahuang and Zhou, Dai and Bao, Yan and Ma, Jin and Lu, Jiabao and Han, Zhaolong},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  volume = {59},
  pages = {224--251},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2015.08.012},
  abstract = {The flow-induced vibrations of two elastically mounted circular cylinders subjected to the planar shear flow in tandem arrangement are studied numerically at Re=160. A four-step semi-implicit Characteristic-based split (4-SICBS) finite element method is developed under the framework of the fractional step method to cope with the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) problem. For the computational code verification, two benchmark problems are examined in the laminar region: flow-induced vibration of an elastically mounted cylinder having two degrees of freedom and past two stationary ones in tandem arrangement. Regarding the two-cylinder VIVs in shear flow, the computation is conducted with the cylinder reduced mass Mr=2.5{$\pi$} and the structural damping ratio {$\xi$}=0.0. The effects of some key parameters, such as shear rate (k=0.0, 0.05, 0.1), reduced velocity (Ur=3.0\textendash 18.0) and spacing ratio (Lx/D=2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 8.0), are demonstrated. It is observed that the shear rate and reduced velocity play an important role in the VIVs of both cylinders at various center-to-center distances. Additionally, in comparison with the single cylinder case, a further study indicated that the gap flow has a significant impact on such a dynamic system, leading it to be more complex. The results show that, the performances of `dual-resonant' are discovered in the shear flow. A valley is formed in transverse oscillation amplitude of DC for each spacing ratio when Ur is about 6.0. For the X\textendash Y trajectories of the circular cylinders, figure-eight, figure-O and oval shape are obtained. Finally, the interactions between cylinders are revealed, together with the wake-induced vibration (WIV) mechanism underlying the oscillation characteristics of both cylinders exposed to shear flow. Besides, the ``T+P'' wake pattern is discovered herein.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CN8AACLP/tu_et_al_2015_flow-induced_vibrations_of_two_circular_cylinders_in_tandem_with_shear_flow_at.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/VTYU424D/S088997461500211X.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Four-step semi-implicit Characteristic-based split (4-SICBS),Planar shear flow,Shear rate,Two tandem cylinders,Vortex-induced vibration (VIV)},
  language = {en}
}

@book{unpingcoPythonSignalProcessing2014,
  title = {Python for {{Signal Processing}}: {{Featuring IPython Notebooks}}},
  shorttitle = {Python for {{Signal Processing}}},
  author = {Unpingco, Jos{\'e}},
  year = {2014},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-01342-8},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4D4QYB4I/Unpingco - 2014 - Python for Signal Processing Featuring IPython No.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-319-01341-1 978-3-319-01342-8},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vanderlaanWhyCoriolisForce2017,
  title = {Why the {{Coriolis}} Force Turns a Wind Farm Wake Clockwise in the {{Northern Hemisphere}}},
  author = {{van der Laan}, Maarten Paul and S{\o}rensen, Niels N{\o}rmark},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {285--294},
  issn = {2366-7451},
  doi = {10.5194/wes-2-285-2017},
  abstract = {The interaction between the Coriolis force and a wind farm wake is investigated by Reynoldsaveraged Navier\textendash Stokes simulations, using two different wind farm representations: a high roughness and 5 \texttimes{} 5 actuator disks. Surprisingly, the calculated wind farm wake deflection is the opposite in the two simulations. A momentum balance in the cross flow direction shows that the interaction between the Coriolis force and the 5 \texttimes{} 5 actuator disks is complex due to turbulent mixing of veered momentum from above into the wind farm, which is not observed for the interaction between the Coriolis force and a roughness change. When the wind farm simulations are performed with a horizontally constant Coriolis force in order to isolate the effect of the wind veer, the wind farm wake deflection of the 5 \texttimes{} 5 actuator disks simulation remains unchanged. This proves that the present wind veer deflects the wind farm wake and not the local changes in the Coriolis force in the wake deficit region. An additional simulation of a single actuator disk, operating in a shallow atmospheric boundary layer, confirms that the Coriolis force indirectly turns a wind turbine wake clockwise, as observed from above, due to the presence of a strong wind veer.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SDHJJCUU/van der Laan and Sørensen - 2017 - Why the Coriolis force turns a wind farm wake cloc.pdf},
  journal = {Wind Energy Science},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@incollection{vandertempelDesignSupportStructures2010,
  title = {Design of Support Structures for Offshore Wind Turbines},
  booktitle = {{{WIT Transactions}} on {{State}} of the {{Art}} in {{Science}} and {{Engineering}}},
  author = {{van der Tempel}, J. and Diepeveen, N.F.B. and Salzmann, D.J. Cerda and {de Vries}, W.E.},
  year = {2010},
  month = jun,
  edition = {First},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {559--591},
  publisher = {{WIT Press}},
  doi = {10.2495/978-1-84564-205-1/17},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/GMYEKKLJ/van_der_tempel_et_al_2010_design_of_support_structures_for_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-84564-205-1},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vanderwaltNumPyArrayStructure2011,
  title = {The {{NumPy Array}}: {{A Structure}} for {{Efficient Numerical Computation}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{NumPy Array}}},
  author = {{van der Walt}, Stefan and Colbert, S. Chris and Varoquaux, Gael},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  volume = {13},
  pages = {22--30},
  issn = {1558-366X},
  doi = {10.1109/MCSE.2011.37},
  abstract = {In the Python world, NumPy arrays are the standard representation for numerical data and enable efficient implementation of numerical computations in a high-level language. As this effort shows, NumPy performance can be improved through three techniques: vectorizing calculations, avoiding copying data in memory, and minimizing operation counts.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Y2P4XBM5/2011_van der Walt et al_The NumPy Array.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/XWU88HG3/5725236.html},
  journal = {Computing in Science Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet,Arrays,Computational efficiency,data structures,Finite element methods,high level language,high level languages,mathematics computing,numerical analysis,Numerical analysis,numerical computation,numerical computations,numerical data,NumPy,numpy array,Performance evaluation,programming libraries,Python,Python programming language,Resource management,scientific programming,Vector quantization},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{vanderzeeCTowerProjectComposite2017,
  title = {The {{C}}-{{Tower}} Project - {{A}} Composite Tower for Offshore Wind Turbines},
  booktitle = {14th {{Deep Sea Offshore Wind R}}\&d {{Conference}}, {{Eera Deepwind}}'2017},
  author = {{van der Zee}, Tjeerd and {de Ruiter}, Marten Jan and Wieling, Ivo},
  editor = {Tande, J. O. G. and Kvamsdal, T. and Muskulus, M.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {137},
  pages = {401--405},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  abstract = {In this paper the feasibility is demonstrated of replacing the steel tower of an offshore wind turbine by a fibre-reinforced composite structure, with the aim of reducing installation and maintenance costs, and thereby the life cycle cost of the entire turbine. Design considerations regarding tower strength and flexibility, as well as manufacturability considerations, are discussed. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  annotation = {WOS:000426871600038},
  keywords = {composite tower,offshore wind turbine tower},
  language = {English}
}

@inproceedings{vandiverFatigueDamageHigh2008,
  title = {Fatigue {{Damage From High Mode Number Vortex}}-{{Induced Vibration}}},
  booktitle = {25th {{International Conference}} on {{Offshore Mechanics}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Vandiver, J. Kim and Swithenbank, Susan B. and Jaiswal, Vivek and Jhingran, Vikas},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  pages = {803--811},
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2006-92409},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MEY6BBSA/317385.html},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vandiverInsightsVortexinducedTraveling2009,
  title = {Insights on Vortex-Induced, Traveling Waves on Long Risers},
  author = {Vandiver, J. Kim and Jaiswal, V. and Jhingran, V.},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  volume = {25},
  pages = {641--653},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2008.11.005},
  abstract = {This paper is based on portions of a keynote presentation, which explored the boundaries of what is understood about the vibration behavior of long cylinders excited by vortex shedding. The source of data is a recent field experiment on a long flexible cylinder, densely instrumented with fiber optic strain gauges. The paper emphasis is on previously unknown or unexplained phenomena and in some cases offers provocative insights as opposed to conclusive proofs. Three particular topics are covered: (i) the occurrence of peak strain and fatigue damage rates at unexpected locations, (ii) the dominance of traveling wave rather than standing wave response, and (iii) the appearance of stable cylinder trajectories, such as figure eights and crescents in pure traveling wave regions. Potential explanations are offered and areas for promising additional research are proposed.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8XEE45E4/vandiver_et_al_2009_insights_on_vortex-induced,_traveling_waves_on_long_risers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/JCB6ALJD/S0889974608001321.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Fatigue damage,Traveling waves,Vortex-induced vibration (VIV)},
  language = {en},
  number = {4},
  series = {Bluff {{Body Wakes}} and {{Vortex}}-{{Induced Vibrations}} ({{BBVIV}}-5)}
}

@article{Variance2020,
  title = {Variance},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  abstract = {In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its mean.  Informally, it measures how far a set of numbers is spread out from their average value. Variance has a central role in statistics, where some ideas that use it include descriptive statistics, statistical inference, hypothesis testing, goodness of fit, and Monte Carlo sampling. Variance is an important tool in the sciences, where statistical analysis of data is common. The variance is the square of the standard deviation, the second central moment of a distribution, and the covariance of the random variable with itself, and it is often represented by                                    {$\sigma$}                        2                                     \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash sigma \^\{2\}\}   ,                                    s                        2                                     \{\textbackslash displaystyle s\^\{2\}\}   , or                         Var                  (         X         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash operatorname \{Var\} (X)\}   .},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 983378611},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/STTLMIE5/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{velardeProbabilisticAnalysisOffshore2019,
  title = {Probabilistic Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines under Extreme Resonant Response: {{Application}} of Environmental Contour Method},
  shorttitle = {Probabilistic Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines under Extreme Resonant Response},
  author = {Velarde, Joey and Vanem, Erik and Kramh{\o}ft, Claus and S{\o}rensen, John Dalsgaard},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  volume = {93},
  pages = {101947},
  issn = {01411187},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apor.2019.101947},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbines can exhibit dynamic resonant behavior due to sea states with wave excitation frequencies coinciding with the structural eigenfrequencies. In addition to significant contributions to fatigue actions, dynamic load amplification can govern extreme wind turbine responses. However, current design requirements lack specifications for assessment of resonant loads, particularly during parked or idling conditions where aerodynamic damping contributions are significantly reduced. This study demonstrates a probabilistic approach for assessment of offshore wind turbines under extreme resonant responses during parked situations. Based on in-situ metocean observations on the North Sea, the environmental contour method is used to establish relevant design conditions. A case study on a feasible large monopile design showed that resonant loads can govern the design loads. The presented framework can be applied to assess the reliability of wave-sensitive offshore wind turbine structures for a given site-specific metocean conditions and support structure design.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/T7HRRCBJ/velarde_et_al_2019_probabilistic_analysis_of_offshore_wind_turbines_under_extreme_resonant_response.pdf},
  journal = {Applied Ocean Research},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vermaComprehensiveNumericalInvestigation2019,
  title = {A Comprehensive Numerical Investigation of the Impact Behaviour of an Offshore Wind Turbine Blade Due to Impact Loads during Installation},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Vedvik, Nils Petter and Gao, Zhen},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  volume = {172},
  pages = {127--145},
  issn = {00298018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.11.021},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KIXVLTW9/verma_et_al_2019_a_comprehensive_numerical_investigation_of_the_impact_behaviour_of_an_offshore.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vermaEffectsPassiveTuned2020,
  title = {Effects of a Passive Tuned Mass Damper on Blade Root Impacts during the Offshore Mating Process},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Jiang, Zhiyu and Gao, Zhen and Vedvik, Nils Petter},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  volume = {72},
  pages = {102778},
  issn = {09518339},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marstruc.2020.102778},
  abstract = {Single-blade installation is a conventional method for installing blades on monopile-type offshore wind turbines. A jack-up crane vessel is commonly used, and individual blades are lifted to the tower top height and mated with the hub. The relative motions between the hub and blade root during the mating phase, partly due to wind-induced blade motion and partly due to waveinduced monopile motion, can induce substantial impact forces at the blade root. This can cause severe damage at the blade root connections and have a high potential to jeopardise the installation task. Mitigation measures are therefore required to limit the relative motion between the hub and the root during the mating process. In this article, we investigate the effects of a passive tuned mass damper (TMD) on the (1) impact velocities manifested between the blade root and hub during the mating phase and (2) its effect on the response-based limiting sea states. Timedomain multi-body simulations of an installation system characterising the mating operation with and without a TMD for collinear and misaligned wind and wave conditions have been performed, and the effectiveness of TMD for controlling the impact velocity is quantified. Furthermore, finite element analyses are performed to determine the threshold velocity of impact for a scenario in which a blade root with a guide pin suffers a sideways impact with the hub. It is found that the tuned mass damper can reduce the relative impact velocities by more than 40\% and can sub\- stantially expand the allowable sea states and operability for the mating operation. Moreover, the effectiveness of TMD at reducing the impact velocity increases with increasing significant wave height (Hs); however, it decreases with increasing wind-wave misalignment and with shifts in the wave spectral peak period (Tp) away from the tuned frequency. The findings of the study can be utilised for planning safe and cost-efficient installation of latest-generation wind turbine blades.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HGAEG67B/verma_et_al_2020_effects_of_a_passive_tuned_mass_damper_on_blade_root_impacts_during_the.pdf},
  journal = {Marine Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vermaEffectsPassiveTuned2020a,
  title = {Effects of a Passive Tuned Mass Damper on Blade Root Impacts during the Offshore Mating Process},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Jiang, Zhiyu and Gao, Zhen and Vedvik, Nils Petter},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  volume = {72},
  pages = {102778},
  issn = {09518339},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marstruc.2020.102778},
  abstract = {Single-blade installation is a conventional method for installing blades on monopile-type offshore wind turbines. A jack-up crane vessel is commonly used, and individual blades are lifted to the tower top height and mated with the hub. The relative motions between the hub and blade root during the mating phase, partly due to wind-induced blade motion and partly due to waveinduced monopile motion, can induce substantial impact forces at the blade root. This can cause severe damage at the blade root connections and have a high potential to jeopardise the installation task. Mitigation measures are therefore required to limit the relative motion between the hub and the root during the mating process. In this article, we investigate the effects of a passive tuned mass damper (TMD) on the (1) impact velocities manifested between the blade root and hub during the mating phase and (2) its effect on the response-based limiting sea states. Timedomain multi-body simulations of an installation system characterising the mating operation with and without a TMD for collinear and misaligned wind and wave conditions have been performed, and the effectiveness of TMD for controlling the impact velocity is quantified. Furthermore, finite element analyses are performed to determine the threshold velocity of impact for a scenario in which a blade root with a guide pin suffers a sideways impact with the hub. It is found that the tuned mass damper can reduce the relative impact velocities by more than 40\% and can sub\- stantially expand the allowable sea states and operability for the mating operation. Moreover, the effectiveness of TMD at reducing the impact velocity increases with increasing significant wave height (Hs); however, it decreases with increasing wind-wave misalignment and with shifts in the wave spectral peak period (Tp) away from the tuned frequency. The findings of the study can be utilised for planning safe and cost-efficient installation of latest-generation wind turbine blades.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/26SDY4CL/verma_et_al_2020_effects_of_a_passive_tuned_mass_damper_on_blade_root_impacts_during_the.pdf},
  journal = {Marine Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vermaEffectsWindWaveMisalignment2020a,
  title = {Effects of {{Wind}}-{{Wave Misalignment}} on a {{Wind Turbine Blade Mating Process}}: {{Impact Velocities}}, {{Blade Root Damages}} and {{Structural SafetyAssessment}}},
  shorttitle = {Effects of {{Wind}}-{{Wave Misalignment}} on a {{Wind Turbine Blade Mating Process}}},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Jiang, Zhiyu and Ren, Zhengru and Gao, Zhen and Vedvik, Nils Petter},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  issn = {1993-5048},
  doi = {10.1007/s11804-020-00141-7},
  abstract = {Most wind turbine blades are assembled piece-by-piece onto the hub of a monopile-type offshore wind turbine using jack-up crane vessels. Despite the stable foundation of the lifting cranes, the mating process exhibits substantial relative responses amidst blade root and hub. These relative motions are combined effects of wave-induced monopile motions and wind-induced blade root motions, which can cause impact loads at the blade root's guide pin in the course of alignment procedure. Environmental parameters including the wind-wave misalignments play an important role for the safety of the installation tasks and govern the impact scenarios. The present study investigates the effects of wind-wave misalignments on the blade root mating process on a monopile-type offshore wind turbine. The dynamic responses including the impact velocities between root and hub in selected wind-wave misalignment conditions are investigated using multibody simulations. Furthermore, based on a finite element study, different impact-induced failure modes at the blade root for sideways and head-on impact scenarios, developed due to wind-wave misalignment conditions, are investigated. Finally, based on extreme value analyses of critical responses, safe domain for the mating task under different wind-wave misalignments is compared. The results show that although misaligned wind-wave conditions develop substantial relative motions between root and hub, aligned wind-wave conditions induce largest impact velocities and develop critical failure modes at a relatively low threshold velocity of impact.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/N8FWFJTA/verma_et_al_2020_effects_of_wind-wave_misalignment_on_a_wind_turbine_blade_mating_process.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Application},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{vermaExplicitStructuralResponseBased2019,
  title = {Explicit {{Structural Response}}-{{Based Methodology}} for {{Assessment}} of {{Operational Limits}} for {{Single Blade Installation}} for {{Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{Fourth International Conference}} in {{Ocean Engineering}} ({{ICOE2018}})},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Zhao, Yuna and Gao, Zhen and Vedvik, Nils Petter},
  editor = {Murali, K. and Sriram, V. and Samad, Abdus and Saha, Nilanjan},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {737--750},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  address = {{Singapore}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-981-13-3134-3_55},
  abstract = {The growing requirements of large-sized offshore wind turbines require heavier components to be lifted to large heights using installation vessels. This imposes a substantial risk of impact to the lifted components especially when floating crane vessels are used. Floating crane vessels are in general sensitive to wave-induced motion, causing substantial crane tip responses and can lead to significant damage to the lifted blades. Currently, the planning for such weather sensitive operation does not include explicitly the risk of contact/impact or damage in the components to determine the operational limits. This is important for wind turbine blades owing to the fact that they are made of composite materials and are vulnerable to damage from contact/impact loads. The present paper proposes a novel methodology to determine response based operational limit for the blade installation by considering impact loads. Structural damage criteria for the lifted blade under accidental loads are linked with global response analysis of the installation system under stochastic wind and wave loads. A case study is also presented where a wind turbine blade lifted horizontally using jack-up crane vessel impacts the pre-assembled turbine tower with its tip region while being installed under mean wind speed of 10 m/s. It is found that under such conditions, it is safe to install blade from structural damage perspective as the characteristic responses obtained were low to develop any damage in the blade. The findings of the study can be used to derive limiting sea states for blade installation using floating vessels, however a damage tolerance approach requiring residual strength analysis post impact is compulsory.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/JX3Q8H42/2019_Verma et al_Explicit Structural Response-Based Methodology for Assessment of Operational.pdf},
  isbn = {9789811331343},
  keywords = {_tablet,Contact/impact behaviour,Floating crane vessel,Jack-up vessel,Marine operation,Offshore wind turbine blade,Operational limits},
  language = {en},
  series = {Lecture {{Notes}} in {{Civil Engineering}}}
}

@article{vermaImpactAssessmentWind2019a,
  title = {Impact Assessment of a Wind Turbine Blade Root during an Offshore Mating Process},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Jiang, Zhiyu and Vedvik, Nils Petter and Gao, Zhen and Ren, Zhengru},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  volume = {180},
  pages = {205--222},
  issn = {01410296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.012},
  abstract = {Single-blade installation is a popular method for installing blades on bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines. A jackup crane vessel is often employed, and individual blades with their roots equipped with mechanical joints and bolted connections are lifted to the tower-top height and mated with a pre-assembled hub. The final mating phase is challenging and faces significant risks of impact. Due to relative motions between the blade and the hub, substantial impact forces may arise and lead to severe structural damages at root connections, thereby causing delays in the installation task. The present paper considers a realistic scenario of the mating process and investigates the consequences of such impact loads. Here, a single-blade model with tugger lines and a monopile model were established using a multi-body formulation, and relative velocities under collinear wave and wind conditions were obtained. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed for the blade root with Tbolt connections, and an impact investigation was performed for the case in which a guiding connection impacts the hub. The results show severe bending and plastic deformation of the guide pin bolt together with failure of the adjoining composite laminate at the root connection. Based on the type of damage obtained for the different environmental conditions considered, this paper also discusses its consequence on the installation tasks and suggests onboard decision making in case of an impact incident. The results of this study provide new insights regarding the mating phase and can be utilised to establish response-based operational limits.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/W8QDWZSX/verma_et_al_2019_impact_assessment_of_a_wind_turbine_blade_root_during_an_offshore_mating_process.pdf},
  journal = {Engineering Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vermaNumericalAssessmentWind2017a,
  title = {Numerical Assessment of Wind Turbine Blade Damage Due to Contact/Impact with Tower during Installation},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Vedvik, Nils Petter and Gao, Zhen},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  volume = {276},
  pages = {012025},
  publisher = {{IOP Publishing}},
  issn = {1757-899X},
  doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/276/1/012025},
  abstract = {The use of floating crane vessel for installation of offshore wind turbine blades presents a great challenge in terms of its random motions and is likely to increase the probability of the blade hitting the preassembled tower during lifting operation. To evaluate the consequences of such scenarios and to determine the allowable motions or sea states for such operations, it is very important to understand the damage development in the blade due to impact. The present paper employs the application of high fidelity finite element method to investigate the damage behavior in the blade when the leading edge of the blade hits the tower. A nonlinear time domain structural analysis using ABAQUS was conducted on the DTU 10 MW reference blade model which is based on shell elements. Damage assessment along with the nature of evolution of various energies is examined and presented for two different impact velocities with modified layup stacking sequence at the contact region.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IFZTADGX/verma_et_al_2017_numerical_assessment_of_wind_turbine_blade_damage_due_to_contact-impact_with.pdf},
  journal = {IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vermaResponseBasedAssessmentOperational2019a,
  title = {Response-{{Based Assessment}} of {{Operational Limits}} for {{Mating Blades}} on {{Monopile}}-{{Type Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Jiang, Zhiyu and Ren, Zhengru and Gao, Zhen and Vedvik, Nils Petter},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {1867},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  doi = {10.3390/en12101867},
  abstract = {Installation of wind-turbine blades on monopile-type offshore wind turbines is a demanding task. Typically, a jack-up crane vessel is used, and blades are individually lifted from the vessel deck and docked with the preinstalled hub. During the process of mating, large relative motions are developed between the hub and root due to combined effects of wind-generated blade-root responses and wave-generated monopile vibrations. This can cause impact loads at the blade root and induce severe damages at the blade-root connection. Such events are highly likely to cause the failure of the mating task, while affecting the subsequent activities, and thus require competent planning. The purpose of this paper is to present a probabilistic response-based methodology for estimating the allowable sea states for planning a wind-turbine blade-mating task, considering impact risks with the hub as the hazardous event. A case study is presented where the installation system consisting of blade-lift and monopile system are modelled using multibody formulations. Time-domain analyses are carried out for various sea states, and impact velocities between root and hub are analyzed. Finally, an extreme value analysis using the Gumbel fitting of response parameters is performed and limiting sea state curves are obtained by comparing characteristic extreme responses with allowable values. It is found that the limiting sea states for blade-root mating tasks are low for aligned wind\–wave conditions, and further increase with increased wind\–wave misalignment. The results of the study also show that the parameter     T p     is essential for estimating limiting sea states given that this parameter significantly influences monopile vibrations during the blade-root mating task. Overall, the findings of the study can be used for a safer and more cost-effective mating of wind-turbine blades.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/W5Y2Q73D/verma_et_al_2019_response-based_assessment_of_operational_limits_for_mating_blades_on.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/29MVUACI/1867.html},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {_tablet,blade root,marine operations,offshore wind-turbine,planning,probabilistic methods},
  language = {en},
  number = {10}
}

@article{vermaResponseBasedAssessmentOperational2019b,
  title = {Response-{{Based Assessment}} of {{Operational Limits}} for {{Mating Blades}} on {{Monopile}}-{{Type Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Jiang, Zhiyu and Ren, Zhengru and Gao, Zhen and Vedvik, Nils Petter},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {1867},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en12101867},
  abstract = {Installation of wind-turbine blades on monopile-type offshore wind turbines is a demanding task. Typically, a jack-up crane vessel is used, and blades are individually lifted from the vessel deck and docked with the preinstalled hub. During the process of mating, large relative motions are developed between the hub and root due to combined effects of wind-generated blade-root responses and wave-generated monopile vibrations. This can cause impact loads at the blade root and induce severe damages at the blade-root connection. Such events are highly likely to cause the failure of the mating task, while affecting the subsequent activities, and thus require competent planning. The purpose of this paper is to present a probabilistic response-based methodology for estimating the allowable sea states for planning a wind-turbine blade-mating task, considering impact risks with the hub as the hazardous event. A case study is presented where the installation system consisting of blade-lift and monopile system are modelled using multibody formulations. Time-domain analyses are carried out for various sea states, and impact velocities between root and hub are analyzed. Finally, an extreme value analysis using the Gumbel fitting of response parameters is performed and limiting sea state curves are obtained by comparing characteristic extreme responses with allowable values. It is found that the limiting sea states for blade-root mating tasks are low for aligned wind\textendash wave conditions, and further increase with increased wind\textendash wave misalignment. The results of the study also show that the parameter Tp is essential for estimating limiting sea states given that this parameter significantly influences monopile vibrations during the blade-root mating task. Overall, the findings of the study can be used for a safer and more cost-effective mating of wind-turbine blades.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RV45QXXS/verma_et_al_2019_response-based_assessment_of_operational_limits_for_mating_blades_on.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {10}
}

@inproceedings{vermaStructuralSafetyAssessment2019,
  title = {Structural {{Safety Assessment}} of {{Marine Operations From}} a {{Long}}-{{Term Perspective}}: {{A Case Study}} of {{Offshore Wind Turbine Blade Installation}}},
  shorttitle = {Structural {{Safety Assessment}} of {{Marine Operations From}} a {{Long}}-{{Term Perspective}}},
  booktitle = {Volume 3: {{Structures}}, {{Safety}}, and {{Reliability}}},
  author = {Verma, Amrit Shankar and Gao, Zhen and Jiang, Zhiyu and Ren, Zhengru and Vedvik, Nils Petter},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  pages = {V003T02A074},
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers}},
  address = {{Glasgow, Scotland, UK}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2019-96686},
  abstract = {Abstract             A marine operation is a complex non-routine activity of limited duration carried out in offshore environment. Due to safety reasons, these operations are normally performed within specific sea state limits, which are derived from numerical modelling and analysis of hazardous events. In view of the uncertainties in the assessment of structural responses under stochastic environmental conditions, these limiting curves correspond to a target structural failure probability recommended in offshore standards (for example, 10-4 per operation as specified by DNV-GL). However, one of the main limitations is that these curves do not reflect site-specific safety assessment. The current paper presents a novel methodology for assessing the structural safety level of marine operations from a long-term perspective. The methodology includes estimation of extreme response distribution under all possible operational sea states (i.e. the operational domain under the limiting sea states) for a given offshore site and is compared to the response limit to obtain an average failure probability. A case study is also presented for a blade root mating process onto preassembled hub using a jack-up crane vessel and risk of impact between root and hub is considered critical. Global time-domain simulations are performed using multibody dynamics, and extreme value distributions for impact velocities are derived for different wind-wave conditions. The allowable impact velocity between the blade root and the hub is determined by an explicit finite element analysis of the damage at the blade root. Finally, the average failure probabilities considering the operational domain are obtained for four different European offshore sites and are compared to the target level of structural failure probability considered for the limiting sea states.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/3BXTZ7T4/verma_et_al_2019_structural_safety_assessment_of_marine_operations_from_a_long-term_perspective.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/HDNWS3R3/verma_et_al_2019_structural_safety_assessment_of_marine_operations_from_a_long-term_perspective.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-7918-5878-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{vidalWindTurbineMultiFault2018,
  title = {Wind {{Turbine Multi}}-{{Fault Detection}} and {{Classification Based}} on {{SCADA Data}}},
  author = {Vidal, Yolanda and Pozo, Francesc and Tutiven, Christian},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  volume = {11},
  pages = {3018},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en11113018},
  abstract = {Due to the increasing installation of wind turbines in remote locations, both onshore and offshore, advanced fault detection and classification strategies have become crucial to accomplish the required levels of reliability and availability. In this work, without using specific tailored devices for condition monitoring but only increasing the sampling frequency in the already available (in all commercial wind turbines) sensors of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, a data-driven multi-fault detection and classification strategy is developed. An advanced wind turbine benchmark is used. The wind turbine we consider is subject to different types of faults on actuators and sensors. The main challenges of the wind turbine fault detection lie in their non-linearity, unknown disturbances, and significant measurement noise at each sensor. First, the SCADA measurements are pre-processed by group scaling and feature transformation (from the original high-dimensional feature space to a new space with reduced dimensionality) based on multiway principal component analysis through sample-wise unfolding. Then, 10-fold cross-validation support vector machines-based classification is applied. In this work, support vector machines were used as a first choice for fault detection as they have proven their robustness for some particular faults, but at the same time have never accomplished the detection and classification of all the proposed faults considered in this work. To this end, the choice of the features as well as the selection of data are of primary importance. Simulation results showed that all studied faults were detected and classified with an overall accuracy of 98.2\%. Finally, it is noteworthy that the prediction speed allows this strategy to be deployed for online (real-time) condition monitoring in wind turbines.},
  annotation = {WOS:000451814000156},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {(Fatigue,Aerodynamics,fault classification,fault detection,fault diagnosis,principal component analysis,Structures and Turbulence) FAST code,support vector machines,systems,wind turbine},
  language = {English},
  number = {11}
}

@article{vireTwodimensionalNumericalSimulations2020,
  title = {Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Vortex-Induced Vibrations for a Cylinder in Conditions Representative of Wind Turbine Towers},
  author = {Vir{\'e}, Axelle and Derksen, Adriaan and Folkersma, Mikko and Sarwar, Kumayl},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {793--806},
  publisher = {{Copernicus GmbH}},
  issn = {2366-7443},
  doi = {10.5194/wes-5-793-2020},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$><$}strong{$>$}Abstract.{$<$}/strong{$>$} Vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of wind turbine towers can be critical during the installation phase, when the rotor\textendash nacelle assembly is not yet mounted on the tower. The present work uses numerical simulations to study VIVs of a two-dimensional cylinder in the transverse direction under flow conditions that are representative of wind turbine towers both from a fluid dynamics and structural dynamics perspective. First, the numerical tools and fluid\textendash structure interaction algorithm are validated by considering a cylinder vibrating freely in a laminar flow. In that case, both the motion amplitude and frequency are shown to agree well with previous results from the literature. Second, VIVs are modelled in the turbulent supercritical regime using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier\textendash Stokes equations. In this context, the turbulence model is first validated against flow past a stationary cylinder with a high Reynolds number. Then, the results from forced vibrations are validated against experimental results for a range of reduced frequencies and velocities. It is shown that the behaviour of the aerodynamic damping changes with the frequency ratio and can therefore lead to either self-limiting or self-exciting VIVs when the cylinder is left to freely vibrate. Finally, results are shown for a freely vibrating cylinder under realistic flow and structural conditions. While a clear lock-in map is identified and shows good agreement with published numerical and experimental data, the work also highlights the unsteady nature of the aerodynamic forces and motion under certain operating conditions.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/54BH7VL2/12688433.zip;/home/san/Zotero/storage/UG883J4H/viré_et_al_2020_two-dimensional_numerical_simulations_of_vortex-induced_vibrations_for_a.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/WKXGV8MM/wes-5-793-2020-discussion.html},
  journal = {Wind Energy Science},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {English},
  number = {2}
}

@article{visAssessmentApproachesLogistics2016,
  title = {Assessment Approaches to Logistics for Offshore Wind Energy Installation},
  author = {Vis, Iris F.A. and Ursavas, Evrim},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {80--91},
  issn = {22131388},
  doi = {10.1016/j.seta.2016.02.001},
  abstract = {Offshore wind farm installation planning is highly complex, due to the high dependency on weather and the oversized components that impose specific constraints in areas such as transportation and lifting. Currently, there is very little transparency vis-\`a-vis the logistics challenges in the industry. We extend the literature by creating an overall view of the coherency between logistical methods and project performance. We develop knowledge about how to use the various approaches by analyzing different logistical solutions. A holistic view of the coherency between the approaches in terms of logistics and project performance, taking into consideration the external influence of weather, is provided through analysis of actual projects in the North Sea region. Case study findings reveal the major factors to be pre-assembly, vessel load, and the distance to shore. We suggest a pre-assembly strategy comprised of a minimum number of components for installation onsite and a maximum number of turbines to be loaded on a vessel. These findings are especially important for the new wind farms being positioned further offshore. We show by means of a case study, with specific characteristics and weather conditions, that the appropriate strategies can be arrived at by using a simulation-based decision-support tool we developed.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FEXY4L27/2016_Vis_Ursavas_Assessment approaches to logistics for offshore wind energy installation.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/PXC95IY6/2016_Vis_Ursavas_Assessment approaches to logistics for offshore wind energy installation.pdf},
  journal = {Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments},
  keywords = {_tablet,cost,Logistics,Offshore   installations,optimization,organization,Renewable energy sources,Wind energy,Wind farms},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{VIVDataRepository,
  title = {{{VIV Data Repository}}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RH369ZPC/index.html},
  howpublished = {https://web.mit.edu/towtank/www/vivdr/index.html}
}

@article{volkerProspectsGeneratingElectricity2017,
  title = {Prospects for Generating Electricity by Large Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms},
  author = {Volker, Patrick J. H. and Hahmann, Andrea N. and Badger, Jake and Jorgensen, Hans E.},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {034022},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa5d86},
  abstract = {The decarbonisation of energy sources requires additional investments in renewable technologies, including the installation of onshore and offshore wind farms. For wind energy to remain competitive, wind farms must continue to provide low-cost power even when covering larger areas. Inside very large wind farms, winds can decrease considerably from their free-stream values to a point where an equilibrium wind speed is reached. The magnitude of this equilibrium wind speed is primarily dependent on the balance between turbine drag force and the downward momentum influx from above the wind farm. We have simulated for neutral atmospheric conditions, the wind speed field inside different wind farms that range from small (25 km(2)) to very large (10(5) km(2)) in three regions with distinct wind speed and roughness conditions. Our results show that the power density of very large wind farms depends on the local free-stream wind speed, the surface characteristics, and the turbine density. In onshore regions with moderate winds the power density of very large wind farms reaches 1 W m(-2), whereas in offshore regions with very strong winds it exceeds 3 W m(-2). Despite a relatively low power density, onshore regions with moderate winds offer potential locations for very large wind farms. In offshore regions, clusters of smaller wind farms are generally preferable; under very strong winds also very large offshore wind farms become efficient.},
  annotation = {WOS:000397803200002},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6C2SBN6X/2017_Volker et al_Prospects for generating electricity by large onshore and offshore wind farms.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  keywords = {_tablet,atmospheric boundary-layer,energy,mesoscale,Mesoscale modelling,model,Renewable energy,Resource estimation,scale,turbine wakes,Wind energy},
  language = {English},
  number = {3}
}

@article{vorpahlOffshoreWindTurbine2013,
  title = {Offshore Wind Turbine Environment, Loads, Simulation, and Design: {{OWT}} Loads and Design},
  shorttitle = {Offshore Wind Turbine Environment, Loads, Simulation, and Design},
  author = {Vorpahl, Fabian and Schwarze, Holger and Fischer, Tim and Seidel, Marc and Jonkman, Jason},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {548--570},
  issn = {20418396},
  doi = {10.1002/wene.52},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IQMYT5A3/vorpahl_et_al_2013_offshore_wind_turbine_environment,_loads,_simulation,_and_design.pdf},
  journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@inproceedings{wanderleyNumericalSimulationVortex2008,
  title = {Numerical {{Simulation}} of {{Vortex Induced Vibration}} on an {{Elastically Mounted Cylinder}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2004 23rd {{International Conference}} on {{Offshore Mechanics}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Wanderley, Juan B. V. and Levi, Carlos A.},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  pages = {1167--1176},
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2004-51638},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XHGNGSY3/304268.html},
  language = {en}
}

@article{wangComputationHoistingForces2014,
  title = {Computation of Hoisting Forces on Wind Turbine Blades Using Computation Fluid Dynamics},
  author = {Wang, Y. and Tian, D. and He, W.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {446-447},
  pages = {452--457},
  doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.446-447.452},
  abstract = {The hoisting forces on a 38.5m wind turbine blade in multiple positions are computed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The computation model is constructed with the steady wind conditions, blade mesh model and the blade positions which are determined by the blade pitch angle, azimuth angle and rotor yaw angle. The maximal and minimal hoisting forces in three-dimensional coordinates are found and the corresponding pitch angle, azimuth angle and yaw angle are obtained. The change of the hoisting forces on wind turbine blades is analyzed. Suggestions are given to decrease the hoisting forces of the blade in open wind environment. \textcopyright{} (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2QS9XVRG/2014_Wang et al_Computation of hoisting forces on wind turbine blades using computation fluid.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/AN9Z8YF2/2014_Wang et al_Computation of hoisting forces on wind turbine blades using computation fluid.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/FKFARGV8/display.html},
  journal = {Applied Mechanics and Materials},
  keywords = {_tablet,Blade position,CFD,Hoisting force,Wind turbine}
}

@article{wangExperimentalInvestigationSuppressing2019,
  title = {Experimental Investigation on Suppressing Circular Cylinder {{VIV}} by a Flow Control Method Based on Passive Vortex Generators},
  author = {Wang, Rui and Xin, Dabo and Ou, Jinping},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {187},
  pages = {36--47},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2019.01.017},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/9E4KA36H/wang_et_al_2019_experimental_investigation_on_suppressing_circular_cylinder_viv_by_a_flow.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{wangInvestigationInstallationOffshore2010,
  title = {Investigation on Installation of Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Wang, Wei and Bai, Yong},
  year = {2010},
  month = jun,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {175--180},
  issn = {1993-5048},
  doi = {10.1007/s11804-010-9076-y},
  abstract = {Wind power has made rapid progress and should gain significance as an energy resource, given growing interest in renewable energy and clean energy. Offshore wind energy resources have attracted significant attention, as, compared with land-based wind energy resources, offshore wind energy resources are more promising candidates for development. Sea winds are generally stronger and more reliable and with improvements in technology, the sea has become a hot spot for new designs and installation methods for wind turbines. In the present paper, based on experience building offshore wind farms, recommended foundation styles have been examined. Furthermore, wave effects have been investigated. The split installation and overall installation have been illustrated. Methods appropriate when installing a small number of turbines as well as those useful when installing large numbers of turbines were analyzed. This investigation of installation methods for wind turbines should provide practical technical guidance for their installation.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/96FGW4WN/2010_Wang_Bai_Investigation on installation of offshore wind turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Application},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{wangPotentialClimaticImpacts2011,
  title = {Potential Climatic Impacts and Reliability of Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farms},
  author = {Wang, Chien and Prinn, Ronald G.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {025101},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/6/2/025101},
  abstract = {The vast availability of wind power has fueled substantial interest in this renewable energy source as a potential near-zero greenhouse gas emission technology for meeting future world energy needs while addressing the climate change issue. However, in order to provide even a fraction of the estimated future energy needs, a large-scale deployment of wind turbines (several million) is required. The consequent environmental impacts, and the inherent reliability of such a large-scale usage of intermittent wind power would have to be carefully assessed, in addition to the need to lower the high current unit wind power costs. Our previous study (Wang and Prinn 2010 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 2053) using a three-dimensional climate model suggested that a large deployment of wind turbines over land to meet about 10\% of predicted world energy needs in 2100 could lead to a significant temperature increase in the lower atmosphere over the installed regions. A global-scale perturbation to the general circulation patterns as well as to the cloud and precipitation distribution was also predicted. In the later study reported here, we conducted a set of six additional model simulations using an improved climate model to further address the potential environmental and intermittency issues of large-scale deployment of offshore wind turbines for differing installation areas and spatial densities. In contrast to the previous land installation results, the offshore wind turbine installations are found to cause a surface cooling over the installed offshore regions. This cooling is due principally to the enhanced latent heat flux from the sea surface to lower atmosphere, driven by an increase in turbulent mixing caused by the wind turbines which was not entirely offset by the concurrent reduction of mean wind kinetic energy. We found that the perturbation of the large-scale deployment of offshore wind turbines to the global climate is relatively small compared to the case of land-based installations. However, the intermittency caused by the significant seasonal wind variations over several major offshore sites is substantial, and demands further options to ensure the reliability of large-scale offshore wind power. The method that we used to simulate the offshore wind turbine effect on the lower atmosphere involved simply increasing the ocean surface drag coefficient. While this method is consistent with several detailed fine-scale simulations of wind turbines, it still needs further study to ensure its validity. New field observations of actual wind turbine arrays are definitely required to provide ultimate validation of the model predictions presented here.},
  annotation = {WOS:000295326800028},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PBSULYCQ/2011_Wang_Prinn_Potential climatic impacts and reliability of large-scale offshore wind farms.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  keywords = {_tablet,climate impact,flux measurements,model,ocean,offshore wind farms},
  language = {English},
  number = {2}
}

@article{wangSuppressionVortexinducedVibration2021,
  title = {Suppression of Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Cactus-Inspired Cylinder near a Free Surface},
  author = {Wang, Wei (王伟 ) and Mao, Zhaoyong (毛昭勇 ) and Song, Baowei (宋保维 ) and Tian, Wenlong (田文龙 )},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  volume = {33},
  pages = {067103},
  publisher = {{American Institute of Physics}},
  issn = {1070-6631},
  doi = {10.1063/5.0051594},
  abstract = {Bionic ribs inspired by those of a cactus are adopted in order to suppress the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) responses of cylinders located near free surfaces. The VIV responses of cactus-inspired cylinders located near free surface are investigated numerically. The range of the Reynolds number is 8.0\,\texttimes\,103 {$\leq$} Re\,{$\leq$}\,5.6\,\texttimes\,104, and the range of the Froude number is 0.08\,{$\leq$}\,Fr\,{$\leq$}\,0.56. The distance between the cylinder and the free surface is 2D (D is diameter of the cylinder), and the cactus-inspired ribs with height ratios (Ks/D, where Ks is the height of the ribs) include 0.0 (M1), 0.025 (M2), 0.05 (M3), and 0.1 (M4). The VIV response of a smooth cylinder (M0) far from a free surface is used as a reference. Different ribs with height ratios have different effects on the VIV responses of cylinders located near free surfaces. The suppression effect of the bionic ribs on the VIV response is largest when Ks/D\,=\,0.1 (M4). The maximum cross-flow amplitude ratio, the maximum in-line amplitude ratio, and the maximum mean drag coefficient of the cactus-inspired cylinder (M4) are 53.57\%, 53.13\%, and 49.21\% lower than that of the smooth cylinder (M1). The cactus-inspired cylinders are easier to desynchronize from the lock-in region. The free surface causes the vortex phase transition to happen earlier. The free surface has a better suppression effect on VIV response in the high Froude number range. When the rib height ratio is small (M2, Ks/D\,=\,0.025), the free surface enhances the VIV response. However, the VIV response is mainly affected by the ribs when the rib height ratio exceeds a certain value (Ks/D\,{$\geq$}\,0.05). When the cactus-inspired rib with height ratio increases, the critical Reynolds number of the vortex phase transition decreases. The free surface and the cactus-inspired ribs are conducive to dissipation of wakes and lead to decreases in the wake turbulence intensity. Because the cactus-inspired ribs can cause the separation line to develop away from the cylinder wall and effectively control the wake intensity, the VIV response of the cactus-inspired cylinder is suppressed effectively. For the cactus-inspired cylinder, galloping responses can be avoided in high-Reynolds-number range, and boundary-layer separation occurs at the top of the ribs. Unlike the boundary-layer separation process of the smooth cylinder (M1), the ribs of the cactus-inspired cylinder destroy the boundary layer, causing smaller vortices to be produced.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/35CJU9YV/wang_et_al_2021_suppression_of_vortex-induced_vibration_of_a_cactus-inspired_cylinder_near_a.pdf},
  journal = {Physics of Fluids},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {6}
}

@article{wangUncertaintyAssessmentCFD2020,
  title = {Uncertainty {{Assessment}} of {{CFD Investigation}} of the {{Nonlinear Difference}}-{{Frequency Wave Loads}} on a {{Semisubmersible FOWT Platform}}},
  author = {Wang, Lu and Robertson, Amy and Jonkman, Jason and Yu, Yi-Hsiang},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  volume = {13},
  pages = {64},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su13010064},
  abstract = {Current mid-fidelity modeling approaches for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) have been found to underpredict the nonlinear, low-frequency wave excitation and the response of semisubmersible FOWTs. To examine the cause of this underprediction, the OC6 project is using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools to investigate the wave loads on the OC5-DeepCwind semisubmersible, with a focus on the nonlinear difference-frequency excitation. This paper focuses on assessing the uncertainty of the CFD predictions from simulations of the semisubmersible in a fixed condition under bichromatic wave loading and on establishing confidence in the results for use in improving mid-fidelity models. The uncertainty for the nonlinear wave excitation is found to be acceptable but larger than that for the wave-frequency excitation, with the spatial discretization error being the dominant contributor. Further, unwanted free waves at the difference frequency have been identified in the CFD solution. A wave-splitting and wave load-correction procedure are presented to remove the contamination from the free waves in the results. A preliminary comparison to second-order potential-flow theory shows that the CFD model predicted significantly higher difference-frequency wave excitations, especially in surge, suggesting that the CFD results can be used to better calibrate the mid-fidelity tools.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SZF4QWRU/wang_et_al_2020_uncertainty_assessment_of_cfd_investigation_of_the_nonlinear.pdf},
  journal = {Sustainability},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{wangWakeinducedVibrationsElastically2014,
  title = {Wake-Induced Vibrations of an Elastically Mounted Cylinder Located Downstream of a Stationary Larger Cylinder at Low {{Reynolds}} Numbers},
  author = {Wang, Huakun and Yang, Wenyu and Nguyen, Kim Dan and Yu, Guoliang},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  volume = {50},
  pages = {479--496},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2014.07.006},
  abstract = {Two-dimensional numerical simulations of flow past two unequal-sized circular cylinders in tandem arrangement are performed at low Reynolds numbers (Re). The upstream larger cylinder is stationary, while the downstream cylinder has both one (transverse-only) and two (transverse and in-line) degrees of freedom (1-dof and 2-dof, respectively). The Re, based on the free stream velocity U{$\infty$} and the downstream cylinder diameter d, varies between 50 and 200 with a wide range of reduced velocities Ur. The diameter of the upstream cylinder is twice that of the downstream cylinder, and the center-to-center spacing is 5.5d. In general, for the 1-dof case, the calculations show that the wake-induced vibrations (WIV) of the downstream cylinder are greatly amplified when compared to the case of a single cylinder or two equal-sized cylinders. The transverse amplitudes build up to a significantly higher level within and beyond the lock-in region, and the Ur associated with the peak amplitude shifts toward a higher value. The dominant wake pattern is 2S mode for Re=50 and 100, while with the increase of Re to 150 and 200, the P+S mode can be clearly observed at some lower Ur. For the 2-dof vibrations, the transverse response characteristics are similar to those presented in the corresponding 1-dof case. The in-line responses are generally much smaller, except for several significant vibrations resulting from in-line resonance. The obvious in-line vibration may induce a C (chaotic) vortex shedding mode for higher Re (Re=200). With regard to the 2-dof motion trajectories, besides the typical figure-eight pattern, several odd patterns such as figure-double eight and single-looped trajectories are also obtained due to the wake interference effect.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/UZVHR6YE/wang_et_al_2014_wake-induced_vibrations_of_an_elastically_mounted_cylinder_located_downstream.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZU92EIDY/S0889974614001583.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Low Reynolds number,Tandem arrangement,Two unequal-sized circular cylinders,Wake-induced vibrations},
  language = {en}
}

@article{weckesserSignalProcessingSciPy,
  title = {Signal {{Processing}} with {{SciPy}}: {{Linear Filters}}},
  author = {Weckesser, Warren},
  pages = {15},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/5UCQEMAK/Weckesser - Signal Processing with SciPy Linear Filters.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{weijtensOffshoreWindTurbine2016,
  title = {Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Monitoring, Extrapolating Fatigue Measurements from Fleet Leaders to the Entire Wind Farm},
  author = {Weijtens, Wout and Noppe, Nymfa and Verbelen, Tim and Iliopoulos, Alexandros and Devriendt, Christof},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  volume = {753},
  pages = {092018},
  issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/753/9/092018},
  abstract = {The present contribution is part of the ongoing development of a fatigue assessment strategy driven purely on in-situ measurements on operational wind turbines. The primary objective is to estimate the remaining life time of existing wind farms and individual turbines by instrumenting part of the farm with a load monitoring setup. This load monitoring setup allows to measure interface loads and local stress histories. This contribution will briefly discuss how these load measurements can be translated into fatigue assessment of the instrumented turbine. However, due to different conditions at the wind farm, such as turbulence, differences in water depth and foundation design this turbine will not be fully representable for all turbines in the farm.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/AIS25YNT/Weijtens et al. - 2016 - Offshore wind turbine foundation monitoring, extra.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{weijtensOffshoreWindTurbine2016a,
  title = {Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Monitoring, Extrapolating Fatigue Measurements from Fleet Leaders to the Entire Wind Farm},
  author = {Weijtens, Wout and Noppe, Nymfa and Verbelen, Tim and Iliopoulos, Alexandros and Devriendt, Christof},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  volume = {753},
  pages = {092018},
  issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/753/9/092018},
  abstract = {The present contribution is part of the ongoing development of a fatigue assessment strategy driven purely on in-situ measurements on operational wind turbines. The primary objective is to estimate the remaining life time of existing wind farms and individual turbines by instrumenting part of the farm with a load monitoring setup. This load monitoring setup allows to measure interface loads and local stress histories. This contribution will briefly discuss how these load measurements can be translated into fatigue assessment of the instrumented turbine. However, due to different conditions at the wind farm, such as turbulence, differences in water depth and foundation design this turbine will not be fully representable for all turbines in the farm.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/BG3XQ3WN/Weijtens et al. - 2016 - Offshore wind turbine foundation monitoring, extra.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{weijtjensCLASSIFYINGRESONANTFREQUENCIES,
  title = {{{CLASSIFYING RESONANT FREQUENCIES AND DAMPING VALUES OF AN OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE ON A MONOPILE FOUNDATION FOR DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS}}},
  author = {Weijtjens, Wout and Shirzadeh, Rasoul and Devriendt, Christof},
  pages = {10},
  abstract = {This paper shows the most recent results in the ongoing long-term monitoring campaign on an offshore wind turbine in the Belgian North Sea. Main focus will be on the behavior of the resonant frequencies and damping values of the fundamental modes over a full year, during which all relevant ambient and operational conditions have occurred.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/DTNX56RM/Weijtjens et al. - CLASSIFYING RESONANT FREQUENCIES AND DAMPING VALUE.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{welchExperimentalInvestigationMean1992,
  title = {An {{Experimental Investigation Of Mean And Dynamic Tensions In Towed Strumming Cables}}},
  booktitle = {The {{Second International Offshore}} and {{Polar Engineering Conference}}},
  author = {Welch, Samuel M. and Tulin, Marshall P.},
  year = {1992},
  month = jan,
  publisher = {{International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers}},
  abstract = {1 ABSTRACT Cable tensions accompanied by strumming have been measured in a towing tank. Consistent measurements of mean hydrodynamic tension were made in excellent agreement with Taylor''s analogy predictions. Augmentation of mean tensions due to str},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/JSDCY43Z/ISOPE-I-92-157.html},
  language = {english}
}

@article{westGlobalPatternsOffshore2021,
  title = {Global Patterns of Offshore Wind Variability},
  author = {West, Chris G. and Smith, Ronald B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  volume = {n/a},
  issn = {1099-1824},
  doi = {10.1002/we.2641},
  abstract = {Using the 40-year hourly gridded ERA5 reanalysis, we study the offshore patterns of wind variability using the probability density function (PDF) and the power spectral density (PSD). To summarize wind variability, we compute the Weibull parameters from the PDF and the PSD for six spectral bands: interannual, annual, multimonth, storm, diurnal, and semidiurnal. We characterize the storm spectral peak using a Gaussian function in frequency space. These parameters are plotted along two pole-to-pole transects through the Atlantic Ocean at 25\textdegree W and the Pacific Ocean at 170\textdegree W longitude and at 16 current and proposed offshore wind sites. We test the idea that coastal and open-ocean wind statistics may be described by a single set of meridional profiles. In mid-latitudes, the storm band variance exceeding 20 m2 s-2 dominates. The Weibull shape parameter is close to . The storm interval varies from 4 to 7 days depending on location. In the Northern Hemisphere only, the annual variance is significant, exceeding 3 m2 s-2. In the equatorial region, we find steadier winds with small storm variance less than 3 m2 s-2. The Weibull shape parameter is or greater, suggesting the possibility of a high capacity factor there. The storm interval can exceed 15 days. The equatorial zone has an annual wind variance reaching 2 m2 s-2, comparable to the storm variance. In the tropical Pacific, we find interannual variance associated with El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Semidiurnal variance is detected in the tropics from the atmospheric tide.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/we.2641},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/GXCH3WWU/west_smith_global_patterns_of_offshore_wind_variability.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/PW9S9CR8/we.html},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {global,intermittency,offshore wind,storms,Weibull,wind power,wind spectra},
  language = {en},
  number = {n/a}
}

@book{whiteFluidMechanics2017a,
  title = {Fluid Mechanics},
  author = {White, Frank M and Chul, Rhim Yoon},
  year = {2017},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1018128485},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2SYX2QS5/White and Chul - 2017 - Fluid mechanics.pdf},
  isbn = {978-93-85965-49-4},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{wienerEngineeringApplications,
  title = {With {{Engineering Applications}}},
  author = {Wiener, Norbert},
  pages = {170},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HIGPWEEH/Wiener - With Engineering Applications.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{wienerExtrapolationInterpolationSmoothing1950,
  title = {Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series,with Engineering Applications.},
  author = {Wiener, Norbert},
  year = {[1950, c1949?]},
  publisher = {{[Cambridge]}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/9343QFVZ/pt.html}
}

@article{wileySchoolPhysicsAstronomy,
  title = {School of {{Physics}} \& {{Astronomy}}, {{The University}} of {{Manchester}}, {{Manchester}}, {{UK}}},
  author = {Wiley, A John},
  pages = {245},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KDFTFZLZ/wiley_school_of_physics_&_astronomy,_the_university_of_manchester,_manchester,_uk.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{wileySchoolPhysicsAstronomya,
  title = {School of {{Physics}} \& {{Astronomy}}, {{The University}} of {{Manchester}}, {{Manchester}}, {{UK}}},
  author = {Wiley, A John},
  pages = {245},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HIPRYJ9E/Wiley - School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of M.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{wilksStatisticalMethodsAtmospheric2011,
  title = {Statistical {{Methods}} in the {{Atmospheric Sciences}}},
  author = {Wilks, Daniel S.},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {100},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-385022-5.00025-7},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/DMZCQKXD/wilks_2011_statistical_methods_in_the_atmospheric_sciences.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-12-385022-5},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  series = {International {{Geophysics}}}
}

@article{williamsonNaturalForcedFormation1992,
  title = {The Natural and Forced Formation of Spot-like `Vortex Dislocations' in the Transition of a Wake},
  author = {Williamson, C. H. K.},
  year = {1992},
  month = oct,
  volume = {243},
  pages = {393--441},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112092002763},
  abstract = {The three-dimensional transition of the flow behind a bluff body is studied, with an emphasis placed on the evolution of large-scale structures in the wake. It has previously been found that there are two fundamental modes of three-dimensional vortex shedding in the wake of a circular cylinder (each mode being dependent on the range of Reynolds number), with a spanwise lengthscale of the same order as the primary streamwise wavelength of the vortex street. However. it is shown in the present study that the wake transition also involves the appearance of large-scale spot-like `vortex dislocations', that grow downstream to a size of the order of 10\textendash 20 primary wavelengths. Vortex dislocations are generated between spanwise vortex-shedding cells of different frequency. The presence of these dislocations explains the large intermittent velocity irregularities that were originally found by Roshko (1954) and later by Bloor (1964) to characterize transition. The presence of these vortex dislocations in wake transition is largely responsible for the break-up to turbulence of the wake as it travels downstream.In order to study their evolution in detail, dislocations have been (passively) forced to occur at a local spanwise position with the use of a small ring disturbance. It is found that `two-sided' dislocations are stable in a symmetric in-phase configuration, and that they induce quasi-periodic velocity spectra and (beat) dislocation-frequency oscillations in the near wake. Intrinsic to these dislocations is a mechanism by which they spread rapidly in the spanwise direction, involving helical twisting of the vortices and axial core flows. This is felt to be a fundamental mechanism by which vortices develop large-scale distortions in natural transition. As the wake travels downstream, the energy at the low dislocation frequency decays slowly (in contrast to the rapid decay of other frequencies), leaving the downstream wake dominated by the large dislocation structures. Distinct similarities are found between the periodic forced dislocations and the intermittent dislocations that occur in natural transition. Further similarities of dislocations in different types of flow suggest that vortex or phase dislocations could conceivably be a generic feature of transition in all shear flows.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/K98UP5R8/2A3C02147C66C8364CC4003BE7E36C97.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{williamsonObliqueParallelModes1989,
  title = {Oblique and Parallel Modes of Vortex Shedding in the Wake of a Circular Cylinder at Low {{Reynolds}} Numbers},
  author = {Williamson, C. H. K.},
  year = {1989},
  month = sep,
  volume = {206},
  pages = {579--627},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112089002429},
  abstract = {Two fundamental characteristics of the low-Reynolds-number cylinder wake, which have involved considerable debate, are first the existence of discontinuities in the Strouhal-Reynolds number relationship, and secondly the phenomenon of oblique vortex shedding. The present paper shows that both of these characteristics of the wake are directly related to each other, and that both are influenced by the boundary conditions at the ends of the cylinder, even for spans of hundreds of diameters in length. It is found that a Strouhal discontinuity exists, which is not due to any of the previously proposed mechanisms, but instead is caused by a transition from one oblique shedding mode to another oblique mode. This transition is explained by a change from one mode where the central flow over the span matches the end boundary conditions to one where the central flow is unable to match the end conditions. In the latter case, quasi-periodic spectra of the velocity fluctuations appear; these are due to the presence of spanwise cells of different frequency. During periods when vortices in neighbouring cells move out of phase with each other, `vortex dislocations' are observed, and are associated with rather complex vortex linking between the cells. However, by manipulating the end boundary conditions, parallel shedding can be induced, which then results in a completely continuous Strouhal curve. It is also universal in the sense that the oblique-shedding Strouhal data (S\texttheta ) can be collapsed onto the parallel-shedding Strouhal curve (S0) by the transformation, S0 = S\texttheta/cos\texttheta, where \texttheta{} is the angle of oblique shedding. Close agreement between measurements in two distinctly different facilities confirms the continuous and universal nature of this Strouhal curve. It is believed that the case of parallel shedding represents truly two-dimensional shedding, and a comparison of Strouhal frequency data is made with several two-dimensional numerical simulations, yielding a large disparity which is not clearly understood. The oblique and parallel modes of vortex shedding are both intrinsic to the flow over a cylinder, and are simply solutions to different problems, because the boundary conditions are different in each case.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/956KNDK8/williamson_1989_oblique_and_parallel_modes_of_vortex_shedding_in_the_wake_of_a_circular.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/XARIN76M/A76E6351C11CA14B35F8161C8AF1D651.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{williamsonVortexDynamicsCylinder1996,
  title = {Vortex {{Dynamics}} in the {{Cylinder Wake}}},
  author = {Williamson, C H K},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {477--539},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.002401},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/73NMXV3S/williamson_1996_vortex_dynamics_in_the_cylinder_wake.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/DK4F8QA3/williamson_1996_vortex_dynamics_in_the_cylinder_wake.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {1}
}

@article{williamsonVortexDynamicsCylinderb,
  title = {Vortex {{Dynamics}} in the {{Cylinder Wake}}},
  author = {Williamson, C H K},
  pages = {67},
  abstract = {Since the review of periodic flow phenomena by Berger \& Wille (1972) in this journal, over twenty years ago, there has been a surge of activity regarding bluff body wakes. Many of the questions regarding wake vortex dynamics from the earlier review have now been answered in the literature, and perhaps an essential key to our new understandings (and indeed to new questions) has been the recent focus, over the past eight years, on the three-dimensional aspects of nominally two-dimensional wake flows. New techniques in experiment, using laser-induced fluorescence and PIV (Particle-Image-Velocimetry),are vigorously being appliedto wakes, but interestingly, several of the new discoveries have come from careful use of classical methods. There is no question that strides forward in understanding of the wake problem are being made possible by ongoing threedimensional direct numerical simulations, as well as by the surprisingly successful use of analytical modeling in these flows, and by secondary stability analyses. Thesenew developments, and the discoveries of several new phenomena in wakes, are presented in this review.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZKUB6FPA/Williamson - Vortex Dynamics in the Cylinder Wake.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{williamsonVortexDynamicsCylinderc,
  title = {Vortex {{Dynamics}} in the {{Cylinder Wake}}},
  author = {Williamson, C H K},
  pages = {67},
  abstract = {Since the review of periodic flow phenomena by Berger \& Wille (1972) in this journal, over twenty years ago, there has been a surge of activity regarding bluff body wakes. Many of the questions regarding wake vortex dynamics from the earlier review have now been answered in the literature, and perhaps an essential key to our new understandings (and indeed to new questions) has been the recent focus, over the past eight years, on the three-dimensional aspects of nominally two-dimensional wake flows. New techniques in experiment, using laser-induced fluorescence and PIV (Particle-Image-Velocimetry),are vigorously being appliedto wakes, but interestingly, several of the new discoveries have come from careful use of classical methods. There is no question that strides forward in understanding of the wake problem are being made possible by ongoing threedimensional direct numerical simulations, as well as by the surprisingly successful use of analytical modeling in these flows, and by secondary stability analyses. Thesenew developments, and the discoveries of several new phenomena in wakes, are presented in this review.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SP9YT5QX/Williamson - Vortex Dynamics in the Cylinder Wake.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{williamsonVortexFormationWake1988,
  title = {Vortex Formation in the Wake of an Oscillating Cylinder},
  author = {Williamson, C. H. K. and Roshko, A.},
  year = {1988},
  month = jul,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {355--381},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/S0889-9746(88)90058-8},
  abstract = {When a body oscillates laterally (cross-flow) in a free stream, it can synchronize the vortex formation frequency with the body motion frequency. This fundamental ``lock-in'' regions is but one in a whole series of synchronization regions, which have been found in the present paper, in an amplitude-wavelength plane (defining the body trajectory) up to amplitudes of five diameters. In the fundamental region, it is shown that the acceleration of the cylinder each half cycle induces the roll-up of the two shear layers close to the body, and thereby the formation of four regions of vorticity each cycle. Below a critical wavelength, each half cycle sees the coalescence of a pair of like-sign vortices and the development of a Karman-type wake. However, beyond this wavelength the like-sign vortices convect away from each other, and each of them pairs with an opposite-sign vortex. The resulting wake comprises a system of vortex pairs which can convect away from the wake centerline. The process of pairing causes the transition between these modes to be sudden, and this explains the sharp change in the character of the cylinder forces observed by Bishop and Hassan, and also the jump in the phase of the lift force relative to body displacement. At precisely the critical wavelength, only two regions of vorticity are formed, and the resulting shed vorticity is more concentrated than at other wavelengths. We interpret this particular case as a condition of ``resonant synchronization'', and it corresponds with the peak in the body forces observed in Bishop and Hassan's work.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/L7XKCFUN/S0889974688900588.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/UIZB2J8P/S0889974688900588.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  number = {4}
}

@article{williamsonVORTEXINDUCEDVIBRATIONS2003a,
  title = {{{VORTEX}}-{{INDUCED VIBRATIONS}}},
  author = {Williamson, C H K},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {53},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/R5S2Z9HJ/Williamson - 2003 - VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{williamsonVortexInducedVibrations2004,
  title = {Vortex-{{Induced Vibrations}}},
  author = {Williamson, C.H.K. and Govardhan, R.},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {413--455},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122128},
  abstract = {This review summarizes fundamental results and discoveries concerning vortex-induced vibration (VIV), that have been made over the last two decades, many of which are related to the push to explore very low mass and damping, and to new computational and experimental techniques that were hitherto not available. We bring together new concepts and phenomena generic to VIV systems, and pay special attention to the vortex dynamics and energy transfer that give rise to modes of vibration, the importance of mass and damping, the concept of a critical mass, the relationship between force and vorticity, and the concept of ``effective elasticity,'' among other points. We present new vortex wake modes, generally in the framework of a map of vortex modes compiled from forced vibration studies, some of which cause free vibration. Some discussion focuses on topics of current debate, such as the decomposition of force, the relevance of the paradigm flow of an elastically mounted cylinder to more complex systems, and the relationship between forced and free vibration.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/H5GBFQ9S/williamson_govardhan_2004_vortex-induced_vibrations.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/NYIMCTGG/Williamson_Govardhan_2004_Vortex-Induced Vibrations.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/XVSNE9QJ/Williamson_Govardhan_2004_Vortex-Induced Vibrations.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet,circular-cylinder,excited cylinder,flexible   cylinders,flow structure,fluid dynamic forces,incident stream,lock-in,numerical-simulation,oscillating cylinder,resonance,synchronization,velocity-fields,very-low mass,vortex dynamics,wake modes},
  number = {1}
}

@article{wilsonCoastalOffshoreWind2010,
  title = {Coastal and {{Offshore Wind Energy Generation}}: {{Is It Environmentally Benign}}?},
  shorttitle = {Coastal and {{Offshore Wind Energy Generation}}},
  author = {Wilson, Jennifer C. and Elliott, Mike and Cutts, Nick D. and Mander, Lucas and Mendao, Vera and {Perez-Dominguez}, Rafael and Phelps, Anna},
  year = {2010},
  month = jul,
  volume = {3},
  pages = {1383--1422},
  doi = {10.3390/en3071383},
  abstract = {Offshore and coastal wind power is one of the fastest growing industries in many areas, especially those with shallow coastal regions due to the preferable generation conditions available in the regions. As with any expanding industry, there are concerns regarding the potential environmental effects which may be caused by the installation of the offshore wind turbines and their associated infrastructure, including substations and subsea cables. These include the potential impacts on the biological, physical and human environments. This review discusses in detail the potential impacts arising from offshore wind farm construction, and how these may be quantified and addressed through the use of conceptual models. It concludes that while not environmentally benign, the environmental impacts are minor and can be mitigated through good siting practices. In addition, it suggests that there are opportunities for environmental benefits through habitat creation and conservation protection areas.},
  annotation = {WOS:000280365100005},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VXLU2KB4/2010_Wilson et al_Coastal and Offshore Wind Energy Generation.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {_tablet,bird,collision risk,environmental impact assessment,farms,field detection,fish,impacts,management,offshore wind energy,power,renewable energy,turbines},
  language = {English},
  number = {7}
}

@misc{WorldEnergyOutlook,
  title = {World {{Energy Outlook}} 2020 \textendash{} {{Analysis}}},
  abstract = {World Energy Outlook 2020 - Analysis and key findings. A report by the International Energy Agency.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/URIVR45B/world-energy-outlook-2020.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020},
  journal = {IEA},
  language = {en-GB}
}

@article{wuFoundationsOffshoreWind2019,
  title = {Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines: {{A}} Review},
  shorttitle = {Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Wu, Xiaoni and Hu, Yu and Li, Ye and Yang, Jian and Duan, Lei and Wang, Tongguang and Adcock, Thomas and Jiang, Zhiyu and Gao, Zhen and Lin, Zhiliang and Borthwick, Alistair and Liao, Shijun},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {104},
  pages = {379--393},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.012},
  abstract = {Offshore wind is a source of clean, renewable energy of great potential value to the power industry in the context of a low carbon society. Rapid development of offshore wind energy depends on a good understanding of technical issues related to offshore wind turbines, which is spurring ongoing research and development programmes. Foundations of offshore wind turbines present one of the main challenges in offshore wind turbine design. This paper reviews the present state of knowledge concerning geotechnical and structural issues affecting foundation types under consideration for the support structures of offshore wind turbines, and provides recommendations for future research and development.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CFDS3HU5/wu_et_al_2019_foundations_of_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{wuFoundationsOffshoreWind2019a,
  title = {Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines: {{A}} Review},
  shorttitle = {Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Wu, Xiaoni and Hu, Yu and Li, Ye and Yang, Jian and Duan, Lei and Wang, Tongguang and Adcock, Thomas and Jiang, Zhiyu and Gao, Zhen and Lin, Zhiliang and Borthwick, Alistair and Liao, Shijun},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {104},
  pages = {379--393},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.012},
  abstract = {Offshore wind is a source of clean, renewable energy of great potential value to the power industry in the context of a low carbon society. Rapid development of offshore wind energy depends on a good understanding of technical issues related to offshore wind turbines, which is spurring ongoing research and development programmes. Foundations of offshore wind turbines present one of the main challenges in offshore wind turbine design. This paper reviews the present state of knowledge concerning geotechnical and structural issues affecting foundation types under consideration for the support structures of offshore wind turbines, and provides recommendations for future research and development.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/WMT7XFYA/wu_et_al_2019_foundations_of_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{wuFoundationsOffshoreWind2019b,
  title = {Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines: {{A}} Review},
  shorttitle = {Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Wu, Xiaoni and Hu, Yu and Li, Ye and Yang, Jian and Duan, Lei and Wang, Tongguang and Adcock, Thomas and Jiang, Zhiyu and Gao, Zhen and Lin, Zhiliang and Borthwick, Alistair and Liao, Shijun},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {104},
  pages = {379--393},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.012},
  abstract = {Offshore wind is a source of clean, renewable energy of great potential value to the power industry in the context of a low carbon society. Rapid development of offshore wind energy depends on a good understanding of technical issues related to offshore wind turbines, which is spurring ongoing research and development programmes. Foundations of offshore wind turbines present one of the main challenges in offshore wind turbine design. This paper reviews the present state of knowledge concerning geotechnical and structural issues affecting foundation types under consideration for the support structures of offshore wind turbines, and provides recommendations for future research and development.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/EJCEJH4J/wu_et_al_2019_foundations_of_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{wuFreeVibrationAnalysis1990,
  title = {Free Vibration Analysis of a Uniform Cantilever Beam with Point Masses by an Analytical-and-Numerical-Combined Method},
  author = {Wu, J.-S. and Lin, T.-L.},
  year = {1990},
  month = jan,
  volume = {136},
  pages = {201--213},
  issn = {0022460X},
  doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(90)90851-P},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/5HB8CBRX/wu_lin_1990_free_vibration_analysis_of_a_uniform_cantilever_beam_with_point_masses_by_an.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{wuFreeVibrationAnalysis1990a,
  title = {Free Vibration Analysis of a Uniform Cantilever Beam with Point Masses by an Analytical-and-Numerical-Combined Method},
  author = {Wu, J.-S. and Lin, T.-L.},
  year = {1990},
  month = jan,
  volume = {136},
  pages = {201--213},
  issn = {0022460X},
  doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(90)90851-P},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/WQMJ83GG/Wu and Lin - 1990 - Free vibration analysis of a uniform cantilever be.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{wuKeyIssuesDesign2019,
  title = {Key {{Issues}} on the {{Design}} of an {{Offshore Wind Farm Layout}} and {{Its Equivalent Model}}},
  author = {Wu, Yuan-Kang and Wu, Wen-Chin and Zeng, Jyun-Jie},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1911},
  doi = {10.3390/app9091911},
  abstract = {Featured Application This work can be an important reference for offshore wind farm planning and simulation. Abstract Offshore wind farms will have larger capacities in the future than they do today. Thus, the costs that are associated with the installation of wind turbines and the connection of power grids will be much higher, thus the location of wind turbines and the design of internal cable connections will be even more important. A large wind farm comprises of hundreds of wind turbines. Modeling each using a complex model leads to long simulation timesespecially in transient response analyses. Therefore, in the future, simulations of power systems with a high wind power penetration must apply the equivalent wind-farm model to reduce the burden of calculation. This investigation examines significant issues around the optimal design of a modern offshore wind farm layout and its equivalent model. According to a review of the literature, the wake effect and its modeling, layout optimization technologies, cable connection design, and wind farm reliability, are significant issues in offshore wind farm design. This investigation will summarize these important issues and present a list of factors that strongly influence the design of an offshore wind farm.},
  annotation = {WOS:000469756000190},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/T2CXDKY6/2019_Wu et al_Key Issues on the Design of an Offshore Wind Farm Layout and Its Equivalent.pdf},
  journal = {Applied Sciences-Basel},
  keywords = {_tablet,algorithm,carbon,energy,equivalent   wind-farm model,layout optimization,offshore wind farms,optimization,system,topology,turbine layout,wake effect,wind farm reliability},
  language = {English},
  number = {9}
}

@article{xiaVLESTurbulenceModelling2020,
  title = {{{VLES}} Turbulence Modelling for Separated Flow Simulation with {{OpenFOAM}}},
  author = {Xia, Zhaoyang and Cheng, Zhongyu and Han, Xingsi and Mao, Junkui},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  volume = {198},
  pages = {104077},
  issn = {0167-6105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2019.104077},
  abstract = {In the present study, a detailed assessment investigation of Very-Large Eddy Simulation (VLES) method is performed using the open-source toolbox OpenFOAM for the simulation of turbulent separated flow. The VLES method is a unified simulation approach enabling a seamless evolution from Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) to quasi Direct Numerical Simulation (quasi-DNS) depending on the numerical resolution. Two VLES models, i.e. VLES-k-{$\epsilon$} and VLES-k-{$\omega$}, are implemented in OpenFOAM and applied in the present study. In order to assess the performance of VLES models based on the framework of OpenFOAM, four classic separated flow are selected and investigated in details, including the flow past a triangular bluff body at Re~\mbox =~\mbox 45,000, the flow past a backward facing step at Re~\mbox =~\mbox 40,000, the periodic hill flow at Re~\mbox =~\mbox 10,595, and the flow past a circular cylinder at Re~\mbox =~\mbox 41,300. The comparisons between VLES simulation results and experiments give an indication on the adequacy and accuracy of the VLES modelling method based on the OpenFOAM toolbox. The VLES-k-{$\omega$} model performs slightly better than the VLES-k-{$\epsilon$} model on a relatively low mesh resolution, especially in predicting the turbulent separation flow induced by the pressure gradient on a smooth surface. The results also demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of the VLES modelling based on OpenFOAM platform for complex separated flow simulations.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/TELDVG2H/S0167610519306786.html},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {OpenFOAM,Separated flow,Turbulence modelling,Very-large eddy simulation},
  language = {en}
}

@incollection{xiliangKickoffOffshoreWind2012,
  title = {Kickoff of {{Offshore Wind Power}} in {{China}}: {{Playoffs}} for {{China Wind Power Development}}},
  shorttitle = {Kickoff of {{Offshore Wind Power}} in {{China}}},
  booktitle = {2011 {{International Conference}} of {{Environmental Science}} and {{Engineering}}, {{Vol}} 12, {{Pt A}}},
  author = {Xiliang, Zhang and Da, Zhang and Stua, Michele},
  editor = {Ma, M.},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {166--173},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  abstract = {Year 2010 is the significant year of offshore wind power development in China. The first national offshore wind power project is connected to the grid, and the first round of concession projects marks the strong support from central government. It is foreseeable that offshore wind power capacity in China will expand rapidly in the future, and the understanding pattern of it is crucial for analyzing the overall wind market in China and global offshore wind power development. This paper firstly provides an overview of global offshore wind power development, then in China, including historical installation, potential of resources, demonstration and concession projects, and target of development. Based on this, analysis on current policies related to offshore wind power and their implementation, current wind farm developers and turbine manufacturers of China's offshore wind industry is done. All the previous analysis generates complete evaluation of current status and some issues and trends of China offshore wind power development, based on which some policy recommendations for sustainable development of offshore wind power are made. (C) 2011 Published by B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of National University of Singapore.},
  annotation = {WOS:000312369900024},
  keywords = {China,Offshore wind power,policy},
  language = {English}
}

@article{xudongIntegratedMethodDesigning2015,
  title = {An {{Integrated Method}} for {{Designing Airfoils Shapes}}},
  author = {Xudong, Wang and Licun, Wang and Hongjun, Xia},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {2015},
  pages = {1--12},
  issn = {1024-123X, 1563-5147},
  doi = {10.1155/2015/838674},
  abstract = {A new method for designing wind turbine airfoils is presented in this paper. As a main component in the design method, airfoil profiles are expressed in a trigonometric series form using conformal transformations and series of polynomial equations. The characteristics of the coefficient parameters in the trigonometric expression for airfoils profiles are first studied. As a direct consequence, three generic airfoil profiles are obtained from the expression. To validate and show the generality of the trigonometric expression, the profiles of the NACA 64418 and S809 airfoils are expressed by the present expression. Using the trigonometric expression for airfoil profiles, a so-called integrated design method is developed for designing wind turbine airfoils. As airfoil shapes are expressed with analytical functions, the airfoil surface can be kept smooth in a high degree. In the optimization step, drag and lift force coefficients are calculated using the XFOIL code. Three new airfoils CQ-A15, CQ-A18, and CQ-A21 with a thickness of 15\%, 18\%, and 21\%, respectively, are designed with the new integrated design method.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/P565J8I9/xudong_et_al_2015_an_integrated_method_for_designing_airfoils_shapes.pdf},
  journal = {Mathematical Problems in Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{xuFlowinducedVibrationFIV2018,
  title = {Flow-Induced Vibration ({{FIV}}) Suppression of Two Tandem Long Flexible Cylinders Attached with Helical Strakes},
  author = {Xu, Wanhai and Yu, Yang and Wang, Enhao and Zhou, Lidan},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  volume = {169},
  pages = {49--69},
  issn = {00298018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.09.019},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  language = {en}
}

@article{yangWindTurbineCondition2013,
  title = {Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring by the Approach of {{SCADA}} Data Analysis},
  author = {Yang, Wenxian and Court, Richard and Jiang, Jiesheng},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  volume = {53},
  pages = {365--376},
  issn = {0960-1481},
  doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2012.11.030},
  abstract = {Wind turbines are being increasingly deployed in remote onshore and offshore areas due to the richer wind resource there and the advantages of mitigating the land use and visual impact issues. However, site accessing difficulties and the shortage of proper transportation and installation vehicles/vessels are challenging the operation and maintenance of the giants erected at these remote sites. In addition to the continual pressure on lowering the cost of energy of wind, condition monitoring is being regarded as one of the best solutions for the maintenance issues and therefore is attracting significant interest today. Much effort has been made in developing wind turbine condition monitoring systems and inventing dedicated condition monitoring technologies. However, the high cost and the various capability limitations of available achievements have delayed their extensive use. A cost-effective and reliable wind turbine condition monitoring technique is still sought for today. The purpose of this paper is to develop such a technique through interpreting the SCADA data collected from wind turbines, which have already been collected but have long been ignored due to lack of appropriate data interpretation tools. The major contributions of this paper include: (1) develop an effective method for processing raw SCADA data; (2) propose an alternative condition monitoring technique based on investigating the correlations among relevant SCADA data; and (3) realise the quantitative assessment of the health condition of a turbine under varying operational conditions. Both laboratory and site verification tests have been conducted. It has been shown that the proposed technique not only has a potential powerful capability in detecting incipient wind turbine blade and drive train faults, but also exhibits an amazing ability in tracing their further deterioration. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  annotation = {WOS:000315539000043},
  journal = {Renewable Energy},
  keywords = {Condition monitoring,scada,Wind turbine},
  language = {English}
}

@article{yoergerDragForcesFlowInduced1991,
  title = {Drag {{Forces}} and {{Flow}}-{{Induced Vibrations}} of a {{Long Vertical Tow Cable}}\textemdash{{Part I}}: {{Steady}}-{{State Towing Conditions}}},
  shorttitle = {Drag {{Forces}} and {{Flow}}-{{Induced Vibrations}} of a {{Long Vertical Tow Cable}}\textemdash{{Part I}}},
  author = {Yoerger, D. R. and Grosenbaugh, M. A. and Triantafyllou, M. S. and Burgess, J. J.},
  year = {1991},
  month = may,
  volume = {113},
  pages = {117--127},
  issn = {0892-7219},
  doi = {10.1115/1.2919907},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/T77GDVXU/431702.html},
  journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{yoonReynoldsNumberEffects2019,
  title = {Reynolds Number Effects on the Flow over a Twisted Cylinder},
  author = {Yoon, Hyun Sik and Kim, Min Il and Kim, Hyo Ju},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  volume = {31},
  pages = {025119},
  issn = {1070-6631},
  doi = {10.1063/1.5079913},
  abstract = {We investigated the Reynolds number (Re) effects on the flow statics over a helically twisted elliptical (HTE) cylinder in the range of 3 x 10(3) {$<$}= Re {$<$}= 1 x 10(4) using large eddy simulation. For comparison, a smooth cylinder was also considered. The present flow statistics for the smooth cylinder are quite consistent with previous findings at Reynolds numbers of Re = 3900/4000 and 10 000 that were obtained by combining particle image velocimetry measurements and direct numerical simulations [Dong et al., "A combined direct numerical simulation-particle image velocity study of the turbulent near wake," J. Fluid Mech. 569, 185-207 (2006)]. The mean drag and root mean square (RMS) lift coefficients had almost linear relations with Re. The HTE geometry showed more effective performance for the reduction of the drag and the RMS lift coefficients with increasing Re. The RMS streamwise velocity for the HTE cylinder appeared different from that of the smooth cylinder. The HTE cylinder lacked RMS streamwise velocity behind the cylinder base, indicating small magnitudes of the fluctuations. In general, the tip of the mean vorticity layer for the HTE cylinder is thinner than that for the smooth cylinder. The thickness of mean vorticity layer depends on the spanwise direction rather than Re. Also, the tips of contours of the Reynolds stress are much sharper with increasing Re and approach the separation position of the cylinder surface. The elongated vortex formation length decreases almost linearly with Re. Published under license by AIP Publishing.},
  annotation = {WOS:000460093800085},
  journal = {Physics of Fluids},
  keywords = {circular-cylinder,forces,large-eddy simulation,near-wake,transition,turbulence,vortices},
  language = {English},
  number = {2}
}

@article{zdravkovichEffectsInterferenceCircular1987,
  title = {The Effects of Interference between Circular Cylinders in Cross Flow},
  author = {Zdravkovich, M.M.},
  year = {1987},
  month = apr,
  volume = {1},
  pages = {239--261},
  issn = {08899746},
  doi = {10.1016/S0889-9746(87)90355-0},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{zdravkovichFlowInducedOscillations1985,
  title = {Flow Induced Oscillations of Two Interfering Circular Cylinders},
  author = {Zdravkovich, M. M.},
  year = {1985},
  month = aug,
  volume = {101},
  pages = {511--521},
  issn = {0022-460X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0022-460X(85)80068-7},
  abstract = {Flow interference between two circular cylinders in various arrangements imposes continuous and discontinuous changes in vortex shedding. The resulting oscillations induced by the vortex shedding are considerably modified by and strongly depend on the arrangement of the two cylinders. A systematic classification of flow interference regimes is linked to the observed vortex shedding responses for a wide range of arrangements. The discontinuous change of flow regimes in some arrangements can excite and maintain large amplitude oscillations beyond a certain critical velocity. The critical velocity and magnitude of oscillation strongly depends on the initial location and subsequent displacement of the cylinder by the fluid-elastic forces. The wide variety of fluid-elastic responses can be categorized at least into three characteristic types for two cylinders with identical properties: (1) instability rapidly builds up to extremely large amplitude predominantly in the streamwise direction; (2) instability slowly builds up amplitude to a certain level, the oscillations being mostly in the streamwise direction; (3) instability gradually builds up to large amplitude predominantly in the transverse direction. It has been found that all types of the fluid-elastic oscillations were related to the regions of interference.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7F8PGKNP/zdravkovich_1985_flow_induced_oscillations_of_two_interfering_circular_cylinders.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/MQ5XBGIA/Zdravkovich_1985_Flow induced oscillations of two interfering circular cylinders.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/3F2Q3MWJ/S0022460X85800687.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZJ72C5GY/S