text:
@online{noauthor_succeed_nodate,
	title = {To Succeed with Big Data, Start Small},
	url = {http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/10/to_succeed_with_big_data_start.html},
	abstract = {It's a lower-risk way to see what big data can do for your firm -- and to test your firm's readiness to use it.},
	titleaddon = {Harvard Business Review},
	urldate = {2012-12-19}
}

@online{noauthor_smdm_nodate,
	title = {{SMDM} Short Course on Propensity Methods},
	url = {http://www.chrp.org/propensity/},
	urldate = {2012-11-30}
}

@online{noauthor_research_nodate,
	title = {Research Methodology {\textbar} Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute},
	url = {http://www.pcori.org/what-we-do/methodology/},
	urldate = {2012-11-29}
}

@online{noauthor_strong_nodate,
	title = {“Strong evidence” for a treatment evaporates with a closer look: Many psychotherapies are similarly vulnerable. {\textbar} Mind the Brain},
	url = {http://blogs.plos.org/mindthebrain/2012/11/26/strong-evidence-for-a-treatment-evaporates-with-a-closer-look-many-psychotherapies-are-similarly-vulnerable/},
	urldate = {2012-11-27}
}

@online{noauthor_aushsi_nodate,
	title = {{AusHSI} - Research Notes},
	url = {http://www.aushsi.org.au/research-notes},
	urldate = {2012-11-26}
}

@online{national_institutes_of_health_nih_nodate,
	title = {{NIH} Data Sharing Information - Main Page},
	url = {http://grants2.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing/},
	abstract = {Excerpt: "Data sharing is essential for expedited translation of research results into knowledge, products and procedures to improve human health. The Final {NIH} Statement on Sharing Research Data was published in the {NIH} Guide on February 26, 2003. This is an extension of {NIH} policy on sharing research resources, and reaffirms {NIH} support for the concept of data sharing. The new policy becomes effective with the October 1, 2003 receipt date for applications or proposals to {NIH}."},
	author = {National Institutes of Health},
	urldate = {2012-10-15}
}

@article{thomas_british_2012,
	title = {British Medical Journal to Require Detailed Clinical Trial Data},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/business/british-medical-journal-to-require-detailed-clinical-trial-data.html},
	abstract = {Excerpt: " The British Medical Journal has announced that, beginning in January, it will no longer publish the results of clinical trials unless drug companies and researchers agree to provide detailed study data on request. The decision by the prominent journal is meant to prod pharmaceutical companies to open up the vast quantities of data they collect in researching new drugs, very little of which is ever made public. Critics say that when results are published in medical journals, they often present a drug in the best possible light and do not permit independent researchers to vet the data. "},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	author = {Thomas, Katie},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2012-10-31}
}

@article{kmietowicz_academics_2012,
	title = {Academics plea for politicians to tackle problem of missing data},
	volume = {345},
	issn = {1756-1833},
	url = {http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e7306},
	doi = {10.1136/bmj.e7306},
	abstract = {Excerpt: "Campaigners have called on the government to take action to end the “ongoing secrecy” that surrounds the reporting of clinical trials. In a letter to the Times they write that despite drug companies being required by law to report negative as well as positive results from clinical trials, the reality is somewhat different."},
	pages = {e7306--e7306},
	issue = {oct29 2},
	journaltitle = {{BMJ}},
	author = {Kmietowicz, Z.},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2012-10-29}
}

@article{payne_tamiflu:_2012,
	title = {Tamiflu: the battle for secret drug data},
	volume = {345},
	issn = {1756-1833},
	url = {http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e7303},
	doi = {10.1136/bmj.e7303},
	shorttitle = {Tamiflu},
	abstract = {Excerpt: "This week the {BMJ}, as part of its ongoing open data campaign, has launched a dedicated website aimed at persuading Roche to give doctors and patients access to the full data on oseltamivir (Tamiflu). The new site, www.bmj.com/tamiflu, displays emails and letters dating back to September 2009, when researcher Tom Jefferson first asked the company for the unpublished dataset used in a Roche supported analysis, published in 2003."},
	pages = {e7303--e7303},
	issue = {oct29 2},
	journaltitle = {{BMJ}},
	author = {Payne, D.},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2012-10-29}
}

@article{godlee_clinical_2012,
	title = {Clinical trial data for all drugs in current use},
	volume = {345},
	issn = {1756-1833},
	url = {http://www.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.e7304},
	doi = {10.1136/bmj.e7304},
	abstract = {Excerpt: "The drug industry does many good things. It produces medicines that can improve health and save lives. It creates jobs and stimulates economic growth. Sadly it does bad things too. Persistently and systematically over decades it has withheld and misreported data from clinical trials. As a result, a whole range of widely used drugs across all fields of medicine have been represented as safer and more effective than they are, endangering people’s lives and wasting public money. Such wilful distortion is scientific misconduct. It is not something we can forgive because of the good things drug companies do. As Ben Goldacre says in the introduction to his new book Bad Pharma, “Drug companies around the world have produced some of the most amazing innovations of the past fifty years, saving lives on an epic scale. But that does not allow them to hide data, mislead doctors, and harm patients.”"},
	pages = {e7304--e7304},
	issue = {oct29 2},
	journaltitle = {{BMJ}},
	author = {Godlee, F.},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2012-10-29}
}

@article{johnston_living_2012,
	title = {Living in the grey area: a case for data sharing in observational epidemiology},
	issn = {, 1475-5785},
	url = {http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2012/10/31/injuryprev-2012-040671},
	doi = {10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040671},
	shorttitle = {Living in the grey area},
	abstract = {Excerpt: "In 2001, Injury Prevention journal published a paper by Macpherson and colleagues looking at the effect of a bicycle helmet ordinance on bicycle ridership in East York, Ontario, Canada.1 The questions addressed by the authors are important. While helmet laws may be enacted to promote helmet use and reduce bicycle-related injury, they could easily have unintended and undesirable consequences."},
	journaltitle = {Injury Prevention},
	shortjournal = {Inj Prev},
	author = {Johnston, Brian D.},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2012-11-01},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{pecina_personality_2012,
	title = {Personality Trait Predictors of Placebo Analgesia and Neurobiological Correlates},
	rights = {© 2012 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {0893-133X},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/vaop/naam/abs/npp2012227a.html},
	doi = {10.1038/npp.2012.227},
	abstract = {Personality traits have been shown to interact with environmental cues to modulate biological responses including treatment responses, and potentially having a role in the formation of placebo effects. Here, we assessed psychological traits in 50 healthy controls as to their capacity to predict placebo analgesic effects, placebo-induced activation of μ-opioid neurotransmission and changes in cortisol plasma levels during a sustained experimental pain challenge (hypertonic saline infused in the masseter muscle) with and without placebo administration. Statistical analyses showed that an aggregate of scores from Ego-Resiliency, {NEO} Altruism, {NEO} Straightforwardness (positive predictors) and {NEO} Angry Hostility (negative predictor) scales accounted for 25\% of the variance in placebo analgesic responses. Molecular imaging showed that subjects scoring above the median in a composite of those trait measures also presented greater placebo-induced activation of μ-opioid neurotransmission in the subgenual and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex ({ACC}), orbitofrontal cortex, insula, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and periaqueductal gray ({PAG}). Endogenous opioid release in the dorsal {ACC} and {PAG} was positively correlated with placebo-induced reductions in pain ratings. Significant reductions in cortisol levels were observed during placebo administration and were positively correlated with decreases in pain ratings, μ-opioid system activation in the dorsal {ACC} and {PAG}, and as a trend, negatively with {NEO} Angry Hostility scores. Our results show that personality traits explain a substantial proportion of the variance in placebo analgesic responses and are further associated with activations in endogenous opioid neurotransmission, and as a trend cortisol plasma levels. This initial data, if replicated in larger sample, suggest that simple trait measures easily deployable in the field could be utilized to reduce variability in clinical trials, but may also point to measures of individual resiliency in the face of aversive stimuli such as persistent pain and potentially other stressors.},
	journaltitle = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
	author = {Peciña, Marta and Azhar, Hamdan and Love, Tiffany M. and Lu, Tingting and Fredrickson, Barbara L. and Stohler, Christian S. and Zubieta, Jon-Kar},
	urldate = {2012-11-21},
	date = {2012-11-16},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Personality, Placebo, cortisol, opioids, resilience, stress}
}

@online{noauthor_sas_nodate,
	title = {{SAS} and the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium ({CDISC}) {\textbar} {SAS}},
	url = {http://www.sas.com/industry/life-sciences/cdisc/index.html},
	urldate = {2012-11-20}
}

@online{noauthor_standards_nodate,
	title = {Standards for Collecting and Analyzing Medical Research Data},
	url = {http://www.cdisc.org/standards},
	urldate = {2012-11-20}
}

@online{noauthor_multiple_nodate,
	title = {Multiple Regression with Categorical Predictor Variables - Text},
	url = {http://www.psychstat.missouristate.edu/multibook/mlt08m.html},
	urldate = {2012-11-20}
}

@article{gelman_objections_2008,
	title = {Objections to Bayesian statistics},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1936-0975},
	url = {http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ba/1340370429},
	doi = {10.1214/08-BA318},
	abstract = {Bayesian inference is one of the more controversial approaches to statistics. The
            fundamental objections to Bayesian methods are twofold: on one hand, Bayesian methods
            are presented as an automatic inference engine, and this raises suspicion in anyone with
            applied experience. The second objection to Bayes comes from the opposite direction and
            addresses the subjective strand of Bayesian inference. This article presents a series of
            objections to Bayesian inference, written in the voice of a hypothetical anti-Bayesian
            statistician. The article is intended to elicit elaborations and extensions of these and
            other arguments from non-Bayesians and responses from Bayesians who might have different
            perspectives on these issues.},
	pages = {445--449},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Bayesian Analysis},
	shortjournal = {Bayesian Anal.},
	author = {Gelman, Andrew},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2008-09},
	note = {Mathematical Reviews number ({MathSciNet}): {MR}2434394}
}

@online{noauthor_recommendations_nodate,
	title = {Recommendations Accepted to Revamp {NCI} Clinical Trials System, June 7, 2005 Press Release - National Institutes of Health ({NIH})},
	url = {http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2005/nci-07.htm},
	urldate = {2012-11-20}
}

@online{noauthor_clinical_nodate,
	title = {Clinical Trial Facts \& Figures - {CISCRP} - Center for Information \& Study on Clinical Research Participation},
	url = {http://www.ciscrp.org/professional/facts_pat.html},
	urldate = {2012-11-20}
}

@article{carter_practical_2005,
	title = {Practical considerations for estimating clinical trial accrual periods: application to a multi-center effectiveness study},
	volume = {5},
	rights = {2005 Carter et al; licensee {BioMed} Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/5/11/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-5-11},
	shorttitle = {Practical considerations for estimating clinical trial accrual periods},
	abstract = {Adequate participant recruitment is vital to the conduct of a clinical trial. Projected recruitment rates are often over-estimated, and the time to recruit the target population (accrual period) is often under-estimated.},
	pages = {11},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Carter, Rickey and Sonne, Susan and Brady, Kathleen},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2005-03-30},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{gregory_time-cost_2011,
	title = {Time-Cost Optimization of Complex Clinical Trials},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0092-8615,},
	url = {http://dij.sagepub.com/content/45/3/345},
	doi = {10.1177/009286151104500314},
	abstract = {Background: A number of studies have been published presenting simulation models of the patient recruitment process. Patient accrual may be viewed in the context of the key components of the trial: study start-up, enrollment, patient stratification, globalization, and so on. Whereas previous research has tended to focus on the mechanics of the simulation models, we have focused on the key components of a clinical study and how to model each of the components.
Methods: We modeled study start-up and patient enrollment processes using cumulative normal distribution functions for study start-up and mean cumulative functions to model cumulative enrollment per active site. The cost function was specified in terms of project time, number of sites and number of patients. We showed how the resulting time-cost model may be influenced by central institutional review boards, patient stratification, and the global distribution of sites. The model was fit to actual study performance data incorporating these factors. Sensitivity analyses were used to explore trade-offs between project time and cost. Decision parameters included the number of sites, which regions of the world to include, the mix of sites by region of the world, the relative size of various patient strata, mean cumulative enrollment rates, and so on.
Mean and variance of the time to complete study start-up was sharply reduced for the set of sites using central institutional review boards in an outpatient cardiovascular trial. Patient stratification tends to prolong the trial and reduce the overall mean cumulative enrollment rates per active site. Mean enrollment rates tend to decline as strata fill up that are simpler to recruit into, and the total project time is prolonged. Including sites in Eastern Europe, South America, and India may increase mean relative enrollment rates by as much as three times the {US} rate and reduce total project time accordingly. Adding sites may reduce project time while adding only marginally to costs, because reductions in time-based costs offset additions in site-based costs. Monte Carlo simulation of the model enables probability statements regarding study completion time.
Conclusion: time-cost models that reflect the complexity and idiosyncrasies of specific trials are critical to prudent planning for individual trials and clinical development plans. Given the formidable challenges in attracting funding for novel drugs and devices, time-cost models have an important role to play in planning and managing global clinical trials.},
	pages = {345--356},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Drug Information Journal},
	shortjournal = {Drug Information Journal},
	author = {Gregory, Douglas},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2011-05-01},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{winkler_overcoming_1996,
	title = {Overcoming “Trial Fatigue”: A Strategy for Optimizing Patient Accrual Speed and Resource Utilization},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0092-8615,},
	url = {http://dij.sagepub.com/content/30/1/35},
	doi = {10.1177/009286159603000105},
	shorttitle = {Overcoming “Trial Fatigue”},
	abstract = {Patient accrual in most clinical trials is characterized by a slow start during the ramp-up period, a steep mid-section, and a plateauing at the end of the accrual period. This non-linear patient accrual is costly to pharmaceutical companies. An effective measure to prevent this slowdown and to keep the accrual rate linear over time is the staggered enrollment of investigative sites in distinct waves. If the enrollment of successive waves is optimally spaced over time, the “trial fatigue” seen with each wave can be overcome, resulting in an overall linear accrual. Linear accrual can result in a steady rate of resource utilization as well as a steady rate of data retrieval over the life of a clinical trial. A clinical trial which used staggered waves is described.},
	pages = {35--40},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Drug Information Journal},
	shortjournal = {Drug Information Journal},
	author = {Winkler, Gunther and Levin, Elizabeth A. and Whalen, Evelyn Y. and Larus, John},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {1996-01-01},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{winkler_overcoming_1996-1,
	title = {Overcoming “Trial Fatigue”: A Strategy for Optimizing Patient Accrual Speed and Resource Utilization},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0092-8615,},
	url = {http://dij.sagepub.com/content/30/1/35},
	doi = {10.1177/009286159603000105},
	shorttitle = {Overcoming “Trial Fatigue”},
	abstract = {Patient accrual in most clinical trials is characterized by a slow start during the ramp-up period, a steep mid-section, and a plateauing at the end of the accrual period. This non-linear patient accrual is costly to pharmaceutical companies. An effective measure to prevent this slowdown and to keep the accrual rate linear over time is the staggered enrollment of investigative sites in distinct waves. If the enrollment of successive waves is optimally spaced over time, the “trial fatigue” seen with each wave can be overcome, resulting in an overall linear accrual. Linear accrual can result in a steady rate of resource utilization as well as a steady rate of data retrieval over the life of a clinical trial. A clinical trial which used staggered waves is described.},
	pages = {35--40},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Drug Information Journal},
	shortjournal = {Drug Information Journal},
	author = {Winkler, Gunther and Levin, Elizabeth A. and Whalen, Evelyn Y. and Larus, John},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {1996-01-01},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{bennett_reporting_2012,
	title = {Reporting guidelines for modelling studies},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/168/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-168},
	abstract = {Modelling studies are used widely to help inform decisions about health care and policy and their use is increasing. However, in order for modelling to gain strength as a tool for health policy, it is critical that key model factors are transparent so that users of models can have a clear understanding of the model and its limitations.Reporting guidelines are evidence-based tools that specify minimum criteria for authors to report their research such that readers can both critically appraise and interpret study findings. This study was conducted to determine whether there is an unmet need for population modelling reporting guidelines.},
	pages = {168},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Bennett, Carol and Manuel, Douglas G.},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2012-11-07},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{schmitz_use_2012,
	title = {The use of continuous data versus binary data in {MTC} models: A case study in rheumatoid arthritis},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/167/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-167},
	shorttitle = {The use of continuous data versus binary data in {MTC} models},
	abstract = {Estimates of relative efficacy between alternative treatments are crucial for decision making in health care. When sufficient head to head evidence is not available Bayesian mixed treatment comparison models provide a powerful methodology to obtain such estimates. While models can be fit to a broad range of efficacy measures, this paper illustrates the advantages of using continuous outcome measures compared to binary outcome measures.},
	pages = {167},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Schmitz, Susanne and Adams, Roisin and Walsh, Cathal},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2012-11-06},
	langid = {english}
}

@online{borowitz_republicans_2012,
	title = {Republicans Consider Welcoming People Who Believe in Math and Science},
	url = {http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/borowitzreport/2012/11/republicans-consider-welcoming-people-who-believe-in-math-and-science.html?goback=%2Egde_138718_member_184061336},
	titleaddon = {The New Yorker Blogs},
	author = {Borowitz, Andy},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	date = {2012-11-08}
}

@online{noauthor_pundit_nodate,
	title = {Pundit Election Forecasts All Wrong, Nate Silver Perfectly Right. {\textbar} {TechCrunch} - Data Science Central},
	url = {http://www.datasciencecentral.com/profiles/blogs/pundit-election-forecasts-all-wrong-nate-silver-perfectly-right-t?goback=%2Egde_54257_member_183851138},
	urldate = {2012-11-20}
}

@online{noauthor_building_nodate,
	title = {Building a Simple Web App using R « {NERD} {PROJECT}},
	url = {http://stathack.wordpress.com/2012/11/14/building-a-simple-web-app-using-r/},
	urldate = {2012-11-20}
}

@online{noauthor_two_nodate,
	title = {Two Very Different Predictive Models for the Presidential Election {\textbar} Data Informed},
	url = {http://data-informed.com/blog/2012/11/05/two-very-different-predictive-models-for-the-presidential-election/?goback=.gde_35222_member_183843191},
	urldate = {2012-11-20}
}

@article{carle_fitting_2009,
	title = {Fitting multilevel models in complex survey data with design weights: Recommendations},
	volume = {9},
	rights = {2009 Carle; licensee {BioMed} Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/9/49/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-9-49},
	shorttitle = {Fitting multilevel models in complex survey data with design weights},
	abstract = {Multilevel models ({MLM}) offer complex survey data analysts a unique approach to understanding individual and contextual determinants of public health. However, little summarized guidance exists with regard to fitting {MLM} in complex survey data with design weights. Simulation work suggests that analysts should scale design weights using two methods and fit the {MLM} using unweighted and scaled-weighted data. This article examines the performance of scaled-weighted and unweighted analyses across a variety of {MLM} and software programs.},
	pages = {49},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Carle, Adam},
	urldate = {2012-11-14},
	date = {2009-07-14},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{gajewski_existence_2012,
	title = {On the Existence of Constant Accrual Rates in Clinical Trials and Direction for Future Research},
	volume = {1},
	url = {http://works.bepress.com/byron_gajewski/21},
	abstract = {Many clinical trials fall short of their accrual goals. This can be avoided with accurate accrual prediction tools. Past researchers provide important methodological alternative models for predicting accrual in clinical trials. One model allows for slow accrual at the start of the study, which eventually reaches a threshold. A simpler model assumes a constant rate of accrual. A comparison has been attempted but we wish to point out some important considerations when comparing these two models. In fact, we can examine the reasonableness of a constant accrual assumption (simpler model) which had data 239 days into a three- year study. We can now update that and report accumulated from the full three years of accrual data and we can demonstrate that constant accrual rate assumption was met in this particular study. We will use this report to frame future research in the area of accrual prediction.},
	pages = {43--46},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Statistics and Probability},
	author = {Gajewski, Byron J. and Simon, Stephen D. and Carslon, Susan E.},
	urldate = {2012-11-12},
	date = {2012}
}

@article{henzlova_patient_1994,
	title = {Patient perception of a long-term clinical trial: experience using a close-out questionnaire in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction ({SOLVD}) Trial. {SOLVD} Close-out Working Group},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0197-2456},
	shorttitle = {Patient perception of a long-term clinical trial},
	abstract = {A close-out questionnaire was distributed to the participants in a long-term heart failure trial, Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction ({SOLVD}). The respondents' primary motivation for enrollment, positive and negative experiences, and reported changes in habitual behavior was analyzed. Seventy-four percent (N = 3522) of the eligible patients responded to the survey. The most commonly cited reason for enrollment was recommendation by the primary physician. A wish "to contribute to medical science" and "to help others" was also a frequent incentive. A majority of the respondents were satisfied with participation and would be willing to participate in a future clinical trial. Most negative experiences included transportation to and from the clinic and frequent staff changes. A significant number of the patients reported changes in their smoking habits, alcohol intake, and diet despite the absence of behavioral interventions in the study protocol. There were minor differences between attitudes and perceptions of the male and female participants. No differences were found between patients who had previously participated in a clinical trial and those who had not.},
	pages = {284--293},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Controlled clinical trials},
	shortjournal = {Control Clin Trials},
	author = {Henzlova, M J and Blackburn, G H and Bradley, E J and Rogers, W J},
	date = {1994-08},
	pmid = {7956268}
}

@article{slevin_volunteers_1995,
	title = {Volunteers or victims: patients' views of randomised cancer clinical trials.},
	volume = {71},
	url = {/pmc/articles/PMC2033847/?report=abstract},
	shorttitle = {Volunteers or victims},
	pages = {1270},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {British Journal of Cancer},
	author = {Slevin, M. and Mossman, J. and Bowling, A. and Leonard, R. and Steward, W. and Harper, P. and {McIllmurray}, M. and Thatcher, N.},
	urldate = {2012-11-12},
	date = {1995-06}
}

@article{keen_prevalence_2005,
	title = {The prevalence of underpowered randomized clinical trials in rheumatology},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0315-162X},
	abstract = {{OBJECTIVE}

The conduct of underpowered randomized controlled trials ({RCT}) has recently been criticized in medical journals. We investigated the current prevalence of underpowered {RCT} in rheumatology.

{METHODS}

We searched to identify randomized, prospective {RCT} assessing clinical efficacy of treatments for adult rheumatic diseases published in English in 2001 and 2002. {RCT} were assessed as positive or negative based on the result of the primary outcome measure. For phase {III} {RCT} with negative results without power analysis, we calculated adequate sample size using beta = 0.20 and alpha = 0.05. We also examined trial quality by assessing the adequacy of reported random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and analysis, and compared the quality of reporting of {RCT} with adequate and inadequate sample size.

{RESULTS}

A total of 228 {RCT} met inclusion criteria; of the 205 phase {III} trials, 119 were positive, 81 were negative. The remaining 5 trials made no statistical comparison between interventions, and did not supply enough information for a result to be calculated. Of the 86 negative or indeterminate {RCT}, 37 reported sample size calculations (all but 4 had adequate power). Of the 49 remaining phase {III} trials that did not report power calculations, we conducted sample size calculations; only 10 were adequately powered. Few of the underpowered {RCT} studied rare rheumatic diseases. Negative {RCT} with inadequate sample size were less likely to describe adequate random sequence generation or allocation concealment than positive {RCT} or negative {RCT} with adequate sample size.

{CONCLUSION}

The conduct of underpowered trials is not an infrequent occurrence in rheumatology, with only 50\% of negative or indeterminate phase {III} rheumatology {RCT} in 2001-2002 having adequate sample size.},
	pages = {2083--2088},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {The Journal of rheumatology},
	shortjournal = {J. Rheumatol.},
	author = {Keen, Helen I and Pile, Kevin and Hill, Catherine L},
	date = {2005-11},
	pmid = {16265683}
}

@article{jayakaran_negative_2011,
	title = {Negative studies published in Indian medical journals are underpowered},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0974-7559},
	abstract = {51 inconclusive studies published in 14 Indian medical journals were analyzed for adequacy of power by post hoc power calculation. No study was found to be adequately powered (\%80\%) at small effect size, only 8 studies were adequately powered for medium effect size and 30 studies were adequately powered at large effect size.},
	pages = {490--491},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Indian pediatrics},
	shortjournal = {Indian Pediatr},
	author = {Jayakaran, Charan and Saxena, Deepak and Yadav, Preeti},
	date = {2011-06},
	pmid = {21743119}
}

@article{bedard_statistical_2007,
	title = {Statistical power of negative randomized controlled trials presented at American Society for Clinical Oncology annual meetings},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1527-7755},
	doi = {10.1200/JCO.2007.11.3670},
	abstract = {{PURPOSE}

To investigate the prevalence of underpowered randomized controlled trials ({RCTs}) presented at American Society of Clinical Oncology ({ASCO}) annual meetings.

{METHODS}

We surveyed all two-arm phase {III} {RCTs} presented at {ASCO} annual meetings from 1995 to 2003 for which negative results were obtained. Post hoc calculations were performed using a power of 80\% and an alpha level of .05 (two sided) to determine sample sizes required to detect small, medium, and large effect sizes. For studies reporting a proportion or time-to-event as primary end point, effect size was expressed as an odds ratio ({OR}) or hazard ratio ({HR}), respectively, with a small effect size defined as {OR}/{HR} {\textgreater}or= 1.3, medium effect size defined as {OR}/{HR} {\textgreater}or= 1.5, and large effect size defined as {OR}/{HR} {\textgreater}or= 2.0. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with lack of statistical power.

{RESULTS}

Of 423 negative {RCTs} for which post hoc sample size calculations could be performed, 45 (10.6\%), 138 (32.6\%), and 233 (55.1\%) had adequate sample size to detect small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively. Only 35 negative {RCTs} (7.1\%) reported a reason for inadequate sample size. In a multivariable model, studies that were presented at oral sessions (P = .0038), multicenter studies supported by a cooperative group (P {\textless} .0001), and studies with time to event as primary outcome (P {\textless} .0001) were more likely to have adequate sample size.

{CONCLUSION}

More than half of negative {RCTs} presented at {ASCO} annual meetings do not have an adequate sample to detect a medium-size treatment effect.},
	pages = {3482--3487},
	number = {23},
	journaltitle = {Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology},
	shortjournal = {J. Clin. Oncol.},
	author = {Bedard, Philippe L and Krzyzanowska, Monika K and Pintilie, Melania and Tannock, Ian F},
	date = {2007-08-10},
	pmid = {17687153}
}

@article{breau_inadequate_2006,
	title = {Inadequate statistical power of negative clinical trials in urological literature},
	volume = {176},
	issn = {0022-5347},
	doi = {10.1016/S0022-5347(06)00505-2},
	abstract = {{PURPOSE}

Negative studies provide valuable information. However, conducting studies with inadequate power is unethical and an inefficient use of resources. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of negative studies with inadequate power in urological literature.

{MATERIALS} {AND} {METHODS}

The Journal of Urology, Urology and {BJU} International (formerly British Journal of Urology) from 1982 to 2002 were searched using the Ovid {MEDLINE} database. All clinical trials that contained the phrase "no difference" were identified. Data necessary for power calculation were extracted from applicable studies.

{RESULTS}

Of the 417 articles identified in the {MEDLINE} search, 127 were negative studies that contained enough information to be analyzed. There were 70 (55\%) articles from The Journal of Urology, 35 (28\%) from {BJU} International and 22 (17\%) from Urology. Of the studies that used continuous variables 65\% had adequate power (greater than 80\%) to detect a 50\% difference between groups and 32\% had adequate power to detect a 25\% difference. Of the studies that used dichotomous variables only 33\% had adequate power to detect a 50\% difference between groups and 23\% had adequate power to detect a 25\% difference. Levels of adequate power in negative studies did not improve over time (p = 0.258).

{CONCLUSIONS}

Many negative studies in urological literature are inconclusive because they lack adequate power to detect even large differences between groups. Inadequately powered studies often result in false conclusions that alter clinical behavior and deter further research. Therefore, it is imperative to consider power when interpreting literature. When designing future investigations power calculations should be performed to ensure sufficient patient recruitment to attain clinically meaningful results.},
	pages = {263--266},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {The Journal of urology},
	shortjournal = {J. Urol.},
	author = {Breau, Rodney H and Carnat, Toby A and Gaboury, Isabelle},
	date = {2006-07},
	pmid = {16753417}
}

@online{noauthor_prevalence_nodate,
	title = {The Prevalence of Negative Studies with Inadequate Statistic... : Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery},
	url = {http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Fulltext/2002/01000/The_Prevalence_of_Negative_Studies_with_Inadequate.1.aspx},
	shorttitle = {The Prevalence of Negative Studies with Inadequate Statistic...},
	abstract = {Studies published in the medical literature often neglect to consider the statistical power needed to detect a meaningful difference between study groups. Small sample sizes tend to produce negative results because of low statistical power. Studies that cannot make conclusive statements about th...},
	urldate = {2012-11-12}
}

@article{schulz_sample_2002,
	title = {Sample size slippages in randomised trials: exclusions and the lost and wayward},
	volume = {359},
	issn = {0140-6736},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673602078820},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07882-0},
	shorttitle = {Sample size slippages in randomised trials},
	abstract = {Summary
Proper randomisation means little if investigators cannot include all randomised participants in the primary analysis. Participants might ignore follow-up, leave town, or take aspartame when instructed to take aspirin. Exclusions before randomisation do not bias the treatment comparison, but they can hurt generalisability. Eligibility criteria for a trial should be clear, specific, and applied before randomisation. Readers should assess whether any of the criteria make the trial sample atypical or unrepresentative of the people in which they are interested. In principle, assessment of exclusions after randomisation is simple: none are allowed. For the primary analysis, all participants enrolled should be included and analysed as part of the original group assigned (an intent-to-treat analysis). In reality, however, losses frequently occur. Investigators should, therefore, commit adequate resources to develop and implement procedures to maximise retention of participants. Moreover, researchers should provide clear, explicit information on the progress of all randomised participants through the trial by use of, for instance, a trial profile. Investigators can also do secondary analyses on, for instance, per-protocol or as-treated participants. Such analyses should be described as secondary and non-randomised comparisons. Mishandling of exclusions causes serious methodological difficulties. Unfortunately, some explanations for mishandling exclusions intuitively appeal to readers, disguising the seriousness of the issues. Creative mismanagement of exclusions can undermine trial validity.},
	pages = {781--785},
	number = {9308},
	journaltitle = {The Lancet},
	shortjournal = {The Lancet},
	author = {Schulz, Kenneth F and Grimes, David A},
	urldate = {2012-11-12},
	date = {2002-03-02}
}

@article{williams_inadequate_1993,
	title = {Inadequate size of ‘negative’ clinical trials in dermatology},
	volume = {128},
	issn = {1365-2133},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.library.umkc.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00178.x/abstract},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00178.x},
	abstract = {Fifty-eight clinical trials with negative conclusions, published in three British dermatological journals over the last 4 years, were reviewed to determine the risk of their having missed an effective treatment. All but one of the 44 evaluable trials had a greater than 1 in 10 risk of missing a 25\% relative treatment difference (median risk 81\%), and 31 of the trials (70\%) were so small that they had a greater than 1 in 10 risk of missing a 50\% relative treatment difference (median risk 42\%). The ‘negative’ trial result was compatible (within 95\% confidence limits) with a 25\% beneficial relative treatment effect in 36 studies (82\%), and a 50\% treatment benefit in 22 studies (50\%). Only one study used confidence intervals to describe the main findings, and only three studies (7\%) mentioned the basis for sample size estimation at the outset of the study. Of particular concern was that in half (23/44) of the studies there was an incorrect interpretation of the findings.It is worrying to observe such a profusion of clinical trials in dermatology which are too small to answer the questions being posed, especially when this is coupled with misreporting of results. Apart from ethical concerns, many treatments compatible with a considerable treatment benefit may have been erroneously discarded as a result of such studies.We recommend the use of confidence intervals to summarize clinical trial findings, so that readers can quickly decide whether clinically important treatment effects are plausible.},
	pages = {317--326},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {British Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Williams, H.c. and Seed, P.},
	urldate = {2012-11-12},
	date = {1993},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{parreco_power_2012,
	title = {Power of an Effective Clinical Conversation: Improving Accrual Onto Clinical Trials},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1554-7477, 1935-469X},
	url = {http://jop.ascopubs.org/content/8/5/282},
	doi = {10.1200/JOP.2011.000478},
	shorttitle = {Power of an Effective Clinical Conversation},
	abstract = {The National Cancer Institute ({NCI}) is actively transforming clinical trials to revitalize the clinical trials system and improve patient accrual. For more than 30 years, {NCI} has provided information and communication resources about cancer clinical trials. The Institute supports a clinical trials Web site (www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) that receives nearly a half million page views a month. In addition, {NCI}'s Cancer Information Service (800-4-{CANCER}, chat and e-mail) responds to 1,750 clinical trial inquiries every month. Although these numbers suggest that a high volume of clinical trial information is being exchanged between {NCI}, the public, and providers, most patients decide whether to participate in clinical trials during the patient-provider interaction.},
	pages = {282--286},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Oncology Practice},
	shortjournal = {{JOP}},
	author = {Parreco, Linda K. and {DeJoice}, Rhonda W. and Massett, Holly A. and Padberg, Rose Mary and Thakkar, Sona S.},
	urldate = {2012-11-12},
	date = {2012-09-01},
	langid = {english}
}

@online{noauthor_ghosts.pdf_nodate,
	title = {ghosts.pdf (application/pdf Object)},
	url = {http://post.queensu.ca/~sismondo/ghosts.pdf},
	urldate = {2012-11-09}
}

@article{slashinski_snake-oil_2012,
	title = {"Snake-oil," "quack medicine," and "industrially cultured organisms:" biovalue and the commercialization of human microbiome research},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1472-6939},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6939/13/28/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1472-6939-13-28},
	shorttitle = {"Snake-oil," "quack medicine," and "industrially cultured organisms},
	pages = {28},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Ethics},
	author = {Slashinski, Melody J and {McCurdy}, Sheryl A and Achenbaum, Laura S and Whitney, Simon L and {McGuire}, Amy L},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {2012}
}

@article{wright_vascular_2012,
	title = {Vascular disease in women: comparison of diagnoses in hospital episode statistics and general practice records in England},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/161/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-161},
	shorttitle = {Vascular disease in women},
	abstract = {Electronic linkage to routine administrative datasets, such as the Hospital Episode Statistics ({HES}) in England, is increasingly used in medical research. Relatively little is known about the reliability of {HES} diagnostic information for epidemiological studies. In the United Kingdom ({UK}), general practitioners hold comprehensive records for individuals relating to their primary, secondary and tertiary care. For a random sample of participants in a large {UK} cohort, we compared vascular disease diagnoses in {HES} and general practice records to assess agreement between the two sources.},
	pages = {161},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Wright, F. Lucy and Green, Jane and Canoy, Dexter and Cairns, Benjamin J. and Balkwill, Angela and Beral, Valerie and For the Million Women Study Collaborators},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {2012-10-23},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{mathieu_internet_2012,
	title = {Internet trials: participant experiences and perspectives},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/162/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-162},
	shorttitle = {Internet trials},
	abstract = {Use of the Internet to conduct randomised controlled trials is increasing, and provides potential to increase equity of access to medical research, increase the generalisability of trial results and decrease the costs involved in conducting large scale trials. Several studies have compared response rates, completeness of data, and reliability of surveys using the Internet and traditional methods, but very little is known about participants' attitudes towards Internet-based randomised trials or their experience of participating in an Internet-based trial.},
	pages = {162},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Mathieu, Erin and Barratt, Alexandra and Carter, Stacy M. and Jamtvedt, Gro},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {2012-10-23},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{mein_predictors_2012,
	title = {Predictors of two forms of attrition in a longitudinal health study involving ageing participants: An analysis based on the Whitehall {II} study},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/164/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-164},
	shorttitle = {Predictors of two forms of attrition in a longitudinal health study involving ageing participants},
	abstract = {Longitudinal studies are crucial providers of information about the needs of an ageing population, but their external validity is affected if partipants drop out. Previous research has identified older age, impaired cognitive function, lower educational level, living alone, fewer social activities, and lower socio-economic status as predictors of attrition.},
	pages = {164},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Mein, Gill and Johal, Suneeta and Grant, Robert L. and Seale, Clive and Ashcroft, Richard and Tinker, Anthea},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {2012-10-29},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{yang_using_2012,
	title = {Using a generalized additive model with autoregressive terms to study the effects of daily temperature on mortality},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/165/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-165},
	abstract = {Generalized Additive Model ({GAM}) provides a flexible and effective technique for modelling nonlinear time-series in studies of the health effects of environmental factors. However, {GAM} assumes that errors are mutually independent, while time series can be correlated in adjacent time points. Here, a {GAM} with Autoregressive terms ({GAMAR}) is introduced to fill this gap.},
	pages = {165},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Yang, Lei and Qin, Guoyou and Zhao, Naiqing and Wang, Chunfang and Song, Guixiang},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {2012-10-30},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{van_zaane_comparison_2012,
	title = {Comparison of approaches to estimate confidence intervals of post-test probabilities of diagnostic test results in a nested case-control study},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/166/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-166},
	abstract = {Nested case-control studies become increasingly popular as they can be very efficient for quantifying the diagnostic accuracy of costly or invasive tests or (bio)markers. However, they do not allow for direct estimation of the test's predictive values or post-test probabilities, let alone for their confidence intervals ({CIs}). Correct estimates of the predictive values itself can easily be obtained using a simple correction by the (inverse) sampling fractions of the cases and controls. But using this correction to estimate the corresponding standard error ({SE}), falsely increases the number of patients that are actually studied, yielding too small {CIs}. We compared different approaches for estimating the {SE} and thus {CI} of predictive values or post-test probabilities of diagnostic test results in a nested case-control study.},
	pages = {166},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {van Zaane, Bas and Vergouwe, Yvonne and Donders, A. Rogier and Moons, Karel {GM}},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {2012-10-31},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{gebregziabher_fitting_2012,
	title = {Fitting parametric random effects models in very large data sets with application to {VHA} national data},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/163/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-163},
	abstract = {With the current focus on personalized medicine, patient/subject level inference is often of key interest in translational research. As a result, random effects models ({REM}) are becoming popular for patient level inference. However, for very large data sets that are characterized by large sample size, it can be difficult to fit {REM} using commonly available statistical software such as {SAS} since they require inordinate amounts of computer time and memory allocations beyond what are available preventing model convergence. For example, in a retrospective cohort study of over 800,000 Veterans with type 2 diabetes with longitudinal data over 5 years, fitting {REM} via generalized linear mixed modeling using currently available standard procedures in {SAS} (e.g. {PROC} {GLIMMIX}) was very difficult and same problems exist in Stata's gllamm or R's lme packages. Thus, this study proposes and assesses the performance of a meta regression approach and makes comparison with methods based on sampling of the full data.},
	pages = {163},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Gebregziabher, Mulugeta and Egede, Leonard E. and Gilbert, Gregory E. and Hunt, Kelly J. and Nietert, Paul J. and Mauldin, Patrick},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {2012-10-24},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{djulbegovic_optimism_2011,
	title = {Optimism bias leads to inconclusive results-an empirical study},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1878-5921},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.09.007},
	abstract = {{OBJECTIVE}

Optimism bias refers to unwarranted belief in the efficacy of new therapies. We assessed the impact of optimism bias on a proportion of trials that did not answer their research question successfully and explored whether poor accrual or optimism bias is responsible for inconclusive results.

{STUDY} {DESIGN}

Systematic review.

{SETTING}

Retrospective analysis of a consecutive-series phase {III} randomized controlled trials ({RCTs}) performed under the aegis of National Cancer Institute Cooperative groups.

{RESULTS}

Three hundred fifty-nine trials (374 comparisons) enrolling 150,232 patients were analyzed. Seventy percent (262 of 374) of the trials generated conclusive results according to the statistical criteria. Investigators made definitive statements related to the treatment preference in 73\% (273 of 374) of studies. Investigators' judgments and statistical inferences were concordant in 75\% (279 of 374) of trials. Investigators consistently overestimated their expected treatment effects but to a significantly larger extent for inconclusive trials. The median ratio of expected and observed hazard ratio or odds ratio was 1.34 (range: 0.19-15.40) in conclusive trials compared with 1.86 (range: 1.09-12.00) in inconclusive studies (P{\textless}0.0001). Only 17\% of the trials had treatment effects that matched original researchers' expectations.

{CONCLUSION}

Formal statistical inference is sufficient to answer the research question in 75\% of {RCTs}. The answers to the other 25\% depend mostly on subjective judgments, which at times are in conflict with statistical inference. Optimism bias significantly contributes to inconclusive results.},
	pages = {583--593},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Journal of clinical epidemiology},
	shortjournal = {J Clin Epidemiol},
	author = {Djulbegovic, Benjamin and Kumar, Ambuj and Magazin, Anja and Schroen, Anneke T and Soares, Heloisa and Hozo, Iztok and Clarke, Mike and Sargent, Daniel and Schell, Michael J},
	date = {2011-06},
	pmid = {21163620}
}

@article{chalmers_what_2006,
	title = {What are the implications of optimism bias in clinical research?},
	volume = {367},
	issn = {01406736},
	url = {http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2806%2968153-1/fulltext},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68153-1},
	pages = {449--450},
	number = {9509},
	journaltitle = {The Lancet},
	author = {Chalmers, Iain and Matthews, Robert},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {2006-02-17}
}

@article{howick_questioning_2009,
	title = {Questioning the methodologic superiority of 'placebo' over 'active' controlled trials},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1536-0075},
	doi = {10.1080/15265160903090041},
	abstract = {A resilient issue in research ethics is whether and when a placebo-controlled trial ({PCT}) is justified if it deprives research subjects of a recognized treatment. The clinicians' moral duty to provide the best available care seems to require the use of 'active' controlled trials ({ACTs}) that use an established treatment as a control whenever such a therapy is available. In another regard, {ACTs} are supposedly methodologically inferior to {PCTs}. Hence, the moral duty of the clinical researcher to use the best methods will favor {PCTs}. In this target article, I analyze the three reasons for believing that {ACTs} are inferior to {PCTs} namely: 1) {ACTs} lack 'assay sensitivity'; 2) {ACTs} do not measure absolute effect size; and 3) {ACTs} require more participants; and I contend that none are acceptable. Consequently the tension between clinical and research ethics dissolves: the moral duty of the clinician to avoid {PCTs} is unopposed by methodological considerations.},
	pages = {34--48},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {The American journal of bioethics: {AJOB}},
	shortjournal = {Am J Bioeth},
	author = {Howick, Jeremy},
	date = {2009-09},
	pmid = {19998192}
}

@article{watson_it_2012,
	title = {It Stands to Reason, Skeptics Can Be Sexist Too},
	issn = {1091-2339},
	url = {http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/10/sexism_in_the_skeptic_community_i_spoke_out_then_came_the_rape_threats.single.html#pagebreak_anchor_2},
	abstract = {I spoke out about sexual harassment among atheists and scientists. Then came the rape threats.},
	journaltitle = {Slate},
	author = {Watson, Rebecca},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {2012-10-24},
	langid = {american}
}

@online{noauthor_fcr_nodate,
	title = {{FCR} - Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices},
	url = {http://www.firstclinical.com/journal/contents.html},
	urldate = {2012-11-09}
}

@online{noauthor_retraction_nodate,
	title = {Retraction Backlash {\textbar} The Scientist Magazine®},
	url = {http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/33075/title/Retraction-Backlash/},
	abstract = {Retracting a paper from the scientific literature can lead to fewer citations for related studies.},
	titleaddon = {The Scientist Magazine$^{\textrm{®}}$},
	urldate = {2012-11-09}
}

@online{noauthor_ggplot2_nodate,
	title = {ggplot2 - How can we make xkcd style graphs in R? - Stack Overflow},
	url = {http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12675147/how-can-we-make-xkcd-style-graphs-in-r?goback=%2Eanb_77616_*2_*1_*1_*1_*1_*1%2Egmp_77616%2Egde_77616_member_177069747},
	urldate = {2012-11-09}
}

@article{andersen_coxs_1982,
	title = {Cox's Regression Model for Counting Processes: A Large Sample Study},
	volume = {10},
	rights = {Copyright © 1982 Institute of Mathematical Statistics},
	issn = {0090-5364},
	url = {http://hydra.usc.edu/pm599/2006%20notes%20etc/andersen%20and%20gill82.pdf},
	shorttitle = {Cox's Regression Model for Counting Processes},
	abstract = {The Cox regression model for censored survival data specifies that covariates have a proportional effect on the hazard function of the life-time distribution of an individual. In this paper we discuss how this model can be extended to a model where covariate processes have a proportional effect on the intensity process of a multivariate counting process. This permits a statistical regression analysis of the intensity of a recurrent event allowing for complicated censoring patterns and time dependent covariates. Furthermore, this formulation gives rise to proofs with very simple structure using martingale techniques for the asymptotic properties of the estimators from such a model. Finally an example of a statistical analysis is included.},
	pages = {1100--1120},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {The Annals of Statistics},
	shortjournal = {The Annals of Statistics},
	author = {Andersen, P. K. and Gill, R. D.},
	urldate = {2012-11-09},
	date = {1982-12-01},
	note = {{ArticleType}: research-article / Full publication date: Dec., 1982 / Copyright © 1982 Institute of Mathematical Statistics}
}

@online{noauthor_math_nodate,
	title = {Math and Discipline — Why Nate Silver’s Accuracy Isn’t About “Big Data”},
	url = {http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2012/11/08/math-and-discipline-why-nate-silvers-accuracy-isnt-about-big-data/},
	abstract = {"Big data" isn't what the Nate Silver story highlights. It highlights data curation, management, analysis, publication, iteration, and integrity, none of which "big data" guarantees. Continue readi...},
	titleaddon = {The Scholarly Kitchen},
	urldate = {2012-11-08}
}

@article{tibshirani_regression_1994,
	title = {Regression Shrinkage and Selection Via the Lasso},
	volume = {58},
	url = {http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~tibs/lasso/lasso.pdf},
	abstract = {We propose a new method for estimation in linear models. The "lasso" minimizes the residual sum of squares subject to the sum of the absolute value of the coefficients being less than a constant. Because of the nature of this constraint it tends to produce some coefficients that are exactly zero and hence gives interpretable models. Our simulation studies suggest that the lasso enjoys some of the favourable properties of both subset selection and ridge regression. It produces interpretable models like subset selection and exhibits the stability of ridge regression. There is also an interesting relationship with recent work in adaptive function estimation by Donoho and Johnstone. The lasso idea is quite general and can be applied in a variety of statistical models: extensions to generalized regression models and tree-based models are briefly described.},
	pages = {267--288},
	journaltitle = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B},
	author = {Tibshirani, Robert},
	date = {1994}
}

@article{engber_internet_2012,
	title = {The Internet Blowhard’s Favorite Phrase. Why do people love to say that correlation does not imply causation?},
	issn = {1091-2339},
	url = {http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2012/10/correlation_does_not_imply_causation_how_the_internet_fell_in_love_with_a_stats_class_clich_.htm},
	abstract = {Excerpt: "The correlation phrase has become so common and so irritating that a minor backlash has now ensued against the rhetoric if not the concept. No, correlation does not imply causation, but it sure as hell provides a hint."},
	journaltitle = {Slate},
	author = {Engber, Daniel},
	urldate = {2012-10-09},
	date = {2012-10-02},
	langid = {american}
}

@article{noauthor_final_1989,
	title = {Final Report on the Aspirin Component of the Ongoing Physicians' Health Study},
	volume = {321},
	issn = {0028-4793},
	url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198907203210301},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJM198907203210301},
	abstract = {{ALTHOUGH} chewing willow bark, which has L aspirin-like properties, was prescribed for pain relief by Hippocrates in the fifth century B.C., the possible role of aspirin in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease has been recognized only very recently. Such a possibility derives from the capacity of aspirin in low doses to inhibit cyclooxygenase-dependent platelet enzymes virtually completely, resulting in the inhibition of aggregability for the life of the platelet.1 These effects are so profound that higher doses add little benefit but do increase the risk of side effects.2 Although an early case–control study3 raised the possibility of a large . . .},
	pages = {129--135},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	urldate = {2012-10-29},
	date = {1989}
}

@online{noauthor_presentation_nodate,
	title = {The Presentation Mistake You Don't Know You're Making},
	url = {http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/10/the_presentation_mistake_you_d.html},
	abstract = {When salespeople, marketers, and job interviewers add on extras, they undercut their pitch.},
	titleaddon = {Harvard Business Review},
	urldate = {2012-10-24}
}

@online{noauthor_12_nodate,
	title = {12 Guidelines for Deciding When to Persist, When to Quit - Rosabeth Moss Kanter - Harvard Business Review},
	url = {http://blogs.hbr.org/kanter/2012/10/12-guidelines-for-deciding-whe.html},
	urldate = {2012-10-24}
}

@article{turner_selective_2008,
	title = {Selective Publication of Antidepressant Trials and Its Influence on Apparent Efficacy},
	volume = {358},
	issn = {0028-4793},
	url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa065779},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMsa065779},
	abstract = {Medical decisions are based on an understanding of publicly reported clinical trials.1,2 If the evidence base is biased, then decisions based on this evidence may not be the optimal decisions. For example, selective publication of clinical trials, and the outcomes within those trials, can lead to unrealistic estimates of drug effectiveness and alter the apparent risk–benefit ratio.3,4 Attempts to study selective publication are complicated by the unavailability of data from unpublished trials. Researchers have found evidence for selective publication by comparing the results of published trials with information from surveys of authors,5 registries,6 institutional review boards,7,8 and . . .},
	pages = {252--260},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	author = {Turner, Erick H. and Matthews, Annette M. and Linardatos, Eftihia and Tell, Robert A. and Rosenthal, Robert},
	urldate = {2012-10-24},
	date = {2008}
}

@article{suarez-almazor_identifying_2000,
	title = {Identifying clinical trials in the medical literature with electronic databases: {MEDLINE} alone is not enough},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0197-2456},
	shorttitle = {Identifying clinical trials in the medical literature with electronic databases},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to compare the performance of {MEDLINE} and {EMBASE} for the identification of articles regarding controlled clinical trials ({CCTs}) published in English and related to selected topics: rheumatoid arthritis ({RA}), osteoporosis ({OP}), and low back pain ({LBP}). {MEDLINE} and {EMBASE} were searched for literature published in 1988 and 1994. The initial selection of papers was then reviewed to confirm that the articles were about {CCTs} and to assess the quality of the studies. Selected journals were also hand searched to identify {CCTs} not retrieved by either database. Overall, 4111 different references were retrieved (2253 for {RA}, 978 for {OP}, and 880 for {LBP}); 3418 (83\%) of the papers were in English. {EMBASE} retrieved 78\% more references than {MEDLINE} (2895 versus 1625). Overall, 1217 (30\%) of the papers were retrieved by both databases. Two hundred forty-three papers were about {CCTs}. Two-thirds of these were retrieved by both databases, and one-third by only one. An additional 16 {CCTs} not retrieved by either database were identified through hand searching. Taking these into account, {EMBASE} retrieved 16\% more {CCTs} than {MEDLINE} (220 versus 188); the {EMBASE} search identified 85\% of the {CCTs} compared to 73\% by {MEDLINE}. No significant differences were observed in the mean quality scores and sample size of the {CCTs} missed by {MEDLINE} compared to those missed by {EMBASE}. Our findings suggest that the use of {MEDLINE} alone to identify {CCTs} is inadequate. The use of two or more databases and hand searching of selected journals are needed to perform a comprehensive search.},
	pages = {476--487},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Controlled clinical trials},
	shortjournal = {Control Clin Trials},
	author = {Suarez-Almazor, M E and Belseck, E and Homik, J and Dorgan, M and Ramos-Remus, C},
	date = {2000-10},
	pmid = {11018564}
}

@online{noauthor_how_nodate,
	title = {How important are comprehensive literature searches and the assessment of trial quality in systematic reviews? Empirical study},
	url = {http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon701.pdf},
	urldate = {2012-10-24}
}

@article{jackson_exploration_2012,
	title = {An exploration of the missing data mechanism in an Internet based smoking cessation trial},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/157/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-157},
	abstract = {Missing outcome data are very common in smoking cessation trials. It is often assumed that all such missing data are from participants who have  been unsuccessful in giving up smoking (``missing=smoking''). Here we use data from a recent Internet based smoking cessation trial in order to investigate  which of a set of a priori chosen baseline variables are predictive of missingness, and the evidence for and against the ``missing=smoking'' assumption.},
	pages = {157},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Jackson, Dan and Mason, Dan and White, Ian R. and Sutton, Stephen},
	urldate = {2012-10-24},
	date = {2012-10-15},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{hamm_health_2012,
	title = {Do health care institutions value research? A mixed methods study of barriers and facilitators to methodological rigor in pediatric randomized trials},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/158/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-158},
	shorttitle = {Do health care institutions value research?},
	abstract = {Pediatric randomized controlled trials ({RCTs}) are susceptible to a high risk of bias. We examined the barriers and facilitators that pediatric trialists face in the design and conduct of unbiased trials.},
	pages = {158},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Hamm, Michele P. and Scott, Shannon D. and Klassen, Terry P. and Moher, David and Hartling, Lisa},
	urldate = {2012-10-24},
	date = {2012-10-18},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{vissing_validity_2012,
	title = {Validity of information on atopic disease and other illness in young children reported by parents in a prospective birth cohort study},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/160/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-160},
	abstract = {The longitudinal birth cohort study is the preferred design for studies of childhood health, particularly atopic disease. Still, prospective data collection depends on recollection of the medical history since the previous visit representing a potential recall-bias. We aimed to ascertain the quality of information on atopic disease and other health symptoms reported by parental interview in a closely monitored birth cohort study. Possible bias from symptom severity and socioeconomics were sought.},
	pages = {160},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Vissing, Nadja Hawwa and Jensen, Signe Marie and Bisgaard, Hans},
	urldate = {2012-10-24},
	date = {2012-10-22},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{hayduk_should_2012,
	title = {Should researchers use single indicators, best indicators, or multiple indicators in structural equation models?},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/159/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-159},
	abstract = {Structural equation modeling developed as a statistical melding of path analysis and factor analysis that obscured a fundamental tension between a factor preference for multiple indicators and path modeling's openness to fewer indicators.},
	pages = {159},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Hayduk, Leslie A. and Littvay, Levente},
	urldate = {2012-10-24},
	date = {2012-10-22},
	langid = {english}
}

@online{carlson_is_nodate,
	title = {Is "Data" Singular or Plural?},
	url = {http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/is-data-singular-or-plural.aspx},
	abstract = {Excerpt: "We've received several requests to address Latin plurals, so today we're going to tackle a tricky one. A listener called with this request: Hi, Grammar Girl. This is Adam from Peoria. I was wondering if you could go over the usage of the word data, as in The data are correct or The data is correct. Thanks."},
	author = {Carlson, Charles},
	urldate = {2012-10-19}
}

@online{izzo_is_nodate,
	title = {Is Data Is, or Is Data Ain’t, a Plural?},
	url = {http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2012/07/05/is-data-is-or-is-data-aint-a-plural/},
	abstract = {Excerpt: "We here at Real Time Economics thought it might be worth pointing out a change in the Wall Street Journal’s style for the word “data” before the corrective emails start flying."},
	titleaddon = {Wall Street Journal, Real Time Economics blog},
	author = {Izzo, Phil},
	urldate = {2012-10-19}
}

@online{noauthor_so_nodate,
	title = {So You Want to Write a Book? {\textbar} The Scientist Magazine®},
	url = {http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/32654/title/So-You-Want-to-Write-a-Book-/},
	shorttitle = {So You Want to Write a Book?},
	abstract = {Advice on authoring a textbook, popular nonfiction, or even a novel},
	titleaddon = {The Scientist Magazine$^{\textrm{®}}$},
	urldate = {2012-10-18}
}

@article{waller_cross-sectional_2012,
	title = {A cross-sectional and semantic investigation of self-rated health in the northern Sweden {MONICA}-study},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/154/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-154},
	abstract = {Self-Rated Health ({SRH}) correlates with risk of illness and death. But how are different questions of {SRH} to be interpreted? Does it matter whether one asks:},
	pages = {154},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Waller, Göran and Thalén, Peder and Janlert, Urban and Hamberg, Katarina and Forssén, Annika},
	urldate = {2012-10-18},
	date = {2012-10-09},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{jansen_meta-regression_2012,
	title = {Meta-regression models to address heterogeneity and inconsistency in network meta-analysis of survival outcomes},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/152/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-152},
	abstract = {Recently, network meta-analysis of survival data with a multidimensional treatment effect was introduced. With these models the hazard ratio is not assumed to be constant over time, thereby reducing the possibility of violating transitivity in indirect comparisons. However, bias is still present if there are systematic differences in treatment effect modifiers across comparisons.},
	pages = {152},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Jansen, Jeroen P. and Cope, Shannon},
	urldate = {2012-10-18},
	date = {2012-10-08},
	langid = {english}
}

@online{noauthor_johns_nodate,
	title = {Johns Hopkins Magazine},
	url = {http://www.jhu.edu/jhumag/0202web/trials.html},
	urldate = {2012-10-18}
}

@online{noauthor_terences_nodate,
	title = {Terence’s Stuff: Multiple Linear Regression, 1 « {IMS} Bulletin},
	url = {http://bulletin.imstat.org/2012/07/terences-stuff-multiple-linear-regression-1/},
	urldate = {2012-10-18}
}

@incollection{djulbegovic_new_1996,
	title = {New treatments compared to established treatments in randomized trials},
	rights = {Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	isbn = {1465-1858},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.library.umkc.edu/doi/10.1002/14651858.MR000024.pub3/abstract},
	abstract = {{BackgroundBackground} The proportion of proposed new treatments that are 'successful' is of ethical, scientific, and public importance. We investigated how often new, experimental treatments evaluated in randomized controlled trials ({RCTs}) are superior to established treatments. {ObjectivesObjectives} Our main question was: "On average how often are new treatments more effective, equally effective or less effective than established treatments?" Additionally, we wanted to explain the observed results, i.e. whether the observed distribution of outcomes is consistent with the 'uncertainty requirement' for enrollment in {RCTs}. We also investigated the effect of choice of comparator (active versus no treatment/placebo) on the observed results. Search {methodsSearch} methods We searched the Cochrane Methodology Register ({CMR}) 2010, Issue 1 in The Cochrane Library (searched 31 March 2010); {MEDLINE} Ovid 1950 to March Week 2 2010 (searched 24 March 2010); and {EMBASE} Ovid 1980 to 2010 Week 11 (searched 24 March 2010). Selection {criteriaSelection} criteria Cohorts of studies were eligible for the analysis if they met all of the following criteria: (i) consecutive series of {RCTs}, (ii) registered at or before study onset, and (iii) compared new against established treatments in humans. Data collection and {analysisData} collection and analysis {RCTs} from four cohorts of {RCTs} met all inclusion criteria and provided data from 743 {RCTs} involving 297,744 patients. All four cohorts consisted of publicly funded trials. Two cohorts involved evaluations of new treatments in cancer, one in neurological disorders, and one for mixed types of diseases. We employed kernel density estimation, meta-analysis and meta-regression to assess the probability of new treatments being superior to established treatments in their effect on primary outcomes and overall survival. Main {resultsMain} results The distribution of effects seen was generally symmetrical in the size of difference between new versus established treatments. Meta-analytic pooling indicated that, on average, new treatments were slightly more favorable both in terms of their effect on reducing the primary outcomes (hazard ratio ({HR})/odds ratio ({OR}) 0.91, 99\% confidence interval ({CI}) 0.88 to 0.95) and improving overall survival ({HR} 0.95, 99\% {CI} 0.92 to 0.98). No heterogeneity was observed in the analysis based on primary outcomes or overall survival (I2 = 0\%). Kernel density analysis was consistent with the meta-analysis, but showed a fairly symmetrical distribution of new versus established treatments indicating unpredictability in the results. This was consistent with the interpretation that new treatments are only slightly superior to established treatments when tested in {RCTs}. Additionally, meta-regression demonstrated that results have remained stable over time and that the success rate of new treatments has not changed over the last half century of clinical trials. The results were not significantly affected by the choice of comparator (active versus placebo/no therapy). Authors' {conclusionsAuthors}' conclusions Society can expect that slightly more than half of new experimental treatments will prove to be better than established treatments when tested in {RCTs}, but few will be substantially better. This is an important finding for patients (as they contemplate participation in {RCTs}), researchers (as they plan design of the new trials), and funders (as they assess the 'return on investment'). Although we provide the current best evidence on the question of expected 'success rate' of new versus established treatments consistent with a priori theoretical predictions reflective of 'uncertainty or equipoise hypothesis', it should be noted that our sample represents less than 1\% of all available randomized trials; therefore, one should exercise the appropriate caution in interpretation of our findings. In addition, our conclusion applies to publicly funded trials only, as we did not include studies funded by commercial sponsors in our analysis.},
	booktitle = {Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	author = {Djulbegovic, Benjamin and Kumar, Ambuj and Glasziou, Paul P and Perera, Rafael and Reljic, Tea and Dent, Louise and Raftery, James and Johansen, Marit and Di Tanna, Gian Luca and Miladinovic, Branko and Soares, Heloisa P and Vist, Gunn E and Chalmers, Iain},
	urldate = {2012-10-18},
	date = {1996},
	langid = {english}
}

@online{noauthor_controversial_nodate,
	title = {Controversial Medicine: Alternative Health, Pt 1. {\textbar} The Dr. Oz Show},
	url = {http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/alternative-medicine-controversy-pt-1},
	shorttitle = {Controversial Medicine},
	abstract = {Many doctors claim alternative medicine practices are junk science and may even be dangerous. Should you be concerned? Dr. Oz explores all sides of this debate, adding his own perspective on alternative remedies. To help you learn more about herbs and supplements, Natural Standard is offering a free log-in for viewers of The Dr. Oz Show.},
	titleaddon = {The Dr. Oz Show},
	urldate = {2012-10-18}
}

@article{fugh-berman_haunting_2010,
	title = {The Haunting of Medical Journals: How Ghostwriting Sold “{HRT}”},
	volume = {7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000335},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1000335},
	shorttitle = {The Haunting of Medical Journals},
	abstract = {Adriane Fugh-Berman examines documents unsealed in recent litigation to investigate how pharmaceutical companies promoted hormone therapy drugs, including the use of medical writing companies to produce ghostwritten manuscripts and place them into medical journals.},
	pages = {e1000335},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {{PLoS} Med},
	shortjournal = {{PLoS} Med},
	author = {Fugh-Berman, Adriane J.},
	urldate = {2012-10-18},
	date = {2010-09-07}
}

@article{messerli_chocolate_2012,
	title = {Chocolate Consumption, Cognitive Function, and Nobel Laureates},
	volume = {367},
	issn = {0028-4793},
	url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMon1211064},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMon1211064},
	abstract = {Dietary flavonoids, abundant in plant-based foods, have been shown to improve cognitive function. Specifically, a reduction in the risk of dementia, enhanced performance on some cognitive tests, and improved cognitive function in elderly patients with mild impairment have been associated with a regular intake of flavonoids.1,2 A subclass of flavonoids called flavanols, which are widely present in cocoa, green tea, red wine, and some fruits, seems to be effective in slowing down or even reversing the reductions in cognitive performance that occur with aging. Dietary flavanols have also been shown to improve endothelial function and to lower blood pressure . . .},
	pages = {1562--1564},
	number = {16},
	journaltitle = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	author = {Messerli, Franz H.},
	urldate = {2012-10-18},
	date = {2012}
}

@online{noauthor_british_nodate,
	title = {British Medical Journal},
	url = {http://www.bmj.com.proxy.library.umkc.edu/content/345/bmj.e6684/rr/606818},
	urldate = {2012-10-17}
}

@article{djulbegovic_b_efficacy_2011,
	title = {From efficacy to effectiveness in the face of uncertainty: Indication creep and prevention creep},
	volume = {305},
	issn = {0098-7484},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.650},
	doi = {10.1001/jama.2011.650},
	shorttitle = {From efficacy to effectiveness in the face of uncertainty},
	abstract = {Therapeutic and prevention clinical research is typically performed to address questions of efficacy (“Can intervention work in the ideal study setting?”), effectiveness (“Does it work, generalized to real-world settings and applied to individual patients?”), and cost-effectiveness (“Is it worth it and should it be paid for?”). To date, both public and private research enterprise has predominantly funded efficacy research. Comparative effectiveness research holds promise to generate much-needed effectiveness data. However, given the large number of important clinical questions, it will not be possible to provide reliable empirical efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness data for every question to help guide individual decision-making.1  Instead, practitioners will continue to rely on inductive reasoning to apply the results of the study (“group averages” from an efficacy trial) to individual patients who often differ in important ways from patients enrolled in the efficacy trial (eg, these patients may be older, have comorbid conditions, or might be using multiple medications).},
	pages = {2005--2006},
	number = {19},
	journaltitle = {{JAMA}: The Journal of the American Medical Association},
	shortjournal = {{JAMA}},
	author = {Djulbegovic B, Paul A},
	urldate = {2012-10-17},
	date = {2011-05-18}
}

@article{probstfield_jl_strategies_2011,
	title = {{STrategies} for recruitment and retention of participants in clinical trials},
	volume = {306},
	issn = {0098-7484},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1544},
	doi = {10.1001/jama.2011.1544},
	abstract = {Clinical trials and the consequent benefits to society are in jeopardy in the United States because of a decline in the ability to recruit patients in a timely manner to trials addressing key clinical issues. Current initiatives (eg, the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative and the proposed National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences) and the recent Institute of Medicine report1  each recognize that successful recruitment and retention of participants in clinical trials is critical for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of phase 3 and 4 clinical trials and that action to ensure adequate enrollment is urgently needed. Too often trial enrollment fails or is significantly delayed, leading to substantial additional costs to the sponsor. Of particular concern is the failure of {US} trials to meet desired participant enrollment and the trend toward increasing emphasis on recruitment abroad.},
	pages = {1798--1799},
	number = {16},
	journaltitle = {{JAMA}: The Journal of the American Medical Association},
	shortjournal = {{JAMA}},
	author = {Probstfield {JL}, Frye {RL}},
	urldate = {2012-10-17},
	date = {2011-10-26}
}

@article{heden_agreement_1996,
	title = {Agreement Between Artificial Neural Networks and Experienced Electrocardiographer on Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Healed Myocardial Infarction1},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0735-1097},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00269-0},
	doi = {10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00269-0},
	abstract = {Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnoses of healed myocardial infarction made from the 12-lead electrocardiogram ({ECG}) by artificial neural networks and an experienced electrocardiographer.Background. Artificial neural networks have proved of value in pattern recognition tasks. Studies of their utility in {ECG} interpretation have shown performance exceeding that of conventional {ECG} interpretation programs. The latter present verbal statements, often with an indication of the likelihood for a certain diagnosis, such as “possible left ventricular hypertrophy.” A neural network presents its output as a numeric value between 0 and 1; however, these values can be interpreted as Bayesian probabilities.Methods. The study was based on 351 healthy volunteers and 1,313 patients with a history of chest pain who had undergone diagnostic cardiac catheterization. A 12-lead {ECG} was recorded in each subject. An expert electrocardiographer classified the {ECGs} in five different groups by estimating the probability of anterior myocardial infarction. Artificial neural networks were trained and tested to diagnose anterior myocardial infarction. The network outputs were divided into five groups by using the output values and four thresholds between 0 and 1.Results. The neural networks diagnosed healed anterior myocardial infarctions at high levels of sensitivity and specificity. The network outputs were transformed to verbal statements, and the agreement between these probability estimates and those of an expert electrocardiographer was high.Conclusions. Artificial neural networks can be of value in automated interpretation of {ECGs} in the near future.},
	pages = {1012--1016},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
	shortjournal = {J Am Coll Cardiol},
	author = {{HEDÉN}, {BO} and {OHLSSON}, {MATTIAS} and {RITTNER}, {RALF} and {PAHLM}, {OLLE} and {HAISTY}, Jr. and {PETERSON}, {CARSTEN} and {EDENBRANDT}, {LARS}},
	urldate = {2012-10-17},
	date = {1996-10-01}
}

@article{schierbeck_effect_2012,
	title = {Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: randomised trial},
	volume = {345},
	issn = {1756-1833},
	url = {http://www.bmj.com.proxy.library.umkc.edu/content/345/bmj.e6409},
	doi = {10.1136/bmj.e6409},
	shorttitle = {Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women},
	pages = {e6409--e6409},
	issue = {oct09 2},
	journaltitle = {{BMJ}},
	author = {Schierbeck, L. L. and Rejnmark, L. and Tofteng, C. L. and Stilgren, L. and Eiken, P. and Mosekilde, L. and Kober, L. and Jensen, J.-E. B.},
	urldate = {2012-10-17},
	date = {2012-10-09}
}

@article{djulbegovic_dual_2012,
	title = {Dual processing model of medical decision-making},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {2012 Djulbegovic et al.; licensee {BioMed} Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1472-6947},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6947/12/94/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1472-6947-12-94},
	abstract = {Dual processing theory of human cognition postulates that reasoning and decision-making can be described as a function of both an intuitive, experiential, affective system (system I) and/or an analytical, deliberative (system {II}) processing system. To date no formal descriptive model of medical decision-making based on dual processing theory has been developed. Here we postulate such a model and apply it to a common clinical situation: whether treatment should be administered to the patient who may or may not have a disease.},
	pages = {94},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Informatics and Decision Making},
	author = {Djulbegovic, Benjamin and Hozo, Iztok and Beckstead, Jason and Tsalatsanis, Athanasios and Pauker, Stephen},
	urldate = {2012-10-17},
	date = {2012-09-03},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{djulbegovic_when_2012,
	title = {When is it rational to participate in a clinical trial? A game theory approach incorporating trust, regret and guilt},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {2012 Djulbegovic and Hozo; licensee {BioMed} Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/85/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-85},
	shorttitle = {When is it rational to participate in a clinical trial?},
	abstract = {Randomized controlled trials ({RCTs}) remain an indispensable form of human experimentation as a vehicle for discovery of new treatments. However, since their inception {RCTs} have raised ethical concerns. The ethical tension has revolved around “duties to individuals” vs. “societal value” of {RCTs}. By asking current patients “to sacrifice for the benefit of future patients” we risk subjugating our duties to patients’ best interest to the utilitarian goal for the good of others. This tension creates a key dilemma: when is it rational, from the perspective of the trial patients and researchers (as societal representatives of future patients), to enroll in {RCTs}?},
	pages = {85},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Djulbegovic, Benjamin and Hozo, Iztok},
	urldate = {2012-10-17},
	date = {2012-06-22},
	langid = {english}
}

@online{hopayian_graphical_nodate,
	title = {Graphical Representations of Evidence-Based Practice Summary Statistics},
	url = {http://www.angliangp.org.uk/documents/Graph%20Pres%20Sum%20Stat%20v5e.pdf},
	abstract = {Excerpt: "Statistics induce incommensurate apprehension in most medical graduates. Graphical representations can complement algebraic and verbal explanations. For some learners, this is the ideal method. They have been used effectively on on {VTS} and M.Sc. modules."},
	author = {Hopayian, Kevork},
	urldate = {2012-10-17}
}

@online{noauthor_learn_nodate,
	title = {Learn to Read a Scientific Report {\textbar} Wired Science {\textbar} Wired.com},
	url = {http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/10/mf-learn-to-read-a-scientific-report/},
	abstract = {Illustration: Mattias Adolfsson Don't trust us. Which is to say, the press isn't always the most reliable transmitter of information about well-being.},
	titleaddon = {Wired Science},
	urldate = {2012-10-11}
}

@video{bbc_maximise_2012,
	title = {Maximise your chances of living to 100 - Tails You Win: The Science of Chance - {BBC} Four},
	url = {http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vApS8EkopTI&feature=youtube_gdata_player},
	shorttitle = {Maximise your chances of living to 100 - Tails You Win},
	abstract = {http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00yh2rc Life expectancy explained as never before with Chance master David Spiegelhalter.},
	editora = {{BBC}},
	editoratype = {collaborator},
	urldate = {2012-10-11},
	date = {2012-10-08}
}

@online{noauthor_diss_nodate,
	title = {Diss Information: Is There a Way to Stop Popular Falsehoods from Morphing into "Facts"?: Scientific American},
	url = {http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-to-stop-misinformation-from-becoming-popular-belief&WT.mc_id=SA_WR_20121010},
	shorttitle = {Diss Information},
	abstract = {False information is pervasive and difficult to eradicate, but scientists are developing new strategies such as "de-biasing," a method that focuses on facts, to help spread the truth},
	urldate = {2012-10-11},
	keywords = {Obama, Politics, birth certificate, birther, climate change hoax, misinformation}
}

@online{noauthor_doctor_nodate,
	title = {Doctor Skeptic: The Uncertainty Principle: from Heisenberg to Hawthorne},
	url = {http://doctorskeptic.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-uncertainty-principle-from.html},
	urldate = {2012-10-11}
}

@video{noauthor_ben_nodate,
	title = {Ben Goldacre: What doctors don't know about the drugs they prescribe {\textbar} Video on {TED}.com},
	url = {http://www.ted.com/talks/ben_goldacre_what_doctors_don_t_know_about_the_drugs_they_prescribe.html},
	shorttitle = {Ben Goldacre},
	abstract = {{TED} Talks When a new drug gets tested, the results of the trials should be published for the rest of the medical world -- except much of the time, negative or inconclusive findings go unreported, leaving doctors and researchers in the dark. In this impassioned talk, Ben Goldacre explains why these unreported instances of negative data are especially misleading and dangerous.},
	urldate = {2012-09-28},
	keywords = {Cancer, Medicine, Science, {TED}, Talks}
}

@video{noauthor_ben_nodate-1,
	title = {Ben Goldacre: Battling bad science {\textbar} Video on {TED}.com},
	url = {http://www.ted.com/talks/ben_goldacre_battling_bad_science.html?quote=1095},
	shorttitle = {Ben Goldacre},
	abstract = {“The placebo effect is one of the most fascinating things in the whole of medicine. It’s not just about taking a pill, and your performance and your pain getting better. It’s about our beliefs and expectations. It’s about the cultural meaning of a treatment.” — Ben Goldacre},
	urldate = {2012-10-09},
	keywords = {Medicine, Science, {TED}, Talks, data, health care, illness, illusion}
}

@online{goldacre_ben_nodate,
	title = {Ben Goldacre: What doctors don't know about the drugs they prescribe {\textbar} Video on {TED}.com},
	url = {http://www.ted.com/talks/ben_goldacre_what_doctors_don_t_know_about_the_drugs_they_prescribe.html},
	abstract = {Description at ted.com: "When a new drug gets tested, the results of the trials should be published for the rest of the medical world -- except much of the time, negative or inconclusive findings go unreported, leaving doctors and researchers in the dark. In this impassioned talk, Ben Goldacre explains why these unreported instances of negative data are especially misleading and dangerous. Ben Goldacre unpicks dodgy scientific claims made by scaremongering journalists, dubious government reports, pharmaceutical corporations, {PR} companies and quacks."},
	author = {Goldacre, Ben},
	urldate = {2012-10-09}
}

@article{petursson_is_2012,
	title = {Is the use of cholesterol in mortality risk algorithms in clinical guidelines valid? Ten years prospective data from the Norwegian {HUNT} 2 study},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {13561294},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01767.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01767.x},
	shorttitle = {Is the use of cholesterol in mortality risk algorithms in clinical guidelines valid?},
	pages = {159--168},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice},
	author = {Petursson, Halfdan and Sigurdsson, Johann A. and Bengtsson, Calle and Nilsen, Tom I. L. and Getz, Linn},
	urldate = {2012-10-09},
	date = {2012-02}
}

@article{micha_saturated_2010,
	title = {Saturated Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes: a Fresh Look at the Evidence},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0024-4201, 1558-9307},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11745-010-3393-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s11745-010-3393-4},
	shorttitle = {Saturated Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes},
	pages = {893--905},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Lipids},
	author = {Micha, Renata and Mozaffarian, Dariush},
	urldate = {2012-10-09},
	date = {2010-03-31}
}

@article{gao_effect_2012,
	title = {The effect of changes in intraocular pressure on the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with ocular hypertension: an application of latent class analysis},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1471-2288},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/151/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-151},
	shorttitle = {The effect of changes in intraocular pressure on the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with ocular hypertension},
	abstract = {Primary open-angle glaucoma ({POAG}) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the United States and worldwide. While lowering intraocular pressure ({IOP}) has been proven to be effective in delaying or preventing the onset of {POAG} in many large-scale prospective studies, one of the recent hot topics in glaucoma research is the effect of {IOP} fluctuation ({IOP} lability) on the risk of developing {POAG} in treated and untreated subjects.},
	pages = {151},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{BMC} Medical Research Methodology},
	author = {Gao, Feng and Miller, J. Philip and Miglior, Stefano and Beiser, Julia A. and Torri, Valter and Kass, Michael A. and Gordon, Mae O.},
	urldate = {2012-10-08},
	date = {2012-10-04},
	langid = {english}
}

@online{noauthor_should_nodate,
	title = {Should {PowerPoint} be banned? {\textbar} Academic workflows on Mac},
	url = {http://blog.macademic.org/2011/09/02/should-powerpoint-be-banned/},
	urldate = {2012-10-08}
}

@online{noauthor_succeed_nodate-1,
	title = {To Succeed with Big Data, Start Small - Bill Franks - Harvard Business Review},
	url = {http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/10/to_succeed_with_big_data_start.html},
	urldate = {2012-10-05}
}

repository: pmean/build-website

repo_name: pmean/build-website

extension: bib


text:
namespace QOAM.Website
{
    using System.Data.Entity;

    using QOAM.Core.Repositories;

    public static class DatabaseConfig
    {
        public static void Configure()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer<ApplicationDbContext>(null);
        }
    }
}

license: MIT

repository: QOAM/qoam

license_type: permissive

repo_name: QOAM/qoam

branch_name: refs/heads/master

gha_license_id: MIT

gha_language: JavaScript

extension: cs


text:
package aws

import (
	"context"
	"log"

	"github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/terraformer/terraform_utils"
	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/appsync"
)

type AppSyncGenerator struct {
	AWSService
}

func (g *AppSyncGenerator) InitResources() error {
	config, e := g.generateConfig()
	if e != nil {
		return e
	}

	svc := appsync.New(config)

	// TODO:
	// * Service does not provides a `NewXXXXXXXXXXXPaginator` like other services' "NewListClustersPaginator" right now
	apis, err := svc.ListGraphqlApisRequest(&appsync.ListGraphqlApisInput{}).Send(context.Background())
	if err != nil {
		log.Println(err)
		return err
	}

	var resources []terraform_utils.Resource
	for _, api := range apis.GraphqlApis {
		var id = *api.ApiId
		var name = *api.Name
		resources = append(resources, terraform_utils.NewSimpleResource(
			id,
			name,
			"aws_appsync_graphql_api",
			"aws",
			[]string{}))
	}

	g.Resources = resources
	return nil
}

repository: hayorov/terraformer

repo_name: hayorov/terraformer

extension: go