text:
sterdam}},
  abstract = {Costs of operation \& maintenance, assembly, transport and installation of offshore wind turbines contribute significantly to the total cost of offshore wind farm. These operations are mostly carried out by specific ships that have to be hired for the operational phase and for duration of installation process, respectively. Duration, and therefore ship hiring costs is, among others, driven by waiting time for weather windows for weather-sensitive operations. Today, state of the art decision making criteria for weather-sensitive operations are restrictions to the significant wave height and the average wind velocity at reference height. However, actual limitations are physical, related to response of equipment used e.g. crane wire tension, rotor assembly motions while lifting, etc. Transition from weather condition limits to limits on physical equipment response in decision making would improve weather window predictions, potentially reducing cost of offshore wind energy. This paper presents a novel approach to weather window estimation using ensemble weather forecasts and statistical analysis of simulated installation equipment response. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  annotation = {WOS:000387586600021},
  keywords = {decision support,installation,marine operations,offshore,probability,risk,weather window,wind turbine},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{glisicSensitivityAnalysisMaterial2017,
  title = {Sensitivity {{Analysis}} of {{Material}} and {{Load Parameters}} to {{Fatigue Stresses}} of an {{Offshore Wind Turbine Monopile Substructure}}},
  booktitle = {X {{International Conference}} on {{Structural Dynamics}} (Eurodyn 2017)},
  author = {Glisic, Ana and Schaumann, Peter and Broggi, Matteo and Beer, Michael},
  editor = {Vestroni, F. and Romeo, F. and Gattulli, V.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {199},
  pages = {1228--1233},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  abstract = {Steel monopiles are support structures mostly applied for offshore wind turbines. Their installation is straightforward, in particular, in shallow and medium waters. While the wind turbine tower is primarily affected by wind, the wave loads are dominant for the monopile, as it is submerged to a large extent. This study deals with the influence of uncertainties in material and load parameters on the behaviour of those structures. It is investigated how the scattering of material properties (namely Young's modulus of elasticity) affect the structural response. In addition, loads with different characteristics are applied, and it is examined how the changes in loads influence the structural response. The analysed output data of interest are the extreme stresses leading to accumulation of fatigue damage. In order for a realistic modelling, wave loads are considered with irregular sea states with different wave characteristics (significant wave heights and wave peak periods). The final aim of the analysis is to classify the effects of specific wave characteristics on the stresses by means of a sensitivity analysis. The analysis shows that variations in the wave peak period have the strongest influence on stress outputs. This effect results from the strong sensitivity of the structural dynamical response to decrease of the difference between the values of the wave peak frequency and the natural frequencies of the structure. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  annotation = {WOS:000422868901063},
  keywords = {Monopile substructure,Offshore wind energy,Sensitivity analysis,Uncertainties,Wave load},
  language = {English}
}

@article{goncalvesTwodegreeoffreedomVortexinducedVibration2013,
  title = {Two-Degree-of-Freedom Vortex-Induced Vibration of Circular Cylinders with Very Low Aspect Ratio and Small Mass Ratio},
  author = {Goncalves, R. T. and Rosetti, G. F. and Franzini, G. R. and Meneghini, J. R. and Fujarra, A. L. C.},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  volume = {39},
  pages = {237--257},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstruct.2013.02.004},
  abstract = {The investigation of vortex-induced vibration on very short cylinders with two degrees of freedom has drawn the attention of a large number of researchers. Some investigations on such a problem are carried out in order to have a better understanding of the physics involved in vortex-induced motions of floating bodies such as offshore platforms. In this paper, experiments were carried out in a recirculating water channel over the range of Reynolds number 6000 {$<$} Re {$<$}70 000. Measured response amplitudes and frequencies of cylinders with two degrees of freedom, three different small mass ratios (m*= 1.00; 2.62 and 4.36) and very low aspect ratios (0.3 {$<$}= L/D {$<$}= 2.0) were shown and the results were discussed in depth. Conversely to what would be expected for cylinders with very low aspect ratio, the results showed large motions in the transverse direction with maximum amplitudes around 1.5 diameters for cylinders with L/D= 2.0, despite being smaller when the aspect ratio is reduced. Moreover, the response amplitudes presented high values around 0.4 diameters in the in-line direction. In fact, the large transverse motions were related to a strong coupling with the in-line responses, visibly identified in the plots of nondimensional frequency, as well as by the trajectories in the XY-plane, Lissajous figures, particularly in the case of m*=1.00 and L/D = 2.0, when 8-shape trajectories were clearly observed. The case of m*= 1.00 deserves more attention because of its smaller amplitude compared to the cases with the same aspect ratio and a larger mass ratio. This counter-intuitive behavior seems to be related to the energy transferring process from the steady stream to the oscillatory hydroelastic system. Finally, it is noteworthy that the characteristic of the "Strouhal-like" number decreases when the aspect ratio decreases, as also observed in previous works available in the literature, most of them for stationary cylinders. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  annotation = {WOS:000319172000015},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {boundary-layer,Circular cylinders,cross-flow,flat-plate,fluctuating   loads,frequency,oscillation,Small mass ratio,supercritical reynolds-numbers,surface,turbulence uniform-flow,Two   degrees of freedom,Very low aspect ratio,Vortex-induced vibration,wake},
  language = {English}
}

@article{goncalvesTwodegreeoffreedomVortexinducedVibration2013a,
  title = {Two-Degree-of-Freedom Vortex-Induced Vibration of Circular Cylinders with Very Low Aspect Ratio and Small Mass Ratio},
  author = {Gon{\c c}alves, R. T. and Rosetti, G. F. and Franzini, G. R. and Meneghini, J. R. and Fujarra, A. L. C.},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  volume = {39},
  pages = {237--257},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.02.004},
  abstract = {The investigation of vortex-induced vibration on very short cylinders with two degrees of freedom has drawn the attention of a large number of researchers. Some investigations on such a problem are carried out in order to have a better understanding of the physics involved in vortex-induced motions of floating bodies such as offshore platforms. In this paper, experiments were carried out in a recirculating water channel over the range of Reynolds number 6000},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FPWV22YI/goncalves_et_al_2013_two-degree-of-freedom_vortex-induced_vibration_of_circular_cylinders_with_very.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/FEQ23Y2C/S0889974613000352.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Circular cylinders,Small mass ratio,Two degrees of freedom,Very low aspect ratio,Vortex-induced vibration},
  language = {en}
}

@article{gopalklrishnanVortexInducedForcesOscillating,
  title = {Vortex-{{Induced Forces}} on {{Oscillating Bluff Cylinders}}},
  author = {Gopalklrishnan, Ramnarayan and Baggeroer, B},
  pages = {252},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/9KPEXC2F/gopalklrishnan_baggeroer_vortex-induced_forces_on_oscillating_bluff_cylinders.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{govardhanDefiningModifiedGriffin2006,
  title = {Defining the `Modified {{Griffin}} Plot' in Vortex-Induced Vibration: Revealing the Effect of {{Reynolds}} Number Using Controlled Damping},
  shorttitle = {Defining the `Modified {{Griffin}} Plot' in Vortex-Induced Vibration},
  author = {Govardhan, R. N. and Williamson, C. H. K.},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  volume = {561},
  pages = {147--180},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112006000310},
  abstract = {In the present work, we study the transverse vortex-induced vibrations of an elastically mounted rigid cylinder in a fluid flow. We employ a technique to accurately control the structural damping, enabling the system to take on both negative and positive damping. This permits a systematic study of the effects of system mass and damping on the peak vibration response. Previous experiments over the last 30 years indicate a large scatter in peak-amplitude data (A{${_\ast}$}A\^*) versus the product of mass\textendash damping ({$\alpha\backslash$}alpha), in the so-called `Griffin plot'.A principal result in the present work is the discovery that the data collapse very well if one takes into account the effect of Reynolds number (\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\textbackslash mbox\{\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\}), as an extra parameter in a modified Griffin plot. Peak amplitudes corresponding to zero damping (A{$\alpha$}=0{${_\ast}$}A\^*\_\{\{\textbackslash alpha\}\{=\}0\}), for a compilation of experiments over a wide range of \textbackslash textit\{Re\}=500-33000\textbackslash mbox\{\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\}\textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash,500-33000, are very well represented by the functional form A{$\alpha$}=0{${_\ast}$}=f(\textbackslash textit\{Re\})=log(0.41\textbackslash textit\{Re\}0.36A\^*\_\{\textbackslash alpha\{=\}0\} \textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash, f(\textbackslash mbox\{\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\}) \textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash, \textbackslash log(0.41\textbackslash,\textbackslash mbox\{\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\}\^\{0.36\}). For a given \textbackslash textit\{Re\}\textbackslash mbox\{\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\}, the amplitude A{${_\ast}$}A\^* appears to be proportional to a function of mass\textendash damping, A{${_\ast}\propto$}g({$\alpha$})A\^*\textbackslash propto g(\textbackslash alpha), which is a similar function over all \textbackslash textit\{Re\}\textbackslash mbox\{\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\}. A good best-fit for a wide range of mass\textendash damping and Reynolds number is thus given by the following simple expression, where A{${_\ast}$}=g({$\alpha$})f(\textbackslash textit\{Re\})A\^*\textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash, g(\textbackslash alpha)\textbackslash,f(\textbackslash mbox\{\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\}): A{${_\ast}$}=(1-1.12{$\alpha$}+0.30{$\alpha$}2)log(0.41\textbackslash textit\{Re\}0.36). A\^* \textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash,(1 - 1.12\textbackslash,\textbackslash alpha + 0.30\textbackslash,\textbackslash alpha\^2)\textbackslash,\textbackslash log (0.41\textbackslash,\textbackslash mbox\{\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\}\^\{0.36\}).  In essence, by using a renormalized parameter, which we define as the `modified amplitude', AM{${_\ast}$}=A{${_\ast}$}/A{$\alpha$}=0{${_\ast}$}A\^*\_M\textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash,A\^*/A\^*\_\{\textbackslash alpha\{=\}0\}, the previously scattered data collapse very well onto a single curve, g({$\alpha$})g(\textbackslash alpha), on what we refer to as the `modified Griffin plot'. There has also been much debate over the last three decades concerning the validity of using the product of mass and damping (such as {$\alpha\backslash$}alpha) in these problems. Our results indicate that the combined mass\textendash damping parameter ({$\alpha\backslash$}alpha) does indeed collapse peak-amplitude data well, at a given \textbackslash textit\{Re\}\textbackslash mbox\{\textbackslash textit\{Re\}\}, independent of the precise mass and damping values, for mass ratios down to m{${_\ast}$}=1m\^*\textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash,1.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/WVKAHP5G/C433970B58BB5B1C0358253E74825D65.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{govardhanModesVortexFormation2000,
  title = {Modes of Vortex Formation and Frequency Response of a Freely Vibrating Cylinder},
  author = {Govardhan, R. and Williamson, C. H. K.},
  year = {2000},
  month = oct,
  volume = {420},
  pages = {85--130},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112000001233},
  abstract = {In this paper, we study the transverse vortex-induced vibrations of an elastically mounted rigid cylinder in a fluid flow. We use simultaneous force, displacement and vorticity measurements (using DPIV) for the first time in free vibrations. There exist two distinct types of response in such systems, depending on whether one has a high or low combined mass\textendash damping parameter (m*{$\zeta$}). In the classical high-(m*{$\zeta$}) case, an `initial' and `lower' amplitude branch are separated by a discontinuous mode transition, whereas in the case of low (m*{$\zeta$}), a further higher-amplitude `upper' branch of response appears, and there exist two mode transitions.To understand the existence of more than one mode transition for low (m*{$\zeta$}), we employ two distinct formulations of the equation of motion, one of which uses the `total force', while the other uses the `vortex force', which is related only to the dynamics of vorticity. The first mode transition involves a jump in `vortex phase' (between vortex force and displacement), {$\phi$}vortex, at which point the frequency of oscillation (f) passes through the natural frequency of the system in the fluid, f {$\sim$} fNwater. This transition is associated with a jump between 2S [harr ] 2P vortex wake modes, and a corresponding switch in vortex shedding timing. Across the second mode transition, there is a jump in `total phase', phis;total , at which point f {$\sim$} fNvacuum. In this case, there is no jump in {$\phi$}vortex, since both branches are associated with the 2P mode, and there is therefore no switch in timing of shedding, contrary to previous assumptions. Interestingly, for the high-(m*{$\zeta$}) case, the vibration frequency jumps across both fNwater and fNvacuum, corresponding to the simultaneous jumps in {$\phi$}vortex and {$\phi$}total. This causes a switch in the timing of shedding, coincident with the `total phase' jump, in agreement with previous assumptions.For large mass ratios, m* = O(100), the vibration frequency for synchronization lies close to the natural frequency (f* = f/fN {$\approx$} 1.0), but as mass is reduced to m* = O(1), f* can reach remarkably large values. We deduce an expression for the frequency of the lower-branch vibration, as follows:formula herewhich agrees very well with a wide set of experimental data. This frequency equation uncovers the existence of a critical mass ratio, where the frequency f* becomes large: m*crit = 0.54. When m* {$<$} m*crit, the lower branch can never be reached and it ceases to exist. The upper-branch large-amplitude vibrations persist for all velocities, no matter how high, and the frequency increases indefinitely with flow velocity. Experiments at m* {$<$} m*crit show that the upper-branch vibrations continue to the limits (in flow speed) of our facility.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/JNPMJLSD/3DDCA0D1636E4B97785C53E2145C0246.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{GrafikEinsparungCO2,
  title = {Grafik\_{{Einsparung CO2}} Durch {{Erneuerbare}}\_0.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1394~\texttimes ~1518 Pixels) \textendash{} {{Scaled}} (87\%)},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/Grafik\_Einsparung\%20CO2\%20durch\%20Erneuerbare\_0.jpg}
}

@misc{GrafikJobzahlenEntwicklung,
  title = {Grafik\_{{Jobzahlen Entwicklung}} in Der {{Branche}}\_0.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1393~\texttimes ~1486 Pixels) \textendash{} {{Scaled}} (89\%)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4LESLVYP/Grafik_Jobzahlen Entwicklung in der Branche_0.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/Grafik\_Jobzahlen\%20Entwicklung\%20in\%20der\%20Branche\_0.jpg}
}

@misc{GrafikLeistungsentwicklungParks,
  title = {Grafik\_{{Leistungsentwicklung}} Der {{Parks}}\_0.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1110~\texttimes ~741 Pixels)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/N99FBDUN/Grafik_Leistungsentwicklung der Parks_0.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/Grafik\_Leistungsentwicklung\%20der\%20Parks\_0.jpg}
}

@misc{GrafikLeistungTurbinen,
  title = {Grafik\_{{Leistung}} Der {{Turbinen}} Im {{Zeitvergleich}}\_0.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1181~\texttimes ~828 Pixels)},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/Grafik\_Leistung\%20der\%20Turbinen\%20im\%20Zeitvergleich\_0.jpg}
}

@misc{GrafikStromverbrauchCO2,
  title = {Grafik\_{{Stromverbrauch}} \& {{CO2 Reduktion}}\_0.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1110~\texttimes ~714 Pixels)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/H3JFYR6T/Grafik_Stromverbrauch & CO2 Reduktion_0.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/Grafik\_Stromverbrauch\%20\%26\%20CO2\%20Reduktion\_0.jpg}
}

@misc{GrafikStromverbrauchStadte,
  title = {Grafik\_{{Stromverbrauch St\"adte}} \& {{Produktion Offshore}}\_0.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1110~\texttimes ~649 Pixels)},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/Grafik\_Stromverbrauch\%20St\%C3\%A4dte\%20\%26\%20Produktion\%20Offshore\_0.jpg}
}

@article{graichenTECHNISCHERSTEUERUNGSKREISAgora,
  title = {{TECHNISCHER STEUERUNGSKREIS Agora Energiewende}},
  author = {Graichen, Dr Patrick and Deutsch, Dr Matthias and Langenheld, Alexandra and Peter, Frank and Hauser, Philipp D and Hein, Fabian and Kleiner, Mara Marthe and Podewils, Christoph and Witecka, Wido K},
  pages = {34},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/BMFWADZK/Graichen et al. - TECHNISCHER STEUERUNGSKREIS Agora Energiewende.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@article{grosenbaughDragForcesFlowInduced1991,
  title = {Drag {{Forces}} and {{Flow}}-{{Induced Vibrations}} of a {{Long Vertical Tow Cable}}\textemdash{{Part II}}: {{Unsteady Towing Conditions}}},
  shorttitle = {Drag {{Forces}} and {{Flow}}-{{Induced Vibrations}} of a {{Long Vertical Tow Cable}}\textemdash{{Part II}}},
  author = {Grosenbaugh, M. A. and Yoerger, D. R. and Hover, F. S. and Triantafyllou, M. S.},
  year = {1991},
  month = aug,
  volume = {113},
  pages = {199--204},
  issn = {0892-7219},
  doi = {10.1115/1.2919920},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XRFBLBMI/431715.html},
  journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{guachamin-aceroNumericalStudyConcept2020,
  title = {Numerical Study of a Concept for Major Repair and Replacement of Offshore Wind Turbine Blades},
  author = {{Guachamin-Acero}, Wilson and Jiang, Zhiyu and Li, Lin},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {1673--1692},
  issn = {1099-1824},
  doi = {10.1002/we.2509},
  abstract = {Repair and replacement of offshore wind turbine blades are necessary for current and future offshore wind turbines. To date, repair activities are often conducted using huge jack-up crane vessels and by applying a reverse installation procedure. Because of the high costs associated with installation and removal of offshore wind turbine components and the low profit margin of the offshore wind industry, alternative methods for installation and removal are needed. This paper introduces a novel concept for replacement or installation of offshore wind turbine blades. The concept involves a medium-sized jack-up crane vessel and a tower climbing mechanism. This mechanism provides a stable platform for clamping, lowering, and lifting of a blade. A case study of a 5-MW offshore wind turbine is shown, where common engineering practices were applied and numerical simulations of the marine operations were carried out using finite element and multibody simulation tools. Operational limits for wave and wind actions were established to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the proposed concept.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/we.2509},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2020 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7RBYAV5L/guachamin-acero_et_al_2020_numerical_study_of_a_concept_for_major_repair_and_replacement_of_offshore_wind.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/44SZ8SGW/we.html},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {blade replacement,numerical simulation,offshore wind turbine,tower climbing mechanism,wind and waves},
  language = {en},
  number = {8}
}

@inproceedings{guachamin-aceroSteadyStateMotion2015,
  title = {Steady {{State Motion Analysis}} of an {{Offshore Wind Turbine Transition Piece During Installation Based}} on {{Outcrossing}} of the {{Motion Limit State}}},
  booktitle = {Volume 3: {{Structures}}, {{Safety}} and {{Reliability}}},
  author = {{Guachamin-Acero}, Wilson and Moan, Torgeir and Gao, Zhen},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  pages = {V003T02A064},
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers}},
  address = {{St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2015-41142},
  abstract = {Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine structural components need to be executed in sea states for which their dynamic responses are expected to remain within a safe domain or perform a limited number of outcrossings from the safe boundary beyond which the responses may lead to unsafe working conditions, large impact loads or even structural failure. A critical installation activity limiting the installation of a Transition Piece T P is often the motion monitoring phase of the mating points until its landing on the foundation. The operational limit is normally given by the horizontal displacement and the safe domain could conveniently be defined by a circle of radius r in the horizontal plane. This paper presents an existing general accurate method and its solution to estimate the outcrossing rate of dynamic responses for a circular safe boundary in short crested seas which is applicable for the motion monitoring phase of offshore wind turbine components prior to mating. The required input is calculated from spectral analysis in the frequency domain and the solution is derived for Gaussian processes. It is found that both 1st and 2nd order responses have to be included and that the Gaussian assumption for the slow drift motions is not valid so that its real PDF is required. Also wave spreading has large influence in the outcrossing rate and should realistically be applied. The suggested approach is in agreement with real offshore practice, and is efficient when compared with time domain simulations. Then, the outcrossing rate method could help on Marine Operations decision making during critical installation activities.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/UDDT6ZIJ/guachamin-acero_et_al_2015_steady_state_motion_analysis_of_an_offshore_wind_turbine_transition_piece.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-7918-5649-9},
  language = {en}
}

@article{guachaminaceroMethodologyAssessmentOperational2016a,
  title = {Methodology for Assessment of the Operational Limits and Operability of Marine Operations},
  author = {Guachamin Acero, Wilson and Li, Lin and Gao, Zhen and Moan, Torgeir},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  volume = {125},
  pages = {308--327},
  issn = {00298018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.08.015},
  abstract = {This paper deals with a general methodology for assessment of the operational limits and the operability of marine operations during the planning phase with emphasis on offshore wind turbine (OWT) installation activities. A systematic approach based on operational procedures and numerical analyses is used to identify critical events and corresponding response parameters. Identifying them is important for taking mitigation actions by modifying the equipment and procedures. In the proposed methodology, the operational limits are established in terms of allowable limits of sea states. In addition, the operational limits of a complete marine operation are determined by taking into account several activities, their durations, continuity, and sequential execution. This methodology is demonstrated in a case study dealing with installation of an offshore wind turbine monopile (MP) and a transition piece (TP). The developed methodology is generic and applicable to any marine operation for which operational limits need to be established and used on-board as a basis for decision-making towards safe execution of operations.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6MVEHAM9/guachamin_acero_et_al_2016_methodology_for_assessment_of_the_operational_limits_and_operability_of_marine.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  language = {en}
}

@article{guachaminaceroNumericalStudyNovel2017,
  title = {Numerical Study of a Novel Procedure for Installing the Tower and {{Rotor Nacelle Assembly}} of Offshore Wind Turbines Based on the Inverted Pendulum Principle},
  author = {Guachamin Acero, Wilson and Gao, Zhen and Moan, Torgeir},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  volume = {16},
  pages = {243--260},
  issn = {1993-5048},
  doi = {10.1007/s11804-017-1418-6},
  abstract = {Current installation costs of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are high and profit margins in the offshore wind energy sector are low, it is thus necessary to develop installation methods that are more efficient and practical. This paper presents a numerical study (based on a global response analysis of marine operations) of a novel procedure for installing the tower and Rotor Nacelle Assemblies (RNAs) on bottom-fixed foundations of OWTs. The installation procedure is based on the inverted pendulum principle. A cargo barge is used to transport the OWT assembly in a horizontal position to the site, and a medium-size Heavy Lift Vessel (HLV) is then employed to lift and up-end the OWT assembly using a special upending frame. The main advantage of this novel procedure is that the need for a huge HLV (in terms of lifting height and capacity) is eliminated. This novel method requires that the cargo barge is in the leeward side of the HLV (which can be positioned with the best heading) during the entire installation. This is to benefit from shielding effects of the HLV on the motions of the cargo barge, so the foundations need to be installed with a specific heading based on wave direction statistics of the site and a typical installation season. Following a systematic approach based on numerical simulations of actual operations, potential critical installation activities, corresponding critical events, and limiting (response) parameters are identified. In addition, operational limits for some of the limiting parameters are established in terms of allowable limits of sea states. Following a preliminary assessment of these operational limits, the duration of the entire operation, the equipment used, and weather- and water depth-sensitivity, this novel procedure is demonstrated to be viable.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/E2L3GYV9/guachamin_acero_et_al_2017_numerical_study_of_a_novel_procedure_for_installing_the_tower_and_rotor_nacelle.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Application},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{HarmonischerOszillator2020,
  title = {{Harmonischer Oszillator}},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  abstract = {Ein harmonischer Oszillator ist ein schwingungsf\"ahiges System, das sich durch eine lineare R\"uckstellgr\"o\ss e auszeichnet. F\"ur ein mechanisches System bedeutet dies, dass es eine Kraft gibt, die einer zunehmenden Auslenkung mit proportional anwachsender St\"arke entgegenwirkt. Nach einem Ansto\ss{} von au\ss en schwingt ein harmonischer Oszillator sinusf\"ormig (= harmonisch) um seine Ruhelage, wobei die Schwingungsdauer unabh\"angig von der Gr\"o\ss e der Auslenkung ist. Beispiele f\"ur harmonische Oszillatoren sind Federpendel, elektrische Schwingkreise und Stimmgabeln. Der harmonische Oszillator ist ein wichtiges Modellsystem der Physik. Er ist durch nur zwei Parameter vollst\"andig beschrieben, die Eigenfrequenz und die D\"ampfung. Viele komplexere Systeme verhalten sich bei kleinen Auslenkungen n\"aherungsweise wie harmonische Oszillatoren, z. B. das Fadenpendel. Der harmonische Oszillator in der Quantenmechanik ist eines der wenigen quantenmechanischen Systeme, das sich ohne N\"aherungen berechnen l\"asst. Die Bezeichnung harmonischer Oszillator wird auch f\"ur ged\"ampfte harmonische Oszillatoren verwendet, auch wenn diese streng genommen keine harmonische Schwingung vollziehen, sondern eine ged\"ampfte Schwingung.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 200277988},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8CPXKRA9/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {de}
}

@article{haselsteinerGlobalModelSignificant,
  title = {A Global Model for Significant Wave Height with Good Model Fit at the Tail},
  author = {Haselsteiner, Andreas F and Thoben, Klaus-Dieter},
  pages = {12},
  abstract = {In the design process of marine structures such as offshore wind turbines the long-term distribution of significant wave height needs to be modelled to estimate loads. This is typically done by fitting a translated Weibull distribution to measured or simulated wave data. However, the translated Weibull distribution often fits well at typical values, but poorly at high wave heights such that extreme loads are underestimated. Here, we analyzed wave datasets from six locations suitable for offshore wind turbines at the US east coast and at the North Sea. We found that the exponentiated Weibull distribution provides better overall fit to these wave data than the translated Weibull distribution. However, when the translated Weibull distribution was fitted using maximum likelihood estimation, model fit at the upper tail is sometimes still poor. Thus, to ensure good model fit at the tail, we estimated the distributions' parameters by prioritizing observations of high wave height using weighted least squares estimation. Then, these distributions fit well at the bulks of the datasets (mean absolute error in the order of 0.1 m) and at the upper tails (mean absolute error in the order of 0.5 m). Based on these results, we propose that \textendash{} if data do not indicate otherwise \textendash{} the exponetiated Weibull distribution should be fitted to wave data instead of the translated Weibull distribution.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RJ8SP38G/haselsteiner_thoben_a_global_model_for_signiﬁcant_wave_height_with_good_model_ﬁt_at_the_tail.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{haselsteinerLongtermExtremeResponse2021,
  title = {Long-Term Extreme Response of an Offshore Turbine: {{How}} Accurate Are Contour-Based Estimates?},
  shorttitle = {Long-Term Extreme Response of an Offshore Turbine},
  author = {Haselsteiner, Andreas and Frieling, Malte and Mackay, Ed and Sander, Aljoscha and Thoben, Klaus-Dieter},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  volume = {Preprint},
  doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.21422.64320},
  abstract = {According to design standards, offshore wind turbines need to withstand environmental loads with a returnperiod of 50 years.  This work compares the extreme response along the 50-year environmental contour withthe true 50-year wind turbine response. It was found that the environmental contour method that is currentlydescribed in the IEC design standard for offshore wind turbines can strongly under-predict the 50-year returnvalue of response variables whose annual maxima typically occur during power production.  The bias in thecontour-based estimate of the 50-year response can be attributed to three sources:  (1) the method used toconstruct the contour; (2) neglecting serial correlation in environmental conditions; and (3) neglecting theshort-term variability in the response.  In our analysis the 50-year maximum mudline overturning momentwas underestimated by 4-8\% by the contour-based approach that is currently recommended, whereas thebending moment at 10 m water depth was underestimated by 25-28\%.  This underestimation was mainlydue to ignoring the short-term variability in the response.  The bias associated with contour construction,an effect much discussed in recent publications, was of much smaller magnitude.  (PDF) Long-term extreme response of an offshore turbine: How accurate are contour-based estimates?. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352716377\_Long-term\_extreme\_response\_of\_an\_offshore\_turbine\_How\_accurate\_are\_contour-based\_estimates [accessed Jun 30 2021].},
  copyright = {CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HTWJZNNG/haselsteiner_et_al_2021_long-term_extreme_response_of_an_offshore_turbine.pdf},
  journal = {enewable Energy}
}

@techreport{haselsteinerSKILLSTeilvorhabenEntwicklung2020,
  title = {{{SKILLS}} - {{Teilvorhaben}}: {{Entwicklung}} Und {{Simulation}} Eines Effizienten {{Feederschiffkonzepts}} F\"ur Die {{Errichtung}} von {{Offshore}}-{{Windenergieanlagen}} : {{Schlussbericht}} Der {{Universit\"at Bremen}} : {{Laufzeit}}: 01.09.2015-31.12.2019},
  shorttitle = {{{SKILLS}} - {{Teilvorhaben}}},
  author = {Haselsteiner, Andreas F. and Oelker, Stephan and Sander, Aljoscha and Ohlendorf, Jan-Hendrik},
  year = {2020},
  address = {{Bremen}},
  institution = {{[Universit\"at Bremen]}},
  doi = {10.2314/KXP:1743250428},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 Internationale Lizenz (CC-BY-SA)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IIHJZ5LK/haselsteiner_et_al_2020_skills_-_teilvorhaben.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/GIQWQMAH/SKILLS-Teilvorhaben-Entwicklung-und-Simulation.html},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{heidenreichSublimeTechnologyObject2015,
  title = {Sublime Technology and Object of Fear: Offshore Wind Scientists Assessing Publics},
  shorttitle = {Sublime Technology and Object of Fear},
  author = {Heidenreich, Sara},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {1047--1062},
  issn = {0308-518X},
  doi = {10.1177/0308518X15592311},
  abstract = {The development of offshore wind energy is often connected to expectations that the public will be positive about or at least indifferent to the technology. Because turbines are placed at sea-out of sight, out of mind-they are expected to avoid the public resistance experienced with respect to onshore installations. This paper examines offshore wind scientists' constructions of the public(s) by identifying narratives in the research communities. It is based on twenty-six semistructured interviews with scientists at two national research centres on offshore wind energy and technology in Norway. It finds that, although the dominant narrative of these scientists conveys a positive public, expectations of public resistance and constructions of public sentiment as NIMBY ('not in my backyard') are present in the research environments. This continued presence of narratives of irrational public resistance in the scientists' imaginings could be understood as an act of othering the public, with the possible implication of a disembedded technology development. The paper concludes by asking whether the persistence of constructions of resistant publics mirrors a pessimistic engineering mindset.},
  annotation = {WOS:000360805500004},
  journal = {Environment and Planning A},
  keywords = {engagement,farms,identity,imagined publics,industry,knowledge,nimby,Norway,offshore wind energy,others,politics,power,resistance,science},
  language = {English},
  number = {5}
}

@article{heinzFluidStructureInteraction2016,
  title = {Fluid\textendash Structure Interaction Computations for Geometrically Resolved Rotor Simulations Using {{CFD}}},
  author = {Heinz, Joachim C. and S{\o}rensen, Niels N. and Zahle, Frederik},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {2205--2221},
  issn = {1099-1824},
  doi = {10.1002/we.1976},
  abstract = {This paper presents a newly developed high-fidelity fluid\textendash structure interaction simulation tool for geometrically resolved rotor simulations of wind turbines. The tool consists of a partitioned coupling between the structural part of the aero-elastic solver HAWC2 and the finite volume computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver EllipSys3D. The paper shows that the implemented loose coupling scheme, despite a non-conservative force transfer, maintains a sufficient numerical stability and a second-order time accuracy. The use of a strong coupling is found to be redundant. In a first test case, the newly developed coupling between HAWC2 and EllipSys3D (HAWC2CFD) is utilized to compute the aero-elastic response of the NREL 5-MW reference wind turbine (RWT) under normal operational conditions. A comparison with the low-fidelity but state-of-the-art aero-elastic solver HAWC2 reveals a very good agreement between the two approaches. In a second test case, the response of the NREL 5-MW RWT is computed during a yawed and thus asymmetric inflow. The continuous good agreement confirms the qualities of HAWC2CFD but also illustrates the strengths of a computationally cheaper blade element momentum theory (BEM) based solver, as long as the solver is applied within the boundaries of the employed engineering models. Two further test cases encompass flow situations, which are expected to exceed the limits of the BEM model. However, the simulation of the NREL 5-MW RWT during an emergency shut down situation still shows good agreements in the predicted structural responses of HAWC2 and HAWC2CFD since the differences in the computed force signals only persist for an insignificantly short time span. The considerable new capabilities of HAWC2CFD are finally demonstrated by simulating vortex-induced vibrations on the DTU 10-MW wind turbine blade in standstill. Copyright \textcopyright{} 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CTTAK98V/heinz_et_al_2016_fluid–structure_interaction_computations_for_geometrically_resolved_rotor.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/HCZ6KIDW/heinz_et_al_2016_fluid–structure_interaction_computations_for_geometrically_resolved_rotor.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/2EQBVQ66/we.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/RW6ZMV6E/we.html},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {_tablet,aeroelasticity,CFD,fluid–structure interaction,FSI,full rotor simulations,HAWC2CFD,loose coupling,standstill vibrations},
  language = {en},
  number = {12}
}

@article{heinzVortexinducedVibrationsModern2016,
  title = {Vortex-Induced Vibrations on a Modern Wind Turbine Blade},
  author = {Heinz, Joachim C. and S{\o}rensen, Niels N. and Zahle, Frederik and Skrzypi{\'n}ski, Witold},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {2041--2051},
  issn = {1099-1824},
  doi = {10.1002/we.1967},
  abstract = {This article investigates the aero-elastic response of the DTU 10-MW RWT blade in deep stall conditions with angles of attack in the vicinity of 90 degrees. The simulations were conducted with the high-fidelity fluid\textendash structure interaction simulation tool HAWC2CFD employing the multi-body-based structural model of HAWC2 and the incompressible computational fluid dynamics solver EllipSys3D. The study utilizes detached eddy simulation computations and considers the three-dimensional blade geometry including blade twist and taper. A preliminary frequency analysis of the load variations on a stiff blade showed that an inclined inflow with a velocity component along the blade axis can trigger a spanwise correlated vortex shedding over large parts of the blade. Moderate wind speeds were sufficient to generate vortex shedding with frequencies close to the first edgewise eigenfrequency of the blade. Aero-elastic computations of the elastic blade confirmed the findings of the frequency analysis. Inflow conditions with inclination angles between {$\Psi$} = 20\textdegree{} and {$\Psi$} = 55\textdegree{} and relatively low to moderate wind speeds between V = 16 and V = 26ms-1 were sufficient to trigger severe edgewise blade vibrations with blade tip amplitudes of several metres. The investigated inflow conditions are considered realistic and might occur when the wind turbine is idling or standing still and the yaw system is unable to align the wind turbine with the incoming wind. Copyright \textcopyright{} 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/5DZ295CQ/heinz_et_al_2016_vortex-induced_vibrations_on_a_modern_wind_turbine_blade.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZHXN3HQX/we.html},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {_tablet,3D,aeroelasticity,CFD,fluid-structure interaction,FSI,standstill vibrations,VIV,vortex-induced vibrations},
  language = {en},
  number = {11}
}

@inproceedings{heNumericalStudyVortex2019,
  title = {Numerical {{Study}} on {{Vortex Induced Motion}} of {{Circular Cylinder With Low Aspect Ratio}} in {{Currents}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2019 38th {{International Conference}} on {{Ocean}}, {{Offshore}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {He, Jiawei and Wan, Decheng},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2019-95525},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SL7S2D6P/1067506.html},
  language = {en}
}

@article{HilbertTransform2021,
  title = {Hilbert Transform},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  abstract = {In mathematics and in signal processing, the Hilbert transform  is a specific linear operator that takes a function, u(t) of a real variable and produces another function of a real variable H(u)(t). This linear operator is given by convolution with the function                         1                    /                  (         {$\pi$}         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle 1/(\textbackslash pi t)\}   :                        H         (         u         )         (         t         )         =                                 1             {$\pi$}                                        {$\int$}                        -             {$\infty$}                                   {$\infty$}                                                                    u               (               {$\tau$}               )                                         t               -               {$\tau$}                                                   d         {$\tau$}         ,                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle H(u)(t)=\{\textbackslash frac \{1\}\{\textbackslash pi \}\}\textbackslash int \_\{-\textbackslash infty \}\^\{\textbackslash infty \}\{\textbackslash frac \{u(\textbackslash tau )\}\{t-\textbackslash tau \}\}\textbackslash,d\textbackslash tau ,\}   the improper integral being understood in the principal value sense. The Hilbert transform has a particularly simple representation in the frequency domain: It imparts a phase shift of -90\textdegree{} to every Fourier component of a function. For example, the Hilbert transform of                         cos                  (         {$\omega$}         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash cos(\textbackslash omega t)\}   , where {$\omega$} {$>$} 0, is                         cos                  (         {$\omega$}         t         -         {$\pi$}                    /                  2         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash cos(\textbackslash omega t-\textbackslash pi /2)\}   . The Hilbert transform is important in signal processing, where it derives the analytic representation of a real-valued signal u(t). Specifically, the Hilbert transform of u is its harmonic conjugate v, a function of the real variable t such that the complex-valued function u + i v admits an extension to the complex upper half-plane satisfying the Cauchy\textendash Riemann equations. The Hilbert transform was first introduced by David Hilbert in this setting, to solve a special case of the Riemann\textendash Hilbert problem for analytic functions.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 997850014},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SMCL5JTX/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{HilbertTransform2021a,
  title = {Hilbert Transform},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  abstract = {In mathematics and in signal processing, the Hilbert transform  is a specific linear operator that takes a function, u(t) of a real variable and produces another function of a real variable H(u)(t). This linear operator is given by convolution with the function                         1                    /                  (         {$\pi$}         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle 1/(\textbackslash pi t)\}   :                        H         (         u         )         (         t         )         =                                 1             {$\pi$}                                        {$\int$}                        -             {$\infty$}                                   {$\infty$}                                                                    u               (               {$\tau$}               )                                         t               -               {$\tau$}                                                   d         {$\tau$}         ,                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle H(u)(t)=\{\textbackslash frac \{1\}\{\textbackslash pi \}\}\textbackslash int \_\{-\textbackslash infty \}\^\{\textbackslash infty \}\{\textbackslash frac \{u(\textbackslash tau )\}\{t-\textbackslash tau \}\}\textbackslash,d\textbackslash tau ,\}   the improper integral being understood in the principal value sense. The Hilbert transform has a particularly simple representation in the frequency domain: It imparts a phase shift of -90\textdegree{} to every Fourier component of a function. For example, the Hilbert transform of                         cos                  (         {$\omega$}         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash cos(\textbackslash omega t)\}   , where {$\omega$} {$>$} 0, is                         cos                  (         {$\omega$}         t         -         {$\pi$}                    /                  2         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash cos(\textbackslash omega t-\textbackslash pi /2)\}   . The Hilbert transform is important in signal processing, where it derives the analytic representation of a real-valued signal u(t). Specifically, the Hilbert transform of u is its harmonic conjugate v, a function of the real variable t such that the complex-valued function u + i v admits an extension to the complex upper half-plane satisfying the Cauchy\textendash Riemann equations. The Hilbert transform was first introduced by David Hilbert in this setting, to solve a special case of the Riemann\textendash Hilbert problem for analytic functions.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 997850014},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/U2VTPMWA/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@book{hodgesIntroductionStructuralDynamics2011,
  title = {Introduction to {{Structural Dynamics}} and {{Aeroelasticity}}},
  author = {Hodges, Dewey H. and Pierce, G. Alvin},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511997112},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ED83SF55/hodges_pierce_2011_introduction_to_structural_dynamics_and_aeroelasticity.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-511-99711-2},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{hodgesIntroductionStructuralDynamics2011a,
  title = {Introduction to {{Structural Dynamics}} and {{Aeroelasticity}}},
  author = {Hodges, Dewey H. and Pierce, G. Alvin},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511997112},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/DRADXDSU/hodges_pierce_2011_introduction_to_structural_dynamics_and_aeroelasticity.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-511-99711-2},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{hodgesIntroductionStructuralDynamics2011b,
  title = {Introduction to {{Structural Dynamics}} and {{Aeroelasticity}}},
  author = {Hodges, Dewey H. and Pierce, G. Alvin},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511997112},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IG4ISZTN/Hodges and Pierce - 2011 - Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasti.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-511-99711-2},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{hofferProcessesBuffetingVortex1996a,
  title = {Processes of Buffeting and Vortex Forces in Turbulent Wind},
  author = {H{\"o}ffer, R{\"u}diger},
  year = {1996},
  month = nov,
  volume = {64},
  pages = {203--220},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00003-2},
  abstract = {An aerodynamic admittance model for the simul\textasciitilde!ion of vector processes of buffeting forces on slender, horizonlai and vertical bodies is presented, which is thought to be used for the time domain calculation of flexible structures. The equations for wind buffeting are statistically linearized and m\textasciitilde ke use of spatially averaged turbulence. A numerically generated, continuous field of non-homogeneous turbulence is used as the stochastic input. Typical stochastic properties, such as the turbulence-induced smoothing of mean force coefficients, the non-stationary energy decay of buffeting action in the inertial subrange of turbulence, and the cross-correlations due to the non-homogeneity of the wind, are retained. The action of signature turbulence is limited Io the consideration of regular eddy-shedding, for which the typical broad-banded response of vortex excitation is generated by a pseudo-harmonicai force model with a stochastic frequency-modulation. The force models have mathematically equivalent representations in time and frequency domains. All elements of the force model are verified comparing simulated and measured force responses of slender and line-like bodies.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/R7NS876I/Höffer - 1996 - Processes of buffeting and vortex forces in turbul.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2-3}
}

@book{holthuijsenWavesOceanicCoastal,
  title = {Waves in {{Oceanic}} and {{Coastal Waters}}},
  author = {Holthuijsen, Leo H},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2E9LXE5A/Holthuijsen_Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{holthuijsenWavesOceanicCoastalb,
  title = {Waves in {{Oceanic}} and {{Coastal Waters}}},
  author = {Holthuijsen, Leo H},
  pages = {405},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/F9C9R4BR/Holthuijsen - Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{hoverForcesOscillatingUniform1998,
  title = {Forces on Oscillating Uniform and Tapered Cylinders in Cross Flow},
  author = {Hover, F. S. and Techet, A. H. and Triantafyllou, M. S.},
  year = {1998},
  month = may,
  volume = {363},
  pages = {97--114},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112098001074},
  abstract = {Forces are measured at both ends of rigid cylinders with span 60 cm, performing transverse oscillations within an oncoming stream of water, at Reynolds number Re{$\approx$}3800. Forced harmonic motions and free vibrations of uniform and tapered cylinders are studied. To study free motions, a novel force-feedback control system has been developed, consisting of: (a) a force transducer, which measures forces on a section of a cylinder moving forward at constant speed; (b) a computer using the measured force signal to drive in real time a numerical simulation of an equivalent mass-dashpot-spring system; (c) a servomotor and linear table which impose, also in real time, the numerically calculated motion on the cylinder section. The apparatus allows very low equivalent system damping and strict control of the parametric values and structure of the equivalent system.Calculation of the cross-correlation coefficient between forces at the two ends of the uniform cylinder reveals five distinct regimes as a function of the nominal reduced velocity Vrn: two regimes, for low and high values of Vrn, and far away from the value of VrS corresponding to the Strouhal frequency, show small correlation; two regimes immediately adjacent to, but excluding, VrS show strong correlation, close to 1; surprisingly, there is a regime containing the Strouhal frequency, within which correlation is low. Free vibrations with a 40[ratio ]1 tapered cylinder show that the regime of low correlation, containing the Strouhal frequency, stretches to higher reduced velocities, while lock-in starts at lower reduced velocities.When comparing the amplitude and phase of the lift coefficient measured for free and then for forced vibrations, we obtain close agreement, both for tapered and uniform cylinders. When comparing the cross-correlation coefficient, however, we find that it is much higher in the forced oscillations, especially for the uniform cylinder. Hence, although the force magnitude and phase may be replicated well in forced vibrations, the correlation data suggest that differences exist between free and forced vibration cases.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SG6XYRZ2/hover_et_al_1998_forces_on_oscillating_uniform_and_tapered_cylinders_in_cross_flow.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/PR3U6FP8/71AEAB01790BFCC19F6DF29E81911AC3.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{huangReliabilityEconomyAssessment2019,
  title = {Reliability and Economy Assessment of Offshore Wind Farms},
  author = {Huang, Qihang and Wang, Xiuli and Fan, Jiajie and Zhang, Xiaoliang and Wang, Yifei},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  pages = {1554--1559},
  issn = {2051-3305},
  doi = {10.1049/joe.2018.8472},
  abstract = {Offshore wind power resource, which is relatively stable, abundant, and with modest impact on the environment, is a kind of clean and renewable energy suitable for large-scale development. Offshore wind farms have different topological structures of the collection system, such as AC parallel type, DC parallel type, DC series type, single-ring type, and double-ring type. The purpose of this paper is to analyse reliability and economy for various topologies and provide an insight into wind farm construction. In this study, the topology structure of various offshore wind farms is introduced firstly. Then, the reliability assessment methods are proposed. The reliability of the chain wind farm is analysed with the reliability block diagrams, while the reliability of the ring wind farm is analysed by using the classification method. In addition, the economy is evaluated considering investment costs. The investment cost for each type of component is calculated separately, which contributes to assessing the investment cost of the whole offshore wind farm. Detailed results from a case study, which includes 96 wind turbines, demonstrate that the DC series-parallel wind farm has superiority in reliability and economy, as well as in terms of its potential applications.},
  annotation = {WOS:000469467100174},
  journal = {Journal of Engineering-Joe},
  keywords = {AC parallel type,chain wind farm,collection system,DC parallel type,DC series type,DC series-parallel   wind farm,double-ring type,economy assessment,investment   costs,offshore installations,offshore wind   farms,offshore wind power resource,power   generation reliability,power generation economics,reliability   assessment methods,reliability block diagrams,ring wind farm,single-ring type,topological   structures,wind farm construction,wind power plants,wind turbines},
  language = {English},
  number = {16}
}

@book{huchoAerodynamikStumpfenKoerper2011a,
  title = {{Aerodynamik der stumpfen K\"orper: physikalische Grundlagen und Anwendungen in der Praxis ; mit 56 Tabellen}},
  shorttitle = {{Aerodynamik der stumpfen K\"orper}},
  author = {Hucho, Wolf-Heinrich},
  year = {2011},
  edition = {2., vollst. \"uberarb. und erw. Aufl},
  publisher = {{Vieweg + Teubner}},
  address = {{Wiesbaden}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 724953519},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7JXTIF6D/Hucho - 2011 - Aerodynamik der stumpfen Körper physikalische Gru.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-8348-1462-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de},
  series = {{Str\"omungsmechanik}}
}

@book{huchoAerodynamikStumpfenKorper2011,
  title = {{Aerodynamik der stumpfen K\"orper: physikalische Grundlagen und Anwendungen in der Praxis ; mit 56 Tabellen}},
  shorttitle = {{Aerodynamik der stumpfen K\"orper}},
  author = {Hucho, Wolf-Heinrich},
  year = {2011},
  edition = {2., vollst. \"uberarb. und erw. Aufl},
  publisher = {{Vieweg + Teubner}},
  address = {{Wiesbaden}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 724953519},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/WVSW43ZZ/2011_Hucho_Aerodynamik der stumpfen Körper.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-8348-1462-3},
  keywords = {_tablet,Aeroakustik,Aerodynamik,Dynamische Beanspruchung,Fahrtrichtungshaltung,Gebäude,Grenzschichtablösung,Kraftfahrzeug,Lehrbuch,Messtechnik,Paperback / softback,Scherschicht,Totwasser},
  language = {ger},
  series = {{Str\"omungsmechanik}}
}

@article{huDynamicAnalysisOffshore2020,
  title = {Dynamic Analysis of Offshore Steel Wind Turbine Towers Subjected to Wind, Wave and Current Loading during Construction},
  author = {Hu, Yu and Yang, Jian and Baniotopoulos, Charalampos and Wang, Xinger and Deng, Xiaowei},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  volume = {216},
  pages = {108084},
  issn = {00298018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108084},
  abstract = {In the present paper the dynamic response of tall offshore monopile steel wind turbine towers under wind, wave and current during the erection stage is studied. In particular, in the present paper the effect of current-wavewind interaction as dynamic loading on the dynamic response of offshore wind turbine towers is for first time studied experimentally. Various loading states involving wind-wave, wind-current, wave-current, wind-wavecurrent to measure the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the tower model at three points on the tower wall respectively. A statistical analysis of the dynamic displacements of the model is conducted to study the effect of various loading states on the respective dynamic response. As outcome of the present study it was confirmed that the current field strongly affects the dynamic response of offshore monopoles and in particular, more significantly than the wave field. In the final part, an advanced finite element model is proposed for the efficient study of the structural response of the tower model during erection under current, wave and wind interaction.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RHCVBM2W/hu_et_al_2020_dynamic_analysis_of_offshore_steel_wind_turbine_towers_subjected_to_wind,_wave.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  language = {en}
}

@article{huera-huarteWakeStructuresVortexinduced2009,
  title = {Wake Structures and Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a Long Flexible Cylinder\textemdash{{Part}} 2: {{Drag}} Coefficients and Vortex Modes},
  shorttitle = {Wake Structures and Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a Long Flexible Cylinder\textemdash{{Part}} 2},
  author = {{Huera-Huarte}, F. J. and Bearman, P. W.},
  year = {2009},
  month = aug,
  volume = {25},
  pages = {991--1006},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2009.03.006},
  abstract = {Drag coefficients and vortex structures in the wake of a vertical long flexible cylinder vibrating at low mode numbers are presented in this paper. A model with an external diameter of 16mm and a total length of 1.5m giving an aspect ratio of about 94 was used to perform more than 100 runs in which Reynolds numbers ranged between 1200 and 12000. Only the lower 40\% of its length was exposed to the water current in the flume and applied top tensions varied from 15 to 110N giving fundamental natural frequencies in the range from 3 to 7.1Hz. Reduced velocities based on the fundamental natural frequency up to 16 were reached. The mass ratio was 1.8 and the combined mass-damping parameter about 0.05. The largest drag coefficients were found related to the largest x\textendash y synchronised motions. Digital particle image velocimetry was used to investigate the vortex structures in the wake of the cylinder model. Two modes of vortex shedding were observed, depending on the response branch and the position along the length of the model at which the interrogations were performed.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FTXEZG7U/huera-huarte_bearman_2009_wake_structures_and_vortex-induced_vibrations_of_a_long_flexible_cylinder—part_2.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/4EYXYUFH/S0889974609000462.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Drag coefficients,High aspect ratio circular cylinders,Vortex modes,Vortex-induced vibration,Wake structures},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@article{huera-huarteWakeStructuresVortexinduced2009a,
  title = {Wake Structures and Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a Long Flexible Cylinder\textemdash{{Part}} 1: {{Dynamic}} Response},
  shorttitle = {Wake Structures and Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a Long Flexible Cylinder\textemdash{{Part}} 1},
  author = {{Huera-Huarte}, F. J. and Bearman, P. W.},
  year = {2009},
  month = aug,
  volume = {25},
  pages = {969--990},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2009.03.007},
  abstract = {Results showing the dynamic response of a vertical long flexible cylinder vibrating at low mode numbers are presented in this paper. The model had an external diameter of 16mm and a total length of 1.5m giving an aspect ratio of about 94, with Reynolds numbers between 1200 and 12000. Only the lower 40\% of its length was exposed to the water current in the flume and applied top tensions varied from 15 to 110N giving fundamental natural frequencies in the range from 3.0 to 7.1Hz. Reduced velocities based on the fundamental natural frequency up to 16 were reached. The mass ratio was 1.8 and the combined mass\textendash damping parameter about 0.05. Cross-flow and in-line amplitudes, x\textendash y trajectories and phase synchronisation, dominant frequencies and modal amplitudes are reported. Cross-flow amplitudes up to 0.7 diameters and in-line amplitudes over 0.2 were observed with dominant frequencies given by a Strouhal number of 0.16.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8WSPVMLI/huera-huarte_bearman_2009_wake_structures_and_vortex-induced_vibrations_of_a_long_flexible_cylinder—part_1.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/FUCFNWYL/S0889974609000449.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Dynamic response,Long flexible circular cylinders,Phase synchronisation,Vortex-induced vibration},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@article{huerreLocalGlobalInstabilities1990,
  title = {Local and {{Global Instabilities}} in {{Spatially Developing Flows}}},
  author = {Huerre, P and Monkewitz, P A},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {473--537},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.002353},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/LF9MYQTU/huerre_monkewitz_1990_local_and_global_instabilities_in_spatially_developing_flows.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {1}
}

@article{humphriesVortexExcitedResponseLargeScale1988,
  title = {Vortex-{{Excited Response}} of {{Large}}-{{Scale Cylinders}} in {{Sheared Flow}}},
  author = {Humphries, J. A. and Walker, D. H.},
  year = {1988},
  month = aug,
  volume = {110},
  pages = {272--277},
  issn = {0892-7219},
  doi = {10.1115/1.3257061},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6CBKW5RQ/432042.html},
  journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{hunterMatplotlib2DGraphics2007,
  title = {Matplotlib: {{A 2D Graphics Environment}}},
  shorttitle = {Matplotlib},
  author = {Hunter, John D.},
  year = {2007},
  month = may,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {90--95},
  issn = {1558-366X},
  doi = {10.1109/MCSE.2007.55},
  abstract = {Matplotlib is a 2D graphics package used for Python for application development, interactive scripting,and publication-quality image generation across user interfaces and operating systems},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4KYN9TUY/4160265.html},
  journal = {Computing in Science Engineering},
  keywords = {2D graphics package,application development,computer graphics,Computer languages,Equations,Graphical user interfaces,Graphics,Image generation,interactive scripting,Interpolation,mathematics computing,Matplotlib,object-oriented programming,operating system,Operating systems,Packaging,Programming profession,publication-quality image generation,Python,scientific programming,scripting languages,software packages,user interface,User interfaces},
  number = {3}
}

@inproceedings{huseMooringLineDamping1989,
  title = {Mooring {{Line Damping Due}} to {{First}}- and {{Second}}-{{Order Vessel Motion}}},
  booktitle = {Offshore {{Technology Conference}}},
  author = {Huse, E. and Matsumoto, K.},
  year = {1989},
  month = jan,
  publisher = {{Offshore Technology Conference}},
  doi = {10.4043/6137-MS},
  abstract = {SUMMARY In some recent OTC papers (Refs. 1 and 2) the importance of a catenary mooring system in producing surge damping of the moored vessel has been demonstrated. The present paper aims at clarifying the effect of superposed wave frequency line mo},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RVSSM3U8/OTC-6137-MS.html},
  isbn = {978-1-61399-083-4},
  language = {english}
}

@misc{IBBuzzardJpg,
  title = {6\_{{M}}\_{{IB}}\_{{Buzzard}}\_8.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 3306~\texttimes ~2200 Pixels) \textendash{} {{Scaled}} (60\%)},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/6\_M\_IB\_Buzzard\_8.jpg}
}

@misc{IBBuzzardJpga,
  title = {6\_{{M}}\_{{IB}}\_{{Buzzard}}\_8.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 3306~\texttimes ~2200 Pixels) \textendash{} {{Scaled}} (38\%)},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/6\_M\_IB\_Buzzard\_8.jpg}
}

@misc{iecIEC614001Wind2019,
  title = {{{IEC}} 61400-1 {{Wind Energy Generation Systems}} - {{Part}} 1: {{Design}} Requirements},
  author = {IEC},
  year = {2019},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MHBS525V/E037641322.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {English}
}

@misc{iecIEC6140031Wind2019,
  title = {{{IEC}} 61400-3-1 {{Wind Energy Generation Systems Part}} 3-1: {{Design Requirements}} for {{Fixed Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {IEC},
  year = {2019},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HPJRBA7B/E037641334.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@misc{iecIEC6140032Wind2019,
  title = {{{IEC}} 61400-3-2 {{Wind Energy Generation Systems Part}} 3-2: {{Design Requirements}} for {{Floating Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {IEC},
  year = {2019},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VUUIZW9C/E037641340.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{igarashiCharacteristicsFlowTwo1981,
  title = {Characteristics of the {{Flow}} around {{Two Circular Cylinders Arranged}} in {{Tandem}} : 1st {{Report}}},
  shorttitle = {Characteristics of the {{Flow}} around {{Two Circular Cylinders Arranged}} in {{Tandem}}},
  author = {Igarashi, Tamotsu},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {323--331},
  doi = {10.1299/jsme1958.24.323},
  abstract = {Experimental investigations on the characteristics of the flow around two circular cylinders in a cross flow were carried out. Reynolds number was varied in the range of subcritical values, 8.7\texttimes 103 {$<\_\_$}= Re {$<\_\_$}= 5.2\texttimes 104 and the distance between the axes of the cylinders in the spacings 1.03 {$<\_\_$}= Ld {$<\_\_$}= 5.0, where d is the diameter of the cylinder. Up to the spacings of L/d=3.5, where the quasi-stationary vortices are formed between the cylinders, the changes of the flow structure around the two cylinders were observed at the spacings of L/d=1.1, 1.6, 2.3 and 3.1. Particularly, the dependency of the Reynolds number was recognized in the range of 1.1 {$<\_\_$}= L/d {$<\_\_$}= 2.0.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/T76GX45W/igarashi_1981_characteristics_of_the_flow_around_two_circular_cylinders_arranged_in_tandem.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/TA427LA2/ja.html},
  journal = {Bulletin of JSME},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {188}
}

@article{igarashiEffectTrippingWires1986,
  title = {Effect of {{Tripping Wires}} on the {{Flow}} around a {{Circular Cylinder Normal}} to an {{Airstream}}},
  author = {Igarashi, Tamotsu},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {2917--2924},
  doi = {10.1299/jsme1958.29.2917},
  abstract = {Experimental studies have been made to make clear the effect of tripping wires on the transition in a boundary layer on a circular cylinder in a cross flow. The flow patterns are variable according to the angle {$\varphi$}R, namely, a contact point of the tangent to the cylinder from the top of the roughness, and to the roughness Reynolds number Rek, defined by the roughness height and the velocity at the outer edge of the boundary layer. In the range of {$\varphi$}R {$<$} 70\textdegree, the roughness has no influence on the transition up to Rek =620, while, at Rek{$\geq$}1220, it is found to has full effect on the transition. In this case, the Strouhal number S increases to 0.30 and the drag coefficient CD decreases to 0.60. In the range of 70\textdegree{$\leq\varphi$}R{$\leq$}75\textdegree, the transition occurs at Rek = 620. Beyond {$\varphi$}R =76\textdegree, the flow is separated by the roughness, and the values of S and CD are about 0.175 and 1.55, respectively.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/UE4LRZII/igarashi_1986_effect_of_tripping_wires_on_the_flow_around_a_circular_cylinder_normal_to_an.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/7A7FCUCT/ja.html},
  journal = {Bulletin of JSME},
  keywords = {_tablet,Boundary Layer,Boundary Layer Control,Circular Cylinder,Drag Coefficient,Flow Separation,Fluid Mechanics,Strouhal Number,Transition,Trippng Wires},
  number = {255}
}

@incollection{igbaThroughlifeEngineeringServices2014,
  title = {Through-Life Engineering Services: A Wind Turbine Perspective},
  shorttitle = {Through-Life Engineering Services},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd {{International Conference}} in {{Through}}-{{Life Engineering Services}}},
  author = {Igba, Joel and Alemzadeh, Kazem and Durugbo, Christopher and Henningsen, Keld},
  editor = {Roy, R. and Tomiyama, T. and Tiwari, A. and Tracht, K. and Shahab, E. and Shaw, A.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {213--218},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  abstract = {Power generation from wind energy is becoming more popular, having exponential yearly growth during the last decade. Furthermore, wind farm (WF) projects are now moving into complex utility scale power generation systems comprising of arrays of large wind turbines (WTs), whose development, installation and operation are constrained by extreme and hostile environments. However, this increases the need for through-life engineering service (TES) for WTs especially in offshore applications, where the operations and maintenance (O\&M) becomes more complicated as a result of the harsh marine weather and environmental conditions. In this paper, TES of WTs is presented - identifying the current state-of-the-art in methods and applications, requirements and needs, challenges, and opportunities of TES in the wind sector. Also an illustrative case study on WT gearbox through-life support is presented to demonstrate the potential opportunities and applications of TES in the wind industry. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
  annotation = {WOS:000345451600035},
  keywords = {gearboxes,maintenance,operations   and maintenance,reliability,systems,Through-life engineering services,wind turbines},
  language = {English}
}

@book{internationaleelektrotechnischekommissionDesignRequirementsOffshore2009a,
  title = {Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines =: {{Exigences}} de Conception Des \'Eoliennes En Pleine Mer},
  shorttitle = {Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines =},
  editor = {Internationale Elektrotechnische Kommission},
  year = {2009},
  edition = {Ed. 1.0, 2009-02},
  publisher = {{IEC}},
  address = {{Geneva}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 837956942},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HLL2QERN/internationale_elektrotechnische_kommission_2009_design_requirements_for_offshore_wind_turbines_=.pdf},
  isbn = {978-2-8318-1025-6},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {3},
  series = {Wind Turbines}
}

@article{ioannouParametricCAPEXOPEX2018,
  title = {Parametric {{CAPEX}}, {{OPEX}}, and {{LCOE}} Expressions for Offshore Wind Farms Based on Global Deployment Parameters},
  author = {Ioannou, Anastasia and Angus, Andrew and Brennan, Feargal},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  volume = {13},
  pages = {281--290},
  doi = {10.1080/15567249.2018.1461150},
  abstract = {Installed wind energy capacity has been rapidly increasing over the last decade, with deployments in deeper waters and further offshore, with higher turbine ratings within new farms. Understanding the impact of different deployment factors on the overall cost of wind farms is pertinent toward benchmarking the potential of different investment decision alternatives. In this article, a set of parametric expressions for capital expenditure, operational expenditure, and levelized cost of energy are developed as a function of wind turbine capacity ( ), water depth (WD), distance from port (D), and wind farm capacity ( ). These expressions have been developed through a series of simulations based on a fully integrated, tested cost model which are then generalized through the application of appropriate nonlinear regression equations for a typical offshore wind farm investment and taking into account most current published cost figures. The effectiveness of the models are countersigned through a series of cases, estimating the predicted values with a maximum error of 3.3\%. These expressions will be particularly useful for the preliminary assessment of available deployment sites, offering cost estimates based on global decision variables.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/L3CW47HB/ioannou_et_al_2018_parametric_capex,_opex,_and_lcoe_expressions_for_offshore_wind_farms_based_on.pdf},
  journal = {Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@techreport{ipccClimateChange20142015,
  title = {Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report},
  shorttitle = {Climate Change 2014},
  author = {IPCC},
  editor = {Core Writing Team and Pachauri, R.K. and Meyer, L.A.},
  year = {2015},
  address = {{Geneva, Switzerland}},
  institution = {{Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 914851124},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/BMSP5RLN/ipcc_2015_climate_change_2014.pdf},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@techreport{irenaRenewablePowerGeneration2020,
  title = {Renewable {{Power Generation Costs}} in 2019},
  author = {IRENA},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {144},
  address = {{Abu Dhabi}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KTC5G4C5/IRENA_Costs_2019_EN.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/N5HD2SIA/Renewable power generation costs in 2019.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{ishiharaStudyModalDamping2019,
  title = {A Study of Modal Damping for Offshore Wind Turbines Considering Soil Properties and Foundation Types},
  author = {Ishihara, Takeshi and Lilin, Wang},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  volume = {22},
  pages = {1760--1778},
  doi = {10.1002/we.2401},
  abstract = {The modal damping ratio for each mode is crucial to characterize the dynamic behavior of offshore wind turbines and widely used by simulation software in wind turbine engineering, such as Bladed and FAST. In this study, modal damping ratios of offshore wind turbines are systematically studied for different soil properties and foundation types. Firstly, the modal damping ratios and modal frequencies for the first and second modes of a gravity foundation\textendash supported offshore wind turbine are studied. An offshore wind turbine supported by a monopile foundation is then investigated to clarify the characteristics of modal damping ratios and modal frequencies for the monopile foundation. The soil parameters are identified by means of genetic algorithm (GA). Predicted modal damping ratios and modal frequencies as well as modal shapes show good agreement with the field measurements for both foundations. Finally, a sensitivity analysis study is carried out to investigate the effects of soil properties and foundation types on modal damping ratios. For the gravity foundation\textendash supported offshore wind turbine, soil properties affect the modal damping ratio of the second mode largely, but affect that of the first mode little, while for the monopile-supported offshore wind turbine, soil properties affect the modal damping ratios of the first and second modes significantly. Predicted natural periods and modal damping ratios of the first mode for both foundations by a pair of simple models agree well with those by numerical models.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SKX77UKW/ishihara_lilin_2019_a_study_of_modal_damping_for_offshore_wind_turbines_considering_soil_properties.pdf},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@misc{ISO1990172013,
  title = {{{ISO}} 19901-7:2013 - {{Petroleum}} and Natural Gas Industries -- {{Specific}} Requirements for Offshore Structures -- {{Part}} 7: {{Stationkeeping}} Systems for Floating Offshore Structures and Mobile Offshore Units},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MDJDCHZC/59298.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.iso.org/standard/59298.html}
}

@inproceedings{jacobsenVibrationSuppressionDevices1996,
  title = {Vibration {{Suppression Devices}} for {{Long}}, {{Slender Tubulars}}},
  booktitle = {Offshore {{Technology Conference}}},
  author = {Jacobsen, Vagner and Bruschi, Roberto and Simantiras, Paolo and VitaIi, Luigino},
  year = {1996},
  month = jan,
  publisher = {{Offshore Technology Conference}},
  doi = {10.4043/8156-MS},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT A new concept of vortex shedding suppression devices was developed with the aim of meeting the requirements of easy irrstallation and low costs. A laboratory test progromme was undertaken to determine the device performance in terms of thei},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/9YVIG4XV/OTC-8156-MS.html},
  isbn = {978-1-61399-092-6},
  language = {english}
}

@article{jahangiriIntegratedBidirectionalVibration2019,
  title = {Integrated Bi-Directional Vibration Control and Energy Harvesting of Monopile Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Jahangiri, V. and Sun, C.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {178},
  pages = {260--269},
  issn = {00298018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.02.015},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) subjected to combined wind and wave loadings experience excessive bidirectional vibrations that adversely influence the system performance and the structural integrity. The present paper utilizes a three-dimensional pendulum tuned mass damper (3d-PTMD) to mitigate the bidirectional vibrations as well as harvest the kinetic energy using a linear electromagnetic energy harvester. The proposed energy harvester consists of magnets and coil assemblies which are connected with the pendulum to convert the kinetic energy of the pendulum into electricity. An analytical model of the offshore wind turbine coupled with the 3d-PTMD is established using Euler-Lagrangian equation. The mathematical model of the linear electromagnetic energy harvester is established and integrated with the wind turbine model. The optimum design of the electromagnetic energy harvester to minimize the nacelle displacement RMS as well as to maximize the energy output is determined via a numerical search method. The NREL 5 MW baseline wind turbine model is utilized to evaluate the performance of the 3d-PTMD and the energy harvester. Results show that the 3d-PTMD can reduce the bi-directional vibrations induced by misaligned wind and wave loadings. Additionally, electrical energy in orders of magnitude of kilowatts can be harnessed via using the energy harvester.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/JDRQXAE3/2019_Jahangiri_Sun_Integrated bi-directional vibration control and energy harvesting of monopile.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/RRSFL8W4/2019_Jahangiri_Sun_Integrated bi-directional vibration control and energy harvesting of monopile.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{jainVortexinducedVibrationsFlexiblymounted2013,
  title = {Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a Flexibly-Mounted Inclined Cylinder},
  author = {Jain, Anil and {Modarres-Sadeghi}, Yahya},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  volume = {43},
  pages = {28--40},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.08.005},
  abstract = {The majority of studies on vortex-induced vibrations of a flexibly-mounted rigid cylinder are for the cases where the flow direction is perpendicular to the long axis of the structure. However, in many engineering applications, such as cable stays in bridges and mooring lines of floating offshore wind turbines, the flow direction may not be perpendicular to the structure. To understand the vortex shedding behind a fixed inclined cylinder, the Independence Principle (IP) has been used. The IP assumes that an inclined cylinder behaves similarly to a normal-incidence case, if only the component of the free stream velocity normal to the cylinder axis is considered. The IP neglects the effect of the axial component of the flow, which seems reasonable for small angles of inclination, but not for large angles. In the present study, a series of experiments have been conducted on a flexibly-mounted rigid cylinder placed inclined to the oncoming flow with various angles of inclination (0\textdegree{$<\theta <$}75\textdegree ) in a range of Reynolds numbers from 500 to 4000 to investigate how the angle of inclination affects VIV. A rigid cylinder was mounted on springs, and air bearings were used to reduce the structural damping of the system. The system was placed in the test-section of a recirculating water tunnel and the crossflow displacements were measured at each flow velocity. Even at high angles of inclination, large-amplitude oscillations were observed. As the angle of inclination was increased, the lock-in range (the range of reduced flow velocities for which the cylinder oscillates with a large amplitude) started at a higher reduced velocity. When only the normal component of the oncoming flow was considered, the onset of lock-in was observed to be at the same normalized flow velocity for all angles of inclination except for 75\textdegree. However, the width of the lock-in region, its pattern, the maximum amplitude of oscillations and its corresponding normalized reduced velocity were not following the results of a normal-incidence case entirely. Flow visualizations showed a vortex shedding parallel to the cylinder{${'}$}s axis for all the angles of inclination considered. The influence of a slight change in the added mass as well as the direction of the inclined cylinder on the response was studied as well.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/GEX9ZRN3/jain_modarres-sadeghi_2013_vortex-induced_vibrations_of_a_flexibly-mounted_inclined_cylinder.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZL2ZJ83J/S0889974613001734.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Independence Principle,Rigid inclined cylinders,Vortex-induced vibrations}
}

@incollection{jalbiChapter16Practical2017,
  title = {Chapter 16 - {{Practical Method}} to {{Estimate Foundation Stiffness}} for {{Design}} of {{Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  booktitle = {Wind {{Energy Engineering}}},
  author = {Jalbi, Saleh and Shadlou, Masoud and Bhattacharya, Subhamoy},
  editor = {Letcher, Trevor M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  pages = {329--352},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-809451-8.00016-3},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbine structures (OWTs) are dynamically sensitive due to their shape and form (slender column supporting a heavy rotation mass) and also due to the different forcing functions (wind, wave, and turbine loading) acting on the structures. Designers need to ensure that the first Eigen natural frequency is not close to forcing frequencies to avoid dynamic associated effects such as resonance and fatigue damage. Such damages may result in higher maintenance costs and a lower service life. Therefore, it is crucial to get the best prediction of the first natural frequency during the early stages of a project. Other design requirements include the serviceability limit state (SLS) criteria which imposes strict pile head deflection and rotation limits. These calculations require foundation stiffness and the aim of this chapter is to provide practical methods to predict the stiffness of the foundations for any ground profile (nonuniform or layered soils) through the use of standard methods. The foundation stiffness values can then be used as an input to predict the first natural frequency of OWT system as well as checking SLS requirements. An example problem is taken to show the application of the method.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7HFL78FF/jalbi_et_al_2017_chapter_16_-_practical_method_to_estimate_foundation_stiffness_for_design_of.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/UIVCR4A5/B9780128094518000163.html},
  isbn = {978-0-12-809451-8},
  keywords = {– curves,eigen frequency,FEA,foundation stiffness,impedance functions,Monopiles,multilayered soils,winkler springs},
  language = {en}
}

@article{jamesWindLoadCylinder1972,
  title = {Wind {{Load}} on {{Cylinder}} with {{Spanwise Protrusion}}},
  author = {James, David F. and Truong, Quan-Si},
  year = {1972},
  volume = {98},
  pages = {1573--1589},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$>$}Drag and lift forces for circular cylindrical bodies with two types of spanwise protrusions were measured in a wind tunnel in the transition range of Reynolds numbers (10\textsuperscript{4} to 10\textsuperscript{5}), with the protrusion size varying from 0.004 to 0.006 of the cylinder diameter. The data show that the two protuberance shapes, a trip-wire and an overlap, are nearly identical in their effect on the aerodynamic characteristics, and that their effect depends much more on location than on size. It was found that the drag coefficient could vary by {$\pm$}40\% and that the lift coefficient could be as high as 0.7, depending on the location of the protuberance, or equivalently on the angle of attack. By using hot-wire anemometry to study the flow field, these significant variations in C\textsubscript{D} and C\textsubscript{L} were revealed to be associated with fundamental changes in the boundary-layer flow, caused by the interaction of the protrusion with the surrounding fluid motion.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PSGYVJ98/record.html},
  journal = {Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division},
  language = {eng},
  number = {6}
}

@article{jauvtisEffectTwoDegrees2004,
  title = {The Effect of Two Degrees of Freedom on Vortex-Induced Vibration at Low Mass and Damping},
  author = {Jauvtis, N. and Williamson, C. H. K.},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  volume = {509},
  pages = {23--62},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112004008778},
  abstract = {Although there are a great many papers dedicated to the problem of a cylinder vibrating transverse to a fluid flow (YY-motion), there are almost no papers on the more practical case of vortex-induced vibration in two degrees of freedom (X,YX,Y motion) where the mass and natural frequencies are precisely the same in both XX- and YY-directions. We have designed the present pendulum apparatus to achieve both of these criteria. Even down to the low mass ratios, where m{${_\ast}$}=6m\^*\textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash,6, it is remarkable that the freedom to oscillate in-line with the flow affects the transverse vibration surprisingly little. The same response branches, peak amplitudes, and vortex wake modes are found for both YY-only and X,YX,Y motion. There is, however, a dramatic change in the fluid\textendash structure interactions when mass ratios are reduced below m{${_\ast}$}=6m\^*\textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash,6. A new amplitude response branch with significant streamwise motion appears, in what we call the `super-upper' branch, yielding massive amplitudes of 3 diameters peak-to-peak (AY{${_\ast}\sim$}1.5A\^*\_Y \textbackslash,\{\textbackslash sim\}\textbackslash, 1.5). We discover a corresponding periodic vortex wake mode, comprising a triplet of vortices being formed in each half-cycle, in what we define as a `2T' mode. We qualitatively interpret the principal vortex dynamics and vortex forces which yield a positive rate of energy transfer (e\textperiodcentered V\textbackslash dot\{e\}\_V) causing the body vibration, using the following simple equation: e\textperiodcentered V=2{$\Gamma{_\ast}$}UV{${_\ast}$}Y\textperiodcentered\textbackslash dot\{e\}\_V = 2 \{\textbackslash Gamma\}\^* U\^*\_V \textbackslash skew3\textbackslash dot\{Y\} where {$\Gamma{_\ast}\backslash$}Gamma\^* is vortex strength, UV{${_\ast}$}U\^*\_V is the speed downstream of the dominant near-wake vorticity, and Y\textperiodcentered\textbackslash skew3\textbackslash dot\{Y\} is the transverse velocity of the body. This simple approach suggests that the massive amplitude of vibration for the 2T mode is principally attributed to the energy transfer from the `third' vortex of each triplet, which is not present in the lower-amplitude 2P mode. We also find two low-speed streamwise vibration modes, which is not unexpected, since they correspond to the first and second excitation modes of vibration for flexible cantilevers. By considering equations of motion for the two degrees of freedom, we find a critical mass, m\textbackslash scriptsize\textbackslash it crit{${_\ast}$}=0.52m\^*\_\{\textbackslash hbox\{\textbackslash scriptsize\textbackslash it crit\}\} \textbackslash,\{=\}\textbackslash, 0.52, similar to recent YY-only studies, below which the large-amplitude vibrations persist to infinite flow velocity. We show that the critical mass m\textbackslash scriptsize\textbackslash it crit{${_\ast}$}m\^*\_\{\textbackslash hbox\{\textbackslash scriptsize\textbackslash it crit\}\} is the same for the XX- and YY-directions, which ensures that the shapes of X,YX, Y trajectories can retain their form as the velocity becomes large. The extensive studies of vortex-induced vibration for YY-only body motions, built up over the last 35 years, remain of strong relevance to the case of two degrees of freedom, for m{${_\ast}>$}6m\^* \textbackslash,\{{$>\rbrace\backslash$}, 6. It is only for `small' mass ratios, m{${_\ast}<$}6m\^* \textbackslash,\{{$<\rbrace\backslash$}, 6, that one observes a rather dramatic departure from previous results, which would suggest a possible modification to offshore design codes.\vphantom{\}\}}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HTARS3DS/Jauvtis_Williamson_2004_The effect of two degrees of freedom on vortex-induced vibration at low mass.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/BN7S52QN/C5BF4BED38FF90EC11DD3CF8D862EDD7.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/G2292UU4/C5BF4BED38FF90EC11DD3CF8D862EDD7.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{jiangEffectPassiveTuned2020,
  title = {Effect of a {{Passive Tuned Mass Damper}} on {{Offshore Installation}} of a {{Wind Turbine Nacelle}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2020 39th {{International Conference}} on {{Ocean}}, {{Offshore}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Jiang, Zhiyu and Skrudland, Trond Kvia and Karimirad, Madjid and Machiladies, Constatine and Shi, Wei},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2020-18171},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/QJG83GEM/1092876.html},
  language = {en}
}

@article{jiangImpactPassiveTuned2018,
  title = {The Impact of a Passive Tuned Mass Damper on Offshore Single-Blade Installation},
  author = {Jiang, Zhiyu},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  volume = {176},
  pages = {65--77},
  issn = {0167-6105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2018.03.008},
  abstract = {Single-blade installation is a method suitable for the installation of blades on large wind turbines. For single-blade installations on offshore monopile-type wind turbines, a jack-up vessel is often involved, and each blade is mated with the hub at the tower top. Prior to the alignment phase, the blade root and the nacelle at the tower top experience relative motions. The blade-root motions are induced by the wind loads, and the nacelle motions are due to the resonant vibrations of the monopile support structure under wave loading. To alleviate the relative motions and to facilitate the alignment process, external passive tuned mass dampers can be installed on the monopile support structures. This work investigates the application potential of tuned mass dampers in single-blade installation. Multibody simulations were conducted under collinear wind and waves conditions, and the relative motions between the blade-root and the hub were analysed. It was found that when an optimally tuned passive damper is considered for the monopile structure, the reduction in the critical motion radius can reach up to 30\%.},
  annotation = {WOS:000432502100006},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/9C352QCY/2018_Jiang_The impact of a passive tuned mass damper on offshore single-blade installation.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet,design,dynamics,hoisting   forces,Hub   motion,liquid column dampers,Monopile vibration,optimization,Outcrossing,Single-blade installation,structural control,Tuned mass damper,Wind and waves,wind turbine},
  language = {English}
}

@article{jiangInstallationOffshoreWind2021,
  title = {Installation of Offshore Wind Turbines: {{A}} Technical Review},
  shorttitle = {Installation of Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Jiang, Zhiyu},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  volume = {139},
  pages = {110576},
  issn = {1364-0321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2020.110576},
  abstract = {The installation phase is a critical stage during the lifecycle of an offshore wind turbine. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the technical aspects of offshore wind turbine installation. An overview is first presented introducing the classification of offshore wind turbines, installation vessels, rules and regulations, and numerical modelling tools. Then, various installation methods and concepts for bottom-fixed and floating wind turbines are critically discussed, following the order of wind turbine foundations and components. Applications and challenges of the methods are identified. Finally, future developments in four technical areas are envisioned. This review aims to guide research and development activities on offshore wind turbine installation.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HYP8K4PR/jiang_2021_installation_of_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/36PRHQF5/S1364032120308601.html},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  keywords = {_tablet,Bottom-fixed foundation,Floating foundation,Installation method,Modelling and analysis,Offshore wind turbine,Wind turbine component},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{jiangNumericalStudyFlopper2017,
  title = {A {{Numerical Study}} on a {{Flopper Stopper}} for {{Leg Positioning}} of a {{Jack}}-{{Up Barge}}},
  booktitle = {Volume 9: {{Offshore Geotechnics}}; {{Torgeir Moan Honoring Symposium}}},
  author = {Jiang, Zhiyu and Guachamin Acero, Wilson and Gao, Zhen and Li, Lin},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  pages = {V009T12A028},
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers}},
  address = {{Trondheim, Norway}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2017-62034},
  abstract = {Jack-up barges are commonly used for marine operations in the offshore oil and gas, and offshore wind industries. A critical phase within the marine operation activities is the positioning of the jack-up legs onto the seabed. During this process, large impact velocities and forces may arise from the barge's heave, roll and pitch motions, and structural damage of the legs can occur. This paper numerically investigates the effect of a flopper stopper (FS) on the motion responses of a jack-up barge from the offshore wind industry. The FS is known as a passive roll compensation device. It is suspended from the side of the barge by means of wire ropes and cantilever beams. A simple geometry of an FS is proposed, and the working principle introduced. For the loading condition before the leg-soil impact occurs, global dynamic analyses of the coupled system are conducted. Characteristic values of impact velocities are used to establish the jack-up operational limits in terms of the significant wave height and peak period. By comparing the operational limits for the barge with and without FS, it is found that FS should be placed on the weather side. At beam seas, the current FS can lead to a maximum increase in the operational wave height limit of 35\%, whereas for the other wave headings, it may not be beneficial to use FS.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/K2BX2EV9/jiang_et_al_2017_a_numerical_study_on_a_flopper_stopper_for_leg_positioning_of_a_jack-up_barge.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-7918-5777-9},
  language = {en}
}

@article{jiangParametricStudyFinal2018,
  title = {A Parametric Study on the Final Blade Installation Process for Monopile Wind Turbines under Rough Environmental Conditions},
  author = {Jiang, Zhiyu and Gao, Zhen and Ren, Zhengru and Li, Ye and Duan, Lei},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  volume = {172},
  pages = {1042--1056},
  issn = {0141-0296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.078},
  abstract = {Single blade installation is a method for installing wind turbine blades. If a jack-up vessel is used during an o shore installation, the wind turbine blade is mainly subjected to wind loads and experiences resonant motions, and the monopile is subjected to wave-induced vibrations. The blade mating process can be challenging if large relative motions occur between the blade root and the monopile top. This study numerically models a blade installation system that consists of a pre-installed monopile and nacelle assembly, and a 5 MW blade with tugger lines. By analyzing the blade-root and the hub motion radii from time-domain simulations, we evaluate the effects of mean wind speed, wind turbulence, significant wave height, wave spectrum peak period, wind-wave misalignment, and water depth on the blade installation. For the alignment phase, the blade-root motion is critical, especially when the mean wind speed and turbulence are high. The hub motion can be important when the monopile resonant responses are prominent. The relative in-plane motions rather than the hub or the blade motion alone should be considered during the assessment. For the mating phase, the high-frequency components of the responses are important in general. Because of the dominant flange-hole motions at the monopile top, an increase in water depth reduces the success rate of mating.},
  annotation = {WOS:000445440300076},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/I3FM79B9/2018_Jiang et al_A parametric study on the final blade installation process for monopile wind.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/TFMJAKYP/2018_Jiang et al_A parametric study on the final blade installation process for monopile wind.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/WI5G3SKG/2018_Jiang et al_A parametric study on the final blade installation process for monopile wind.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/H3M5G3QW/S0141029617328456.html},
  journal = {Engineering Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Alignment,Blade motion,Environmental condition,impact,Mating,Monopile   vibration,Monopile vibration,offshore,Outcrossing rate,Single blade installation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{jiangStructuralReliabilityAnalysis2017,
  title = {Structural {{Reliability Analysis}} of {{Wind Turbines}}: {{A Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Structural {{Reliability Analysis}} of {{Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {Jiang, Zhiyu and Hu, Weifei and Dong, Wenbin and Gao, Zhen and Ren, Zhengru},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {2099},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en10122099},
  abstract = {The paper presents a detailed review of the state-of-the-art research activities on structural reliability analysis of wind turbines between the 1990s and 2017. We describe the reliability methods including the first- and second-order reliability methods and the simulation reliability methods and show the procedure for and application areas of structural reliability analysis of wind turbines. Further, we critically review the various structural reliability studies on rotor blades, bottom-fixed support structures, floating systems and mechanical and electrical components. Finally, future applications of structural reliability methods to wind turbine designs are discussed.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4AYTSAIJ/jiang_et_al_2017_structural_reliability_analysis_of_wind_turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {12}
}

@inproceedings{jiThreeDimensionalDirectNumerical2019,
  title = {Three-{{Dimensional Direct Numerical Simulations}} of {{Flows Past}} an {{Inclined Cylinder Near}} a {{Plane Boundary}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2019 38th {{International Conference}} on {{Ocean}}, {{Offshore}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Ji, Chunning and Zhang, Zhimeng and Xu, Dong and Srinil, Narakorn},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2019-95466},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KHGHV8FA/1067540.html},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{JOE090713433AlphaVentus,
  title = {{{JOE090713}}\_433\_{{alphaVentus}}\_{{BAB}}.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1180~\texttimes ~1773 Pixels) \textendash{} {{Scaled}} (72\%)},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/JOE090713\_433\_alphaVentus\_BAB.jpg}
}

@misc{JOE090814201AlphaVentus,
  title = {{{JOE090814}}\_201\_{{alphaVentus}}.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1360~\texttimes ~2044 Pixels) \textendash{} {{Scaled}} (62\%)},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/JOE090814\_201\_alphaVentus.jpg}
}

@article{johlasLargeEddySimulations2019,
  title = {Large Eddy Simulations of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Wakes with Coupled Platform Motion},
  author = {Johlas, H M and {Mart{\'i}\-nez-Tossas}, L A and Schmidt, D P and Lackner, M A and Churchfield, M J},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  volume = {1256},
  pages = {012018},
  issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1256/1/012018},
  abstract = {The growing prospect for large farms of floating offshore wind turbines requires a better understanding of wake effects for floating turbines, particularly the differences when compared to fixed-bottom turbine wakes. The increased range of motion of floating platforms can influence wake characteristics, affecting downstream turbines. In this work, large eddy simulations with an actuator line model are used to study downstream wake characteristics of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine mounted on the OC3-UMaine spar platform for several different metocean conditions. The simulations are carried out in the Simulator fOr Wind Farm Applications (SOWFA) coupled with OpenFAST for the platform and turbine motion. The downstream wake characteristics of the floating platform are compared to equivalent fixedbottom cases for different wind speeds, wave heights, wind-wave alignments, and turbine yaw angles. Overall, the differences in wake shape between floating and fixed platforms are associated with mean platform displacements, while differences in turbulence are associated with timevarying platform motion. However, these observed wake differences between fixed and floating platforms are small, especially for higher wind speeds and lower wave heights.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/L9KNVQXN/johlas_et_al_2019_large_eddy_simulations_of_floating_offshore_wind_turbine_wakes_with_coupled.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{jungbluthLifeCycleAssessment2005,
  title = {Life Cycle Assessment for Emerging Technologies: {{Case}} Studies for Photovoltaic and Wind Power},
  shorttitle = {Life Cycle Assessment for Emerging Technologies},
  author = {Jungbluth, N. and Bauer, C. and Dones, R. and Frischknecht, R.},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {24--34},
  issn = {0948-3349},
  doi = {10.1065/lca2004.11.181.3},
  abstract = {Goal, Scope and Background. This paper describes the modelling of two emerging electricity systems based on renewable energy: photovoltaic (PV) and wind power. The paper shows the approach used in the ecoinvent database for multi-output processes. Methods. Twelve different, grid-connected photovoltaic systems were studied for the situation in Switzerland. They are manufactured as panels or laminates, from mono- or polycrystalline silicon, installed on facades, slanted or flat roofs, and have a 3kWp capacity. The process data include quartz reduction, silicon purification, wafer, panel and laminate production, supporting structure and dismantling. The assumed operational lifetime is 30 years. Country-specific electricity mixes have been considered in the LCI in order to reflect the present situation for individual production stages. The assessment of wind power includes four different wind turbines with power rates between 30 kW and 800 kW operating in Switzerland and two wind turbines assumed representative for European conditions - 800 kW onshore and 2 MW offshore. The inventory takes into account the construction of the plants including the connection to the electric grid and the actual wind conditions at each site in Switzerland. Average European capacity factors have been assumed for the European plants. Eventually necessary backup electricity systems are not included in the analysis. Results and Discussion. The life cycle inventory analysis for photovoltaic power shows that each production stage may be important for specific elementary flows. A life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) shows that there are important environmental impacts not directly related to the energy use (e.g. process emissions of NO, from wafer etching). The assumption for the used supply energy mixes is important for the overall LCIA results of different production stages. The allocation of the inventory for silicon purification to different products is discussed here to illustrate how allocation has been implemented in ecoinvent. Material consumption for the main parts of the wind turbines gives the dominant contributions to the cumulative results for electricity production. The complex installation of offshore turbines, with high requirements of concrete for the foundation and the assumption of a shorter lifetime compared to onshore foundations, compensate the advantage of increased offshore wind speeds. Conclusion. The life cycle inventories for photovoltaic power plants are representative for newly constructed plants and for the average photovoltaic, mix in Switzerland in the year 2000. A scenario for a future technology helps to assess the relative influence of technology improvements for some processes in the near future (2005-2010). The differences for environmental burdens of wind power basically depend upon the capacity factor of the plants, the lifetime of the infrastructure, and the rated power. The higher these factors, the more reduced the environmental burdens are. Thus, both systems are quite dependent on meteorological conditions and the materials used for the infrastructure. Recommendation and Perspective. Many production processes for photovoltaic power are still under development. Future updates of the LCI should verify the energy uses and emissions with available data from industrial processes in operation. For the modelling of a specific power plant or power plant mixes outside of Switzerland, one has to consider the annual yield (kWh/kW(p)) and if possible also the size of the plant. Considering the steady growth of the size of wind turbines in Europe, the development of new designs, and the exploitation of offshore location with deeper waters than analysed in this study, the inventory for wind power plants may need to be updated in the future.},
  annotation = {WOS:000226379900004},
  journal = {International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  keywords = {allocation,capacity factor,ecoinvent,electricity mixes,energy,multi-output   process,offshore,onshore,photovoltaic,Switzerland,turbines,wind power},
  language = {English},
  number = {1}
}

@article{kadiyalaCharacterizationLifeCycle2017,
  title = {Characterization of the Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wind Electricity Generation Systems},
  author = {Kadiyala, Akhil and Kommalapati, Raghava and Huque, Ziaul},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {55--64},
  issn = {2008-9163},
  doi = {10.1007/s40095-016-0221-5},
  abstract = {This study characterized and evaluated the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from different wind electricity generation systems by (a) performing a comprehensive review of the wind electricity generation system life cycle assessment (LCA) studies and (b) statistically evaluating the life cycle GHG emissions (expressed in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt hour, gCO(2)e/kWh). A categorization index (with unique category codes, formatted as 'axis of rotation-installed location-power generation capacity') was adopted for use in this study to characterize the reviewed wind electricity generation systems. The unique category codes were labeled by integrating the names from the three wind power sub-classifications, i.e., the axis of rotation of the wind turbine [horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT)], the location of the installation [onshore (ON), offshore (OFF)], and the electricity production capacity [small (S), intermediate (I), large (L)]. The characterized wind electricity generation systems were statistically evaluated to assess the reduction in life cycle GHG emissions. A total of five unique categorization codes (HAWT-ON-S, HAWT-ON-I, HAWT-ON-L, HAWT-OFF-L, VAWT-ON-S) were designated to the 29 wind electricity generation LCA studies (representing 74 wind system cases) using the proposed categorization index. The mean life cycle GHG emissions resulting from the use of HAWT-ON-S (N = 3), HAWT-ON-I (N = 4), HAWT-ON-L (N = 58), HAWT-OFF- L (N = 8), and VAWT-ON-S (N = 1) wind electricity generation systems are 38.67, 11.75, 15.98, 12.9, and 46.4 gCO(2)e/kWh, respectively. The HAWT-ON-I wind electricity generation systems produced the minimum life cycle GHGs than other wind electricity generation systems.},
  annotation = {WOS:000396033600006},
  journal = {International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering},
  keywords = {Electricity generation,energy,farm,Greenhouse gas emissions,Horizontal   axis wind turbine,Life cycle assessment,mw,Offshore,Onshore,power,turbines,Vertical axis wind turbine,Wind energy},
  language = {English},
  number = {1}
}

@article{kaiserOffshoreWindEnergy,
  title = {Offshore {{Wind Energy Installation}} and {{Decommissioning Cost Estimation}} in the {{U}}},
  author = {Kaiser, M J and Synder, B},
  pages = {253},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/M6YT6STL/Kaiser_Synder_Offshore Wind Energy Installation and Decommissioning Cost Estimation in the U.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{kallehaveOptimizationMonopilesOffshore2015,
  title = {Optimization of Monopiles for Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Kallehave, Dan and Byrne, Byron W. and Thilsted, Christian LeBlanc and Mikkelsen, Kristian Kousgaard},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  volume = {373},
  pages = {20140100},
  issn = {1364-503X},
  doi = {10.1098/rsta.2014.0100},
  abstract = {The offshore wind industry currently relies on subsidy schemes to be competitive with fossil-fuel-based energy sources. For the wind industry to survive, it is vital that costs are significantly reduced for future projects. This can be partly achieved by introducing new technologies and partly through optimization of existing technologies and design methods. One of the areas where costs can be reduced is in the support structure, where better designs, cheaper fabrication and quicker installation might all be possible. The prevailing support structure design is the monopile structure, where the simple design is well suited to mass-fabrication, and the installation approach, based on conventional impact driving, is relatively low-risk and robust for most soil conditions. The range of application of the monopile for future wind farms can be extended by using more accurate engineering design methods, specifically tailored to offshore wind industry design. This paper describes how state-of-the-art optimization approaches are applied to the design of current wind farms and monopile support structures and identifies the main drivers where more accurate engineering methods could impact on a next generation of highly optimized monopiles.},
  annotation = {WOS:000347845700013},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZER46WYK/2015_Kallehave et al_Optimization of monopiles for offshore wind turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  keywords = {_tablet,cost of energy,monopile support structures,optimization,pile design},
  language = {English},
  number = {2035}
}

@inproceedings{kampitsisVibrationControlOffshore2021,
  title = {Vibration {{Control}} of {{Offshore Wind Turbine Towers}}},
  booktitle = {14th {{WCCM}}-{{ECCOMAS Congress}}},
  author = {Kampitsis, A.},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {{CIMNE}},
  doi = {10.23967/wccm-eccomas.2020.359},
  abstract = {In this study, the dynamic response of a Offshore Wind Turbine (OWT) tower under wind loading is investigated adopting the vibration absorption concepts. Application of vibration control systems (VCS) to OWT towers has the potential to significantly improve the dynamics of the tower and the nacelle, increasing its reliability. The first vibration mitigation approach is the classical tuned mass damped (TMD) and it is used as benchmark. In the TMD approach an additional mass is installed inside the nacelle at the top of the OWT tower. Usually, a large additional mass is required to achieve significant effective damping, which may lead to undesirable second order effects and ultimately increase the tower displacement. In the second approach, a passive vibration absorption concept is implemented, namely the Extended KDamper (EKD). The KDamper device is a special mechanical configuration consisting of an additional mass, an artificial damper and both positive and negative stiffness elements. The OWT is subjected to extreme environmental loading such as the wind and sea waves. These OWT loadings, are usually calculated based on stochastic interpolation of meteorological data or by artificial time-histories. In this study, the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory is taken into consideration in order to produce the wind load time histories. The improvement on the dynamic response of the OWT tower using vibration control systems is illustrated. Moreover, this research shown that the EKD presents a significant increase of the damping ratio with a minimal value of added mass at the top of the tower.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/LSIIACHA/Kampitsis - 2021 - Vibration Control of Offshore Wind Turbine Towers.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{katsikogiannisFatigueSensitivityFoundation2019,
  title = {Fatigue Sensitivity to Foundation Modelling in Different Operational States for the {{DTU 10MW}} Monopile-Based Offshore Wind Turbine},
  author = {Katsikogiannis, George and Bachynski, Erin E. and Page, Ana M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  volume = {1356},
  pages = {012019},
  issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1356/1/012019},
  abstract = {The importance of foundation modelling for the support-structure fatigue damage estimation of a 10 MW monopile based offshore wind turbine is investigated in different operational states and wind-wave misalignment conditions. Three different models are used: (1) a non-linear elasto-plastic model including hysteretic behaviour effects, (2) a linear elastic model and (3) a non-linear elastic model, using numerical simulations with an aero-hydro-servo-elastic computational tool. Depending on the environmental condition, different dynamic processes dominate the responses. For parked states, deviations between models up to 160\% were found. For wind wave-misalignment over 30o in operational cases, differences up to 180\% were found for low sea states and 119\% for high sea sates. Both nonlinear foundation damping and stiffness formulation have considerable effect on the responses, with hysteretic effects becoming crucial when aerodynamic damping is negligible in the direction of the response. Attention is required when comparing the fatigue damage only at the mudline, as larger variations between the models may occur in the embedded part of the monopile, where the absolute maximum is found.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ER4KUSB5/katsikogiannis_et_al_2019_fatigue_sensitivity_to_foundation_modelling_in_different_operational_states_for.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series