text:
},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{katsuraConceptionsFlowPattern1997a,
  title = {Some Conceptions for the Flow Pattern Formation around Bluff Bodies in Natural Winds},
  author = {Katsura, Junji},
  year = {1997},
  month = jan,
  volume = {66},
  pages = {1--15},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00010-X},
  abstract = {Taylor's frozen pattern hypothesis on turbulent streams enables the time variable of all time-series data to change to the distance variable by integrating wind speed with time. The integration of a wind vector provides a conception of the stream path, the curvature which has a significant role to form the flow pattern around an obstacle. When an obstacle starts from rest with a constant speed on a straight line, other conceptions of the pattern completion length and the pattern formation length are noticed as the distances attained either to a completely steady condition or a partially steady one, respectively. As a result of applying these conceptions to the measured data on a field model a criterion was obtained to verify the flow pattern completion in which the coefficients of the pressure exerted on the whole model surface can be determined.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/899YESQD/Katsura - 1997 - Some conceptions for the flow pattern formation ar.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{KeyFindingsRenewable,
  title = {Key Findings: {{Renewable}} Power Generation Costs in 2019},
  pages = {2},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/QWMFMYTP/Key findings Renewable power generation costs in .pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{kijewski-correaMonitoringWindinducedResponse2007a,
  title = {Monitoring the Wind-Induced Response of Tall Buildings: {{GPS}} Performance and the Issue of Multipath Effects},
  shorttitle = {Monitoring the Wind-Induced Response of Tall Buildings},
  author = {{Kijewski-Correa}, Tracy and Kochly, Michael},
  year = {2007},
  month = oct,
  volume = {95},
  pages = {1176--1198},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2007.02.002},
  abstract = {The in-situ verification of structural performance under the action of wind requires monitoring technologies capable of capturing not only the resonant response features, but also the background and mean response components. This study explores the use of high-precision global positioning systems (GPS) toward that end. In this study, the performance of GPS for resonant response tracking is first validated in full scale against accelerometers, and then its ability to track both background and resonant response data is verified through controlled field tests. As the valuable low-frequency regime of this sensing technology is often compromised by long-period distortions known as multipath effects; this study then presents a means to characterize this phenomenon using Fourier and wavelet spectra and the GPS Distortion Signature. The latter diagnostic is shown to isolate multipath effects in controlled field testing. However, even when a GPS Distortion Signature is not available on-site, it is shown that multipath effects can still be removed by filtering to permit a rare comparison of the relative contributions of background and resonant responses in full scale to wind tunnel predictions. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XALYK84G/Kijewski-Correa and Kochly - 2007 - Monitoring the wind-induced response of tall build.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {9-11}
}

@article{kimWindTurbineGenerator2018,
  title = {Wind {{Turbine Generator Efficiency Based}} on {{Powertrain Combination}} and {{Annual Power Generation Prediction}}},
  author = {Kim, Dongmyung and Park, Byeongcheol and Jang, Joosup},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {858},
  issn = {2076-3417},
  doi = {10.3390/app8060858},
  abstract = {Wind turbine generators are eco-friendly generators that produce electric energy using wind energy. In this study, wind turbine generator efficiency is examined using a powertrain combination and annual power generation prediction, by employing an analysis model. Performance testing was conducted in order to analyze the efficiency of a hydraulic pump and a motor, which are key components, and so as to verify the analysis model. The annual wind speed occurrence frequency for the expected installation areas was used to predict the annual power generation of the wind turbine generators. It was found that the parallel combination of the induction motors exhibited a higher efficiency when the wind speed was low and the serial combination showed higher efficiency when wind speed was high. The results of predicting the annual power generation considering the regional characteristics showed that the power generation was the highest when the hydraulic motors were designed in parallel and the induction motors were designed in series.},
  annotation = {WOS:000436488000017},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/WEWSHLYC/2018_Kim et al_Wind Turbine Generator Efficiency Based on Powertrain Combination and Annual.pdf},
  journal = {Applied Sciences-Basel},
  keywords = {_tablet,generation efficiency,hydraulic transmission,offshore,powertrain   combination,simulation,system,transmission,wind turbine},
  language = {English},
  number = {6}
}

@article{kirchAeroelasticDivergenceFlutter2011,
  title = {Aeroelastic Divergence and Flutter: {{Critical}} Comments on the Regulations of {{EN}} 1991-1-4},
  shorttitle = {Aeroelastic Divergence and Flutter},
  author = {Kirch, Arno and Clobes, Mathias and Peil, Udo},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  volume = {99},
  pages = {1221--1226},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2011.09.007},
  abstract = {The European wind-load standard EN 1991-1-4 (2010) contains regulations that deal with aeroelastic instabilities of structures. These are discussed and commented on in this article. Numerical calculations are used to corroborate the comments. It is shown that some of the regulations do evidently not provide generally applicable criteria to avoid aerolastic instabilities. On the basis of the statements made in this article, a modified text is proposed for the standard. A numerical example serves to explain the regulations regarding aeroelastic divergence.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PPEM3EVH/kirch_et_al_2011_aeroelastic_divergence_and_flutter.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {12}
}

@article{klamoEffectsDampingAmplitude2006,
  title = {The Effects of Damping on the Amplitude and Frequency Response of a Freely Vibrating Cylinder in Cross-Flow},
  author = {Klamo, J. T. and Leonard, A. and Roshko, A.},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  volume = {22},
  pages = {845--856},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2006.04.009},
  abstract = {We have studied the effects of controlled damping on the amplitude and frequency response profiles of an elastically mounted cylinder in cross-flow. The dimensionless damping parameter, b*=2b/{$\rho$}LDU, which is closely related to the traditional ``mass-damping'' parameter, m*{$\zeta$}, was varied over a wide range of values through the use of a variable magnetic eddy current damping system. For low damping and sufficiently high Reynolds number we observe the previously described large-amplitude, three-branch (initial, upper, lower) response profile, and for high damping or low Reynolds number we observe the small-amplitude, two-branch (initial and lower) response profile. However we find that, because of the influence of Reynolds number, the traditional labels of ``high mass-damping'' and ``low mass-damping'' are incomplete with regard to predicting a large or small-amplitude response profile. In our experiments, as damping is systematically increased, we observe a transition between these two profiles characterized by a gradual ``erosion'' and eventual disappearance of the large-amplitude section (upper branch) and the scaling down of the lower branch region. We find that jumps from the upper to the initial branch originate on the 2S/2P boundary in the Williamson\textendash Roshko plane. Another new finding is a hysteresis between the lower branch and the desynchronized region, which only appears at low Reynolds numbers. We also explore changes in the frequency response profile, which are connected with the changes in the amplitude profile, for our upper branch cases. We observe that analogous to the three amplitude branches, there are three distinct branches for the frequency response.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FNY3WG93/klamo_et_al_2006_the_effects_of_damping_on_the_amplitude_and_frequency_response_of_a_freely.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/LS779SXR/S0889974606000508.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Damping,Flow-induced oscillations,Lock-in,Reynolds number,Synchronization,Vortex-induced vibrations},
  language = {en},
  number = {6},
  series = {"{{Bluff Body Wakes}} and {{Vortex}}-{{Induced Vibrations}} ({{BBVIV}}-4)}
}

@book{kleinNumerischesPythonArbeiten2019,
  title = {{Numerisches Python: Arbeiten mit NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib und Pandas}},
  shorttitle = {{Numerisches Python}},
  author = {Klein, Bernd},
  year = {2019},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1105603921},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/93YQ9ADR/2019_Klein_Numerisches Python Arbeiten mit NumPy, Matplotlib und Pandas.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/X298FHQQ/klein_2019_numerisches_python.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-446-45076-9},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@book{kobayashiProbabilityRandomProcesses2011,
  title = {Probability, {{Random Processes}}, and {{Statistical Analysis}}},
  author = {Kobayashi, Hisashi and Mark, Brian L. and Turin, William},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511977770},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/T8Z6UZ59/Kobayashi et al. - 2011 - Probability, Random Processes, and Statistical Ana.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-511-97777-0},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{kobayashiProbabilityRandomProcesses2011a,
  ids = {kobayashiProbabilityRandomProcesses2011},
  title = {Probability, {{Random Processes}}, and {{Statistical Analysis}}},
  author = {Kobayashi, Hisashi and Mark, Brian L. and Turin, William},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511977770},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/B8GC6LDX/kobayashi_et_al_2011_probability,_random_processes,_and_statistical_analysis.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/R2IAU9H4/kobayashi_et_al_2011_probability,_random_processes,_and_statistical_analysis.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-511-97777-0},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@incollection{kocewiakGPSSynchronizationEMC2012,
  title = {{{GPS}} Synchronization and {{EMC}} of Harmonic and Transient Measurement Equipment in Offshore Wind Farms},
  booktitle = {Selected {{Papers}} from {{Deep Sea Offshore Wind R}}\&d {{Conference}}},
  author = {Kocewiak, Lukasz Hubert and Arana, Ivan and Hjerrild, Jesper and Sorensen, Troels and Bak, Claus Leth and Holboll, Joachim},
  editor = {Tande, J. O. G. and Kvamsdal, T. and Dahlhaug, O. G.},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {212--228},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  abstract = {The challenges of harmonic and transient measurements in wind farms are described in this paper. It is shown that appropriate measurements of harmonic and transient phenomena in offshore wind farms are essential for data analysis and model creation/validation of components or subsystems. The GPS synchronization, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and interference (EMI) challenges during the development, construction, testing and installation of a measurement system for multi-point, high-speed and long-term data logging is described in this paper. The presented measurement system was tested in a rough offshore environment at Avedore Holme and Gunfleet Sands offshore wind farms. The paper will describe the application of GPS technology in synchronised measurements carried out at Avedore Holme and Gunfleet Sands wind farms. Different aspects of software development and hardware configuration in order to optimise measurement systems reliability during offshore measurements will be presented. Also real-life examples of results from both offshore measurement campaigns will be described. Some limitations, improvements and results of the measurement system will be explained from both harmonic and transient measurements. The paper clearly presents possible electromagnetic interference in wind turbines that can affect measurements. Also the application of appropriate mitigation techniques such as data acquisition board configuration, coaxial cable leading, as well as usage of EMC-proof boxes for high frequency measurements is described. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of SINTEF Energi AS. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.},
  annotation = {WOS:000345386900024},
  keywords = {emc,emi,GPS synchronization,harmonic measurements,offshore wind   farm,transient measurements},
  language = {English}
}

@article{kochLocalInstabilityCharacteristics1985,
  title = {Local Instability Characteristics and Frequency Determination of Self-Excited Wake Flows},
  author = {Koch, W.},
  year = {1985},
  month = mar,
  volume = {99},
  pages = {53--83},
  issn = {0022-460X},
  doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(85)90445-6},
  abstract = {As suggested by the strong effect resonances and feedback mechanisms can exert upon vortices shed from blunt bodies, it is proposed that the discrete frequency, self-excited vortex shedding process itself is governed by a resonance-like mechanism. With the assumption that to a first approximation the shedding frequency is determined by the behaviour in the linear regime, the resonance hypothesis is found to lead to a bifurcation condition (direct resonance condition) of the local instability eigenvalue. In a corresponding initial value formulation the same condition separates a subcritical region of locally absolute instability from a supercritical region of locally convective instability. The critical basic wake profile corresponding to the bifurcation condition is found to be near the end of the potential core. The pertinent frequency is close to experimentally found values if, in the absence of numerically determined (physically unstable) solutions of the steady Navier-Stokes equations, the steady basic wake flow is modelled realistically. For asymmetrical steady wakes a limiting asymmetry seems to exist beyond which no time-harmonic resonance could be determined. This provides a link to mixing layers where apparently only convective instabilities are possible.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/3XTQZC2J/0022460X85904456.html},
  journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@inproceedings{kokubunVortexInducedVibrationHorizontal2008,
  title = {Vortex-{{Induced Vibration}} of {{Horizontal Circular Cylinder}} in {{Uniform Flow}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2004 23rd {{International Conference}} on {{Offshore Mechanics}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Kokubun, Kentaroh and Wada, Yasuhiro},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  pages = {303--308},
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2004-51132},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/AET56JUT/304242.html},
  language = {en}
}

@article{konstantinidisPhaseDynamicsEffective2020,
  title = {Phase Dynamics of Effective Drag and Lift Components in Vortex-Induced Vibration at Low Mass\textendash Damping},
  author = {Konstantinidis, E. and Zhao, J. and Leontini, J. and Lo Jacono, D. and Sheridan, J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  volume = {96},
  pages = {103028},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2020.103028},
  abstract = {In this work, we investigate the dynamics of vortex-induced vibration of an elastically mounted cylinder with very low values of mass and damping. We use two methods to investigate this canonical problem: first we calculate the instantaneous phase between the cylinder motion and the fluid forcing; second we decompose the total hydrodynamic force into drag and lift components that act along and normal to, respectively, the instantaneous effective angle of attack. We focus on the phase dynamics in the large-amplitude\textendash response range, consisting of the initial, upper and lower ``branches'' of response. The instantaneous phase between the transverse force and displacement shows repeated phase slips separating periods of constant, or continuous-drifting, phase in the second half of the upper branch. The phase between the lift component and displacement shows strong phase locking throughout the large-amplitude range \textendash{} the average phase varies linearly with the primary frequency \textendash{} however the modulation of this phase is largest in the second half of the upper branch. These observations suggest that the large-amplitude\textendash response dynamics is driven by two distinct limit cycles \textendash{} one that is stable over a very small range of reduced velocity at the beginning of the upper branch, and another that consists of the lower branch. The chaotic oscillation between them \textendash{} the majority of the upper branch \textendash{} occurs when neither limit cycle is stable. The transition between the upper and lower branches is marked by intermittent switching with epochs of time where different states exist at a constant reduced velocity. These different states are clearly apparent in the phase between the lift and displacement, illustrating the utility of the force decomposition employed. The decomposed force measurements also show that the drag component acts as a damping factor whereas the lift component provides the necessary fluid excitation for free vibration to be sustained.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4H73VD53/S0889974619307789.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {Bluff body,Flow-induced vibration,Force decomposition,Non-linear synchronisation,Phase dynamics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{konstantinidisTimingVortexShedding2005,
  title = {The Timing of Vortex Shedding in a Cylinder Wake Imposed by Periodic Inflow Perturbations},
  author = {Konstantinidis, E. and Balabani, S. and Yianneskis, M.},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  volume = {543},
  pages = {45--55},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112005006786},
  abstract = {The interaction of vortex shedding from a circular cylinder with an inflow which has low-amplitude periodic velocity oscillations (perturbations) superimposed upon it, was investigated experimentally by means of particle image velocimetry. The experiments were made at three perturbation frequencies across the lock-on range in which the vortex shedding frequency is synchronized with the subharmonic of the imposed frequency. The basic wake pattern in this range is antisymmetric vortex shedding, i.e. the familiar 2S mode. The timing of vortex shedding is defined with respect to the cross-flow oscillation of the wake which is found to play a critical role. Quantitative analysis of the phase-referenced patterns of vorticity distribution in the wake shows that a vortex is actually shed from the cylinder when the cross-flow oscillation of the wake is strongest, marked by a sudden drop in the computed vortex strength. At the middle of the lock-on range, shedding occurs near the minimum inflow velocity in the cycle or, equivalently, during the forward stroke of a cylinder oscillating in-line with the flow. It is argued that the imposed timing of vortex shedding relative to the cylinder motion induces a negative excitation from the fluid, which might explain why the in-line response of a freely vibrating cylinder exhibits two positive excitation regions separated by the lock-on region found in forced oscillations.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FA532CFG/47D2DA5214E68BE57F335F9D7E4FB54A.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@incollection{konstantinidisWindTurbinesCurrent2016,
  title = {Wind Turbines: Current Status, Obstacles, Trends and Technologies},
  shorttitle = {Wind Turbines},
  booktitle = {20th {{Innovative Manufacturing Engineering}} and {{Energy Conference}} (Imanee 2016)},
  author = {Konstantinidis, E. I. and Botsaris, P. N.},
  editor = {Maropoulos, S. and Kyratsis, P. and Kakoulis, K. and Taousanidis, N. and Oancea, G. and Dodun, O.},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {161},
  pages = {UNSP 012079},
  publisher = {{Iop Publishing Ltd}},
  address = {{Bristol}},
  abstract = {The last decade the installation of wind farms around the world is spreading rapidly and wind energy has become a significant factor for promoting sustainable development. The scope of the present study is to indicate the present status of global wind power expansion as well as the current state of the art in the field of wind turbine technology. The RAM (reliability/availability/maintenance) section is also examined and the Levelized Cost of Energy for onshore/offshore electricity production is presented. Negative consequences that go with the rapid expansion of wind power like accidents, environmental effects, etc. are highlighted. Especially visual impact to the landscape and noise pollution are some factors that provoke social reactions. Moreover, the complicated and long permitted process of a wind power plant, the high capital cost of the investment and the grid instability due to the intermittent nature of wind, are also significant obstacles in the development of the wind energy production. The current trends in the field of research and development of onshore and offshore wind power production are analyzed. Finally the present study is trying to achieve an estimation of where the wind industry targets for the years to come.},
  annotation = {WOS:000391131300078},
  keywords = {mortality},
  language = {English}
}

@techreport{kostLevelizedCostElectricity2018,
  title = {Levelized {{Cost}} of {{Electricity}}- {{Renewable Energy Technologies}}},
  author = {Kost, Christoph and Shammugam, Shivenes and J{\"u}lch, Verena and Nguyen, Huyen-Tran and Schlegl, Thomas},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  pages = {42},
  address = {{Freiburg, Germany}},
  institution = {{Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/URHKAFCB/Kost et al. - Levelized Cost of Electricity- Renewable Energy Te.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{koterayamaViscousDampingForces1989,
  title = {Viscous Damping Forces for Slow Drift Oscillation of the Floating Structure Acting on the Hull and Mooring Lines},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{International Offshore Mechanics}} and {{Arctic Engineering Symposium}}},
  author = {Koterayama, W. and Nakamura, Masahiko and Kyozuka, Y.},
  year = {1989},
  pages = {497--503},
  publisher = {{Publ by American Soc of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Z985LXNH/viscous-damping-forces-for-slow-drift-oscillation-of-the-floating.html},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{koulinFacetedMonopileDesign2015,
  title = {Faceted Monopile Design Suitable for Mass Production and Upscaling},
  booktitle = {Icsi 2015 the 1st {{International Conference}} on {{Structural Integrity Funchal}}},
  author = {Koulin, G. and Sewell, I. and Shaw, B. A.},
  editor = {Moreira, Pmgp and Tavares, P. J.},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {114},
  pages = {385--392},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  abstract = {There is a growing need for cheaper, more sustainable energy sources and this calls for optimisation of energy harnessing systems. Offshore wind energy has been highlighted as one of the more promising energy sources and in this application, the foundation structure for a typical installation contributes significantly to the overall levelised cost of energy. With this in mind, a faceted monopile foundation design and the review of its critical evaluation is presented. This type of design lends itself well to mass production and upscaling, both factors seen to reduce the overall cost of gathered energy. The evaluation of the design is performed through comparison with a conventional, circular monopile design. The comparison is undertaken using conventional design criteria as outlined by the DNV standards body. A finite element model was used to evaluate the structural performance of the designs. It is shown that the faceted design has a higher fatigue resilience than the conventional round design. Also, the fatigue damage caused to the monopile during pile driving installation is estimated from the conducted scaled down test where a series of strain gauge signals were collected to allow for stress measurement at specific points of interest. The feasibility of the proposed faceted monopile design is supported based on this critical evaluation. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  annotation = {WOS:000380482400050},
  keywords = {challenges,electron beam welding,finite element,future,jacket structure,mass   production,monopile,pile-driving,strain gauge,suction bucket,upscaling,Wind turbine foundation},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{kuijkenSingleBladeInstallation2015,
  title = {Single {{Blade Installation}} for {{Large Wind Turbines}} in {{Extreme Wind Conditions}}},
  author = {Kuijken, L},
  year = {2015},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/5YXYUNZV/2015_Kuijken_Single Blade Installation for Large Wind Turbines in Extreme Wind Conditions.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  school = {European Wind Energy Master - TU Delft and DTU},
  type = {Master of {{Science Thesis}}}
}

@article{kwonGustfrontLoadingEffects2012a,
  title = {Gust-Front Loading Effects on Wind Turbine Tower Systems},
  author = {Kwon, Dae Kun and Kareem, Ahsan and Butler, Kyle},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  volume = {104-106},
  pages = {109--115},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2012.03.030},
  abstract = {With an increasing focus on the issues of extreme wind events, particularly thunderstorms and downbursts, it is important not to lose sight of their impact with regards to other industrial structures, which are themselves sensitive even to typical flow fields. For the treatment of conventional boundary layer winds, a gust loading factor approach has been widely adapted in most international codes and standards for the design of buildings. Wind turbine towers, though fundamentally different from buildings when viewed as a multi-body system featuring a tower/nacelle and blades, may be treated much in the same way with modified gust loading factors. This paper introduces a possible approach to mesh conventional treatments of gust loading factors with those of newly introduced gust-front factors on wind turbine towers. Much like gust-front factors for buildings, this approach encapsulates many of the varied kinematic and dynamic changes associated with nonstationary characteristics of gust-fronts originating from thunderstorms/downbursts and the changing aerodynamics on wind turbine towers. From an example of a wind turbine tower system, gust-front loading effects as compared to those of boundary layer winds are investigated.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/W9U3UIFN/Kwon et al. - 2012 - Gust-front loading effects on wind turbine tower s.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{labedzkiTransverseVibrationCantilever2018,
  title = {Transverse Vibration of a Cantilever Beam under Base Excitation Using Fractional Rheological Model},
  booktitle = {{{2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY}}, {{CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING}} ({{IC3PE}})},
  author = {{\L}ab{\k{e}}dzki, Pawe{\l} and Pawlikowski, Rafa{\l} and Radowicz, Andrzej},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {020034},
  address = {{Yogyakarta, Indonesia}},
  doi = {10.1063/1.5066496},
  abstract = {A cantilever beam with piezoelectric layer/layers and with (or without) tip mass under base excitation is very often applied as the main element in piezoelectric devices for harvesting energy. The energy is gained from transverse vibrations of the beam. In the theoretical description, damping term is usually added to Euler-Bernoulli beam equation to eliminate infinite vibration amplitude at resonance. In this study, the fractional derivatives are used to model both stiffness and damping terms in this equation. Suitable equations for the beam with and without tip mass are formulated and solved. For some parameters of proposed fractional model, resonant characteristics and solutions for a few natural vibration modes are numerically calculated.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/H2EYVRV7/labedzki_et_al_2018_transverse_vibration_of_a_cantilever_beam_under_base_excitation_using.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{labedzkiTransverseVibrationCantilever2018a,
  title = {Transverse Vibration of a Cantilever Beam under Base Excitation Using Fractional Rheological Model},
  booktitle = {{{2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY}}, {{CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING}} ({{IC3PE}})},
  author = {{\L}ab{\k{e}}dzki, Pawe{\l} and Pawlikowski, Rafa{\l} and Radowicz, Andrzej},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {020034},
  address = {{Yogyakarta, Indonesia}},
  doi = {10.1063/1.5066496},
  abstract = {A cantilever beam with piezoelectric layer/layers and with (or without) tip mass under base excitation is very often applied as the main element in piezoelectric devices for harvesting energy. The energy is gained from transverse vibrations of the beam. In the theoretical description, damping term is usually added to Euler-Bernoulli beam equation to eliminate infinite vibration amplitude at resonance. In this study, the fractional derivatives are used to model both stiffness and damping terms in this equation. Suitable equations for the beam with and without tip mass are formulated and solved. For some parameters of proposed fractional model, resonant characteristics and solutions for a few natural vibration modes are numerically calculated.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PXLYBBTW/Łabędzki et al. - 2018 - Transverse vibration of a cantilever beam under ba.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{lacal-aranteguiOffshoreWindInstallation2018,
  title = {Offshore Wind Installation: {{Analysing}} the Evidence behind Improvements in Installation Time},
  shorttitle = {Offshore Wind Installation},
  author = {{Lacal-Ar{\'a}ntegui}, Roberto and Yusta, Jos{\'e} M. and {Dom{\'i}nguez-Navarro}, Jos{\'e} Antonio},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  volume = {92},
  pages = {133--145},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.044},
  abstract = {The most important single event of the last years in wind energy technology is the reduction in the cost of producing wind electricity offshore, a reduction that can reach 75\%, depending on the system boundary considered, for installations commissioned by 2024. Surprisingly, there is very little scientific literature showing how this reduction is being achieved.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/U2QMR6BF/2018_Lacal-Arántegui et al_Offshore wind installation.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZEWAZW84/2018_Lacal-Arántegui et al_Offshore wind installation.pdf},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  keywords = {_tablet,Cost-reduction,costs,farms,Foundations,Learning,Offshore wind installation,Turbines},
  language = {en}
}

@article{lacal-aranteguiOffshoreWindInstallation2018a,
  title = {Offshore Wind Installation: {{Analysing}} the Evidence behind Improvements in Installation Time},
  shorttitle = {Offshore Wind Installation},
  author = {{Lacal-Ar{\'a}ntegui}, Roberto and Yusta, Jos{\'e} M. and {Dom{\'i}nguez-Navarro}, Jos{\'e} Antonio},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  volume = {92},
  pages = {133--145},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.044},
  abstract = {The most important single event of the last years in wind energy technology is the reduction in the cost of producing wind electricity offshore, a reduction that can reach 75\%, depending on the system boundary considered, for installations commissioned by 2024. Surprisingly, there is very little scientific literature showing how this reduction is being achieved.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CG65BLLZ/Lacal-Arántegui et al. - 2018 - Offshore wind installation Analysing the evidence.pdf},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{lacalaranteguiCostEnergyGlobalisation2017,
  title = {Cost of Energy and Globalisation in the Wind Industry},
  author = {Lacal Arantegui, Roberto},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  abstract = {My name is Roberto Lacal, I work as a Scientific Officer at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, I'm going to present cost issues in the wind energy field as well as to discuss globalisation issues. With this presentation you will learn about the evolution of wind project revenues and capital costs, and their main component, the turbine costs. You will become aware of the future cost and revenue scenarios, and of how this changes and/or could change locally in an international, globalised context. Please interrupt me if you have any question on a specific aspect of the slide on show, e.g. if you don't understand any of the items. Please let's leave discussions and more generic questions for the end of the session.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VD48VR2W/lacal_arantegui_2017_cost_of_energy_and_globalisation_in_the_wind_industry.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{lacalaranteguiOffshoreWindInstallation2018,
  title = {Offshore Wind Installation: {{Analysing}} the Evidence behind Improvements in Installation Time},
  shorttitle = {Offshore Wind Installation},
  author = {Lacal Arantegui, Roberto and Yusta, Jose and Dom{\'i}nguez, Jos{\'e}},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  volume = {92},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.044},
  abstract = {The most important single event of the last years in wind energy technology is the reduction in the cost of producing wind electricity offshore, a reduction that can reach 75\%, depending on the system boundary considered , for installations commissioned by 2024. Surprisingly, there is very little scientific literature showing how this reduction is being achieved. The objective of this paper is to analyse the evidence behind cost reduction in one of the most significant cost elements of offshore wind farms, the installation of foundations and turbines. This cost is directly dependent on the daily rates of the installation vessels and on the days it takes to install those wind farm elements. Therefore, we collected installation data from 87 wind farms installed from 2000 to 2017, to establish the exact time for installation in each. The results show that advances have reached 70\% reduction in installation times throughout the period for the whole set, turbine plus foundation. Most of these improvements (and the corresponding impact in reducing costs) relate to the larger size of turbines installed nowadays. There is, therefore, not any leap forward in the installation process, but only incremental improvements applied to turbines that are now four times as large as in 2000.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8VMVDUW6/lacal_arantegui_et_al_2018_offshore_wind_installation.pdf},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{lacknerPassiveStructuralControl2011,
  title = {Passive Structural Control of Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Lackner, Matthew A. and Rotea, Mario A.},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {373--388},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KKFJD5WE/lackner_rotea_2011_passive_structural_control_of_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/474E3A8F/we.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/KHI6EESQ/we.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/TE5PLKG3/we.html},
  journal = {Wind energy},
  keywords = {_tablet,control,loads,offshore,passive,structural response},
  number = {3}
}

@book{lalanneFatigueDamage2014,
  title = {Fatigue {{Damage}}},
  author = {Lalanne, Christian},
  year = {2014},
  edition = {3rd edition},
  publisher = {{ISTE Ltd/John Wiley and Sons Inc}},
  address = {{Hoboken, NJ}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/UT3K87E2/2014_Lalanne_Fatigue Damage.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-84821-643-3 978-1-84821-645-7},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {4},
  series = {Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis}
}

@book{lalanneMechanicalShock2014,
  title = {Mechanical Shock},
  author = {Lalanne, Christian},
  year = {2014},
  edition = {3rd edition},
  publisher = {{ISTE Ltd/John Wiley and Sons Inc}},
  address = {{Hoboken, NJ}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/722I5L7I/lalanne_2014_mechanical_shock.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-84821-643-3 978-1-84821-645-7},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {v. 2},
  series = {Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis}
}

@book{lalanneMechanicalShock2014a,
  title = {Mechanical Shock},
  author = {Lalanne, Christian},
  year = {2014},
  edition = {3rd edition},
  publisher = {{ISTE Ltd/John Wiley and Sons Inc}},
  address = {{Hoboken, NJ}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/R3DILUFA/Lalanne - 2014 - Mechanical shock.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-84821-643-3 978-1-84821-645-7},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {v. 2},
  series = {Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis}
}

@book{lalanneRandomVibration2014,
  title = {Random {{Vibration}}},
  author = {Lalanne, Christian},
  year = {2014},
  edition = {3rd edition},
  publisher = {{ISTE Ltd/John Wiley and Sons Inc}},
  address = {{Hoboken, NJ}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/QLEJKUYQ/2014_Lalanne_Random Vibration.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-84821-643-3 978-1-84821-645-7},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {3},
  series = {Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis}
}

@book{lalanneShock2014,
  title = {Shock},
  author = {Lalanne, Christian},
  year = {2014},
  edition = {3rd edition},
  publisher = {{ISTE Ltd/John Wiley and Sons Inc}},
  address = {{Hoboken, NJ}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/T54DQMJV/2014_Lalanne_Shock.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-84821-643-3 978-1-84821-645-7},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2},
  series = {Shock}
}

@book{lalanneSinusoidalVibration2014,
  title = {Sinusoidal {{Vibration}}},
  author = {Lalanne, Christian},
  year = {2014},
  edition = {3rd edition},
  publisher = {{ISTE Ltd/John Wiley and Sons Inc}},
  address = {{Hoboken, NJ}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RWRQUGUG/2014_Lalanne_Sinusoidal Vibration.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-84821-643-3 978-1-84821-645-7},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  series = {Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis}
}

@book{lalanneSpecificationDevelopment2014,
  title = {Specification {{Development}}},
  author = {Lalanne, Christian},
  year = {2014},
  edition = {3rd edition},
  publisher = {{ISTE Ltd/John Wiley and Sons Inc}},
  address = {{Hoboken, NJ}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7PIFV9SJ/2014_Lalanne_Specification Development.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-84821-643-3 978-1-84821-645-7},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {5},
  series = {Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis}
}

@article{lamThreedimensionalNatureVortices2004,
  title = {Three-Dimensional Nature of Vortices in the near Wake of a Wavy Cylinder},
  author = {Lam, K and Wang, F. H and So, R. M. C},
  year = {2004},
  month = jul,
  volume = {19},
  pages = {815--833},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2004.04.004},
  abstract = {The near wake of a wavy cylinder has been experimentally investigated using various techniques, including Laser Doppler Anemometer, Laser-Induced Fluorescence Visualization and Digital Particle Image Velocimetry. The work aims to provide understanding to the mechanism of the cross-flow around a wavy cylinder as well as to comprehend why the introduction of relatively small degrees of spanwise waviness could have a significant effect on drag reduction and a corresponding suppression of cylinder vibration. Distributions of the mean and fluctuating velocity components along the streamwise, spanwise and transverse direction are presented. The development of the flow patterns and the corresponding vortex interactions are obtained by flow visualization. The experimental results indicated that the average vortex formation length behind the wavy cylinder is longer than that behind the circular cylinder. It appears that there is a direct link between the long formation length and drag reduction and vibration suppression. For the wavy cylinder, the wake on the saddle plane has a longer vortex formation region and a more rapid reverse flow, as well as being wider than that on the nodal plane. Furthermore, the spanwise flow is from the saddle plane towards the nodal plane on both sides of the wavy cylinder. It was deduced that the free shear layers shed from the points near the saddles extend along the spanwise direction, while the shear layers near the nodes contract. The turbulence correlations show that the vortex streets in the circular cylinder wake are more regular, while the wavy cylinder wake shows more incoherent turbulence due to enhanced turbulent mixing; a consequence of three-dimensional (3-D) effects. The mean velocity and turbulence data also provide an important database for the validation of turbulence modelling and 3-D numerical simulations.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/GLQHZDPR/lam_et_al_2004_three-dimensional_nature_of_vortices_in_the_near_wake_of_a_wavy_cylinder.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/RIY9WBLW/S0889974604000568.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@techreport{lantzIEAWindTask2012,
  title = {{{IEA Wind Task}} 26: {{The Past}} and {{Future Cost}} of {{Wind Energy}}, {{Work Package}} 2},
  shorttitle = {{{IEA Wind Task}} 26},
  author = {Lantz, Eric and Wiser, Ryan and Hand, Maureen},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  pages = {NREL/TP-6A20-53510, 1043777},
  doi = {10.2172/1043777},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/57E6EEMV/Lantz et al. - 2012 - IEA Wind Task 26 The Past and Future Cost of Wind.pdf},
  language = {en},
  number = {NREL/TP-6A20-53510, 1043777}
}

@article{lavanyaFoundationTypesLand2020,
  title = {Foundation {{Types}} for {{Land}} and {{Offshore Sustainable Wind Energy Turbine Towers}}},
  author = {Lavanya, C and Kumar, N.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  volume = {184},
  pages = {01094},
  doi = {10.1051/e3sconf/202018401094},
  abstract = {Wind energy is the renewable sources of energy and it is used to generate electricity. The wind farms can be constructed on land and offshore where higher wind speeds are prevailing. Most offshore wind farms employ fixed-foundation wind turbines in relatively shallow water. In deep waters floating wind turbines have gained popularity and are recent development. This paper discusses the various types of foundations which are in practice for use in wind turbine towers installed on land and offshore. The applicability of foundations based on depth of seabed and distance of wind farm from the shore are discussed. Also, discussed the improvement methods of weak or soft soils for the foundations of wind turbine towers.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8CQAY5BQ/lavanya_kumar_2020_foundation_types_for_land_and_offshore_sustainable_wind_energy_turbine_towers.pdf},
  journal = {E3S Web of Conferences},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{lavidasEnergyProductionBenefits2018,
  title = {Energy {{Production Benefits}} by {{Wind}} and {{Wave Energies}} for the {{Autonomous System}} of {{Crete}}},
  author = {Lavidas, George and Venugopal, Vengatesan},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  volume = {11},
  pages = {2741},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en11102741},
  abstract = {At autonomous electricity grids Renewable Energy (RE) contributes significantly to energy production. Offshore resources benefit from higher energy density, smaller visual impacts, and higher availability levels. Offshore locations at the West of Crete obtain wind availability approximate to 80\%, combining this with the installation potential for large scale modern wind turbines (rated power) then expected annual benefits are immense. Temporal variability of production is a limiting factor for wider adaptation of large offshore farms. To this end multi-generation with wave energy can alleviate issues of non-generation for wind. Spatio-temporal correlation of wind and wave energy production exhibit that wind and wave hybrid stations can contribute significant amounts of clean energy, while at the same time reducing spatial constrains and public acceptance issues. Offshore technologies can be combined as co-located or not, altering contribution profiles of wave energy to non-operating wind turbine production. In this study a co-located option contributes up to 626 h per annum, while a non co-located solution is found to complement over 4000 h of a non-operative wind turbine. Findings indicate the opportunities associated not only in terms of capital expenditure reduction, but also in the ever important issue of renewable variability and grid stability.},
  annotation = {WOS:000449293500249},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XP2RQGH4/2018_Lavidas_Venugopal_Energy Production Benefits by Wind and Wave Energies for the Autonomous System.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {_tablet,co-generation,conversion,economics,generation,offshore   energy,renewable energy,storage,wave energy,wind energy},
  language = {English},
  number = {10}
}

@article{lawPassiveControlVortexinduced2018,
  title = {Passive Control of Vortex-Induced Vibration by Spanwise Grooves},
  author = {Law, Y. Z. and Jaiman, R. K.},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  volume = {83},
  pages = {1--26},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2018.08.004},
  abstract = {The objective of this numerical study is to investigate the effect of spanwise grooves on the suppression of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and the reduction of drag force. For this purpose, we consider a standard configuration of the elastically mounted circular cylinder, which is free to vibrate in both streamwise and transverse directions with identical natural frequency. We introduce a novel staggered groove configuration whose geometry is especially designed by offsetting the cross-sectional portion of the cylinder continuously along the spanwise direction. We assess the characteristic VIV responses of the proposed staggered groove configuration against the helical surface grooves for the identical dimensions and physical conditions. The staggered and helical groove configurations differ only in their arrangement of cross-section geometry along the spanwise direction. Three-dimensional coupled fluid-structure simulations are conclucted at low mass and damping values with moderate Reynolds number of Re = 4800. The effective width and the depth of surface grooves are determined to characterize the size effects for the assessment of staggered and helical groove configurations. Results show that the staggered groove configuration is effective in suppressing VIV, wherein the net reductions of 37\% in the peak transverse amplitude and about 25\% in the mean drag coefficient are observed in comparison to the plain cylinder counterpart. Staggered groove configuration produces three dominant effects by introducing a continuous jump in the cross-sectional geometry along the spanwise direction: (i) reduction of the spanwise correlation, (ii) enhancement of the three-dimensional effects in the near-wake flow, and (iii) broadening of the frequency spectra of fluid forces. As a result of these physical effects, the transfer of energy from the surrounding fluid flow to the vibrating grooved-cylinder system is reduced as compared to its plain cylinder counterpart. Owing to the simplicity of mechanical design and the ease of installation, the proposed passive control concept has a potential application to deep water marine risers and tall structures in a wind environment. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  annotation = {WOS:000451364200001},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {circular-cylinder,drag reduction,flow-control,Frequency broadening,Helical   grooves,low-mass,Passive control,sectional lift forces,Spanwise correlation,Staggered grooves,suppression,viv,Vortex-induced vibration,wake},
  language = {English}
}

@inproceedings{lawStaggeredGroovesSuppression2019,
  title = {Staggered {{Grooves}} for the {{Suppression}} of {{Vortex}}-{{Induced Vibration}} in {{Flexible Cylinders}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2019 38th {{International Conference}} on {{Ocean}}, {{Offshore}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Law, Yun Zhi and Jaiman, Rajeev K.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2019-95649},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PDWYXXA5/1067536.html},
  language = {en}
}

@article{lazakisAssessingOffshoreWind2019,
  title = {Assessing Offshore Wind Turbine Reliability and Availability},
  author = {Lazakis, Iraklis and Kougioumtzoglou, Maria A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  volume = {233},
  pages = {267--282},
  issn = {1475-0902},
  doi = {10.1177/1475090217735413},
  abstract = {The renewables sector and particularly offshore wind energy is a fast developing industry over the last few years. Especially, activities related to the installation, and operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines become a challenging task with inherent risks. This article assesses the risks related to the above stages of a wind farm lifecycle using the failure mode, effects and criticality analysis and hazard identification methods. All works, from installation to operation and maintenance, are considered together with the wind turbine main components. An integrated risk analysis methodology is presented addressing personnel Safety (S), Environmental impact (E), Asset integrity (A), and Operation (O). The above is supplemented by a cost analysis with the aid of Bayesian belief networks method to assist the decision-making process related to installation, and operation and maintenance tasks. All major risks and critical wind turbine components are identified as well as measures are suggested to prevent or mitigate them. Moreover, inspection and maintenance plans are elaborated in general for the mentioned activities.},
  annotation = {WOS:000458206700019},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZUAV8Z3X/2019_Lazakis_Kougioumtzoglou_Assessing offshore wind turbine reliability and availability.pdf},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M-Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment},
  keywords = {_tablet,Bayesian   belief networks,effects and criticality analysis,failure   mode,hazard identification,offshore wind farm,risk,Risk analysis (operation and maintenance),systems},
  language = {English},
  number = {1}
}

@phdthesis{leeAirfoilVortexInduced2007,
  title = {Airfoil {{Vortex Induced Vibration}} Suppression Devices},
  author = {Lee, Evan J. (Evan Joseph)},
  year = {2007},
  abstract = {Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) is a major concern of the offshore oil industry. This problem leads to fatigue failure in the marine risers and causes costly replacement of the risers. Appendages such as helical strakes have proven that VIV can be eliminated but at the cost of increased drag. Increased drag reduces the time that the riser can operate. This thesis looks at adding airfoils to cylinders to both eliminate VIV as well as reducing drag. Two sets of tests were performed at the MIT Towing Tank to determine the effectiveness of these airfoils. The first tests utilized a flexible to model a riser. The second set of tests used a rigid cylinder to better understand the dynamics of the system. The airfoils were able to achieve both goals when the airfoils are aligned with the flow. Future work needs to be completed to study the airfoils when they are not aligned with the flow.},
  copyright = {M.I.T. theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written permission. See provided URL for inquiries about permission.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Q98XW7EC/2007_Lee_Airfoil Vortex Induced Vibration suppression devices.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/FFKUYEKY/39874.html},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {eng},
  school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
  type = {Thesis}
}

@techreport{leeGlobalOffshoreWind2020,
  title = {Global {{Offshore Wind Report}} 2020},
  author = {Lee, Joyce and Zhao, Feng and Dutton, Alastair and Backwell, Ben and Qiao, Liming and Lim, Shuxin and Lathigaralead, Anjali and Liang, Wanliang},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  address = {{Brussels, Belgium}},
  institution = {{Global Wind Energy Council}},
  abstract = {GWEC has today released the second edition of its Global Offshore Wind Report, which provides a comprehensive overview of the offshore wind sector globally with the latest data and analysis on market growth, industry forecasts to 2030 and data-based insights on emerging markets. The report also includes lessons learnt on support schemes, industrial development and job creation, grid connection, cost reduction and supply chain, as well as health and safety to further drive growth of the global offshore wind market.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CMNZCINF/2020_global_offshore_wind_report_2020.pdf},
  language = {en-US}
}

@article{leeNumericalOptimizationSite2010,
  title = {Numerical Optimization of Site Selection for Offshore Wind Turbine Installation Using Genetic Algorithm},
  author = {Lee, Ki-Hak and Jun, Sang-Ook and Pak, Kyung-Hyun and Lee, Dong-Ho and Lee, Kyeong-Woo and Park, Jong-Po},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {S302-S306},
  issn = {1567-1739},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cap.2009.11.031},
  abstract = {The selection procedure of a potential site for an offshore wind farm around Jeju Island is presented using the optimization technique. The statistical model was developed by analyzing the sea wind data from RDAPS/KMA for year 2006, and the meso-scale digital wind map was prepared. To develop the high resolution spatial calibration model, artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to construct the wind and bathymetric maps. Accuracy and consistency of wind/bathymetric spatial calibration models were obtained using analysis of variance. The optimization problem was defined to maximize the energy density satisfying the criteria of maximum water depth and maximum distance from the coastline. The candidate site was selected through genetic algorithm (GA). From the results, it is possible to predict roughly a candidate site location for the installation of the offshore wind farm, and to evaluate the wind resources of the proposed site.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/BWWVR447/S1567173909005276.html},
  journal = {Current Applied Physics},
  keywords = {Artificial neural network,Bathymetric map,Genetic algorithm,Statistical model,Wind map},
  language = {en},
  number = {2, Supplement},
  series = {The {{Proceeding}} of the {{International Renewable Energy Conference}} and {{Exhibition}} 2008 ({{RE2008}})}
}

@incollection{leimeisterHumanfreeOffshoreLifting2018,
  title = {Human-Free Offshore Lifting Solutions},
  booktitle = {Windeurope {{Conference}} 2018 {{Within}} the {{Global Wind Summit}}},
  author = {Leimeister, M. and Balaam, T. and Causon, P. and Cevasco, D. and Richmond, M. and Kolios, A. and Brennan, F.},
  editor = {Muskulus, M. and Bottasso, C. L.},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {1102},
  pages = {UNSP 012030},
  publisher = {{Iop Publishing Ltd}},
  address = {{Bristol}},
  abstract = {With single elements weighing up to hundreds of tonnes and lifted to heights of 100 meters, off shore wind turbines can pose risks to personnel, assets, and the environment during installation and maintenance interventions. To increase safety during off shore lifts, this study focuses on solutions for human-free lifting operations. Ideas in the categories of logistics, connections, as well as guidance and control, were discussed and ranked by means of a multi-criteria decision analysis. Based upon 38 survey responses weighting 21 predefined decision criteria, the most promising concepts were selected. Logistically, pre-assembled systems would reduce the number of lifts and thus reduce the risk. A MATLAB-based code has been developed to optimise installation time, lifted weight, and number of lifts. Automated bolting and seafastening solutions have high potential to increase safety during the transport of the wind turbine elements and, additionally, speed up the process. Finally, the wind turbine should be lifted on top of the support structure without having personnel being under the load. A multidirectional mechanical guiding element has been designed and tested successfully in combination with visual guidance by cameras in a small-scale experiment.},
  annotation = {WOS:000467437000030},
  keywords = {installation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{lennieVortexSheddingFrequency2018,
  ids = {lennieVortexSheddingFrequency2018a},
  title = {Vortex {{Shedding}} and {{Frequency Lock}} in on {{Stand Still Wind Turbines}}\textemdash{{A Baseline Experiment}}},
  author = {Lennie, Matthew and {Selahi-Moghaddam}, Alireza and Holst, David and Pechlivanoglou, George and Navid Nayeri, Christian and Paschereit, Christian Oliver},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  volume = {140},
  pages = {112603-112603-13},
  issn = {0742-4795},
  doi = {10.1115/1.4039818},
  abstract = {During the commissioning and stand-still cycles of wind turbines, the rotor is often stopped or even locked leaving the rotor blades at a standstill. When the blades are at a standstill, angles of attack on the blades can be very high, and it is therefore possible that they experience vortex-induced vibrations. This experiment and analysis helps to explain the different regimes of flow at very high angles of attack, particularly on moderately twisted and tapered blades. A single blade was tested at two different flow velocities at a range of angles of attack with flow tuft visualization and hotwire measurements of the wake. Hotwire wake measurements were able to show the gradual inception and ending of certain flow regimes. The power spectral densities of these measurements were normalized in terms of Strouhal number based on the projected chord to show that certain wake features have a relatively constant Strouhal number. The shedding frequency appears then to be relatively independent of chord taper and twist. Vortex generators (VGs) were tested but were found to have little influence in this case. Gurney flaps were found to modify the wake geometry, stall onset angles, and in some cases the shedding frequency.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/I59J84YX/lennie_et_al_2018_vortex_shedding_and_frequency_lock_in_on_stand_still_wind_turbines—a_baseline.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/UE3HSAMK/lennie_et_al_2018_vortex_shedding_and_frequency_lock_in_on_stand_still_wind_turbines—a_baseline.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {11}
}

@book{lercheWhyWouldLocationBased2019,
  title = {Why {{Would Location}}-{{Based Scheduling Be Applicable}} for {{Offshore Wind Turbine Construction}}?},
  author = {Lerche, Jon and Sepp{\"a}nen, Olli and Pedersen, Kristian and Neve, Hasse and Wandahl, S{\o}ren and Gross, Allan},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  pages = {1294},
  doi = {10.24928/2019/0121},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/UMZ5TU8A/lerche_et_al_2019_why_would_location-based_scheduling_be_applicable_for_offshore_wind_turbine.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@misc{LevelizedCostEnergy,
  title = {Levelized Cost of Energy by Technology},
  abstract = {Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) estimates the average cost per unit of energy generated across the lifetime of a new power plant. It is measured in 2019 US\$ per kilowatt-hour.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/P7HL8Y2K/levelized-cost-of-energy.html},
  howpublished = {https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/levelized-cost-of-energy},
  journal = {Our World in Data}
}

@article{liAnalysisLiftingOperation2014,
  title = {Analysis of Lifting Operation of a Monopile for an Offshore Wind Turbine Considering Vessel Shielding Effects},
  author = {Li, Lin and Gao, Zhen and Moan, Torgeir and Ormberg, Harald},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  volume = {39},
  pages = {287--314},
  issn = {0951-8339},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marstruc.2014.07.009},
  abstract = {This study addresses numerical simulations of the lifting operation of a monopile for an offshore wind turbine with a focus on the lowering process. A numerical model of the coupled system of the monopile and vessel is established. The disturbed wave field near the vessel is investigated and observed to be affected by the diffraction and radiation of the vessel. The shielding effects of the vessel during the continuous lowering operation are accounted for in this study by developing an external Dynamic Link Library (DLL) that interacts with SIMO program in the time-domain simulations. The DLL is implemented by interpolating fluid kinematics between pre-defined wave points near the vessel. Based on the time-domain simulations, the critical responses, such as the motions of the monopile, the tensions in the lift wire and the contact forces in the gripper device in the disturbed wave fields, are compared with those in incident wave conditions. The results indicate that a great reduction in these extreme responses can be achieved when the shielding effects are considered. The sensitivity study of the responses in different wave directions is performed. The results indicate different behaviours with different wave directions and with short or long waves. A comparison of the responses when using a floating vessel and a jack-up vessel is also studied and can be used to support the choice of installation vessel type. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  annotation = {WOS:000347024800013},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SC2UNY59/2014_Li et al_Analysis of lifting operation of a monopile for an offshore wind turbine.pdf},
  journal = {Marine Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,bottomless cylindrical body,Lifting operation,Monopile,Shielding effect,Time-domain simulation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{liAssessmentAllowableSea2016,
  title = {Assessment of {{Allowable Sea States During Installation}} of {{Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration}} in the {{Seabed}}},
  author = {Li, Lin and Guachamin Acero, Wilson and Gao, Zhen and Moan, Torgeir},
  year = {2016},
  month = aug,
  volume = {138},
  pages = {041902},
  issn = {0892-7219, 1528-896X},
  doi = {10.1115/1.4033562},
  abstract = {Installation of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) requires careful planning to reduce costs and minimize associated risks. The purpose of this paper is to present a method for assessing the allowable sea states for the initial hammering process (shallow penetrations in the seabed) of a monopile (MP) using a heavy lift floating vessel (HLV) for use in the planning of the operation. This method combines the commonly used installation procedure and the time-domain simulations of the sequential installation activities. The purpose of the time-domain simulation is to quantitatively study the system dynamic responses to identify critical events that may jeopardize the installation and the corresponding limiting response parameters. Based on the allowable limits and the characteristic values of the limiting response parameters, a methodology to find the allowable sea states is proposed. Case studies are presented to show the application of the methodology. The numerical model of the dynamic HLV\textendash MP system includes the coupling between HLV and MP via a gripper device, and soil\textendash MP interaction at different MP penetration depths. It is found that the limiting parameters are the gripper force and the inclination of the MP. The systematic approach proposed herein is general and applies to other marine operations.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/B8ETPRQL/li_et_al_2016_assessment_of_allowable_sea_states_during_installation_of_offshore_wind_turbine.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{lieModalAnalysisMeasurements2006,
  title = {Modal Analysis of Measurements from a Large-Scale {{VIV}} Model Test of a Riser in Linearly Sheared Flow},
  author = {Lie, H. and Kaasen, K. E.},
  year = {2006},
  month = may,
  volume = {22},
  pages = {557--575},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2006.01.002},
  abstract = {Large-scale model testing of a tensioned steel riser in well-defined sheared current was performed at Han\o ytangen outside Bergen, Norway in 1997. The length of the model was 90m and the diameter was 3cm. The aim of the present work is to look into this information and try to improve the understanding of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) for cases with very high order of responding modes, and in particular to study if and under which circumstances the riser motions would be single-mode or multi-mode. The measurement system consisted of 29 biaxial gauges for bending moment. The signals are processed to yield curvature and displacement and further to identify modes of vibration. A modal approach is used successfully employing a combination of signal filtering and least-squares fitting of precalculated mode-shapes. As a part of the modal analysis, it is demonstrated that the equally spaced instrumentation limited the maximum mode number to be extracted to be equal to the number of instrumentation locations. This imposed a constraint on the analysis of in-line (IL) vibration, which occurs at higher frequencies and involves higher modes than cross-flow (CF). The analysis has shown that in general the riser response was irregular (i.e. broad-banded) and that the degree of irregularity increases with the flow speed. In some tests distinct spectral peaks could be seen, corresponding to a dominating mode. No occurrences of single-mode (lock-in) were seen. The IL response is more broad-banded than the CF response and contains higher frequencies. The average value of the displacement r.m.s over the length of the riser is computed to indicate the magnitude of VIV motion during one test. In the CF direction the average displacement is typically 1/4 of the diameter, almost independent of the flow speed. For the IL direction the values are in the range 0.05\textendash 0.08 of the diameter. The peak frequency taken from the spectra of the CF displacement at riser midpoint show approximately to be equal to the Strouhal frequency. The peak frequency in IL direction was typically twice the Strouhal frequency.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/B3SWSHWV/lie_kaasen_2006_modal_analysis_of_measurements_from_a_large-scale_viv_model_test_of_a_riser_in.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/U8ZZCQDG/S0889974606000077.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Aliasing,Experiment,Modal,Riser,Vibration,Vortex},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{lilleyEffectWindPower2010,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Wind Power Installations}} on {{Coastal Tourism}}},
  author = {Lilley, Meredith Blaydes and Firestone, Jeremy and Kempton, Willett},
  year = {2010},
  month = jan,
  volume = {3},
  pages = {1--22},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en3010001},
  abstract = {We surveyed more than 1,000 randomly sampled, out-of-state tourists at Delaware, USA beaches in 2007. After providing respondents with wind turbine project photo-simulations at several distances, we inquired about the effect development would have on visitation. Approximately one-quarter stated that they would switch beaches if an offshore wind project was located 10 km from the coast, with avoidance diminishing with greater distance from shore. Stated avoidance is less than: avoidance with a fossil fuel power plant located the same distance inland; attraction to a beach with offshore wind turbines; and the percentage stating they would likely pay to take a boat tour.},
  annotation = {WOS:000276705100001},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/J2YG7LT2/2010_Lilley et al_The Effect of Wind Power Installations on Coastal Tourism.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {_tablet,beach,contingent behavior,offshore,tourism,wind power},
  language = {English},
  number = {1}
}

@article{LinearPhase2020,
  title = {Linear Phase},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  abstract = {Linear phase is a property of a filter where the phase response of the filter is a linear function of frequency. The result is that all frequency components of the input signal are shifted in time (usually delayed) by the same constant amount (the slope of the linear function), which is referred to as the group delay. Consequently, there is no phase distortion due to the time delay of frequencies relative to one another. For discrete-time signals, perfect linear phase is easily achieved with a finite impulse response (FIR) filter by having coefficients which are symmetric or anti-symmetric. Approximations can be achieved with infinite impulse response (IIR) designs, which are more computationally efficient. Several techniques are: a Bessel transfer function which has a maximally flat group delay approximation function a phase equalizer},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 992098588},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Y4AEFEWX/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{linVisibleLightCommunication2019,
  title = {Visible {{Light Communication System}} for {{Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Scour Early Warning Monitoring}}},
  author = {Lin, Yung-Bin and Lin, Tzu-Kang and Chang, Cheng-Chun and Huang, Chang-Wei and Chen, Ben-Ting and Lai, Jihn-Sung and Chang, Kuo-Chun},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1486},
  issn = {2073-4441},
  doi = {10.3390/w11071486},
  abstract = {Offshore wind farms have a superior wind source to terrestrial wind farms, but they also face more severe environmental conditions such as severe storms, typhoons, and sea waves. Scour leads to the excavation of sediments around the foundations of structures, reducing the safe capacity of the structures. The phenomenon of pier scour is extremely complex because of the combined effects of the vortex system involving time-dependent flow patterns and sediment transport mechanisms. A real-time scour monitoring system can improve the safety of structures and afford cost-effective operations by preventing premature or unnecessary maintenance. This paper proposes an on-site scour monitoring system using visible light communication (VLC) modules for offshore wind turbine installations. A flume experiment revealed that the system was highly sensitive and accurate in monitoring seabed scour processes. This arrayed-VLC sensory system, proposed in this paper, has considerable potential for safety monitoring and also can contribute to improving the accuracy of empirical scour formulas for sustainable maintenance in the life cycle of offshore structures.},
  annotation = {WOS:000480632300171},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XPLT4XD3/2019_Lin et al_Visible Light Communication System for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Scour.pdf},
  journal = {Water},
  keywords = {_tablet,depth,downstream,early warning monitoring,empirical mode decomposition,flow,life cycle,local scour,offshore wind turbine foundation,optimization,pier,prediction,scour,sensors,support structures,visible light communication system},
  language = {English},
  number = {7}
}

@book{liuWindEngineeringHandbook1991,
  title = {Wind Engineering: A Handbook for Structural Engineers},
  shorttitle = {Wind Engineering},
  author = {Liu, Henry},
  year = {1991},
  publisher = {{Prentice Hall}},
  address = {{Englewood Cliffs, N.J}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/A6NYHS6B/Liu - 1991 - Wind engineering a handbook for structural engine.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-13-960279-5},
  keywords = {Aerodynamics,Buildings,Structural engineering,Wind-pressure},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {TA654.5 .L58 1991}
}

@article{livanosInvestigationVortexInduced,
  title = {Investigation of {{Vortex Induced Vibrations}} on {{Wind Turbine Towers}}},
  author = {Livanos, Dimitrios},
  pages = {98},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IBVR8X5K/livanos_investigation_of_vortex_induced_vibrations_on_wind_turbine_towers.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{livanosInvestigationVortexInduceda,
  ids = {livanosInvestigationVortexInduced,livanosInvestigationVortexInducedc},
  title = {Investigation of {{Vortex Induced Vibrations}} on {{Wind Turbine Towers}}},
  author = {Livanos, Dimitrios},
  pages = {98},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6XRBWH2G/livanos_investigation_of_vortex_induced_vibrations_on_wind_turbine_towers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/7UIGQCSX/livanos_investigation_of_vortex_induced_vibrations_on_wind_turbine_towers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/M4C95YRR/livanos_investigation_of_vortex_induced_vibrations_on_wind_turbine_towers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/VNJ2MJ24/livanos_investigation_of_vortex_induced_vibrations_on_wind_turbine_towers.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@incollection{lopez-querolChapter14Numerical2017,
  title = {Chapter 14 - {{Numerical Methods}} for {{SSI Analysis}} of {{Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations}}},
  booktitle = {Wind {{Energy Engineering}}},
  author = {{Lopez-Querol}, Susana and Cui, Liang and Bhattacharya, Subhamoy},
  editor = {Letcher, Trevor M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  pages = {275--297},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-809451-8.00014-X},
  abstract = {The aim of this chapter is to provide a summary of the numerical methods available to carry out long-term prediction analysis of offshore wind turbine foundations. Different available methods of analysis are discussed.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/G5YZUFNL/lopez-querol_et_al_2017_chapter_14_-_numerical_methods_for_ssi_analysis_of_offshore_wind_turbine.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/D6VGD92S/B978012809451800014X.html},
  isbn = {978-0-12-809451-8},
  keywords = {DEM,FEM,Kinematic Hardening model,p-y curves},
  language = {en}
}

@article{lucorRiserModalIdentification2006,
  title = {Riser Modal Identification in {{CFD}} and Full-Scale Experiments},
  author = {Lucor, D. and Mukundan, H. and Triantafyllou, M. S.},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  volume = {22},
  pages = {905--917},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2006.04.006},
  abstract = {A systematic methodology is presented to obtain the vortex-induced vibrational modes of a riser, based on data from CFD coupled to a long beam under tension and placed in sheared cross-flow; two profiles were tested: (a) linear, and (b) exponential. The modes we estimate are in fact nonlinear equilibria between the flow-induced excitation forces and the structural dynamics and are characterized by varying amplitude and phase along the span; these are complex modes, mixtures of traveling and standing waves. Simplifying procedures to represent the VIV response in terms of a few clusters of modes have been applied successfully, reducing substantially the data needed to represent the VIV response.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/39PH5AKF/lucor_et_al_2006_riser_modal_identification_in_cfd_and_full-scale_experiments.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/T3MCWZGL/S0889974606000569.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {6},
  series = {"{{Bluff Body Wakes}} and {{Vortex}}-{{Induced Vibrations}} ({{BBVIV}}-4)}
}

@article{lueersStatusOffshoreWindenergieausbausDeutschland2020,
  title = {{Status des Offshore-Windenergieausbaus in Deutschland}},
  author = {L{\"u}ers, Silke},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {12},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/F3U4GUBH/lüers_2020_status_des_offshore-windenergieausbaus_in_deutschland.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@article{lueersStatusOffshoreWindenergieausbausDeutschland2020a,
  title = {{Status des Offshore-Windenergieausbaus in Deutschland}},
  author = {L{\"u}ers, Silke},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {12},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2MIB9HPE/lüers_2020_status_des_offshore-windenergieausbaus_in_deutschland.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@article{lueersStatusOffshoreWindenergieausbausDeutschland2020b,
  title = {{Status des Offshore-Windenergieausbaus in Deutschland}},
  author = {L{\"u}ers, Silke},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {12},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CAXN5QLS/Lüers - 2020 - Status des Offshore-Windenergieausbaus in Deutschl.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@article{lueersStatusOffshoreWindenergieausbausDeutschland2020c,
  title = {{Status des Offshore-Windenergieausbaus in Deutschland}},
  author = {L{\"u}ers, Silke},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {12},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CTDL3GBI/Lüers - 2020 - Status des Offshore-Windenergieausbaus in Deutschl.pdf},
  language = {de}
}

@incollection{luhmannRelevanceAerodynamicModelling2014,
  title = {Relevance of Aerodynamic Modelling for Load Reduction Control Strategies of Two-Bladed Wind Turbines},
  booktitle = {Science of {{Making Torque}} from {{Wind}} 2014 (Torque 2014)},
  author = {Luhmann, B. and Cheng, P. W.},
  editor = {Bak, C. and Bechmann, A. and Bingol, F. and Dellwik, E. and Dimitrov, N. and Giebel, G. and Hansen, M. O. L. and Jensen, D. J. and Larsen, G. and Madsen, H. A. and Mann, J. and Natarajan, A. and Rathmann, O. and Sathe, A. and Sorensen, J. N. and Sorensen, N. N.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {524},
  pages = {012049},
  publisher = {{Iop Publishing Ltd}},
  address = {{Bristol}},
  abstract = {A new load reduction concept is being developed for the two-bladed prototype of the Skywind 3.5MW wind turbine. Due to transport and installation advantages both offshore and in complex terrain two-bladed turbine designs are potentially more cost-effective than comparable three-bladed configurations. A disadvantage of two-bladed wind turbines is the increased fatigue loading, which is a result of asymmetrically distributed rotor forces. The innovative load reduction concept of the Skywind prototype consists of a combination of cyclic pitch control and tumbling rotor kinematics to mitigate periodic structural loading. Aerodynamic design tools must be able to model correctly the advanced dynamics of the rotor. In this paper the impact of the aerodynamic modelling approach is investigated for critical operational modes of a two-bladed wind turbine. Using a lifting line free wake vortex code (FVM) the physical limitations of the classical blade element momentum theory (BEM) can be evaluated. During regular operation vertical shear and yawed inflow are the main contributors to periodic blade load asymmetry. It is shown that the near wake interaction of the blades under such conditions is not fully captured by the correction models of BEM approach. The differing prediction of local induction causes a high fatigue load uncertainty especially for two-bladed turbines. The implementation of both cyclic pitch control and a tumbling rotor can mitigate the fatigue loading by increasing the aerodynamic and structural damping. The influence of the time and space variant vorticity distribution in the near wake is evaluated in detail for different cyclic pitch control functions and tumble dynamics respectively. It is demonstrated that dynamic inflow as well as wake blade interaction have a significant impact on the calculated blade forces and need to be accounted for by the aerodynamic modelling approach. Aeroelastic simulations are carried out using the high fidelity multi body simulation software SIMPACK. The aerodynamic loads are calculated using ECN's AeroModule and NREL's BEM code Aerodyn13.},
  annotation = {WOS:000344193600049},
  language = {English}
}

@article{lukassenModelingSpacetimeCorrelations2018,
  title = {Modeling Space-Time Correlations of Velocity Fluctuations in Wind Farms},
  author = {Lukassen, Laura J. and Stevens, Richard J. A. M. and Meneveau, Charles and Wilczek, Michael},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {474--487},
  issn = {10954244},
  doi = {10.1002/we.2172},
  abstract = {An analytical model for the streamwise velocity space-time correlations in turbulent flows is derived and applied to the special case of velocity fluctuations in large wind farms. The model is based on the Kraichnan-Tennekes random sweeping hypothesis, capturing the decorrelation in time while including a mean wind velocity in the streamwise direction. In the resulting model, the streamwise velocity space-time correlation is expressed as a convolution of the pure space correlation with an analytical temporal decorrelation kernel. Hence, the spatiotemporal structure of velocity fluctuations in wind farms can be derived from the spatial correlations only. We then explore the applicability of the model to predict spatiotemporal correlations in turbulent flows in wind farms. Comparisons of the model with data from a large eddy simulation of flow in a large, spatially periodic wind farm are performed, where needed model parameters such as spatial and temporal integral scales and spatial correlations are determined from the large eddy simulation. Good agreement is obtained between the model and large eddy simulation data showing that spatial data may be used to model the full spatiotemporal structure of fluctuations in wind farms.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PA7JY4W3/Lukassen et al. - 2018 - Modeling space-time correlations of velocity fluct.pdf},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{lupiAerodynamicDampingModel2018,
  title = {Aerodynamic Damping Model in Vortex-Induced Vibrations for Wind Engineering Applications},
  author = {Lupi, Francesca and Niemann, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and H{\"o}ffer, R{\"u}diger},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  volume = {174},
  pages = {281--295},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.006},
  abstract = {The paper addresses the modelling of aeroelastic forces in vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) and aims to provide a suitable model to predict cross-wind oscillations of circular structures. The Van der Pol and Rayleigh oscillators \textendash non-linear physical systems, which attain limit cycles under self-induced vibrations \textendash{} are often applied in literature to describe the aeroelastic force. Among VIV models, the paper focuses on the model developed by Vickery and Basu (1983). In the paper, the quadrature component of the force as a function of the oscillation amplitude in lock-in is investigated through forced-vibration wind tunnel experiments on a circular cylinder. In presence of aeroelastic interaction, the positive quadrature component corresponds to energy transferred to the structure, which then acts as negative aerodynamic damping. The experiments reveal an amplitude-dependent behaviour of the aerodynamic damping with positive curvature. The experimental curve can be applied as modification of the Vickery and Basu model and used to predict the oscillation of circular structures under vortex-excitation. In the paper, it is applied to the response of a cantilever beam. The prediction is validated through free-vibration wind tunnel experiments. The consistency of results is promising.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HEUYX4VH/lupi_et_al_2018_aerodynamic_damping_model_in_vortex-induced_vibrations_for_wind_engineering.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{lupiAerodynamicDampingModel2018a,
  ids = {lupiAerodynamicDampingModel2018,lupiAerodynamicDampingModel2018c},
  title = {Aerodynamic Damping Model in Vortex-Induced Vibrations for Wind Engineering Applications},
  author = {Lupi, Francesca and Niemann, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and H{\"o}ffer, R{\"u}diger},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  volume = {174},
  pages = {281--295},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.006},
  abstract = {The paper addresses the modelling of aeroelastic forces in vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) and aims to provide a suitable model to predict cross-wind oscillations of circular structures. The Van der Pol and Rayleigh oscillators \textendash non-linear physical systems, which attain limit cycles under self-induced vibrations \textendash{} are often applied in literature to describe the aeroelastic force. Among VIV models, the paper focuses on the model developed by Vickery and Basu (1983). In the paper, the quadrature component of the force as a function of the oscillation amplitude in lock-in is investigated through forced-vibration wind tunnel experiments on a circular cylinder. In presence of aeroelastic interaction, the positive quadrature component corresponds to energy transferred to the structure, which then acts as negative aerodynamic damping. The experiments reveal an amplitude-dependent behaviour of the aerodynamic damping with positive curvature. The experimental curve can be applied as modification of the Vickery and Basu model and used to predict the oscillation of circular structures under vortex-excitation. In the paper, it is applied to the response of a cantilever beam. The prediction is validated through free-vibration wind tunnel experiments. The consistency of results is promising.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8YGB8BBL/lupi_et_al_2018_aerodynamic_damping_model_in_vortex-induced_vibrations_for_wind_engineering.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/FCBGKTP3/lupi_et_al_2018_aerodynamic_damping_model_in_vortex-induced_vibrations_for_wind_engineering.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/N9HQ8W9S/lupi_et_al_2018_aerodynamic_damping_model_in_vortex-induced_vibrations_for_wind_engineering.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/U62LTE8C/lupi_et_al_2018_aerodynamic_damping_model_in_vortex-induced_vibrations_for_wind_engineering.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{lupiFATIGUELIFEESTIMATION2020,
  title = {{{FATIGUE LIFE ESTIMATION CONSIDERING THE QUASI}}-{{PERIODIC CROSS}}-{{WIND RESPONSE OF SLENDER STRUCTURES IN THE LOCK}}-{{IN RANGE}}},
  booktitle = {{{XI International Conference}} on {{Structural Dynamics}}},
  author = {Lupi, Francesca and H{\"o}ffer, Ruediger and Niemann, Hans-J{\"u}rgen},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {2022--2039},
  address = {{Athens, Greece}},
  doi = {10.47964/1120.9164.19464},
  abstract = {The paper presents free-vibration wind tunnel tests on the aeroelastic model of a free-standing tower that shows vortex-induced vibrations in the lock-in range. Previous research by the authors focused on the investigation of the negative aerodynamic damping through forced-vibration tests. This knowledge allowed a realistic prediction for the maxima of the cross-wind oscillation amplitudes. In view of fatigue analysis, however, not only the maxima, rather a proper characterization of the cross-wind response is needed to determine the actual damage accumulation. Depending on the reduced wind velocity and the Scruton number of the vibrating structure, the experiments on the aeroelastic model in free vibrations show evidence of an intermittent \textendash{} mathematically speaking quasi-periodic \textendash{} behavior. It results from a beating effect between the natural oscillation frequency of the structure and the vortex shedding load, which may lock-in and lock-out in consequence of low frequency turbulence fluctuations. In addition, the frequency of the vortex shedding load along the height of the structure varies due to the varying mean velocity according to the wind profile and the varying Strouhal number. This exhibits smaller values close to the tip region. Outcomes of this investigation are the estimation of the negative aerodynamic damping through free-vibration wind tunnel tests and the estimation of the fatigue lifetime considering the quasi-periodic aeroelastic response through a rainflow fatigue load cycle counting.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SYZ59EZU/lupi_et_al_2020_fatigue_life_estimation_considering_the_quasi-periodic_cross-wind_response_of.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{lutesRandomVibrationsAnalysis2004,
  title = {Random Vibrations: Analysis of Structural and Mechanical Systems},
  shorttitle = {Random Vibrations},
  author = {Lutes, L. D. and Sarkani, Shahram},
  year = {2004},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  address = {{Amsterdam ; Boston}},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocm54395023},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/BUTSG323/Lutes and Sarkani - 2004 - Random vibrations analysis of structural and mech.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-7506-7765-3},
  keywords = {_tablet,Random vibration,Stochastic processes,Structural dynamics},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {TA355 .L87 2004}
}

@article{luttikhuizenLowGeneticConnectivity2019,
  title = {Low Genetic Connectivity in a Fouling Amphipod among Man-Made Structures in the Southern {{North Sea}}},
  author = {Luttikhuizen, Pieternella C. and Beermann, Jan and Crooijmans, Richard P. M. A. and Jak, Robbert G. and Coolen, Joop W. P.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {615},
  pages = {133--142},
  issn = {0171-8630},
  doi = {10.3354/meps12929},
  abstract = {Offshore environments are increasingly invaded by man-made structures that form hard-substrate habitats for many marine species. Examples include oil and gas platforms, wind turbines and shipwrecks. One of the hypothesised effects is an increased genetic connectivity among natural populations due to new populations growing on man-made structures that may act as stepping stones. However, few data are available on genetic connectivity among organisms inhabiting artificial offshore structures. Here, we present a study on the common fouling amphipod Jassa herdmani from offshore structures in the southern North Sea. Partial mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome-c-oxidase 1, N = 514) were obtained from artificial structures at 17 locations in the southern North Sea, including 13 shipwrecks, 2 wind turbines and 2 platforms. Samples from these locations were significantly differentiated, meaning that strong population structure exists for this species in the area. Levels of intraspecific variation were consistent with stable population sizes. No evidence was found for isolation by distance. Using coalescent simulations, the oldest population subdivision events were estimated to date back to the time the study area was flooded following the Last Glacial Maximum. We therefore tentatively conclude that J. herdmani may have colonised man-made structures from previously existing populations on the sea floor, and that the increase in offshore installations has not led to an overall increase in genetic connectivity for this species.},
  annotation = {WOS:000485723200009},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  keywords = {Amphipod,artificial habitat,biodiversity,Biofouling,communities,Connectivity,crustacean,Gene flow,Genetic structure,growth,molecular clock,ocean sprawl,Offshore oil platform,Offshore wind   farm,phylogeography,population-genetics,shipwrecks},
  language = {English}
}

@article{maesMotionTrackingWind2018,
  title = {Motion Tracking of a Wind Turbine Blade during Lifting Using {{RTK}}-{{GPS}}/{{INS}}},
  author = {Maes, K. and De Roeck, G. and Lombaert, G.},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  volume = {172},
  pages = {285--292},
  issn = {01410296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.041},
  abstract = {This paper presents a case of object motion tracking where a real-time kinematic Global Positioning System (RTK-GPS) is used for correction of data obtained from an inertial navigation system (INS). The displacements obtained from the RTK-GPS and the accelerations obtained from the INS are combined using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The combined data are used to assess the motion of a 6 MW turbine blade during a hoisting operation and are compared to the blade motion obtained by use of three Leica total stations, that have been used for verification. Special focus in this paper goes to merging of heterogeneous data (displacements, rotations, and accelerations) obtained from different measurement systems. Analysis of the motion data shows that the RTK-GPS/INS measurement system allows for very accurate recording of displacement and rotation measurements.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/R3I694SB/maes_et_al_2018_motion_tracking_of_a_wind_turbine_blade_during_lifting_using_rtk-gps-ins.pdf},
  journal = {Engineering Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{magnusSchwingungen2016,
  title = {{Schwingungen}},
  author = {Magnus, Kurt and Popp, Karl and Sextro, Walter},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {{Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}},
  address = {{Wiesbaden}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-13821-9},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KQFG8LQA/magnus_et_al_2016_schwingungen.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-658-13820-2 978-3-658-13821-9},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@book{magnusSchwingungen2016a,
  title = {{Schwingungen}},
  author = {Magnus, Kurt and Popp, Karl and Sextro, Walter},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {{Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}},
  address = {{Wiesbaden}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-13821-9},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/X8ZUVZCL/Magnus et al. - 2016 - Schwingungen.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-658-13820-2 978-3-658-13821-9},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@book{magnusSchwingungenGrundlagenModelle2016,
  title = {{Schwingungen: Grundlagen - Modelle - Beispiele}},
  shorttitle = {{Schwingungen}},
  author = {Magnus, Kurt and Popp, Karl and Sextro, Walter},
  year = {2016},
  edition = {10., \"uberarbeitete Auflage},
  publisher = {{Springer Vieweg}},
  address = {{Wiesbaden}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 951117246},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MGCJRP52/2016_Magnus et al_Schwingungen.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/SVK3S897/2016_Magnus et al_Schwingungen.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-658-13820-2 978-3-658-13821-9},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de},
  series = {{Lehrbuch}}
}

@article{mahirVORTEXFORMATIONFORCED1996,
  title = {{{VORTEX FORMATION FROM A FORCED SYSTEM OF TWO CYLINDERS}}. {{PART II}}: {{SIDE}}-{{BY}}-{{SIDE ARRANGEMENT}}},
  shorttitle = {{{VORTEX FORMATION FROM A FORCED SYSTEM OF TWO CYLINDERS}}. {{PART II}}},
  author = {Mahir, N. and Rockwell, D.},
  year = {1996},
  month = jul,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {491--500},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1006/jfls.1996.0033},
  abstract = {The wake from a system of side-by-side cylinders is subjected to forced excitation over a range of dimensionless frequency and phase angle between the oscillating cylinders. The extent of the frequency range of locked-on response of the vortex patterns is approximately the same as for a single cylinder, but displaced to higher frequencies and reaching to lower amplitudes. For in-phase motion of the two cylinders, the upper extent of the lock-on region is amplitude limited. Within each of the regions of lock-on, different phase angles lead to a variety of patterns of interacting vortices; nevertheless, the general form of the near-wake velocity spectrum is the same for all patterns. Outside the region of locked-on response, the pattern of vortex formation is repetitive at a multiple of the period of the cylinder oscillation. At a given frequency of excitation, several classes of modulated vortex patterns are attainable by altering the phase angle; these patterns have, however, the same modulation period. Moreover, these vortex patterns are all associated with similar velocity spectra of the near-wake.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7DH4ZEY2/mahir_rockwell_1996_vortex_formation_from_a_forced_system_of_two_cylinders.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/LX4DJF3B/S088997469690033X.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@article{mahirVORTEXFORMATIONFORCED1996a,
  title = {{{VORTEX FORMATION FROM A FORCED SYSTEM OF TWO CYLINDERS}}. {{PART I}}: {{TANDEM ARRANGEMENT}}},
  shorttitle = {{{VORTEX FORMATION FROM A FORCED SYSTEM OF TWO CYLINDERS}}. {{PART I}}},
  author = {Mahir, N. and Rockwell, D.},
  year = {1996},
  month = jul,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {473--489},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1006/jfls.1996.0032},
  abstract = {The wakes between and downstream of a tandem arrangement of two cylinders are investigated at a Reynolds number of 160. The cylinder system is subjected to controlled excitation over a range of excitation frequency and phase angle between the oscillating cylinders. Use of the hydrogen bubble technique allows visualization of the wake regions and laser-Doppler anemometry leads to wake spectra. It is possible to attain locked-on response, such that the near-wake structure is phase-locked to the motion of the cylinder system, over a much wider range of excitation frequency than for the corresponding single cylinder. Outside the region of locked-on response, modulated, highly repetitive wake patterns occur; these patterns repeat at a multiple of the period of the cylinder oscillation. For closely spaced cylinders, it is possible to attain a regime sensitive to the phase angle between the cylinders; transformation between locked-on and modulated response occurs when the phase angle is varied. The foregoing types of modulated and locked-on response can be classified according to the type of spectrum of the velocity fluctuation in the near-wake. These spectra can exhibit a large number of peaks, each of which can be traced to one or more of the following origins: the frequency of the cylinder oscillation and its harmonics; the inherent vortex formation frequency from the two-cylinder system; a modulation frequency; and sum and difference components of the foregoing.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2HA6ECG7/mahir_rockwell_1996_vortex_formation_from_a_forced_system_of_two_cylinders.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/IAHE824M/mahir_rockwell_1996_vortex_formation_from_a_forced_system_of_two_cylinders.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/5LZMRS4H/S0889974696900328.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/7PGM93K5/S0889974696900328.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {5}
}

@article{mancholaVSCHVDCActive2019,
  title = {{{VSC HVDC}} Active Damping for the {{Sylwin}} 1 Offshore Wind Power Plants},
  author = {Manchola, Alvaro Hernandez and Priebe, Torsten and Hoelzer, Michael and Dommaschk, Mike},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  pages = {4748--4753},
  doi = {10.1049/joe.2018.9240},
  abstract = {SylWin1 is a VSC HVDC link connecting 864MW offshore wind power generation to Germany's high voltage network. This paper presents a harmonic performance analysis of the offshore network carried out during the design and commissioning phase with a focus on the distortions at the 155kV and 33kV offshore networks caused by the amplification of harmonics generated by the HVDC and wind turbine converters. Low frequency harmonic amplification problems are mitigated by introducing active damping in the HVDC converter controls in order to achieve a cost effective solution with the aim of reducing offshore harmonic current and voltage distortions. The analysis was carried out with the help of detailed frequency domain model offline simulations of the offshore network and on-site measurements.},
  annotation = {WOS:000482590000013},
  journal = {Journal of Engineering-Joe},
  keywords = {0 kV,0 mw,frequency domain model offline simulations,frequency-domain analysis,Germany,harmonic analysis,harmonic performance analysis,harmonics suppression,high voltage   network,HVDC   converter controls,HVDC power convertors,low frequency harmonic amplification problems,offshore   installations,offshore harmonic   current distortion reduction,offshore harmonic voltage distortion   reduction,offshore wind power generation network,power   system harmonics,power 864,Sylwin 1 offshore wind power plants,voltage 155,voltage 33,voltage-source convertors,VSC HVDC active damping link,wind   turbine converters,wind power plants,wind turbines},
  language = {English},
  number = {18}
}

@article{mannEnvironmentalImpactWind2013,
  title = {Environmental Impact of Wind Energy},
  author = {Mann, J. and Teilmann, J.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jul,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {035001},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035001},
  abstract = {One purpose of wind turbines is to provide pollution-free electric power at a reasonable price in an environmentally sound way. In this focus issue the latest research on the environmental impact of wind farms is presented. Offshore wind farms affect the marine fauna in both positive and negative ways. For example, some farms are safe havens for porpoises while other farms show fewer harbor porpoises even after ten years. Atmospheric computer experiments are carried out to investigate the possible impact and resource of future massive installations of wind turbines. The following questions are treated. What is the global capacity for energy production by the wind? Will the added turbulence and reduced wind speeds generated by massive wind farms cool or heat the surface? Can wind farms affect precipitation? It is also shown through life-cycle analysis how wind energy can reduce the atmospheric emission of eight air pollutants. Finally, noise generation and its impact on humans are studied.},
  annotation = {WOS:000325247100046},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/66SZ8NMG/2013_Mann_Teilmann_Environmental impact of wind energy.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  keywords = {_tablet,atmospheric models,benthos,birds,climate impact,farm,harbor porpoises,life-cycle assessment,marine mammals,offshore wind farm,wind   energy},
  language = {English},
  number = {3}
}

@article{manniniUnsteadyGallopingRectangular2018a,
  title = {Unsteady Galloping of a Rectangular Cylinder in Turbulent Flow},
  author = {Mannini, Claudio and Massai, Tommaso and Marra, Antonino Maria},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  volume = {173},
  pages = {210--226},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2017.11.010},
  abstract = {Slender structures with a bluff non-axisymmetric cross-section are prone to both vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and transverse galloping. When the mass-damping parameter of the system is low, the two phenomena can interfere giving rise to a peculiar type of instability, for which the quasi-steady theory does not apply, and therefore which one may call ``unsteady galloping''. Since for large structures (such as high-rise towers or bridge pylons) this phenomenon seems to be potentially an issue, rather than the quasi-steady galloping, it is particularly important to verify whether the former also occurs in realistic turbulent wind flows, and to understand its specific features. With this aim in mind, static and dynamic wind tunnel tests have been carried out on a two-dimensional rectangular cylinder with a side ratio of 1.5 (having the short side perpendicular to the flow) immersed in various grid-induced homogeneous isotropic turbulent flows. From a quasi-steady perspective, the static tests showed the proneness to galloping instability of the considered cross-section even in highly turbulent flow, though strongly dependent on the integral length scale of turbulence. In addition, they revealed an attenuation of the strength of vortex shedding, but suggested an increased tendency of VIV and galloping to interfere as compared to the smooth-flow case. The dynamic tests confirmed this tendency and highlighted a complicated behavior of the model in turbulent flow, with some features that still remain unexplained. In particular, even larger values of the mass-damping parameter of the system are necessary for the quasi-steady theory to be able to predict correctly the galloping instability threshold. Another important result is that the integral scale of turbulence was found to play a key role also in the unsteady galloping behavior of the considered rectangular cylinder.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IARYT9AD/Mannini et al. - 2018 - Unsteady galloping of a rectangular cylinder in tu.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{martinsEffectsReynoldsNumber2019,
  title = {Effects of the {{Reynolds}} Number and Structural Damping on Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Elastically-Mounted Rigid Cylinder},
  author = {Martins, F. A. C. and Avila, J. P. J.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  volume = {156},
  pages = {235--249},
  issn = {0020-7403},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.03.024},
  abstract = {In this work, analyses of the damping ratio and turbulence effects on three-dimensional vortex-induced vibrations of a two degrees-of-freedom elastically mounted rigid cylinder are carried out. Simulations are conducted for damping ratios of {$\zeta$}=0.5, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0\% for flows covering Reynolds numbers in the three TrSL flow regimes, in the range of Re=7.5\texttimes 102 to 1.3 \texttimes{} 105. Variation of the response amplitudes, phase angles, force coefficients and frequency ratios by the damping ratios and Reynolds number are investigated using the classically damped spring-mass system equations programmed inside the CFD software Fluent. New results are obtained for very-high Reynolds numbers and different damping ratios. New conclusions are drawn from the mechanical responses using surface interpolation of 240 data-points, which allows the investigation of the trends of a given response variable {$\xi$} based on the Ay*vs.{$\zeta$}(m*+CA)vs.{$\xi$} three-dimensional plot proposed by the authors. A new mechanism of elongation of the upper branch extension based on the universal reduced damping, Su, during the TrSL3 regime is described.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IV6GM8SJ/martins_avila_2019_effects_of_the_reynolds_number_and_structural_damping_on_vortex-induced.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/2Q9KPDQY/S0020740318343133.html},
  journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Sciences},
  keywords = {_tablet,Fluid-structure interaction,Oscillating Cylinder,Vortex shedding.,Vortex-induced vibrations}
}

@incollection{mathaFabricationInstallationConstraints2017,
  title = {Fabrication and Installation Constraints for Floating Wind and Implications on Current Infrastructure and Design},
  booktitle = {14th {{Deep Sea Offshore Wind R}}\&d {{Conference}}, {{Eera Deepwind}}'2017},
  author = {Matha, Denis and {Brons-Illig}, Christopher and Mitzlaff, Alexander and Scheffler, Ron},
  editor = {Tande, J. O. G. and Kvamsdal, T. and Muskulus, M.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {137},
  pages = {299--306},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  abstract = {Industrialization of floating wind technology is key for future cost reductions to become competitive. Within the scope of the LIFES50+ H2020 research project, the floating-specific constraints with respect to fabrication, assembly and installation for different floating substructure concepts are investigated for large future 10MW floating wind turbines and 500MW wind farms. The presented study focusses on three selected LIFES50+ sites in the Scottish North Sea, French Mediterranean and Gulf of Maine. General constraints are identified, which are not specific for a certain proprietary concept, but depending on the material, concept type, fabrication, assembly and installation procedures and site location. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  annotation = {WOS:000426871600028},
  keywords = {design,fabrication,floating,infrastructure,installation,offshore,turbines,wind},
  language = {English}
}

@book{mccormickOceanEngineeringMechanics2009,
  title = {Ocean {{Engineering Mechanics}}: {{With Applications}}},
  shorttitle = {Ocean {{Engineering Mechanics}}},
  author = {McCormick, Michael E.},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511812309},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VW755UNJ/mccormick_2009_ocean_engineering_mechanics.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-511-81230-9},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{mccormickOceanEngineeringMechanics2009a,
  title = {Ocean {{Engineering Mechanics}}: {{With Applications}}},
  shorttitle = {Ocean {{Engineering Mechanics}}},
  author = {McCormick, Michael E.},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511812309},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/77GV8WYP/McCormick - 2009 - Ocean Engineering Mechanics With Applications.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-511-81230-9},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{mckinneyDataStructuresStatistical2010,
  title = {Data {{Structures}} for {{Statistical Computing}} in {{Python}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th {{Python}} in {{Science Conference}}},
  author = {McKinney, Wes},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {51--56},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/YLF27N8K/2010_McKinney_Data Structures for Statistical Computing in Python.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/IN5ERZB4/mckinney.html},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@incollection{meijersEffectStressWave2017,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Stress Wave Dispersion}} on the {{Drivability Analysis}} of {{Large}}-{{Diameter Monopiles}}},
  booktitle = {X {{International Conference}} on {{Structural Dynamics}} (Eurodyn 2017)},
  author = {Meijers, P. C. and Tsouvalas, A. and Metrikine, A. V.},
  editor = {Vestroni, F. and Romeo, F. and Gattulli, V.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {199},
  pages = {2390--2395},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  abstract = {Due to the increasing need for energy from renewable resources, a large number of offshore wind farms are planned to be constructed in the near future. Despite the plethora of available foundation concepts for offshore wind turbines, the monopile foundation is the most widely adopted concept in practice. To predict the installation process for a monopile a so-called drivability study is performed. Such a study allows one to decide on a number of key parameters for the installation process, such as, the appropriate size of the hydraulic hammer, the number of hammer blows and energy input needed to reach the final penetration depth, and the induced stresses in the system. The latter is important for the prediction of the fatigue life of the pile. Currently, drivability studies are based on one-dimensional wave equation models as first proposed by Smith in the 1950s. These models are valid as long as the diameter of the pile is small compared to the excited wavelengths in the structure due to the hammer impact. For large-diameter monopiles that are currently being used in the offshore wind industry, the latter condition is not met and the effect of stress wave dispersion can no longer be neglected. In this paper the classical wave equation model is amended by an extra term which accounts for the lateral inertia of the crosssection, resulting in the so-called Rayleigh-Love rod theory. With this new model, a parametric study is performed in which the effect of stress wave dispersion on the induced stresses and the number of hammer blows needed to reach the final penetration depth are assessed. A comparison with the results obtained from the classical model is also included in order to define the applicability range of the models. It is shown that the effect of stress wave dispersion can not be neglected for a drivability study of large-diameter monopiles. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  annotation = {WOS:000422868902089},
  keywords = {drivability study,lateral inertia,model,Monopile foundation,offshore wind energy,pile,stress wave dispersion,wave equation},
  language = {English}
}

@book{meriamEngineeringMechanicsDynamics2012,
  title = {Engineering {{Mechanics}}: {{Dynamics}}},
  author = {Meriam, J. L. and Kraige, L. G.},
  year = {2012},
  edition = {Seventh},
  volume = {2},
  publisher = {{Wiley}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/AMA3E2W2/2012_Meriam_Kraige_Engineering Mechanics.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {English}
}

@article{MeshGenerationCFD,
  title = {Mesh {{Generation}} in          {{CFD}}},
  pages = {433},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/63QJ4LMK/Mesh Generation in          CFD.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{millerHorizontalAxisWind2019,
  ids = {millerHorizontalAxisWind2019a},
  title = {Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Testing at High {{Reynolds}} Numbers},
  author = {Miller, Mark A. and Kiefer, Janik and Westergaard, Carsten and Hansen, Martin O. L. and Hultmark, Marcus},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {110504},
  issn = {2469-990X},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.110504},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4DCEIE3N/miller_et_al_2019_horizontal_axis_wind_turbine_testing_at_high_reynolds_numbers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/TJT8IK6W/miller_et_al_2019_horizontal_axis_wind_turbine_testing_at_high_reynolds_numbers.pdf},
  journal = {Physical Review Fluids},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {11}
}

@book{ModernCourseAeroelasticity2014,
  title = {A Modern Course in Aeroelasticity},
  year = {2014},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  address = {{New York}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/86WRZ8B6/2014_A modern course in aeroelasticity.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/CVKQ3LI8/2014_a_modern_course_in_aeroelasticity.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/T3KCTAUF/2014_a_modern_course_in_aeroelasticity.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-319-09452-6},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Modulation2020,
  title = {Modulation},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  abstract = {Modulation is used by singers and other vocalists to modify characteristics of their voices, such as loudness or pitch. Modulation is also a technical term to express the multiplication of the original signal by another, usually periodic, signal. In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a separate signal that typically contains information to be transmitted. The term analog or digital modulation is used when the modulating signal is analog or digital, respectively. Most radio systems in the 20th century used analog modulation techniques: frequency modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM) for radio broadcast. Most, if not all, modern transmission systems use QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) which changes the amplitude and phase of the (digital) carrier signal. In music production, modulation is the process of gradually changing sound properties in order to reproduce a sense of movement and depth in audio recordings. It involves the use of a source signal (known as a modulator) to control another signal (a carrier) through a variety of sound effects and methods of synthesis.A modulator is a device that performs modulation. A demodulator (sometimes detector or demod) is a device that performs demodulation, the inverse of modulation.  A modem (from modulator\textendash demodulator) can perform both operations. The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog bandpass channel at a different frequency, for example over a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel. The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog communication channel, for example over the public switched telephone network (where a bandpass filter limits the frequency range to 300\textendash 3400 Hz) or over a limited radio frequency band. Analog and digital modulation facilitate frequency division multiplexing (FDM), where several low pass information signals are transferred simultaneously over the same shared physical medium, using separate passband channels (several different carrier frequencies). The aim of digital baseband modulation methods, also known as line coding, is to transfer a digital bit stream over a baseband channel, typically a non-filtered copper wire such as a serial bus or a wired local area network. The aim of pulse modulation methods is to transfer a narrowband analog signal, for example, a phone call over a wideband baseband channel or, in some of the schemes, as a bit stream over another digital transmission system.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 996820976},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Y9F3RVHA/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{morettiFlowInducedVibrationsArrays1993,
  title = {Flow-{{Induced Vibrations}} in {{Arrays}} of {{Cylinders}}},
  author = {Moretti, P M},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {99--114},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.000531},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2DLNJIVR/moretti_1993_flow-induced_vibrations_in_arrays_of_cylinders.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {1}
}

@article{morettiFlowInducedVibrationsArraysa,
  title = {Flow-{{Induced Vibrations}} in {{Arrays}} of {{Cylinders}}},
  author = {Moretti, P M},
  pages = {16},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/62Z858FU/Moretti - Flow-Induced Vibrations in Arrays of Cylinders.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{morisonForceExertedSurface1950,
  title = {The {{Force Exerted}} by {{Surface Waves}} on {{Piles}}},
  author = {Morison, J. R. and Johnson, J. W. and Schaaf, S. A.},
  year = {1950},
  month = may,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {149--154},
  issn = {0149-213

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/main

extension: bib