text:
6},
  doi = {10.2118/950149-G},
  abstract = {The force exerted by unbroken surface waves on a cylindrical object, such asa pile, which extends from the bottom upward above the wave crest, is made upof two components, namely: 1. A drag force proportional to the square of the velocity which may},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8LRZHMUL/1950_Morison et al_The Force Exerted by Surface Waves on Piles.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZNDGEYWN/SPE-950149-G.html},
  journal = {Journal of Petroleum Technology},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {english},
  number = {05}
}

@book{morrisonIntroductionFluidMechanics2013,
  title = {An {{Introduction}} to {{Fluid Mechanics}}},
  author = {Morrison, Faith A.},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139047463},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZLNUEZQJ/morrison_2013_an_introduction_to_fluid_mechanics.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-139-04746-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{morrisonIntroductionFluidMechanics2013b,
  title = {An {{Introduction}} to {{Fluid Mechanics}}},
  author = {Morrison, Faith A.},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139047463},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2EWN9GUG/Morrison - 2013 - An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-139-04746-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{morseFluidForcingWake2009,
  title = {Fluid Forcing, Wake Modes, and Transitions for a Cylinder Undergoing Controlled Oscillations},
  author = {Morse, T. L. and Williamson, C. H. K.},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  volume = {25},
  pages = {697--712},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2008.12.003},
  abstract = {In this study, we make extensive measurements of the fluid forces on a cylinder that is controlled to oscillate transverse to a free stream at Re=4000. These measurements are used to create very high resolution contour plots (considerably higher than in any previous study) of the magnitude of fluid forcing, and its phase relative to the cylinder motion (as well as other fluid forcing quantities) in the plane of normalized amplitude and wavelength. Previous contours of force have been assumed to be continuous in the amplitude\textendash wavelength plane, despite the fact that jumps in the fluid forcing and vortex formation modes were known to occur in other studies, including free vibration. In this investigation, we find clear discontinuities in the force contours, and we are thus able to identify boundaries separating different fluid forcing regimes. These appear remarkably similar to boundaries separating different vortex shedding modes in the regime map of Williamson and Roshko [1988. Vortex formation in the wake of an oscillating cylinder. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2, 355\textendash 381]. Measurements of vorticity fields confirm the modes of vortex formation in each regime; we find the 2S, 2P, and P+S modes, as well as a regime where the vortex formation is not synchronized with the cylinder oscillation. A new characteristic, which is only observable with very high-resolution data, is the existence of a region where two vortex formation regimes overlap. In the overlap region, we identify a distinct mode of vortex formation where two pairs of vortices are shed per cycle of oscillation (similar to the 2P mode) but the secondary vortex is much weaker, which we have termed `2POVERLAP', or simply the `2PO' mode. The wake can switch intermittently between the 2P and 2PO modes, even as the cylinder is oscillating with constant amplitude and frequency. The highest amplitude yielding positive fluid excitation lies inside the overlap region, therefore a study of the vortex dynamics in this region is essential to understanding the behavior of a free vibration system at peak amplitude response.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/S2IE6UXL/morse_williamson_2009_fluid_forcing,_wake_modes,_and_transitions_for_a_cylinder_undergoing_controlled.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/VFYAWCCK/S0889974608001357.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Oscillating cylinder,Vortex formation modes,Vortex-induced vibration},
  language = {en},
  number = {4},
  series = {Bluff {{Body Wakes}} and {{Vortex}}-{{Induced Vibrations}} ({{BBVIV}}-5)}
}

@article{morsePredictionVortexinducedVibration2009,
  title = {Prediction of Vortex-Induced Vibration Response by Employing Controlled Motion},
  author = {Morse, T. L. and Williamson, C. H. K.},
  year = {2009},
  month = sep,
  volume = {634},
  pages = {5--39},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112009990516},
  abstract = {In order to predict response and wake modes for elastically mounted circular cylinders in a fluid flow, we employ controlled-vibration experiments, comprised of prescribed transverse vibration of a cylinder in the flow, over a wide regime of amplitude and frequency. A key to this study is the compilation of high-resolution contour plots of fluid force, in the plane of normalized amplitude and wavelength. With such resolution, we are able to discover discontinuities in the force and phase contours, which enable us to clearly identify boundaries separating different fluid-forcing regimes. These appear remarkably similar to boundaries separating different vortex-formation modes in the map of regimes by Williamson \& Roshko (J. Fluids Struct., vol. 2, 1988, pp. 355\textendash 381). Vorticity measurements exhibit the 2S, 2P and P + S vortex modes, as well as a regime in which the vortex formation is not synchronized with the body vibration. By employing such fine-resolution data, we discover a high-amplitude regime in which two vortex-formation modes overlap. Associated with this overlap regime, we identify a new distinct mode of vortex formation comprised of two pairs of vortices formed per cycle, where the secondary vortex in each pair is much weaker than the primary vortex. This vortex mode, which we define as the 2POVERLAP mode (2PO), is significant because it is responsible for generating the peak resonant response of the body. We find that the wake can switch intermittently between the 2P and 2PO modes, even as the cylinder is vibrating with constant amplitude and frequency. By examining the energy transfer from fluid to body motion, we predict a free-vibration response which agrees closely with measurements for an elastically mounted cylinder. In this work, we introduce the concept of an `energy portrait', which is a plot of the energy transfer into the body motion and the energy dissipated by damping, as a function of normalized amplitude. Such a plot allows us to identify stable and unstable amplitude-response solutions, dependent on the rate of change of net energy transfer with amplitude (the sign of dE*/dA*). Our energy portraits show how the vibration system may exhibit a hysteretic mode transition or intermittent mode switching, both of which correspond with such phenomena measured from free vibration. Finally, we define the complete regime in the amplitude\textendash wavelength plane in which free vibration may exist, which requires not only a periodic component of positive excitation but also stability of the equilibrium solutions.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VPN8P3NI/5895EE0EFCECDC64607C687FE34F3C62.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{moserStatisticalPropertiesSubgridScale2021a,
  title = {Statistical {{Properties}} of {{Subgrid}}-{{Scale Turbulence Models}}},
  author = {Moser, Robert D. and Haering, Sigfried W. and Yalla, Gopal R.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  volume = {53},
  pages = {255--286},
  issn = {0066-4189, 1545-4479},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-fluid-060420-023735},
  abstract = {This review examines large eddy simulation (LES) models from the perspective of their a priori statistical characteristics. The most well-known statistical characteristic of an LES subgrid-scale model is its dissipation (energy transfer to unresolved scales), and many models are directly or indirectly formulated and tuned for consistency of this characteristic. However, in complex turbulent flows, many other subgrid statistical characteristics are important. These include such quantities as mean subgrid stress, subgrid transport of resolved Reynolds stress, and dissipation anisotropy. Also important are the statistical characteristics of models that account for filters that do not commute with differentiation and of the discrete numerical operators in the LES equations. We review the known statistical characteristics of subgrid models to assess these characteristics and the importance of their a priori consistency. We hope that this analysis will be helpful in continued development of LES models.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7ZXIYJI5/Moser et al. - 2021 - Statistical Properties of Subgrid-Scale Turbulence.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@book{moukalledFiniteVolumeMethod2016b,
  title = {The {{Finite Volume Method}} in {{Computational Fluid Dynamics}}: {{An Advanced Introduction}} with {{OpenFOAM}}\textregistered{} and {{Matlab}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Finite Volume Method}} in {{Computational Fluid Dynamics}}},
  author = {Moukalled, F. and Mangani, L. and Darwish, M.},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {113},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-16874-6},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/QYRBCGGT/Moukalled et al. - 2016 - The Finite Volume Method in Computational Fluid Dy.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-319-16873-9 978-3-319-16874-6},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  series = {Fluid {{Mechanics}} and {{Its Applications}}}
}

@inproceedings{muchaHydrodynamicAnalysisSuspended2019,
  title = {Hydrodynamic {{Analysis}} of a {{Suspended Cylinder Under Regular Wave Loading Based}} on {{Computational Fluid Dynamics}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2019 38th {{International Conference}} on {{Ocean}}, {{Offshore}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Mucha, Philipp and Robertson, Amy and Jonkman, Jason and Wendt, Fabian},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2019-95533},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/9GXH95LR/1068220.html},
  language = {en}
}

@article{muhabieDiscreteeventSimulationApproach2018,
  title = {A Discrete-Event Simulation Approach to Evaluate the Effect of Stochastic Parameters on Offshore Wind Farms Assembly Strategies},
  author = {Muhabie, Y. Tekle and Rigo, P. and Cepeda, M. and {de Almeida D'Agosto}, M. and Caprace, J.-D.},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  volume = {149},
  pages = {279--290},
  issn = {0029-8018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.12.018},
  abstract = {The wind industry is facing new challenges due to the planned construction of thousands of offshore wind turbines all around the world. However, with their increasing distance from the shore, greater water depths, and increasing sizes of the plants, the industry has to face the challenge to develop sustainable installation procedures. Important limiting factors for offshore wind farm installation are the weather conditions and installation strategies. In this context, the focus of this research is the investigation of the most effective approach to installing offshore wind farms at sea, including the effects of weather conditions. This target is achieved through the implementation of a discrete-event simulation approach which includes the analysis of the environmental conditions, distance matrix, vessel characteristics, and assembly scenarios. The model maps the logistics chain in the offshore wind industry. A deterministic and a probabilistic metocean data method have been compared and cross validated. The results point to a good agreement between the two considered models, while highlighting the huge risks to the time and cost of the installation due to the stochastic nature of the weather. We suggest that simulations may improve and reduce these risks in the planning process of offshore wind farms.},
  annotation = {WOS:000425562700023},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/F8IKK3WZ/2018_Muhabie et al_A discrete-event simulation approach to evaluate the effect of stochastic.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet,cost,Decision support   systems,energy,europe,installation,Logistics,maintenance,Metocean,model,Offshore,operation,Simulation,state,Stochastic processes,system},
  language = {English}
}

@article{mukhopadhyayNumericalStudyVortex1999,
  title = {Numerical {{Study}} of {{Vortex Shedding From}} a {{Circular Cylinder}} in {{Linear Shear Flow}}},
  author = {Mukhopadhyay, A. and Venugopal, P. and Vanka, S. P.},
  year = {1999},
  month = jun,
  volume = {121},
  pages = {460--468},
  issn = {0098-2202},
  doi = {10.1115/1.2822232},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/5TC39U44/395094.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids Engineering},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{mukhopadhyayObliqueVortexShedding2002,
  title = {Oblique Vortex Shedding from a Circular Cylinder in Linear Shear Flow},
  author = {Mukhopadhyay, A. and Venugopal, P. and Vanka, S. P.},
  year = {2002},
  month = jan,
  volume = {31},
  pages = {1--24},
  issn = {0045-7930},
  doi = {10.1016/S0045-7930(01)00017-2},
  abstract = {Three-dimensional numerical simulations of linearly sheared flow past a circular cylinder have been performed for a shear parameter {$\beta$} of 0.02 and a mean Reynolds number of 131.5. Cylinders of aspect ratio (L/D) 24 and 48 have been considered. A second-order accurate finite volume scheme is used to integrate the unsteady Navier\textendash Stokes equations. Present computations confirm both qualitatively and quantitatively, the aspects of cellular shedding as reported by several investigators through experimental studies. Cell dimensions varied between three and seven cylinder diameters. The non-dimensional frequencies of these cells are observed to be lower than those given by parallel shedding correlations at the equivalent Reynolds numbers. Shedding of vortices are observed to be oblique with dislocations appearing in time. Detailed distributions of vorticity and velocity components are presented to describe the flow. A near wake readjustment of the axial flow has been identified to be the main cause of lowering of the frequencies and sustenance of finite widths of coherent shear layers along the span.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/C4T26NTQ/mukhopadhyay_et_al_2002_oblique_vortex_shedding_from_a_circular_cylinder_in_linear_shear_flow.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ANZSS7TF/S0045793001000172.html},
  journal = {Computers \& Fluids},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@incollection{muskulusFullheightLatticeTower2012,
  title = {The Full-Height Lattice Tower Concept},
  booktitle = {Selected {{Papers}} from {{Deep Sea Offshore Wind R}}\&d {{Conference}}},
  author = {Muskulus, Michael},
  editor = {Tande, J. O. G. and Kvamsdal, T. and Dahlhaug, O. G.},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {371--377},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Amsterdam}},
  abstract = {An alternative support structure for offshore wind turbines is presented that removes the need for an expensive transition piece and allows for significant savings in steel weight. The concept is based on replacing both the traditional wind turbine tower and the usual support structure with a single lattice tower that extends from the sea bottom to the rotor-nacelle-assembly. An overview is given of studies performed and results obtained for this design so far, of its advantages and disadvantages, and of future plans for improved automatic optimization of the design. Although it is difficult to show the economic viability of the full-height lattice tower concept, due to the general problem of reliably quantifying fabrication and installation costs, the major reduction in steel weight makes this an attractive concept that should be given further consideration, especially for future offshore projects in deep waters. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  annotation = {WOS:000345386900041},
  keywords = {alternative   concepts,cost reduction,engineering,lattice tower,offshore wind energy,optimization},
  language = {English}
}

@misc{nabucoFatigueStressEstimation2020,
  title = {Fatigue {{Stress Estimation}} of an {{Offshore Jacket Structure Based}} on {{Operational Modal Analysis}}},
  author = {Nabuco, Bruna and Tarp{\o}, Marius and Tygesen, Ulf T. and Brincker, Rune},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  volume = {2020},
  pages = {e7890247},
  publisher = {{Hindawi}},
  issn = {1070-9622},
  doi = {10.1155/2020/7890247},
  abstract = {Fatigue life assessment currently recommended by offshore standards is associated with a large number of uncertainties mainly related to the environmental loads and the numerical model. Recently, for economic reasons, the need for extending the lifetime of existing offshore structures led to the necessity of developing more accurate and realistic predicting models so that damage detection and maintenance can be optimized. This paper proposes the implementation of Structural Health Monitoring Systems in order to extract modal properties\textemdash such as mode shapes, natural frequencies, and damping ratios\textemdash throughout Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), which is the engineering field that studies the modal properties of systems under ambient vibrations or normal operating conditions. The identified modal properties of the structural system are the fundamental information to update a finite element model by means of an expansion technique. Then, the virtual sensing technique\textemdash modal expansion\textemdash is used to estimate the stress in the entire structure. Though existing models depend on the load estimation, the model based on OMA-assisted virtual sensing depends on the measured responses and assumes that the loads act as random vibrations. A case study using data from a real offshore structure is presented based on measurements recorded during normal operation conditions of an offshore tripod jacket. From strains estimated using OMA and virtual sensing, fatigue stresses are predicted and verified by applying the concept of equivalent stress range. Both estimated and measured strains are given as input data to evaluate the equivalent stress range and compared with each other. Based on this study, structural health monitoring estimates the fatigue stresses with high precision. As conclusion, this study describes how the fatigue can be assessed based on a more accurate value of stress and less uncertainties, which may allow extending the fatigue life of offshore platforms.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FWQA5CWL/Nabuco et al. - 2020 - Fatigue Stress Estimation of an Offshore Jacket St.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/LEFAERS9/7890247.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sv/2020/7890247/},
  journal = {Shock and Vibration},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  type = {Research {{Article}}}
}

@article{nabucoFatigueStressEstimation2020a,
  title = {Fatigue {{Stress Estimation}} of an {{Offshore Jacket Structure Based}} on {{Operational Modal Analysis}}},
  author = {Nabuco, Bruna and Tarp{\o}, Marius and Tygesen, Ulf T. and Brincker, Rune},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  volume = {2020},
  pages = {1--12},
  issn = {1070-9622, 1875-9203},
  doi = {10.1155/2020/7890247},
  abstract = {Fatigue life assessment currently recommended by offshore standards is associated with a large number of uncertainties mainly related to the environmental loads and the numerical model. Recently, for economic reasons, the need for extending the lifetime of existing offshore structures led to the necessity of developing more accurate and realistic predicting models so that damage detection and maintenance can be optimized. This paper proposes the implementation of Structural Health Monitoring Systems in order to extract modal properties\textemdash such as mode shapes, natural frequencies, and damping ratios\textemdash throughout Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), which is the engineering field that studies the modal properties of systems under ambient vibrations or normal operating conditions. The identified modal properties of the structural system are the fundamental information to update a finite element model by means of an expansion technique. Then, the virtual sensing technique\textemdash modal expansion\textemdash is used to estimate the stress in the entire structure. Though existing models depend on the load estimation, the model based on OMA-assisted virtual sensing depends on the measured responses and assumes that the loads act as random vibrations. A case study using data from a real offshore structure is presented based on measurements recorded during normal operation conditions of an offshore tripod jacket. From strains estimated using OMA and virtual sensing, fatigue stresses are predicted and verified by applying the concept of equivalent stress range. Both estimated and measured strains are given as input data to evaluate the equivalent stress range and compared with each other. Based on this study, structural health monitoring estimates the fatigue stresses with high precision. As conclusion, this study describes how the fatigue can be assessed based on a more accurate value of stress and less uncertainties, which may allow extending the fatigue life of offshore platforms.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VBGA3J4Y/nabuco_et_al_2020_fatigue_stress_estimation_of_an_offshore_jacket_structure_based_on_operational.pdf},
  journal = {Shock and Vibration},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{naessStochasticDynamicsMarine2012,
  title = {Stochastic {{Dynamics}} of {{Marine Structures}}},
  author = {Naess, Arvid and Moan, Torgeir},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139021364},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Y6IUNEEE/naess_moan_2012_stochastic_dynamics_of_marine_structures.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-139-02136-4},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{naessStochasticDynamicsMarine2012a,
  title = {Stochastic {{Dynamics}} of {{Marine Structures}}},
  author = {Naess, Arvid and Moan, Torgeir},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139021364},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/YHAN3UGQ/naess_moan_2012_stochastic_dynamics_of_marine_structures.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-139-02136-4},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{naessStochasticDynamicsMarine2012b,
  title = {Stochastic {{Dynamics}} of {{Marine Structures}}},
  author = {Naess, Arvid and Moan, Torgeir},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139021364},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/LGW2HMKT/Naess and Moan - 2012 - Stochastic Dynamics of Marine Structures.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-139-02136-4},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{naessStochasticDynamicsMarine2012c,
  title = {Stochastic {{Dynamics}} of {{Marine Structures}}},
  author = {Naess, Arvid and Moan, Torgeir},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139021364},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XGT42CGX/Naess and Moan - 2012 - Stochastic Dynamics of Marine Structures.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-139-02136-4},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{nagababuEvaluationOffshoreWind2017,
  title = {Evaluation of Offshore Wind Power Potential in the Western Coast of {{India}}: A Preliminary Study},
  shorttitle = {Evaluation of Offshore Wind Power Potential in the Western Coast of {{India}}},
  author = {Nagababu, Garlapati and Kachhwaha, Surendra Singh and Saysani, Vimal and Banerjee, Ranajit},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  volume = {112},
  pages = {62--67},
  issn = {0011-3891},
  doi = {10.18520/cs/v112/i01/62-67},
  abstract = {The possibility of locating wind turbines on the seabed can open up a new frontier for wind power as a significant domestic renewable energy source along the western coast of India. Space for much larger projects is available in shallow coastal waters compared to land. To assess wind power potential in the western coast of India, first the bathymetric data are divided into three regions, i.e. 0-10, 10-20 and 20-35 m respectively, suitable for fixed-bottom foundation technology. Next, the wind data of several meteorological stations are collected from WindSat satellite. For a given bathymetry, using the characteristics of wind turbine, calculations are made for estimating average wind speed, wind power density and average output of wind turbine. Results of the preliminary study show that there exists a total available area of 67,622 sq. km (up to a depth of 35 m), suitable for installation of offshore wind turbines. Further, results reveal that within the total effective area, the average annual power generation of 477 and 437 TWh respectively, could be achieved using GE 3.6s and Repower 5M commercial offshore turbines.},
  annotation = {WOS:000392355900015},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/A2KVMZ5V/2017_Nagababu et al_Evaluation of offshore wind power potential in the western coast of India.pdf},
  journal = {Current Science},
  keywords = {_tablet,Bathymetry,energy,farm,fixed-bottom foundation technology,offshore wind potential,resource,wind turbines},
  language = {English},
  number = {1}
}

@article{navroseFreeVibrationsCylinder2013,
  title = {Free Vibrations of a Cylinder: 3-{{D}} Computations at {{Re}}=1000},
  shorttitle = {Free Vibrations of a Cylinder},
  author = {{Navrose} and Mittal, Sanjay},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  volume = {41},
  pages = {109--118},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.02.017},
  abstract = {Vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder of low non-dimensional mass (m⁎=10.0) are investigated at Re=1000. A stabilized space\textendash time finite element formulation is utilized to solve the incompressible flow equations in primitive variables in three dimensions. Computations are carried out for reduced velocities in the range 4.2{$\leq$}U⁎{$\leq$}6.2 for, both, increasing and, decreasing U⁎. Three branches are identified for the cylinder response: initial, upper and lower. The cylinder response and force coefficients exhibit beats in the initial branch. The initial\textendash upper branch transition is hysteretic. The maximum amplitude of transverse oscillations is 0.7D. This value is larger than that observed in the laminar regime and smaller than that reported earlier for large Re. Intermittency is observed in the transition between upper and lower branches. During the transition, the fraction of time spent by the cylinder in lower branch increases with U⁎. Soft-lock-in is observed on the upper branch. Although the frequency of vortex shedding and the cylinder vibration match, they are different than the natural frequency of the spring-mass system. The mode of vortex shedding is 2S on the initial branch while it is 2P along the lower branch. Perhaps, for the first time, 2S mode of vortex shedding is found along the upper branch. This is confirmed via investigation of phase difference between the lift and cylinder response.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/B9L7LGQG/navrose_mittal_2013_free_vibrations_of_a_cylinder.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ESZSWFK6/S0889974613000649.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Cylinder,Hysteresis,Intermittency,Vortex shedding,Vortex-induced vibrations},
  language = {en},
  series = {Special Issue on {{Bluff Body Flows}} ({{Blubof2011}})}
}

@article{navroseNewRegimeMultiple2017,
  title = {A New Regime of Multiple States in Free Vibration of a Cylinder at Low {{Re}}},
  author = {{Navrose} and Mittal, Sanjay},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  volume = {68},
  pages = {310--321},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2016.11.003},
  abstract = {The existence of multiple response in vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder is explored in the laminar flow regime by carrying out computations with different initial conditions for several mass ratios. In addition to primary and secondary hystereses near the ends of the lock-in regime, multiple states of the fluid-structure system exist in the middle of the lock-in regime as well. One of the two states is associated with large amplitude of cylinder oscillation. The response of the cylinder, for this state, lies on the classically known lower branch. In the other state, the cylinder exhibits low oscillation amplitude. Depending on the mass ratio and reduced speed this state may either be synchronized or desynchronized with the wake. A new branch of cylinder response has been identified for the lock-in state in this regime. The time histories of cylinder displacement and force coefficients on this branch are similar to that observed on the initial branch. In view of this, the new branch is referred to as initial branch (II). The variation of frequency of cylinder oscillation and phase between cylinder displacement and lift coefficient along IB(II) is studied.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Q2JS65PA/navrose_mittal_2017_a_new_regime_of_multiple_states_in_free_vibration_of_a_cylinder_at_low_re.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/A3DG5Q5L/S0889974616302006.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Hysteresis,Lock-in,Vortex-induced vibration},
  language = {en}
}

@article{nepaliTwodegreeoffreedomVortexinducedVibrations2020,
  title = {Two-Degree-of-Freedom Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Two Square Cylinders in Tandem Arrangement at Low {{Reynolds}} Numbers},
  author = {Nepali, Ramesh and Ping, Huan and Han, Zhaolong and Zhou, Dai and Yang, He and Tu, Jiahuang and Zhao, Yongsheng and Bao, Yan},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  volume = {97},
  pages = {102991},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2020.102991},
  abstract = {Although flow past cylinders has a vast spectrum of applications in various fields of engineering, the existence of flow-induced vibrations (FIVs) add a need for a more precise and thorough approach when studying such flows. In this context, this work investigates the FIVs' mechanism due to two square cylinders placed in tandem arrangement through a characteristics-based-split (CBS) finite element method. Both cylinders, with a low mass ratio (mr = 2), are free to oscillate in in-line and transverse directions. The center-to-center distance of 5D (D being the cylinder side width) is kept fixed between the cylinders. The Reynolds number (Re) is ranged from 40 to 200 with an increment of 40, and computations are carried out for the reduced velocity (Ur) ranging from 3 to 13 under each Re value. Results show that the effects of Re and Ur on the dynamic responses are qualitatively similar for both cylinders. However, effects on the downstream cylinder are stronger due to the upstream wake. For Re equal to or beyond 120, the in-line low-frequency characteristic becomes obvious at some higher values of Ur for the upstream cylinder, whereas it exists over a wide range of Ur for the downstream cylinder. For lower Re (up to 120), cylinders show steady behavior at Ur = 5. However, for higher Re, they vibrate with the maximum amplitudes (especially the in-line amplitude of the downstream cylinder), and show complex wake flow at the same Ur. Compared to higher Re, the maximum vibration amplitudes in the transverse direction of lower Re are relatively higher, while the opposite trend is observed for in-line vibration amplitudes. Several unstable trajectories are also identified other than the typical figure-eight trajectories. In context of vortex shedding, different permutation of steady state, 2S, P+S, and complex modes are observed for different values of Re. It is also noted that the vortex shedding pattern keeps changing in the far wake for higher Re.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8RA7NND9/S0889974619307480.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {Finite element method,Flow characteristics,Square cylinders,Two-degree-of-freedom,Vortex shedding,Vortex-induced vibration (VIV)},
  language = {en}
}

@article{nguyenDetachedEddySimulations2016,
  title = {Detached Eddy Simulations of Flow Induced Vibrations of Circular Cylinders at High {{Reynolds}} Numbers},
  author = {Nguyen, Vinh-Tan and Nguyen, Hoang Huy},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  volume = {63},
  pages = {103--119},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2016.02.004},
  abstract = {This work presents a development of computational fluid dynamic model for numerical simulations of flow induced vibrations, important physical phenomena characterizing operations of various engineering structures, especially offshore installations including risers and platforms. We propose an application of detached eddy simulation (DES) approach for simulations of incompressible Navier\textendash Stokes flows over cylindrical structures coupled with its rigid body motions. In this approach, a hybrid turbulence model based on Reynolds average Navier\textendash Stokes (RANS) and large eddy simulations (LES) is implemented for modelling of high Reynolds number flows over free oscillating cylinders where near wall flow features are modelled with RANS and LES is employed for resolving wake dynamics. The proposed approach is validated against several experimental set ups of fixed cylinder as well as cylinders under vortex induced vibrations. A straightforward implementation of the proposed DES approach provides more reliable and accurate numerical results than traditional URANS for high Reynolds number flows in predictions of forces acting on cylinders and their responses. Numerical experiment using the presented approach for cylinder with single degree of freedom (cross flow oscillations) and two degree of freedoms (in-plane oscillations) shows that it is able to capture VIV fundamental characteristics and predict accurately responses of cylinders at various reduced velocities and mass ratios. Numerical prediction is in good agreement with earlier experimental studies for presented benchmark test cases. It shows a great potential of the proposed approach for design and analysis of structures under flow induced vibrations.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FPN3YMCH/nguyen_nguyen_2016_detached_eddy_simulations_of_flow_induced_vibrations_of_circular_cylinders_at.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/WJFP4Q3Z/nguyen_nguyen_2016_detached_eddy_simulations_of_flow_induced_vibrations_of_circular_cylinders_at.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/5B2XWHX6/S0889974616000323.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/DXGTKGEA/S0889974616000323.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Computational fluid dynamics,Detached eddy simulations,Flow induced vibrations,Fluid–structure interactions,High Reynolds number flows,Vortex induced vibrations}
}

@book{nguyenNumericalStudyWakeInduced2016,
  title = {Numerical {{Study}} of {{Wake}}-{{Induced Vibrations}} for {{Cylinders}} in {{Tandem}} with {{Different Diameters}} at {{High Reynolds Numbers}}},
  author = {Nguyen, Vinh-Tan and Chan, Wai Hong Ronald and Nguyen, Hoang-Huy},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {{Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers}},
  address = {{New York}},
  abstract = {Wake induced vibration is a distinctive phenomena of fluid elastic instability arising from interactions of a body in the wakes of another bluff body and characteristically different from the well-understood vortex induced vibrations. This work presents a fluid-structure interactions numerical model as an alternative tool for investigation of wake induced vibrations. In an attempt to better understand mechanisms of wake induced motions, a simplified model of two cylinders in tandem arrangement with different diameters under cross flow was considered in this work. Cross flow velocity conditions vary from moderate to high Reynolds number (Re=2 x 10(3)-5 x 10(4)) in the same range as many experiment reported recently in literature. A hybrid detached eddy simulation approach is used for turbulence modelling at those high Reynolds number conditions in order to resolve complex near body flow features as well as in the wake regions. The proposed model is first validated through extensive benchmarking with experimental studies for responses of tandem cylinders at the same flow conditions as in physical experiment. With good agreement to experimental data, the model was extended for simulations of cylinders of different diameters in tandem arrangement. For different diameters between upstream and downstream cylinders, the fundamental frequencies of shedded vortices from the cylinders are essentially different. It is observed from the present study that responses of the downstream cylinder are characterized not only the geometrical parameters such as distances and diameter differences between the cylinders but also the Reynolds number. As contrast to many experimental studies, at constant Reynolds number; downstream cylinders are found to have multiple lock-in regions in a wide range of reduced velocities. This distinctive behaviour of the cylinders at constant Reynolds numbers and diameter ratios suggests strong evidence of complicated mechanism of wake-induced vibrations phenomena. Further analysis of results from high fidelity numerical simulations were carried out for detailed investigations of force amplitudes and frequencies. The current analysis revealed multiple frequency content of the force; thus explaining high response amplitudes of the downstream cylinder at high reduced velocity.},
  annotation = {WOS:000393090500070},
  isbn = {978-0-7918-4993-4},
  keywords = {arrangements,circular-cylinders,flow,interference,vortex-induced vibrations},
  language = {English}
}

@article{noren-cosgriffEstimationNaturalFrequencies2021,
  title = {Estimation of Natural Frequencies and Damping Using Dynamic Field Data from an Offshore Wind Turbine},
  author = {{Nor{\'e}n-Cosgriff}, Karin and Kaynia, Amir},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  volume = {76},
  pages = {102915},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marstruc.2020.102915},
  abstract = {The dynamic characteristics of offshore wind turbines are heavily affected by environmental loads from wave and wind action and nonlinear soil behaviour. In the design of the monopile structures , the fatigue load due to wind and wave loading is one of the most important problems to consider. Since the fatigue damage is sensitive to the foundation stiffness and damping, increasing the accuracy of analysis tools used in the design and optimization process can improve the reliability of the structure and reduce conservatism, thereby leading to a more cost-efficient design. In this context, analysis of field data is important for calibrating and verifying purposes. This paper presents analysis of measured accelerations and strains from a wind farm in the North Sea with monopile foundations. Field data during idling conditions, collected over long periods of operation, are analysed and the natural frequencies are determined, and damping is estimated. The measured natural frequencies are compared to calculated values using an aero-servo-hydro-elastic code, showing a good agreement in the frequency range below 2 Hz. Variation of the natural frequencies with intensity of loading may indicate effect of soil nonlinearity on the overall OWT response. Since the first natural bending modes have the largest potential to mobilize soil reactions, they are of primary interest in this context. The effect of load (wave, wind and dynamic bending moment) on the first natural frequency is investigated using different analysis techniques in the frequency domain and time domain. A clear correlation between load level and first natural frequency is demonstrated. A simple nonlinear SSI model of the tower/soil system is employed to numerically investigate the observed changes in the measured first natural frequency with the level of loading and increased overall damping. The simulated results reproduce the general trends in the observed reduction in the first natural frequency and increased damping ratio with the load level. However, the effect of the load level is less than that observed in the measurements, indicating contribution also from other factors than soil nonlinearity.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/XUZ4AXPI/noren-cosgriff_kaynia_2021_estimation_of_natural_frequencies_and_damping_using_dynamic_field_data_from_an.pdf},
  journal = {Marine Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{noren-cosgriffEstimationNaturalFrequencies2021a,
  title = {Estimation of Natural Frequencies and Damping Using Dynamic Field Data from an Offshore Wind Turbine},
  author = {{Nor{\'e}n-Cosgriff}, Karin and Kaynia, Amir},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  volume = {76},
  pages = {102915},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marstruc.2020.102915},
  abstract = {The dynamic characteristics of offshore wind turbines are heavily affected by environmental loads from wave and wind action and nonlinear soil behaviour. In the design of the monopile structures , the fatigue load due to wind and wave loading is one of the most important problems to consider. Since the fatigue damage is sensitive to the foundation stiffness and damping, increasing the accuracy of analysis tools used in the design and optimization process can improve the reliability of the structure and reduce conservatism, thereby leading to a more cost-efficient design. In this context, analysis of field data is important for calibrating and verifying purposes. This paper presents analysis of measured accelerations and strains from a wind farm in the North Sea with monopile foundations. Field data during idling conditions, collected over long periods of operation, are analysed and the natural frequencies are determined, and damping is estimated. The measured natural frequencies are compared to calculated values using an aero-servo-hydro-elastic code, showing a good agreement in the frequency range below 2 Hz. Variation of the natural frequencies with intensity of loading may indicate effect of soil nonlinearity on the overall OWT response. Since the first natural bending modes have the largest potential to mobilize soil reactions, they are of primary interest in this context. The effect of load (wave, wind and dynamic bending moment) on the first natural frequency is investigated using different analysis techniques in the frequency domain and time domain. A clear correlation between load level and first natural frequency is demonstrated. A simple nonlinear SSI model of the tower/soil system is employed to numerically investigate the observed changes in the measured first natural frequency with the level of loading and increased overall damping. The simulated results reproduce the general trends in the observed reduction in the first natural frequency and increased damping ratio with the load level. However, the effect of the load level is less than that observed in the measurements, indicating contribution also from other factors than soil nonlinearity.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RA2TG3L3/noren-cosgriff_kaynia_2021_estimation_of_natural_frequencies_and_damping_using_dynamic_field_data_from_an.pdf},
  journal = {Marine Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@book{nortonFundamentalsNoiseVibration2003,
  title = {Fundamentals of {{Noise}} and {{Vibration Analysis}} for {{Engineers}}},
  author = {Norton, M. P. and Karczub, D. G.},
  year = {2003},
  month = sep,
  edition = {Second},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139163927},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/YTM6SXFN/Norton and Karczub - 2003 - Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration Analysis for E.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-49913-2 978-0-521-49561-5 978-1-139-16392-7},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{nortonFundamentalsNoiseVibration2003a,
  ids = {nortonFundamentalsNoiseVibration2003},
  title = {Fundamentals of {{Noise}} and {{Vibration Analysis}} for {{Engineers}}},
  author = {Norton, M. P. and Karczub, D. G.},
  year = {2003},
  month = sep,
  edition = {Second},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139163927},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/9TAAQQ2V/norton_karczub_2003_fundamentals_of_noise_and_vibration_analysis_for_engineers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/BXUBAIYT/norton_karczub_2003_fundamentals_of_noise_and_vibration_analysis_for_engineers.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-49913-2 978-0-521-49561-5 978-1-139-16392-7},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{NotesEngineeringDetails,
  title = {Notes on Engineering Details},
  abstract = {Load assumptions, safety system \& protective and monitoring devices, rotor blades and machinery components, support structure, electrical installations and project certification: Download your Notes on Engineering Details as PDF.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2LCSTVGU/engineering-notes.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.dnvgl.com/energy/renewables-certification/engineering-notes.html},
  journal = {DNV GL},
  language = {en}
}

@article{NoTitleFound,
  title = {[{{No}} Title Found]},
  issn = {1998-0140},
  abstract = {Construction and utilization of offshore wind farms is going to increase within the next years. So far the first German offshore wind farm was constructed and put into operation by ``Alpha Ventus''. Experiences illustrate that bad weather conditions are the main cause for delays in transport, handling and installation of offshore wind farms. This can lead to extensive project delays up to several months. The main objective of current logistical research activities is the robust design of planning and control methods for offshore installations. In this study, the basic conditions and existing disturbances of supply chains for offshore installations are analyzed. Based on these results, a planning and control concept will be introduced. Additionally, a mathematical model using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) is developed. It calculates the optimal installation schedule for offshore wind farms by observing different weather conditions. The model can be used to reduce vessel operation times in dependence on seasonal or up-to-date weather forecasts.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MUMKDMQ5/[No title found].pdf},
  journal = {International Journal of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences},
  language = {en}
}

@article{obrienHorizontalAxisWind2017,
  title = {Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Research: {{A}} Review of Commercial {{CFD}}, {{FE}} Codes and Experimental Practices},
  shorttitle = {Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Research},
  author = {O'Brien, J. M. and Young, T. M. and O'Mahoney, D. C. and Griffin, P. C.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  volume = {92},
  pages = {1--24},
  issn = {0376-0421},
  doi = {10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.05.001},
  abstract = {A review of wind turbine aerodynamics research is presented. The review is limited to Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) investigations. The focus is on recent near wake experiments, wake predictions by commercial CFD codes and current FSI and structural modelling attempts. For the near wake, the review considers experiments carried out in controlled conditions whereby the incoming freestream is perpendicular to the rotor plane. Additional anomalies such as wind shear, gusts and yaw transition are not considered. The survey of 3D commercial codes is also focused on HAWT models in parallel flow conditions. Finally, the structural models reviewed are divided into two separate categories: 1) blade deflection and performance under aerodynamic loads, and 2) the vibrational response of blades under aerodynamic loading. The aim is to highlight common trends within near wake experiments and investigate both CFD and FE modelling strategies \textendash{} to identify current limitations and future opportunities within the sector.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RHGRIJZR/o'brien_et_al_2017_horizontal_axis_wind_turbine_research.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/FIWM3X48/S0376042116301579.html},
  journal = {Progress in Aerospace Sciences},
  keywords = {_tablet,CFD,Fluid-structure Interaction modelling,Horizontal axis wind turbines,Near wake},
  language = {en}
}

@article{oelkerEvaluationImpactWeatherRelated2021,
  title = {Evaluation of the {{Impact}} of {{Weather}}-{{Related Limitations}} on the {{Installation}} of {{Offshore Wind Turbine Towers}}},
  author = {Oelker, Stephan and Sander, Aljoscha and Kreutz, Markus and {Ait-Alla}, Abderrahim and Freitag, Michael},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {3778},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en14133778},
  abstract = {Weather conditions have a significant impact on the installation of offshore wind turbines. The rules for installation set clear limits. These limits are usually based on estimations of various experts and not on real assumptions and measurements on-site. When wind speeds and wave heights are too high, work cannot be carried out, and this leads to delays and additional costs. Therefore, we have carried out a measurement campaign during the installation of rotor blades to investigate to which extent the limits can be adjusted by using a tuned mass damper. The results from the measurement campaign\textemdash specifically empirically derived significant wave height limits\textemdash are used in a discrete event simulation. This study simulates delays resulting from weather conditions. Based on this, the total installation costs are considered. The results of the measurement campaign show that a safe installation with the use of a damper is possible at wave heights of up to 1.6 m. With the discrete event simulation, it is possible to prove that 17.9\% can be saved for the costs of the installation vessel. In addition, the wind farm could be erected 32 days faster. Thus, it can be stated that the use of a tuned mass damper simplifies the installation from a technical point of view and is economical.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC-BY-SA)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/LLKUTUVN/oelker_et_al_2021_evaluation_of_the_impact_of_weather-related_limitations_on_the_installation_of.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  language = {en},
  number = {13}
}

@article{ohReviewFoundationsOffshore2018,
  title = {A Review of Foundations of Offshore Wind Energy Convertors: {{Current}} Status and Future Perspectives},
  shorttitle = {A Review of Foundations of Offshore Wind Energy Convertors},
  author = {Oh, Ki-Yong and Nam, Woochul and Ryu, Moo Sung and Kim, Ji-Young and Epureanu, Bogdan I.},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  volume = {88},
  pages = {16--36},
  issn = {1364-0321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.005},
  abstract = {This paper reviews foundations for offshore wind energy convertors considering the significant growth of offshore wind energy since the early 2000s. The characteristics of various foundation types (i.e., gravity, pile, suction caisson, and float type) and the current status of field application are discussed. Moreover, the mechanical characteristics of soil are described in the sense that these characteristics including modulus, strength, damping, and modulus degradation of soil play critical roles for the design of offshore foundations. By using these mechanical properties of soil, theoretical studies to consider structure-soil interaction are classified (into equivalent spring models, distributed spring models, and continuous element models) and explained. Field and laboratory experiments on the response of structure embedded in soil to static and dynamic loads are discussed. Based on the review of previous studies, directions for future research and study on offshore wind turbine are suggested.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/NGFIQPAN/oh_et_al_2018_a_review_of_foundations_of_offshore_wind_energy_convertors.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZHYWL66R/S136403211830025X.html},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  keywords = {Offshore foundations,Offshore wind energy convertors,Offshore wind turbines,Structure-soil interaction},
  language = {en}
}

@article{oliphantPythonScientificComputing2007,
  title = {Python for {{Scientific Computing}}},
  author = {Oliphant, Travis E.},
  year = {2007},
  month = may,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {10--20},
  issn = {1558-366X},
  doi = {10.1109/MCSE.2007.58},
  abstract = {Python is an excellent "steering" language for scientific codes written in other languages. However, with additional basic tools, Python transforms into a high-level language suited for scientific and engineering code that's often fast enough to be immediately useful but also flexible enough to be sped up with additional extensions.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/2WZZVWEI/2007_Oliphant_Python for Scientific Computing.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/XT6HAFDZ/4160250.html},
  journal = {Computing in Science Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet,Application software,computer languages,Embedded software,high level languages,High level languages,high-level language,Internet,Libraries,Prototypes,Python,scientific codes,scientific computing,Scientific computing,scientific programming,Software standards,Standards development,steering language,Writing},
  number = {3}
}

@article{ongorenFlowStructureOscillating1988,
  title = {Flow Structure from an Oscillating Cylinder {{Part}} 2. {{Mode}} Competition in the near Wake},
  author = {Ongoren, A. and Rockwell, D.},
  year = {1988},
  month = jun,
  volume = {191},
  pages = {225--245},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112088001570},
  abstract = {A circular cylinder subjected to forced oscillations at angle {$\alpha$} with respect to the free stream shows a number of admissible modes of vortex formation synchronized with the body motion. These modes can be categorized into two basic groups: symmetrical vortex formation; and antisymmetrical vortex formation. Whereas there is a single symmetrical mode, there are four basic antisymmetrical modes. Three of these antisymmetrical modes show period doubling relative to the classical K\'arm\'an mode. This doubling arises from the symmetrical perturbation component induced by the cylinder motion at {$\alpha$} {$\pm$} 90\textdegree. Synchronization, i.e. phase-locking of the vortex shedding with the cylinder motion, is possible for all of these modes. It occurs even when streamwise ({$\alpha$} = 0\textdegree ) motion induces an antisymmetrical mode.When synchronization does not occur, there is competition between the symmetrical and antisymmetrical modes; the near-wake structure successively locks-on to each mode over a defined number of cycles, abruptly switching between modes. The number of occurrences of each mode is a well-defined function of excitation frequency and angle {$\alpha$}.If, in contrast to steady-state motion of the cylinder, there is an initial transient motion, the transition between symmetrical and antisymmetrical modes has a markedly different character, emphasizing the importance of initial conditions. Abrupt onset of sinusoidal motion produces an initially synchronized symmetrical mode, which gradually decays to an antisymmetrical mode. The number of excitation cycles to onset of decay to antisymmetrical mode is highly repeatable. Moreover, the mechanism of decay of the near wake from the symmetrical to antisymmetrical mode can occur deterministically over a defined number of cycles.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/27BS27KI/10775B8F8E3F377272C0ADD2F15A2C26.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{ongorenFlowStructureOscillating1988a,
  title = {Flow Structure from an Oscillating Cylinder {{Part}} 1. {{Mechanisms}} of Phase Shift and Recovery in the near Wake},
  author = {Ongoren, A. and Rockwell, D.},
  year = {1988},
  month = jun,
  volume = {191},
  pages = {197--223},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112088001569},
  abstract = {Cylinders of various cross-section were subjected to controlled oscillations in a direction transverse to the incident flow. Excitation was at frequency fe, relative to the formation frequency f*0 of large-scale vortices from the corresponding stationary cylinder, and at Reynolds numbers in the range 584 [les ] Re [les ] 1300. Modifications of the near wake were characterized by visualization of the instantaneous flow structure in conjunction with body displacement-flow velocity correlations.At fe/f*0 = {$\frac{1}{2}$}, corresponding to subharmonic excitation, as well as at fe/f*0 = 1, the near wake structure is phase-locked (synchronized) to the cylinder motion. However, the synchronization mechanism is distinctly different in these two regimes. Near or at fe/f*0 = 1, the phase of the shed vortex with respect to the cylinder displacement switches by approximately {$\pi$}. Characteristics of this phase switch are related to cylinder geometry. It does not occur if the cylinder has significant afterbody.Over a wide range of fe/f*0, the perturbed near wake rapidly recovers to a largescale antisymmetrical mode similar in form to the well-known K\'arm\'an vortex street. The mechanisms of small-scale (fe) vortex interaction leading to recovery of the large-scale (f0) vortices are highly ordered and repeatable, though distinctly different, for superharmonic excitation (fe/f*0 = n = 2, 3, 4) and non-harmonic excitation (non-integer values of fe/f*0).The frequency f0 of the recovered vortex street downstream of the body shows substantial departure from the shedding frequency f*0 from the corresponding stationary body. It locks-on to resonant modes corresponding to f0/fe = 1/n. This wake response involves strictly hydrodynamic phenomena. It shows, however, a resonant behaviour analogous to that of coupled flow-acoustic systems where the shear layer is convectively unstable},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/TY2ZY58G/D6949892E4D39B5CC3591C494A4EF36E.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{owenPASSIVECONTROLVIV2001,
  title = {{{PASSIVE CONTROL OF VIV WITH DRAG REDUCTION}}},
  author = {Owen, J.C. and Bearman, P.W. and Szewczyk, A.A.},
  year = {2001},
  month = apr,
  volume = {15},
  pages = {597--605},
  issn = {08899746},
  doi = {10.1006/jfls.2000.0358},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  language = {en},
  number = {3-4}
}

@article{owenSuppressionKarmanVortex2000,
  title = {Suppression of {{K\'arm\'an Vortex Shedding}}},
  author = {Owen, J. C. and Szewczyk, A. A. and Bearman, P. W.},
  year = {2000},
  month = sep,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {S9-S9},
  issn = {1070-6631, 1089-7666},
  doi = {10.1063/1.4739170},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4XQ95ZBF/owen_et_al_2000_suppression_of_kármán_vortex_shedding.pdf},
  journal = {Physics of Fluids},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@article{pachecoNewStrategiesOptimized2020,
  title = {New Strategies for Optimized Structural Monitoring of Wind Farms: Experimental Campaign},
  shorttitle = {New Strategies for Optimized Structural Monitoring of Wind Farms},
  author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o and Guimar{\~a}es, Silvina and Moutinho, Carlos and Marques, Miguel and Matos, Jos{\'e} Carlos and Magalh{\~a}es, Filipe},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {983--996},
  issn = {2366-7451},
  doi = {10.5194/wes-5-983-2020},
  abstract = {The main goal of the recently started WindFarmSHM research project is the development, validation and optimization of monitoring strategies to be applied at the level of the wind farm. These strategies should be able to evaluate the structural condition of a set of wind turbines and their consumed fatigue life using the response to operation loads. In this context, a quite extensive experimental campaign is being performed at the Tocha wind farm, an onshore wind farm located in Portugal, which includes the simultaneous instrumentation of several wind turbines, adopting strain gauges, clinometers and accelerometers distributed in the tower and blades. This paper introduces the Tocha wind farm, presents the different layouts adopted in the instrumentation of the wind turbines and shows some initial results from the already fully instrumented wind turbine. At this preliminary stage, the capabilities of the very extensive monitoring layout are demonstrated. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the ability of the different monitoring components to track the modal parameters of the system composed of a tower and rotor and to characterize the internal loads at the tower base and blade roots.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/S3C9NDET/Pacheco et al. - 2020 - New strategies for optimized structural monitoring.pdf},
  journal = {Wind Energy Science},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{pageImpactFoundationModelling2019,
  ids = {pageImpactFoundationModelling2019a},
  title = {Impact of Foundation Modelling in Offshore Wind Turbines: {{Comparison}} between Simulations and Field Data},
  shorttitle = {Impact of Foundation Modelling in Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Page, Ana M. and N{\ae}ss, Veronika and De Vaal, Jacobus B. and Eiksund, Gudmund R. and Nygaard, Tor Anders},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  volume = {64},
  pages = {379--400},
  issn = {09518339},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marstruc.2018.11.010},
  abstract = {The design of Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs) relies on integrated simulation tools capable of predicting the system dynamic characteristics and the coupled loads and responses. Despite all efforts to develop accurate integrated models, these often fail to reproduce the measured natural frequencies, partly due to the modelling of the foundation. Several foundation models and calibration approaches have been proposed and compared with small or large scale field tests, where only the soil and the foundation are included. However, there is a lack of more integral validation where the interaction between the foundation and the structure is taken into account. The paper investigates the impact of the foundation model and calibration approach on the simulated response of a monopile-based OWT installed in the North Sea by comparing simulations and full-scale field data. The OWT structure and the environmental actions are implemented in the aero-servo-hydro-elastic code 3DFloat. Two foundation models and two calibration approaches are evaluated. The results indicate that, with a conceptually correct foundation model and a realistic calibration, it is possible to match the measured natural frequency and predict accurate fatigue loads. More accurate predicted loads will reduce uncertainties in the estimated fatigue lifetime and therefore reduce risk in the design.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CAWCANWE/page_et_al_2019_impact_of_foundation_modelling_in_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/L5APV6WJ/page_et_al_2019_impact_of_foundation_modelling_in_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Marine Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{pageImpactFoundationModelling2019a,
  title = {Impact of Foundation Modelling in Offshore Wind Turbines: {{Comparison}} between Simulations and Field Data},
  shorttitle = {Impact of Foundation Modelling in Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Page, Ana and N{\ae}ss, Veronika and Vaal, Jacobus and Eiksund, Gudmund and Nygaard, Tor},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  volume = {64},
  pages = {379--400},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marstruc.2018.11.010},
  abstract = {The design of Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs) relies on integrated simulation tools capable of predicting the system dynamic characteristics and the coupled loads and responses. Despite all efforts to develop accurate integrated models, these often fail to reproduce the measured natural frequencies, partly due to the modelling of the foundation. Several foundation models and calibration approaches have been proposed and compared with small or large scale field tests, where only the soil and the foundation are included. However, there is a lack of more integral validation where the interaction between the foundation and the structure is taken into account. The paper investigates the impact of the foundation model and calibration approach on the simulated response of a monopile-based OWT installed in the North Sea by comparing simulations and full-scale field data. The OWT structure and the environmental actions are implemented in the aero-servo-hydro-elastic code 3DFloat. Two foundation models and two calibration approaches are evaluated. The results indicate that, with a conceptually correct foundation model and a realistic calibration, it is possible to match the measured natural frequency and predict accurate fatigue loads. More accurate predicted loads will reduce uncertainties in the estimated fatigue lifetime and therefore reduce risk in the design.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IE48VLK6/page_et_al_2019_impact_of_foundation_modelling_in_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Marine Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{pagniniModalPropertiesVertical2021,
  title = {Modal Properties of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine in Operating and Parked Conditions},
  author = {Pagnini, Luisa C. and Piccardo, Giuseppe},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  volume = {242},
  pages = {112587},
  issn = {01410296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112587},
  abstract = {Modal frequencies and damping coefficients are crucial quantities to characterize and predict the structural behaviour of wind excited structures. Wind turbines in parked conditions can be treated as telecommunication or lighting towers, for which a fair amount of experimental studies is available. However, natural frequencies and damping coefficients may change dramatically in operating conditions. In this case, experimental investigations are quite few and the literature is almost lacking in damping ratio measurements for the vertical axis typology. This paper uses the results of a long-term monitoring campaign over a vertical axis wind turbine to investigate natural frequencies and modal damping coefficients under different wind and operating conditions. After selecting structural acceleration records in different conditions of the wind and of the turbine spin and also considering a non-stationary thunderstorm event, the study describes an extended investigation of the modal parameters, paying special attention to damping ratios and including higher modes.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IJCFPD99/Pagnini and Piccardo - 2021 - Modal properties of a vertical axis wind turbine i.pdf},
  journal = {Engineering Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{pagniniVIVRegimesSimplified2020,
  title = {{{VIV}} Regimes and Simplified Solutions by the Spectral Model Description},
  author = {Pagnini, L.C. and Piccardo, G. and Solari, G.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  volume = {198},
  pages = {104100},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104100},
  abstract = {The present paper discusses technical aspects of the vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of structures excited by the wind in the framework of the spectral model, which is applied by many codes and guidelines for civil engineering verifications. Quantitative thresholds related to Scruton number domains, where the structural response can be considered in ``forced vibration'' or ``lock-in'' regime, are proposed. In this way, the type of VIV response and its evaluation can be assessed with simple calculations that use the parameters already present in codes and guidelines. An analytical solution of the original model allows straightforward evaluations inclusive of operative criteria to properly consider structural and flow conditions concerning the coefficients governing the VIV response in the spectral description, leaving out some assumptions that are commonly adopted. Extensive numerical applications, limited here to circular cylinders and including a real full-scale chimney, allow to identify the most significant parameters of the model and the criticalities connected with their choice.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/S522TBUL/2020_Pagnini et al_VIV regimes and simplified solutions by the spectral model description.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{paidoussisFluidStructureInteractionsSlendera,
  title = {Fluid-{{Structure Interactions Slender Structures}} and {{Axial Flow Volume}} 1},
  author = {Pa{\"i}doussis, Michael P},
  pages = {598},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/R9ZQ4T6K/Païdoussis - Fluid-Structure Interactions Slender Structures an.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@book{painPhysicsVibrationsWaves2008,
  title = {The Physics of Vibrations and Waves},
  author = {Pain, Herbert John},
  year = {2008},
  edition = {6. ed., reprint. with corr},
  publisher = {{Wiley}},
  address = {{Chichester}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 553972546},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/DT4TT7HG/pain_2008_the_physics_of_vibrations_and_waves.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-470-01295-6 978-0-470-01296-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{painPhysicsVibrationsWaves2008a,
  title = {The Physics of Vibrations and Waves},
  author = {Pain, Herbert John},
  year = {2008},
  edition = {6. ed., reprint. with corr},
  publisher = {{Wiley}},
  address = {{Chichester}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 553972546},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZE4MYQLB/Pain - 2008 - The physics of vibrations and waves.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-470-01295-6 978-0-470-01296-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{painPhysicsVibrationsWaves2008b,
  title = {The Physics of Vibrations and Waves},
  author = {Pain, Herbert John},
  year = {2008},
  edition = {6. ed., reprint. with corr},
  publisher = {{Wiley}},
  address = {{Chichester}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 553972546},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/49BH2KB2/Pain - 2008 - The physics of vibrations and waves.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-470-01295-6 978-0-470-01296-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{panapakidisImplementationPatternRecognition2019,
  title = {Implementation of {{Pattern Recognition Algorithms}} in {{Processing Incomplete Wind Speed Data}} for {{Energy Assessment}} of {{Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {Panapakidis, Ioannis P. and Michailides, Constantine and Angelides, Demos C.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {418},
  issn = {2079-9292},
  doi = {10.3390/electronics8040418},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbine (OWT) installations are continually expanding as they are considered an efficient mechanism for covering a part of the energy consumption requirements. The assessment of the energy potential of OWTs for specific offshore sites is the key factor that defines their successful implementation, commercialization and sustainability. The data used for this assessment mainly refer to wind speed measurements. However, the data may not present homogeneity due to incomplete or missing entries; this in turn, is attributed to failures of the measuring devices or other factors. This fact may lead to considerable limitations in the OWTs energy potential assessment. This paper presents two novel methodologies to handle the problem of incomplete and missing data. Computational intelligence algorithms are utilized for the filling of the incomplete and missing data in order to build complete wind speed series. Finally, the complete wind speed series are used for assessing the energy potential of an OWT in a specific offshore site. In many real-world metering systems, due to meter failures, incomplete and missing data are frequently observed, leading to the need for robust data handling. The novelty of the paper can be summarized in the following points: (i) a comparison of clustering algorithms for extracting typical wind speed curves is presented for the OWT related literature and (ii) two efficient novel methods for missing and incomplete data are proposed.},
  annotation = {WOS:000467751100049},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4NQSWPMB/2019_Panapakidis et al_Implementation of Pattern Recognition Algorithms in Processing Incomplete Wind.pdf},
  journal = {Electronics},
  keywords = {_tablet,clustering methods,europe,incomplete data,missing data,offshore wind turbines,time series   clustering,unsupervised machine learning,wave,wind speed},
  language = {English},
  number = {4}
}

@article{panditSCADABasedNonparametric2019,
  title = {{{SCADA}} Based Nonparametric Models for Condition Monitoring of a Wind Turbine},
  author = {Pandit, Ravi Kumar and Infield, David},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  pages = {4723--4727},
  doi = {10.1049/joe.2018.9284},
  abstract = {High operation and maintenance costs for offshore wind turbines push up the LCOE of offshore wind energy. Unscheduled maintenance due to unanticipated failures is the most prominent driver of the maintenance cost which reinforces the drive towards condition-based maintenance. SCADA based condition monitoring is a cost-effective approach where power curve used to assess the performance of a wind turbine. Such power curves are useful in identification of wind turbine abnormal behaviour. IEC standard 61400-12-1 outlines the guidelines for power curve modelling based on binning. However, establishing such a power curve takes considerable time and is far too slow to reflect changes in performance to be used directly for condition monitoring. To address this, data-driven, nonparametric models being used instead. Gaussian Process models and regression trees are commonly used nonlinear, nonparametric models useful in forecasting and prediction applications. In this paper, two nonparametric methods are proposed for power curve modelling. The Gaussian Process treated as the benchmark model, and a comparative analysis was undertaken using a Regression tree model; the advantages and limitations of each model will be outlined. The performance of these regression models is validated using readily available SCADA datasets from a healthy wind turbine operating under normal conditions.},
  annotation = {WOS:000482590000008},
  journal = {Journal of Engineering-Joe},
  keywords = {condition monitoring,condition-based maintenance,cost-effective approach,Gaussian process,Gaussian processes,IEC standards,maintenance   engineering,maintenance cost,maintenance costs,nonparametric methods,offshore installations,offshore wind energy,offshore wind turbines,power curve modelling,regression analysis,regression tree model,regression trees,SCADA   based nonparametric models,SCADA   datasets,SCADA based condition monitoring,SCADA systems,wind turbine   abnormal behaviour,wind turbines},
  language = {English},
  number = {18}
}

@incollection{panjwaniOffWindSolverWindFarm2014,
  title = {{{OffWindSolver}}: {{Wind}} Farm Design Tool Based on Actuator Line/Actuator Disk Concept in {{OpenFoam}} Architecture},
  shorttitle = {{{OffWindSolver}}},
  booktitle = {First {{Symposium}} on {{Openfoam}} (r) in {{Wind Energy}}},
  author = {Panjwani, Balram and Popescu, Mihaela and Samseth, Jon and Meese, Ernst and Mahmoudi, Jafar},
  editor = {Medjroubi, W. and Stoevesand, B. and Peralta, C.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {UNSP 04001},
  publisher = {{E D P Sciences}},
  address = {{Cedex A}},
  abstract = {Wind energy is a good alternative to meet the energy requirements in some parts of the world; however the efficiency of wind farm depends on the optimized location of the wind turbines. Therefore a software tool that is capable of predicting the in-situ performance of multiple turbine installations in different operating conditions with reliable accuracy is needed. In present study wind farm layout design tool OffWindSolver is developed within the OpenFoam architecture. Unsteady PisoFoam solver is extended to account for wind turbines, where each turbine is modeled as a sink term in the momentum equation. Turbine modeling is based on actuator line concepts derived from SOWFA code, where each blade of the turbine is represented as a line. The loading on each line/blade of the turbine is estimated using the Blade Element Method (BEM). The inputs for the solver are tabulated airfoil aerodynamic data, dimension and height of the wind turbines, wind magnitude and direction. OffWindSolver is validated for a real wind farm - Lillgrund offshore facility in Sweden/Denmark operated by Vattenfall Vindkraft AB. Because of the scale of the computation, we only examine the effect of wind from one direction at one speed. In the absence of time dependent Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL), a log wind profile with surface roughness of 0.04 is used at the inlet. The simulated power production of each turbine is compared to the field data and large-eddy simulation. The overall power of the wind farm is well predicted. The simulation shows the significant decreases of the power for those turbines that were in the wake.},
  annotation = {WOS:000342573400008},
  keywords = {model,simulation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{papaioannouEvidenceHolesArnold2006,
  title = {Evidence of {{Holes}} in the {{Arnold Tongues}} of {{Flow Past Two Oscillating Cylinders}}},
  author = {Papaioannou, Georgios V. and Yue, Dick K. P. and Triantafyllou, Michael S. and Karniadakis, George Em},
  year = {2006},
  month = jan,
  volume = {96},
  pages = {014501},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.014501},
  abstract = {The wake of two oscillating cylinders in a tandem arrangement is a nonlinear system that displays Arnold tongues. We show by numerical simulations that their geometry depends on the phase difference \texttheta{} between the two oscillating cylinders. At \texttheta =0 there may be holes inside these intraresonance regions unlike the solid Arnold tongues encountered in single-cylinder oscillations. This implies that, surprisingly, self-excitation of the system may be suppressed inside these holes, at conditions close to its natural frequency.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/S8YYG8GB/papaioannou_et_al_2006_evidence_of_holes_in_the_arnold_tongues_of_flow_past_two_oscillating_cylinders.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/BBW6LUE8/PhysRevLett.96.html},
  journal = {Physical Review Letters},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {1}
}

@article{parkInvestigationImpactsPassive2019,
  title = {An Investigation on the Impacts of Passive and Semiactive Structural Control on a Fixed Bottom and a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine},
  author = {Park, Semyung and Lackner, Matthew A. and Pourazarm, Pariya and Rodr{\'i}guez Tsouroukdissian, Arturo and Cross-Whiter, John},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  volume = {22},
  pages = {1451--1471},
  issn = {1095-4244, 1099-1824},
  doi = {10.1002/we.2381},
  abstract = {The application of structural control to offshore wind turbines (OWTs) using tuned mass dampers (TMDs) has shown to be effective in reducing the system loads. The parameters of a magnetorheological (MR) damper modeled by the Bouc-Wen model are modified to utilize it as a damping device of the TMD. Rather than showcasing the intricate design policy, this research focuses on the availability of the MR damper model on TMDs and its significance on structural control. The impact of passive and semiactive (S-A) TMDs applied to both fixed bottom and floating OWTs is evaluated under the fatigue limit state (FLS) and the ultimate limit state (ULS). Different S-A control logics based on the ground hook (GH) control policy are implemented, and the frequency response of each algorithm is investigated. It is shown that the performance of each algorithm varies according to the load conditions such as a normal operation and an extreme case. Fully coupled time domain simulations are conducted through a newly developed simulation tool, integrated into FASTv8. Compared with the passiveTMD, it is shown that the S-A TMD results in higher load reductions with smaller strokes under both the FLS and the ULS conditions. The S-A TMD using displacement-based GH control is capable of reducing the fore-aft and side-to-side damage equivalent loads for the monopile by approximately 12\% and 64\%, respectively. The ultimate loadings at the tower base for the floating substructure are reduced by 9\% with the S-A TMD followed by inverse velocity-based GH control (IVB-GH).},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PZWZQPZ7/park_et_al_2019_an_investigation_on_the_impacts_of_passive_and_semiactive_structural_control_on.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZB84XXQG/park_et_al_2019_an_investigation_on_the_impacts_of_passive_and_semiactive_structural_control_on.pdf},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {11}
}

@article{pascuAdaptiveTowerDamping2017,
  title = {Adaptive Tower Damping Control for Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Pascu, Valentin and Kanev, Stoyan and {van Wingerden}, Jan-Willem},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  volume = {20},
  pages = {765--781},
  issn = {1095-4244},
  doi = {10.1002/we.2058},
  abstract = {This paper deals with the problem of wind turbine tower damping control design and implementation in situations where the support structure parameters vary from their nominal design values. Such situations can, in practice, occur for onshore and especially offshore wind turbines and are attributed to aging, turbine installation, scour or marine sand dunes phenomena and biofouling. Practical experience of wind turbine manufacturing industry has shown that such effects are most easily quantified in terms of the first natural frequency of the turbine support structure. The paper brings forward a study regarding the amount to which nominal tower damping controller performance is affected by changes in the turbine natural frequency. Subsequently, an adaptive tower damping control loop is designed using linear parameter-varying control synthesis; the proposed tower damping controller depends on this varying parameter which is assumed throughout the study to be readily available. An investigation of the fatigue load reduction performance in comparison with the original tower damping control approach is given for a generic three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  annotation = {WOS:000398845300002},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/3XUN94JT/2017_Pascu et al_Adaptive tower damping control for offshore wind turbines.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/WLKVEL2W/2017_Pascu et al_Adaptive tower damping control for offshore wind turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {_tablet,adaptive control,design,linear parameter-varying   control,load mitigation,tower damping control,varying systems,wind turbine control},
  language = {English},
  number = {5}
}

@article{pastranaFormationTaylorGortlerStructures2020,
  title = {On the Formation of {{Taylor}}-{{G\"ortler}} Structures in the Vortex Induced Vibration Phenomenon},
  author = {Pastrana, D. and Rodriguez, I. and Cajas, J.C. and Lehmkuhl, O. and Houzeaux, G.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  volume = {83},
  pages = {108573},
  issn = {0142727X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2020.108573},
  abstract = {In this work, the three-dimensional structure of the boundary layer in the context of the vortex induced vibration of a circular cylinder is presented and investigated for the first time. Large-eddy simulations of a low mass ratio (m = 2.6) two-degrees of freedom circular cylinder at the subcritical Reynolds number Re = 5300 and zero damping ( = 0) for several reduced velocities of the system have been performed. A detailed description of the flow topology at the cylinder boundary layer and in the near wake for the three branches of structural response, i.e. the initial (I), super-upper (SU) and lower (L) branches, is presented. In the SU branch, the boundary layer becomes three-dimensional due to the emergence of streamwise vortices which are associated to the onset of a centrifugal instability that occurs twice every cycle. This is the first time a centrifugal instability in a freely vibrating system is reported. The streamwise structures with alternating vorticity, called here Taylor-G\"ortler vortices, are described and characterised. It is shown that their wavelength is in agreement with that of other centrifugal instabilities observed in forced sinusoidal oscillating cylinders.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/66WKA5KU/pastrana_et_al_2020_on_the_formation_of_taylor-görtler_structures_in_the_vortex_induced_vibration.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/N49Y3U2N/pastrana_et_al_2020_on_the_formation_of_taylor-görtler_structures_in_the_vortex_induced_vibration.pdf},
  journal = {International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{patersonOffshoreWindInstallation2018,
  title = {Offshore Wind Installation Vessels \textendash{} {{A}} Comparative Assessment for {{UK}} Offshore Rounds 1 and 2},
  author = {Paterson, J. and D'Amico, F. and Thies, P.R. and Kurt, R.E. and Harrison, G.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  volume = {148},
  pages = {637--649},
  issn = {00298018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.08.008},
  abstract = {Marine operations play a pivotal role throughout all phases of a wind farm's life cycle. In particular uncertainties associated with offshore installations can extend construction schedules and increase the capital expenditure (CAPEX) required for a given project. Installation costs typically account for approximately 30\% of the overall project cost. This study considers the installation modelling for UK offshore Wind Rounds 1 and 2 using probabilistic simulation tool. The tool is used to output time-domain predictions for the completion of key installation phases. By varying key wind farm characteristics such as distance to shore and the number of turbines, an assessment of vessel performance was completed for each round by reviewing recorded durations predicted by the software. The results provide a quantification of installation vessel performance and the associated deviations present a measure of installation risk. It is identified that the Round 1 vessels experience less weather downtime but higher variability and the Round 2 vessels perform more consistently but experience larger delays. The paper provides a structured method to identify and benchmark offshore wind installation risks, to support developers and project planners.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CXYWPYY3/2018_Paterson et al_Offshore wind installation vessels – A comparative assessment for UK offshore.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/GN8QKW4V/2018_Paterson et al_Offshore wind installation vessels – A comparative assessment for UK offshore.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet,farm,Installation risk,Offshore wind installation,Stochastic weather,Vessel technology,Weather downtime},
  language = {en}
}

@article{peireGRAVITYBASEFOUNDATIONS,
  title = {{{GRAVITY BASE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE THORNTON BANK OFFSHORE WIND FARM}}},
  author = {Peire, Kenneth},
  pages = {11},
  abstract = {A new design approach and offshore marine operations have been developed for the construction of the foundations for the first phase of the Thornton Bank Offshore Wind Farm, located some 30 km off the Belgian Coast. In contrast to the monopile foundations commonly applied to offshore wind farms, a novel Gravity Base Foundation (GBF) concept has been selected as the result of an extensive risk assessment and technical evaluation.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/R45CBPRK/Peire - GRAVITY BASE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE THORNTON BANK OFF.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{perryVortexsheddingProcessTwodimensional1982,
  title = {The Vortex-Shedding Process behind Two-Dimensional Bluff Bodies},
  author = {Perry, A. E. and Chong, M. S. and Lim, T. T.},
  year = {1982},
  month = mar,
  volume = {116},
  pages = {77--90},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112082000378},
  abstract = {Using a variety of flow-visualization techniques, the flow behind a circular cylinder has been studied. The results obtained have provided a new insight into the vortex-shedding process. Using time-exposure photography of the motion of aluminium particles, a sequence of instantaneous streamline patterns of the flow behind a cylinder has been obtained. These streamline patterns show that during the starting flow the cavity behind the cylinder is closed. However, once the vortex-shedding process begins, this so-called `closed' cavity becomes open, and instantaneous `alleyways' of fluid are formed which penetrate the cavity. In addition, dye experiments also show how layers of dye and hence vorticity are convected into the cavity behind the cylinder, and how they are eventually squeezed out.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/A9P97YNG/6E1ACE840A97F26223BF1F4054A08E14.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{PetroleumNaturalGas,
  title = {Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries. {{General}} Requirements for Offshore Structures:},
  shorttitle = {Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries. {{General}} Requirements for Offshore Structures},
  institution = {{BSI British Standards}},
  doi = {10.3403/30257648},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RJMC6SBX/petroleum_and_natural_gas_industries._general_requirements_for_offshore.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{piccirilloExperimentalStudyVortex1993,
  title = {An Experimental Study of Vortex Shedding behind Linearly Tapered Cylinders at Low {{Reynolds}} Number},
  author = {Piccirillo, Paul S. and Atta, C. W. Van},
  year = {1993},
  month = jan,
  volume = {246},
  pages = {163--195},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112093000084},
  abstract = {Experiments were performed to study vortex shedding behind a linearly tapered cylinder. Four cylinders were used, with taper ratios varying from 50:1 to 100:1. The cylinders were each run at four different velocities, adjusted to cover the range of laminar vortex shedding for a non-tapered cylinder. The flow was confirmed to consist of discrete shedding cells, each with a constant frequency. For a centrespan Reynolds number greater than 100, the dimensionless mean cell length was found to be a constant. Individual cell size was found to be roughly self-similar. New shedding cells were created on the ends of the cylinders, or in regions adjacent to areas not shedding. Successful scalings were found for both the cell shedding frequencies and their differences, the modulation frequencies. The modulation frequencies were found to be constant along the cylinder span. The shedding frequency Strouhal number versus Reynolds number curve was found to have a slightly steeper slope than the Strouhal number curve for a non-tapered cylinder. Vortex shedding was found to begin at a local Reynolds number of about 60, regardless of any other factors. End effects were found to be of little importance.The vortex splits, which form the links between shedding cells, were found to be similar in some respects to those found by earlier investigators. Amplitude results suggested that the splits at different spanwise locations are temporally sequenced by an overall flow mechanism, a supposition confirmed by flow visualization. Wavelet analysis results showed that while the behaviour of the shedding frequencies in time was relatively unaffected by changing taper ratio, the behaviour of the modulation frequency in time was greatly affected. Comparisons with other experiments point out the universality of vortex splitting phenomena.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/3SN8VQXA/7F2C648738C442973CE76FEA15A8CA99.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/55RMKG5U/7F2C648738C442973CE76FEA15A8CA99.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{pierFrequencySelectionFiniteamplitude2002,
  title = {On the Frequency Selection of Finite-Amplitude Vortex Shedding in the Cylinder Wake},
  author = {Pier, Beno{\^i}t},
  year = {2002},
  month = may,
  volume = {458},
  pages = {407--417},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112002008054},
  abstract = {In this paper it is shown that the two-dimensional time-periodic vortex shedding r\'egime observed in the cylinder wake at moderate Reynolds numbers may be interpreted as a nonlinear global structure and its naturally selected frequency obtained in the framework of hydrodynamic stability theory. The frequency selection criterion is based on the local absolute frequency curve derived from the unperturbed basic flow fields under the assumption of slow streamwise variations. Although the latter assumption is only approximately fulfilled in the vicinity of the obstacle, the theoretically predicted frequency is in good agreement with direct numerical simulations for Reynolds numbers Re {$>$} 100.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6QJSXNLN/pier_2002_on_the_frequency_selection_of_finite-amplitude_vortex_shedding_in_the_cylinder.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/8PB5EHG8/42053F0AD608F1A9FC30F28C02578641.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{pippardPhysicsVibration1989,
  title = {The Physics of Vibration},
  author = {Pippard, A. B.},
  year = {1989},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge [England] ; New York}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8MTNXFA4/pippard_1989_the_physics_of_vibration.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-37200-8},
  keywords = {_tablet,Vibration},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {QC136 .P56 1989}
}

@book{pippardPhysicsVibration1989a,
  title = {The Physics of Vibration},
  author = {Pippard, A. B.},
  year = {1989},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge [England] ; New York}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MX6BKRR4/pippard_1989_the_physics_of_vibration.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-37200-8},
  keywords = {_tablet,Vibration},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {QC136 .P56 1989}
}

@book{pippardPhysicsVibration1989b,
  title = {The Physics of Vibration},
  author = {Pippard, A. B.},
  year = {1989},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge [England] ; New York}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IR7TTCNS/Pippard - 1989 - The physics of vibration.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-37200-8},
  keywords = {_tablet,Vibration},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {QC136 .P56 1989}
}

@article{pirnerWindinducedVibrationsNonsymmetrical1996,
  title = {Wind-Induced Vibrations of Nonsymmetrical Structures},
  author = {Pirner, M. and Fischer, O.},
  year = {1996},
  month = dec,
  volume = {65},
  pages = {63--75},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00023-8},
  abstract = {Even high slender structures of beam type, like masts: do not always deflect in the same plane as the loading acts. The nonsymmetry of the cross-section or imperfections of the material evoke a combined response in space. Torsion can occur too: it can be coupled with the bending through the guy supports, if the forces in windward and leeward guys of the support are different. Torsional vibrations were verified on a model in a wind-tunnel and on a real mast. The new TV tower in Prague (1991) is a self-supporting one of nonsymmetrical cross-section.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VFX4DUIZ/Pirner and Fischer - 1996 - Wind-induced vibrations of nonsymmetrical structur.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {1-3}
}

@article{plodpraditTripodSupportedOffshoreWind2019,
  title = {Tripod-{{Supported Offshore Wind Turbines}}: {{Modal}} and {{Coupled Analysis}} and a {{Parametric Study Using X}}-{{SEA}} and {{FAST}}},
  shorttitle = {Tripod-{{Supported Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {Plodpradit, Pasin and Dinh, Van Nguyen and Kim, Ki-Du},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {181},
  doi = {10.3390/jmse7060181},
  abstract = {This paper presents theoretical aspects and an extensive numerical study of the coupled analysis of tripod support structures for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) by using X-SEA and FAST v8 programs. In a number of site conditions such as extreme and longer period waves, fast installation, and lighter foundations, tripod structures are more advantageous than monopile and jacket structures. In the implemented dynamic coupled analysis, the sub-structural module in FAST was replaced by the X-SEA offshore substructure analysis component. The time-histories of the reaction forces and the turbine loads were then calculated. The results obtained from X-SEA and from FAST were in good agreement. The pile-soil-structure interaction (PSSI) was included for reliable evaluation of OWT structural systems. The superelement concept was introduced to reduce the computational time. Modal, coupled and uncoupled analyses of the NREL 5MW OWT-tripod support structure including PSSI were carried out and the discussions on the natural frequencies, mode shapes and resulted displacements are presented. Compared to the uncoupled models, the physical interaction between the tower and the support structure in the coupled models resulted in smaller responses. Compared to the fixed support structures, i.e., when PSSI is not included, the piled-support structure has lower natural frequencies and larger responses attributed to its actual flexibility. The models using pile superelements are computationally efficient and give results that are identical to the common finite element models.},
  annotation = {WOS:000473807700019},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Engineering},
  keywords = {bucket foundations,coupled analysis,moment bearing capacities,offshore wind turbine,soil-pile-structure interaction,superelement,tripod support structures,uncoupled analysis},
  language = {English},
  number = {6}
}

@inproceedings{popkoValidationNumericalModels2019,
  title = {Validation of {{Numerical Models}} of the {{Offshore Wind Turbine From}} the {{Alpha Ventus Wind Farm Against Full}}-{{Scale Measurements Within OC5 Phase III}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2019 38th {{International Conference}} on {{Ocean}}, {{Offshore}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Popko, Wojciech and Robertson, Amy and Jonkman, Jason and Wendt, Fabian and Thomas, Philipp and M{\"u}ller, Kolja and Kretschmer, Matthias and Ruud Hagen, Torbj{\o}rn and Galinos, Christos and Le Dreff, Jean-Baptiste and Gilbert, Philippe and Auriac, Bertrand and Oh, Sho and Qvist, Jacob and S{\o}rum, Stian H{\o}egh and {Suja-Thauvin}, Loup and Shin, Hyunkyoung and Molins, Climent and Trubat, Pau and Bonnet, Paul and Bergua, Roger and Wang, Kai and Fu, Pengcheng and Cai, Jifeng and Cai, Zhisong and Alexandre, Armando and Harries, Robert},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2019-95429},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/TSLWKA2A/2019_Popko et al_Validation of Numerical Models of the Offshore Wind Turbine From the Alpha.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/Q4ZNGYLB/1068208.html},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{popkoVerificationNumericalModel2018,
  title = {Verification of a {{Numerical Model}} of the {{Offshore Wind Turbine From}} the {{Alpha Ventus Wind Farm Within OC5 Phase III}}},
  booktitle = {Volume 10: {{Ocean Renewable Energy}}},
  author = {Popko, Wojciech and Huhn, Matthias L. and Robertson, Amy and Jonkman, Jason and Wendt, Fabian and M{\"u}ller, Kolja and Kretschmer, Matthias and Vorpahl, Fabian and Hagen, Torbj{\o}rn Ruud and Galinos, Christos and Le Dreff, Jean-Baptiste and Gilbert, Philippe and Auriac, Bertrand and V{\'i}llora, Francisco Navarro and Sch{\"u}nemann, Paul and Bayati, Ilmas and Belloli, Marco and Oh, Sho and Totsuka, Yoshitaka and Qvist, Jacob and Bachynski, Erin and S{\o}rum, Stian H{\o}egh and Thomassen, Paul E. and Shin, Hyunkyoung and Vittori, Felipe and Galv{\'a}n, Josean and Molins, Climent and Bonnet, Paul and {van der Zee}, Tjeerd and Bergua, Roger and Wang, Kai and Fu, Pengcheng and Cai, Jifeng},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  pages = {V010T09A056},
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers}},
  address = {{Madrid, Spain}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2018-77589},
  abstract = {The main objective of the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation, with Correlation (OC5) project, is validation of aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation tools for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) through comparison of simulated results to the response data of physical systems. Phase III of the OC5 project analyzes the Senvion 5M wind turbine supported by the OWEC Quattropod from the alpha ventus offshore wind farm. This paper shows results of the verification of the OWT models (code-to-code comparison). A subsequent publication will focus on their validation (comparison of simulated results to measured physical system response data). Based on the available data, the participants of Phase III set up numerical models of the OWT in their simulation tools. It was necessary to verify and to tune these models. The verification and tuning were performed against an OWT model available at the University of Stuttgart \textendash{} Stuttgart Wind Energy (SWE) and documentation provided by Senvion and OWEC Tower. A very good match was achieved between the results from the reference SWE model and models set up by OC5 Phase III participants.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/BCRSVX87/popko_et_al_2018_verification_of_a_numerical_model_of_the_offshore_wind_turbine_from_the_alpha.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-7918-5131-9},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{preisserPhysicalPerformanceWorkers2019,
  title = {The Physical Performance of Workers on Offshore Wind Energy Platforms: Is Pre-Employment Fitness Testing Necessary and Fair?},
  shorttitle = {The Physical Performance of Workers on Offshore Wind Energy Platforms},
  author = {Preisser, Alexandra M. and McDonough, Rosalie V. and Harth, Volker},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  volume = {92},
  pages = {513--522},
  issn = {0340-0131},
  doi = {10.1007/s00420-018-1385-5},
  abstract = {PurposeWorkers on offshore wind turbine installations face a variety of physical and psychological challenges. To prevent potentially dangerous situations or incidents, guidelines for the physical aptitude testing of offshore employees in Germany and other European countries have been developed. However, these criteria have not been previously empirically tested for validity. Although an important component of occupational health and safety, such aptitude testing should not lead to the unjustified exclusion of potential employees.MethodsHeart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption ((V) over dotO(2)) measurements of 23 male offshore employees and trainers were taken during typical field activities, within the framework of mandatory training exercises. These were evaluated in relation to the individual maximum values of the subjects, determined by cycle spiroergometry.ResultsFor the training modules, average HR and (V) over dotO(2) values of approximately 40\% and 33-48\% of the maximum values, respectively, were found. Furthermore, 65\% of the participants achieved average HR values that exceeded 30\% of their individual heart rate reserve and 45\% had (V) over dotO(2) values above 35\% of their individual (V) over dotO(2,max).ConclusionOur preliminary results show that offshore work is a form of heavy physical labor, thereby justifying the criteria put forth in the various fitness to work guidelines. We propose that more in-depth investigations should be performed, incorporating task-specific fitness testing as well as higher level aspects of work safety and security, including effective communication skills and teamwork. We also recommend a re-evaluation of the current limits for physical work provided in the literature. The results of such studies could then be applied to other aptitude tests, thereby strengthening the evidence for such measures.},
  annotation = {WOS:000462612100006},
  journal = {International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health},
  keywords = {Aptitude test,Fitness to work,hard work,Heart   rate,medical evacuations,Offshore,oil,Oxygen uptake,Spiroergometry,Wind energy},
  language = {English},
  number = {4}
}

@misc{PrimaryDirectEnergy,
  title = {Primary Direct Energy Consumption by Source},
  abstract = {Energy consumption is shown as direct primary energy. This means this does not correct for fossil fuel inefficiencies in conversion to useful energy estimates.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MSTS2HEW/primary-energy-consumption-by-source.html},
  howpublished = {https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/primary-energy-consumption-by-source},
  journal = {Our World in Data}
}

@misc{PsdDemoMatplotlib,
  title = {Psd {{Demo}} \textemdash{} {{Matplotlib}} 3.1.2 Documentation},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/THM8D5XN/psd_demo.html},
  howpublished = {https://matplotlib.org/3.1.1/gallery/lines\_bars\_and\_markers/psd\_demo.html\#sphx-glr-gallery-lines-bars-and-markers-psd-demo-py}
}

@book{pytelEngineeringMechanicsDynamics2010,
  title = {Engineering {{Mechanics}}: {{Dynamics}} - {{SI}}-{{Edition}}},
  author = {Pytel, Andrew and Kiusalaas, Jaan},
  year = {2010},
  edition = {Third},
  publisher = {{Cengage Learning}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/LIW4B7UQ/2010_Pytel_Kiusalaas_Engineering Mechanics.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{quenPerformanceTwoThreestart2018,
  title = {Performance of Two- and Three-Start Helical Strakes in Suppressing the Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Low Mass Ratio Flexible Cylinder},
  author = {Quen, Lee Kee and Abu, Aminudin and Kato, Naomi and Muhamad, Pauziah and Tan, Lit Ken and Kang, Hooi Siang},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  volume = {166},
  pages = {253--261},
  issn = {0029-8018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.08.008},
  abstract = {Experiments have been conducted on a low mass ratio flexible cylinder with two- and three-start helical strakes, which was free to vibrate in both in-line and transverse water flow directions under the subcritical Reynolds number. The studied parameters included the cross-flow amplitude response, the frequency response in the in-line and cross-flow directions and the mean drag coefficient. The effects of different helical strakes heights (h = 0.05 D, 0.10 D and 0.15 D) and pitches (p = 5 D, 10 D, 15 D) were investigated for five different configurations in two- and three-start helical strakes, respectively. The present study has indicated that the strakes pitch changes the occurrence of the lock-in region, but only the three-start p = 10D model can suppress the high mode frequency. Strakes height is one of the important variables in reducing the amplitude responses of a cylinder while the number of helix is the most significant variable in affecting the performance of helical strakes. The less effectiveness of two-start helical strakes is due to the strakes coverage that is inadequate to disrupt the regular vortices efficiently. The most effective helical strake configuration based on the configurations that are examined in the present study is the three-start p = 10 D h = 0.15 D model.},
  annotation = {WOS:000446285700020},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {circular-cylinder,Flexible cylinder,forces,frequency,Helical strakes,Low-mass-ratio,riser,Suppression,viv suppression,Vortex-induced vibration,wake structures},
  language = {English}
}

@article{raghavanExperimentalInvestigationReynolds2011,
  title = {Experimental Investigation of {{Reynolds}} Number Effect on Vortex Induced Vibration of Rigid Circular Cylinder on Elastic Supports},
  author = {Raghavan, K. and Bernitsas, M. M.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {38},
  pages = {719--731},
  issn = {0029-8018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.09.003},
  abstract = {Vortex induced vibration (VIV) of circular cylinders is widely accepted as depending weakly on Reynolds number (Re) and strongly on reduced velocity, mass ratio, and damping. Experiments are conducted in the regime right before transition from laminar to turbulent flow (high-Reynolds 2\texttimes l04-4\texttimes l04},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/SV7Q46BF/raghavan_bernitsas_2011_experimental_investigation_of_reynolds_number_effect_on_vortex_induced.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/6EN68AUS/S0029801810001903.html},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet,High damping,Hysteresis,Reynolds number effect,Synchronization,Transition shear layer 3 regime,VIV,VIVACE,Vortex induced vibrations},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@article{raissiDeepLearningVortexinduced2019,
  title = {Deep Learning of Vortex-Induced Vibrations},
  author = {Raissi, Maziar and Wang, Zhicheng and Triantafyllou, Michael S. and Karniadakis, George Em},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  volume = {861},
  pages = {119--137},
  issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
  doi = {10.1017/jfm.2018.872},
  abstract = {Vortex-induced vibrations of bluff bodies occur when the vortex shedding frequency is close to the natural frequency of the structure. Of interest is the prediction of the lift and drag forces on the structure given some limited and scattered information on the velocity field. This is an inverse problem that is not straightforward to solve using standard computational fluid dynamics methods, especially since no information is provided for the pressure. An even greater challenge is to infer the lift and drag forces given some dye or smoke visualizations of the flow field. Here we employ deep neural networks that are extended to encode the incompressible Navier\textendash Stokes equations coupled with the structure's dynamic motion equation. In the first case, given scattered data in space\textendash time on the velocity field and the structure's motion, we use four coupled deep neural networks to infer very accurately the structural parameters, the entire time-dependent pressure field (with no prior training data), and reconstruct the velocity vector field and the structure's dynamic motion. In the second case, given scattered data in space\textendash time on a concentration field only, we use five coupled deep neural networks to infer very accurately the vector velocity field and all other quantities of interest as before. This new paradigm of inference in fluid mechanics for coupled multi-physics problems enables velocity and pressure quantification from flow snapshots in small subdomains and can be exploited for flow control applications and also for system identification.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/65QGY3XQ/raissi_et_al_2019_deep_learning_of_vortex-induced_vibrations.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/TURPN773/raissi_et_al_2019_deep_learning_of_vortex-induced_vibrations.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/PPFJ72JH/B7D9B152C42B7F1E895C1661F5A85881.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/W4SKPDEY/B7D9B152C42B7F1E895C1661F5A85881.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet,computational methods,flow–structure interactions,vortex interactions},
  language = {en}
}

@article{raouxBenthicFishAggregation2017,
  title = {Benthic and Fish Aggregation inside an Offshore Wind Farm: {{Which}} Effects on the Trophic Web Functioning?},
  shorttitle = {Benthic and Fish Aggregation inside an Offshore Wind Farm},
  author = {Raoux, Aurore and Tecchio, Samuele and Pezy, Jean-Philippe and Lassalle, Geraldine and Degraer, Steven and Wilhelmsson, Dan and Cachera, Marie and Ernande, Bruno and Le Guen, Camille and Haraldsson, Matilda and Grangere, Karine and Le Loc'h, Francois and Dauvin, Jean-Claude and Niquil, Nathalie},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  volume = {72},
  pages = {33--46},
  issn = {1470-160X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.037},
  abstract = {As part of the energy transition, the French government is planning the construction of three offshore wind farms in Normandy (Bay of Seine and eastern part of the English Channel, north-western France) in the next years. These offshore wind farms will be integrated into an ecosystem already facing multiple anthropogenic disturbances such as maritime transport, fisheries, oyster and mussel farming, and sediment dredging. Currently no integrated, ecosystem-based study on the effects of the construction and exploitation of offshore wind farms exists, where biological approaches generally focused on the conservation of some valuable species or groups of species. Complementary trophic web modelling tools were applied to the Bay of Seine ecosystem (to the 50 km(2) area covered by the wind farm) to analyse the potential impacts of benthos and fish aggregation caused by the introduction of additional hard substrates from the piles and the turbine scour protections. An Ecopath ecosystem model composed of 37 compartments, from phytoplankton to seabirds, was built to describe the situation "before" the construction of the wind farm. Then, an Ecosim projection over 30 years was performed after increasing the biomass of targeted benthic and fish compartments. Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) indices were calculated for the two periods, "before" and "after", to compare network functioning and the overall structural properties of the food web. Our main results showed (1) that the total ecosystem activity, the overall system omnivory (proportion of generalist feeders), and the recycling increased after the construction of the wind farm; (2) that higher trophic levels such as piscivorous fish species, marine mammals, and seabirds responded positively to the aggregation of biomass on piles and turbine scour protections; and (3) a change in keystone groups after the construction towards more structuring and dominant compartments. Nonetheless, these changes could be considered as limited impacts of the wind farm installation on this coastal trophic web structure and functioning. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  annotation = {WOS:000398426200004},
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  keywords = {assemblages,bay,biomass,Ecopath with Ecosim,ecosystem,Ecosystem-based approach,english-channel,flow-analysis,food-web,Marine renewable energies,models,mytilus-edulis,network analysis,Reef effect,Wind farm},
  language = {English}
}

@article{rashidiVortexSheddingSuppression2016,
  title = {Vortex Shedding Suppression and Wake Control: {{A}} Review},
  shorttitle = {Vortex Shedding Suppression and Wake Control},
  author = {Rashidi, Saman and Hayatdavoodi, Masoud and Esfahani, Javad Abolfazli},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  volume = {126},
  pages = {57--80},
  issn = {00298018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.08.031},
  abstract = {Wake destructive behavior and vortex shedding behind bluff bodies may be controlled by use of active and passive methods. Computational fluid dynamics, experimental and analytical techniques have been utilized to study this problem. In this survey, existing studies on different methods of controlling the wake destructive behavior and suppression of vortex shedding behind bluff bodies are discussed, including the very recent developments. These methods are classified into two groups. In the first group, these methods are discussed according to the type of external source or modification of the geometry of bluff body for controlling the flow. In the second group, the methods are classified according to the part of the flow, boundary layer or wake, that is modified by the method. Advantages, limitations, energy efficiency, and particular applications of each method are discussed and summarized, followed by some conclusions and recommendations. Moreover, the effectiveness of each technique on the drag reduction is discussed.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4PSJDSWI/rashidi_et_al_2016_vortex_shedding_suppression_and_wake_control.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{ren-jobseekingModelfreeAntiswingControl2021,
  title = {Model-Free Anti-Swing Control of Complex-Shaped Payload with Offshore Floating Cranes and a Large Number of Lift Wires},
  author = {{Ren - Job Seeking}, Zhengru and Verma, Amrit and Ataei, Behfar and Halse, Karl and Hildre, Hans},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  volume = {228},
  pages = {108868},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108868},
  abstract = {Being one of the most commonly used offshore operations, offshore lifting operations become increasingly challenging due to the gradually growing size and weight of payloads. The research on automatic control in lifting operations, e.g., anti-swing control and heave compensation, only considers simple-shaped payloads, such as lumped-mass rigid points. However, the sizes and orientations of many structures cannot be neglected. To lift heavy and large-scale payloads, larger and higher cranes are required. Alternatively, it is possible to share the total loads by enhancing the number of lift wires that may limit the tension on each lift wire. However, the complicated configuration introduces significant complexity into the design of the automatic anti-swing algorithm, especially to the control allocation module. This paper performs a preliminary study on the anti-swing control of a complex-shaped suspended payload lift using a floating crane vessel and a large number of lift wires. Inspired by the knowledge of inverse dynamics and range-based localization, a general model-free anti-swing control scheme is proposed. The controller has a simple form without considering state\textendash space equations, but it can reduce the pendular payload motion regardless of the detailed system configuration. An offshore wind turbine tower\textendash nacelle\textendash rotor preassembly installation using floating crane vessel is adopted as a case study to verify the performance of the proposed control strategy.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/E8SFLJH7/ren_-_job_seeking_et_al_2021_model-free_anti-swing_control_of_complex-shaped_payload_with_offshore_floating.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{ren-jobseekingModelfreeAntiswingControl2021a,
  title = {Model-Free Anti-Swing Control of Complex-Shaped Payload with Offshore Floating Cranes and a Large Number of Lift Wires},
  author = {{Ren - Job Seeking}, Zhengru and Verma, Amrit and Ataei, Behfar and Halse, Karl and Hildre, Hans},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  volume = {228},
  pages = {108868},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108868},
  abstract = {Being one of the most commonly used offshore operations, offshore lifting operations become increasingly challenging due to the gradually growing size and weight of payloads. The research on automatic control in lifting operations, e.g., anti-swing control and heave compensation, only considers simple-shaped payloads, such as lumped-mass rigid points. However, the sizes and orientations of many structures cannot be neglected. To lift heavy and large-scale payloads, larger and higher cranes are required. Alternatively, it is possible to share the total loads by enhancing the number of lift wires that may limit the tension on each lift wire. However, the complicated configuration introduces significant complexity into the design of the automatic anti-swing algorithm, especially to the control allocation module. This paper performs a preliminary study on the anti-swing control of a complex-shaped suspended payload lift using a floating crane vessel and a large number of lift wires. Inspired by the knowledge of inverse dynamics and range-based localization, a general model-free anti-swing control scheme is proposed. The controller has a simple form without considering state\textendash space equations, but it can reduce the pendular payload motion regardless of the detailed system configuration. An offshore wind turbine tower\textendash nacelle\textendash rotor preassembly installation using floating crane vessel is adopted as a case study to verify the performance of the proposed control strategy.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/K3TJ9CGT/ren_-_job_seeking_et_al_2021_model-free_anti-swing_control_of_complex-shaped_payload_with_offshore_floating.pdf},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{renCraneOverloadProtection2019,
  title = {A {{Crane Overload Protection Controller}} for {{Blade Lifting Operation Based}} on {{Model Predictive Control}}},
  author = {Ren, Zhengru and Skjetne, Roger and Gao, Zhen},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {50},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en12010050},
  abstract = {Lifting is a frequently used offshore operation. In this paper, a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme is proposed to overcome the sudden peak tension and snap loads in the lifting wires caused by lifting speed changes in a wind turbine blade lifting operation. The objectives are to improve installation efficiency and ensure operational safety. A simplified three-dimensional crane-wire-blade model is adopted to design the optimal control algorithm. A crane winch servo motor is controlled by the NMPC controller. The direct multiple shooting approach is applied to solve the nonlinear programming problem. High-fidelity simulations of the lifting operations are implemented based on a turbulent wind field with the MarIn and CaSADi toolkit in MATLAB. By well-tuned weighting matrices, the NMPC controller is capable of preventing snap loads and axial peak tension, while ensuring efficient lifting operation. The performance is verified through a sensitivity study, compared with a typical PD controller.},
  annotation = {WOS:000460665000050},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/P4RVZRXQ/2019_Ren et al_A Crane Overload Protection Controller for Blade Lifting Operation Based on.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {_tablet,algorithm,blade   installation,lifting operation,model predictive control,offshore operation,offshore wind turbine,optimization,pendulation control,ships,stability,time iteration scheme},
  language = {English},
  number = {1}
}

@article{renDevelopmentApplicationSimulator2018a,
  title = {Development and Application of a Simulator for Offshore Wind Turbine Blades Installation},
  author = {Ren, Zhengru and Jiang, Zhiyu and Skjetne, Roger and Gao, Zhen},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  volume = {166},
  pages = {380--395},
  issn = {00298018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.05.011},
  abstract = {In an offshore environment, offshore wind energy resources are more available and stable, but the investment cost is much higher than that of onshore wind. The installation cost is a crucial factor of the investment. With the increasing number of planned and approved offshore wind farms, offshore wind turbine installation and relevant operations have received tremendous attention. Therefore, expediting the turbine-structure mating operations through a higher level of automation in offshore wind turbine installations may provide important economic benefits. To achieve