text:
abstract = {The growing awareness of climate change and the recognised need to secure energy production has been a driving force behind the expansion of the offshore wind industry across the world. Benefits from offshore wind farms (OWFs) may extend further than low CO2 energy production. Wind turbine substructures introduce hard surfaces that are rapidly colonised by epibenthic marine organisms, altering biomass and biodiversity within the local ecosystem. Biodiversity plays a critical role in supporting ecosystem processes and functions that maintain ecosystem services. As offshore wind development continues to grow and modify marine habitats, changes in biodiversity could affect the provision of ecosystem services. In this context, this review sets out to capture the current understanding of epibenthic biodiversity change following the installation of OWFs and attempt to link these changes in biodiversity with marine ecosystem services through the associated processes and functions.},
  annotation = {WOS:000447557600035},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RPKVX6IE/2018_Causon_Gill_Linking ecosystem services with epibenthic biodiversity change following.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
  keywords = {_tablet,artificial reefs,belgian part,Benthic ecology,Biodiversity,Biofouling,colonization,community   structure,Ecosystem services,Epibenthic colonisation,intertidal assemblages,marine biodiversity,north-sea,Offshore wind farms,power,renewable energy developments,surface orientation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{cazenaveUnstructuredGridModelling2016,
  title = {Unstructured Grid Modelling of Offshore Wind Farm Impacts on Seasonally Stratified Shelf Seas},
  author = {Cazenave, Pierre William and Torres, Ricardo and Allen, J. Icarus},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  volume = {145},
  pages = {25--41},
  issn = {0079-6611},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2016.04.004},
  abstract = {Shelf seas comprise approximately 7\% of the world's oceans and host enormous economic activity. Development of energy installations (e.g. Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs), tidal turbines) in response to increased demand for renewable energy requires a careful analysis of potential impacts. Recent remote sensing observations have identified kilometre-scale impacts from OWFs. Existing modelling evaluating monopile impacts has fallen into two camps: small-scale models with individually resolved turbines looking at local effects; and large-scale analyses but with sub-grid scale turbine parameterisations. This work straddles both scales through a 3D unstructured grid model (FVCOM): wind turbine monopiles in the eastern Irish Sea are explicitly described in the grid whilst the overall grid domain covers the south-western UK shelf. Localised regions of decreased velocity extend up to 250 times the monopile diameter away from the monopile. Shelf-wide, the amplitude of the M-2 tidal constituent increases by up to 7\%. The turbines enhance localised vertical mixing which decreases seasonal stratification. The spatial extent of this extends well beyond the turbines into the surrounding seas. With significant expansion of OWFs on continental shelves, this work highlights the importance of how OWFs may impact coastal (e.g. increased flooding risk) and offshore (e.g. stratification and nutrient cycling) areas. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  annotation = {WOS:000379373300002},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PQXS9UPM/2016_Cazenave et al_Unstructured grid modelling of offshore wind farm impacts on seasonally.pdf},
  journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
  keywords = {_tablet,circulation,coastal ocean,constituent,distributions,european continental-shelf,fronts,tidal residuals,tides,water,west-coast},
  language = {English}
}

@article{cernaFundamentalsFFTBasedSignal,
  title = {The {{Fundamentals}} of {{FFT}}-{{Based Signal Analysis}} and {{Measurement}}},
  author = {Cerna, Michael and Harvey, Audrey F},
  pages = {20},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/D3Q5P5LQ/cerna_harvey_the_fundamentals_of_fft-based_signal_analysis_and_measurement.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/UK5JH2NU/cerna_harvey_the_fundamentals_of_fft-based_signal_analysis_and_measurement.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{chapmanTowedCableBehaviour1984,
  title = {Towed Cable Behaviour during Ship Turning Manoeuvers},
  author = {Chapman, D. A.},
  year = {1984},
  month = jan,
  volume = {11},
  pages = {327--361},
  issn = {0029-8018},
  doi = {10.1016/0029-8018(84)90010-6},
  abstract = {The results of dynamic and steady-state cable simulations are used to show that a towed system can behave in either of two different ways on entering a turn. In a large radius turn the system maintains its straight-tow equilibrium configuration but in a slightly perturbed form. In a turn of small radius the system effectively collapses resulting in a large increase of fish depth and cable tension. A formula is included by which the approximate minimum radius of turn that does not precipitate collapse can be quickly calculated. Non-dimensional tables are presented giving details of the equilibrium configuration adopted by the cable when the ship maintains a circular course. Graphs are presented from which the time constants for the decay of lateral and longitudinal disturbances of 2-D cable profiles can be easily calculated. These can be used to estimate the time taken for a towed system to return to equilibrium following a manoeuvre. The derivation of the equations for the steady-state configurations and the time constants are included in appendices.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FPTBHHVC/0029801884900106.html},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{chenDampingMonopileSupportedOffshore,
  title = {Damping in {{Monopile}}-{{Supported Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {Chen, Chao},
  pages = {176},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VREKFTTL/chen_damping_in_monopile-supported_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{chenEffectCoupledPitch2021,
  title = {Effect of the {{Coupled Pitch}}\textendash{{Yaw Motion}} on the {{Unsteady Aerodynamic Performance}} and {{Structural Response}} of a {{Floating Offshore Wind Turbine}}},
  author = {Chen, Ziwen and Wang, Xiaodong and Kang, Shun},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {290},
  issn = {2227-9717},
  doi = {10.3390/pr9020290},
  abstract = {The floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) have many more advantages than the onshore wind turbines, but they also have more complicated aerodynamic characteristics due to complex platform motions. The research objective of this paper is to investigate unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of a FOWT under the pitch, yaw, and coupled pitch\textendash yaw platform motions using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method in the Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations. The pitch, yaw, and coupled pitch\textendash yaw motions are studied separately to analyze the platform motions' effects on the rotor blade. The accuracy of the numerical simulation method is verified, and the overall performances, including power and thrust, are discussed. In addition, the comparison of total aerodynamic performance, force coefficients at different spans and structural dynamic response is provided. The numerical simulation results show that the platform pitching is the main influencing factor of power fluctuation, and the average thrust values of the pitch, yaw, and coupled motions are consistent regardless of the frequency value. The angle of attack (AOA) of airfoils is much more sensitive to the yaw motion, while the blade normal and tangential forces are mainly affected by pitch motion. As for the structural response, the results suggest that the aerodynamic loads of the wind turbine are more sensitive to the pitch motion, which is confirmed by the thrust force and torque of each blade during the platform motions.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RQPYYJ6A/Chen et al. - 2021 - Effect of the Coupled Pitch–Yaw Motion on the Unst.pdf},
  journal = {Processes},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{chenModellingDampingSources2018,
  title = {Modelling Damping Sources in Monopile-Supported Offshore Wind Turbines},
  author = {Chen, Chao and Duffour, Philippe},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {1121--1140},
  issn = {10954244},
  doi = {10.1002/we.2218},
  abstract = {Vibration damping in offshore wind turbines is a key parameter to predict reliably the dynamic response and fatigue life of these systems. Damping in an OWT originates from different sources, mainly, aerodynamic, structural, hydrodynamic and soil dampings. The difficulties in identifying the individual contribution from each damping source has led to considerable uncertainty and variation in the values recommended. This paper proposes simplified but direct modelling approaches to quantify the different damping contributions from the aerodynamic, hydrodynamic and soil interactions. Results from these models were systemically compared to published values and when appropriate with simulation results from the software package FAST. The range of values obtained for aerodynamic damping confirmed those available in the literature and Blade Element Modelling theory was shown to provide good results relatively efficiently. The influence of couplings between fore-aft and side-side directions on the aerodynamic damping contribution was highlighted. The modelling of hydrodynamic damping showed that this damping is much smaller than usually recommended and could be safely ignored for OWTs. Soil damping strongly depends on the soil specific nonlinear behaviour.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6EMPHQ8V/chen_duffour_2018_modelling_damping_sources_in_monopile-supported_offshore_wind_turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {11}
}

@article{chenNovelAerodynamicDamping2019,
  title = {Novel {{Aerodynamic Damping Identification Method}} for {{Operating Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {Chen, Chao and Duffour, Philippe and Fromme, Paul},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  volume = {1222},
  pages = {012008},
  issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1222/1/012008},
  abstract = {This contribution introduces a novel method to determine the aerodynamic damping for operating wind turbines. Previous research typically estimated the modal damping ratios in the fore-aft and side-side directions as two decoupled degrees of freedom. This can result in misleading results, as the two directions are closely and unconventionally coupled through the wind-rotor interaction. This study proposes the identification of a novel type of aerodynamic damping matrix. This matrix arises from the linearization of the aerodynamic force resultant obtained from blade element momentum theory (blade modes not included). This linearized force is then applied to a beam finite element model of the tower with a lumped mass representing the rotor-nacelle assembly. This decoupled strategy efficiently describes the physics of the system including the coupling between the fore-aft and side-side motions. The identification of the damping matrix is shown to work for simulated wind time data.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/9N67ANDC/chen_et_al_2019_novel_aerodynamic_damping_identification_method_for_operating_wind_turbines.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{chenNovelAerodynamicDamping2019a,
  title = {Novel {{Aerodynamic Damping Identification Method}} for {{Operating Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {Chen, Chao and Duffour, Philippe and Fromme, Paul},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  volume = {1222},
  pages = {012008},
  issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1222/1/012008},
  abstract = {This contribution introduces a novel method to determine the aerodynamic damping for operating wind turbines. Previous research typically estimated the modal damping ratios in the fore-aft and side-side directions as two decoupled degrees of freedom. This can result in misleading results, as the two directions are closely and unconventionally coupled through the wind-rotor interaction. This study proposes the identification of a novel type of aerodynamic damping matrix. This matrix arises from the linearization of the aerodynamic force resultant obtained from blade element momentum theory (blade modes not included). This linearized force is then applied to a beam finite element model of the tower with a lumped mass representing the rotor-nacelle assembly. This decoupled strategy efficiently describes the physics of the system including the coupling between the fore-aft and side-side motions. The identification of the damping matrix is shown to work for simulated wind time data.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/WB9UYNHP/Chen et al. - 2019 - Novel Aerodynamic Damping Identification Method fo.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{chenSuppressionVortexinducedVibration2020,
  title = {Suppression of Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Circular Cylinder by a Passive-Jet Flow Control},
  author = {Chen, Wen-Li and Chen, Guan-Bin and Xu, Feng and Huang, Ye-wei and Gao, Dong-Lai and Li, Hui},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  volume = {199},
  pages = {104119},
  issn = {0167-6105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104119},
  abstract = {In this study, vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of a spring system-supported circular cylinder model are suppressed via passive-jet flow control in wind tunnel experiments. A laser displacement measurement system is employed to obtain the vibration response of the test model with and without a passive-jet control scheme. The results indicate that the VIV oscillation amplitudes and frequency lock-in ranges of the controlled models are smaller than those of the baseline case. In addition to the vibration measurements, the pressure distribution in the test model is measured with a digital pressure measurement system. According to the surface pressure results, the mean pressures of the leeward surface are lifted, and the root-mean-square (RMS) pressures on the cylinder surface are suppressed compared with those of the baseline case. Moreover, in the controlled cases, the mean drag and lift fluctuations are remarkably alleviated, and the Reynolds shear stress in the cylinder wake decreases considerably. All results indicate that the effectiveness of the passive-jet flow control in this investigation is determined by the spacing of two neighboring jet pipes. Moreover, a linear correlation analysis of the surface pressures reveals that the correlation of the external surface pressure is tremendously disturbed by the passive-jet flow control.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZRY9PUAR/S0167610520300295.html},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {Linear correlation analysis,Passive jets,Reynolds shear stress,Vortex-induced vibration},
  language = {en}
}

@article{chernDirectforcingImmersedBoundary2014a,
  title = {Direct-Forcing Immersed Boundary Modeling of Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Circular Cylinder},
  author = {Chern, Ming-Jyh and Kuan, Yu-Hao and Nugroho, Giri and Lu, Guan-Ting and Horng, Tzyy-Leng},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  volume = {134},
  pages = {109--121},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2014.08.015},
  abstract = {A numerical study of the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a flexible supported circular cylinder using the direct-forcing immersed boundary (DFIB) method incorporating the virtual force term is investigated. The use of DFIB method eliminates the requirement of mesh regeneration at each time step, owing to the movement of the cylinder, a practice which is common with body-fitted grid setups. The fluctuating hydrodynamic forces may cause the vibration of the structure due to vortex shedding behind it. In reality, this vibration phenomenon may result in the failure of the structure especially for the so-called lock-in/ synchronization phenomenon. The present study shows that a dynamically mounted circular cylinder is allowed to vibrate transversely only or both in the in-line and the transverse directions in a uniform flow at a moderate Reynolds number. The effects of reduced velocity and gap ratio on VIV are discussed. Hydrodynamic coefficients of a freely vibrating cylinder are analyzed in time and spectral domains. The cylinder orbits the slightly oval-shaped and eight-shaped motions in the lock-in regime. Moreover, the 2S and the C(2S) vortex shedding modes can be found at the low amplitude vibration and the large amplitude vibration, respectively. The comparisons against the published data prove the capability of the present DFIB model. This proposed model can be useful for the investigation of VIV of the structures.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HDIXDH7K/Chern et al. - 2014 - Direct-forcing immersed boundary modeling of vorte.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{chizfahmDynamicModelingVortex2018,
  title = {Dynamic Modeling of Vortex Induced Vibration Wind Turbines},
  author = {Chizfahm, A. and Yazdi, E. Azadi and Eghtesad, M.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  volume = {121},
  pages = {632--643},
  issn = {0960-1481},
  doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.038},
  abstract = {This paper studies the dynamic modeling of four configurations of vortex-induced vibrations of a bladeless wind turbine (BWT). The BWTs consist of a bluff body mounted on a flexible structure in the flow field. The shape of the bluff body and its mounting structure are different among the proposed BWTs. The Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and the Galerkin procedure are used to derive a nonlinear distributed-parameter model for the BWTs under a fluctuating lift force due to periodically shedding vortices. The derived dynamic model is validated through comparison with a 3D CFD-FEM numerical simulation. The effects of the wind speed on the induced lift force, turbine deflection, and generated power of four BWTs are investigated. It is verified that the amplitude of the vibrations of the BWT increases significantly when the vortex shedding is synchronized with the structural oscillations. The results show that, while conic BWTs have a higher performance at post-synchronization region (i.e. high wind speeds), the right circular cylinder BWTs exhibits a better performance at pre-synchronization region (i.e. low wind speeds).},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/D339S33H/S0960148118300387.html},
  journal = {Renewable Energy},
  keywords = {Bladeless wind turbine,Dynamic modeling,Lock-in phenomenon,Vortex induced vibration}
}

@article{choiControlFlowBluff2008,
  title = {Control of {{Flow Over}} a {{Bluff Body}}},
  author = {Choi, Haecheon and Jeon, Woo-Pyung and Kim, Jinsung},
  year = {2008},
  month = jan,
  volume = {40},
  pages = {113--139},
  issn = {0066-4189, 1545-4479},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.fluid.39.050905.110149},
  journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{choiControlFlowBluff2008b,
  title = {Control of {{Flow Over}} a {{Bluff Body}}},
  author = {Choi, Haecheon and Jeon, Woo-Pyung and Kim, Jinsung},
  year = {2008},
  month = jan,
  volume = {40},
  pages = {113--139},
  issn = {0066-4189, 1545-4479},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.fluid.39.050905.110149},
  abstract = {In this review, we present control methods for flow over a bluff body such as a circular cylinder, a 2D bluff body with a blunt trailing edge, and a sphere. We introduce recent major achievements in bluff-body flow controls such as 3D forcing, active feedback control, control based on local and global instability, and control with a synthetic jet. We then classify the controls as boundary-layer controls and direct-wake modifications and discuss important features associated with these controls. Finally, we discuss some other issues such as Reynolds-number dependence, the lowest possible drag by control, and control efficiency.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8SKB9STB/Choi et al. - 2008 - Control of Flow Over a Bluff Body.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{CoherenceSignalProcessing2020,
  title = {Coherence (Signal Processing)},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  abstract = {In signal processing, the coherence is a statistic that can be used to examine the relation between two signals or data sets. It is commonly used to estimate the power transfer between input and output of a linear system. If the signals are ergodic, and the system function is linear, it can be used to estimate the causality between the input and output.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 983299304},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/WMNGYFXL/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{colwellTunedLiquidColumn2009,
  title = {Tuned Liquid Column Dampers in Offshore Wind Turbines for Structural Control},
  author = {Colwell, Shane and Basu, Biswajit},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {358--368},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/24TSHAGE/2009_Colwell_Basu_Tuned liquid column dampers in offshore wind turbines for structural control.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/BATTELJG/S0141029608003076.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/ICCC68GT/S0141029608003076.html},
  journal = {Engineering Structures},
  keywords = {Correlation,Offshore wind turbine,TLCD,Vibration control,Wave loading,Wind loading},
  number = {2}
}

@article{Convolution2021,
  title = {Convolution},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  abstract = {In mathematics (in particular, functional analysis), convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions (f and g) that produces a third function (                        f         {${_\ast}$}         g                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle f*g\}   ) that expresses how the shape of one is modified by the other.  The term convolution refers to both the result function and to the process of computing it. It is defined as the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reversed and shifted.  And the integral is evaluated for all values of shift, producing the convolution function. Some features of convolution are similar to cross-correlation: for real-valued functions, of a continuous or discrete variable, it differs from cross-correlation (                        f         {$\star$}         g                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle f\textbackslash star g\}   ) only in that either f(x) or g(x) is reflected about the y-axis; thus it is a cross-correlation of f(x) and g(-x), or f(-x) and g(x).  For complex-valued functions, the cross-correlation operator is the adjoint of the convolution operator. Convolution has applications that include probability, statistics, acoustics, spectroscopy, signal processing and image processing, engineering, physics, computer vision and differential equations.The convolution can be defined for functions on Euclidean space and other groups. For example, periodic functions, such as the discrete-time Fourier transform, can be defined on a circle and convolved by periodic convolution. (See row 18 at DTFT \textsection{} Properties.) A discrete convolution can be defined for functions on the set of integers. Generalizations of convolution have applications in the field of numerical analysis and numerical linear algebra, and in the design and implementation of finite impulse response filters in signal processing.Computing the inverse of the convolution operation is known as deconvolution.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 997837099},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8CB6VCEJ/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{crandallRandomVibrationBeams1962,
  title = {Random {{Vibration}} of {{Beams}}},
  author = {Crandall, S. H. and Yildiz, Asim},
  year = {1962},
  month = jun,
  volume = {29},
  pages = {267--275},
  issn = {0021-8936, 1528-9036},
  doi = {10.1115/1.3640540},
  abstract = {The calculated response of a uniform beam to stationary random excitation depends greatly on the dynamical model postulated, on the damping mechanism assumed, and on the nature of the random excitation process. To illustrate this, the mean square deflections, slopes, bending moments, and shear forces have been compared for four different dynamical models, with three different damping mechanisms, subjected to a distributed transverse loading process which is uncorrelated spacewise and which is either ideally ``white'' timewise or band-limited with an upper cut-off frequency. The dynamic models are the Bernoulli-Euler beam, the Timoshenko beam, and two intermediate models, the Rayleigh beam, and a beam which has the shear flexibility of the Timoshenko beam but not the rotatory inertia. The damping mechanisms are transverse viscous damping, rotatory viscous damping, and Voigt viscoelasticity. It is found that many of the mean-square response quantities are finite when the excitation is ideally white (i.e., when the input has infinite mean square); however, some of the responses are unbounded. For these cases the rate of growth of the response as the cut-off frequency of the excitation is increased is obtained.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CMVFDJWP/Crandall and Yildiz - 1962 - Random Vibration of Beams.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{Crosscorrelation2020,
  title = {Cross-Correlation},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {In signal processing, cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the displacement of one relative to the other. This is also known as a sliding dot product or sliding inner-product. It is commonly used for searching a long signal for a shorter, known feature. It has applications in pattern recognition, single particle analysis, electron tomography, averaging, cryptanalysis, and neurophysiology. The cross-correlation is similar in nature to the convolution of two functions.  In an autocorrelation, which is the cross-correlation of a signal with itself, there will always be a peak at a lag of zero, and its size will be the signal energy. In probability and statistics, the term cross-correlations refers to the correlations between the entries of two random vectors                                    X                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{X\} \}    and                                    Y                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{Y\} \}   , while the correlations of a random vector                                    X                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{X\} \}    are the correlations between the entries of                                    X                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{X\} \}    itself, those forming the correlation matrix of                                    X                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{X\} \}   . If each of                                    X                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{X\} \}    and                                    Y                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{Y\} \}    is a scalar random variable which is realized repeatedly in a time series, then the correlations of the various temporal instances of                                    X                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{X\} \}    are known as autocorrelations of                                    X                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{X\} \}   , and the cross-correlations of                                    X                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{X\} \}    with                                    Y                          \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbf \{Y\} \}    across time are temporal cross-correlations. In probability and statistics, the definition of correlation always includes a standardising factor in such a way that correlations have values between -1 and +1. If                         X                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle X\}    and                         Y                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle Y\}    are two independent random variables with probability density functions                         f                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle f\}    and                         g                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle g\}   , respectively, then the probability density of the difference                         Y         -         X                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle Y-X\}    is formally given by the cross-correlation (in the signal-processing sense)                         f         {$\star$}         g                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle f\textbackslash star g\}   ; however, this terminology is not used in probability and statistics. In contrast, the convolution                         f         {${_\ast}$}         g                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle f*g\}    (equivalent to the cross-correlation of                         f         (         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle f(t)\}    and                         g         (         -         t         )                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle g(-t)\}   ) gives the probability density function of the sum                         X         +         Y                 \{\textbackslash displaystyle X+Y\}   .},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 979736163},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MAX29KVG/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{dahlDualResonanceVortexinduced2010,
  title = {Dual Resonance in Vortex-Induced Vibrations at Subcritical and Supercritical {{Reynolds}} Numbers},
  author = {Dahl, J. M. and Hover, F. S. and Triantafyllou, M. S. and Oakley, O. H.},
  year = {2010},
  month = jan,
  volume = {643},
  pages = {395--424},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112009992060},
  abstract = {An experimental study is performed on the vortex induced vibrations of a rigid flexibly mounted circular cylinder placed in a crossflow. The cylinder is allowed to oscillate in combined crossflow and in-line motions, and the ratio of the nominal in-line and transverse natural frequencies is varied systematically. Experiments were conducted on a smooth cylinder at subcritical Reynolds numbers between 15 000 and 60 000 and on a roughened cylinder at supercritical Reynolds numbers between 320 000 and 710 000, with a surface roughness equal to 0.23 \% of the cylinder diameter. Strong qualitative and quantitative similarities between the subcritical and supercritical experiments are found, especially when the in-line natural frequency is close to twice the value of the crossflow natural frequency. In both Reynolds number regimes, the test cylinder may exhibit a `dual-resonant' response, resulting in resonant crossflow motion at a frequency fv, near the Strouhal frequency, and resonant in-line motion at 2 fv. This dual resonance is shown to occur over a relatively wide frequency region around the Strouhal frequency, accompanied by stable, highly repeatable figure-eight cylinder orbits, as well as large third-harmonic components of the lift force. Under dual-resonance conditions, both the subcritical and the supercritical response is shown to collapse into a narrow parametric region in which the effective natural-frequency ratio is near the value 2, regardless of the nominal natural-frequency ratio. Some differences are noted in the magnitudes of forces and the cylinder response between the two different Reynolds number regimes, but the dual-resonant response and the resulting force trends are preserved despite the large Reynolds number difference.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/QW4K6PVB/dahl_et_al_2010_dual_resonance_in_vortex-induced_vibrations_at_subcritical_and_supercritical.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/6H74LIZ3/144BD102856394D3705024A581E2FA13.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet,separated flows,vortex streets},
  language = {en}
}

@article{dahlResonantVibrationsBluff2007,
  title = {Resonant {{Vibrations}} of {{Bluff Bodies Cause Multivortex Shedding}} and {{High Frequency Forces}}},
  author = {Dahl, J. M. and Hover, F. S. and Triantafyllou, M. S. and Dong, S. and Karniadakis, G. E.},
  year = {2007},
  month = oct,
  volume = {99},
  pages = {144503},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.144503},
  abstract = {A flexibly mounted circular cylinder in cross-flow, with natural frequencies in the inline and transverse directions having a ratio close to 2{$:$}1, exhibits drastic changes in the vortex structures in its wake, the frequency content of the fluid forces, and the orbital shape of its resulting motions. Stable multivortex patterns form in the cylinder wake, associated with large high-frequency force components.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/L9E993GV/dahl_et_al_2007_resonant_vibrations_of_bluff_bodies_cause_multivortex_shedding_and_high.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/LYXEVWWL/PhysRevLett.99.html},
  journal = {Physical Review Letters},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {14}
}

@article{daiPredictionVortexShedding2018,
  title = {Prediction of Vortex Shedding Suppression from Circular Cylinders at High {{Reynolds}} Number Using Base Splitter Plates},
  author = {Dai, Shaoshi and Younis, Bassam A. and Zhang, Hongyang and Guo, Chunyu},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  volume = {182},
  pages = {115--127},
  issn = {0167-6105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2018.09.006},
  abstract = {Computations were performed to determine the optimal conditions for the suppression of vortex shedding from circular cylinders at high Reynolds number by means of splitter plates. Previous studies of this mechanism for vortex-shedding control have largely been confined to two-dimensional flows at low Reynolds number, and to a single ratio of splitter plate width to cylinder diameter. In this study, we consider fully-turbulent, three-dimensional flows at high Reynolds number, and investigate the dependence of vortex-shedding suppression on two geometric parameters; namely the ratio of splitter-plate width and height to cylinder diameter and length. The computations were performed with the OpenFOAM software using a well-validated turbulence closure that considers the effects of the organized mean-flow unsteadiness on the random turbulent fluctuations. Comparisons were made with experimental data, and the validated method is used to perform a systematic study to determine the effectiveness of vortex suppression. To aid in the analysis, two-point correlations of forces along span of cylinder were obtained to determine uncoupling conditions of sectional oscillations. The results obtained indicate that splitter plates provide a practical method for vortex suppression at high Reynolds number, and the degree of suppression can be maximized by optimal geometric configuration.},
  annotation = {WOS:000451103000010},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PQMG8W49/dai_et_al_2018_prediction_of_vortex_shedding_suppression_from_circular_cylinders_at_high.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet,flow,Force coefficients,forces,induced vibration,loads,offshore wind turbine,Splitter plate,turbulent,Two-point correlations,Vortex shedding suppression,wake},
  language = {English}
}

@article{damgaardCrosswindModalProperties2013b,
  title = {Cross-Wind Modal Properties of Offshore Wind Turbines Identified by Full Scale Testing},
  author = {Damgaard, M. and Ibsen, L.B. and Andersen, L.V. and Andersen, J.K.F.},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  volume = {116},
  pages = {94--108},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2013.03.003},
  abstract = {According to the Danish wind turbine industry cross-wind vibrations due to wave loading misaligned with wind turbulence often have a significant influence on the fatigue lifespan of offshore wind turbine foundations. The phenomenon is characterised by increasing fatigue loads compared to the fore-aft fatigue and a small amount of system damping since almost no aerodynamic damping from the blades takes place. In addition, modern offshore wind turbines are flexible structures with resonance frequencies close to environmental loads and turbine blades passing the tower. Therefore, in order to avoid conservatism leading to additional costs during the load calculation and the design phase, the structural response must be analysed using reliable estimations of the dynamic properties of the wind turbines. Based on a thorough investigation of ``rotor-stop'' tests performed on offshore wind turbines supported by a monopile foundation for different wind parks in the period 2006\textendash 2011, the paper evaluates the first natural frequency and modal damping of the structures. In addition, fitting of theoretical energy spectra to measured response spectra of operating turbines is presented as an alternative method of determining the system damping. Analyses show distinctly time-dependent crosswind dynamic properties. Based on numerical analysis, the variation is believed to be caused by sediment transportation at seabed level and varying performance of tower oscillation dampers.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/S3FYEW3J/Damgaard et al. - 2013 - Cross-wind modal properties of offshore wind turbi.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{daneshvarVortexinducedVibrationLow2020,
  title = {On the Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Low Mass Ratio Circular Cylinder near a Planar Boundary},
  author = {Daneshvar, Sina and Morton, Chris},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  volume = {201},
  pages = {107109},
  issn = {0029-8018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107109},
  abstract = {Vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder near a plane boundary has been investigated experimentally for 2,500{$\leq$}ReD{$\leq$}10,000, 3.0{$\leq$}U*{$\leq$}12.0, 0.3{$\leq$}S*{$\leq$}8, and m*=5.3, where ReD is the Reynolds number based on cylinder diameter, U* is the reduced velocity, S* is the gap distance between the planar wall and the cylinder, and m* is the system's mass ratio. The experimental data includes simultaneous amplitude response and wake measurements via time-resolved planar particle image velocimetry (PIV). From experimental raw data, frequency content of the oscillations as well as wake velocity and vorticity fields are analyzed. A new vortex shedding flow regime map is proposed, illustrating dominant vortex shedding patterns in the wake across the investigated non-dimensional parameter space. The quantitative relationship between the cylinder's motion and instantaneous vortex dynamics is shown.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/AJDKB5B4/daneshvar_morton_2020_on_the_vortex-induced_vibration_of_a_low_mass_ratio_circular_cylinder_near_a.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/K2HT4E66/S002980182030175X.html},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet,Amplitude response,Boundary layer vortex,Low-order model,Particle image velocimetry,Vortex-induced vibrations},
  language = {en}
}

@article{dasdiaNonlinearModelWindinduced1993a,
  title = {Nonlinear Model of Wind-Induced Vibrations of Slender Structures with Circular Cross-Sections},
  author = {{d'Asdia}, P. and Materazzi, A.L. and Radogna, E.F.},
  year = {1993},
  month = oct,
  volume = {48},
  pages = {189--203},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/0167-6105(93)90136-C},
  abstract = {In the present paper a numerical model well suited to predict the response of cylindrical slender structures subjected to the wind action is presented. The total longitudinal and lateral forces acting on this kind of structures are treated as a sum of correlated random forces in the along-wind direction and in the across-wind direction and of deterministic aerodynamic forces arising from the transversal structural motion. The proposed model can handle all the velocity components of the structure, and the related aerodynamic forces are computed even when the structural behaviour is strongly nonlinear due to large displacement effects. With reference to some structural typologies relevant to engineering applications (chimneys and cable-stayed chimneys), some numerical examples are presented in order to show the model functionality.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/69M9AFKX/d'Asdia et al. - 1993 - Nonlinear model of wind-induced vibrations of slen.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {2-3}
}

@book{davidsonTurbulenceIntroductionScientists2005,
  title = {Turbulence - {{An Introduction}} for {{Scientists}} and {{Engineers}}},
  author = {Davidson, P. A.},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8HTYJI3R/2005_Davidson_Turbulence - An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers.djvu;/home/san/Zotero/storage/RKWM3QHJ/2005_Davidson_Turbulence - An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers.pdf},
  isbn = {0-19-852948-1},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {English}
}

@article{dengExperimentalStudyVortexinduced2020,
  title = {Experimental Study of Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Twin-Tube Submerged Floating Tunnel Segment Model},
  author = {Deng, Shi and Ren, Haojie and Xu, Yuwang and Fu, Shixiao and Moan, Torgeir and Gao, Zhen},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  volume = {94},
  pages = {102908},
  issn = {08899746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2020.102908},
  abstract = {The cross-flow vortex-induced vibration features of a submerged floating tunnel element, which is composed of two rigidly connected cylinders in a tandem configuration, were investigated via a self-oscillation model test in a steady flow. The Reynolds number ranged from 2\texttimes 104 to 9\texttimes 104, and the ratio of the center-to-center distance between the two cylinders and cylinder diameter varied within a range of 2-4. The vortex induced vibration responses and lift forces on the up- and downstream cylinders were studied under different spacing ratios and compared with those on a single cylinder. The results show that the spacing ratio plays an important role in VIV until the ratio reaches 4. For a small spacing ratio, a significant difference between the lift forces on the up- and downstream cylinders appears and induces a large torsional moment. For the convenience of engineering application, a torsional coefficient was proposed. The maximum torsional coefficient can reach 2.9, 1.2 and 0.98 for spacing ratios of 2, 3 and 4 at the reduced velocity of 5, respectively. Considering the vortex induced vibration responses as well as the torsional moment, a spacing ratio of 3 was recommended for tandem floating tunnel design.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/DYQVYR4W/deng_et_al_2020_experimental_study_of_vortex-induced_vibration_of_a_twin-tube_submerged.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{dengQuantifyingRealisticWorldwide2015,
  title = {Quantifying a Realistic, Worldwide Wind and Solar Electricity Supply},
  author = {Deng, Yvonne Y. and Haigh, Martin and Pouwels, Willemijn and Ramaekers, Lou and Brandsma, Ruut and Schimschar, Sven and Gr{\"o}zinger, Jan and {de Jager}, David},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  volume = {31},
  pages = {239--252},
  issn = {0959-3780},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.005},
  abstract = {Nearly all long-term energy projections rely heavily on renewable energy sources on the assumption of abundance. Yet, already today, wind and solar projects can encounter local objections and competition with other uses. This paper presents the ranges of realistic potential supply for solar and wind electricity, using a 1km2 grid level analysis covering the whole world at country level. In addition, the potential for building-based solar electricity is assessed. We find that long-term combined potentials range between 730 and 3700EJ/a worldwide, depending crucially on the acceptable share of land\textemdash up to 3.5\% of total (non-ice covered) land on earth. Realistic potentials account for limitations such as land-use competition and acceptance, together with resource quality and remoteness as proxies for cost. Today's electricity demand (65EJ/a) is well covered by the range, but constraints may occur in the long run locally. Amongst large countries, Nigeria and India may need imports to meet electricity demand.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/YACNHK4D/deng_et_al_2015_quantifying_a_realistic,_worldwide_wind_and_solar_electricity_supply.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/7M4L3D9C/S0959378015000072.html},
  journal = {Global Environmental Change},
  keywords = {_tablet,Energy,GIS,Global,Potential,Renewable},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{dengVortexInducedVibrationFlexible2019,
  title = {Vortex-{{Induced Vibration}} of a {{Flexible Cylinder Experiencing Oscillatory Flow With Different Aspect Ratios}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2019 38th {{International Conference}} on {{Ocean}}, {{Offshore}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Deng, Di and Wu, Lei and Wan, Decheng},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2019-95522},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ZZ7JCZ5C/1067562.html},
  language = {en}
}

@book{denhartogMechanicalVibrations1985,
  title = {Mechanical Vibrations},
  author = {Den Hartog, J. P.},
  year = {1985},
  publisher = {{Dover Publications}},
  address = {{New York}},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ULYHNINV/1985_Den Hartog_Mechanical vibrations.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-486-64785-2},
  keywords = {_tablet,Mechanics; Applied,Vibration},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {TA355 .D4 1985},
  series = {Dover Books on Engineering}
}

@incollection{desmondDescriptionMWReference2016,
  title = {Description of an 8 {{MW}} Reference Wind Turbine},
  booktitle = {Science of {{Making Torque}} from {{Wind}} (Torque 2016)},
  author = {Desmond, Cian and Murphy, Jimmy and Blonk, Lindert and Haans, Wouter},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {753},
  pages = {UNSP 092013},
  publisher = {{Iop Publishing Ltd}},
  address = {{Bristol}},
  abstract = {An 8 MW wind turbine is described in terms of mass distribution, dimensions, power curve, thrust curve, maximum design load and tower configuration. This turbine has been described as part of the EU FP7 project LEANWIND in order to facilitate research into logistics and naval architecture efficiencies for future offshore wind installations. The design of this 8 MW reference wind turbine has been checked and validated by the design consultancy DNV-GL. This turbine description is intended to bridge the gap between the NREL 5 MW and DTU 10 MW reference turbines and thus contribute to the standardisation of research and development activities in the offshore wind energy industry.},
  annotation = {WOS:000436325703019},
  language = {English}
}

@article{devriendtMonitoringResonantFrequencies2014,
  title = {Monitoring Resonant Frequencies and Damping Values of an Offshore Wind Turbine in Parked Conditions},
  author = {Devriendt, Christof and Weijtjens, Wout and Elkafafy, Mahmoud and De Sitter, Gert},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {433--441},
  doi = {10.1049/iet-rpg.2013.0229},
  abstract = {This study shows the first results of a long-term monitoring campaign on an offshore wind turbine in the Belgian North Sea. It focuses on the continuous monitoring of the resonant frequencies and damping values of the most dominant modes of the support structure. These parameters allow to better understand the dynamics of offshore wind turbines and are crucial in the fatigue assessment during the design phase. They can also help to minimise operation and maintenance (O\&M) costs and to assess the lifetime of the offshore wind turbines structures during their operation. To do an accurate continuous monitoring of these parameters, a state-of-the-art operational modal analysis technique has been automated, so that no human-interaction is required and the system can track small changes in the dynamic behaviour of the offshore wind turbine. The study will analyse the resonant frequencies and damping values of the most dominant modes shapes while the wind turbine is in parked conditions.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8A75ANWL/devriendt_et_al_2014_monitoring_resonant_frequencies_and_damping_values_of_an_offshore_wind_turbine.pdf},
  journal = {Renewable Power Generation, IET},
  keywords = {_tablet}
}

@article{devriendtMonitoringResonantFrequencies2014a,
  title = {Monitoring Resonant Frequencies and Damping Values of an Offshore Wind Turbine in Parked Conditions},
  author = {Devriendt, Christof and Weijtjens, Wout and El-Kafafy, Mahmoud and De Sitter, Gert},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {433--441},
  issn = {1752-1416, 1752-1424},
  doi = {10.1049/iet-rpg.2013.0229},
  abstract = {This paper shows the first results of a long-term monitoring campaign on an offshore wind turbine in the Belgian North Sea. It focuses on the continuous monitoring of the resonant frequencies and damping values of the most dominant modes of the support structure. These parameters allow to better understand the dynamics of offshore wind turbines and are crucial in the fatigue assessment during the design phase. They can also help to minimize O\&M costs and to assess the lifetime of offshore wind turbines structures during their operation. To do accurate continuous monitoring of these parameters a state-of-the-art operational modal analysis technique has been automated, so that no human-interaction is required and the system can track small changes in the dynamic behavior of the offshore wind turbine. The paper will analyze the resonant frequencies and damping values of the most dominant modes shapes while the wind turbine is in parked conditions.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/3UCGV6A5/Devriendt et al. - 2014 - Monitoring resonant frequencies and damping values.pdf},
  journal = {IET Renewable Power Generation},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@inproceedings{dingLiftDampingCharacteristics2004,
  title = {Lift and {{Damping Characteristics}} of {{Bare}} and {{Straked Cylinders}} at {{Riser Scale Reynolds Numbers}}},
  booktitle = {Offshore {{Technology Conference}}},
  author = {Ding, Z. J. and Balasubramanian, S. and Lokken, R. T. and Yung, T.- W.},
  year = {2004},
  month = jan,
  publisher = {{Offshore Technology Conference}},
  doi = {10.4043/16341-MS},
  abstract = {Abstract ExxonMobil recently completed a series of Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) tests on rigid cylinders. The objectives were to provide insight into the physical phenomena that drive the VIV of riser sections at realistic, riser-scale Reynolds Nu},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4SNBVIS4/OTC-16341-MS.html},
  isbn = {978-1-55563-251-9},
  language = {english}
}

@article{dingTowingOperationMethods2019,
  title = {Towing {{Operation Methods}} of {{Offshore Integrated Meteorological Mast}} for {{Offshore Wind Farms}}},
  author = {Ding, Hongyan and Hu, Ruiqi and Le, Conghuan and Zhang, Puyang},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {100},
  doi = {10.3390/jmse7040100},
  abstract = {An offshore integrated meteorological mast (OIMM) is introduced which has great application potential for the development of offshore wind turbine power. This innovative OIMM features in two aspects: the integrated construction and the integrated transportation. Its integrated techniques enable this OIMM to be prefabricated onshore and transported by a relatively small tugboat to the installation site. It is efficient in construction, rapid in transportation and saving in cost. The towing process is an important section for the integrated transportation, which makes the towing operation necessary to investigate. With the numerical simulation software MOSES, the hydrodynamic behavior of the towing operation is investigated. Two special wet towing methods (surface towing and submerged towing) are adopted and analyzed in terms of the towing resistance, towing speed, fairlead position and the motion response. The results show that for both towing methods, to obtain a higher speed by increasing the towing force is uneconomic since the towing resistance increases a much higher percentage than the towing speed dose. Surface towing has a smaller resistance but larger motion response compared to submerged towing. The submerged towing shows a clear descending heave motion. The heave and pitch motions are smaller with the lower fairlead position and fluctuate less with deeper submerged depth.},
  annotation = {WOS:000467498000019},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Engineering},
  keywords = {fairlead position,installation,motion response,offshore integrated meteorological mast (OIMM),towing   resistance,towing method},
  language = {English},
  number = {4}
}

@misc{DNVGLRules,
  title = {{{DNV GL}} Rules and Standards},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8N43LRFQ/dnvgl.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/T75X6FT3/dnvgl.html},
  howpublished = {https://rules.dnvgl.com/ServiceDocuments/dnvgl/\#!/industry/3/Energy/14/DNV\%20GL\%20standards\%20(ST)}
}

@article{dollLissajousCurvesSemiclassical2007,
  title = {Lissajous Curves and Semiclassical Theory: {{The}} Two-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator},
  shorttitle = {Lissajous Curves and Semiclassical Theory},
  author = {Doll, Roland and Ingold, Gert-Ludwig},
  year = {2007},
  month = mar,
  volume = {75},
  pages = {208--215},
  issn = {0002-9505, 1943-2909},
  doi = {10.1119/1.2402157},
  abstract = {The semiclassical treatment of the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator provides an instructive example of the relation between classical motion and the quantum mechanical energy spectrum. We extend previous work on the anisotropic oscillator with incommensurate frequencies and the isotropic oscillator to the case with commensurate frequencies for which the Lissajous curves appear as classical periodic orbits. Because of the three different scenarios depending on the ratio of its frequencies, the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator offers a unique way to explicitly analyze the role of symmetries in classical and quantum mechanics.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {quant-ph/0611062},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/KY537QK5/doll_ingold_2007_lissajous_curves_and_semiclassical_theory.pdf},
  journal = {American Journal of Physics},
  keywords = {_tablet,Quantum Physics},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@book{donaldsonIntroductionStructuralDynamics2006,
  title = {Introduction to Structural Dynamics},
  author = {Donaldson, Bruce K.},
  year = {2006},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge ; New York}},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocm62878378},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/EC2KVS9Q/donaldson_2006_introduction_to_structural_dynamics.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-86574-6},
  keywords = {_tablet,Linear systems,Structural dynamics,Textbooks},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {TA654 .D65 2006},
  series = {Cambridge Aerospace Series}
}

@book{donaldsonIntroductionStructuralDynamics2006a,
  title = {Introduction to Structural Dynamics},
  author = {Donaldson, Bruce K.},
  year = {2006},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge ; New York}},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocm62878378},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/CRY9K4EM/donaldson_2006_introduction_to_structural_dynamics.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-86574-6},
  keywords = {_tablet,Linear systems,Structural dynamics,Textbooks},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {TA654 .D65 2006},
  series = {Cambridge Aerospace Series}
}

@book{donaldsonIntroductionStructuralDynamics2006b,
  title = {Introduction to Structural Dynamics},
  author = {Donaldson, Bruce K.},
  year = {2006},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge ; New York}},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocm62878378},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HIY5BTBA/Donaldson - 2006 - Introduction to structural dynamics.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-521-86574-6},
  keywords = {_tablet,Linear systems,Structural dynamics,Textbooks},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {TA654 .D65 2006},
  series = {Cambridge Aerospace Series}
}

@techreport{dongTurbulenceModelsLiDAR2021,
  title = {On {{Turbulence Models}} and {{LiDAR Measurements}} for {{Wind Turbine Control}}},
  author = {Dong, Liang and Lio, Wai Hou and Simley, Eric},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  institution = {{Wind and turbulence}},
  doi = {10.5194/wes-2021-51},
  abstract = {To provide comprehensive information that will assist in making decisions regarding the adoption of LiDAR assisted control (LAC) in wind turbine design, this paper investigates the impact of different turbulence models on the coherence between the rotor effective wind speed and LiDAR measurement. First, the differences between the Kaimal and Mann models are discussed, including the power spectrum and spatial coherence. Next, two types of LiDAR systems are examined to analyze 5 the LiDAR measurement coherence based on commercially available LiDAR scan patterns. Finally, numerical simulations have been performed to compare the LiDAR measurement coherence for different rotor sizes. This work confirms the association between the measurement coherence and the turbulence model. The results indicate that the LiDAR measurement coherence with the Mann turbulence model is lower than that with the Kaimal turbulence model. In other words, the value creation of LAC, evaluated using the Kaimal turbulence model, will be diminished if the Mann turbulence model is used instead. In 10 particular, the difference in coherence is more significant for larger rotors. As a result, this paper suggests that the impacts of different turbulence models should be considered as uncertainties while evaluating the benefits of LAC.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/C3CLGCFH/Dong et al. - 2021 - On Turbulence Models and LiDAR Measurements for Wi.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{dongVibrationSourceIdentification2019,
  title = {Vibration Source Identification of Offshore Wind Turbine Structure Based on Optimized Spectral Kurtosis and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition},
  author = {Dong, Xiaofeng and Lian, Jijian and Wang, Haijun},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  volume = {172},
  pages = {199--212},
  issn = {0029-8018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.11.030},
  abstract = {Offshore wind turbines are influenced not only by environmental loads such as the wind and waves, but also by various harmonic excitations and have always been considered as complex coupled vibration systems under operational conditions. Generally, the proposed excitations and corresponding vibration sources have a direct relationship with the structural operational safety of the offshore wind turbine and can be reflected by the vibration responses. Nevertheless, existing studies in this area mainly focus on understanding the effect of environmental excitations on the structural vibrations of offshore wind turbines and identifying the dynamic parameters. The research on the identification of the vibration sources and the corresponding energy distribution of offshore wind turbine structures based on the observation data have not yet been carried out. Therefore, using the measured vibration responses of an offshore wind turbine prototype, an identification technology based on optimized spectral kurtosis (OSK) and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) methods, which is capable of determining both the structural vibration sources and the corresponding energy distribution was presented for the first time. It can be demonstrated that the structural vibration sources changed from environmental excitations to forced harmonic loads when the rotating speed and power of the turbine increased. At the same time, the main vibration energy underwent a transformation from random vibration energy to harmonic vibration energy with a change in the operational factors. Furthermore, it is suggested that the relationship between the rotating frequency and structural modal frequencies in the structural operational safety assessment of offshore wind turbines should be further investigated.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/BUDSIYLU/S0029801818321048.html},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  keywords = {Ensemble empirical mode decomposition,Field measurement,Offshore wind turbine,Optimized spectral kurtosis,Vibration energy,Vibration source identification}
}

@book{dowellModernCourseAeroelasticity2015a,
  title = {A {{Modern Course}} in {{Aeroelasticity}}},
  author = {Dowell, Earl H.},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {217},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-09453-3},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/NJXBYBBS/Dowell - 2015 - A Modern Course in Aeroelasticity.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-319-09452-6 978-3-319-09453-3},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  series = {Solid {{Mechanics}} and {{Its Applications}}}
}

@article{dymarskiTechnologyConceptTlp2017,
  title = {Technology {{Concept}} of {{Tlp Platform Towing}} and {{Installation}} in {{Waters}} with {{Depth}} of 60 {{M}}},
  author = {Dymarski, Czeslaw and Dymarski, Pawel and Zywicki, Jedrzej},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  volume = {24},
  pages = {59--66},
  issn = {1233-2585},
  doi = {10.1515/pomr-2017-0022},
  abstract = {The article is part of the design and research work conducted at the Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Ocean Engineering and Ship Technology, in cooperation with a number of other research centres, which concerns offshore wind farms planned to be built in the Polish zone of the Baltic sea in the next years. One of most difficult tasks in this project is building suitable foundations for each power unit consisting of a tower and a wind turbine mounted on its top. Since the water regions selected for building those wind farms have different depths, there was need to study different possible technical variants of this task, with the reference to both the foundation structures themselves, and the technology of their transport and setting, or anchoring. The article presents the technology of towing, from the shipyard to the setting place, and installation of the foundation having the form of a floating platform of TLP (Tension Leg Platform) type, anchored by tight chains to suction piles in the waters with depth of 60 m.},
  annotation = {WOS:000402372500009},
  journal = {Polish Maritime Research},
  keywords = {design,platform anchoring,TLP platform installation,towing,wind turbines},
  language = {English}
}

@article{dynnikovaStabilityReverseKarman2021,
  title = {Stability of a Reverse {{Karman}} Vortex Street},
  author = {Dynnikova, G. Ya. and Dynnikov, Ya. A. and Guvernyuk, S. V. and Malakhova, T. V.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  volume = {33},
  pages = {024102},
  publisher = {{American Institute of Physics}},
  issn = {1070-6631},
  doi = {10.1063/5.0035575},
  abstract = {The reverse vortex street differs from the ordinary Karman vortex street in the direction of the rotation of the vortices. Such a street is formed behind the oscillating airfoils in the flow. It is of interest in connection with studies of the aerodynamics of flapping wings. It is known that the vortex wake behind a symmetric airfoil performing symmetric oscillations in a certain range of parameters becomes asymmetric, which leads to the appearance of a nonzero average lift. Reasons of the symmetry violation are associated with the instability of the reverse vortex street, but the mechanism of this instability is currently not well understood. In this work, the analysis of the stability of the reverse vortex street is carried out on the basis of the theory developed by Karman for infinite rows of point vortices. In contrast to the Karman model, in this work, semi-infinite rows with periodically arising new vortices at their ends are considered. This is the first time this model has been used. It is shown that the periodic appearance of new vortices radically affects the characteristics of the street stability. It is found that the violation of the symmetry of the reverse vortex street is associated with its instability to bending perturbations, while the ordinary Karman vortex street behind the body is unstable to varicose perturbations. Regions of instability are determined.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/M7KDWVHH/dynnikova_et_al_2021_stability_of_a_reverse_karman_vortex_street.pdf},
  journal = {Physics of Fluids},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {2}
}

@misc{e.vDeutschlandBWE,
  title = {{DeutschlandBWE e.V.}},
  author = {{e.V}, Bundesverband WindEnergie},
  abstract = {Windenergie in Deutschland - Zahlen und Fakten - Die Windenergie hat einen steigenden Anteil an der Stromerzeugung in Deutschland. 2017 stellte sie erstm...},
  howpublished = {https://www.wind-energie.de/themen/zahlen-und-fakten/deutschland/},
  journal = {BWE e.V.},
  language = {de}
}

@misc{ElectricityProductionFossil,
  title = {Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels, Nuclear and Renewables},
  abstract = {An interactive visualization from Our World in Data.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VIPTKJEP/elec-fossil-nuclear-renewables.html},
  howpublished = {https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/elec-fossil-nuclear-renewables},
  journal = {Our World in Data}
}

@misc{ElectricityProductionSource,
  title = {Electricity Production by Source},
  abstract = {An interactive visualization from Our World in Data.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/4XAEKFY2/electricity-prod-source-stacked.html},
  howpublished = {https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked},
  journal = {Our World in Data}
}

@article{EnergieZukunftMonitoringBericht,
  title = {{Die Energie der Zukunft \textendash{} 8. Monitoring-Bericht}},
  pages = {292},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/VRPI8QCZ/Die Energie der Zukunft – 8. Monitoring-Bericht.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@article{ErgodicProcess2020,
  title = {Ergodic Process},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  abstract = {In econometrics and signal processing, a stochastic process is said to be ergodic if its statistical properties can be deduced from a single, sufficiently long, random sample of the process. The reasoning is that any collection of random samples from a process must represent the average statistical properties of the entire process. In other words, regardless of what the individual samples are, a birds-eye view of the collection of samples must represent the whole process. Conversely, a process that is not ergodic is a process that changes erratically at an inconsistent rate.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 957004618},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RLULYPTT/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{ErneuerbareEnergien2020,
  title = {{Erneuerbare Energien 2020}},
  pages = {8},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/5NI35UNV/Erneuerbare Energien 2020.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@inbook{erturkAppendixModalAnalysis2011,
  title = {Appendix {{C}}: {{Modal Analysis}} of a {{Uniform Cantilever}} with a {{Tip Mass}}},
  shorttitle = {Appendix {{C}}},
  booktitle = {Piezoelectric {{Energy Harvesting}}},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  pages = {353--366},
  publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}},
  address = {{Chichester, UK}},
  doi = {10.1002/9781119991151.app3},
  collaborator = {Erturk, Alper and Inman, Daniel J.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/GKHL8LDH/2011_appendix_c.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-119-99115-1 978-0-470-68254-8},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inbook{erturkAppendixModalAnalysis2011a,
  title = {Appendix {{C}}: {{Modal Analysis}} of a {{Uniform Cantilever}} with a {{Tip Mass}}},
  shorttitle = {Appendix {{C}}},
  booktitle = {Piezoelectric {{Energy Harvesting}}},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  pages = {353--366},
  publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}},
  address = {{Chichester, UK}},
  doi = {10.1002/9781119991151.app3},
  collaborator = {Erturk, Alper and Inman, Daniel J.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/QD8IIVCU/2011 - Appendix C Modal Analysis of a Uniform Cantilever.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-119-99115-1 978-0-470-68254-8},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{esmaeelpourNumericalStudyVarious2016,
  title = {Numerical {{Study}} of {{Various Geometries}} of {{Breakwaters}} for the {{Installation}} of {{Floating Wind Turbines}}},
  author = {Esmaeelpour, Keyvan and Shafaghat, Rouzbeh and Alamian, Rezvan and Bayani, Rasoul},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  volume = {13},
  pages = {27--37},
  issn = {1813-8535},
  doi = {10.3329/jname.v13i1.22866},
  abstract = {The everyday growing populations all over the world and the necessity of increase in consumption of fossil energies have made the human to discover new energy resources, which are clean, cheap and renewable. Wind energy is one of the renewable energy resources. Considerable wind speed has made settling of wind turbines at sea beneficial and appealing. For this purpose, choosing the appropriate plates to set up wind turbines on the surface of sea is necessary. Regarding the installation condition, by choosing suitable geometry for floating breakwaters, offshore wind turbine can be mounted on them. Suitable geometry of breakwater for multifunctional usage could be selected with analyzing and comparing pressure, force and moment produced by incoming waves. In this article, the boundary element method is implemented to solve governing differential equations by assuming potential flow. On the other hand, for promoting free surface in each time step, the EulerLagrangian method is employed. Finally, to find the appropriate geometry for installing the wind turbine on the breakwater, moment and wave profile next to the right and left side of breakwater body are calculated. Among simulated geometries, breakwater with trapezoid geometry which its larger base is placed in the water has more sustainability and it is the most suitable geometry for wind turbine installation.},
  annotation = {WOS:000378344200003},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/G7XVX5X4/2016_Esmaeelpour et al_Numerical Study of Various Geometries of Breakwaters for the Installation of.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet,boundary element method,cylinder,Euler   -Lagrangian method,floating breakwater,simulation,surface,wave tank,Wind turbine},
  language = {English},
  number = {1}
}

@article{esuFeasibilityFullyAutonomous2016,
  title = {Feasibility of a Fully Autonomous Wireless Monitoring System for a Wind Turbine Blade},
  author = {Esu, O. O. and Lloyd, S. D. and Flint, J. A. and Watson, S. J.},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  volume = {97},
  pages = {89--96},
  issn = {0960-1481},
  doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2016.05.021},
  abstract = {Condition monitoring (CM) of wind turbine blades has significant benefits for wind farm operators and insurers alike. Blades present a particular challenge in terms of operations and maintenance: the wide range of materials used in their construction makes it difficult to predict lifetimes; loading is stochastic and highly variable; and access can be problematic due to the remote locations where turbines are frequently located, particularly for offshore installations. Whilst previous works have indicated that Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometers are viable devices for measuring the vibrations from which diagnostic information can be derived, thus far there has been no analysis of how such a system would be powered. This paper considers the power requirement of a self-powered blade-tip autonomous system and how those requirements can be met. The radio link budget is derived for the system and the average power requirement assessed. Following this, energy harvesting methods such as photovoltaics, vibration, thermal and radio frequency (RF) are explored. Energy storage techniques and energy regulation for the autonomous system are assessed along with their relative merits. It is concluded that vibration (piezoelectric) energy harvesting combined with lithium-ion batteries are suitable selections for such a system. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).},
  annotation = {WOS:000380600500009},
  journal = {Renewable Energy},
  keywords = {algorithm,Condition monitoring,Electromechanical   sensors,Energy harvesting,Energy management,frequency,structural damage,Wind energy,Wireless communications},
  language = {English}
}

@misc{EurocodeActionsStructures,
  title = {{Eurocode 1: Actions on structures}},
  shorttitle = {{DIN EN 1991-1-4/NA}},
  pages = {256},
  doi = {10.31030/1723628},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/7IIGWPL4/Eurocode 1.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/K5JGBAQP/Eurocode 1.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {de}
}

@misc{europeancommissionOnshoreOffshoreWind2020,
  title = {Onshore and Offshore Wind},
  author = {European Commission},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  abstract = {Onshore and offshore wind},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/IELLUYH7/onshore-and-offshore-wind_en.html},
  howpublished = {https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/renewable-energy/onshore-and-offshore-wind\_en},
  journal = {Energy - European Commission},
  language = {en},
  type = {Text}
}

@article{evangelinosDynamicsFlowStructures1999,
  title = {Dynamics and Flow Structures in the Turbulent Wake of Rigid and Flexible Cylinders Subject to Vortex-Induced Vibrations},
  author = {Evangelinos, Constantinos and Karniadakis, George Em},
  year = {1999},
  month = dec,
  volume = {400},
  pages = {91--124},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112099006606},
  abstract = {We present simulation results of vortex-induced vibrations of an infinitely long flexible cylinder at Reynolds number Re = 1000, corresponding to a `young' turbulent wake (i.e. exhibiting a small inertial subrange). The simulations are based on a new class of spectral methods suitable for unstructured and hybrid grids. To obtain different responses of the coupled flow\textendash structure system we vary the structure's bending stiffness to model the behaviour of a vibrating inflexible (rigid) cylinder, a cable, and a beam. We have found that unlike the laminar flow previously studied, the amplitude of the cross-flow oscillation is about one diameter for the cable and the beam, close to experimental measurements, but is lower for the rigid cylinder. We have also found that for the latter case the flow response corresponds to parallel shedding, but for the beam and cable with free endpoints a mixed response consisting of oblique and parallel shedding is obtained, caused by the modulated travelling wave motion of the structure. This mixed shedding pattern which alternates periodically along the span can be directly related to periodic spatial variation of the lift force. In the case of structures with pinned endpoints a standing wave response is obtained for the cylinder; lace-like flow structures are observed similar to the ones seen in the laminar regime. Examination of the frequency spectra in the near wake shows that at Re = 1000 all cases follow a -5/3 law in the inertial range, which extends about half a decade in wavenumber. However, these spectra are different in all three cases both in low and high frequencies, with the exception of the beam and cable, for which the high-frequency portion is identical despite the differences in the displacement time history and the large-scale features of the corresponding flow.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/3PX3ZUWW/evangelinos_karniadakis_1999_dynamics_and_flow_structures_in_the_turbulent_wake_of_rigid_and_flexible.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/3QUF72VC/evangelinos_karniadakis_1999_dynamics_and_flow_structures_in_the_turbulent_wake_of_rigid_and_flexible.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/23ZI5HNQ/AC711AE367F08F5B9C5AFDF272F4004E.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/CZBX7EL5/AC711AE367F08F5B9C5AFDF272F4004E.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{everyVortexexcitedVibrationsCylinders1982,
  title = {Vortex-Excited Vibrations of Cylinders and Cables and Their Suppression},
  author = {Every, M.J. and King, R. and Weaver, D.S.},
  year = {1982},
  month = jan,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {135--157},
  issn = {00298018},
  doi = {10.1016/0029-8018(82)90010-5},
  journal = {Ocean Engineering},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@misc{FactsheetEnergiewirtschaft01mkENGLISCHGroesseJpg,
  title = {Factsheet-{{Energiewirtschaft}}-01mk-{{ENGLISCH}}\_{{Groesse}}.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1110~\texttimes ~741 Pixels)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/TFLQZ5TP/Factsheet-Energiewirtschaft-01mk-ENGLISCH_Groesse.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/Factsheet-Energiewirtschaft-01mk-ENGLISCH\_Groesse.jpg}
}

@misc{FactsheetKlima01mkENGLISCHVermeidungJpg,
  title = {Factsheet-{{Klima}}-01mk-{{ENGLISCH}}\_{{Vermeidung}}.Jpg ({{JPEG Image}}, 1394~\texttimes ~1524 Pixels) \textendash{} {{Scaled}} (83\%)},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/HNFPFT2P/Factsheet-Klima-01mk-ENGLISCH_Vermeidung.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelink.de/files/mediaimages/Factsheet-Klima-01mk-ENGLISCH\_Vermeidung.jpg}
}

@article{faltinsenWaveLoadsOffshore1990,
  title = {Wave {{Loads}} on {{Offshore Structures}}},
  author = {Faltinsen, O M},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {35--56},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.000343},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6V8WK3ZU/faltinsen_1990_wave_loads_on_offshore_structures.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  number = {1}
}

@article{fanCollapseAnalysisWind2019,
  title = {Collapse Analysis of Wind Turbine Tower under the Coupled Effects of Wind and Near-Field Earthquake},
  author = {Fan, Jian and Li, Qian and Zhang, Yanping},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {407--419},
  issn = {1099-1824},
  doi = {10.1002/we.2294},
  abstract = {In this paper, the pattern of wind turbine tower collapse as a result of the coupled effects of wind and an intense, near-field earthquake is investigated. The constitutive relation of the tower cylinder steel is simulated via a nonlinear kinematic hardening model, and the specific value of each parameter in the constitutive model is provided. A precise model of the tower structure coupled with the blade is created using a nonlinear, finite element method. This method is compared with the results from a static pushover test of a small cylindrical tower to validate the finite element modeling method in this research. Two earthquake wave sets are selected as inputs. One contains 20 near-field velocity pulse-like ground motion waves with various pulse periods; the other contains 20 ordinary far-field ground motion waves. A wind turbine tower with a hub height of 60 m is selected as an example for analysis. The dynamic response of this tower as a result of the coupled effects of the two ground motion wave sets and a transient wind load is calculated using nonlinear time-history analysis. The calculation results shows that the average horizontal displacement of the tower top as a result of the near-field velocity pulse-like ground motion is 33\% larger than the case with far-field ground motion. Finally, the seismic collapse vulnerability curve of this wind turbine tower is calculated. The seismic collapse capacity of the tower is evaluated, and the seismic collapse pattern of the tower is analyzed.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2018 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/62ESZV9D/fan_et_al_2019_collapse_analysis_of_wind_turbine_tower_under_the_coupled_effects_of_wind_and.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/AXW9YGWJ/fan_et_al_2019_collapse_analysis_of_wind_turbine_tower_under_the_coupled_effects_of_wind_and.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/KG3K5AA4/we.html;/home/san/Zotero/storage/P4ZWMSYU/we.html},
  journal = {Wind Energy},
  keywords = {_tablet,collapse,dynamic response,near-field earthquake,wind load,wind turbine tower},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{fengExplanationImportanceNarrowband2009,
  title = {Explanation on the Importance of Narrow-Band Random Excitation Characters in the Response of a Cantilever Beam},
  author = {Feng, Z. H. and Lan, X. J. and Zhu, X. D.},
  year = {2009},
  month = sep,
  volume = {325},
  pages = {923--937},
  issn = {0022-460X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsv.2009.04.014},
  abstract = {A detailed theoretical investigation into the first- and second-mode response of a parametrically excited slender cantilever beam, where, the narrow-band random excitation characters are taken into consideration, is presented. The method of multiple scales is used to determine a uniform first-order expansion of the solution of the nonlinear integro-differential equations. The first-order moment frequency- and force\textendash response data (curves) of a specimen beam tested by other investigators are obtained. Further comparisons have been made and results show that whether the first-order moment frequency\textendash response data (curves) or the first-order moment force\textendash response data (curves) of the first two modes are all in agreement with other investigators' experimental results. Furthermore, the stochastic jump and bifurcation have been investigated for the first modal parametric principal resonance by using the stationary joint probability of amplitude and phase. Results show that stochastic jump occurs mainly in the region of triple-valued solution. For the frequency\textendash response domain, if the bandwidth {$\gamma$} is a variable and others keep constant, the basic phenomena indicate that the most probable motion is around the higher branch when the bandwidth is smaller, whereas the most probable motion gradually approaches the lower one when the bandwidth becomes higher; if the excitation central frequency f is a variable and others keep constant, the basic phenomena imply that the higher is f, the more probable is the jump from the higher branch to the lower one once f exceeds an certain value. For the force\textendash response domain, there is a region of excitation acceleration a within which the joint probability density has two peaks: an upper peak and a lower peak. Results show that the upper peak decreases while the lower peak increases as the value of a decreases.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/Q7AVJFGY/feng_et_al_2009_explanation_on_the_importance_of_narrow-band_random_excitation_characters_in.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/DMWFR9FP/S0022460X09003228.html},
  journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{fengExplanationImportanceNarrowband2009a,
  title = {Explanation on the Importance of Narrow-Band Random Excitation Characters in the Response of a Cantilever Beam},
  author = {Feng, Z. H. and Lan, X. J. and Zhu, X. D.},
  year = {2009},
  month = sep,
  volume = {325},
  pages = {923--937},
  issn = {0022-460X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsv.2009.04.014},
  abstract = {A detailed theoretical investigation into the first- and second-mode response of a parametrically excited slender cantilever beam, where, the narrow-band random excitation characters are taken into consideration, is presented. The method of multiple scales is used to determine a uniform first-order expansion of the solution of the nonlinear integro-differential equations. The first-order moment frequency- and force\textendash response data (curves) of a specimen beam tested by other investigators are obtained. Further comparisons have been made and results show that whether the first-order moment frequency\textendash response data (curves) or the first-order moment force\textendash response data (curves) of the first two modes are all in agreement with other investigators' experimental results. Furthermore, the stochastic jump and bifurcation have been investigated for the first modal parametric principal resonance by using the stationary joint probability of amplitude and phase. Results show that stochastic jump occurs mainly in the region of triple-valued solution. For the frequency\textendash response domain, if the bandwidth {$\gamma$} is a variable and others keep constant, the basic phenomena indicate that the most probable motion is around the higher branch when the bandwidth is smaller, whereas the most probable motion gradually approaches the lower one when the bandwidth becomes higher; if the excitation central frequency f is a variable and others keep constant, the basic phenomena imply that the higher is f, the more probable is the jump from the higher branch to the lower one once f exceeds an certain value. For the force\textendash response domain, there is a region of excitation acceleration a within which the joint probability density has two peaks: an upper peak and a lower peak. Results show that the upper peak decreases while the lower peak increases as the value of a decreases.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RMUQQNF8/feng_et_al_2009_explanation_on_the_importance_of_narrow-band_random_excitation_characters_in.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{feyzollahzadehWindLoadResponse2016a,
  title = {Wind Load Response of Offshore Wind Turbine Towers with Fixed Monopile Platform},
  author = {Feyzollahzadeh, M. and Mahmoodi, M.J. and {Yadavar-Nikravesh}, S.M. and Jamali, J.},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  volume = {158},
  pages = {122--138},
  issn = {01676105},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2016.09.007},
  abstract = {Wind turbine towers are continuously subjected to wind force as their major dynamic load. Dynamic response of the wind turbine tower subjected to wind forces is usually estimated by numerical methods such as finite element method (FEM). In this paper, the analytical transfer matrix method (TMM) is used to determine wind load response of wind turbine. Therefore, various and general models including coupled springs (CS), distributed springs (DS) and apparent fixity length (AF) models are employed for modeling of wind turbine foundation and axial force is modeled as a variable force along the tower, as well. Wind force is divided into two parts containing thrust and distributed force. The transfer matrix is derived based on Euler-Bernoulli's beam differential equation. The global transfer matrix is obtained by applying boundary conditions of the tower and constructing the point matrix. Then, the factors affecting the tower dynamic response such as foundation models, axial induction factor, terrain factor, wind shear and gust condition are examined in several case studies. Finally, the TMM results are compared with the available results in the literature such as of the FEM which show good agreement. The comparisons can be concluded that the TMM can be used instead of the conventional numerical methods maintaining high accuracy for wind induced vibration analysis of wind turbine towers.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6B8BZH8I/Feyzollahzadeh et al. - 2016 - Wind load response of offshore wind turbine towers.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{FiniteImpulseResponse2020,
  title = {Finite Impulse Response},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  abstract = {In signal processing, a finite impulse response (FIR) filter is a filter whose impulse response (or response to any finite length input) is of finite duration, because it settles to zero in finite time. This is in contrast to infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, which may have internal feedback and may continue to respond indefinitely (usually decaying). The impulse response (that is, the output in response to a Kronecker delta input) of an Nth-order discrete-time FIR filter lasts exactly N + 1 samples (from first nonzero element through last nonzero element) before it then settles to zero. FIR filters can be discrete-time or continuous-time, and digital or analog.},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 996767375},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/EJDA2A5E/index.html},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{fitzgeraldVibrationControlWind,
  title = {Vibration {{Control}} of {{Wind Turbines}}: {{Recent Advances}} and {{Emerging Trends}}},
  author = {Fitzgerald, Breiffni and Basu, Biswajit},
  pages = {24},
  abstract = {The wind energy sector globally is expanding and developing technically at a rapid pace. Demand for renewable energy is soaring and there is a need for increasing the efficiency and design life of wind turbine structures. The concept of using approaches and techniques developed in the field of structural control for control of wind turbine vibrations is extremely attractive and topical at present. We review the contributions of work on vibration control of wind turbines. We provide an overview on the recent literature focussing on theoretical and experimental work. Passive, semi-active and active control schemes are discussed. The development of bespoke auxiliary damping systems is also discussed as are novel turbine control algorithms utilising existing pitch/generator torque/yaw control hardware.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ICIYJP72/fitzgerald_basu_vibration_control_of_wind_turbines.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{fitzgeraldVibrationControlWinda,
  ids = {fitzgeraldVibrationControlWind},
  title = {Vibration {{Control}} of {{Wind Turbines}}: {{Recent Advances}} and {{Emerging Trends}}},
  author = {Fitzgerald, Breiffni and Basu, Biswajit},
  pages = {24},
  abstract = {The wind energy sector globally is expanding and developing technically at a rapid pace. Demand for renewable energy is soaring and there is a need for increasing the efficiency and design life of wind turbine structures. The concept of using approaches and techniques developed in the field of structural control for control of wind turbine vibrations is extremely attractive and topical at present. We review the contributions of work on vibration control of wind turbines. We provide an overview on the recent literature focussing on theoretical and experimental work. Passive, semi-active and active control schemes are discussed. The development of bespoke auxiliary damping systems is also discussed as are novel turbine control algorithms utilising existing pitch/generator torque/yaw control hardware.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/EEXLNMPK/fitzgerald_basu_vibration_control_of_wind_turbines.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/SHF4CCA4/fitzgerald_basu_vibration_control_of_wind_turbines.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{fontaineReliabilityBasedFactors2011,
  title = {Reliability {{Based Factors}} of {{Safety}} for {{VIV Fatigue Using NDP Riser High Mode VIV Tests}}},
  booktitle = {{{ASME}} 2011 30th {{International Conference}} on {{Ocean}}, {{Offshore}} and {{Arctic Engineering}}},
  author = {Fontaine, E. and Marcollo, H. and Vandiver, K. and Triantafyllou, M. and Larsen, C. and Tognarelli, M. and Constantinides, Y. and Oakley, O.},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  pages = {511--522},
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2011-49820},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PIAWSIBL/fontaine_et_al_2011_reliability_based_factors_of_safety_for_viv_fatigue_using_ndp_riser_high_mode.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/JA23TZRG/348488.html},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{fontechaAerodynamicPropertiesWind2017,
  title = {Aerodynamic Properties of {{Wind Turbine Towers}} Based on {{Wind Tunnel Experiments}}},
  author = {Fontecha, Robert and Henneke, Bettina and Kemper, Frank and Feldmann, Markus},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  volume = {199},
  pages = {3121--3126},
  issn = {1877-7058},
  doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.557},
  abstract = {The presented investigations aim to suggest more realistic models to predict the dynamic behavior of wind turbine structures. Two key issues are addressed: the aerodynamic damping and the cross-wind vibrations. Based on experimental studies in the boundary layer wind tunnel, aerodynamic information for both effects has been obtained. A scaled model of a wind energy tower (1:150) in combination with complementary models have been tested in a test bench designed to carry out HFFB, dynamic wind pressure and forced-oscillation experiments. Reynolds number based scale effects on the tower model have been studied previously. In the predictions of cross-wind vibrations, the length related correlation of vortices shedding from cylindrical structures plays an important role. Therefore, wind dynamic pressures were measured along static tower and cylinder models using pressure taps to determine realistic values of the vortex shedding correlation length. Motion-induced wind vibrations can be significantly influenced by the aerodynamic damping. Using the forced-oscillations method, experiments have been performed under controlled system oscillation with varying wind speed in prism models and tower model. The measured base model forces were correlated with the model motion using spectral methods to obtain the corresponding aerodynamic stiffness and damping coefficients. Both aerodynamic studies will allow more detailed models for the design of new wind tower structures. The acquired information will be applicable in MB-simulations to obtain more realistic and accurate wind turbine performances},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/ESV6ILCN/fontecha_et_al_2017_aerodynamic_properties_of_wind_turbine_towers_based_on_wind_tunnel_experiments.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/VDRN338F/S1877705817340766.html},
  journal = {Procedia Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet,Aerodynamic Damping,Aeroelasticity,Vortex-shedding correlation length,Wind turbine towers},
  series = {X {{International Conference}} on {{Structural Dynamics}}, {{EURODYN}} 2017}
}

@article{fontechaAerodynamicPropertiesWind2017a,
  title = {Aerodynamic Properties of {{Wind Turbine Towers}} Based on {{Wind Tunnel Experiments}}},
  author = {Fontecha, Robert and Henneke, Bettina and Kemper, Frank and Feldmann, Markus},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {199},
  pages = {3121--3126},
  issn = {18777058},
  doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.557},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PP2R3N9Q/Fontecha et al. - 2017 - Aerodynamic properties of Wind Turbine Towers base.pdf},
  journal = {Procedia Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@book{FormulasDynamicsAcoustics2015,
  title = {Formulas for {{Dynamics}}, {{Acoustics}} and {{Vibration}}},
  year = {2015},
  edition = {First},
  publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}},
  doi = {10.1002/9781119038122},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/MLYT5GT2/9781119038122.html}
}

@article{fowlerEnvironmentalBenefitsLeaving2018,
  title = {Environmental Benefits of Leaving Offshore Infrastructure in the Ocean},
  author = {Fowler, Ashley M. and Jorgensen, Anne-Mette and Svendsen, Jon C. and Macreadie, Peter I. and Jones, Daniel O. B. and Boon, Arjen R. and Booth, David J. and Brabant, Robin and Callahan, Emily and Claisse, Jeremy T. and Dahlgren, Thomas G. and Degraer, Steven and Dokken, Quenton R. and Gill, Andrew B. and Johns, David G. and Leewis, Robert J. and Lindeboom, Han J. and Linden, Olof and May, Roel and Murk, Albertinka J. and Ottersen, Geir and Schroeder, Donna M. and Shastri, Sunil M. and Teilmann, Jonas and Todd, Victoria and Van Hoey, Gert and Vanaverbeke, Jan and Coolen, Joop W. P.},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  volume = {16},
  pages = {571--578},
  issn = {1540-9295},
  doi = {10.1002/fee.1827},
  abstract = {The removal of thousands of structures associated with oil and gas development from the world's oceans is well underway, yet the environmental impacts of this decommissioning practice remain unknown. Similar impacts will be associated with the eventual removal of offshore wind turbines. We conducted a global survey of environmental experts to guide best decommissioning practices in the North Sea, a region with a substantial removal burden. In contrast to current regulations, 94.7\% of experts (36 out of 38) agreed that a more flexible case-by-case approach to decommissioning could benefit the North Sea environment. Partial removal options were considered to deliver better environmental outcomes than complete removal for platforms, but both approaches were equally supported for wind turbines. Key considerations identified for decommissioning were biodiversity enhancement, provision of reef habitat, and protection from bottom trawling, all of which are negatively affected by complete removal. We provide recommendations to guide the revision of offshore decommissioning policy, including a temporary suspension of obligatory removal.},
  annotation = {WOS:000451912200008},
  journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
  keywords = {habitats,installations,oil,rigs-to-reefs},
  language = {English},
  number = {10}
}

@misc{freiheitInstallationCostsOffshore2021,
  title = {Installation Costs of an Offshore Wind Farm: Influence of a Tuned Mass Damper on Single Blade Installation},
  author = {Freiheit, Thalia},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  address = {{Hannover}},
  copyright = {CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/EWWQIEEI/Freiheit - Installation costs of an offshore wind farm influ.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@phdthesis{freiheitInstallationskostenOffshoreWindenergieparksEinfluss2021,
  title = {{Installationskosten von Offshore-Windenergieparks: Einfluss eines Schwingungstilgers auf die Rotorblattinstallation}},
  author = {Freiheit, Thalia},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  address = {{Bremen}},
  abstract = {One of the biggest cost drivers during the installation of offshore wind turbines is the single blade assembly, which could be reduced by using a mass damper. Especially relevant advantages that increase lucrativeness are: shorter assembly times, reduced waiting times between the single blade installations and operations under comparably higher waves. Based on measurements taken during the installation of an offshore wind farm in the North Sea, it was possible to compare the installation times before and after the use of a mass damper. Based on that, a cost model for the single blade installation was created. The results of the analysis shows a cost reduction of up to 30 percent. Another significant point is the reduction of the standard deviation of the installation times. However, the small number of measurements taken represent challenges regarding accuracy. The results of the analysis indicate that the use of a mass damper leads to a much more efficient installation, which makes the use of offshore wind turbines notably more profitable.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PVC8NZZR/freiheit_2021_installationskosten_von_offshore-windenergieparks.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/R49GPX8Z/Verteidigung_BA_Freiheit.pdf},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {German},
  school = {University of Bremen},
  type = {{Bachelor of Science}}
}

@misc{FreshBreezeOffshore,
  title = {Fresh Breeze for Offshore Wind Farms - {{DNV}}},
  abstract = {Forecasts are predicting a grand future for offshore wind farms, and the maritime industry is going to benefit as well. Major opportunities are arising across the entire supply chain, from installation to maintenance through to crew vessels.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/962L2FMS/Fresh-breeze-for-offshore-wind-farms.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.dnv.com/expert-story/DigitalMagazineDefault},
  journal = {DNV GL},
  language = {en}
}

@article{furquanMultipleLockinsVortexinduced2021,
  title = {Multiple Lock-Ins in Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Filament},
  author = {Furquan, Mohd and Mittal, Sanjay},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  volume = {916},
  pages = {R1},
  issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
  doi = {10.1017/jfm.2021.209},
  abstract = {Abstract                                                                                ,                             The vortex-induced vibration of a flexible filament attached behind a stationary cylinder is studied in the two-dimensional, laminar flow regime. We explore the response of the filament for a wide range of flexibility and inertia. Lock-in with a large number of normal modes of the filament, each in a different regime of reduced speed, is observed. Reduced speed is the free-stream speed of the incoming flow non-dimensionalized with the first natural frequency of the structure and the diameter of the cylinder. Several branches, based on response of the filament, are identified and the contributions of various structural modes along these branches are quantified. Contribution from a particular structural mode increases significantly during lock-in, accompanied by a large amplitude of vibration. The transition between different branches is found to be hysteretic and intermittent. The flow exhibits a variety of vortex-shedding patterns, including the                                                                      \$\textbackslash mathsf \{2P+2S\}\$                                               mode. The modes of shedding show a systematic variation with amplitude and frequency. The map of vortex-shedding patterns in the amplitude\textendash frequency plane resembles the corresponding map for forced vibration of a rigid cylinder. The transformation of wake from one mode of shedding to another is explained phenomenologically. Variation of rate of energy transfer between the fluid and filament with space and time is analysed to determine optimal placement of transducers for harvesting energy.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/RUMDV8YK/Furquan and Mittal - 2021 - Multiple lock-ins in vortex-induced vibration of a.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{gaddeEffectCoriolisForce2019,
  title = {Effect of {{Coriolis}} Force on a Wind Farm Wake},
  author = {Gadde, Srinidhi Nagarada and Stevens, Richard J.A.M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  volume = {1256},
  pages = {012026},
  issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1256/1/012026},
  abstract = {The effect of the Coriolis force on the wake of a wind farm in a conventionally neutral and a stable boundary layer is investigated using large eddy simulations. We find that the average flow angle varies with the downstream position in the wind farm. In the entrance region of the wind farm, the flow blockage and wind veer create a positive gradient DE of the vertical flux u0w0 at hub-height, which causes a counter-clockwise flow deflection in the Northern hemisphere, when observed from above. Further downstream, the vertical entrainment of air from the upper layers of the boundary layer generates a negative gradient of the vertical DE flux u0w0 at hub-height, which results in a clockwise flow deflection in the Northern hemisphere. The deflection is more pronounced for the stable boundary layer than for the conventionally neutral boundary layer. In addition, we find that the wake deflection has a significant impact on the power production of turbines further downstream in the wind farm.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/TQFCHX9Z/Gadde and Stevens - 2019 - Effect of Coriolis force on a wind farm wake.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{gaddeEffectCoriolisForce2019a,
  title = {Effect of {{Coriolis}} Force on a Wind Farm Wake},
  author = {Gadde, Srinidhi Nagarada and Stevens, Richard J.A.M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  volume = {1256},
  pages = {012026},
  issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1256/1/012026},
  abstract = {The effect of the Coriolis force on the wake of a wind farm in a conventionally neutral and a stable boundary layer is investigated using large eddy simulations. We find that the average flow angle varies with the downstream position in the wind farm. In the entrance region of the wind farm, the flow blockage and wind veer create a positive gradient DE of the vertical flux u0w0 at hub-height, which causes a counter-clockwise flow deflection in the Northern hemisphere, when observed from above. Further downstream, the vertical entrainment of air from the upper layers of the boundary layer generates a negative gradient of the vertical DE flux u0w0 at hub-height, which results in a clockwise flow deflection in the Northern hemisphere. The deflection is more pronounced for the stable boundary layer than for the conventionally neutral boundary layer. In addition, we find that the wake deflection has a significant impact on the power production of turbines further downstream in the wind farm.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/GHEAKTZV/Gadde and Stevens - 2019 - Effect of Coriolis force on a wind farm wake.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{galvaoFlowControlFlow2008,
  title = {Flow Control in Flow\textendash Structure Interaction},
  author = {Galvao, R. and Lee, E. and Farrell, D. and Hover, F. and Triantafyllou, M. and Kitney, N. and Beynet, P.},
  year = {2008},
  month = nov,
  volume = {24},
  pages = {1216--1226},
  issn = {0889-9746},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2008.07.006},
  abstract = {We employ passive flow control using two-dimensional hydrofoils to reduce vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) and drag on a cylinder of circular cross-section. We test the hypothesis that by using foils to bend the streamlines around the cylinder, and hence forcing the flow to approach potential flow-like patterns VIV and drag will be reduced. A systematic parametric search, first using groups of two and then four foils, shows that it is possible to completely eliminate vibrations and reduce the drag coefficient to about Cd=0.50 at sub-critical Reynolds numbers. This parametric search is conducted in conjunction with force measurement and particle image velocimetry on a fixed towed cylinder. The effectiveness of the foils in regards to VIV was further tested with an apparatus allowing free transverse vibrations of a towed cylinder.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/8YM5IV22/galvao_et_al_2008_flow_control_in_flow–structure_interaction.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/64RHHZWX/S0889974608001011.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet,Flow control,Vortex-induced vibrations},
  language = {en},
  number = {8},
  series = {Unsteady {{Separated Flows}} and Their {{Control}}}
}

@article{gaoEffectsSteadyWakejets2019,
  title = {Effects of Steady Wake-Jets on Subcritical Cylinder Flow},
  author = {Gao, Donglai and Chen, Guanbin and Chen, Wenli and Huang, Yewei and Li, Hui},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {102},
  pages = {575--588},
  issn = {08941777},
  doi = {10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.12.026},
  journal = {Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{gaoSummaryRecentWork2018,
  title = {A {{Summary}} of the {{Recent Work}} at {{NTNU}} on {{Marine Operations Related}} to {{Installation}} of {{Offshore Wind Turbines}}},
  booktitle = {Volume {{11A}}: {{Honoring Symposium}} for {{Professor Carlos Guedes Soares}} on {{Marine Technology}} and {{Ocean Engineering}}},
  author = {Gao, Zhen and Verma, Amrit and Zhao, Yuna and Jiang, Zhiyu and Ren, Zhengru},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  pages = {V11AT12A044},
  publisher = {{American Society of Mechanical Engineers}},
  address = {{Madrid, Spain}},
  doi = {10.1115/OMAE2018-78334},
  abstract = {In this paper, a summary of the recent work at NTNU on the installation of offshore wind turbines using jack-up and floating vessels will be reported. The wind turbine components considered here are the monopile foundations and the blades. The detailed discussions are given to the crane operations for installing wind turbine blades as well as novel installation methods for pre-assembled rotor-nacelle-tower. It includes numerical modelling and analysis for global dynamic responses of the installation system (installation vessels plus wind turbines) and for local structural responses of the blades in case of contact/impact. In particular, the stochastic nature of the environmental conditions (mainly wind and waves) and their influence on the global dynamic responses of the installation system will be assessed based on time-domain simulations. In addition, tugger line tension control is introduced for the final connection to the hub in order to reduce the motions of the blade and therefore the potential damages to the blades. It is then followed by a discussion about nonlinear structural analysis of the blade in contact with tower or surrounding structures using ABAQUS. Damages in the composite plies and sandwich core materials of the blade due to contact/impact for a given initial velocity are then estimated. The obtained damage distribution formulates the basis for a probabilistic assessment of structural safety during installation. Novel installation methods in which the rotor-nacelle-tower structure is pre-assembled onshore and installed on top of the foundation offshore, and the corresponding installation vessels are discussed at the end of the paper. Finally, the main conclusions and the recommendations for future work are drawn.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/FS5H4QGH/gao_et_al_2018_a_summary_of_the_recent_work_at_ntnu_on_marine_operations_related_to.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-7918-5132-6},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{gasterVortexSheddingCircular1971,
  title = {Vortex Shedding from Circular Cylinders at Low {{Reynolds}} Numbers},
  author = {Gaster, M.},
  year = {1971},
  month = apr,
  volume = {46},
  pages = {749--756},
  issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
  doi = {10.1017/S002211207100082X},
  abstract = {Experiments on slightly tapered models of circular cross-section have shown that the vortex wake structure exists in a number of discrete cells having different shedding frequencies. Within each cell shedding is regular and periodic, the frequency being somewhat lower than that from a parallel cylinder of the same diameter. A similar type of wake behaviour has also been observed on a parallel model in a non-uniform mean flow. These results suggest that the discontinuities in the shedding law observed by Tritton could arise through non-uniformities in the flow.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/3I4G4R5D/gaster_1971_vortex_shedding_from_circular_cylinders_at_low_reynolds_numbers.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/8Q4JBD57/C6128F6BA96171D8486B8EBB61E37DF7.html},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{gaunaaEngineeringModelAerodynamic2016,
  title = {Toward an {{Engineering Model}} for the {{Aerodynamic Forces Acting}} on {{Wind Turbine Blades}} in {{Quasisteady Standstill}} and {{Blade Installation Situations}}},
  author = {Gaunaa, Mac and Heinz, Joachim and Skrzypi{\'n}ski, Witold},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  volume = {753},
  pages = {022007},
  issn = {1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/753/2/022007},
  abstract = {The crossflow principle is one of the key elements used in engineering models for prediction of the aerodynamic loads on wind turbine blades in standstill or blade installation situations, where the flow direction relative to the wind turbine blade has a component in the direction of the blade span direction. In the present work, the performance of the crossflow principle is assessed on the DTU 10MW reference blade using extensive 3D CFD calculations. Analysis of the computational results shows that there is only a relatively narrow region in which the crossflow principle describes the aerodynamic loading well. In some conditions the deviation of the predicted loadings can be quite significant, having a large influence on for instance the integral aerodynamic moments around the blade centre of mass; which is very important for single blade installation applications. The main features of these deviations, however, have a systematic behaviour on all force components, which in this paper is employed to formulate the first version of an engineering correction method to the crossflow principle applicable for wind turbine blades. The new correction model improves the agreement with CFD results for the key aerodynamic loads in crossflow situations. The general validity of this model for other blade shapes should be investigated in subsequent works.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/6FWX5KPA/2016_Gaunaa et al_Toward an Engineering Model for the Aerodynamic Forces Acting on Wind Turbine.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/TSPZK5GY/2016_Gaunaa et al_Toward an Engineering Model for the Aerodynamic Forces Acting on Wind Turbine.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{gaunaaFirstorderAerodynamicAeroelastic2014,
  title = {First-Order Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic Behavior of a Single-Blade Installation Setup},
  author = {Gaunaa, M. and Bergami, L. and Guntur, S. and Zahle, F.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  volume = {524},
  pages = {012073},
  issn = {1742-6596},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012073},
  abstract = {Limitations on the wind speed at which blade installation can be performed bears important financial consequences. The installation cost of a wind farm could be significantly reduced by increasing the wind speed at which blade mounting operations can be carried out. This work characterizes the first-order aerodynamic and aeroelastic behavior of a single blade installation system, where the blade is grabbed by a yoke, which is lifted by the crane and stabilized by two taglines. A simple engineering model is formulated to describe the aerodynamic forcing on the blade subject to turbulent wind of arbitrary direction. The model is coupled with a schematic aeroelastic representation of the taglines system, which returns the minimum line tension required to compensate for the aerodynamic forcing. The simplified models are in excellent agreement with the aeroelastic code HAWC2, and provide a solid basis for future design of an upgraded single blade installation system able to operate at higher wind speeds.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PLBV73ZA/2014_Gaunaa et al_First-order aerodynamic and aeroelastic behavior of a single-blade installation.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/QEB7ZTH6/2014_Gaunaa et al_First-order aerodynamic and aeroelastic behavior of a single-blade installation.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{geyerVortexSheddingModal2019,
  title = {Vortex {{Shedding}} and {{Modal Behavior}} of a {{Circular Cylinder Equipped}} with {{Flexible Flaps}}},
  author = {Geyer, Thomas F. and Kamps, Laura and Sarradj, Ennes and Brucker, Christoph},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  volume = {105},
  pages = {210--219},
  issn = {1610-1928},
  doi = {10.3813/AAA.919301},
  abstract = {When a cylinder is subject to a flow, vortices will be shed that can lead to strong tonal noise. The modification of the cylinder with soft, flexible flaps made of silicone rubber has been shown to affect the vortex shedding cycle in a way that the Strouhal number associated with the vortex shedding suddenly jumps to a higher value at a certain Reynolds number. In the present study, the effect of the flexible flaps on the vortex shedding is further examined by subsequently reducing the number of flaps and additionally shortening their length. Acoustic measurements and camera recordings of the flap motion, performed in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel, suggest that the sudden jump of the Reynolds number is caused by the movement of the outer flaps. A comparison with the eigenfrequencies obtained from a numerical modal analysis of the different flap rings revealed that the cause of the Strouhal number jump is most likely a lock-in of the natural vortex shedding cycle with the next higher eigenfrequency of the outer flaps.},
  annotation = {WOS:000458952400022},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/D9RA6LCH/geyer_et_al_2019_vortex_shedding_and_modal_behavior_of_a_circular_cylinder_equipped_with.pdf},
  journal = {Acta Acustica United with Acustica},
  keywords = {_tablet,flow-control,splitter plate,wake},
  language = {English},
  number = {1}
}

@article{ghassempourVibrationMitigationOffshore2019,
  title = {Vibration Mitigation in Offshore Wind Turbines via Tuned Mass Damper},
  author = {Ghassempour, Mina and Failla, Giuseppe and Arena, Felice},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  volume = {183},
  pages = {610--636},
  issn = {01410296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.092},
  abstract = {This paper deals with vibration mitigation via tuned mass damper in bottom-fixed, horizontal-axis offshore wind turbines. Focusing on a baseline 5-MW turbine mounted on a monopile, equipped with an omnidirectional tuned mass damper inside the nacelle, the study explores a wide range of potential tuning frequencies, mass and damping ratios, in both operational and parked rotor conditions. It is found that the tuning frequency to attain optimal reduction of structural vibrations shall be changed depending on the wind velocity in operational conditions while, in contrast, is generally equal to the natural frequency of the first support structure modes only in parked conditions. This result, attributable to inherent non-linearity of rotor dynamics, demonstrates that a conventional design of the tuned mass damper based on the natural frequencies of the support structure modes may not be suitable for offshore wind turbines.},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/66BKFVGC/ghassempour_et_al_2019_vibration_mitigation_in_offshore_wind_turbines_via_tuned_mass_damper.pdf;/home/san/Zotero/storage/UD2QF3XM/ghassempour_et_al_2019_vibration_mitigation_in_offshore_wind_turbines_via_tuned_mass_damper.pdf},
  journal = {Engineering Structures},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  language = {en}
}

@article{gintautasImprovedMethodologyWeather2017,
  title = {Improved {{Methodology}} of {{Weather Window Prediction}} for {{Offshore Operations Based}} on {{Probabilities}} of {{Operation Failure}}},
  author = {Gintautas, Tomas and Sorensen, John Dalsgaard},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {20},
  issn = {2077-1312},
  doi = {10.3390/jmse5020020},
  abstract = {The offshore wind industry is building and planning new wind farms further offshore due to increasing demand on sustainable energy production and already occupied prime resource locations closer to shore. Costs of operation and maintenance, transport and installation of offshore wind turbines already contribute significantly to the cost of produced electricity and will continue to increase, due to moving further offshore, if the current techniques of predicting offshore wind farm accessibility are to stay the same. The majority of offshore operations are carried out by specialized ships that must be hired for the duration of the operation. Therefore, offshore wind farm accessibility and costs of offshore activities are primarily driven by the expected number of operational hours offshore and waiting times for weather windows, suitable for offshore operations. Having more reliable weather window estimates would result in better wind farm accessibility predictions and, as a consequence, potentially reduce the cost of offshore wind energy. This paper presents an updated methodology of weather window prediction that uses physical offshore vessel and equipment responses to establish the expected probabilities of operation failure, which, in turn, can be compared to maximum allowable probability of failure to obtain weather windows suitable for operation. Two case studies were performed to evaluate the feasibility of the improved methodology, and the results indicated that it produced consistent and improved results. In fact, the updated methodology predicts 57\% and 47\% more operational hours during the test period when compared to standard alpha-factor and the original methodologies.},
  annotation = {WOS:000423689700006},
  file = {/home/san/Zotero/storage/PPTGCHHC/2017_Gintautas_Sorensen_Improved Methodology of Weather Window Prediction for Offshore Operations Based.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Engineering},
  keywords = {_tablet,decision support,form,installation,maintenance,marine operations,offshore,probability,risk,transportation,turbines,weather window,wind turbine},
  language = {English},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{gintautasRiskbasedDecisionSupport2016,
  title = {Towards a Risk-Based Decision Support for Offshore Wind Turbine Installation and Operation \& Maintenance},
  booktitle = {13th {{Deep Sea Offshore Wind R}}\&d {{Conference}}, {{Eera Deepwind}}'2016},
  author = {Gintautas, Tomas and Sorensen, John Dalsgaard and Vatne, Sigrid Ringdalen},
  editor = {Tande, J. O. G. and Kvamsdal, T. and Muskulus, M.},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {94},
  pages = {207--217},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Science Bv}},
  address = {{Am

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/main

extension: bib