text:
@article{
   title = {[[Evidence-based medicine or hocuspocus, What is there in probiotics?]},
   journal = {MMW Fortschr Med},
   volume = {149},
   number = {20},
   pages = {10-3},
   note = {News
Germany
MMW Fortschr Med. 2007 May 17;149(20):10-3.},
   keywords = {Clinical Trials as Topic
Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
Diarrhea/therapy
Ecosystem
Humans
Hypertension/therapy
Intestines/microbiology
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/physiology},
   ISSN = {1438-3276 (Print)
1438-3276},
   Accession Number = {18062130},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Abreu, M. T. and Sparrow, M. P.},
   title = {[The role of translational research in inflammatory bowel disease]},
   journal = {Rev Gastroenterol Mex},
   volume = {72},
   number = {2},
   pages = {146-53},
   note = {Abreu, Maria T
Sparrow, Miles P
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Mexico
Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2007 Apr-Jun;72(2):146-53.},
   abstract = {The idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases, broadly classified as either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, are caused by a dysregulated mucosal immune response to a luminal antigen, possibly a bacterium, in a genetically predisposed host. A rapid expansion of knowledge in recent years has greatly increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders. For example, the relatively recent discovery of the NOD2 gene, a protein involved in bacterial sensing, has provided further evidence of the complex interplay between hosts and microbes in Crohn's disease. Significant recent advances have also occurred with the discovery of the role of Toll-like receptors and dendritic cells in the development of gut inflammation, and the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the development and potentiation of gut inflammation. This article presents an update on these key developments and emphasizes the translational aspects of research that are directly related to patient care.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
*Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/genetics/immunology
*Crohn Disease/drug therapy/genetics/immunology
Dendritic Cells/immunology
Disease Models, Animal
Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunity, Active
Immunity, Innate
Inflammation
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy/genetics/immunology
Infliximab
Mutation
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Rodentia
Toll-Like Receptors},
   ISSN = {0375-0906 (Print)
0375-0906},
   Accession Number = {17966376},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Achkar, J. P.},
   title = {Ulcerative colitis: responding to the challenges},
   journal = {Cleve Clin J Med},
   volume = {74},
   number = {9},
   pages = {657-60},
   note = {Achkar, Jean-Paul
Case Reports
Clinical Conference
Journal Article
United States
Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 Sep;74(9):657-60.},
   abstract = {Aminosalicylates are the first-line therapy for patients with mild to moderate active ulcerative colitis. Treatment should start at dosages of 4.8 g per day of the active 5-aminosalicylate moiety, rather than starting at a lower dosage and increasing if treatment fails. Infliximab has been shown to be effective and is now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aminosalicylic Acids/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*drug therapy
Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Infliximab
Male
Mesalamine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Recurrence
Sulfasalazine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0891-1150 (Print)
0891-1150},
   Accession Number = {17879519},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Addolorato, G. and Mirijello, A. and D'Angelo, C. and Leggio, L. and Ferrulli, A. and Abenavoli, L. and Vonghia, L. and Cardone, S. and Leso, V. and Cossari, A. and Capristo, E. and Gasbarrini, G.},
   title = {State and trait anxiety and depression in patients affected by gastrointestinal diseases: psychometric evaluation of 1641 patients referred to an internal medicine outpatient setting},
   journal = {Int J Clin Pract},
   volume = {62},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1063-9},
   note = {1742-1241
Addolorato, G
Mirijello, A
D'Angelo, C
Leggio, L
Ferrulli, A
Abenavoli, L
Vonghia, L
Cardone, S
Leso, V
Cossari, A
Capristo, E
Gasbarrini, G
Journal Article
England
Int J Clin Pract. 2008 Jul;62(7):1063-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01763.x. Epub 2008 Apr 18.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate state and trait form of anxiety and current depression in patients affected by gastrointestinal diseases. METHODS: We studied 1641 outpatients with gastrointestinal disorders, consecutively referred to our Internal Medicine outpatients from 1997 to 2005. State and trait anxiety were assessed by the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory. Current depression was assessed by the Zung self-rating depression scale. RESULTS: Among patients, 1379 (84.1%) showed state anxiety, 1098 (67%) showed trait anxiety and 442 (27%) showed current depression. The number of gastrointestinal diseases was directly correlated to state anxiety (p < 0.001) and trait anxiety (p = 0.04). Females showed higher levels of anxiety and depression than males (p < 0.001). State anxiety was related to food allergies (p < 0.001), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) (p = 0.001), Hp infection (p = 0.01) and ulcerative colitis in active phase (p = 0.03). Trait anxiety was related to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (p < 0.001), Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection (p = 0.001), food allergies (p = 0.001) and SIBO (p = 0.001). Current depression was related to IBS (p < 0.001) and coeliac disease (p = 0.01), SIBO (p = 0.02). A predicted probability of 0.77 +/- 0.16 to have state anxiety, of 0.66 +/- 0.12 to have trait anxiety and of 0.39 +/- 0.14 to have depression was found in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients who seek medical consultation for gastrointestinal problems show an associated affective disorder. These patients should be managed by a team including gastroenterologists, psychologists and/or psychiatrists, or by a gastroenterologist having expertise in the treatment of psychological disorders.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology/*etiology
Depressive Disorder/epidemiology/*etiology
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/*psychology
Humans
Italy/epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Outpatients/psychology
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Psychometrics
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1368-5031},
   Accession Number = {18422970},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01763.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Asakura, H. and Suzuki, K. and Kitahora, T. and Morizane, T.},
   title = {Is there a link between food and intestinal microbes and the occurrence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?},
   journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {23},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1794-801},
   note = {1440-1746
Asakura, Hitoshi
Suzuki, Kenji
Kitahora, Tetsuji
Morizane, Toshio
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Australia
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Dec;23(12):1794-801. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05681.x.},
   abstract = {The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is not fully understood. The interaction between intestinal environmental factors of food and intestinal microbes and the immunological system of hosts seems to be an important aspect. We have reviewed the relationship of the daily consumption of dietary animal meat and fats, dairy products, sugar, and other factors that may be linked to the occurrence of CD and UC from the literature and Japanese epidemiological data. In the present study, we reviewed the association between food and intestinal microbes and other factors contributing to the occurence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from epidemiological data and case-control studies of IBD in the literature that appeared on Medline, and assessed the reports of intestinal microbes involved in the occurrence of IBD. We found several papers describing the positive association of animal meat and sweets and sugar with the occurrence of CD and UC. An analysis of Japanese epidemiological data suggested that the registered number of patients with CD or UC started to increase more than 20 years after an increased daily consumption of dietary animal meat and fats, and milk and dairy products, and after a decreased consumption of rice. Many studies implied a positive role of intestinal microbes in the occurrence of IBD. Intestinal environmental factors, such as Westernized food and intestinal microbes, seem to be involved in the increased occurrence of IBD.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/ethnology/*etiology/microbiology
Crohn Disease/ethnology/*etiology/microbiology
Dairy Products/adverse effects
Diet/*adverse effects
Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects
Dietary Fats/adverse effects
Europe/epidemiology
Humans
Incidence
Intestines/*microbiology
Japan/epidemiology
Life Style
Meat/adverse effects
Metabolic Syndrome X/complications
Odds Ratio
Risk Assessment
Risk Factors
Smoking/adverse effects
Time Factors
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0815-9319},
   Accession Number = {19120872},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05681.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Atreya, I. and Atreya, R. and Neurath, M. F.},
   title = {NF-kappaB in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Intern Med},
   volume = {263},
   number = {6},
   pages = {591-6},
   note = {1365-2796
Atreya, I
Atreya, R
Neurath, M F
Journal Article
Review
England
J Intern Med. 2008 Jun;263(6):591-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01953.x.},
   abstract = {Apart from genetic and environmental factors, the mucosal immune system of the gut plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the healthy gut, the mucosal immune system ensures the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and thereby allows an effective defence against luminal pathogens but at the same time prevents an overwhelming immune reaction directed against the huge amount of harmless luminal antigens (for example, components of food or nonpathological bacteria). In both entities of IBD (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) this immunological balance is severely impaired and shifted towards the pro-inflammatory side. The chronic mucosal inflammation in IBD is caused by hyperactivation of effector immune cells, which produce high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma, resulting in colonic tissue damage. The nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) was identified as one of the key regulators in this immunological setting. Its activation is markedly induced in IBD patients and through its ability to promote the expression of various pro-inflammatory genes, NF-kappaB strongly influences the course of mucosal inflammation. Considering the different cell-type specific effects which are mediated by NF-kappaB, this review aims at describing the complex role of NF-kappaB in IBD and discusses existing pharmacological attempts to block the activation of NF-kappaB to develop new therapeutic strategies in IBD.},
   keywords = {Humans
Immunity, Mucosal
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*immunology/therapy
NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0954-6820},
   Accession Number = {18479258},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01953.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bai, A. and Guo, Y. and Shen, Y. and Xie, Y. and Lu, N.},
   title = {Gender-related and city- and countryside-related differences in patients with ulcerative colitis in a Chinese population},
   journal = {Intern Med},
   volume = {47},
   number = {24},
   pages = {2103-7},
   note = {1349-7235
Bai, Aiping
Guo, Yuan
Shen, Yuhuan
Xie, Yong
Lu, Nonghua
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Japan
Intern Med. 2008;47(24):2103-7. Epub 2008 Dec 15.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine gender-related and city- and countryside-related differences of ulcerative colitis in a Chinese population, and to determine information on the role of lifestyle in the onset of ulcerative colitis. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis established between Jan 2000 and Dec 2007 were investigated according to the age, gender and inductive factors of onset. Assessment of living condition of the patients was performed according to the place of living: city or countryside. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: A total of 293 ulcerative colitis patients were involved in the study. The onset age of the rural patients was earlier than that of the urban patients (p=0.00295), while there was no difference in onset age between male and female patients (p=0.067995). Some inductive factors, such as psychological stress, fatigue, cold catching, and spicy or unwashed food, may contribute to the progress of ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSION: Both gender-related and city- and countryside-related differences were found in the expression of ulcerative colitis in the Chinese population. Lifestyle factors such as psychological stress and fatigue may contribute to the expression of ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*ethnology/psychology
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/*ethnology/psychology
Female
Humans
Life Style/ethnology
Male
Middle Aged
Risk Factors
*Rural Health/statistics & numerical data
*Sex Characteristics
*Urban Health/statistics & numerical data
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0918-2918},
   Accession Number = {19075533},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Belluzzi, A. and Roda, G. and Tonon, F. and Soleti, A. and Caponi, A. and Tuci, A. and Roda, A. and Roda, E.},
   title = {A new iron free treatment with oral fish cartilage polysaccharide for iron deficiency chronic anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases: a pilot study},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {13},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1575-8},
   note = {Belluzzi, Andrea
Roda, Giulia
Tonon, Francesca
Soleti, Antonio
Caponi, Alessandra
Tuci, Anna
Roda, Aldo
Roda, Enrico
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Mar 14;13(10):1575-8.},
   abstract = {AIM: To investigate the effect of a new oral preparation, highly concentrated in fish cartilage, in a group of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients with chronic iron deficient anemia. METHODS: In an open label pilot study, we supple-mented a group of 25 patients (11 with Crohn's disease and 14 with ulcerative colitis) in stable clinical conditions and chronic anemia with a food supplement which does not contain iron but contains a standardized fraction of fish cartilage glycosaminoglycans and a mixture of antioxidants (Captafer Medestea, Turin, Italy). Patients received 500 mg, twice a day during meals, for at least 4 mo. Patients were suggested to maintain their alimentary habit. At time 0 and after 2 and 4 mo, emocrome, sideremia and ferritin were examined. Paired data were analyzed with Student's t test. RESULTS: Three patients relapsed during the study (2 in the 3rd mo, 1 in the 4th mo), two patients were lost to follow up and two patients dropped out (1 for orticaria, 1 for gastric burning). Of the remaining 18 patients, levels of serum iron started to rapidly increase within the 2nd mo of treatment, P < 0.05), whereas serum ferritin and hemoglobin needed a longer period to significantly improve their serum levels (mo 4) P < 0.05. The product was safe, easy to administer and well tolerated by patients. CONCLUSION: These data suggest a potential new treatment for IBD patients with iron deficiency chronic anemia and warrant further larger controlled studies.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/blood/*diet therapy/*etiology
Animals
Cartilage/*chemistry
Chronic Disease
Dietary Supplements
Female
Ferritins/blood
Fishes
Hemoglobins/metabolism
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/*complications
Iron/blood
Male
Middle Aged
Pilot Projects
Polysaccharides/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {17461451},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bibiloni, R. and Tandon, P. and Vargas-Voracka, F. and Barreto-Zuniga, R. and Lupian-Sanchez, A. and Rico-Hinojosa, M. A. and Guban, J. and Fedorak, R. and Tannock, G. W.},
   title = {Differential clustering of bowel biopsy-associated bacterial profiles of specimens collected in Mexico and Canada: what do these profiles represent?},
   journal = {J Med Microbiol},
   volume = {57},
   number = {Pt 1},
   pages = {111-7},
   note = {Bibiloni, Rodrigo
Tandon, Puneeta
Vargas-Voracka, Florencia
Barreto-Zuniga, Raphael
Lupian-Sanchez, Andres
Rico-Hinojosa, Miguel Angel
Guban, Jennifer
Fedorak, Richard
Tannock, Gerald W
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Med Microbiol. 2008 Jan;57(Pt 1):111-7.},
   abstract = {Bowel commensals appear to be an important source of antigens that drive the chronic immune inflammation characteristic of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis [inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)]. Biopsy-associated bacteria are assumed to be particularly relevant in bacteriological investigations of IBD because they are assumed to be located on the mucosal surface and hence close to immunological cells. This investigation analysed the bacterial collections associated with bowel biopsies, aspirates of residual fluid after bowel cleansing and faeces from IBD patients and non-IBD subjects in Edmonton, Canada, and Mexico City, Mexico. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene sequences produced profiles of the bacterial collections and their similarities were compared. Similarity analysis showed that the profiles did not cluster according to disease status, but that Canadian and Mexican profiles could be differentiated by this method. Comparison of biopsy, aspirate and faecal samples obtained from the same subject showed that, on average, the profiles were highly similar. Therefore, biopsy-associated bacteria are likely to represent, at least in part, contaminants from the fluid, which resembles a faecal solution, that pools in the bowel after cleansing prior to endoscopy.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification
Biopsy
Canada
Colitis, Ulcerative/*microbiology/pathology
Crohn Disease/*microbiology/pathology
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
Humans
Ileum/microbiology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/pathology
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology/pathology
Mexico
RNA, Bacterial/genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics},
   ISSN = {0022-2615 (Print)
0022-2615},
   Accession Number = {18065676},
   DOI = {10.1099/jmm.0.47321-0},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Blonski, W. and Lichtenstein, G. R.},
   title = {Safety of biologic therapy},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {13},
   number = {6},
   pages = {769-96},
   note = {Blonski, Wojciech
Lichtenstein, Gary R
Journal Article
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Jun;13(6):769-96.},
   abstract = {Several biologic agents have been assessed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]). Until recently, only infliximab (humanized monoclonal anti-TNF-alpha antibody) had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to induce and maintain remission in patients with active mild to moderate and/or fistulizing Crohn's disease who are refractory to conventional therapy. Two recent trials, ACT 1 and ACT2, observed high efficacy of infliximab in inducing and maintaining clinical remission, mucosal healing, and corticosteroid-sparing effects in patients with moderate to severe UC. This agent also was recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of ulcerative colitis to reduce signs and symptoms, to induce clinical remission and healing of the intestinal mucosa, and to eliminate the use of corticosteroids in patients with moderately to severely active UC who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy. There have been many randomized, double-blind, controlled and open-label uncontrolled studies of large and small numbers of patients assessing the efficacy and safety of various biologic agents considered potentially useful in the treatment of IBD. Among all the biologic agents, infliximab has the most robust data on safety. This is because it has been evaluated in many more trials than has any other biologic agent. In addition, postmarketing experience provides very valuable information about adverse events occurring during treatment with this agent.},
   keywords = {Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Biological Therapy/*standards
Immunologic Factors/*therapeutic use
Immunosuppressive Agents
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/immunology/metabolism
Infliximab
Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects/immunology
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/*therapeutic use
Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides
Remission Induction/methods
T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology
Thionucleotides/*therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {17304581},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20027},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Borneo, R. and Kocer, D. and Ghai, G. and Tepper, B. J. and Karwe, M. V.},
   title = {Stability and consumer acceptance of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5, n-3 and docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6, n-3) in cream-filled sandwich cookies},
   journal = {J Food Sci},
   volume = {72},
   number = {1},
   pages = {S049-54},
   note = {1750-3841
Borneo, R
Kocer, D
Ghai, G
Tepper, B J
Karwe, M V
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Food Sci. 2007 Jan;72(1):S049-54.},
   abstract = {We formulated a filling for sandwich cookies containing 400 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5, n-3 (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6, n-3 (DHA) encapsulated in a matrix of starch and gelatin. Cookies were stored at 2 different temperatures (18 degrees C and 35 degrees C) and under 2 different packaging conditions (atmospheric and vacuum packed) for 28 d. At regular intervals, cookies were analyzed for moisture, water activity, and concentrations of EPA, DHA, and dienes. Results showed that there were no significant losses of EPA and DHA during storage under the conditions of study. A maximum loss of 5% was observed after 28 d of storage. The concentration of dienes obtained under different conditions were low (< 25 mmol/kg) as compared to a salmon oil sample with appreciable signs of oxidation (600 mmol/kg). Sensory evaluation of cookies by an untrained panel of healthy consumers and ulcerative colitis patients revealed no aftertaste and high acceptability of the cookies. Our results demonstrated that it is possible to make shelf-stable fortified foods with high levels of long-chain omega3FA.},
   keywords = {Consumer Behavior
Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage/analysis/chemistry
Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage/analysis/chemistry
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage/*analysis/chemistry
Food Packaging/*methods
*Food, Fortified
*Food, Organic
Humans
Oxidation-Reduction
Taste
Temperature
Time Factors
Water/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0022-1147},
   Accession Number = {17995897},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00240.x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brunner, B. and Scheurer, U. and Seibold, F.},
   title = {Differences in yeast intolerance between patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Dis Colon Rectum},
   volume = {50},
   number = {1},
   pages = {83-8},
   note = {Brunner, Brigitt
Scheurer, Ulrich
Seibold, Frank
Journal Article
United States
Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jan;50(1):83-8.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Alimentary factors, especially those modifying the intestinal flora, may influence the course of inflammatory bowel disease. It is known that T and B cells of patients with Crohn's disease can be stimulated with the yeast antigen, mannan. We evaluated the impact of eating habits with special respect to food containing yeast on the course of inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to 180 German-speaking patients of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital Bern, Switzerland. The following information was obtained by the questionnaires: (1) course of disease, (2) eating habits, (3) environmental data, and (4) inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire. The survey was anonymous. RESULTS: A total of 145 patients (80.5 percent 95 with Crohn's disease, and 50 with ulcerative colitis) responded. Food items containing yeast were better tolerated by patients with ulcerative colitis than by patients with Crohn's disease. A significant difference between the two groups was observed concerning food containing raw yeast (dough, P = 0.04; and pastry, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Food items containing raw yeast led to more frequent problems for patients with Crohn's disease than for patients with ulcerative colitis. This observation supports our previous data, which showed the stimulatory effect of the yeast antigen, mannan, on B and T cells of patients with Crohn's disease but not of controls.},
   keywords = {Chi-Square Distribution
Colitis, Ulcerative/*metabolism
Crohn Disease/*metabolism
Humans
Mannans/metabolism
Surveys and Questionnaires
Switzerland
Yeasts/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0012-3706 (Print)
0012-3706},
   Accession Number = {17096175},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10350-006-0749-1},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brunser, O. and Gotteland, M. and Cruchet, S.},
   title = {Functional fermented milk products},
   journal = {Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program},
   volume = {60},
   pages = {235-47; discussion 247-50},
   note = {Brunser, O
Gotteland, M
Cruchet, S
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;60:235-47; discussion 247-50.},
   abstract = {Fermented foods have been used since prehistoric times. Their number, variety and geographic origin are considerable, and different substrates and agents including bacteria, yeasts and moulds have been used in their preparation. In the last few decades the scientific approach to the study of the participating microorganisms and the resulting products have provided a better understanding of their biological importance. Among the many health-related properties of fermented foods, effects on blood pressure have been described after casein hydrolysis by lactic acid bacteria. Peptides with antimicrobial activity, mainly against Gram-negative bacteria, and derived from casein have also been identified. This could explain, at least in part, the antidiarrheal effects of fermented products including those on traveler's diarrhea and against colonization by Helicobacter pylori. One of the best known advantages of fermented milk products is their capacity to improve lactose tolerance in hypolactasic subjects. With the growing prevalence of allergies and inflammatory bowel diseases, considerable interest has been focused on the effects of lactic acid bacteria in these conditions; there is evidence that these agents are associated with improvements in allergy; no such evidence exists for Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. A cholesterol-lowering capacity has also been described for some microorganisms. Not all the fermenting microorganisms have probiotic capacities as the latter are strain-specific.},
   keywords = {Antibiosis
Blood Pressure/physiology
*Cultured Milk Products
Diarrhea/prevention & control
Food Microbiology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*prevention & control
Helicobacter Infections/*prevention & control
Helicobacter pylori/growth & development
Humans
Lactobacillus/*physiology
*Probiotics
Species Specificity},
   ISSN = {1661-6677 (Print)
1661-6677},
   Accession Number = {17664908},
   DOI = {10.1159/0000106372},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chapman, T. M. and Plosker, G. L. and Figgitt, D. P.},
   title = {Spotlight on VSL#3 probiotic mixture in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {BioDrugs},
   volume = {21},
   number = {1},
   pages = {61-3},
   note = {Chapman, Therese M
Plosker, Greg L
Figgitt, David P
Journal Article
Review
New Zealand
BioDrugs. 2007;21(1):61-3.},
   abstract = {VSL#3 (VSL#3) is a high-concentration probiotic preparation of eight live freeze-dried bacterial species that are normal components of the human gastrointestinal microflora, including four strains of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), three strains of bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum, B. breve, and B. infantis), and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus. Data from noncomparative trials suggest that VSL#3 has clinical potential in the treatment of active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis and as maintenance therapy for patients with ulcerative colitis in remission. In addition, a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial showed that VSL#3 in combination with low-dose balsalazide (a prodrug of mesalazine [mesalamine; 5-aminosalicylic acid]) was more effective than standard doses of basalazide or mesalazine monotherapy in the treatment of acute mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have shown VSL#3 is effective in preventing the onset of acute pouchitis in patients with newly formed surgical pouches, and in maintaining remission following antibacterial treatment of acute pouchitis in patients with a history of refractory or recurrent pouchitis. Treatment guidelines from the US and the UK include VSL#3 as a therapeutic option for the prevention of pouchitis relapse in patients with chronic pouchitis. In general, VSL#3 was well tolerated in clinical trials. Large, well designed, controlled confirmatory clinical trials will further determine the place of VSL#3 in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Probiotics/adverse effects/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
   ISSN = {1173-8804 (Print)
1173-8804},
   Accession Number = {17263590},
   DOI = {10.2165/00063030-200721010-00007},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@inbook{
   author = {Chopra, A.},
   title = {99mTc-labeled anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody},
   booktitle = {Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)},
   publisher = {National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)},
   address = {Bethesda (MD)},
   note = {Chopra, Arvind
Review
Book Chapter
NBK23500 [bookaccession]},
   abstract = {The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is synthesized as a 26-kDa membrane-bound protein on certain cell types, e.g., T cells. The membrane-bound protein is cleaved to release a 17-kDa soluble form that exists as a homotrimer. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of different diseases including cancer and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (1, 2). The stimulation of TNF-alpha induction is known to activate several pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and endothelial adhesion molecules that attract cells known to promote inflammation (3). Because of its role in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases, a variety of anti-TNF-alpha agents have been developed and investigated for the treatment of these conditions (4). Several anti-TNF-alpha antibodies such as infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab are now available for the treatment of TNF-alpha-mediated inflammatory diseases (2). Infliximab is an anti-TNF-alpha, chimeric mouse-human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that is commercially available and is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases (2, 4). This mAb is known to bind TNF-alpha in the serum or on the cell membranes and to inhibit its biological activity mediated through the TNF-alpha receptor. To evaluate its in vivo use for the detection of TNF-alpha in the various inflammatory diseases, infliximab was labeled with radioactive meta-stable technetium (99mTc) and used as detailed below (2, 5-7).},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Das, D. and Arber, N. and Jankowski, J. A.},
   title = {Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer},
   journal = {Digestion},
   volume = {76},
   number = {1},
   pages = {51-67},
   note = {1421-9867
Das, Debasish
Arber, Nadir
Jankowski, Janusz A
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Digestion. 2007;76(1):51-67. Epub 2007 Oct 19.},
   abstract = {Colorectal cancer is a major cause of mortality and treatment costs are considerable. Advocating lifestyle modification, faecal occult blood testing and surveillance colonoscopy in appropriate populations are already in practice. A developing concept is chemoprevention. Several models of carcinogenesis in colorectal cancer have been developed and there is an increasing database on the major molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis mainly from preclinical experiments and phase I trials. There have been several large epidemiological and observational studies to evaluate possible protective effects of >200 agents. More recently, case-control and cohort studies and well-conceived, phase II/III clinical trials have been done or are under way to evaluate putative chemopreventive agents including established drugs like aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 5-aminosalicylates and statins; more controversial drugs like cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, ursodeoxycholic acid; various vitamins and micronutrients including calcium, selenium, folic acid, and dietary fibre, fat and protein content. Despite promising outcome in preclinical studies, there is currently very limited data from well-controlled and appropriately powered clinical studies. The most promising agents currently are aspirin, traditional NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors. The recent reports of cardiovascular risks of the COX-2 inhibitors and some traditional NSAIDs have resulted in stagnation of the field. Pending the expected release of results from several phase III trials in the near future, chemoprevention for colorectal cancer can only be practically considered in the very-high-risk population like those with familial adenomatous polyposis and ulcerative colitis, in conjunction with surveillance colonoscopy. This article reviews the major models of colorectal carcinogenesis, the concept of chemoprevention with special reference to colorectal cancer and the current state of clinical literature and the future direction of colorectal cancer chemoprevention for both researcher and clinician alike.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
Anticarcinogenic Agents/*therapeutic use
Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use
Chemoprevention/*methods
Colorectal Neoplasms/*prevention & control
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage
Dietary Supplements
Estrogen Replacement Therapy
Folic Acid/therapeutic use
Humans
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
Selenium/therapeutic use
Ursodeoxycholic Acid/therapeutic use
Vitamin E/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0012-2823},
   Accession Number = {17947819},
   DOI = {10.1159/000108394},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {El Muhtaseb, M. S. and Duncan, A. and Talwar, D. K. and O'Reilly, D. S. and McKee, R. F. and Anderson, J. H. and Finlay, I. G.},
   title = {Assessment of dietary intake and trace element status in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis},
   journal = {Dis Colon Rectum},
   volume = {50},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1553-7},
   note = {El Muhtaseb, Mohammad Sami H
Duncan, Andrew
Talwar, Dinesh K
O'Reilly, Denis St J
McKee, Ruth F
Anderson, John H
Finlay, Ian G
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Oct;50(10):1553-7.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Panproctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the operation of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis. The long-term nutritional consequences after pouch surgery are unknown. We have assessed the nutritional status of the essential trace elements-zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium-in patients several years (median, 10 (range, 2-15) years) after surgery. METHODS: Fifty-five patients with uncomplicated ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and 46 healthy control subjects were studied. A dietary assessment of trace element intake was undertaken by using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The patients' trace elements status for zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium was assessed by measuring their concentrations in blood. RESULTS: The dietary intake of individual trace elements was similar in both groups (all P values > 0.4). There was no significant difference in the concentrations of plasma copper, zinc, and selenium between patients and healthy control subjects (all P values > 0.07). The concentration of whole blood manganese was significantly higher (P = 0.004) in patients (median, 178.5 nmol/l; range, 59-478 nmol/l) compared with healthy control subjects (median, 140 nmol/l; range, 53-267 nmol/l). Four (7 percent) patients had manganese concentrations more than three standard deviations of the mean of control group (>255 nmol/l). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that patients who have had uncomplicated pouch surgery have a normal dietary intake of trace elements and do not develop deficiencies in copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium. However, these patients may be at increased risk of manganese toxicity.},
   keywords = {Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*blood/surgery
Adult
Aged
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*blood/surgery
*Colonic Pouches
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
*Nutritional Status
*Proctocolectomy, Restorative
Selenium/blood
Trace Elements/*blood
Transition Elements/blood},
   ISSN = {0012-3706 (Print)
0012-3706},
   Accession Number = {17701072},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10350-007-9003-8},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Fedorak, R. N. and Dieleman, L. A.},
   title = {Probiotics in the treatment of human inflammatory bowel diseases: update 2008},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {42 Suppl 2},
   pages = {S97-103},
   note = {1539-2031
Fedorak, Richard Neil
Dieleman, Levinus Albert
81396/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul;42 Suppl 2:S97-103. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181618ac7.},
   abstract = {Probiotic research and clinical trials have been forging ahead over the last decade. Although much has been learnt in relation to probiotic intestinal epithelial-mucosal immune interactions, the evidence for substantial clinical efficacy of probiotics continues to progress much slower. This review outlines the probiotic clinical studies before 2005 that formed the foundation of probiotic clinical trials in inflammatory bowel disease and then examines indepth those inflammatory bowel disease probiotic clinical trials published after 2005 that are leading to new understanding of the role of probiotics in the induction and remission of inflammatory bowel disease in humans.},
   keywords = {Clinical Trials as Topic
Colitis, Ulcerative/*therapy
Crohn Disease/*therapy
Humans
Pouchitis/therapy
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Remission Induction/methods},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {18542034},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181618ac7},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gariballa, S.},
   title = {Refeeding syndrome: a potentially fatal condition but remains underdiagnosed and undertreated},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {24},
   number = {6},
   pages = {604-6},
   note = {Gariballa, Salah
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
Nutrition. 2008 Jun;24(6):604-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.053. Epub 2008 Mar 24.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe two cases of successfully prevented refeeding syndrome in a high-risk group of patients. METHODS: Case 1 was a 70-y-old woman who presented with a 4-mo history of poor dietary intake and ill health due to a connective tissue disease leading to myositis and dysphagia and complicated by respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation. Twelve hours after starting nasogastric tube feeding, she developed a cardiac arrest from which she was successfully resuscitated. Repeated attempts to wean her from the ventilator failed. Case 2 was a 15-y-old girl who was readmitted after a total colectomy for severe ulcerative colitis with diarrhea and vomiting leading to significant weight loss. Her body mass index was 11.4 kg/m(2). RESULTS: In case 1, after consultation by the clinical nutrition team, the diagnosis of refeeding syndrome was made and the patient was duly started on a high-protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, multivitamin and trace-element supplements, and electrolyte infusion. Subsequently she was successfully weaned from the ventilator. In case 2, further investigation by the clinical nutrition team revealed low baseline electrolyte concentrations including potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate and low serum albumin. Her low body mass index and baseline electrolyte concentrations put her at high risk of developing refeeding syndrome. She was initially started on low-calorie feeding, multivitamin and minerals, and her electrolytes were carefully monitored. She made a good recovery. CONCLUSION: Refeeding syndrome is a life-threatening, underdiagnosed, treatable condition but there is a need for a wider awareness of the condition among health professionals.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Aged
Awareness
Electrolytes/administration & dosage
Energy Intake/physiology
Feeding Methods/*adverse effects/*psychology
Female
*Food, Formulated/adverse effects
Humans
Malnutrition/metabolism/*therapy
Risk Factors
Syndrome
Treatment Outcome
Water-Electrolyte Balance/drug effects/*physiology},
   ISSN = {0899-9007 (Print)
0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {18359196},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.053},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Geier, M. S. and Smith, C. L. and Butler, R. N. and Howarth, G. S.},
   title = {Small-intestinal manifestations of dextran sulfate sodium consumption in rats and assessment of the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum BR11},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {54},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1222-8},
   note = {1573-2568
Geier, Mark S
Smith, Cassie L
Butler, Ross N
Howarth, Gordon S
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2009 Jun;54(6):1222-8. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0495-4. Epub 2008 Nov 13.},
   abstract = {The dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model has been utilized to screen for novel therapeutics for ulcerative colitis. Evidence suggests the small intestine may also be affected by DSS. We characterized the effects of DSS on the small intestine and assessed the potential for Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 to modify or normalize DSS-induced changes. Rats were allocated to three groups, Water + Vehicle, DSS + Vehicle, and DSS + L. fermentum BR11. BR11 was administered twice daily for 14 days. DSS (2%) was provided from days 7 to 14. Small-intestinal tissue was analyzed for sucrase activity, histology, and crypt cell proliferation. Increased ileum crypt depth and cell proliferation was observed in DSS-treated rats compared to controls (P < 0.05). BR11 normalized these parameters. While DSS predominantly induces colonic damage, minor morphological alterations were also detected in the distal small intestine. L. fermentum BR11 normalized these features.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis/chemically induced/therapy
Dextran Sulfate/pharmacology/*toxicity
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Lactobacillus fermentum/*physiology
Male
*Probiotics
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {19005763},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-008-0495-4},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gionchetti, P. and Rizzello, F. and Morselli, C. and Poggioli, G. and Tambasco, R. and Calabrese, C. and Brigidi, P. and Vitali, B. and Straforini, G. and Campieri, M.},
   title = {High-dose probiotics for the treatment of active pouchitis},
   journal = {Dis Colon Rectum},
   volume = {50},
   number = {12},
   pages = {2075-82; discussion 2082-4},
   note = {Gionchetti, Paolo
Rizzello, Fernando
Morselli, Claudia
Poggioli, Gilberto
Tambasco, Rosi
Calabrese, Carlo
Brigidi, Patrizia
Vitali, Beatrice
Straforini, Giulia
Campieri, Massimo
Clinical Trial
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Dec;50(12):2075-82; discussion 2082-4. Epub 2007 Oct 13.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Pouchitis is the major long-term complication after ileal-pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment in this condition. Recently, we have shown the efficacy of a highly concentrated probiotic preparation (VSL#3, 900 billions/sachet lyophilized viable bacteria) in preventing relapses of chronic pouchitis and in preventing pouchitis onset. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of high-dose VSL#3 in the treatment of mildly active pouchitis. METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive patients with mild pouchitis, defined as a score of between 7 and 12 in the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index, which includes clinical, endoscopic, and histological criteria, were treated with VSL#3, 2 sachets b.i.d. (3,600 billion bacteria/day) for four weeks. Symptomatic, endoscopic, and histologic evaluations were undertaken before and after treatment according to Pouchitis Disease Activity Index. Remission was defined as a combination of a Pouchitis Disease Activity Index clinical score of <or=2, endoscopic score of <or=1, and total Pouchitis Disease Activity Index score of <or=4. Patients in remission after treatment were treated with VSL#3, 1 sachet b.i.d. (1,800 billion bacteria), as maintenance treatment for six months. The quality of life was assessed with the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire. RESULTS: Sixteen of 23 patients (69 percent) were in remission after treatment. The median total Pouchitis Disease Activity Index scores before and after therapy were 10 (range, 9-12) and 4 (range, 2-11), respectively (P < 0.01). The median Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire score also significantly improved from 110 (range, 90-140) to 200 (range, 95-220; P < 0.001). All 16 patients who went into remission maintained remission during maintenance treatment. Only one patient experienced a transient bloating at the beginning of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: High doses of the probiotic VSL#3 are effective in the treatment of mild pouchitis. Further controlled studies are warranted.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Bacteroides/genetics/isolation & purification
Colonoscopy
DNA, Bacterial/analysis
Defecation/physiology
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Feces/microbiology
Female
Humans
Male
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Pouchitis/*drug therapy/pathology/physiopathology
Probiotics/*administration & dosage
Remission Induction/methods
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0012-3706 (Print)
0012-3706},
   Accession Number = {17934776},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10350-007-9068-4},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gobbato, N. and Rachid, M. and Perdigon, G.},
   title = {Anti-inflammatory effect of yoghurt in an experimental inflammatory bowel disease in mouse},
   journal = {J Dairy Res},
   volume = {75},
   number = {4},
   pages = {497-504},
   note = {Gobbato, Nadia
Rachid, Mirta
Perdigon, Gabriela
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Dairy Res. 2008 Nov;75(4):497-504. doi: 10.1017/S0022029908003579.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) is the clinical outcome of three interactive pathogenic factors: genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers and immune dis-regulation. At present, only the immune response is targeted by most therapeutic or preventive strategies. The beneficial effect of yoghurt on health as well as its immunomodulator effect on the gut immune system is well documented. The aim of this work was to study the possible beneficial effects of yoghurt consumption on an experimental model of IBD in mice. Balb/c mice were fed with yoghurt for 10 consecutive days. At the end of the feeding period the mice received three inoculations of 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) solutions once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. After TNBS instillation the mice received yoghurt again for 10 consecutive days. IBD control received only TNBS. After treatments we analysed the number of IgA-secreting cells, CD4+, CD8+ T cells population and the number of apoptotic cells in the large intestine. The number of erythrocytes and leucocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was also determined. We demonstrated the antinflammatory effect of yoghurt in an experimental model of IBD induced by TNBS. The effect was mediated by an increase in the number of the IgA+cells, a decrease in CD8+ population and by the induction of apoptosis of the infiltrative cells in the large intestine.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Colitis/pathology/prevention & control
Colon/drug effects/pathology
Disease Models, Animal
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/pathology/*prevention & control
Mice
*Yogurt},
   ISSN = {0022-0299 (Print)
0022-0299},
   Accession Number = {19032800},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0022029908003579},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Goel, A. and Kunnumakkara, A. B. and Aggarwal, B. B.},
   title = {Curcumin as "Curecumin": from kitchen to clinic},
   journal = {Biochem Pharmacol},
   volume = {75},
   number = {4},
   pages = {787-809},
   note = {1873-2968
Goel, Ajay
Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B
Aggarwal, Bharat B
5P30 CA016672-32/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Feb 15;75(4):787-809. Epub 2007 Aug 19.},
   abstract = {Although turmeric (Curcuma longa; an Indian spice) has been described in Ayurveda, as a treatment for inflammatory diseases and is referred by different names in different cultures, the active principle called curcumin or diferuloylmethane, a yellow pigment present in turmeric (curry powder) has been shown to exhibit numerous activities. Extensive research over the last half century has revealed several important functions of curcumin. It binds to a variety of proteins and inhibits the activity of various kinases. By modulating the activation of various transcription factors, curcumin regulates the expression of inflammatory enzymes, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and cell survival proteins. Curcumin also downregulates cyclin D1, cyclin E and MDM2; and upregulates p21, p27, and p53. Various preclinical cell culture and animal studies suggest that curcumin has potential as an antiproliferative, anti-invasive, and antiangiogenic agent; as a mediator of chemoresistance and radioresistance; as a chemopreventive agent; and as a therapeutic agent in wound healing, diabetes, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and arthritis. Pilot phase I clinical trials have shown curcumin to be safe even when consumed at a daily dose of 12g for 3 months. Other clinical trials suggest a potential therapeutic role for curcumin in diseases such as familial adenomatous polyposis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, hypercholesteremia, atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, psoriasis, chronic anterior uveitis and arthritis. Thus, curcumin, a spice once relegated to the kitchen shelf, has moved into the clinic and may prove to be "Curecumin".},
   keywords = {Animals
*Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage/adverse
effects/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Clinical Trials as Topic
*Curcumin/administration & dosage/adverse effects/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic
use
*Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse
effects/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Humans
Ligands
Protein Binding
*Spices
Transcription Factors/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0006-2952},
   Accession Number = {17900536},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.016},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Guarner, F.},
   title = {Prebiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {98 Suppl 1},
   pages = {S85-9},
   note = {Guarner, Francisco
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct;98 Suppl 1:S85-9.},
   abstract = {In genetically susceptible individuals, an altered mucosal immune response against some commensal bacteria of the gut ecosystem appears to be the principal mechanism leading to intestinal lesions in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The information currently available does not provide an exact explanation about the origin of this important dysfunction of the interaction between host and commensal bacteria, but an altered microbial composition has been detected in the gut ecosystem of patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Prebiotics are food ingredients not digested nor absorbed in the upper intestinal tract that are fermented by intestinal bacteria in a selective way promoting changes in the gut ecosystem. Experimental and human studies have shown that inulin and oligofructose stimulate saccharolysis in the colonic lumen and favour the growth of indigenous lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. These effects are associated with reduced mucosal inflammation in animal models of IBD. Strong experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that inulin and oligofructose can offer an opportunity to prevent or mitigate intestinal inflammatory lesions in human Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis. Encouraging results have been obtained in preliminary clinical trials.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
Disease Models, Animal
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/immunology/microbiology
Intestines/immunology/microbiology
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
   ISSN = {0007-1145 (Print)
0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {17922967},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114507832958},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Harrington, C. R. and Lucchini, S. and Ridgway, K. P. and Wegmann, U. and Eaton, T. J. and Hinton, J. C. and Gasson, M. J. and Narbad, A.},
   title = {A short-oligonucleotide microarray that allows improved detection of gastrointestinal tract microbial communities},
   journal = {BMC Microbiol},
   volume = {8},
   pages = {195},
   note = {1471-2180
Harrington, Carl R
Lucchini, Sacha
Ridgway, Karyn P
Wegmann, Udo
Eaton, Tracy J
Hinton, Jay C D
Gasson, Michael J
Narbad, Arjan
8464/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Microbiol. 2008 Nov 11;8:195. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-195.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains a diverse collection of bacteria, most of which are unculturable by conventional microbiological methods. Increasingly molecular profiling techniques are being employed to examine this complex microbial community. The purpose of this study was to develop a microarray technique based on 16S ribosomal gene sequences for rapidly monitoring the microbial population of the GI tract. RESULTS: We have developed a culture-independent, semi-quantitative, rapid method for detection of gut bacterial populations based on 16S rDNA probes using a DNA microarray. We compared the performance of microarrays based on long (40- and 50-mer) and short (16-21-mer) oligonucleotides. Short oligonucleotides consistently gave higher specificity. Optimal DNA amplification and labelling, hybridisation and washing conditions were determined using a probe with an increasing number of nucleotide mismatches, identifying the minimum number of nucleotides needed to distinguish between perfect and mismatch probes. An independent PCR-based control was used to normalise different hybridisation results, and to make comparisons between different samples, greatly improving the detection of changes in the gut bacterial population. The sensitivity of the microarray was determined to be 8.8 x 104 bacterial cells g-1 faecal sample, which is more sensitive than a number of existing profiling methods. The short oligonucleotide microarray was used to compare the faecal flora from healthy individuals and a patient suffering from Ulcerative Colitis (UC) during the active and remission states. Differences were identified in the bacterial profiles between healthy individuals and a UC patient. These variations were verified by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and DNA sequencing. CONCLUSION: In this study we demonstrate the design, testing and application of a highly sensitive, short oligonucleotide community microarray. Our approach allows the rapid discrimination of bacteria inhabiting the human GI tract, at taxonomic levels ranging from species to the superkingdom bacteria. The optimised protocol is available at: http://www.ifr.ac.uk/safety/microarrays/#protocols. It offers a high throughput method for studying the dynamics of the bacterial population over time and between individuals.},
   keywords = {Bacteriological Techniques
*DNA Probes
DNA, Bacterial/analysis
DNA, Ribosomal/*analysis
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology
Humans
Molecular Sequence Data
Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/*methods
Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*analysis/genetics
Sensitivity and Specificity
Sequence Analysis, DNA},
   ISSN = {1471-2180},
   Accession Number = {19014434},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-2180-8-195},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hedin, C. and Whelan, K. and Lindsay, J. O.},
   title = {Evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of clinical trials},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {66},
   number = {3},
   pages = {307-15},
   note = {Hedin, Charlotte
Whelan, Kevin
Lindsay, James O
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2007 Aug;66(3):307-15.},
   abstract = {Human subjects and their enteric microbiota have evolved together to reach a state of mutual tolerance. Mounting evidence from both animal models and human studies suggests that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a malfunction of this relationship. The enteric microecology therefore represents an attractive therapeutic target with few side effects. Probiotics and prebiotics have been investigated in clinical trials as treatments for IBD, with conflicting results. The evidence for the use of probiotics in the management of pouchitis is persuasive and several studies indicate their effectiveness in ulcerative colitis. Trials of probiotics and prebiotics in Crohn's disease are less convincing. However, methodologies vary widely and a range of probiotic, prebiotic and combination (synbiotic) treatments have been tested in a variety of patient groups with an assortment of end points. Conclusions about any one treatment in a specific patient group can therefore only be drawn on evidence from relatively small numbers of patients. The present article reviews the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD and addresses the clinical evidence for the therapeutic manipulation of bowel microbiota using probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in IBD.},
   keywords = {Clinical Trials as Topic
Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/therapy
Crohn Disease/microbiology/therapy
Evidence-Based Medicine
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*microbiology/*therapy
Pouchitis/microbiology/therapy
*Probiotics/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0029-6651 (Print)
0029-6651},
   Accession Number = {17637082},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0029665107005563},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Heilpern, D. and Szilagyi, A.},
   title = {Manipulation of intestinal microbial flora for therapeutic benefit in inflammatory bowel diseases: review of clinical trials of probiotics, pre-biotics and synbiotics},
   journal = {Rev Recent Clin Trials},
   volume = {3},
   number = {3},
   pages = {167-84},
   note = {Heilpern, Debra
Szilagyi, Andrew
Journal Article
Review
United Arab Emirates
Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2008 Sep;3(3):167-84.},
   abstract = {Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases(Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's disease and Pouchitis) includes an abnormal immunological response to disturbed intestinal microflora. Therapeutic strategies are designed to intervene in these abnormal host microbial communications. A novel approach in the last decade has been to use other bacteria or selective foods to induce beneficial bacteria to normalize inflammation. In this review we discuss rationale for such use and describe 46 clinical trials gleaned from the literature. Reports are divided into type, indications, and agents used. The search revealed 15 nonrandomized and 31 randomized trials. Of the latter 23 were double-blind and 8 were open-label randomized controlled. In 32 of the total, different probiotics were used, while 10 and 4 used different prebiotics or synbiotics respectively. In 14 nonrandomized trials, outcome was successful. In the randomized controlled trials 12 of 16 ulcerative colitis but only 2 of Crohn's disease trials of biotic therapy were successful. No superiority of any probiotic was clearly evident, but a multi-agent mixture, VSL3# may be better suited in ulcerative colitis and pouchitis while the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG appears less useful in inflammatory bowel disease, especially Crohn's disease. Further studies with uniform stringent criteria are needed to provide proof of this therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Clinical Trials as Topic
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*microbiology/*therapy
Intestines/*microbiology
Pouchitis/microbiology/*therapy
Probiotics/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1574-8871 (Print)
1574-8871},
   Accession Number = {18782075},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Henker, J. and Muller, S. and Laass, M. W. and Schreiner, A. and Schulze, J.},
   title = {Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) for successful remission maintenance of ulcerative colitis in children and adolescents: an open-label pilot study},
   journal = {Z Gastroenterol},
   volume = {46},
   number = {9},
   pages = {874-5},
   note = {Henker, J
Muller, S
Laass, M W
Schreiner, A
Schulze, J
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Z Gastroenterol. 2008 Sep;46(9):874-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1027463. Epub 2008 Sep 22.},
   abstract = {Since about 20 % of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are children and adolescents there is a need for therapeutic options custom-tailored to the children's needs. E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) as an evidence-based probiotic alternative to mesalazine (5-ASA) in adult UC remission maintenance is a promising agent for such a therapy. The present open-labelled pilot study was undertaken to investigate the clinical benefit of EcN for maintenance therapy in young UC patients. 34 patients with UC in remission aged between 11 and 18 years were allocated either to EcN (2 capsules o. d., n = 24) or 5-ASA (median 1.5 g/d, n = 10) and observed over one year. As a result, the relapse rate was 25 % (6 / 24) in the EcN group and 30 % (3 / 10) in the 5-ASA group. Data on the patients' global health and development were favourable and no serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, maintenance therapy for UC with the probiotic EcN is effective also in young patients.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Drug Administration Schedule
*Escherichia coli
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Long-Term Care
Mesalamine/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Pilot Projects
Probiotics/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Secondary Prevention},
   ISSN = {0044-2771 (Print)
0044-2771},
   Accession Number = {18810672},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-2008-1027463},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Herszenyi, L. and Farinati, F. and Miheller, P. and Tulassay, Z.},
   title = {Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: feasibility in everyday practice?},
   journal = {Eur J Cancer Prev},
   volume = {17},
   number = {6},
   pages = {502-14},
   note = {1473-5709
Herszenyi, Laszlo
Farinati, Fabio
Miheller, Pal
Tulassay, Zsolt
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Review
England
Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008 Nov;17(6):502-14. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e3282f0c080.},
   abstract = {Chemoprevention means the use of agents to prevent, delay, or reverse carcinogenesis. This review was designed to critically discuss the most promising agents in colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention. Aspirin is the best studied chemopreventive agent for CRC. Optimal chemoprevention requires long-term use and high dose of aspirin that may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors may also be candidates for chemoprevention. The regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, however, causes adverse effects including gastrointestinal bleeding, and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors may increase the risk of cardiovascular events. In patients with ulcerative colitis 5-aminosalicylates reduce the risk of CRC and dysplasia. Ursodeoxycholic acid can reduce the risk of dysplasia or CRC in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Current data are insufficient to support the use of hormone replacement therapy to reduce the risk of CRC. Statins may have chemopreventive effects, but further investigation of their overall benefits in preventing CRC is warranted. Antioxidant supplements cannot prevent CRC. The usefulness of selenium, folate, calcium, and vitamin D awaits further evaluation. Chemoprevention cannot yet be accepted as standard medical practice. Use of chemopreventive agents cannot be a substitute for colorectal surveillance.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
Aspirin/therapeutic use
Chemoprevention/*methods
Clinical Trials as Topic/methods
Colorectal Neoplasms/*prevention & control
Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Dietary Supplements
Family Practice/methods/trends
Feasibility Studies
Hormone Replacement Therapy/methods
Humans
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Mesalamine/therapeutic use
Ursodeoxycholic Acid/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0959-8278},
   Accession Number = {18941372},
   DOI = {10.1097/CEJ.0b013e3282f0c080},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Heyman, M. B. and Garnett, E. A. and Shaikh, N. and Huen, K. and Jose, F. A. and Harmatz, P. and Winter, H. S. and Baldassano, R. N. and Cohen, S. A. and Gold, B. D. and Kirschner, B. S. and Ferry, G. D. and Stege, E. and Holland, N.},
   title = {Folate concentrations in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {89},
   number = {2},
   pages = {545-50},
   note = {1938-3207
Heyman, Melvin B
Garnett, Elizabeth A
Shaikh, Nishat
Huen, Karen
Jose, Folashade A
Harmatz, Paul
Winter, Harland S
Baldassano, Robert N
Cohen, Stanley A
Gold, Benjamin D
Kirschner, Barbara S
Ferry, George D
Stege, Erin
Holland, Nina
T32 DK007762-31S1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
T32 DK007762/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R03 DK063187/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
M01 RR01271/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
UL1 RR024131/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
K24 DK060617/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):545-50. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26576. Epub 2008 Dec 30.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Folate is postulated to protect against cell injury and long-term risk of cancer. Folate deficiency has been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, folate concentrations are poorly delineated in children with IBD. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare folate concentrations between children with newly diagnosed IBD and healthy controls. DESIGN: Red blood cell folate (RBCF) and whole-blood folate (WBF) concentrations were measured in 78 children (mean age: 12.8 +/- 2.7 y): 22 patients with newly diagnosed untreated Crohn disease, 11 patients with ulcerative colitis, 4 patients with indeterminate colitis, and 41 controls. Vitamin supplementation and dietary intakes determined by food-frequency questionnaire were recorded for 20 IBD patients and 28 controls. RESULTS: RBCF concentrations were 19.4% lower in controls (587.0 +/- 148.6 ng/mL) than in patients (728.7 +/- 185.8 ng/mL; P = 0.0004), and WBF concentrations were 11.1% lower in controls (218.2 +/- 49.7 ng/mL) than in patients (245.3 +/- 59.1 ng/mL; P = 0.031). Total folate intake was 18.8% higher in controls (444.7 +/- 266.7 microg/d) than in IBD patients (361.1 +/- 230.6 microg/d), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.264). Folate intakes were below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (200-400 microg/d), adjusted for age and sex, in 35.4% of study subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with previous evidence of folate deficiency in adult IBD patients, our data indicate higher folate concentrations in children with newly diagnosed untreated IBD than in controls. This finding was unexpected, especially in light of the higher dietary folate intakes and hematocrit values in children without IBD. The influence of IBD therapy on folate metabolism and the long-term clinical implications of high RBCF and WBF concentrations at the time of IBD diagnosis should be explored further.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/diagnosis/etiology
Crohn Disease/blood/diagnosis/etiology
Female
Folic Acid/*administration & dosage/*blood
Folic Acid Deficiency/*blood/complications
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*blood/diagnosis/etiology
Male
Nutrition Policy
Nutritional Status
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0002-9165},
   Accession Number = {19116333},
   DOI = {10.3945/ajcn.2008.26576},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hirayasu, H. and Yoshikawa, Y. and Tsuzuki, S. and Fushiki, T.},
   title = {A role of a lymphocyte tryptase, granzyme A, in experimental ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Biosci Biotechnol Biochem},
   volume = {71},
   number = {1},
   pages = {234-7},
   note = {Hirayasu, Hirofumi
Yoshikawa, Yumiko
Tsuzuki, Satoshi
Fushiki, Tohru
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Jan;71(1):234-7. Epub 2007 Jan 7.},
   abstract = {In the large-intestinal mucosae of rats orally administered dextran sulfate sodium, which induces an enteritis resembling ulcerative colitis (UC), the activity for granzyme A, a lymphocyte tryptase, increased at an earlier stage than that at which UC markers (growth-regulated gene product/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 and caspase-3) increased. This suggests involvement of the enzyme in the exacerbation and perpetuation of enteritis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Caspase 3/metabolism
Cells, Cultured
Chemokine CXCL1
Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*enzymology
Dextran Sulfate/pharmacology
Disease Models, Animal
Enzyme Activation/drug effects
Granzymes/*metabolism
Lymphocytes/drug effects/enzymology
Male
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Tryptases/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0916-8451 (Print)
0916-8451},
   Accession Number = {17213646},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Imaoka, A. and Shima, T. and Kato, K. and Mizuno, S. and Uehara, T. and Matsumoto, S. and Setoyama, H. and Hara, T. and Umesaki, Y.},
   title = {Anti-inflammatory activity of probiotic Bifidobacterium: enhancement of IL-10 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ulcerative colitis patients and inhibition of IL-8 secretion in HT-29 cells},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   number = {16},
   pages = {2511-6},
   note = {2219-2840
Imaoka, Akemi
Shima, Tatsuichiro
Kato, Kimitoshi
Mizuno, Shigeaki
Uehara, Toshiki
Matsumoto, Satoshi
Setoyama, Hiromi
Hara, Taeko
Umesaki, Yoshinori
Journal Article
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr 28;14(16):2511-6.},
   abstract = {AIM: To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of probiotic Bifidobacteria in Bifidobacteria-fermented milk (BFM) which is effective against active ulcerative colitis (UC) and exacerbations of UC, and to explore the immunoregulatory mechanisms. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from UC patients or HT-29 cells were co-cultured with heat-killed probiotic bacteria or culture supernatant of Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult (BbrY) or Bifidobacterium bifidum strain Yakult (BbiY) to estimate the amount of IL-10 or IL-8 secreted. RESULTS: Both strains of probiotic Bifidobacteria contained in the BFM induced IL-10 production in PBMNC from UC patients, though BbrY was more effective than BbiY. Conditioned medium (CM) and DNA of both strains inhibited IL-8 secretion in HT-29 cells stimulated with TNF-alpha, whereas no such effect was observed with heat-killed bacteria. The inhibitory effect of CM derived from BbiY was greater than that of CM derived from BbrY. DNAs of the two strains had a comparable inhibitory activity against the secretion of IL-8. CM of BbiY induced a repression of IL-8 gene expression with a higher expression of IkappaB-zeta mRNA 4 h after culture of HT-29 cells compared to that in the absence of CM. CONCLUSION: Probiotic Bifidobacterium strains in BFM enhance IL-10 production in PBMNC and inhibit IL-8 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting that BFM has anti-inflammatory effects against ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Bifidobacterium/*physiology
Cell Culture Techniques
Colitis, Ulcerative/*immunology
Culture Media, Conditioned
Cytokines/metabolism
DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
HT29 Cells/*physiology
Humans
Interleukin-10/*biosynthesis
Interleukin-8/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism/secretion
Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology/*physiology
*Probiotics
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {18442197},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Imaoka, A. and Umesaki, Y.},
   title = {Rationale for Using of Bifidobacterium Probiotic Strains-Fermented Milk Against Colitis Based on Animal Experiments and Clinical Trials},
   journal = {Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins},
   volume = {1},
   number = {1},
   pages = {8-14},
   note = {Imaoka, Akemi
Umesaki, Yoshinori
Journal Article
United States
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2009 Jun;1(1):8-14. doi: 10.1007/s12602-008-9001-8. Epub 2008 Dec 25.},
   abstract = {Probiotic foods such as probiotic strain-fermented milk or supplements proposing various health claims are now available. The beneficial effects of these probiotic foods on the digestive system are expected for not only healthy persons but also patients with diseases of the alimentary tract. This review focused on the rationale of using our Bifidobacterium strains-fermented milk as an adjunct for the prevention of recurrence or exacerbation of colitis. Animal experiments using gnotobiotic colitis or spontaneously colitis models and also human clinical trials of ulcerative colitis patients showed the potential of Bifidobacterium strains-fermented milk as a beneficial anti-colitis adjunct.},
   keywords = {Bifidobacterium
Colitis
Fermented milk
Intestinal microbiota
Probiotics},
   ISSN = {1867-1306 (Print)
1867-1306},
   Accession Number = {26783127},
   DOI = {10.1007/s12602-008-9001-8},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Isaacs, K. and Herfarth, H.},
   title = {Role of probiotic therapy in IBD},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1597-605},
   note = {1536-4844
Isaacs, Kim
Herfarth, Hans
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Nov;14(11):1597-605. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20465.},
   abstract = {There is mounting evidence that probiotic therapy may alter disease expression in both animal models of IBD and in patients with IBD. The effects appear to be modest at best and may reflect the choice of probiotic organism, the variability in concentrations of organisms administered, and the variability of the diseases being treated. This review examines the data of all fully published articles currently available for the role of probiotics in the treatment of IBD.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*therapy
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/*therapy
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/therapy
Male
Pouchitis/microbiology/*prevention & control
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Remission Induction/methods
Risk Assessment
Sensitivity and Specificity
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18421762},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20465},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Iwanczak, B. and Kofla-Dlubacz, A. and Mowszet, K. and Pytrus, T. and Krzesiek, E. and Iwanzak, F.},
   title = {[Distinct clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease in children younger than 5 years]},
   journal = {Pol Merkur Lekarski},
   volume = {25},
   number = {146},
   pages = {132-6},
   note = {Iwanczak, Barbara
Kofla-Dlubacz, Anna
Mowszet, Krystyna
Pytrus, Tomasz
Krzesiek, Elzbieta
Iwanzak, Franciszek
English Abstract
Journal Article
Poland
Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2008 Aug;25(146):132-6.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: In the last decades an increase in morbidity of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly of Crohn disease, in children has been observed. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of clinical course and activity of inflammatory bowel disease in children younger than 5 years was the goal of the study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 21 children aged 2 to 5 years (13 boys and 8 girls) who were diagnosed with: Lesniowski-Crohn disease (7 children), ulcerative colitis (7 children) and indeterminate colitis (remaining 7 children). RESULTS: Among studied children boys prevailed (61.9%). In 6 children the disease started in the first and second year of life; the average age of disease onset was 26.9 months and the time between the onset of the disease and the diagnosis was 16.6 months. 46% of patients came from the cities with population above 100000 when only 23% lived in the country. Autoimmune diseases were diagnosed in the families of 6 children, food or pollen allergy in the families of 11 children. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, presence of blood and mucous in the stool, fever and lack of thrive were most apparent in the clinical picture. The pathological changes were present mainly in the large intestine and only in one case in the upper part of the alimentary tract and jejunum. The observed course of the disease was severe or moderate. In two children aged 3 years colectomy was performed. CONCLUSIONS: In children younger than 5 years severe and moderate course of the Lesniowski-Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis is apparent. Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, presence of blood and mucous in the stool and lack of appetite were the most often seen symptoms. Pathological changes in children younger than 5 years were present mainly in the large intestine and only in single cases in the upper part of the alimentary tract and jejunum. In children with inflammatory bowel disease a frequent occurrence of allergy, bronchitis, pneumonia and urinary tract infection, which required antibiotics, was observed.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/*diagnosis/genetics
Bronchitis/complications
Child, Preschool
Colitis/diagnosis
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
Crohn Disease/diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Female
Humans
Hypersensitivity/complications/*diagnosis
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*diagnosis/surgery
Male
Pneumonia/complications
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/complications/diagnosis
Urinary Tract Infections/complications},
   ISSN = {1426-9686 (Print)
1426-9686},
   Accession Number = {18942331},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jonkers, D. and Stockbrugger, R.},
   title = {Review article: Probiotics in gastrointestinal and liver diseases},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {26 Suppl 2},
   pages = {133-48},
   note = {1365-2036
Jonkers, D
Stockbrugger, R
Journal Article
Review
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Dec;26 Suppl 2:133-48. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03480.x.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Probiotics, defined as live micro-organisms with beneficial effects for the host, are widely applied in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. AIM AND METHOD: To review the available evidence of clinical trials on probiotics in gastrointestinal and liver diseases, with a major focus on irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis and chronic liver diseases. RESULTS: Evidence for the therapeutic or preventive application of particular probiotic strains is available for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, rota-virus-associated diarrhoea and pouchitis. Results are encouraging for irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis and for reducing side effects by Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies, but are less clear for Crohn's disease, lactose intolerance and constipation. In general, for most of these patient groups, more placebo-controlled methodologically well-designed studies that pay attention to both clinical outcome and mechanistic aspects are required. The application in liver disease and pancreatitis is promising, but more human trials have to be awaited. Possible mechanisms of probiotics include modulation of the intestinal microbiota and the immune system, but different bacterial may have different effects. CONCLUSION: Further insight into disease entities and the functioning of probiotic strains is required to be able to select disease-specific strains, which have to be tested in well-designed placebo-controlled studies.},
   keywords = {Helicobacter Infections/*diet therapy
*Helicobacter pylori
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diet therapy
Liver Diseases/*diet therapy
Pancreatitis/*diet therapy
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {18081657},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03480.x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kanauchi, O. and Oshima, T. and Andoh, A. and Shioya, M. and Mitsuyama, K.},
   title = {Germinated barley foodstuff ameliorates inflammation in mice with colitis through modulation of mucosal immune system},
   journal = {Scand J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {43},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1346-52},
   note = {1502-7708
Kanauchi, Osamu
Oshima, Tsuyoshi
Andoh, Akira
Shioya, Makoto
Mitsuyama, Keiichi
Journal Article
England
Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(11):1346-52. doi: 10.1080/00365520802245411.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) is a prebiotic product made from malt which contains glutamine-rich protein and hemicellulose-rich fiber. Although GBF has been observed to attenuate colonic mucosal inflammation and bowel movements in ulcerative colitis, both experimentally and clinically, the details of the immune response remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GBF on the colonic epithelium immune response in a CD45RB(high) T cell chronic colitis model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Colitis was induced by transferring CD4+ CD45RB(high) T cells to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice (control n=8, GBF n=8) and the effects of GBF on the colitis were evaluated. The evaluation included measurement of body-weight, occult blood tests, histological examination, mucosal cytokine reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis (interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)) as well as IL-6 measurements. RESULTS: Seven weeks after transferring the above cells, body-weight loss and occult blood were significantly reduced in the mice that had been fed with GBF. In these mice, there were also significant reductions in IFN-gamma mRNA expressions and IL-6 in the colonic mucosa, as compared with the control group. GBF also significantly attenuated, mucosal damage and mucin positive goblet cell depletion. Conversely, TGF-beta expression significantly increased in the GBF group, compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study using an experimental model in which colitis was induced by transferring CD4+ CD45RB(high) T cells to SCID mice, GBF reduced inflammation by modulating the colonic microflora.},
   keywords = {Animals
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Colitis/*drug therapy/immunology
Female
Germination
Hordeum/*immunology
*Immunity, Mucosal
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
Mice
*Phytotherapy
Plant Preparations/immunology/*therapeutic use
Probiotics},
   ISSN = {0036-5521},
   Accession Number = {18618333},
   DOI = {10.1080/00365520802245411},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kappelman, M. D. and Bousvaros, A.},
   title = {Nutritional concerns in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {52},
   number = {8},
   pages = {867-74},
   note = {1613-4133
Kappelman, Michael D
Bousvaros, Athos
5T32DK007477-24/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Aug;52(8):867-74. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700156.},
   abstract = {In approximately one-fourth of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), disease onset occurs during childhood and adolescence. In addition to gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), children with these conditions often experience one or more nutritional complications of their disease including growth failure, delayed puberty, osteoporosis, anemia, and micronutrient deficiencies. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of selected nutritional complications in pediatric IBD.},
   keywords = {Anemia/*etiology/therapy
Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology/therapy
Child
Child Nutrition Disorders/*etiology/therapy
Enteral Nutrition
Growth Disorders/*etiology/therapy
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications/therapy
Nutritional Status
Nutritional Support
Osteoporosis/*etiology/therapy},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {18324705},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200700156},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Karmiris, K. and Koutroubakis, I. E. and Kouroumalis, E. A.},
   title = {Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin--implications for inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {52},
   number = {8},
   pages = {855-66},
   note = {1613-4133
Karmiris, Konstantinos
Koutroubakis, Ioannis E
Kouroumalis, Elias A
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Aug;52(8):855-66. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700050.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by anorexia, malnutrition, altered body composition, and development of mesenteric white adipose tissue (WAT) hypertrophy. Increasing evidence suggests that adipokines synthesized either in WAT or in immune cells, are involved in these manifestations of IBD. Among adipokines leptin, adiponectin and resistin hold a fundamental role while the role of ghrelin in inflammation is not well established. Preliminary studies have shown overexpression of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in mesenteric WAT of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and significant alterations of circulating serum levels of these adipokines in IBD. It has also been demonstrated that intestinal inflammation causes an increase in endogenous ghrelin production. In animal models of intestinal inflammation, existing data suggest that leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are pivotal mediators of inflammation. Interesting therapeutic interventions based on these data have been suggested. A specific role for hypertrophic WAT has also been implicated in CD. Further efforts with experimental and clinical studies are needed to better understand the role of adipokines in IBD.},
   keywords = {Adiponectin/*physiology
Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
Crohn Disease/pathology
Cytokines/biosynthesis
Ghrelin/*physiology
Humans
Hypertrophy
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology
Leptin/*physiology
Resistin/*physiology},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {18383234},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200700050},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kawakami, Y. and Okada, H. and Murakami, Y. and Kawakami, T. and Ueda, Y. and Kunii, D. and Sakamoto, Y. and Shiratori, Y. and Okita, M.},
   title = {Dietary intake, neutrophil fatty acid profile, serum antioxidant vitamins and oxygen radical absorbance capacity in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)},
   volume = {53},
   number = {2},
   pages = {153-9},
   note = {Kawakami, Yuko
Okada, Hiroyuki
Murakami, Yasuko
Kawakami, Takayo
Ueda, Yukiko
Kunii, Daisuke
Sakamoto, Yachiyo
Shiratori, Yasushi
Okita, Misako
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Japan
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2007 Apr;53(2):153-9.},
   abstract = {Nutrition may play an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Several studies suggest an association between dietary factors and the onset of ulcerative colitis; however, only few studies have examined the relationship between dietary intake and relapse of ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake and antioxidative capacity of ulcerative colitis patients and to elucidate the efficacy of dietary therapy for ulcerative colitis. Dietary intake, fatty acid composition of phospholipids in plasma and neutrophils, serum fat-soluble vitamin levels, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were analyzed in 29 ulcerative colitis patients (7 males and 22 females), who were treated at the Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital. Total fat intake, fat energy ratio and linoleic acid intake were significantly lower, while protein and carbohydrate intakes were significantly higher, in the patients than age- and sex-matched controls. In the neutrophil phospholipids of ulcerative colitis patients, significantly higher levels of linoleic aicd and arachidonic acid and a lower level of eicosapentaenoic acid were observed. The concentrations of serum retinol and beta-carotene but not alpha-tocopherol were significantly lower and serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity was also lower than in the controls. Significant correlations between serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity and retinol (r = 0.567, p = 0.0031), alpha-tocopherol (r = 0.560, p = 0.0036) and beta-carotene (r = 0.440, p = 0.0279) concentrations were observed in the ulcerative colitis patients. A diet restricting the intake of linoleic acid and supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid and antioxidative vitamins may be recommendable for the nutritional management of ulcerative colitis patients.},
   keywords = {Adult
Albumins/metabolism
Antioxidants/analysis/*metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/*metabolism
Diet/*methods
Diet Records
Fatty Acids/*metabolism
Female
Humans
Male
Neutrophils/*metabolism
Phospholipids/metabolism
Proteins/metabolism
Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism
Vitamin A/blood
Vitamins/*blood
alpha-Tocopherol/blood
beta Carotene/blood},
   ISSN = {0301-4800 (Print)
0301-4800},
   Accession Number = {17616003},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kokkonen, J. and Arvonen, M. and Vahasalo, P. and Karttunen, T. J.},
   title = {Intestinal immune activation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and connective tissue disease},
   journal = {Scand J Rheumatol},
   volume = {36},
   number = {5},
   pages = {386-9},
   note = {Kokkonen, J
Arvonen, M
Vahasalo, P
Karttunen, T J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Scand J Rheumatol. 2007 Sep-Oct;36(5):386-9.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of immune activation in gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) or connective tissue disease (CTD). STUDY DESIGN: We studied 27 children (15 girls, mean age 9.8+/-4.8 years) with JIA/CTD and GI symptoms, including nine with oligoarthritis, nine with polyarthritis, two with systemic arthritis, three with enthesitis-related arthritis, and four with various CTDs. The control group consists of 54 children (31 girls, mean age 11.3+/-6.3 years) with GI symptoms but shown to have no significant GI or rheumatoid disorder. The subjects were examined by gastroduodenoscopy (22 patients, 50 controls) and colonoscopy (23 patients, 16 controls). Intraepithelial CD3+, alpha/beta+, and gamma/delta+ lymphocytes were counted from duodenal and ileal biopsies. RESULTS: Five patients with JIA/CTD (19%) had ulcerative colitis. Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (LNH) was more common in the patients [74% (20/27)] than in the controls [16% (8/50), p = 0.001], as well in the duodenal bulb [29% (7/24) vs. 10% (5/50)], terminal ileum [74% (14/19) vs. 38% (5/13)], and the colon [50% (11/22) vs. 14% (2/14)]. In the duodenum, CD3, alpha/beta+, and gamma/delta+ lymphocytes counts were higher in JIA/CTD (p<0.05). In the ileum, gamma/delta+ cell numbers had increased in JIA/CTD (p<0.05). Either LNH, increased gamma/delta+ count, or both were more common in JIA/CTD [89% (24/27)] than in the controls [13% (7/54), p<0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children suffering from JIA or CTD with GI symptoms show abnormalities consistent with activation of the intestinal immune system. The aetiology of this reaction remains unknown, but similar features are seen in delayed-type food allergy.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age of Onset
Arthritis, Juvenile/classification/*immunology/*pathology
Colonoscopy
Connective Tissue Diseases/classification/*immunology/*pathology
Endoscopy
Female
Humans
Hyperplasia
Infant
Intestines/*immunology/*pathology
Male},
   ISSN = {0300-9742 (Print)
0300-9742},
   Accession Number = {17963169},
   DOI = {10.1080/03009740701394005},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kozuch, P. L. and Hanauer, S. B.},
   title = {Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of medical therapy},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   number = {3},
   pages = {354-77},
   note = {Kozuch, Patricia L
Hanauer, Stephen B
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jan 21;14(3):354-77.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. While a cure remains elusive, both can be treated with medications that induce and maintain remission. With the recent advent of therapies that inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha the overlap in medical therapies for UC and CD has become greater. Although 5-ASA agents have been a mainstay in the treatment of both CD and UC, the data for their efficacy in patients with CD, particularly as maintenance therapy, are equivocal. Antibiotics may have a limited role in the treatment of colonic CD. Steroids continue to be the first choice to treat active disease not responsive to other more conservative therapy; non-systemic steroids such as oral and rectal budesonide for ileal and right-sided CD and distal UC respectively are also effective in mild-moderate disease. 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and its prodrug azathioprine are steroid-sparing immunomodulators effective in the maintenance of remission of both CD and UC, while methotrexate may be used in both induction and maintenance of CD. Infliximab and adalimumab are anti-TNF agents approved in the US and Europe for the treatment of Crohn's disease, and infliximab is also approved for the treatment of UC.},
   keywords = {Aminosalicylic Acids/therapeutic use
Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/therapeutic use
Blood Component Removal
Clinical Trials as Topic
Curcumin/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology/*therapy
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/therapeutic use
Nicotine/therapeutic use
Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Remission Induction
Steroids/therapeutic use
Trichuris/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {18200659},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kuwabara, A. and Tanaka, K. and Tsugawa, N. and Nakase, H. and Tsuji, H. and Shide, K. and Kamao, M. and Chiba, T. and Inagaki, N. and Okano, T. and Kido, S.},
   title = {High prevalence of vitamin K and D deficiency and decreased BMD in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Osteoporos Int},
   volume = {20},
   number = {6},
   pages = {935-42},
   note = {1433-2965
Kuwabara, A
Tanaka, K
Tsugawa, N
Nakase, H
Tsuji, H
Shide, K
Kamao, M
Chiba, T
Inagaki, N
Okano, T
Kido, S
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Osteoporos Int. 2009 Jun;20(6):935-42. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0764-2. Epub 2008 Sep 30.},
   abstract = {SUMMARY: Vitamin K and D deficiency and decreased bone mineral density (BMD) were highly prevalent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially Crohn's disease (CD). Dietary intakes of these vitamins, however, were above the Japanese adequate intakes in IBD patients, suggesting that malabsorption is the basis for hypovitaminosis K and D and decreased BMD. INTRODUCTION: We have studied the possible involvement of vitamin K and D deficiency in the pathogenesis of decreased BMD in IBD. METHODS: Seventy patients with IBD were evaluated for their BMD; plasma levels of vitamin K; phylloquinone (PK), menaquinone-7 (MK-7), and 25OH-D; serum PTH, protein induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA-II), and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) levels; and their food intake. RESULTS: Compared with ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, CD patients had significantly lower plasma vitamin K and 25OH-D concentrations; significantly higher serum levels of PTH, PIVKA-II, and ucOC; and significantly lower BMD scores at almost all measurement sites. More IBD patients were vitamin K deficient in bone than in liver. Multiple regression analyses revealed that low plasma concentrations of vitamin K and 25OH-D were independent risk factors for low BMD and that they were associated with the patients' fat intake, but not with their intake of these vitamins. CONCLUSION: IBD patients have high prevalence of decreased BMD and vitamin K and D deficiency probably caused by malabsorption of these vitamins.},
   keywords = {Adult
Bone Density/*physiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/complications
Crohn Disease/blood/complications
Diet
Female
Fractures, Bone/*etiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/*complications
Malabsorption Syndromes/blood/*complications
Male
Nutritional Status
Prevalence
Regression Analysis
Risk Factors
Vitamin D Deficiency/blood/*complications
Vitamin K Deficiency/blood/*complications},
   ISSN = {0937-941x},
   Accession Number = {18825300},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00198-008-0764-2},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lakatos, L. and Lakatos, P. L.},
   title = {[Changes in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases]},
   journal = {Orv Hetil},
   volume = {148},
   number = {5},
   pages = {223-8},
   note = {Lakatos, Laszlo
Lakatos, Peter Laszlo
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Hungary
Orv Hetil. 2007 Feb 4;148(5):223-8.},
   abstract = {Significant changes have been observed in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in the last two decades. Traditionally, the incidence of IBD was higher in the developed, industrialized countries, in contrast, nowadays it became more prevalent in the previously low incidence areas. In particular, the incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is similar to that observed in North America and Western Europe, while the incidence of Crohn's disease (CD) in developing countries is still low, suggesting that the environmental factors may act faster or differently in UC than in CD. In Europe, the North to South gradient disappeared, and also the West to East gradient is diminishing. Smoking and appendectomy may be considered as important environmental factors in both UC and CD, however, with opposite effects. In addition, the use of oral contraceptives is associated to disease susceptibility in both diseases. The role of diet, perinatal events, stress and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the pathogenesis is still controversial.},
   keywords = {Appendectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology
Contraceptives, Oral/adverse effects
Crohn Disease/epidemiology
Food Preferences
Global Health
Humans
Incidence
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology/mortality/prevention & control
Life Style
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Smoking
Socioeconomic Factors},
   ISSN = {0030-6002 (Print)
0030-6002},
   Accession Number = {17344143},
   DOI = {10.1556/oh.2007.27906},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Larrain de la, C. D. and Abarzua, C. F. and Jourdan, H. Fd and Merino, O. P. and Belmar, J. C. and Garcia, C. P.},
   title = {[Listeria monocytogenes infection in pregnancy: experience of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile University Hospital]},
   journal = {Rev Chilena Infectol},
   volume = {25},
   number = {5},
   pages = {336-41},
   note = {Larrain de la C, Demetrio
Abarzua C, Fernando
Jourdan H, Francisca de
Merino O, Paulina
Belmar J, Cristian
Garcia C, Patricia
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Chile
Rev Chilena Infectol. 2008 Oct;25(5):336-41. doi: /S0716-10182008000500003. Epub 2008 Oct 1.},
   abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes is Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen often foodborne and found elsewhere. It is an uncommon cause of illness in the general population. However, it is an important cause of severe infection in neonates, pregnant women, elderly and immunosuppressed patients. Listeriosis has unique preference for pregnant women. Maternal listeriosis is a diagnostic challenge, and intrauterine infection can lead to severe complications such as amnionitis, preterm labor, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and neonatal sepsis. From 2001 to 2005, 16 patients with L. monocytogenes were identified in this hospital; four (25%) were pregnant women. Clinical and laboratory findings are described. There were 3 preterm deliveries and 1 spontaneous second trimester abortion. Three women with listeriosis had no predisposing factors other than pregnancy. One patient was on immunosupressive drugs for ulcerative colitis. Fever was the most common symptom. Infected neonates were most commonly diagnosed with early-onset listeriosis (two cases) or fetal demise (one case). Pregnancy can be the only risk factor for listeriosis. Listeriosis should be considered during the evaluation of febrile syndrome in pregnancy as this condition can be the only risk factor. Blood and amniotic fluid cultures are useful diagnostic tests. Perinatal complications remains high.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Chile
Female
Fetal Death/microbiology
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Listeria monocytogenes/*isolation & purification
Listeriosis/*diagnosis/microbiology/therapy
Perinatal Care
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*diagnosis/microbiology/therapy
Pregnancy Outcome
Retrospective Studies
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0716-1018 (Print)
0716-1018},
   Accession Number = {18949143},
   DOI = {/S0716-10182008000500003},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Leenen, C. H. and Dieleman, L. A.},
   title = {Inulin and oligofructose in chronic inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Nutr},
   volume = {137},
   number = {11 Suppl},
   pages = {2572s-2575s},
   note = {Leenen, Celine H M
Dieleman, Levinus A
81396/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Nutr. 2007 Nov;137(11 Suppl):2572S-2575S.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, also called chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), affect up to 500 per 100,000 persons in the Western world. Recent studies in the etiology of IBD suggest that these diseases are caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Results from humans and especially animal models of colitis reported by our group and others have indicated that these diseases result from a lack of tolerance to resident intestinal bacteria in genetically susceptible hosts. Probiotic bacteria have health-promoting effects for the host when ingested and have also shown efficacy in ulcerative colitis and refractory pouchitis. In light of the efficacy of providing probiotic bacteria to patients with IBD, there has been interest in the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of inulin, oligofructose, and other prebiotics for patients with or at risk of IBD. Prebiotics are nondigestible dietary oligosaccharides that affect the host by selectively stimulating growth, activity, or both of selective intestinal (probiotic) bacteria. Prebiotics are easy to administer and, in contrast to probiotic therapy, do not require administration of large amounts of (live) bacteria and are therefore easier to administer. Studies using prebiotics, especially beta-fructan oligosaccharides, for the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation have shown benefit in animal models of colitis. Studies using these prebiotics alone or in combination with probiotics are emerging and have shown promise. These dietary therapies could lead to novel treatments for these chronic debilitating diseases.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/microbiology/physiopathology
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy/microbiology/physiopathology
Disease Models, Animal
Humans
Inulin/*therapeutic use
Oligosaccharides/*therapeutic use
Probiotics/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0022-3166 (Print)
0022-3166},
   Accession Number = {17951505},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lian, L. and Fazio, V. and Shen, B.},
   title = {Endoscopic treatment for pill bezoars after continent ileostomy},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {41},
   number = {7},
   pages = {e26-8},
   note = {1878-3562
Lian, L
Fazio, V
Shen, B
Case Reports
Journal Article
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2009 Jul;41(7):e26-8. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.004. Epub 2008 Jul 10.},
   abstract = {Difficulty intubation is the most common long-term complication after continent ileostomy, which can be associated with nipple valve slippage, parastomal hernia, stenosis. Diagnosis and management of a patient with nipple valve stricture and partial bowel obstruction associated with dietary supplement retention in the pouch reservoir is described. A 50-year-old female patient with ulcerative colitis and a 15-year history of continent ileostomy after total proctocolectomy reported 5-week symptoms of abdominal pain and difficulty in intubating the pouch. Pill bezoar composed of dietary supplement was found in diagnostic pouch endoscopy. Therapeutic pouch endoscopy was performed with balloon dilation of a nipple valve stenosis and retrieval of 224 dietary supplement tablets. Pill bezoar in the pouch is rare. However, patients with continent ileostomy should be advised to avoid taking hard-to-dissolve foods and medications.},
   keywords = {Bezoars/*diagnosis
Dietary Supplements
Endoscopy/*methods
Female
Humans
*Ileostomy
Middle Aged},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {18619932},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.004},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lorea Baroja, M. and Kirjavainen, P. V. and Hekmat, S. and Reid, G.},
   title = {Anti-inflammatory effects of probiotic yogurt in inflammatory bowel disease patients},
   journal = {Clin Exp Immunol},
   volume = {149},
   number = {3},
   pages = {470-9},
   note = {Lorea Baroja, M
Kirjavainen, P V
Hekmat, S
Reid, G
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Clin Exp Immunol. 2007 Sep;149(3):470-9. Epub 2007 Jun 22.},
   abstract = {Our aim was to assess anti-inflammatory effects on the peripheral blood of subjects with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who consumed probiotic yogurt for 1 month. We studied 20 healthy controls and 20 subjects with IBD, 15 of whom had Crohn's disease and five with ulcerative colitis. All the subjects consumed Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 supplemented yogurt for 30 days. The presence of putative regulatory T (T(reg)) cells (CD4(+) CD25(high)) and cytokines in T cells, monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) was determined by flow cytometry from peripheral blood before and after treatment, with or without ex vivo stimulation. Serum and faecal cytokine concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The proportion of CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells increased significantly (P = 0.007) in IBD patients, mean (95% confidence interval: CI) 0.84% (95% CI 0.55-1.12) before and 1.25% (95% CI 0.97-1.54) after treatment, but non-significantly in controls. The basal proportion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha(+)/interleukin (IL)-12(+) monocytes and myeloid DC decreased in both subject groups, but of stimulated cells only in IBD patients. Also serum IL-12 concentrations and proportions of IL-2(+) and CD69(+) T cells from stimulated cells decreased in IBD patients. The increase in CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells correlated with the decrease in the percentage of TNF-alpha- or IL-12-producing monocytes and DC. The effect of the probiotic yogurt was confirmed by a follow-up study in which subjects consumed the yogurt without the probiotic organisms. Probiotic yogurt intake was associated with significant anti-inflammatory effects that paralleled the expansion of peripheral pool of putative T(reg) cells in IBD patients and with few effects in controls.},
   keywords = {Adult
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Cell Proliferation
Cells, Cultured
Cytokines/biosynthesis
Dendritic Cells/immunology
Feces/chemistry
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/immunology
Middle Aged
Monocytes/immunology
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Single-Blind Method
T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
Treatment Outcome
*Yogurt},
   ISSN = {0009-9104 (Print)
0009-9104},
   Accession Number = {17590176},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03434.x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Macfarlane, S.},
   title = {Microbial biofilm communities in the gastrointestinal tract},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {42 Suppl 3 Pt 1},
   pages = {S142-3},
   note = {1539-2031
Macfarlane, Sandra
Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Sep;42 Suppl 3 Pt 1:S142-3. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31816207df.},
   abstract = {The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized throughout its length by complex luminal and mucosal microbiotas. Owing to sampling restrictions, most of the studies done to date have concentrated on luminal material. Recently, however, there has been an upsurge in interest in the role of microbial communities that occur in biofilms on surfaces in the gut. In the human biota, biofilms have been shown to exist on artificial surfaces and devices implanted in the host, on particulate materials in the gut lumen, and on the colonic mucosa. Owing to their proximity to host tissues, mucosal bacteria interact more readily with the gut epithelium and immune system than their luminal counterparts, and recent research indicates that they play an important role in health and disease processes. Because bacteria growing in biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics than their luminal counterparts, there is increased interest in the use of alternative therapeutic strategies to target potential pathogens on the mucosal surface, especially with respect to applications involving probiotics

license: MIT

repository: KociOrges/pytag

license_type: permissive

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib