text:
, prebiotics, and synbiotics.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*growth & development
Biofilms/*growth & development
Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/therapy
Ecosystem
Esophagus/microbiology
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology
Humans
Intestine, Large/*microbiology
Probiotics/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {18806707},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e31816207df},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Madisch, A. and Morgner, A. and Stolte, M. and Miehlke, S.},
   title = {Investigational treatment options in microscopic colitis},
   journal = {Expert Opin Investig Drugs},
   volume = {17},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1829-37},
   note = {1744-7658
Madisch, Ahmed
Morgner, Andrea
Stolte, Manfred
Miehlke, Stephan
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Dec;17(12):1829-37. doi: 10.1517/13543780802514500 .},
   abstract = {Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis are the two recognized major presentations of microscopic colitis. Both diseases present with chronic watery diarrhea and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the colonic mucosa without specific endoscopic abnormalities, and hence diagnosis is established by histology. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that microscopic colitis may affect as many patients as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. The cause of these diseases is unknown; however, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis of mucosal injury from an unknown agent in the fecal stream. Due to the lack of disease causality, therapeutic management of microscopic colitis is now directed primarily at symptoms' resolution or improvement. Based on current evidence, oral budesonide represents an effective treatment option for patients with microscopic colitis to achieve and maintain remission. Other anti-inflammatory drugs such as mesalazine or bismuth subsalicylate are now under evaluation. The optimal long-term management strategy of microscopic colitis, however, remains an unsolved issue.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Animals
Colitis/*drug therapy/*pathology
Humans
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Quality of Life
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
   ISSN = {1354-3784},
   Accession Number = {19012499},
   DOI = {10.1517/13543780802514500},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mallon, P. and McKay, D. and Kirk, S. and Gardiner, K.},
   title = {Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Cochrane Database Syst Rev},
   number = {4},
   pages = {Cd005573},
   note = {1469-493x
Mallon, P
McKay, D
Kirk, S
Gardiner, K
Journal Article
Review
England
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD005573.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is an inflammatory condition affecting the colon with an incidence of approximately 10-20 per 100,000 per year. No existing intervention is effective in all patients with a proportion requiring colectomy. There are significant proportion of patients who experience adverse effects with current therapies. Consequently, new alternatives for the treatment of UC are constantly being sought. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that may beneficially affect the host by improving intestinal microbial balance, enhancing gut barrier function and improving local immune response. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of probiotics compared with placebo or standard medical treatment (5-aminosalicylates, sulfasalazine or corticosteroids) for the induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis. SEARCH STRATEGY: A comprehensive search for relevant randomised controlled trials (RCT's) was carried out using MEDLINE (1966-January 2006), EMBASE (January 1985- 2006) and CENTRAL. The Cochrane IBD/FBD Review Group Specialised Trials Registrar was also searched. The Australasian Medical Index, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and the Japan Information Centre of Science and Technology File on Science, Technology and Medicine (JICST-E) were also used to identify abstracts. Conference proceedings from the Falk Symposium, Digestive Disease Week (DDW) and the United European Digestive Disease week were hand-searched. Authors of relevant studies and drug companies were contacted regarding ongoing or unpublished trials that may be relevant to the review. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of probiotics compared to standard treatments in the induction of remission of active ulcerative colitis DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data for analysis. Data were analysed using RevMan 4.2.7. A formal meta-analysis was not preformed due to differences in probiotics, outcomes and trial methodology. MAIN RESULTS: None of the included studies reported any statistically significant differences in remission or clinical improvement rates between probiotic and placebo or active comparator groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Conventional therapy combined with a probiotic does not improve overall remission rates in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. However, there is limited evidence that probiotics added to standard therapy may provide modest benefits in terms of reduction of disease activity in patients with mild to moderately severe ulcerative colitis. Whether probiotics are as effective in patients with severe and more extensive disease and whether they can be used as an alternative to existing therapies is unknown. Further well designed, larger randomised controlled trials are needed to determine whether probiotics can be used as an alternative to current treatment modalities.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*diet therapy
Humans
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Remission Induction},
   ISSN = {1361-6137},
   Accession Number = {17943867},
   DOI = {10.1002/14651858.CD005573.pub2},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Matsumoto, S. and Hara, T. and Nagaoka, M. and Mike, A. and Mitsuyama, K. and Sako, T. and Yamamoto, M. and Kado, S. and Takada, T.},
   title = {A component of polysaccharide peptidoglycan complex on Lactobacillus induced an improvement of murine model of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer},
   journal = {Immunology},
   volume = {128},
   number = {1 Suppl},
   pages = {e170-80},
   note = {1365-2567
Matsumoto, S
Hara, T
Nagaoka, M
Mike, A
Mitsuyama, K
Sako, T
Yamamoto, M
Kado, S
Takada, T
Journal Article
England
Immunology. 2009 Sep;128(1 Suppl):e170-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02942.x. Epub 2008 Oct 15.},
   abstract = {Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signals play key roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We previously described that both intact cells and a cell wall-derived polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex (PSPG) in a strain of lactobacillus [Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS)] inhibited IL-6 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) isolated from murine IBD. Diets with LcS improve murine IBD by suppression of IL-6 synthesis in LPMCs. Moreover, LcS supplementation with fermented milk ameliorates disease activity in patients with active ulcerative colitis. Here, we focused on the specific roles of PSPG in LcS concerning their anti-inflammatory actions. PSPG derived from LcS, and no other strain of lactobacilli, inhibited IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated murine IBD LPMCs. Purified PSPG-I from LcS inhibited IL-6 synthesis in LPS-stimulated murine IBD LPMCs through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB. The anti-IL-6 action of LcS PSPG was abrogated by masking with monoclonal anti-PSPG-I. Furthermore, PSPG-I-negative L. casei strains (PSPG-I-negative mutant LcS: LC(DeltaPSPG-I), L. casei ATCC 334) did not inhibit IL-6 production. Finally, we confirmed the effects of PSPG-I on LcS in the models of both IBD and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). In the IBD model, ingestion of LcS improved ileitis and inhibited activation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling, while ingestion of the LC(DeltaPSPG-I) strain did not. In the CAC model, treatment with LcS, but not the LC(DeltaPSPG-I) strain, showed tumour-suppressive effects with an inhibition of IL-6 production in the colonic mucosa. These results suggested that a specific polysaccharide component in an L. casei strain plays a crucial role in its anti-inflammatory actions in chronic intestinal inflammatory disorders.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
Chronic Disease
Dextran Sulfate/pharmacology
Disease Models, Animal
Female
Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*therapy
Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism
Lactobacillus casei/*immunology
Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects/*immunology/metabolism/microbiology
Mice
Mice, Inbred BALB C
Neoplasms/etiology/*therapy
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology/metabolism
Peptidoglycan/immunology/*therapeutic use
Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology/*therapeutic use
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism
STAT3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism
Signal Transduction/drug effects/immunology},
   ISSN = {0019-2805},
   Accession Number = {19740306},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02942.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Matsunaga, H. and Hokari, R. and Kurihara, C. and Okada, Y. and Takebayashi, K. and Okudaira, K. and Watanabe, C. and Komoto, S. and Nakamura, M. and Tsuzuki, Y. and Kawaguchi, A. and Nagao, S. and Itoh, K. and Miura, S.},
   title = {Omega-3 fatty acids exacerbate DSS-induced colitis through decreased adiponectin in colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1348-57},
   note = {1536-4844
Matsunaga, Hisayuki
Hokari, Ryota
Kurihara, Chie
Okada, Yoshikiyo
Takebayashi, Koichi
Okudaira, Keisuke
Watanabe, Chikako
Komoto, Syunsuke
Nakamura, Mitsuyasu
Tsuzuki, Yoshikazu
Kawaguchi, Atushi
Nagao, Shigeaki
Itoh, Kazuro
Miura, Soichiro
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Oct;14(10):1348-57. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20491.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although the immunoregulatory effects of omega-3 fatty acid and adiponectin have been postulated, their role in intestinal inflammation is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary fat intake influences activity of colonic inflammation through modulating this system. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice received dextran sulfate sodium for induction of colitis. Mice were fed a control diet, omega-3 fat-rich diet, omega-6 fat-rich diet, or saturated fat-rich diet. Some mice were administered a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma; agonist, pioglitazone. Messenger RNA expression of adiponectin and its receptors were analyzed. Adiponectin expression in colonic mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients was also analyzed. RESULTS: The receptors for adiponectin were found to be ubiquitously expressed in epithelial cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina proprial mononuclear cells, and subepithelial myofibroblasts from colonic tissue, but adiponectin was only expressed in myofibroblasts. Induction of colitis significantly decreased the expression of adiponectin in colonic mucosa. The omega-3 fat diet group, but not the other fat diet groups, showed exacerbated colitis with a further decrease of adiponectin expression. Pioglitazone treatment ameliorated the level of decrease in adiponectin expression and improved colonic inflammation induced by the omega-3 fat-rich diet. In patients with ulcerative colitis, the expression level of adiponectin in colonic mucosa was also decreased compared with that in control mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: Adiponectin was found to be expressed in myofibroblasts. Adiponectin expression was significantly suppressed by induction of colitis, and aggravation of colitis after exposure to omega-3 fat may be due to a further decrease in the expression level of adiponectin.},
   keywords = {Adiponectin/genetics/*metabolism
Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
Cells, Cultured
Colitis/*chemically induced/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology
Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/*administration & dosage
Disease Models, Animal
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*administration & dosage
Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage
Gene Expression
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Myoblasts/*metabolism
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Random Allocation
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Thiazolidinediones},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18484673},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20491},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {McGilligan, V. E. and Wallace, J. M. and Heavey, P. M. and Ridley, D. L. and Rowland, I. R.},
   title = {The effect of nicotine in vitro on the integrity of tight junctions in Caco-2 cell monolayers},
   journal = {Food Chem Toxicol},
   volume = {45},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1593-8},
   note = {McGilligan, V E
Wallace, J M W
Heavey, P M
Ridley, D L
Rowland, I R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Sep;45(9):1593-8. Epub 2007 Feb 24.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis is characterised by impairment of the epithelial barrier and tight junction alterations resulting in increased intestinal permeability. UC is less common in smokers with smoking reported to decrease paracellular permeability. The aim of this study was thus to determine the effect of nicotine, the major constituent in cigarettes and its metabolites on the integrity of tight junctions in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The integrity of Caco-2 tight junctions was analysed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and by tracing the flux of the fluorescent marker fluorescein, after treatment with various concentrations of nicotine or nicotine metabolites over 48 h. TER was significantly higher compared to the control for all concentrations of nicotine 0.01-10 microM at 48 h (p<0.001), and for 0.01 microM (p<0.001) and 0.1 microM and 10 microM nicotine (p < 0.01) at 12 and 24 h. The fluorescein flux results supported those of the TER assay. TER readings for all nicotine metabolites tested were also higher at 24 and 48 h only (p < or = 0.01). Western blot analysis demonstrated that nicotine up-regulated the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1 (p < or = 0.01). Overall, it appears that nicotine and its metabolites, at concentrations corresponding to those reported in the blood of smokers, can significantly improve tight junction integrity, and thus, decrease epithelial gut permeability. We have shown that in vitro, nicotine appears more potent than its metabolites in decreasing epithelial gut permeability. We speculate that this enhanced gut barrier may be the result of increased expression of claudin-1 and occludin proteins, which are associated with the formation of tight junctions. These findings may help explain the mechanism of action of nicotine treatment and indeed smoking in reducing epithelial gut permeability.},
   keywords = {Blotting, Western
Caco-2 Cells
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Claudin-1
Colitis, Ulcerative/physiopathology
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Electric Impedance
Fluorescein/metabolism
Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism
Ganglionic Stimulants/*pharmacology
Humans
Intestines/cytology/metabolism/physiopathology
Membrane Proteins/*metabolism
Nicotine/*pharmacology
Occludin
Permeability/drug effects
Smoking
Tight Junctions/*drug effects/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0278-6915 (Print)
0278-6915},
   Accession Number = {17399881},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.021},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {McGilligan, V. E. and Wallace, J. M. and Heavey, P. M. and Ridley, D. L. and Rowland, I. R.},
   title = {Hypothesis about mechanisms through which nicotine might exert its effect on the interdependence of inflammation and gut barrier function in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {13},
   number = {1},
   pages = {108-15},
   note = {McGilligan, Victoria E
Wallace, Julie M W
Heavey, Patricia M
Ridley, Diana L
Rowland, Ian R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Jan;13(1):108-15.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by impairment of the epithelial barrier and the formation of ulcer-type lesions, which result in local leaks and generalized alterations of mucosal tight junctions. Ultimately, this results in increased basal permeability. Although disruption of the epithelial barrier in the gut is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal infections, it remains unclear whether barrier breakdown is an initiating event of UC or rather a consequence of an underlying inflammation, evidenced by increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. UC is less common in smokers, suggesting that the nicotine in cigarettes may ameliorate disease severity. The mechanism behind this therapeutic effect is still not fully understood, and indeed it remains unclear if nicotine is the true protective agent in cigarettes. Nicotine is metabolized in the body into a variety of metabolites and can also be degraded to form various breakdown products. It is possible these metabolites or degradation products may be the true protective or curative agents. A greater understanding of the pharmacodynamics and kinetics of nicotine in relation to the immune system and enhanced knowledge of gut permeability defects in UC are required to establish the exact protective nature of nicotine and its metabolites in UC. This review suggests possible hypotheses for the protective mechanism of nicotine in UC, highlighting the relationship between gut permeability and inflammation, and indicates where in the pathogenesis of the disease nicotine may mediate its effect.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/pathology/*physiopathology
Colon/pathology
Cytokines/physiology
Humans
Inflammation
Intestines/physiopathology
Nicotine/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Permeability
Smoking},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {17206646},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20020},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Medhi, B. and Prakash, A. and Avti, P. K. and Saikia, U. N. and Pandhi, P. and Khanduja, K. L.},
   title = {Effect of Manuka honey and sulfasalazine in combination to promote antioxidant defense system in experimentally induced ulcerative colitis model in rats},
   journal = {Indian J Exp Biol},
   volume = {46},
   number = {8},
   pages = {583-90},
   note = {Medhi, B
Prakash, A
Avti, P K
Saikia, U N
Pandhi, P
Khanduja, K L
Journal Article
India
Indian J Exp Biol. 2008 Aug;46(8):583-90.},
   abstract = {Manuka honey (MH, 5g/kg) provided protection against trinitro-benzo-sulphonic acid induced colonic damage. Combination therapy (MH+sulfasalazine) also reduced colonic inflammation and all the biochemical parameters were significant compared to control and MH alone treated group. Combination therapy showed additive effect of the MH which restored lipid peroxidation and improvement of antioxidant parameters. Morphological and histological scores were significantly reduced in combination groups. In inflammatory model of colitis, oral administration of MH (5g/kg) and combination with sulfasalazine (360 mg/kg) with MH (5g/kg) significantly reduced the colonic inflammation. The results indicate the additive effect of Manuka honey with sulfasalazine in colitis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antioxidants/*metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*drug therapy/*metabolism/pathology
Disease Models, Animal
*Honey
Male
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Sulfasalazine/pharmacology/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0019-5189 (Print)
0019-5189},
   Accession Number = {18814487},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Meier, R. and Lochs, H.},
   title = {[Pre- and probiotics]},
   journal = {Ther Umsch},
   volume = {64},
   number = {3},
   pages = {161-9},
   note = {Meier, R
Lochs, H
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Ther Umsch. 2007 Mar;64(3):161-9.},
   abstract = {Nowadays, the regular consumption of pre- and probiotics is recommended to provide various positive health benefits. The in vitro and in vivo demonstrated actions on the intestinal microflora, the mucosal barrier and the immunological system are very interesting to propose beneficial health effects, but the scientific proof in humans is not demonstrated yet. Pre- and probiotics are very active in the intestinal tract (mainly in the colon) by maintaining a healthy gut microflora and influencing metabolic, trophic and protective mechanism. Prebiotics stimulates the growth of apathogen bacteria and increase the short chain fatty acid concentration by fermentation. Short chain fatty acids are necessary substrates for a healthy gut. Probiotics inhibit the growth of pathogen bacteria, reduce the translocation of bacteria and toxins and modulate the intestinal immune system. For some specific clinical diseases (ulcerative colitis, pouchitis, diarrhoea) a therapeutic and prophylactic effect with pre- and probiotics was shown. In the near future more indications for pre- and probiotics (used as a single strain or as in a combination) will be added. Promising results are already shown in irritable bowel syndrome, prevention of antibiotic induced diarrhoea, in surgical and in intensive care patients. Future studies should focus to determine the characteristics of a healthy gut and the evaluation of specific health benefits by well-designed, controlled human studies of adequate duration.},
   keywords = {Diet Therapy/*methods
*Food, Fortified
*Food, Organic
Humans
Intestinal Diseases/*diet therapy/*prevention & control
*Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0040-5930 (Print)
0040-5930},
   Accession Number = {17323288},
   DOI = {10.1024/0040-5930.64.3.161},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Menassa, R. and Du, C. and Yin, Z. Q. and Ma, S. and Poussier, P. and Brandle, J. and Jevnikar, A. M.},
   title = {Therapeutic effectiveness of orally administered transgenic low-alkaloid tobacco expressing human interleukin-10 in a mouse model of colitis},
   journal = {Plant Biotechnol J},
   volume = {5},
   number = {1},
   pages = {50-9},
   note = {1467-7652
Menassa, Rima
Du, Caigan
Yin, Zi Qin
Ma, Shengwu
Poussier, Philippe
Brandle, Jim
Jevnikar, Anthony M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Plant Biotechnol J. 2007 Jan;5(1):50-9.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a spectrum of diseases in which inflammation leads to acute and chronic gut injury. It is a growing health issue for which no cure exists. The pathogenesis is multifactorial with links to infectious and environmental events that trigger disease in genetically predisposed individuals. Treatment of the two major forms of IBD, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, involves the reduction of inflammation with toxic immunosuppressive drugs or blocking of the pro-inflammatory effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with antibodies. Here, we show that the oral administration of transgenic low-alkaloid tobacco expressing the contra-inflammatory cytokine human interleukin-10 (hIL-10) reduces the severity of colitis by down-regulating TNF-alpha expression directly at the sites of inflammation in IBD-susceptible IL-10(-/-) mice. hIL-10 expressed in plants is biologically active and displays resistance to gastrointestinal degradation. Dietary supplementation with plant tissue delivering up to 9 microg of hIL-10 daily for 4 weeks was well tolerated by treated mice. Gut histology was significantly improved relative to controls (P = 0.002), and was correlated with a decrease in small bowel TNF-alpha mRNA levels and an increase in IL-2 and IL-1beta mRNA levels. Transgenic plants expressing IL-10 to directly attenuate TNF-alpha expression at sites of inflammation in the gut may become a useful new approach in the luminal therapy of IBD.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis/*genetics/*immunology
Disease Models, Animal
Expressed Sequence Tags
Fusarium/genetics
Humans
Interleukin-10/*genetics
Mice
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Oxidative Stress
Plant Diseases/microbiology
Plants, Genetically Modified
Tobacco/*genetics/microbiology
Transcription, Genetic
Triticum/genetics},
   ISSN = {1467-7644},
   Accession Number = {17207256},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00214.x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Miao, X. P. and Ouyang, Q. and Li, H. Y. and Wen, Z. H. and Zhang, D. K. and Cui, X. Y.},
   title = {Role of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis},
   journal = {Curr Ther Res Clin Exp},
   volume = {69},
   number = {3},
   pages = {181-91},
   note = {Miao, Xin-Pu
Ouyang, Qin
Li, Hui-Yan
Wen, Zhong-Hui
Zhang, De-Kui
Cui, Xiao-Yan
Journal Article
United States
Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2008 Jun;69(3):181-91. doi: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2008.06.009.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the general population, selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors have been associated with fewer gastrointestinal adverse effects (AEs) than NSAIDs, but whether they are associated with exacerbations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review published and unpublished findings to determine whether the use of COX-2 inhibitors increased the risk for IBD exacerbations relative to placebo in the treatment of IBD. METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE (1966-July 2007), EMBASE (1980-July 2007), the Cochrane Library (2007 Issue 4), US Food and Drug Administration records, and data on file at Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Pfizer US Pharmaceutical Group, and Merck & Co., Inc., using the search terms celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease, was performed to identify randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of 5 COX-2 inhibitors in patients with IBD. The publications were fully reviewed for quality. Data on trial design, patient characteristics, intervention drugs, dosages, and outcomes were collected using a predetermined data-extraction form. A meta-analysis was performed based on the publications that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Of 588 studies identified in the electronic search, 574 were excluded after screening the titles and abstracts. Fourteen related to the use of COX-2 inhibitors in patients with IBD were reviewed. Two randomized, controlled trials comparing COX-2 inhibitors with placebo were identified. In the first trial, 82 patients were randomized to receive etoricoxib (60-120 mg/d) and 77 to receive placebo. The exacerbation rates were 10.5% (8/76) in the active-treatment group and 11.4% (8/70) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.92; 95% CI, 0.37-2.32). In the second trial, 112 patients were treated with celecoxib (200 mg BID) and 110 received placebo. The exacerbation rates were 3.7% (4/107) in the celecoxib group and 2.7% (3/110) in the placebo group (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.17-3.18). Of these patients, 5 were lost to follow-up because of AEs. In the meta-analysis comparing COX-2 inhibitors and placebo, the RR was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.39-1.88). No statistically significant differences in IBD relapse rates were found between COX-2 inhibitors and placebo. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this meta-analysis suggest that insufficient data were available to determine the impact of COX-2 inhibitors on IBD exacerbations. The relatively smaller risk for AEs makes the short-term use of COX-2 inhibitors potentially attractive, but the long-term benefits remain unclear. Further studies with sound methodology and large sample sizes are needed to evaluate the tolerability of COX-2 inhibitors in the treatment of IBD.},
   keywords = {Crohn's disease
cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
inflammatory bowel disease
meta-analysis
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0011-393X (Print)
0011-393x},
   Accession Number = {24692797},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.curtheres.2008.06.009},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mills, D. J. and Tuohy, K. M. and Booth, J. and Buck, M. and Crabbe, M. J. and Gibson, G. R. and Ames, J. M.},
   title = {Dietary glycated protein modulates the colonic microbiota towards a more detrimental composition in ulcerative colitis patients and non-ulcerative colitis subjects},
   journal = {J Appl Microbiol},
   volume = {105},
   number = {3},
   pages = {706-14},
   note = {1365-2672
Mills, D J S
Tuohy, K M
Booth, J
Buck, M
Crabbe, M J C
Gibson, G R
Ames, J M
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Sep;105(3):706-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03783.x. Epub 2008 Apr 9.},
   abstract = {AIM: To investigate the effect of native, heated and glycated bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the ulcerative colitis (UC) and non-UC colonic microbiota in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS: Continuous flow culture (CFC) models of the human colonic microbiota inoculated with faeces from UC and non-UC volunteers were maintained on BSA as growth substrate. Changes in bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acids were determined. UC and non-UC microbiota differed significantly in microbial populations, with elevated numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and clostridia in the microbiota from UC patients. Compared with native BSA, glycated BSA modulated the gut microbiota of UC patients in vitro towards a more detrimental community structure with significant increases in putatively harmful bacteria (clostridia, bacteroides and SRB; P < 0.009) and decreases in dominant and putatively beneficial bacterial groups (eubacteria and bifidobacteria; P < 0.0004). The levels of beneficial short-chain fatty acids were significantly decreased by heated or glycated BSA, but were increased significantly by native BSA. CONCLUSION: The UC colonic microbiota maintained in CFC was significantly modified by glycated BSA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Results suggest that dietary glycated protein may impact upon the composition and activity of the colonic microbiota, an important environmental variable in UC.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Analysis of Variance
Animals
Bacteria/*drug effects/metabolism
Bacteriological Techniques
Bacteroides/drug effects/physiology
Case-Control Studies
Cattle
Clostridium/drug effects/physiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/*microbiology
Colon/*microbiology
Colony Count, Microbial/methods
Dietary Proteins/*pharmacology
Digestion
Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
Feces/microbiology
Female
*Food
Hot Temperature
Humans
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Male
Middle Aged
Ribotyping
Serum Albumin/*pharmacology
Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacology
Sulfates/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1364-5072},
   Accession Number = {18399977},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03783.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mitsuyama, K. and Sata, M.},
   title = {Gut microflora: a new target for therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Expert Opin Ther Targets},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {301-12},
   note = {1744-7631
Mitsuyama, Keiichi
Sata, Michio
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008 Mar;12(3):301-12. doi: 10.1517/14728222.12.3.301.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Intestinal microflora contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. OBJECTIVE: This review summarizes current clinical knowledge about the role of intestinal microflora in inflammatory bowel disease and their importance as targets for new forms of therapy. METHODS: Recent knowledge on gut microbial ecology, role of microflora, and pattern recognition receptors is summarized in relation to inflammatory bowel disease. The results of in vitro experiments, in vivo animal studies and human clinical trials with the use of agents targeting microflora, including prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, are described briefly. CONCLUSION: Altering the composition of intestinal microflora through prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics may improve the clinical outcome of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Animals
Drug Delivery Systems/*methods
Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage
Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects/*microbiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*microbiology/*therapy
Probiotics/*administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {1472-8222},
   Accession Number = {18269340},
   DOI = {10.1517/14728222.12.3.301},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Moffatt, D. C. and Bernstein, C. N.},
   title = {Drug therapy for inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy and the puerperium},
   journal = {Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {21},
   number = {5},
   pages = {835-47},
   note = {Moffatt, Dana C
Bernstein, Charles N
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21(5):835-47.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a peak age of onset in the 3rd decade and a peak prevalent age in the fourth decade in most studies. As a result many patients affected by Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are females of reproductive age interested in bearing children. It has been shown that the most important factor in the success of a pregnancy in patients with IBD is the state of disease activity. Therefore, the goal prior to and during pregnancy is to best optimise control of the disease through medical therapy. Unfortunately, many medications utilised to treat IBD are potentially toxic and/or teratogenic, leaving many physicians and patients without a clear answer as to the safest methods of therapy. This review attempts to summarise the medical literature to date, as it pertains to the safety of medical therapy for IBD during pregnancy and the puerperium.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Antidiarrheals/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Female
Fish Oils/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Glucocorticoids/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunologic Factors/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Mesalamine/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Postpartum Period/*drug effects
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications/*drug therapy
Probiotics/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Sulfasalazine/pharmacology/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1521-6918 (Print)
1521-6918},
   Accession Number = {17889811},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.bpg.2007.05.002},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Niess, J. H.},
   title = {Role of mucosal dendritic cells in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   number = {33},
   pages = {5138-48},
   note = {Niess, Jan Hendrik
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Sep 7;14(33):5138-48.},
   abstract = {The gastrointestinal innate and adaptive immune system continuously faces the challenge of potent stimuli from the commensal microflora and food constituents. These local immune responses require a tight control, the outcome of which is in most cases the induction of tolerance. Local T cell immunity is an important compartment of the specific intestinal immune system. T cell reactivity is programmed during the initial stage of its activation by professional presenting cells. Mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) are assumed to play key roles in regulating immune responses in the antigen-rich gastrointestinal environment. Mucosal DCs are a heterogeneous population that can either initiate (innate and adaptive) immune responses, or control intestinal inflammation and maintain tolerance. Defects in this regulation are supposed to lead to the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). This review will discuss the emerging role of mucosal DCs in regulating intestinal inflammation and immune responses.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/physiopathology
Crohn Disease/pathology/physiopathology
Dendritic Cells/pathology/*physiology
Humans
Immunity, Mucosal/immunology/physiology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology/*physiopathology
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology/*physiology},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {18777590},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nikfar, S. and Rahimi, R. and Rezaie, A. and Abdollahi, M.},
   title = {A meta-analysis of the efficacy of sulfasalazine in comparison with 5-aminosalicylates in the induction of improvement and maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {54},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1157-70},
   note = {1573-2568
Nikfar, Shekoufeh
Rahimi, Roja
Rezaie, Ali
Abdollahi, Mohammad
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Review
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2009 Jun;54(6):1157-70. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0481-x. Epub 2008 Sep 4.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Historically, sulfasalazine (SSZ) and 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) have been a mainstay of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis (UC) remission induction and maintenance therapy. Considering the pivotal role of intestinal microbial flora in pathophysiology of UC and antimicrobial activity of sulfapyridine, we hypothesized that SSZ might be more effective than 5-ASAs in the management of UC. AIM: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of SSZ with each of the 5-ASAs (mesalamine, olsalazine, and balsalazide) by a meta-analysis technique. METHODS: Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for studies compared efficacy and/or tolerability of SSZ with 5-ASAs in the management of UC. The search terms were: "sulfasalazine" or "sulfasalazine" and "5-aminosalicylic acid," "mesalazine," "mesalamine," "olsalazine" or "balsalazide" and "ulcerative colitis." Data were collected from 1966 to April 2008. There was no language restriction. "Overall improvement," "relapse rate," "total adverse events," and "withdrawals because of adverse events" were the key outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Twenty randomized placebo controlled trials met our criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Comparison of SSZ with mesalamine yielded a nonsignificant relative risk (RR) of 1.04 (95% confidence interval of 0.89-1.21, P = 0.63) for overall improvement, a nonsignificant RR of 0.98 (95% CI 0.78-1.23, P = 0.85) for relapse, a nonsignificant RR of 0.76 (95% CI 0.54-1.07, P = 0.11) for any adverse events, and a nonsignificant RR of 0.78 (95% CI 0.46-1.3, P = 0.33) for withdrawals due to adverse events. Comparison of SSZ with olsalazine yielded a nonsignificant RR of 1.14 (95% CI 0.91-1.43, P = 0.25) for overall improvement, a nonsignificant RR of 0.93 (95% CI 0.77-1.12, P = 0.42) for relapse, a nonsignificant RR of 1.21 (95% CI 0.9-1.61, P = 0.20) for any adverse events, and a nonsignificant RR of 1.53 (95% CI 0.93-2.52, P = 0.09) for withdrawals due to adverse events. Comparison of SSZ with balsalazide yielded a nonsignificant RR of 1.3 (95% CI 0.93-1.81, P = 0.12) for overall improvement, and a significant RR of 0.17 (95% CI 0.06-0.49, P = 0.001) for withdrawals because of adverse events. CONCLUSION: SSZ does not differ from mesalamine or olsalazine in terms of efficacy and tolerability in UC. Withdrawal from study due to adverse events was significantly lower for balsalazide compared with SSZ. Convincing conclusions on the comparison of effectiveness and safety of balsalazide and SSZ in UC remains to be elucidated by further clinical trials. Considering the lower cost of treatment with SSZ and the equal rate of adverse events with other 5-ASAa, it is not surprising to suggest SSZ as a first-choice treatment for UC and reserve 5-ASAs for when SSZ intolerability occurs.},
   keywords = {Aminosalicylic Acids/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Humans
Sulfasalazine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {18770034},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-008-0481-x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nilsson, U. and Johansson, M. and Nilsson, A. and Bjorck, I. and Nyman, M.},
   title = {Dietary supplementation with beta-glucan enriched oat bran increases faecal concentration of carboxylic acids in healthy subjects},
   journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {62},
   number = {8},
   pages = {978-84},
   note = {Nilsson, U
Johansson, M
Nilsson, A
Bjorck, I
Nyman, M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;62(8):978-84. Epub 2007 May 23.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Carboxylic acids (CAs), especially butyric acid, have been suggested to counteract colonic diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and colon cancer. Colonic formation of CAs can be influenced by the diet, but the concentrations and pattern formed need to be evaluated for different food products in humans. To elucidate how the colonic concentration of CAs in healthy subjects is influenced by dietary supplementation with oat bran, and whether the concentration varies over time and during consecutive days. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty-five healthy subjects (age 24+/-1.3) were recruited to the study. The subjects were given 40 g beta-glucan enriched oat bran per day, corresponding to 20 g dietary fibre, in 4 slices of bread. CAs were analysed in faeces during three consecutive days after 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks on this diet. RESULTS: The concentration of acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acid was higher (P<0.05-0.001) after 8 weeks on the oat bran diet as compared with values at entry, whereas that of lactic acid was lower (P<0.05). After 12 weeks, the concentrations of acetic, propionic and isobutyric acid were still higher and that of lactic acid lower. The variation between individuals was considerable, whereas in the same individuals there was little variation. CONCLUSIONS: Oat bran increased the faecal concentration of CAs after 8 weeks, indicating an increased concentration also in the distal colon. The concentration of all main acids increased, except for lactic acid, which decreased. Oat bran may therefore have a preventive potential adjunct to colonic diseases.},
   keywords = {Adult
Avena
Carboxylic Acids/*analysis/metabolism
Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage/metabolism
Feces/*chemistry
Female
*Food, Fortified
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Young Adult
beta-Glucans/*administration & dosage/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0954-3007 (Print)
0954-3007},
   Accession Number = {17522598},
   DOI = {10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602816},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Olveira Fuster, G. and Gonzalez-Molero, I.},
   title = {[Probiotics and prebiotics in clinical practice]},
   journal = {Nutr Hosp},
   volume = {22 Suppl 2},
   pages = {26-34},
   note = {Olveira Fuster, G
Gonzalez-Molero, I
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Spain
Nutr Hosp. 2007 May;22 Suppl 2:26-34.},
   abstract = {This article revises the concepts of prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics, and their use in different situations of daily clinical practice. With a high level of evidence, it is concluded that the use of certain strains of probiotics significantly reduces the risk for antibiotic-induced diarrhea. Although further studies are needed, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (particularly ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis) might improve the rates of remission induction/maintenance. The administration of probiotics and symbiotics to patients with liver transplant, severe acute pancreatitis, and intensive and surgical care patients, emerges as a promising therapeutic option that seems to reduce the number of infections; however, it is currently no possible to establish evidence-based recommendations, with a need for a higher number of better designed works. About safety of probiotics and symbiotics, the benefits/risks ratio clearly favors the former since the risk for infection is low, even in immunosuppressed patients. There are, however, selected groups of patients in which caution is advised.},
   keywords = {Humans
Intestinal Diseases/*diet therapy
*Probiotics},
   ISSN = {0212-1611 (Print)
0212-1611},
   Accession Number = {17679291},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Osina, V. A. and Kuz'mina, T. N.},
   title = {[Enteral nutrition in the therapy of gastrointestinal diseases (according to materials of the European Association of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition)]},
   journal = {Eksp Klin Gastroenterol},
   number = {3},
   pages = {92-8, 129},
   note = {Osina, V A
Kuz'mina, T N
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Russia (Federation)
Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2007;(3):92-8, 129.},
   abstract = {The present article gives evidence-based recommendations for the indication, application and type of formula of enteral nutrition (EN) (oral nutrition supplements (ONS) or tube feeding (TF)) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), short bowel syndrome (SBS), acute and chronic pancreatitis, alcoholic steatogepatitis and cirrosis. ONS and/or TF in addition to normal food is indicates in undernourished patients with CD or UC to improve nutritional status. In active CD EN is the first line therapy in children and should be used as sole therapy in adults mainly when treatment with corticosteroids is not feasible. No significant differences have been shown in the effects of free amino acid, peptide-based and hole protein formulae for TF. In remission ONS is recommended only in steroid dependent patients in CD. In patients with SBS TF should be introduced in the adaptation phase and should be changed with progressing adaptation to ONS in addition to normal food. Special nutrition support should not be used routinely in patients with mild or moderate acute pancreatitis. EN is the preffered route in patients with pancreatitis and should be attempted before initiating parenteral nutrition. Nutrition assessment in patients with liver disease should include screening for micronutrient deficiencies. Protein restriction should be implemented for the acute management of hepatic encephalopathy and should not be implemented chronically in patients with liver disease.},
   keywords = {Energy Intake
Energy Metabolism
Enteral Nutrition/*methods
Gastrointestinal Diseases/metabolism/*therapy
Humans
Parenteral Nutrition/*methods},
   ISSN = {1682-8658 (Print)
1682-8658},
   Accession Number = {17937012},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pagoldh, M. and Eriksson, A. and Heimtun, E. and Kvifors, E. and Sternby, B. and Blomquist, L. and Lapidus, A. and Suhr, O. and Lange, S. and Karlbom, U. and Nordstrom, D. and Rettrup, B.},
   title = {Effects of a supplementary diet with specially processed cereals in patients with short bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {20},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1085-93},
   note = {1473-5687
Pagoldh, Maria
Eriksson, Anders
Heimtun, Erling
Kvifors, Eva
Sternby, Berit
Blomquist, Lars
Lapidus, Annika
Suhr, Ole
Lange, Stefan
Karlbom, Urban
Nordstrom, Daniel
Rettrup, Bjorn
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Nov;20(11):1085-93. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328303c00a.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Short bowel syndrome patients frequently experience impaired health-related quality of life. This syndrome is also associated with increased costs for the individuals concerned and the community. Intake of specially processed cereals has been demonstrated to decrease intestinal secretion. This study evaluates the effect of a supplementary diet with specially processed cereals compared with nonprocessed cereals. METHODS: This investigation is a randomized double-blind, cross-over multicentre prospective study of 26 intestinal resected out patients, considered as short bowel syndrome patients. The patients were divided into groups A or B, in accordance with the first allocated treatment. Subgroup analyses of the underlying diagnoses and type of surgical procedure were performed. The studied parameters were faecal volume, nocturnal stools, abdominal pain/discomfort, health-related quality of life, peripheral blood tests and anthropometric data. RESULTS: In both groups, intake of nonprocessed cereals significantly decreased the faecal volume. The subgroup analyses of patients with a history of ulcerative colitis (compared with Crohn's disease) and nonileostomy-operated procedure (compared with ileostomi-operated procedure) showed significantly decreased faecal volume during nonprocessed cereals intake. Peripheral blood tests, quality of life and anthropometry were not affected. CONCLUSION: In this study, nonprocessed cereals seemed to be as effective as specially processed cereals in decreasing faecal volume in general and especially in ulcerative colitis patients (mainly operated with nonileostomy techniques). Our results indicate that use of supplementary cereals is safe for this group of patients, but should optimally include evaluation of the underlying diagnosis and the surgical method used.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Anthropometry
Colitis, Ulcerative/physiopathology/surgery
Crohn Disease/physiopathology/surgery
Cross-Over Studies
Defecation
Dietary Carbohydrates/*therapeutic use
Double-Blind Method
*Edible Grain
Feces
Female
Food Handling
Humans
Intestines/surgery
Male
Middle Aged
Postoperative Complications/diet therapy/physiopathology
Short Bowel Syndrome/*diet therapy/etiology/physiopathology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0954-691x},
   Accession Number = {19047840},
   DOI = {10.1097/MEG.0b013e328303c00a},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Peran, L. and Camuesco, D. and Comalada, M. and Bailon, E. and Henriksson, A. and Xaus, J. and Zarzuelo, A. and Galvez, J.},
   title = {A comparative study of the preventative effects exerted by three probiotics, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus, in the TNBS model of rat colitis},
   journal = {J Appl Microbiol},
   volume = {103},
   number = {4},
   pages = {836-44},
   note = {Peran, L
Camuesco, D
Comalada, M
Bailon, E
Henriksson, A
Xaus, J
Zarzuelo, A
Galvez, J
Comparative Study
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Oct;103(4):836-44.},
   abstract = {AIMS: The intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of three probiotics with immunomodulatory properties, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis, were evaluated and compared in the trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) model of rat colitis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Colitis was induced in rats by intracolonic administration of 10 mg of TNBS dissolved in 0.25 ml of 50% ethanol. Each probiotic was administered orally (5x10(8) CFU suspended in 0.5 ml of skimmed milk) for 3 weeks, starting 2 weeks before the administration of TNBS. Colonic damage was evaluated histologically and biochemically 1 week after TNBS instillation. The results obtained revealed that all probiotics assayed showed intestinal anti-inflammatory effects, macroscopically evidenced by a significant reduction in the colonic weight/length ratio. Only B. lactis showed a lower incidence of diarrhoea in comparison with untreated rats. Biochemically, all probiotics restored colonic glutathione levels, depleted as a consequence of the oxidative stress of the inflammatory process. Bifidobacterium lactis treatment reduced colonic tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression; L. acidophilus administration reduced colonic leukotriene B4 production and iNOS expression and L. casei intake was associated with a decrease in colonic COX-2 expression. CONCLUSION: The three probiotics assayed have shown intestinal anti-inflammatory activity in the TNBS model of rat colitis, although each probiotic shows its own anti-inflammatory profile. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These probiotics could be considered as potential adjuvants in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, although more studies are required in order to demonstrate their efficacy in humans.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bifidobacterium
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/microbiology/pathology/*prevention &
control
Diarrhea/prevention & control
Disease Models, Animal
Feces/microbiology
Female
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus casei
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid},
   ISSN = {1364-5072 (Print)
1364-5072},
   Accession Number = {17897185},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03302.x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pham, M. and Lemberg, D. A. and Day, A. S.},
   title = {Probiotics: sorting the evidence from the myths},
   journal = {Med J Aust},
   volume = {188},
   number = {5},
   pages = {304-8},
   note = {Pham, Mimi
Lemberg, Daniel A
Day, Andrew S
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Australia
Med J Aust. 2008 Mar 3;188(5):304-8.},
   abstract = {Probiotics consist of yeast or bacteria, especially lactic acid bacteria. They are available as capsules, powder, fermented milks or yoghurts. Probiotics exhibit strain-specific differences in their resistance to acid and bile, ability to colonise the gastrointestinal tract, clinical efficacy, and benefits to the health of the host. There is level I evidence for the use of probiotics in treating acute infectious diarrhoea and preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii having the most evidence to support their use for these conditions. There is level II evidence that S. boulardii combined with high-dose vancomycin is more effective than the antibiotic alone in preventing recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. There is level I evidence that probiotics prevent traveller's diarrhoea. There is level I evidence for use of the high-potency probiotic VSL#3 in preventing pouchitis, and level II evidence for this agent in preventing relapse in patients with ulcerative colitis. Probiotics are generally regarded as safe and well tolerated. Some probiotics may be contraindicated in patients who are immunocompromised or have severe underlying illness, as they have been reported to cause fungaemia and bacteraemia.},
   keywords = {Adult
Child
Diarrhea/etiology/*therapy
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*therapy
Humans
Probiotics/adverse effects/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0025-729X (Print)
0025-729x},
   Accession Number = {18312197},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pronio, A. and Montesani, C. and Butteroni, C. and Vecchione, S. and Mumolo, G. and Vestri, A. and Vitolo, D. and Boirivant, M.},
   title = {Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cells},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14},
   number = {5},
   pages = {662-8},
   note = {Pronio, Annamaria
Montesani, Chiara
Butteroni, Cinzia
Vecchione, Simona
Mumolo, Gloria
Vestri, AnnaRita
Vitolo, Domenico
Boirivant, Monica
5303/PHS HHS/United States
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 May;14(5):662-8. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20369.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Probiotics have anti-inflammatory effects in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and appear to regulate mucosal immune response through reductions in proinflammatory cytokines. The probiotic VSL#3 prevents pouchitis if started within a week of ileostomy closure and maintains remission following antibacterial treatment in patients with refractory or recurrent pouchitis. However, the efficacy of probiotics and their effects on regulatory cells if started at a greater time after surgery in patients undergoing ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis are unknown. METHODS: We conducted an open-label study in which 31 patients at different periods from surgery without signs and symptoms of pouchitis were randomized to 2 sachets of VSL#3 once daily or no treatment for 12 months. Pouchitis disease activity index (PDAI) was evaluated at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months. The percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes expressing CD25 and the inactive form of transforming growth factor-beta [latency-associated peptide (LAP)] were evaluated at baseline and after 3 and 6 months in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and mucosal biopsies. Variation in tissue interleukin-1beta and Foxp3 mRNA expression was also evaluated. RESULTS: During the study period, VSL#3-treated patients showed a significant reduction in PDAI score and a significant increase in the percentage of mucosal CD4+CD25(high) and CD4+ LAP-positive cells compared with baseline values. Tissue samples at different points showed a significant reduction in IL-1beta mRNA expression, and a significant increase in Foxp3 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that VSL#3 administration in patients with IPAA modulates the PDAI and expands the number of mucosal regulatory T cells.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anal Canal/*surgery
Anastomosis, Surgical/adverse effects/methods
Biopsy
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/*pathology
Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology/pathology/*surgery
*Colonic Pouches
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis/genetics
Gene Expression
Humans
Interleukin-1beta/biosynthesis/genetics
Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/metabolism/pathology
*Lactobacillus
Male
Middle Aged
Pouchitis/immunology/pathology/*prevention & control
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Prognosis
RNA, Messenger/genetics
Retrospective Studies
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18240282},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20369},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Quigley, E. M.},
   title = {Probiotics in the management of colonic disorders},
   journal = {Curr Gastroenterol Rep},
   volume = {9},
   number = {5},
   pages = {434-40},
   note = {1534-312x
Quigley, Eamonn M M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Oct;9(5):434-40.},
   abstract = {Probiotics have been used in humans for almost a century and widely recommended for the treatment of a variety of ills assumed to be of colonic origin, including diarrhea, constipation, bloating, and flatulence. More recently, probiotics have been evaluated in the management of specific colonic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and Clostridium difficile colitis. It is evident that no two probiotics are exactly alike; why then should we expect reproducible results from studies that employ different species or strains, variable formulations, and diverse dosing schedules? When probiotics have been studied with the rigor appropriate to a new therapeutic modality, some coherent results have emerged: specific strains are effective in certain diarrheal states, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis, as well as in the prevention of C. difficile-related colitis. Even here, not to mention other colonic disorders, further adequately powered and appropriately designed trials are needed.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/therapy
Colonic Diseases/*diagnosis/*therapy
Constipation/diagnosis/therapy
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/therapy
Diarrhea/diagnosis/therapy
Diverticulitis, Colonic/diagnosis/therapy
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/therapy
Male
Probiotics/*administration & dosage
Prognosis
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Risk Assessment
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1522-8037},
   Accession Number = {17991347},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Raz, I. and Gollop, N. and Polak-Charcon, S. and Schwartz, B.},
   title = {Isolation and characterisation of new putative probiotic bacteria from human colonic flora},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {97},
   number = {4},
   pages = {725-34},
   note = {Raz, Irit
Gollop, Natan
Polak-Charcon, Sylvie
Schwartz, Betty
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2007 Apr;97(4):725-34.},
   abstract = {The present study describes a novel bacterial isolate exhibiting high ability to synthesise and secrete butyrate. The novel isolated bacterium was obtained from human faeces and grown in selective liquid intestinal microflora medium containing rumen fluid under microaerobic conditions. Its probiotic properties were demonstrated by the ability of the isolate to survive high acidity and medium containing bile acids and the ability to adhere to colon cancer cells (Caco-2) in vitro. Phylogenetic identity to Enterococcus durans was established using specific primers for 16S rRNA (99% probability). PCR analyses with primers to the bacterial gene encoding butyrate kinase, present in the butyrogenic bacteria Clostridium, showed that this gene is present in E. durans. The in vivo immunoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of E. durans were assessed in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in Balb/c mice. Administration of E. durans ameliorated histological, clinical and biochemical scores directly related to intestinal inflammation whereas the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus delbrueckii was ineffective in this regard. Colonic cDNA concentrations of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were significantly down regulated in DSS-treated E. durans-fed mice but not in control or DSS-treated L. delbrueckii- fed mice. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation analyses of colonic tissue from mice fed E. durans, using a butyrate kinase probe, demonstrated that E. durans significantly adheres to the colonic tissue. The novel isolated bacterium described in the present paper, upon further characterisation, can be developed into a useful probiotic aimed at the treatment of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Bacterial Adhesion
Butyrates/metabolism
Caco-2 Cells
Colitis/chemically induced/pathology/prevention & control
Colon/metabolism/*microbiology
Colony Count, Microbial
Dextran Sulfate
Enterococcus/growth & development/*isolation & purification/metabolism
Feces/microbiology
Humans
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Probiotics/*isolation & purification},
   ISSN = {0007-1145 (Print)
0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {17349085},
   DOI = {10.1017/s000711450747249x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Razack, R. and Seidner, D. L.},
   title = {Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Opin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {23},
   number = {4},
   pages = {400-5},
   note = {Razack, Razvi
Seidner, Douglas L
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2007 Jul;23(4):400-5.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Nutrition plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and treatment of the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In addition, patients with inflammatory bowel disease are often found to have nutrient deficiencies at the time of diagnosis, whereas others develop features of malnutrition over the course of their illness. Therefore, an understanding of the relationship between nutrients and inflammatory bowel disease is important if these patients are to receive optimal care. RECENT FINDINGS: Epidemiologic and basic research has helped to shed light on the interaction between diet and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Numerous clinical trials utilizing various types of lipids, including fish oil and short chain fatty acids, suggest that fats play an important role in the inflammatory response that characterizes inflammatory bowel disease. Vitamins and other micronutrients involved in nutrient metabolism and modulation of oxidative stress are also considered in this review. SUMMARY: This update discusses nutritional issues that can be used to help prevent and treat nutrient deficiencies and ameliorate disease activity in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antioxidants/therapeutic use
Diet
Dietary Fats/immunology
Dietary Fiber/therapeutic use
Dietary Supplements
Fish Oils/therapeutic use
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/immunology
Malnutrition/immunology
Nutritional Status
Nutritional Support},
   ISSN = {0267-1379 (Print)
0267-1379},
   Accession Number = {17545776},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOG.0b013e3281ddb2a3},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sartor, R. B. and Muehlbauer, M.},
   title = {Microbial host interactions in IBD: implications for pathogenesis and therapy},
   journal = {Curr Gastroenterol Rep},
   volume = {9},
   number = {6},
   pages = {497-507},
   note = {1534-312x
Sartor, R Balfour
Muehlbauer, Marcus
P30 DK34987/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK40249/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK53347/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):497-507.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and pouchitis appear to be caused by pathogenic T-cell responses to discrete antigens from the complex luminal microbiota, with susceptibility conferred by genetic polymorphisms that regulate bacterial killing, mucosal barrier function, or immune responses. Environmental triggers initiate or reactivate inflammation and modulate genetic susceptibility. New pathogenesis concepts include defective bacterial killing by innate immune cells in CD, colonization of the ileum in CD with functionally abnormal Escherichia coli that adhere to and invade epithelial cells and resist bacterial killing, and alterations in enteric microbiota composition in CD, UC, and pouchitis detected by molecular probes. The considerable therapeutic potential of manipulating the enteric microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease patients has not been realized, probably due to failure to recognize heterogenic disease mechanisms that require individualized use of antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, combination therapies, and genetically engineered bacteria to restore mucosal homeostasis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology/microbiology
Crohn Disease/immunology/microbiology
Epithelial Cells/microbiology
Escherichia coli/physiology
Gastric Mucosa/cytology/microbiology
Genetic Engineering
Homeostasis/physiology
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology/*physiology
Humans
Inflammation/microbiology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*microbiology
Phagocytosis/physiology
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Rifamycins/therapeutic use
T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Virulence},
   ISSN = {1522-8037},
   Accession Number = {18377803},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Savard, J. and Sawatzky, J. A.},
   title = {The use of a nursing model to understand diarrhea and the role of probiotics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Nurs},
   volume = {30},
   number = {6},
   pages = {418-23; quiz 424-5},
   note = {Savard, Julie
Sawatzky, Jo-Ann
Journal Article
Review
United States
Gastroenterol Nurs. 2007 Nov-Dec;30(6):418-23; quiz 424-5.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease, an umbrella term used for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, is often accompanied with the presenting symptom of diarrhea. This symptom can be a great nuisance and emotionally distressing to the individual with inflammatory bowel disease. Although the exact etiology of inflammatory bowel disease is still unknown, interactions between the host susceptibility, mucosal immunity, and intestinal microflora are thought to be major factors. One intervention that is gaining increasing support by the research and medical community is the use of probiotics, which work on the intestinal flora by altering the bacterial composition and thereby rendering the environment unfavorable to pathogenic organisms. The human response to illness model provides an ideal organizing framework to gain a comprehensive understanding of the human response of diarrhea in the inflammatory bowel disease population. By examining the physiological, pathophysiological, behavioral, and experiential perspectives as well as individual vulnerabilities, this model establishes sound rationale to guide nursing interventions to help the individual better cope with the physical and emotional effects of having diarrhea. This model also facilitates the provision of holistic and personalized care, which may include the use of probiotics to help alleviate this distressing symptom.},
   keywords = {Diarrhea/physiopathology/*prevention & control
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/nursing/*physiopathology/*therapy
Models, Nursing
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1042-895X (Print)
1042-895x},
   Accession Number = {18156958},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.SGA.0000305223.24146.ab},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Scholmerich, J.},
   title = {[Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease]},
   journal = {Praxis (Bern 1994)},
   volume = {96},
   number = {9},
   pages = {337-43},
   note = {Scholmerich, J
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Praxis (Bern 1994). 2007 Feb 28;96(9):337-43.},
   abstract = {Standard treatment for IBD with 5-ASA, steroids and immunosuppressants is rather effective and currently optimized using combinations of drugs or application routes. Among the biologics only infliximab has reached the therapeutic arsenal for Crohn's disease--it is as well effective in some patients with ulcerative colitis. Early aggressive treatment thus far is not established. Hormones and growth factors may play a role. Probiotics have a place in the treatment in particular for ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Biological Products/therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/*therapy
Crohn Disease/*therapy
Humans
Mesalamine/therapeutic use
Prednisolone/therapeutic use
Probiotics/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1661-8157 (Print)
1661-8157},
   Accession Number = {17361635},
   DOI = {10.1024/1661-8157.96.9.337},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Schultz, M.},
   title = {Clinical use of E. coli Nissle 1917 in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1012-8},
   note = {1536-4844
Schultz, Michael
Journal Article
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Jul;14(7):1012-8. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20377.},
   abstract = {The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 is in addition to some Lactobacilli sp. one of the best-studied probiotic strains. This particular E. coli strain was isolated in 1917 based on its potential to protect from presumably infectious gastroenteritis. Initial therapeutic success was noted in the management of gastrointestinal infectious disorders and infections affecting the urinary tract; the focus shifted later to chronic inflammatory conditions. The unique combination of fitness and survival factors to support intestinal survival, the lack of virulence, and obvious probiotic properties make this microorganism a safe and effective candidate in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Three large clinical trials have assessed the potential in the maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis and equivalence to standard 5-ASA medication was documented. This review aims to discuss important mechanisms of E. coli Nissle 1917 and will review the available literature regarding treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.},
   keywords = {Clinical Trials as Topic
*Escherichia coli
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18240278},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20377},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Schultz, M. and Lindstrom, A. L.},
   title = {Rationale for probiotic treatment strategies in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {2},
   number = {3},
   pages = {337-55},
   note = {1747-4132
Schultz, Michael
Lindstrom, Anna Lisa
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Jun;2(3):337-55. doi: 10.1586/17474124.2.3.337.},
   abstract = {Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are recurrent and aggressive inflammatory disorders that are most likely the result of an overly aggressive immune response to ubiquitous intestinal antigens in a genetically susceptible host. Despite decades of intense research, our knowledge of factors causing IBD remains incomplete and, therefore, conventional therapy to induce and maintain remission works in a symptomatic fashion, merely suppressing the immune response. Probiotic bacteria have long been known to confer health benefits, especially with regard to intestinal disorders. Although there is mounting evidence from in vitro and animal experiments supporting the use of probiotics in IBD, clinical trials have not provided definite evidence for the therapeutic effect of probiotic therapy in IBD to date. This is with the notable exception of pouchitis and the maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis, whereas Crohn's disease and active ulcerative colitis do not seem amenable to probiotic intervention. The next 5 years will see more trials targeting specific clinical settings using tailor-made probiotic combinations, taking into account our increasing knowledge of individual probiotic properties and the diversity of these microorganisms.},
   keywords = {Digestive System/*microbiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*therapy
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1747-4124},
   Accession Number = {19072384},
   DOI = {10.1586/17474124.2.3.337},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Schwartz, M. and Cohen, R.},
   title = {Optimizing conventional therapy for inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Gastroenterol Rep},
   volume = {10},
   number = {6},
   pages = {585-90},
   note = {1534-312x
Schwartz, Marc
Cohen, Russell
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008 Dec;10(6):585-90.},
   abstract = {Recently, conventional therapies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have not received the same amount of attention as biologic therapies, yet they remain the backbone of therapy for IBD because of their efficacy, safety, and relatively low cost. Advances in efficacy and safety continue because of modifications in drug dosing and monitoring. Higher doses of mesalamine per pill, together with once-daily dosing, may help to optimize drug delivery and patient compliance. Budesonide, an effective agent for both induction and short-term remission maintenance in Crohn's disease, is devoid of many of the toxicities common to corticosteroids. Assessments of thiopurine methyltransferase and metabolite levels are helping to fine-tune dose optimization for the thiopurines azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. The oral calcineurin inhibitors tacrolimus and cyclosporine have been shown to have expanded roles in IBD, and methotrexate may be useful in some patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Probiotics are showing promise for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis.},
   keywords = {Aminosalicylic Acids/*therapeutic use
Clinical Trials as Topic
Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Probiotics/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1522-8037},
   Accession Number = {19006615},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Scolaro, K. L.},
   title = {OTC product: VSL #3: the living shield},
   journal = {J Am Pharm Assoc (2003)},
   volume = {48},
   number = {6},
   pages = {e156},
   note = {1544-3450
Scolaro, Kelly L
Journal Article
United States
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008 Nov-Dec;48(6):e156.},
   keywords = {Bifidobacterium/chemistry
Colitis, Ulcerative/*therapy
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*therapy
Lactobacillus/chemistry
Pouchitis/*therapy
Probiotics/adverse effects/chemistry/*therapeutic use
Streptococcus thermophilus/chemistry},
   ISSN = {1086-5802},
   Accession Number = {19019794},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Seksik, P. and Dray, X. and Sokol, H. and Marteau, P.},
   title = {Is there any place for alimentary probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics, for patients with inflammatory bowel disease?},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {52},
   number = {8},
   pages = {906-12},
   note = {1613-4133
Seksik, Philippe
Dray, Xavier
Sokol, Harry
Marteau, Philippe
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Aug;52(8):906-12. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700147.},
   abstract = {The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves an interaction between genetically determined host susceptibility, dysregulated immune response, and the enteric microbiota. Ecological treatments including probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are actively studied in Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and pouchitis. We review herein the literature on the rational use of probiotics in IBD considering efficacy (as evaluated in randomized controlled trials), mechanisms of action and safety issues. A probiotic effect is strictly restricted to one defined strain and cannot be generalized from one to another. There is evidence of efficacy of some probiotic drugs in pouchitis (VSL#3), and in the prevention of recurrence of UC (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917). However, the evidence for efficacy of probiotic drugs in CD is still low as well as that of dietary ecological treatments. Despite an ecological (hopefully nutritional) treatment of IBD is promising, many questions remain unanswered and further clinical and fundamental studies are needed.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*growth & development
Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
Colon/*microbiology
Crohn Disease/therapy
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/*therapy
Oligosaccharides/*therapeutic use
Pouchitis/therapy
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {18384087},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200700147},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shah, S.},
   title = {Dietary factors in the modulation of inflammatory bowel disease activity},
   journal = {MedGenMed},
   volume = {9},
   number = {1},
   pages = {60},
   note = {1531-0132
Shah, Shinil
Journal Article
Review
United States
MedGenMed. 2007 Mar 27;9(1):60.},
   abstract = {CONTEXT: As patients look to complementary therapies for management of their diseases, it is important that the physician know the effectiveness and/or lack of effectiveness of a variety of dietary approaches/interventions. Although the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) is not fully understood, many suspect that diet and various dietary factors may play a modulating role in the disease process. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The purpose of this article is to present some of what is known about various dietary/nutritional factors in inflammatory bowel disease, with inclusion of evidence from various studies regarding their putative effect. MedLINE was searched (1965-present) using combinations of the following search terms: diet, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Additionally, references of the articles obtained were searched to identify further potential sources of information. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: While much information is available regarding various dietary interventions/supplements in regard to inflammatory bowel disease, the lack of controlled trials limits broad applicability. Probiotics are one of the few interventions with promising results and controlled trials. CONCLUSION: While there are many potential and promising dietary factors that may play a role in the modulation of inflammatory bowel disease, it is prudent to await further controlled studies before broad application/physician recommendation in the noted patient population.},
   keywords = {Complementary Therapies/methods
Dietary Fats/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/epidemiology/therapy
Probiotics/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1531-0132},
   Accession Number = {17435660},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shrier, I. and Szilagyi, A. and Correa, J. A.},
   title = {Impact of lactose containing foods and the genetics of lactase on diseases: an analytical review of population data},
   journal = {Nutr Cancer},
   volume = {60},
   number = {3},
   pages = {292-300},
   note = {Shrier, Ian
Szilagyi, Andrew
Correa, Jose A
Journal Article
Review
United States
Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(3):292-300. doi: 10.1080/01635580701745301.},
   abstract = {Dairy foods (DFs) contain complex ingredients that could affect different diseases. The control of lactose digestion phenotypically divides populations into those who can [lactase persistent (LP)] and those who cannot [lactase nonpersistent (LNP)] assimilate lactose. LNP subjects, however, can adapt to lactose intolerance through intestinal bacteria. The DF/LNP status interactions may function as disease risk modifiers. We evaluated the relationship between DF and LNP with colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian, lung, and stomach cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Yearly per capita DF consumption, LNP national prevalence, cancer mortality, and incidence of IBD were obtained from several sources. A negative binomial regression model was used to derive incremental risks. There were statistically significant (P <or= 0.05) increases in risk for colorectal and prostate cancer and ulcerative colitis with DFs and a statistically significant decreased risk for stomach cancer. There were trends (P<0.1) for lung and ovarian cancers and Crohn's disease. As LNP prevalence increased, stomach cancer risk increased, whereas risks of all other conditions decreased (P<0.01). In 3 cancers (prostate, ovarian, and breast), meta-analyses of case-based studies support ecological data. In colorectal cancer, on the contrary, meta-analyses of case-based studies suggest protection. The possible importance of distinguishing LNP/LP status in studies is discussed.},
   keywords = {*Dairy Products
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology
Lactase/genetics/*metabolism
Lactose/*metabolism
Lactose Intolerance/genetics/*physiopathology
Life Style
Male
Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology/mortality
Odds Ratio
Regression Analysis
Risk Factors
Sentinel Surveillance},
   ISSN = {0163-5581 (Print)
0163-5581},
   Accession Number = {18444163},
   DOI = {10.1080/01635580701745301},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Siemanowski, B. and Regueiro, M.},
   title = {Efficacy of infliximab for extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol},
   volume = {10},
   number = {3},
   pages = {178-84},
   note = {Siemanowski, Benjamin
Regueiro, Miguel
Journal Article
United States
Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2007 Jun;10(3):178-84.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are associated with extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) in approximately 40% of patients. Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, is effective for induction and maintenance of remission of CD and UC. The role of infliximab for EIMs related to IBD has been less studied, but it is likely as effective. The EIMs may run a course that parallels IBD activity or may present separately. The EIMs that parallel intestinal inflammation (eg, peripheral arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema nodosum, and episcleritis) generally respond to infliximab. Therefore, treating patients with IBD who have one of these EIMs will more often than not improve the EIM. The EIMs that run a separate course from IBD are more difficult to treat. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), uveitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have variable responses to IBD medications. Infliximab is efficacious for uveitis and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of AS. The efficacy of infliximab for PSC is unknown. The dosing schedule of infliximab for IBD patients with EIMs should be induction doses with 5 mg/kg at 0, 2, and 6 weeks followed by every 8 weeks. Whether long-term infliximab therapy is necessary to maintain remission of EIMs, as in the case of IBD, has not been established.},
   ISSN = {1092-8472 (Print)
1092-8472},
   Accession Number = {17547856},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Silvestri, M. T. and Hurst, R. D. and Rubin, M. A. and Michelassi, F. and Fichera, A.},
   title = {Chronic inflammatory changes in the anal transition zone after stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: is mucosectomy a superior alternative?},
   journal = {Surgery},
   volume = {144},
   number = {4},
   pages = {533-7; discussion 537-9},
   note = {1532-7361
Silvestri, Mark T
Hurst, Roger D
Rubin, Michele A
Michelassi, Fabrizio
Fichera, Alessandro
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Surgery. 2008 Oct;144(4):533-7; discussion 537-9. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.06.003.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation (CI) is commonly found in the anal transition zone (ATZ) after stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC). Yet, its impact on defecatory function and the need for a complete mucosectomy has not been completely elucidated. This study aims to evaluate the long-term functional outcomes of patients with CI of the ATZ after stapled IPAA in comparison with mucosectomy patients. METHODS: Between June 1987 and November 2007, 66 UC patients were found to have CI of the ATZ after stapled IPAA and were compared with 228 UC patients who underwent mucosectomy with hand-sewn (HS) IPAA. Patients were mailed a questionnaire to assess defecatory function and quality of life. Data were analyzed prospectively. RESULTS: No differences were observed in age, sex, number, or consistency of bowel movements (BMs) between groups. Complete continence was reported by 90.3% of CI and 66.8% of HS patients (P < .001). The CI group also had a significantly lower rate of major incontinence (P < .001). Functional parameters in favor of the CI group included the ability to discriminate between gas and stool (P < .001), the use of protective pads during both the day and the night (P < .001), dietary modifications in the timing of meals (P < .001) and type of food (P = .005), and the presence of perianal rash (P = .019). In the CI group, more patients rated their quality of life as improved from before the operation (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of the ATZ, even in presence of persistent inflammation, confers improved continence, better functional outcomes, and superior quality of life.},
   keywords = {Adult
Age Distribution
Anal Canal/*pathology
Anastomosis, Surgical/adverse effects/methods
Chronic Disease
Cohort Studies
Colectomy/adverse effects/methods
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology/*surgery
Colonic Pouches/pathology
Fecal Incontinence/epidemiology/etiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Incidence
Intestinal Mucosa/surgery
Male
Middle Aged
Pouchitis/epidemiology/*pathology
Probability
Prospective Studies
*Quality of Life
Risk Assessment
Sex Distribution
Surgical Stapling/*adverse effects
Suture Techniques
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {0039-6060},
   Accession Number = {18847636},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.surg.2008.06.003},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Singh, B.},
   title = {Psyllium as therapeutic and drug delivery agent},
   journal = {Int J Pharm},
   volume = {334},
   number = {1-2},
   pages = {1-14},
   note = {Singh, Baljit
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Int J Pharm. 2007 Apr 4;334(1-2):1-14. Epub 2007 Jan 21.},
   abstract = {There is no doubt that fibers, in particular viscous dietary fibers, have positive effects on human health, both in the prevention and in treatment of chronic diseases. Dietary fibers from psyllium have been used extensively both as pharmacological supplements, food ingredients, in processed food to aid weight control, to regulation of glucose control for diabetic patients and reducing serum lipid levels in hyperlipidemics. Keeping in view, the pharmacological importance of psyllium polysaccharide and its gel-forming nature, this article discusses the therapeutic value of psyllium for the treatment of constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease-ulcerative colitis, colon cancer, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia and exploitation of psyllium for developing drug delivery systems.},
   keywords = {Cathartics/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Delayed-Action Preparations/*chemistry/therapeutic use
Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy
Dietary Fiber/therapeutic use
Drug Carriers/chemistry/*therapeutic use
Drug Delivery Systems
Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy
Humans
Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy
Polymers/chemistry
Psyllium/adverse effects/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0378-5173 (Print)
0378-5173},
   Accession Number = {17329047},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.01.028},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Soo, I. and Madsen, K. L. and Tejpar, Q. and Sydora, B. C. and Sherbaniuk, R. and Cinque, B. and Di Marzio, L. and Cifone, M. G. and Desimone, C. and Fedorak, R. N.},
   title = {VSL#3 probiotic upregulates intestinal mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase and reduces inflammation},
   journal = {Can J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {22},
   number = {3},
   pages = {237-42},
   note = {Soo, I
Madsen, K L
Tejpar, Q
Sydora, B C
Sherbaniuk, R
Cinque, B
Di Marzio, L
Cifone, M Grazia
Desimone, C
Fedorak, R N
49434-2/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada
Journal Article
Canada
Can J Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;22(3):237-42.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alkaline sphingomyelinase, an enzyme found exclusively in bile and the intestinal brush border, hydrolyzes sphingomyelin into ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate, thereby inducing epithelial apoptosis. Reduced levels of alkaline sphingomyelinase have been found in premalignant and malignant intestinal epithelia and in ulcerative colitis tissue. Probiotic bacteria can be a source of sphingomyelinase. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of VSL#3 probiotic therapy on mucosal levels of alkaline sphingomyelinase, both in a mouse model of colitis and in patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS: Interleukin-10 gene-deficient (IL10KO) and wild type control mice were treated with VSL#3 (10(9) colony-forming units per day) for three weeks, after which alkaline sphingomyelinase activity was measured in ileal and colonic tissue. As well, 15 patients with ulcerative colitis were treated with VSL#3 (900 billion bacteria two times per day for five weeks). Alkaline sphingomyelinase activity was measured through biopsies and comparison of ulcerative colitis disease activity index scores obtained before and after treatment. RESULTS: Lowered alkaline sphingomyelinase levels were seen in the colon (P=0.02) and ileum (P=0.04) of IL10KO mice, as compared with controls. Treatment of these mice with VSL#3 resulted in upregulation of mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase activity in both the colon (P=0.04) and the ileum (P=0.01). VSL#3 treatment of human patients who had ulcerative colitis decreased mean (+/- SEM) ulcerative colitis disease activity index scores from 5.3+/-1.8946 to 0.70+/-0.34 (P=0.02) and increased mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase activity. CONCLUSION: Mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase activity is reduced in the intestine of IL10KO mice with colitis and in humans with ulcerative colitis. VSL#3 probiotic therapy upregulates mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase activity.},
   keywords = {Adult
Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/*metabolism
Colon/enzymology
Disease Models, Animal
Female
Humans
Ileum/enzymology
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred BALB C
Mice, Knockout
Middle Aged
Probiotics/*pharmacology
Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/*metabolism
Up-Regulation/*drug effects},
   ISSN = {0835-7900 (Print)
0835-7900},
   Accession Number = {18354751},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Souza, M. M. and Aguilar-Nascimento, J. E. and Dock-Nascimento, D. B.},
   title = {Effects of budesonide and probiotics enemas on the systemic inflammatory response of rats with experimental colitis},
   journal = {Acta Cir Bras},
   volume = {22 Suppl 1},
   pages = {40-5},
   note = {Souza, Mardem Machado de
Aguilar-Nascimento, Jose Eduardo de
Dock-Nascimento, Diana Borges
Journal Article
Brazil
Acta Cir Bras. 2007 Mar-Apr;22 Suppl 1:40-5.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enemas containing probiotics and budesonide on the systemic inflammatory response in experimental colitis. METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats with experimental colitis induced by 10% acetic acid enema were randomized to five groups (10 rats each) according to the treatment: group 1--saline solution, group 2--budesonide (0.75 mg/kg/day), group 3--probiotics (1mg/day), group 4--probiotics plus budesonide, and group 5--control, with not-treated rats. The following variables were studied: body weight, serum levels of albumin, C-reactive protein and interleucine-6 (IL-6). RESULTS: All animals lost weight between the beginning and the end of the experiment (280+ 16 mg versus 249+21 mg, p< 0.001). There was a significant decrease in the serum albumin between the normal pre-induction level (3.45 + 0.49 mg/dL) and the 1st day after colitis induction (1.61+051 mg/dL, p< 0.001) in all treated groups when compared to the control group. C- reactive protein increased after induction and diminished on the 7th day in all groups. In the control group there was an increase in the IL-6 after colitis induction. None of the treated groups significantly differed from IL-6 pre-colitis status (p>0.05). Only probiotic rats presented a significant decrease of IL-6 than controls (0,30+/-0,08 mg/dL vs. 0,19+/-0,03 mg/dL; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Probiotics are effective to diminished inflammatory status mediated by IL-6 in experimental colitis.},
   keywords = {Acute Disease
Acute-Phase Proteins/analysis
Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*administration & dosage
Body Weight
Budesonide/*administration & dosage
C-Reactive Protein/analysis
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Disease Models, Animal
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
Enema
Interleukin-6/analysis
Male
Probiotics/*administration & dosage
Random Allocation
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Serum Albumin/analysis
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/blood},
   ISSN = {0102-8650 (Print)
0102-8650},
   Accession Number = {17505654},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Souza, M. M. and Aguilar-Nascimento, J. E. and Gomes-da-Silva, M. H. and Carlos Junior, R.},
   title = {Effects of budesonide and probiotics enemas on the colonic mucosa of rats with experimental colitis},
   journal = {Acta Cir Bras},
   volume = {22},
   number = {1},
   pages = {34-8},
   note = {Souza, Mardem Machado de
Aguilar-Nascimento, Jose Eduardo de
Gomes-da-Silva, Maria Helena
Carlos Junior, Rubens
Journal Article
Brazil
Acta Cir Bras. 2007 Jan-Feb;22(1):34-8.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of enemas containing probiotics and budesonide on the colonic mucosa in experimental colitis. METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats with experimental colitis induced by 10% acetic acid enema were randomized to five groups (10 rats each) according to the treatment: group 1--saline solution, group 2--budesonide (0.75 mg/kg/day), group 3--probiotics (1mg/day), group 4--probiotics plus budesonide, and group 5--control, with not-treated rats. The following variables were studied: body weight, macroscopic and microscopic score of the colonic mucosa, and DNA content of the mucosa. RESULTS: All animals lost weight between the beginning and the end of the experiment (280+ 16 mg versus 249+21 mg, p< 0.001). There was no significant difference among the groups in relation to both the macroscopic and histological score. The budesonide + probiotic group showed higher DNA content than control group (1.24+ 0.15 versus 0.92+ 0.30 mg/100 mg of tissue, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Budesonide in addition to probiotics enhances the mucosal trophism in experimental colitis.},
   keywords = {Acetic Acid
Analysis of Variance
Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use
Biopsy
Body Weight/drug effects
Budesonide/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*drug therapy/genetics
DNA/analysis
Disease Models, Animal
Enema
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects/pathology
Male
Probiotics/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Random Allocation
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Statistics, Nonparametric},
   ISSN = {0102-8650 (Print)
0102-8650},
   Accession Number = {17293947},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stallmach, A. and Schmidt, C.},
   title = {[Ileo pouch-anal anastomosis]},
   journal = {Internist (Berl)},
   volume = {48},
   number = {6},
   pages = {606-11},
   note = {Stallmach, A
Schmidt, C
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Internist (Berl). 2007 Jun;48(6):606-11.},
   abstract = {Restorative proctocolectomy with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the treatment of choice in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis requiring surgical therapy. Pouchitis is the most frequent complication, occurring in up to 50% of patients with underlying UC. Clinical symptoms of the disease are non-specific. Moreover, surgical complications must be differentiated from idiopathic pouchitis using pouchoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound or MRI of the pelvis in certain cases. The therapy for idiopathic pouchitis, its etiology and pathophysiology being unclear, is based on antibiotic treatment, usually with metronidazole or ciprofloxacin. Probiotics such as VSL#3 can be used to prevent relapse. In summary, the clinical and functional outcomes are excellent and stable for 20 years after surgery.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage
Colonic Pouches/*adverse effects
Humans
Pouchitis/*etiology/*prevention & control
Probiotics/*administration & dosage
Proctocolectomy, Restorative/*adverse effects
Risk Assessment},
   ISSN = {0020-9554 (Print)
0020-9554},
   Accession Number = {17393129},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00108-007-1835-8},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Steed, H. and Macfarlane, G. T. and Macfarlane, S.},
   title = {Prebiotics, synbiotics and inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {52},
   number = {8},
   pages = {898-905},
   note = {1613-4133
Steed, Helen
Macfarlane, George T
Macfarlane, Sandra
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Aug;52(8):898-905. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700139.},
   abstract = {The normal colonic microflora is intimately involved in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). These conditions are often refractile to conventional treatments involving the employment of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs, and this has led to a search for alternative therapies based on the use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. The majority of investigations in this area have been done with probiotics, and while there is increasing interest in the abilities of prebiotics and synbiotics to control the symptoms of IBD, very few randomised controlled trials have been reported. Although the results have been variable, human and animal studies have demonstrated that in many circumstances, these functional foods can alter the composition of the colonic microbiota, reduce inflammatory processes in the gut mucosa, and have the potential to induce disease remission. More work is needed to understand the effects of prebiotics and synbiotics on microbial communities in the gut, and their interactions with the host's immune system.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bacteria/*growth & development
Colon/*microbiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/*therapy
Oligosaccharides/*therapeutic use
Probiotics/adverse effects/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {18383235},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200700139},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Summers, R. W.},
   title = {Novel and future medical management of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Surg Clin North Am},
   volume = {87},
   number = {3},
   pages = {727-41},
   note = {Summers, Robert W
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Jun;87(3):727-41.},
   abstract = {The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is undergoing rapid and profound change. Entirely new approaches are being developed that reflect a greater understanding of how to control the inflammatory process. These began with inflixumab therapy for Crohn's disease. Additional tumor necrosis antibodies will soon be employed, and other biological agents are being investigated. Probiotics, helminth ova therapy, alternative and complementary treatments, leukocytophoresis, and bone-marrow and stem-cell transplantation are additional exciting regimens that are being explored. Although some of these approaches provide marked improvement in these parameters, others are unproven or fraught with adverse effects and complications. Still, control of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's is improving with more changes likely to come.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Bone Marrow Transplantation
*Complementary Therapies
Gastrointestinal Agents/*therapeutic use
Host-Parasite Interactions
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/parasitology/*therapy
Leukocytes
Ovum
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Stem Cell Transplantation},
   ISSN = {0039-6109 (Print)
0039-6109},
   Accession Number = {17560422},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.suc.2007.03.004},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sumrall, A. and McMullan, L. and Abrasley, C. and East, H.},
   title = {A case of severe hemorrhagic diarrhea},
   journal = {J Miss State Med Assoc},
   volume = {48},
   number = {12},
   pages = {366-9},
   note = {Sumrall, Ashley
McMullan, Lindsey
Abrasley, Chris
East, Honey
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
J Miss State Med Assoc. 2007 Dec;48(12):366-9.},
   abstract = {A 50-year-old white female presented to the emergency department with diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hematochezia. The illness started four days prior to presentation and escalated to 10-15 bowel movements daily. She was tachycardic and hypotensive upon presentation with a diffusely tender abdomen. Her anemia and persistent hematochezia prompted endoscopy by a gastroenterologist. Flexible sigmoidoscopy was performed to the splenic flexure and revealed evidence of severe active colitis. The mucosa was friable and severely ulcerated. Numerous biopsies were obtained that revealed acute colitis with fibrinopurulent exudates. A stool culture showed Escherichia coli O157:H7, which was confirmed by the Mississippi State Board of Health. Infection with E. coli O157:H7 affects nearly 1.1 per 100,000 Americans annually. It accounts for about 3% of all bacterial and protozoal causes of foodborne illnesses and possesses a mortality rate of about 1-2%.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/diagnosis
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/microbiology
Diarrhea/*diagnosis/microbiology
Escherichia coli Infections/*diagnosis/microbiology
*Escherichia coli O157
Female
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/*diagnosis/microbiology
Humans
Middle Aged},
   ISSN = {0026-6396 (Print)
0026-6396},
   Accession Number = {19292138},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Suzuki, H. and Fukuda, Y. and Koizuka, H. and Tomita, T. and Hori, K. and Suzuki, M. and O'Morain, C.},
   title = {Dietary antigens in Crohn's disease: antibodies to porcine pancreatic amylase},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {103},
   number = {3},
   pages = {656-64},
   note = {Suzuki, Hideki
Fukuda, Yoshihiro
Koizuka, Hiromasa
Tomita, Toshihiko
Hori, Kazutoshi
Suzuki, Manabu
O'Morain, Colm
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;103(3):656-64. Epub 2007 Nov 19.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: There is no clear evidence that dietary proteins aggravate Crohn's disease (CD). We aimed to clarify the antibody response to dietary proteins in CD. METHODS: Antibody to porcine pancreatic amylase (PPA) a protease-resistant dietary protein (anti-PPA), was examined in CD patients (N = 104), ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (N = 85), and healthy controls (N = 83), and its relationship with the clinical characteristics of CD was investigated. Antibodies to casein and ovalbumin, anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), and antibodies to I2 from Pseudomonas fluorescens (anti-I2) were also examined. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent (39/104) of the CD patients expressed anti-PPA antibodies, and this percentage was significantly higher as compared with the control group (5%, 4/83) and the UC group (9%, 8/85) (P < 0.001). A significantly higher level of anti-PPA antibodies was detected in patients with "small bowel disease-dominant" CD than in those with "colitis-dominant" CD (P < 0.05). Antibodies to casein and ovalbumin were not specifically expressed in CD patients. As ASCA was detected in 33% and anti-I2 in 46% of the CD patients, 72% of the CD patients were found positive for at least one of the three antibodies including anti-PPA antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: CD patients showed a specific antibody response to PPA, as compared with UC patients and controls. There was a significantly higher level of anti-PPA antibody in patients with "small bowel disease-dominant" CD, suggesting that dietary proteins could play a role in the inflammatory response in CD patients with small bowel disease. Anti-PPA antibodies combined with ASCA/anti-I2 may be useful for the diagnosis of CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Amylases/*immunology
Animals
Antibodies/*blood
Autoantibodies/blood
Autoantigens/immunology
Caseins/immunology
Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
Crohn Disease/*immunology/pathology
Dietary Proteins/*immunology
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Ovalbumin/immunology
Pancreas/*enzymology
Phenotype
Pseudomonas fluorescens/immunology
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/immunology
Superantigens/immunology
Sus scrofa},
   ISSN = {0002-9270 (Print)
0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {18028509},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01642.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tanaka, M. and Shibayama, T. and Sato, E. and Sasaki, S. and Kazuma, K.},
   title = {Dietary intake and body composition of Japanese ulcerative colitis patients in remission},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Nurs},
   volume = {30},
   number = {5},
   pages = {357-62},
   note = {Tanaka, Makoto
Shibayama, Taiga
Sato, Eiko
Sasaki, Satoshi
Kazuma, Keiko
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Gastroenterol Nurs. 2007 Sep-Oct;30(5):357-62.},
   abstract = {The purpose of this pilot study (N=26) was to investigate dietary intake and body composition and problems associated with dietary intake (such as unnecessary dietary restriction) in Japanese patients in remission from ulcerative colitis. Findings revealed the macronutrient intake and dietary fiber (absolute amount) were lower than the national average in men, but this may have been due to differences in the methods used to measure dietary intake. Although the fat intake (%E) of ulcerative colitis patients in this study was similar to that of the Japanese population, it differed greatly from that of people in Western countries. No significant differences in weight, height, or body mass index were found when comparing the sample of individuals living with ulcerative colitis with the general Japanese population. Seventeen patients (65.4%) reported being cautious about what they ate even though in remission, and 6 patients were even more cautious about what they ate now than they had been in the past. The authors suggest further research to clarify the problems that unnecessary dietary restriction cause for ulcerative colitis patients who are in remission.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
*Body Composition
Body Mass Index
Case-Control Studies
*Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/prevention & control/psychology
Diet Surveys
Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage
*Energy Intake/physiology
Energy Metabolism
*Feeding Behavior/physiology/psychology
Female
Humans
Japan
Male
Middle Aged
Nutritional Requirements
Pilot Projects
Remission, Spontaneous
Statistics, Nonparametric
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {1042-895X (Print)
1042-895x},
   Accession Number = {18049207},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.sga.0000296257.01329.84},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Thor, P. J. and Krolczyk, G. and Gil, K. and Zurowski, D. and Nowak, L.},
   title = {Melatonin and serotonin effects on gastrointestinal motility},
   journal = {J Physiol Pharmacol},
   volume = {58 Suppl 6},
   pages = {97-103},
   note = {Thor, P J
Krolczyk, G
Gil, K
Zurowski, D
Nowak, L
Journal Article
Review
Poland
J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Dec;58 Suppl 6:97-103.},
   abstract = {The gastrointestinal tract represents the most important extra pineal source of melatonin. Presence of melatonin (M) suggests that this hormone is somehow involved in digestive pathophysiology. Release of GI melatonin from serotonin-rich enterochromaffin EC cells of the GI mucosa suggest close antagonistic relationship with serotonin (S) and seem to be related to periodicity of food intake. Food deprivation resulted in an increase of tissue and plasma concentrations of M. Its also act as an autocrine and paracrine hormone affecting not only epithelium and immune system but also smooth muscle of the digestive tract. Low doses M improve gastrointestinal transit and affect MMC. M reinforce MMCs cyclic pattern but inhibits spiking bowel activity. Pharmacological doses of M delay gastric emptying via mechanisms that involve CCK2 and 5HT3 receptors. M released in response to lipid infusion exerts a modulatory influence that decreases the inhibitory effects of the ileal brake on gastric emptying. On isolated bowel S induces dose dependent increase in tone and reduction in amplitude of contraction which is affected by M. M reduced the tone but not amplitude or frequency of contraction. M is a promising therapeutic agent for IBS with activities independent of its effects on sleep, anxiety or depression. Since of its unique properties M could be considered for prevention or treatment of colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, gastric ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome.},
   keywords = {Gastric Emptying
*Gastrointestinal Motility
Gastrointestinal Transit
Humans
Melatonin/*physiology
Myoelectric Complex, Migrating
Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/antagonists & inhibitors/physiology
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/physiology
Serotonin/*physiology
Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists},
   ISSN = {0867-5910 (Print)
0867-5910},
   Accession Number = {18212403},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tran, C. D. and Ball, J. M. and Sundar, S. and Coyle, P. and Howarth, G. S.},
   title = {The role of zinc and metallothionein in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {52},
   number = {9},
   pages = {2113-21},
   note = {Tran, C D
Ball, J M
Sundar, S
Coyle, P
Howarth, G S
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Sep;52(9):2113-21. Epub 2007 Apr 5.},
   abstract = {Zinc (Zn) and its binding protein metallothionein (MT) have been proposed to suppress the disease activity in ulcerative colitis. To determine the role of Zn and MT in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced model of colitis in mice, a DSS dose-response study was conducted in male C57BL/6 wild-type (MT+/+) and MT-null (MT-/-) mice by supplementing 2%, 3%, and 4% DSS in the drinking water for 6 days. In the intervention study, colitis was induced with 2% DSS, Zn (24 mg/ml as ZnO) was gavaged (0.1 ml) daily, concurrent with DSS administration, and the disease activity index (DAI) was scored daily. Histology, MT levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were determined. DAI was increased (P<0.05) by 16% and 21% with 3% and 4% concentrations of DSS, respectively, compared to 2%, evident after 5 days of DSS administration. MPO activity was increased in MT+/+ compared to MT-/- mice and those receiving DSS. Zn administration had a 50% (P<0.05) lower DAI compared to DSS alone. Zn partially prevented the distal colon of MT+/+ by 47% from DSS-induced damage compared to MT-/- mice. MT did not prevent DSS-induced colitis and Zn was partially effective in amelioration of DSS-induced colitis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*drug therapy/metabolism
Colon/drug effects/metabolism/pathology
Dextran Sulfate/administration & dosage/toxicity
Disease Models, Animal
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Follow-Up Studies
Male
Metallothionein/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL