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Joseph Thomas Logano (born May 24, 1990) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 22 Ford Mustang Dark Horse for Team Penske. He previously competed in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, as well as what is now the ARCA Menards Series, ARCA Menards Series East and ARCA Menards Series West.

Logano is the 2018 and 2022 NASCAR Cup Series champion. He previously drove the No. 20 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing from 2009 to 2012, scoring two wins, 16 top-five finishes, and 41 top tens. He also competed in the No. 02 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing and the No. 96 Toyota Camry for Hall of Fame Racing, both in 2008 on a part-time basis.

Logano's first major NASCAR win came during the Meijer 300 at Kentucky Speedway in just his third start in the 2008 Nationwide Series. He became the youngest driver to win a Nationwide Series race at 18 years, 26 days old. The previous youngest was Casey Atwood in 1999 at 18 years, 317 days. Logano became the youngest winner in Cup Series history when he won the 2009 Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway at 19 years, 40 days. The previous youngest was Kyle Busch in 2005 at 20 years, 130 days. Logano is currently the youngest ever winner in two of NASCAR's three top divisions. Logano is also the first NASCAR driver born in the 1990s that has competed in NASCAR's three major divisions. In 2015, he became the second-youngest Daytona 500 winner, only older than Trevor Bayne, who won it a day after his 20th birthday. Logano now sits as the third-youngest Daytona 500 winner after Austin Cindric won the 2022 Daytona 500 at 23 years old, a year younger than Logano was when he won.

Early racing career
Logano began his racing career in 1996 as a 6-year-old quarter midget racer living in Connecticut. In 1997, he won his first Eastern Grand National Championship in the Junior Stock Car Division. He followed it up with a Junior Honda Division Championship in 1998 and a Lt. Mod. Division Championship in the first half of 1999. Later in 1999, Logano also won three New England Regional Championships in Sr. Stock, Lt. Mod, and Lt. B divisions. He spent a couple of years racing on various forms of pavement Late Model racing.

Veteran Nextel Cup Series driver Mark Martin, who was driving for Jack Roush (Roush Fenway Racing) at the time, called Logano "the real deal"; when Logano was 15, Martin said "I am high on Joey Logano because I am absolutely, 100-percent positive, without a doubt that he can be one of the greatest that ever raced in NASCAR. I'm positive. There's no doubt in mind." Logano was also nicknamed "sliced bread" (as in the greatest thing since) by two-time Busch Series champion Randy LaJoie.

In 2005, he ran in one FASCAR Pro Truck Series race at the New Smyrna Speedway, starting on pole and finishing 2nd. He also raced in the USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series, competing seven times in the Northern Division, and winning once at Mansfield, two Southern Division races, and five Championship Series races. The following season, he continued racing in the USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series. He raced in twelve Southern Division races, winning twice at South Georgia Motorsports Park and USA International Speedway. He ran in one USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series, Northern Division race, and six Championship Series races.

In 2007, a new NASCAR rule allowed drivers aged 16 and up to race in the Grand National Division, allowing Logano to compete in the series. He finished the 2007 Grand National season with 13 starts in Camping World East Series, winning five races, three poles, 10 Top 5's, and 10 Top 10's, and winning the championship with wins at Greenville-Pickens Speedway, Iowa Speedway, two wins at New Hampshire International Speedway, and Adirondack International Speedway. He also has made one NASCAR West Series start in the No. 10 Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota at Phoenix International Raceway, where he started 2nd and won. On October 20, 2007, Logano won the Toyota All-Star Showdown at Irwindale Speedway, leading 87 laps and holding off Peyton Sellers for the win.

On May 4, 2008, Logano won the Carolina 500 during his ARCA RE/MAX Series debut with Venturini Motorsports in racing's return to Rockingham Speedway. Logano also made his NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series debut at Talladega in the Mountain Dew 250, starting 6th and finishing 26th. Logano attempted to defend his Toyota All-Star Showdown title he won in the 2007 season by driving in the January 2008 race and was disqualified for crashing into Peyton Sellers in an unsportsmanlike manner on the final lap in an attempt to win the race.

Xfinity Series and Craftsman Truck Series
In 2008, Logano made his NASCAR Nationwide Series debut at Dover in the 2008 Heluva Good! 200 driving for Joe Gibbs Racing. A week later, Logano would win his first pole in the Nationwide Series at Nashville. In just his third start, Logano became the youngest winner in NASCAR Nationwide Series history after winning the Meijer 300 at Kentucky.

In October, Logano would also make his NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series debut in the Mountain Dew 250 at Talladega driving for HT Motorsports. He would start 6th in the race and would finish in 26th, five laps down.

In 2009, Logano would move to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series full-time. On top of that, Logano would also compete in 22 of the 35 races in the Nationwide Series for Joe Gibbs Racing. He would share the No. 20 car with drivers Denny Hamlin, Brad Coleman, and Matt DiBenedetto. Logano would find success throughout the season, winning multiple races. In the Nashville 300 at Nashville, Logano would win his first race of the season, starting 2nd, and leading 95 laps. In June, Logano would get the pole at Dover, Kentucky, and Loudon, winning the race at Kentucky and finishing 2nd at Dover and Loudon. Logano would also win the Dollar General 300 at Chicagoland after staying out during a caution with twelve laps to go in the race, holding off teammate Kyle Busch who chose to pit for tires. Logano would finish the season off winning two races in a row at Kansas and Fontana. Logano would finish the season 14th in the standings with 5 wins, 13 top 5s, 16 top 10s, and 4 poles.

In 2010, Logano would again share the No. 20 car with Denny Hamlin and Matt DiBenedetto, this time competing in 25 of the 35 races. Despite winning the pole at Fontana, Nashville, and Texas, Logano would not get a win until June in the race at Kentucky where he would win the pole and the race, leading 106 laps. He would also win a race from the pole at Kansas later in the season. Logano would finish the season 8th in the standings with 2 wins, 15 top 5s, 24 top 10s, and 8 poles.

In 2011, Logano would win the Subway Jalapeño 250 at Daytona, avoiding a crash on the last lap. He would finish the season with 1 win, 8 top 5s, 15 top 10s and 1 pole.

In 2012, Logano would win nine times in the Nationwide Series. His first win of the season would come at Fontana, where he would lead 92 laps from the pole. His next two wins would come in back-to-back races at Talladega and Darlington. His fourth and fifth race wins would also come in back-to-back races, this time at Dover and Michigan. The next race he would win would be at Bristol, where he would hold off Elliott Sadler in a late-race restart. Logano would win in back-to-back races for a third time, sweeping the races at Dover and winning the race at Charlotte the week after. Logano would finish off the season getting the pole and winning the race at Phoenix, which would be his final race win in Joe Gibbs Racing equipment. Logano's success throughout the season helped the Joe Gibbs Racing No. 18 win the Owners Championship.

In 2013, Logano would begin driving for Team Penske in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, which is something he would also do in the Nationwide Series as well. During the 2013 season, Logano would race in 15 of the 33 races in the Nationwide Series. He would also race 3 races in the Camping World Truck Series for Brad Keselowski Racing, a team owned by his Penske teammate. Logano would win his first race of the season at Dover. Later in the season he would win at Chicagoland during an off-week for the Cup Series. When the Nationwide Series returned to Dover in the fall, Logano would win the pole and the race, making him the only driver to win Dover four times in a row in any series, as well as the all-time win leader at the track in the Nationwide Series. His contributions throughout the season would help Team Penske's No. 22 Ford win the Owners Championship in the Nationwide Series, which would be Logano's second in a row and Team Penske's first in team history.

Logano would go winless for the first time in the Nationwide Series in 2014. Despite winning the pole for the race, his winning streak at Dover would come to an end with a 4th place finish in May. He would also get the pole for the fall Dover race and the fall race at Texas, finishing runner-up in both races. Though winless, Logano would finish the season with 8 top 5s, 9 top 10s, and 3 poles in 10 races. Logano would also race for Brad Keselowski Racing twice in the Camping World Truck Series in 2014, finishing 3rd at Kansas and 18th at Michigan.

Logano would run 11 out of the 33 races in the Xfinity Series in 2015. He would start his season at Atlanta, where he would qualify on pole and finish 2nd. Logano would then win two races in a row, winning at Phoenix and Bristol. After finishing 2nd place at Richmond, Logano would return to victory lane with a win at Talladega. At Watkins Glen, Logano would win the race from the pole position. He would finish the season with 3 wins, 4 top 5s, 8 top 10s, and 4 poles.

In 2015, Logano would also run the Camping World Truck Series race at Martinsville, where he would win the race from the pole position. With this win, he became the 26th driver in NASCAR history to win a race in all three major series.

On March 28, 2015, Logano driving for Brad Keselowski Racing started on Pole, led 150 of the 258 laps, and easily won his first Camping World Truck Series race in the Kroger 250 at Martinsville. He became the 26th different driver to win in all three major series, the first since his teammate and truck owner Brad Keselowski did it when he won the UNOH 200 Truck race at Bristol in August 2014. His first pole and win in the series came in his seventh career start. The 2016 Xfinity Series started well for Logano with a close second to Chase Elliott in the season opener at Daytona. In the coming races however the Penske No.22 car lacked the speed, it had done in previous years with Logano only able to take ninth at Bristol and seventh at Dover. In between these two races, Logano had been in contention for a victory at Talladega up until a last-lap crash relegating him to the 27th position. Charlotte, Pocono, and Michigan saw finishes of third, fifth, and sixth respectively. Logano would have to wait till Watkins Glen claim his first win of the season driving a secondary Penske entry the number 12 at Watkins Glen, the majority of the race was a hard-fought contest between Logano and Keselowski who would eventually encounter issues and retire allowing Logano to collect his 26th career win. Chicagoland saw Logano struggle again with a lack of speed driving the 22 to a seventh-place finish. Back in the number 12, Logano would take his 27th career win in the Drive for Cure 300 at Charlotte stealing the race win from a dominant Kyle Larson, this would be his second and final win of the year. His Xfinity Series campaign ended with a solid fourth at Kansas, unable to take the flagship 22 car to victory lane in 2016.

Logano returned to the Truck Series in 2022, driving the David Gilliland Racing No. 54 to a sixth place finish at the Bristol dirt race.

For the 2023 season, Logano drove the ThorSport Racing No. 66 to victory at the Bristol dirt race after leading 138 of 150 laps.

2008: First starts
On August 25, 2008, Joe Gibbs Racing called a press conference to announce that Logano would drive the No. 20 Home Depot -sponsored Toyota Camry in the 2009 Sprint Cup Series. Logano replaced Tony Stewart who left JGR to form and drive for his own team, Stewart-Haas Racing. Logano was also a candidate for the 2008 Rookie of the Year award and was scheduled to make his first Sprint Cup start in the No. 02 Home Depot-sponsored car at Richmond, but failed to qualify for the event.

On August 28, 2008, Hall of Fame Racing announced that Logano would drive five races in their No. 96 car during the 2008 Sprint Cup Series season. His official debut was at the 2008 Sylvania 300 at New Hampshire on September 14, 2008, by starting that race, he became the first NASCAR driver born in the 1990s to run a Cup Series event. On September 5, 2008, Logano made his first appearance in a Sprint Cup car at Richmond International Raceway in the two-hour-long Friday practice for the Chevy Rock & Roll 400. Due to Tropical Storm Hanna, qualifying was rained out. A NASCAR rule states that when qualifying is rained out, the Top 43 drivers in owners points are then set for the race. Logano was not in the Top 43 in owners points, so he did not get to debut.

Logano is the youngest modern-era driver to compete full-time in NASCAR's top division (records show drivers as young as 15 competing in NASCAR's top division, but those records will stand due to age requirements).

2009: Rookie in the spotlight
In 2009, Logano finished fourth in his first Gatorade Duel, and would become the youngest driver to start the Daytona 500, however, he would crash midway through the race and finish dead last. Logano's first three starts in the Sprint Cup Series saw three finishes of 30th place or worse. Las Vegas was his sixth start in the Sprint Cup Series, he finished 13th. In April, Logano finished ninth for his first Top 10 finish at Talladega; later that month at Darlington, he led 19 laps late in the race and finished ninth. Logano won the fan vote for the 2009 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race and finished eighth.

On June 28, 2009, Logano won the rain-shortened Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at Loudon, New Hampshire, beating Jeff Gordon and Tony Stewart, becoming the youngest winner ever in the Sprint Cup Series at the age of only 19 years, one month, and four days old.

On November 22, 2009, Logano was crowned the official 2009 Sprint Cup Series Raybestos Rookie of the Year, having beat out other rookies Scott Speed and Max Papis.

2010: Youngest pole winner
Logano won his first Coors Light Pole Award on March 19, 2010, for the Food City 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Despite going winless, he scored seven Top 5's and 16 Top 10's en route to a then-best 16th-place finish in the final points standing.

2011: Forgettable season
Logano struggled through the 2011 season, with just four Top 5's, six Top 10's, and two pole positions, en route to a career-worst 24th-place finish in the final points standings.

2012: Final season at Gibbs
Crew chief Greg Zipadelli left the No. 20 team at the end of the 2011 season to become the competition director at Stewart-Haas Racing. Jason Ratcliff was named Logano's new crew chief beginning with the 2012 season.

In 2012, following several wins in the Nationwide Series, Logano won his second Sprint Cup Series race at the Pocono 400 at Pocono Raceway, after bumping Mark Martin with four laps to go, and holding off Martin and Tony Stewart. Logano became the first driver in 30 races to win a race from the pole position. It was also the first time Logano had won a race that had gone the scheduled distance (as his 2009 victory had been in a rain-shortened event). He scored one other Top 5 and 11 other Top 10 finishes en route to a 17th-place finish in the final points standings. He also ended his final Nationwide series at Joe Gibbs Racing on a high note, winning a series-high nine races.

2013: Career redemption

On September 4, 2012, it was announced that Logano would be leaving Joe Gibbs Racing and heading to Penske Racing in 2013, following an announcement that Matt Kenseth would drive the No. 20 Toyota.

Logano moved to the No. 22 Shell / Pennzoil-sponsored Ford for Penske, finishing 17th at Bristol after losing control after contact with Denny Hamlin. Late in the race, it would appear that Logano passed Hamlin on the track, but both had issues and Hamlin finished 23rd; Logano claimed that his former teammate intentionally wrecked him.

The next week, at Auto Club Speedway, Logano had his breakout race, leading 41 laps. The final laps saw an intense dogfight between him and Hamlin; on the last lap proper, Logano and Hamlin were driving hard side by side down the straightaway, in what looked like what was going to be a repeat of the photo finish from Darlington in 2003 but on the last corner, neither car lifted, both wrecked, while Kyle Busch slipped past and took the victory. Hamlin fractured his vertebra in the crash and after the race, Logano was confronted by Tony Stewart, who slipped back to 22nd after Logano blocked him on the final restart. Stewart pushed Logano, who responded by throwing a water bottle at him. Logano was scored in 3rd place.

Just before the start of the NRA 500 at Texas Motor Speedway, both Penske Racing cars driven by Logano and Keselowski failed pre-race inspection due to an issue with the cars' rear-end housings. Logano was forced to start from the rear of the field because his car wasn't on the starting grid until after the command had been given, but he rallied for a fifth-place finish. Three days later, NASCAR unveiled large penalties for the infraction. Logano and Keselowski were each docked 25 points in the drivers' championship standings; Logano's crew chief, Todd Gordon, was also fined $100,000 and suspended six weeks. Car chief Raymond Fox and team engineer Samuel Stanley were suspended for the same length of time as well. Identical penalties were also handed down to all of the people in the same positions on Keselowski's team. Penske Racing released a statement saying the organization planned to appeal the penalties, but on May 1, the NASCAR Appeals Panel unanimously upheld the penalties. Team owner Roger Penske said he would further appeal the ruling to NASCAR Chief Appellate Officer John Middlebrook.

Meanwhile, on the track after Logano's fifth-place finish at Texas, he had a low weekend at Kansas when he collided with a spinning Kyle Busch on lap 105, destroying the front ends of both cars and ending their days. This would relegate Logano to a 39th-place finish. He was able to rebound the following week at Richmond with a third-place run. At Talladega, Logano finished 35th with an engine failure after 143 laps. At Darlington, he struggled with the handling of his car and finished 22nd, two laps down.

After racing at Darlington, Logano rallied to finish in the Top 11 in a six straight race streak going into the summer — fifth at Charlotte, seventh at Dover, 10th at Pocono, ninth at Michigan, 11th at Sonoma, and fourth at Kentucky.

Returning to Daytona for the Coke Zero 400, Logano was running well until he cut a tire and hit the outside wall on lap 71, leaving him with a 40th-place finish. He then had another 40th-place finish the following week at New Hampshire after being involved in a crash early in the race.

After a two-race streak of bad luck, Logano picked up steam again, with six straight Top 10 finishes — eighth at Indianapolis, and then seventh at both Pocono and Watkins Glen.

In qualifying at Michigan, Logano won his sixth career pole position with a track-record lap speed of 203.949 mph; this was at the time the ninth fastest qualifying speed in NASCAR history, and the fastest since Bill Elliott's qualifying run at Talladega in 1987. He later went on to win the Pure Michigan 400, making it his first win with Penske Racing. Thanks to that win, and two more Top 5's at both Bristol and Atlanta (where he led 78 laps and almost won), he entered Richmond eighth in the standings with a shot to make the Chase for the first time in his career. At Richmond, he struggled with an ill-handling racecar to a 22nd-place finish, but it was good enough to where he beat Jeff Gordon (who finished eighth) by just one point for 10th in the points and made his first-ever appearance in the Chase. Even if he had fallen to 11th, he still would have had the second wild card thanks to being ahead of Martin Truex Jr. and Ryan Newman in points (Kasey Kahne had already locked up the first Wildcard with wins at Bristol and Pocono). Also thanks to the win, Logano seeded sixth in the Cup standings after it was reset.

Logano started his first Chase run by qualifying on pole in GEICO 400 at Chicagoland with a new track qualifying speed record of 189.414 mph. However, he finished 37th due to an engine failure late in the race. This was followed by a 14th-place finish at New Hampshire. Logano then had back-to-back Top 5's with a third-place finish at Dover and a fourth-place finish at Kansas. This was followed by three Top 20 finishes — 18th at Charlotte, 16th at Talladega, and 14th at Martinsville. He finished out the season with three straight Top 10 finishes — third at Texas, ninth at Phoenix, and eighth at Homestead-Miami, leading him to a career-best eighth-place finish in the final points.

2014: Breakout season
Logano started with an 11th-place finish in the 2014 Daytona 500, followed by a fourth-place run at Phoenix. He won his first pole of the year at Las Vegas, taking another fourth-place finish.

At Texas, Logano running with consistent speed got his first win of the season after leading the most laps (108) and performing a last-lap pass on Jeff Gordon during a green-white-checkered finish. This win locked him into the 2014 Chase.

At Richmond (a track where he had seen little success in his short career), Logano led late and pulled a Ron Bouchard-style move during a shuffle between Jeff Gordon, Brad Keselowski, and Matt Kenseth in the last nine laps, to slip away with a victory. The victory marked 2014 as Logano's first season with multiple career victories.

Logano made his 200th cup series start at Kentucky Speedway on June 28 at the age of 24.

At Loudon, Logano was running second to Keselowski when he was involved in an accident with the lap-down car of Morgan Shepherd. Logano said in an interview that Shepherd should have not have been on the track running those very slow speeds, but NASCAR responded that Shepherd maintained minimum speed.

Logano took his third win of the season at Bristol in the Irwin Tools Night Race. Keselowski finished second in the same race, making this Team Penske's second 1–2 finish in its history, the other coming in the 2008 Daytona 500.

Logano started the Chase seeded fifth. He finished in fourth place in the Challenger Round opener at Chicagoland Speedway moving him to third in points.

Logano would go on to win at New Hampshire, locking him into the Contender Round. He took four tires on lap 247, while the other front-runners ran on older tires, giving Logano the advantage. Remarkably, he was able to move from 16th to second in 11 laps. He took the lead with 27 to go and won the race after a green-white-checkered finish. The win moved him to second in the points standings – one point behind Keselowski. This win marked Penske's third win in a row and fourth in five races.

On September 25, 2014, it was announced that Logano had signed a multi-year contract extension with Team Penske. This extension came a full season before his contract was due to expire at the end of the 2015 season. The contract extends Logano's tenure with Team Penske to at least 2018.

At Dover, Logano would finish fourth, making him the only driver to finish Top 5 in all three races of the contender round. He would finish the round second in points.

Logano started the Contender Round by winning at Kansas. This gave him the lead in the point standings for the first time in his career. With the win, he was the first driver to advance to the Eliminator Round in the Chase for the Sprint Cup. Logano followed this up with a fourth-place finish at Charlotte. This was his fifth straight top-five finish, making him the first driver to start the Chase with five straight Top 5 finishes, beating the previous record of four set by Juan Pablo Montoya in 2009.

At Talladega, Logano finished 11th after helping Keselowski get to the front on the final restart. Keselowski required a win to advance to the next round of the Chase and was able to achieve that in part thanks to Logano.

Logano entered the Eliminator Round as the points leader, beginning with a fifth-place finish at Martinsville. At Texas, he fought back from pit road tire issues that led to a spin-out and finished 12th. Going into the final race of the Eliminator round, Logano was tied for first in points with a 13-point advantage over the final transfer spot. He would finish sixth at Phoenix, easily advancing to the Championship round alongside Denny Hamlin, Ryan Newman, and Kevin Harvick.

In the final round, he ended up finishing last of the final four drivers. The result was affected by some mistakes made by his pit crew, relegating him to a 16th-place finish.

Logano and his teammate Keselowski were both dominant in the new knockout-style qualifying in 2014. Logano had one pole, eight Top 2 starts, and started in the Top 10 in 26 of 36 races. He missed the final round of qualifying in only five of the 36 races, a series best. Logano was consistently near the top of most major statistical categories in 2014 including; laps led, average start, average finish, and average driver rating. He was one of only seven drivers that won multiple races in 2014 (the others being Keselowski, Jimmie Johnson, Jeff Gordon, Dale Earnhardt Jr., series champion Kevin Harvick, and Carl Edwards).

2015: Failed Championship run
Logano's season began with an incident with Kevin Harvick during the Sprint Unlimited. Harvick, who questioned a late-race incident with Logano, exchanged heated words with Logano.

The following week Logano held off Harvick to win the Daytona 500. At the time of his win, Logano became the second-youngest winner of the Daytona 500 at 24 years of age (second only to Trevor Bayne). He has since been surpassed by 2022 Daytona 500 winner Austin Cindric for second youngest winner, but remains the third youngest driver to have won the race. The win also gave team owner Roger Penske his second victory in the race, his first coming with Ryan Newman in 2008. The next week, he won the pole at Atlanta Motor Speedway and finished fourth.

At Las Vegas Motor Speedway, he qualified second and led early but would ultimately fade to finish 10th after having two pit-road speeding penalties. At Phoenix International Raceway, he started on the front row for the third consecutive week and led laps early, even though he would ultimately finish eighth.

At Auto Club Speedway, Logano started 13th and ran in the Top 5 most of the day, but a controversial late-race pit road violation set him back in the field; however, he recovered quickly to finish seventh. With his finish on the lead lap at Auto Club, Logano broke the record for most consecutive finishes on the lead lap with 22 (he would extend that record to 24 races). The previous record was held by Jeff Gordon and Dale Earnhardt Jr. with 21 each.

The next week at Martinsville he became the 26th driver (after teammate Brad Keselowski) to have won in each of the Top 3 series by winning the Kroger 250 from the pole after leading the most laps, his final start in the Truck Series to date. He also won his second Cup pole of the season and during the race, led the second-most laps and finished third. At Texas, he started sixth, led 19 laps, and finished fourth.

At Bristol, Logano and Keselowski wrecked out early, ending Logano's streak of finishes on the lead lap. At Richmond, Logano won the pole and finished fifth. At Talladega, Logano was caught up in a multicar wreck on the back straightaway on lap 47 and finished 33rd. He dropped from second to fourth in the points standings after the race. At Kansas, Logano did much better. He won the pole for the fourth time and once again, finished fifth.

In August, Logano ran out of fuel while leading the final laps at Pocono. At Watkins Glen, Logano started 16th, and went on to win the race, leading only the final lap after Harvick ran out of fuel before entering the final two turns. For Logano, the win also marked a complete sweep of the weekend, having won the Xfinity race.

At Michigan, Logano went on to bring home a seventh-place finish in the Pure Michigan 400. At Bristol, he took his third victory of the year with a win in the Irwin Tools Night Race. In the Chase, he swept the Contender Round races by dominating Charlotte, passing Matt Kenseth by purposely spinning him out with five laps remaining to win at Kansas and a dramatic win at Talladega that knocked Dale Earnhardt Jr. out of the Chase by one position. Also in the process, he became the second driver in 2015 after Kyle Busch to sweep three consecutive races.

The next week at Martinsville, Logano had the dominant car for most of the race. However, Matt Kenseth, in retaliation for Logano spinning him out a couple of weeks earlier, deliberately crashed Logano with less than 50 laps to go; an action that was met with mixed emotions from drivers, but the fans erupted with applause. Kenseth was suspended for the next two races and placed on probation until December 31.

Logano didn't do well at Texas, cutting a tire and spinning out, winding up 40th. Heading into Phoenix, Logano needed a win in order to advance to the final round. Ultimately, he failed, as he finished third and was eliminated from the Chase at Phoenix International Raceway after a controversial finish where Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the race thanks to a storm in the area. Logano went on to finish fourth at the season finale, and finished sixth in the final point standings.

2016: Heartbreak at Homestead
In 2016, Logano had a rocky start compared to 2015. Logano won his third straight pole at Martinsville, however, he would struggle throughout the race before finishing 11th. At Kansas and Talladega, Logano went back to back with DNFs from crashes. Logano won his first Sprint Cup All-Star Race after making a pass on Kyle Larson with two laps remaining. He won the FireKeepers Casino 400 after a good final restart. He won the race from the pole, the second time he won from the pole at Michigan. This was followed by a third-place finish at Sonoma and fourth place at Daytona.

At Kentucky, Logano had an early exit on lap 54 after cutting a right-front tire, finishing 39th. Logano fought back with a third-place finish at New Hampshire and a seventh-place finish at Indianapolis.

At Pocono, while on lap 115, Logano was racing Ryan Newman to his outside and Denny Hamlin to his inside when Chase Elliott got to his inside, got loose, got into Logano and sent both of them into the wall. Logano finished 37th. Following this, Logano went on a seven-race stretch with a worst finish of 11th place: second place at Watkins Glen, 10th place at Bristol and Michigan, fifth place at Darlington, 10th place at Richmond, second place in Chicagoland, 11th in New Hampshire, and fifth place at Dover. At Charlotte, the opening race in the Round of 12, Logano's day ended early with a series of tire blowouts, leaving him with a 36th-place finish. This was followed by a third-place finish at Kansas. At Talladega, Logano was penalized early when his car left pit road dragging the jack during the first round of green-flag pit stops, but went on to win the race in overtime and clinched a spot in the Round of 8. The win marked the third straight restrictor-plate victory for Team Penske, after Keselowski's earlier victories at Talladega and Daytona. A win at Phoenix guaranteed Logano a place in the final 4 at Homestead.

Logano led 45 laps at Homestead and had a significant chance to win his first Cup series championship. With 10 laps left, Logano restarted under leader Carl Edwards and Edwards on the restart attempted a block the 22 but it was too late, spinning the 19 of Edwards into the inside wall, resulting in a DNF for the 19 and some damage to the 22. After a 30-minute red flag, Logano's car was too damaged to contend any further and Logano finished the race in fourth place, finishing second in the standings to Jimmie Johnson.

2017: Championship 4 to missing the playoffs
Unlike in previous years at Penske, Logano had a miserable year. He started the year however by winning the Advance Auto Parts Clash after sneaking through the last lap incident between Brad Keselowski and Denny Hamlin. Logano's 2017 season started with a sixth-place finish in the Daytona 500. In the Kobalt 400 at Las Vegas, Logano collided with Kyle Busch as the two battled for a Top 5 finish on the final lap. The contact spun Busch out and onto pit road; Logano finished fourth, while Busch dropped to 22nd. After the race, Busch confronted Logano on pit road, attempting to punch him as their pit crews became involved. Busch suffered a bloody forehead in the ensuing brawl, though neither driver was penalized for the fight. In an ironic twist at the following week's race in Phoenix, Logano's tire blew with five laps to go to bring out the caution as Busch was in contention to win. As a result, Ryan Newman stayed out for the final restart and went on to win. At Richmond, Logano made his 300th cup start. Despite qualifying fifth, he would start from the 37th spot due to a transmission change. Logano would slowly work his way to the front, before winning his second career race at Richmond. Logano became the sixth driver to win in his 300th start. However, Logano's car was discovered to have a rear suspension issue, forcing NASCAR to declare his victory an "encumbered" win; as a result, while his win was not stripped, it did not allow him to lock a spot into the playoffs.

At Kansas on May 13, Logano entered sixth on points. He had a rough race that saw him fall from second on the start to mid-pack. Logano battled setbacks such as a speeding penalty, and a cut tire which caused him to stay mid-pack for the rest of his race. Logano was charging towards the Top 10, when his car's brakes broke, causing him to crash Danica Patrick and cause a fiery accident. The accident led to Aric Almirola being injured and airlifted to a local hospital for evaluation. Logano was visibly shaken following the wreck in a post-race interview. His contention to make it to the playoffs immediately started to fade away. His best finishes after Richmond were third at Michigan and his fourth-place finish at Indianapolis.

After a series of bad races, Logano missed the playoffs by one spot, finishing behind Kyle Larson after having finished second at Richmond. This is the first time Logano missed the playoffs since his last year with Joe Gibbs Racing in 2012. Due to his encumbered win, Logano's chance at a championship ended with his runner-up finish as after Darlington, he was in a must-win situation since the maximum points available in a race was 60 points as Logano was more than that many points away and points didn't matter anymore to make the playoffs. Ironically, the driver that benefited off of Logano's misfortune was Matt Kenseth, who barely made the playoffs by only about 100 points over Logano, keeping Logano out of the playoffs, reminiscent of their 2015-2016 feud. He then had consistent finishes like his seventh at Chicagoland Speedway, and fourth at Talladega. He finished the season with a 6th-place finish at Homestead-Miami Speedway. He finished the season 17th in the points standings.

2018: Championship redemption
2018 was a very quiet but productive year for Logano. Logano started the season with a second-place finish in the Clash. He followed that up with a second-place finish in his duel, losing to teammate Ryan Blaney. Logano had his ups and downs at the 2018 Daytona 500 with a tire rub and a pit penalty but rebounded to finish fourth after avoiding a wreck with two laps left. At the 2018 GEICO 500, he held off Kurt Busch to win the race and lock him in the Playoffs.

While the "Big Three" were making all the noise, Logano was quietly and patiently posting one of his best-ever seasons. He had finished every race up until the second Daytona race, where he was involved in one of the pile-ups triggered by Ricky Stenhouse Jr. Then weeks later he finished dead last for only the second time in his career at Watkins Glen. On the opening laps, Logano was battling for position inside the top five when the leaders stacked up and Logano made contact with the rear of Kyle Larson's No. 42. The damage resulted in a cracked radiator, eliminating the team from the race. The rest of the regular season was filled with Top 10 finishes. He ended the regular season sixth in points heading into the playoffs.

Logano started off the playoffs with a strong fourth-place finish at Las Vegas. Richmond, however, was a quiet race but he ended it a lap down finishing 14th. A quiet race at Charlotte ended in a 10th-place finish and advanced to the next round. He started the Round of 12 by finishing third at Dover and fifth at Talladega. He became the evident flag bearer for his team. After the Kansas playoff race, Logano became the sole Penske driver in the Round of 8 of the Playoffs after teammates Keselowski and Blaney were eliminated. entering the round of 8, Logano had a good chance to make it to Homestead and win the championship. He won the fall Martinsville race after a fierce battle with Martin Truex Jr. towards the finish line and secured his spot in the Championship 4. Logano had dominated the event, leading 309 of 500 laps, taking home his first grandfather clock.

He then made a consecutive streak of Top 10's with a third-place finish at Texas. Logano had a bad weekend at Phoenix, but prior in the press, he felt that he was the favorite for the championship, he suffered a flat tire in the second stage of the race in which ended his race, and his sixth-consecutive Top 10 finishes, although he still advanced, even if he had finished second to fifth, in which he would have won a tiebreaker over Chase Elliott if he finished fifth.

As the sun fell and the lights came on, Logano won at Homestead and became the 2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Champion after passing Martin Truex Jr. with a pass on the high side with 12 laps to go.

Rounding out a stout season, in addition to his first title, he ended the season scoring three wins, 13 Top 5 finishes, 26 Top 10 finishes, and an average finish of 10.7.

2019: Title defense
Logano started the season with a third-place finish in the rain-delayed Clash, in the duel, he made a big move on Clint Bowyer who led 41 laps on the final lap and won the duel only leading one lap, the last one. He started 4th at the Daytona, starting the season as a strong contender for the championship. Logano battled back and forth for the win all day, such as avoiding "The Big One" that took out 21 other drivers but came up short to a 1-2-3 finish with the Joe Gibbs Racing team. After the race, Logano had confronted fellow Ford teammate Michael McDowell for not giving Logano the push he needed for the win. He left Daytona second in points, tied for the points lead with Denny Hamlin. At qualifying at Atlanta, he had problems in his qualifying laps and started 27th. The problems continued through the race. While he did contend for the win late, he suffered from tire issues to finish 23rd.

Logano rebounded at Las Vegas, holding off teammate Brad Keselowski for his first win at the track. The win at Vegas was fitting as it would be Logano's 22nd spring race in Las Vegas, his 22nd Cup win, and won in a Pennzoil-sponsored No. 22 car. Logano followed up his win with a 10th-place run at Phoenix and a runner-up finish at Fontana.

At Martinsville, Logano scored his fifth pole in seven races, making it the 10th consecutive season where he has won a pole. It was a rough go at the start of the race. He led the first five laps and didn't lead the race again. He started on the pole and finished 19th. It was not the result that the 22 team wanted. Afterward at Texas, he won Stage 1 but pit lane issues saw him lose positions and drop to and finish 17th. At Bristol, he had a car capable of winning, but he pitted late in the race and restarted a few spots from where he finished. He finished third eventually behind the Busch brothers of Kyle and Kurt. Late in the day at Richmond, having won Stage 2 and finished 2nd at Stage 1, Logano had the better car and was chasing Martin Truex Jr. Unfortunately, he didn't have enough time to pass Truex and finished second. At Talladega, he had another good qualifying. He started fifth and led by lap 182. He led at the restart but was no match for the pack of Chevrolet Camaros of Chase Elliott, Bowman, and rookie Ryan Preece and ended up finishing fourth.

Logano then qualified 4th at Dover. He won Stage 1 ahead of teammate Keselowski. He finished seventh, extending his stretch of Top 10 finishes to four. In the standings though, he is second, five points behind leader Kyle Busch after having decreased it since Richmond. Logano qualified 20th at Kansas but failed pre-race inspection so he started 30th. During the first 10 laps, Logano had already gained about 10 spots. He finished 10th in the first stage and finished 15th, 1 lap down, however, though, Kyle Busch, the points leader after Dover, finished 30th, and as a result, Logano took the lead in points.

With his two wins, Logano made his way into the playoffs. At the Charlotte Roval, he overcame a collision with a tire barrier to finish 10th and advance to the Round of 12. At Dover, Logano was forced to head to the garage before the opening laps to have a busted rear axle fixed. He returned to the race 24 laps down and was criticized by Denny Hamlin for racing the lead cars hard. At Martinsville, Hamlin collided with Logano on turn four, squeezing Logano into the outside wall and causing him to lose a tire and spin out two laps later. Despite the damage, Logano finished eighth. After the race, Logano and Hamlin discussed the incident before Logano slapped Hamlin's right shoulder, sparking a fight between the two. NASCAR suspended Dave Nichols Jr., the No. 22 team's tire technician, for one race for pulling Hamlin down to the ground during the altercation. Logano's Title defense ended after being eliminated in the Round of 8 despite finishing ninth at Phoenix, with Hamlin and eventual Champion Kyle Busch ultimately beating him out for the remaining Championship 4 spots by winning the race and finishing 2nd respectively. At Homestead, Logano finished fifth in the race and the final points standings, the highest in points among non-Championship 4 drivers. Logano also was running at the finish in every single race in 2019, alongside Ty Dillon as the only two to accomplish the feat.

2020: Return to the Championship 4
With Paul Wolfe replacing Todd Gordon as his crew chief, Logano started the 2020 season by winning Duel 1 of the Bluegreen Vacations Duels. He finished 26th at the Daytona 500 due to a collision with Ross Chastain. A week later, he rebounded with a win at Las Vegas later, Logano would find himself in victory lane at Phoenix. At Bristol, Logano held the lead in a battle with Chase Elliott in the final laps until both competitors crashed into the wall, leaving Logano's teammate Brad Keselowski to win the race while Logano finished 21st. Logano's two wins earned him a spot in the 2020 Playoffs. He locked himself in the Championship 4 after beating Kevin Harvick at Kansas. In the championship race at Phoenix Raceway, he ran upfront for all of stage 1. A late-race https://tenor.com/view/123-gif-23393735 vibration and pit strategy caused him to finish 3rd in the race, and third of the Championship 4.

2021: Dirt win
On the final lap of the 2021 Daytona 500, Logano led teammate Keselowski before he attempted to pass Logano with momentum from Michael McDowell, resulting in a fiery crash. While McDowell avoided the wreck to win, Logano finished 12th. Later, he would win the inaugural Bristol Dirt race.

While running third at the end of Stage 1 during the GEICO 500, Logano was turned by Hamlin and clipped in the left-rear by Stenhouse Jr., sending his car into a blow over and Logano went upside down before his car rolled back over. He was uninjured, but showed displeasure with NASCAR over safety concerns and the package in his interview, bringing up Ryan Newman's accident at the Daytona 500 the previous year.

Logano got into the playoffs with his Bristol win. He made it all the way to the Round of 8 before being eliminated after Martinsville. He finished the season 8th in the points standings.

2022: Second championship
Logano began the 2022 season by winning the 2022 Busch Light Clash at The Coliseum. He scored his first win of the season at Darlington by bumping William Byron to the wall with two laps to go, infuriating both Byron and the crowd. Logano scored his second win of the season at the inaugural Gateway race. During the playoffs, he won at Las Vegas to make the Championship 4, before winning at Phoenix to claim his second Cup Series championship. Later on Logano paid tribute to his former boss at Joe Gibbs Racing Coy Gibbs who had passed away the day before Logano lifted his trophy.

2023: Second title defense
Logano started the 2023 season with a second-place finish at the 2023 Daytona 500. He scored his first win of the season at Atlanta. During the playoffs, Logano was eliminated at the conclusion of the Round of 16 at Bristol after being caught in a wreck involving Corey LaJoie, Ryan Newman, Justin Haley, and Kevin Harvick.

2024
Logano began the 2024 season with a 32nd place DNF at the 2024 Daytona 500. A week later, at the Atlanta race, he served a pass-through penalty for wearing unapproved safety gloves. Logano was later fined US$10,000 for the violation. He later won at the 2024 NASCAR All-Star Race and US$1 million after leading 199 of the exhibition race's 200 laps.

Other media appearances
In October 2009, Logano co-hosted an episode of WWE Raw with Kyle Busch.

Logano has made cameo appearances in various TV shows. He appeared in Cartoon Network's Destroy Build Destroy in the episode "NASCAR Pile-Up Logano vs. Edwards", where he would beat Carl Edwards. The episode aired on October 20, 2010. In 2011, along with Carl Edwards and other NASCAR drivers, he was in the A&E series The Glades. During the year, he also participated in Man v. Food Nation, taking on the Atomic Bomb Challenge at Sticky Lips BBQ in Rochester, New York. He lost the challenge.

During its 2011 season, Logano and Trevor Bayne were on a live portion of American Idol. In 2013, Logano guest-starred on a season two episode of Disney XD's Lab Rats.

Logano appeared on an episode of the American reality television series Pawn Stars where he inspected a Mustang GT alongside Rick Harrison.

Logano, along with Penske teammate Brad Keselowski, appeared in the movie Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!. He also had a cameo appearance as a security guard in the 2017 film Logan Lucky.

In October 2015, he appeared on 60 Minutes alongside a Make A Wish Child who wanted to meet him, Gavin Grubbs. The two speak about the Make-A-Wish Foundation's granting of Gavin's wish.

In 2016, Logano was a Fox NASCAR guest analyst for the Xfinity Series races at Phoenix and Richmond. A year later, Logano was a color commentator for the Fox broadcast of the Xfinity race at Pocono. Part of a Cup drivers-only coverage, he worked alongside Kevin Harvick and Clint Bowyer in the broadcast booth. In 2024, Logano commentated alongside fellow Cup Series driver Daniel Suárez at the Xfinity Series race at Phoenix on the FOX broadcast.

On April 30, 2019, Logano was invited to White House in Washington D.C. by the President of United States, Donald Trump.

Personal life
Logano was born in Middletown, Connecticut, the son of Deborah B. and Thomas J. Logano. His father Thomas is of Italian ancestry. As a child, he also played ice hockey in addition to racing. They initially lived in Portland near the Connecticut River and eventually moved to Georgia to further his racing career. As he started his career, he earned the nickname “sliced bread” because he won a lot as a young racer.

On November 13, 2013, Logano announced his engagement to childhood sweetheart Brittany Baca. He announced, via Twitter, that their wedding date was set for December 2014, during the NASCAR off-season. Logano and Baca were married on December 13, 2014. The couple announced the birth of their first child, a son named Hudson Joseph Logano, in January 2018. Their second child, a son named Jameson Jett Logano, was born on May 7, 2020. Their third child, and first daughter, was born in February 2022. Her name is Emilia Love Logano.

In September 2019, Logano was diagnosed with Alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that attacks hair follicles. While the disease does not cause any health risks or physical effects, it does lead to patches of thinning hair or baldness, which Logano has often joked about. In December 2022, after winning his second NASCAR Cup Series Championship, Logano received hair treatment, sporting it in a twitter post.

Philanthropy
In March 2020, the Joey Logano Foundation partnered with Bobbee O's BBQ in Charlotte, North Carolina, to offer free meals to children during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Stock car career summary
† As Logano was a guest driver, he was ineligible for championship points.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. ** – All laps led. )

Craftsman Truck Series
$$ Season still in progress $1$ Ineligible for series points

ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

title: User:GamemasterDael/sandbox


text:
Cookbook:Pizza Cutter

| Kitchen tools

A kitchen instrument with a circular rolling blade that is used for cutting flat foods such as pizzas into slices. Also called a Pizza Wheel.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook:Pizza Cutter


text:
Douglasiidae

Douglasiidae is a small Lepidopteran family including around 28 species of micromoth whose adults are collectively called Douglas moths. The largest genus in the family is Tinagma. They are primarily found in the Palearctic (20 spp.) and Nearctic realms. The adults have a 6 to 15 mm wingspan, with a reduced hindwing venation and long fringes. The larvae are leaf miners or borers, primarily in stems and petioles, belonging to Boraginaceae, Labiatae, and Rosaceae.

Genera

 * Klimeschia Amsel, 1938 Palearctic
 * Protonyctia Meyrick, 1932 Ecuador
 * Tinagma Zeller, 1839 (=Douglasia Stainton, 1854 ) Palearctic and Nearctic
 * †Tanyglossus Poinar, 2017 Cenomanian, Burmese amber, Myanmar

title: Douglasiidae


text:
User:Marshallsumter/Keynote lectures (draft)/Middle Ages

The Middle Ages is usually regarded as a period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (5th century) to the fall of Constantinople (1453), or, more narrowly, from c. 1100 to 1453.

The apparent Dark Ages lasted from the destruction of the Western Roman Empire until about 500 b2k, or it's the period in western Europe between the fall of the Roman Empire and the high Middle Ages, c. ad 500–1100, during which Germanic tribes swept through Europe and North Africa, often attacking and destroying towns and settlements.

"The latest Roman levels are sealed by deposits of dark coloured loam, commonly called the 'dark earth' (formerly 'black earth'). In the London area the 'dark earth' generally appears as a dark grey, rather silty loam with various inclusions, especially building material. The deposit is usually without stratification and homogeneous in appearance, It can be one meter or more in thickness. [...] The evidence suggests that truncation of late Roman stratification is linked to the process of 'dark earth' formation."

"The sediments in the Thingvellir lake basin have been successfully dated by tephra layers back to ca. AD 900, the time of Nordic Settlement in Iceland."

"Contemporary literature refers directly to tephra fall in the Thingvellir area during the following eruptions [see the X-ray radiographs of the cores on the left]: Katla 1918, 13 October (Sveinsson 1919); Hekla 1766-68, 16 July 1766 (Thörarinsson 1967); Katla 1721, most likely 13 May (Thörarinsson 1955). Tephra fall in adjacent regions is mentioned during the following eruptions: Vatnajokull 1766, 24 July (Thörarinsson 1974); Hekla 1693, sometime between mid February and the end of July (Thörarinsson 1967); Hekla 1510, 25 July or later that summer (Thörarinsson 1967); Hekla 1341, 19 May or later that summer (Thörarinsson 1967)".

"Tephra layers from three historical eruptions, not mentioned in written sources, have been traced into the Thingvellir area, i.e. Katla - 1500, Katla-R from the early 10th century and Vatnaoldur - 900, also named The Settlement Layer (Thörarinsson 1959, 1967, Larsen 1978, 1984a). Neither the year nor the season of deposition are accurately known. In addition, a tephra layer from a subaqueous eruption near Reykjanes in the 13th or 14th century, the Medieval tephra layer, has been traced into the region west of the lake (Olafsson 1983), and the tephra layer from the Eldgjd eruption AD 934 ± 2 has been traced into the region east of the lake."

Theoretical Middle Ages
Def. the "period of primarily European history between the decline of the Western Roman Empire (antiquity) and the early modern period or the Renaissance; the time between c. 500 and 1500" is called the Middle Ages.

Def. the history of "or relating to the Middle Ages, the period from about 500 to about 1500" is called medieval history.

Early history
The early history period dates from around 3,000 to 2,000 b2k.

-10th century
The 10th century BC is equivalent to 3,000 to 2,900 b2k.

On the right is the burial mask for the Pharaoh Psusennes I exhumed from Tomb III at Tanis (Nile delta). The material used is gold (different pieces were assembled using nails). The eyebrows and eye shadows are lapis lazuli. The eyes are glass paste. There is a cobra on the forehead. The ritual beard is braided to symbolize the death of the sovereign. It is kept in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. Dynasty is the XXI, dated to c. 1039 BC-990 BC.

In the left image is the burial mask for pharaoh Amenemope of the 21st Dynasty of Egypt, dated to 1001 – 992 BC or 993 – 984 BC.

Derrybrusk 2, Co. Femlanagh, is a logboat of Ireland, designated UB-3848, radiocarbon dated to 2912 ± 38 b2k.

-9th century
In 842 BC the Kingdom of Israel and the Phoenician cities sent tributes to Shalmaneser III. The image on the right is from the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III and depicts King Jehu of the Kingdom of Israel bowing before Shalmaneser III of Assyria.

Carthage was founded in 814 BC.

"The recent radiocarbon dates from the earliest levels in Carthage situate the founding of this Tyrian colony in the years 835–800 cal BC,4 which coincides with the dates handed down by Flavius Josephus and Timeus for the founding of the city."

The "dates for the founding of Carthage coincide with dates established for the Phoenician colony of Morro de Mezquitilla, which situate the most ancient occupation levels (Strata B1a and B2) in the years 807–802 cal BC.5"

The "founding of the first Phoenician colonies at the end of the ninth century coincides with the radio-carbon chronology attributed to the most ancient Phoenician imports recorded in the indigenous Portuguese settlements and in the south of Spain, like Acinipo, Alcáçova de Santarem or Cerro de la Mora.7"

Derrybrusk I, Co. Fermanagh, is a logboat of Ireland, designated UB-3846, radiocarbon dated to 2876 ± 34 b2k.

-8th century
This Dipylon Vase on the right is apparently from the late Geometric period, or the beginning of the Archaic period, c. 750 BC (2750 b2k). Prothesis scene is exposure of the dead and mourning.

The low-relief from the L wall of the palace of Sargon II at Dur Sharrukin in Assyria (now Khorsabad in Iraq) is apparently dated to c. 716–713 BC. It is the image on the left.

In the center is an image of the upper portion of a statue of Elissa, Queen of Carthage, apparently from the early 8th century or late ninth century.

"The founding of the Phoenician colony of Toscanos would have come a bit later; its earliest levels (Strata I/II) would date from the years 805–780 cal BC.6"

A logboat of Britain, 126 Short Ferry, designated Q-79, was radiocarbon dated to 2795 ± 100 b2k.

-7th century
Esarhaddon, portrayed on a stone stele, dated after 671 BC on the right, apparently ruled Assyria between 681 – 669 BC.

The black basalt monument of king Esarhaddon on the left narrates Esarhaddon's restoration of Babylon, ca. 670 BCE, from Babylon, Mesopotamia, Iraq, now in The British Museum, London.

A logboat from Britain, 108 Peterborough, designated Q-1564, has been radiocarbon dated to 2610 ± 50 BP or b2k.

-6th century
Croesus, 595 BC – c. 546 BC, was king of Lydia for apparently 14 years: from 560 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 546 BC, or 547 BC. He issued gold-silver alloy coins as on the left.

Based on the pottery shown in the image on the right, Croesus was burned to death.

"Sappho of Eresos" is shown center holding a lyre and plectrum, and turning toward a bearded man with a lyre partially visible on the left.

Logboats from Britain occur in the -6th century: 108 Peterborough, designated Q-3129, radiocarbon dated twice to 2535 ± 40 and 2565 ± 35 BP or b2k, and 14 Blae Tam, designated Q-1497, to 2550 ± 50 BP or b2k.

-5th century
Apparently construction on the Parthenon is dated to have begun in 447 BC (2447 b2k) and was completed in 438 BC (2438 b2k) although decoration continued until 432 BC (2432 b2k).

A logboat from Ireland, Kilraghts, Co. Antrim, designated GrN-14743, has been radiocarbon dated to 2405 ± 20 BP or b2k.

-4th century
The Hellenistic period is between the death of Alexander the Great dated to 323 BC and the Battle of Actium dated to 31 BC and the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt dated to 30 BC.

The bronze statue imaged on the right is missing the feet, ankles, eyes, part of the crown and the palm branch originally brought in the left hand. The statue is supported by a stainless steel rod inserted in his right leg. It is dated from 340 until 100 BC.

Two logboats from Ireland, 124 Shapwick and 47 Ellesmere, designated Q-357 and Q-1246, have been radiocarbon dated to 2305 ± 120 and 2320 ± 50 BP or b2k, respectively.

-3rd century
"Jastorf (La Tène) culture [3rd to 1st century BC] with bronze and iron technology. Rich building evidence in downtown Bremen."

A logboat from Britain 40 Clifton I, designated Q-1374, has been radiocarbon dated to 2250 ± 45 and 2275 ± 35 BP or b2k.

-2nd century
The Winged Nike of Samothrace is made from Parian marble, ca. 190 BC? and found in Samothrace in 1863 by the archaeological expedition of Charles Champoiseau, 1863 and 1879.

Cleopatra II on the left was involved in the ruling of Egypt apparently from c. 175 BC to until she died in 116 BC.

A logboat, Eskragh, Co. Tyrone, from Ireland, designated GrN-14740, has been radiocarbon dated to 2165 ± 25 BP or b2k.

-1st century
] The "Late La Tène time span [is] between the conquests of 55 BC and 54 BC [2055 and 2054 b2k] under Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) and the time of Christ. In the rare cases where pottery and tableware are attributed to Saxons of the 4th/5th c. AD, "astonishingly La Tène art styles [more than 300 years out of fashion] re-emerge as dominant in the northern and western zone." (Hines 1996, 260)"

"Stamped pottery has had a long and varied history in Britain. There have been periods when it flourished and periods when it almost totally disappeared. This article considers two variations of the rosette motif (A 5) and their fortunes from the late Iron Age to the Early Saxon period. [...] The La Tène ring stamps [which end in the 1st century BC; GH ] are found in a range of designs, from the simple negative ring (= AASPS Classification A 1bi) to four concentric negative rings (= AASPS A 2di). These motifs are also found in the early Roman period [1st century AD; GH]. [...] The 'dot rosettes' (= AASPS A 9di) on bowls from the [Late Latène] Hunsbury hill-fort (Fell 1937) use the same sort of technique as the dimple decoration on 4th-century 'Romano-Saxon' wares."

In "Šarnjaka kod Šemovca (Dalmatia/Croatia), e.g., contain 700-year-older La Tène and Imperial period items (1st century BC to 3rd century AD) [...]:"

"A large dugout house (SU 9) was discovered in the course of the investigation in 2006. Its dimensions are 4.8 by 2.1 metres, with a depth of 34 centimetres, and an east-west orientation, deviating slightly along the NE-SW line. It contained numerous sherds of Early Medieval pottery, two fragments of glass, and a small iron spike. Three sherds of Roman pottery [1st-3rd c. CE; GH] and ten sherds of La Tène pottery [ending 1st c. BCE; GH] were also recovered from the house."

"The contemporaneity of Rome’s Imperial period textbook-dated to the 1st-3rd century AD with the Early Middle Ages (8th-10th century AD) is also confirmed for Poland [in the stratigraphic table above]. There, too, Late Latène (conventionally ending 1st c. BC) immediately precedes the Early Medieval period of the 8th-10th c. CE."

"In [the Roman Empire] capital cities, Rome and Constantinople (Heinsohn 2016) [they] build residential quarters, streets, latrines, aqueducts, ports etc. only in one of the three periods—Imperial Antiquity, Late Antiquity, and Early Middle Ages—dated between 1 and 930s AD. In Rome, they are assigned to Imperial Antiquity (1st-3rd c.); in Constantinople, to Late Antiquity (4th-6th c.)."

"Roman churches of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages [...] would suffice to confirm the existence of these two periods. The churches are there. However, we never find churches of the 8th or 9th century superimposed on churches of the 4th or 5th century that, in turn, are superimposed on pagan basilicas of the 1st or 2nd century. They all share the same stratigraphic level of the 1st and 2nd/early 3rd century. Moreover, the ground plans of the 4th/5th—as well as the 8th/9th—century churches slavishly repeat the ground plans of 1st/2nd century basilicas, as already pointed out 75 years ago by Richard Krautheimer (1897-1994). It is this period of Imperial Antiquity (with its internal evolution from the 1st to 3rd centuries) that alone builds the residential quarters, latrines, streets, and aqueducts so desperately looked for in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Thus, Rome does not have more stratigraphy for the first millennium AD than England or Poland."

"Germanic tribes, not only Anglo-Saxons and Frisians but also Franks, had been competing with Rome for the conquest of the British Isles since the 1st century BC".

"1st century BC "Astonishingly LA TÈNE art styles" (Hines 1996) dominate pottery of SAXONS [and] Powerful LA TÈNE Celts with King Aththe-Domarous of Camulodunum [is the] greatest ruler."

"Saxons begin their attack on Britain as early as the 1st century BC. They compete with the Romans, who may have employed Germanic Franks as auxiliary forces. The Saxons invade from the East, i.e., from the German Bight."

From "the stratigraphy of the Saxon homeland, located around Bremen/Weser inside today’s Lower Saxony [it] is mainly inhabited by Chauci and Bructeri [...] Saxon tribes that are [...] at war with the Romans in the time of Augustus (31 BC-14 AD) and Aththe-Domaros of Camulodunum (Aθθe-Domaros, also read as Addedom-Arus; c. 15-5 BC)."

On the right is an Indian-standard coin of King Maues. On the obverse is a rejoicing elephant holding a wreath, a symbol of victory. The Greek legend reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΜΑΥΟΥ (Great King of Kings Maues). The reverse shows the seated king Maues. Kharoshthi legend: RAJATIRAJASA MAHATASA MOASA (Great King of Kings Maues).

Gortgill, Co. Antrim, is the location of a logboat from Ireland, designated UB-268I, radiocarbon dated to 2060 ± 60 BP or b2k.

Classical history
The classical history period dates from around 2,000 to 1,000 b2k.

Classical antiquity may be from the earliest poetry of Homer (8th–7th century BC) to the Early Middle Ages (600–1000).

"There is absolutely no justification for believing there to have been a historical figure of the fifth or sixth century named Arthur who is the basis for all later legends. / There is, at present, no cogent reason to think that there was a historical post-Roman Arthur."

Imperial Antiquity
Imperial Antiquity lasts from 2,000 to 1,700 b2k.

In Felix Romuliana, "the construction [...] is [...] Imperial Antique (1st-3rd c.), and sometimes even late Hellenistic, [in] appearance."

"Felix Romuliana is regarded as an ideal embodiment of a purely Late Antique (4th-6th c.) city in the Roman province of Moesia (today's Gamzigrad in Serbia), because in the earlier Imperial Antiquity of the 1st to early 3rd centuries there appears to be simply nothing at all in that splendid urban space erected around 305 CE for Emperor Galerius (293-311 CE)."

"Felix Romuliana [was] erected around 305 CE for Emperor Galerius (293-311 CE)."

"Felix Romuliana can boast a rich urban history up to the end of the 1st c. BCE"

It "has “a long settlement continuity from the Neolithic period over the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, the Late Antiquity into the Middle Ages”2 (DAIST 2013, see already Petkovic 2011a, 40)."

Between "1 and 1,000 CE there are only some 300 years with building strata in Felix Romuliana."

"Just between the 1st and 3rd c. CE the city’s evolution is totally and mysteriously stalled."

"Only during the Late Antique period (3rd to 6th c.), which appears to emerge out of thin air, does evolution pick up again with “different construction and expansion phases”3 (DAIST 2013). Since the German-Serbian excavations (2004 to 2012), one even knows “the localization of a necropolis belonging to the palace and its succession of settlements [up to the 6th c.], whose evidently dense occupation indicates a large population”4 (DAIST 2013)."

"For the more than 400 years between the late 6th and early 11th centuries, there was, however, no building evolution in the emergency accommodations. There are no archeological remains for some 400 years of use. There is substantial evidence for only a few decades, or even less. Those 400 years were written into the excavation report to meet a textbook chronology that is not understood but deeply venerated."

"Imperial Antiquity [apparently] did not leave any buildings [in Felix Romuliana] between Augustus (31 BCE - 14 CE) and Severus Alexander (222-235 CE)."

"Since Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul in 30 BCE) had already conquered Moesia in 29 BCE, it remains an enigma why suddenly the fertile area of Felix Romuliana, which had been in full use since the Neolithic period, was suddenly abandoned."

"Galerius’s Late Antique palace complex in Felix Romuliana was built by Legio V Macedonica (the bull and eagle were its symbol), a Roman legion that had been set up in 43 BCE by Octavian and Consul Gaius Vibius Panza Caetronianus (who fell in 43 BCE against Mark Antony)."

"It is indisputable that in 6 CE the legion was in the province of Moesia, with sufficient time to build something. It is also known that right there, in 33/34 CE (now under Emperor Tiberius), the legion did road-construction along the Danube (Clauss EDCS, 1649)."

"The Legio V Macedonica also participates in the construction of the gigantic Danube Bridge (1135 m; 103-105 CE) under Emperor Trajan (98-117). All this happens in close vicinity of Felix Romuliana, where the legion supposedly did not work before the 3rd/4th c. CE."

"Also, for around a quarter of a millennium (1st-3rd c. CE), there are no Aeolian layers in Felix Romuliana with vegetation or small animal remains, etc., which are to be expected if a city lies fallow for such a long time."

"Felix Romuliana still amazes [...] by its absence of Christian traces, despite its cultural proximity to the Greek part of the empire where Christianity had been in full development since the 1st c. CE. During the governorship (111-113 CE) of Pliny the Younger (61/61-113 CE) in Pontus-Bithynia, Christianity was, e.g., no longer stoppable. It had “spread not only to the cities but also to the villages and farms” of Asia Minor (Pliny: Letters 10:96)."

"[Roman sites and buildings dated to Britain’s Late Antiquity, i.e., to the 5th/6th century AD] never have 1st-3rd century building strata with streets, residential quarters, latrines, aqueducts etc. that are—after the Crisis of the Third Century—built over by new streets, residential quarters, latrines, aqueducts etc. reflecting new styles and technologies. At best, there are alterations of 1st-3rd c. structures that retain the style of the 1st-3rd century AD. An example may be provided by the small basilica in the 2nd century forum of Lindum Colonia (Lincoln) that is currently dated 5th/6th c. but stylistically would perfectly fit the late 2nd early 3rd century AD. The situation is comparable for pottery dated to Late Antiquity that cannot be tied to settlements. E.g., a "small later Roman pottery assemblage" from Mucking is dated "to a period without major occupation" (Lucy 2016)."

"From a stratigraphic viewpoint there is nothing wrong with the term "Saxon date," if Saxons and Romans lived side by side from the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD. Since archaeologically this period is contingent with the High Middle Ages of the 10th century AD—there are no building strata with residential quarters etc. in between—, its dates cannot help but move into the 7th to 10th century AD time span."

1st century
On the left is a Roman fresca of Venus standing on a quadriga of elephants from the Officina di Verecundus (IX 7, 5) in Pompeii, first century.

"[1st century AD] Saxon Chauci create rich building evidence. 50 m long houses (three aisles) with integrated stables are found all over the city and many suburbs; blacksmith shops; charcoal kiln technology etc."

"A succession of fires allowed the preservation of all the elements in place, when the inhabitants ran away from the catatrophe, transforming the area into a real little Pompei of Vienne [image on the right]."

"The fire brought the top floor, the roof and the terrasse of a sumptuous dwelling to collapse, both caved in floors being preserved, with the furniture left in place. The house, dating from the the second half of the first century and surrounded by gardens, was baptised "House of the Bacchae" because of a mosaic with a cortege of bacchae surrounding a Bacchus."

"With many others, a superb mosaic preserved in its near-totality in the "House of Thalia and Pan" has been lifted with much precaution earlier this week, to be restored at the ateliers of the gallo-roman museum of Saint-Romain-en-Gal."

"The Roman city of Vienne, in Southeast France, was at a crossroads of communications, between the Rhône River and the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis, on a "highway" connecting Lyon, the capital of Gaul, to the city of Arles. Another axis of circulation had most probably preceded it and the excavations «provide also an exceptional opportunity to analyze the anterior states of the Roman road of Gallia Narbonensis, or Transalpine Gaul, "one of the most important of this time.""

"Besides the two luxurious houses, the neighborhood included shops dedicated to metalwork, food stores and other artisanal production; a warehouse full of jugs for wine; and a hydraulic network that allows for cleaning and drainage. The neighborhood appeared to be built around a market square, apparently the largest of its kind to be discovered in France."

A logboat from Britain 7 Baddiley Mere designated Q-1496 has been radiocarbon dated to 1980 ± 50 BP or b2k.

2nd century
"[2nd/3rd century AD] Ptolemy’s PHA-BIRABON is identified with Bremen though there are other candidates, too. Rich evidence for Roman period. Settlements of 1st century are continued."

The last known celestial globe shown at the right dates from 1850 to 1780 b2k. The constellation illustrations from the Mainz celestial globe are shown at the left.

"After Octavian/Augustus (31 BCE – 14 CE) had, in 30 BCE, turned Egypt into an imperial province of the Roman Empire, Memphis continued to thrive. Suetonius (69-122) writes about the city in his Life of Titus (part XI of The Twelve Caesars)."

A 2nd-century sculpture on the right perhaps shows Phosphorus (the Morning star) and Hesperus (the Evening star) on either side of the Moon (Selene or Luna).

A logboat from Ireland Crevinish Bay l, Co. Femlanagh, designated HAR-1969, has been radiocarbon dated to 1860 ± 70 BP or b2k.

3rd century
In the late imperial antiquity map on the right, provincial boundaries (dashed red lines) are approximate and, in many places, very uncertain.

"Many [British] building sequences appear to terminate in the 2nd and 3rd centuries [1900-1700 b2k]. [...] The latest Roman levels are sealed by deposits of dark coloured loam, commonly called the 'dark earth' (formerly 'black earth'). In the London area the 'dark earth' generally appears as a dark grey, rather silty loam with various inclusions, especially building material. The deposit is usually without stratification and homogeneous in appearance, It can be one meter or more in thickness. [...] The evidence suggests that truncation of late Roman stratification is linked to the process of 'dark earth' formation."

“Parts [of Londinium] / were already covered by a horizon of dark silts (often described as 'dark earth') / Land was converted to arable and pastoral use or abandoned entirely. The dark earth may have started forming in the 3rd century."

A logboat from Britain 168 Wisley designated Q-1399 has been radiocarbon dated to 1780 ± 45 BP or b2k.

Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages date from around 1,700 to 1,000 b2k.

At left is an attempt to correlate the change in 14C with time before 1950. The different data sets are shown with different colored third order polynomial fits to each data set.

"The Δ14C values in a chronology can clearly be used to identify catastrophic gaps and catastrophic rises in carbon-14."

The first four gaps have a jump up in 14C with a fairly quick return to the calibration curve shown in the figure on the right. However, from about 2000 b2k there is a steady rise in the Δ14C values.

4th century
"Recent archaeological excavations have focused on the late fourth and fifth centuries. The discovery of two young adult skeletons in a burial pit in the courtyard of the commander's house have been dated to the early fifth century. The bodies were not buried immediately after their deaths but were left [...] for animals to prey upon before they were thrown into the burial pit. The bodies of the young man and young woman have been radiocarbon dated to 140-430 AD cal. and 340-660 AD. Archaeologists believe that the commander's house was already in ruins at the time of their deaths, and the burial in the pit suggests the Roman community was no longer present at Arebia. The end of the occupation can be tentatively dated by two coins dated to AD 388-402 found on the floor of the commander's house. These coins are the latest Roman coins to be found anywhere along the northern Roman defenses. This last period of Roman occupation was active, with the fort's garrison and defenses consistently maintained. The fortress was remodeled or repaired in the same period since another coin dating to 388-402 was found in the resurfaced road of the rebuilt west gate. This combined data suggests that the fortress was occupied by the Romans until the end of the fourth century and that the end came rapidly."

A logboat from Ireland, Drummans Lower, Co. Leitrim, designated GrN-18756 has been radiocarbon dated to 1630 ± 30 BP or b2k.

5th century
"The Saxons tended to avoid Roman sites possibly because they used different farming methods."

"[We] learn from Prof. Fleming [2016] that Roman conquerors introduced many — perhaps as many as 50 — new and valuable food plants and animals (such as the donkey) to its province of Britannia, where these crops were successfully cultivated for some 300 years. Among the foodstuffs that Roman civilization brought to Britain are walnuts, carrots, broad beans, grapes, beets, cabbage, leeks, turnips, parsnips, cucumbers, cherries, plums, peaches, almonds, chestnuts, pears, lettuce, celery, white mustard, mint, einkorn, millet, and many more. These valuable plants took root in Britain and so did Roman horticulture. British gardens produced a bounty of tasty and nourishing foods. [...] Following the collapse of Roman rule after 400 AD, almost all of these food plants vanished from Britain, as did Roman horticulture itself. Post-Roman Britons [...] suddenly went from gardening to foraging. Even Roman water mills vanished from British streams. But similar mills came back in large numbers in the 10th and 11th centuries, along with Roman food plants and farming techniques."

"Wat's Dyke has recently been redated to the fifth century. The dyke runs parallel to the eighth-century Offa's Dyke in the Welsh Marches. This area marked the border between the British kingdom of Powys and Mercia in medieval times. Excavations at Maes-y-Clawdd near Oswestry have discovered a site along the dyke that contained the remains of a small fire and Roman-British pottery.  The charcoal from the fire had been radiocarbon dated to AD 411-561. It has been suggested that the dyke was associated with the Romano-British kingdom based on the city of Wroxter."

A logboat from Ireland Strabane, Co. Derry, has been dendrodated to 431 AD and radiocarbon dated 1610 BP or b2k.

Another Oxford Island, Co. Amlagh (Kinnegoe), has been dendrodated to 492 AD and radiocarbon dated 1590 BP or b2k.

6th century
"AMS [Accelerator mass spectrometry] 14C dating [summarized on the left] indicates that the age [of Can Ferrerons, a Roman octagonal building in Premià de Mar, Barcelona, with an image of the Tepidarium on the right] is between CE 420–540, at 95.4% confidence level."

A logboat from Ireland West Ward I, Co. Tyrone, designated GrN-16863, has been radiocarbon dated to 1440 ± 30 BP or b2k.

7th century
"There is absolutely no justification for believing there to have been a historical figure of the fifth or sixth century named Arthur who is the basis for all later legends. / There is, at present, no cogent reason to think that there was a historical post-Roman Arthur."

"The reputed remains of St. Chad, enshrined at St. Chad's Cathedral in Birmingham, have been put to the scientific test by radiocarbon dating and skeletal analysis. Only six bones from at least two individuals remained in the reliquary. Five of the six bones have been dated by radiocarbon dating to the 7th century. This date for the bones likely means that one of the at least two 7th century individuals in the reliquary is St. Chad."

"St. Chad and St. Cedd were two Anglian brothers who were among the original twelve students chosen for instruction by St. Aidan of Lindisfarne. In 658, he was sent by Bishop Finian of Lindisfarne to Mercia as a missionary. He became Bishop of the East Saxons and later in 669 of Mercia. He died on March 2, 672 and was buried in Lichfield, Mercia."

"The fact that all the bones date to the 7th century likely means that they have been held together for centuries, perhaps being mixed from bones in cemetery where he was initially interred or, as attested by Bede, in the first movement of his bones to a new church in c. 700. The bones are all leg bones with three bones being dated to the mid 6th to late 7th century and the remaining two bones to the early 7th to mid-8th century by Radiocarbon analysis."

"In 1996, the Isle of May yielded the earliest known Christian church on the east coast of Scotland. Current estimates date the church to the ninth century. The church is similar in size and style to those found in western Scotland and in Ireland in the seventh to tenth century."

"The church was built into the side of a mass burial mound which contains mostly early medieval graves. [...] The burial mound contains hundreds of graves in a 30 m x 20 m space. The latest burials were found in stone cists but most of the earlier graves were separated only by a layer of rocks. [Radiocarbon] dating of the remaining skeletons produced dates from the seventh to the tenth century."

8th century
The Dunhuang map from the Tang Dynasty of the North Polar region at right is thought to date from the reign of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang (705–710). Constellations of the three schools are distinguished with different colors: white, black and yellow for stars of Wu Xian, Gan De and Shi Shen respectively. The whole set of star maps contains 1,300 stars.

The Dunhuang Star Atlas, the last section of manuscript Or.8210/S.3326. It is "the oldest manuscript star atlas known today from any civilisation, probably dating from around AD 700. It shows a complete representation of the Chinese sky in 13 charts with over 1300 stars named and accurately presented."

"The Dunhuang Star Atlas [above center] forms the second part of a longer scroll (Or.8210/S.3326) that measures 210 cm long by 24.4 cm wide and is made of fine paper in thirteen separate panels."

"The first part of the scroll is a manual for divination based on the shape of clouds. The twelve charts showing different sections of the sky follow these. The stars are named and there is also explanatory text. The final chart is of the north-polar region. The chart is detailed, showing a total of 1345 stars in 257 clearly marked and named asterisms, or constellations, including all twenty-eight mansions."

"The importance of the chart lies in both its accuracy and graphic quality. The chart includes both bright and faint stars, visible to the naked eye from north central China".

"There is no doubt about Early Medieval artifacts from the [Krakus] mound [in the second image down on the right] belonging to the 8th century, i.e. the date that was settled upon by dendrochronology."

"The Archaeological Museum of Kraków (Poland) is to be commended for its chronological honesty. Though its curators do not deviate from chronological dogma, they refuse to report settlement strata that cannot be found in the city’s ground. Therefore, their exhibits for the 1st millennium AD jump from the 2nd right into the 9th century AD, with nothing to show for the 700 years in between."

"Mound Krakus (apart from Lusatian and pre-Roman items) also revealed artifacts of the Przeworsk Culture (Buko 2011, 163), which peaked from the 1st c. BC to the 2nd c. AD. The situation is repeated at Aleksandrowice, some 70 km southwest of Kraków, where many Przeworsk artifacts were excavated (Makiewicz 2002, 106-113, 120). Thus, the Kraków area was well settled and active in the time of Imperial Rome."

"Dates for the Przeworsk Culture in more recent textbooks may be stretched up to the 5th or even 6th c. AD. However, there are no 5th c. Przeworsk settlement strata superimposed on 2nd century Przeworsk settlement strata. The additional three centuries are derived from dates found in coin catalogues. Thus, there is no Przeworsk building evolution over six centuries anywhere. Therefore, Ukraine’s Kiev Culture –– with striking 1st-3rd c. Przeworsk features, too –– that is dated from the 3rd/4th to the 5th/6th century has no strata for the 1st-3rd century but a plain blank (cf. Heinsohn 2015). Thus, for Przeworsk it is either 1st-3rd substance plus a 300 year blank or a 300 year blank plus 4th-6th c. substance but never the two periods on top of each other. Moreover, there are no 8th-10th c. Slavic tribal centers (matching the dendrochronological date of the Krakus Mound) superimposed on Przeworsk settlement strata dated to the 2nd or the 5th century. Therefore, it cannot come as a surprise that Przeworzk material and Early Medieval material, i.e. 2nd and 9th c. material, was mixed together in the Krakus Mound (Buko 2011, 163)."

"This enormous time span is confirmed by two other mounds in Lesser Poland, located close to Sandomierz, where the mix of 700 year apart artifacts can be dated to Imperial Rome (1st c. AD) and the Early Middle Ages (Buko 2011, 166). There can be no doubt about blossoming cultures in Lesser Poland during the 1st-3rd century of Imperial Antiquity."

"The first set of [Roman coins at] Jerzmanowice was discovered in autumn 2005. There were more than 110 denarii, only 8 of them were recorded (from Vespasianus [69-79 AD] to Septimius Severus [193-211 AD]). In spring 2006, the second hoard in Jerzmanowice was dug up (less than 100 meters from the place, where the first set had been found). Until summer 2006, Roman denarii in the number of 78 (from Hadrian [117-138 AD] to Septimius Severus [193-211 AD]) were discovered there" (Dymovski 2007, English abstract).

“Though Mound Krakus of the 8th century ff. is labeled as the “oldest man-made structure in Kraków” the same area has villages blossoming 700 years earlier in the 1st and 2nd centuries that are confirmed by the coin finds of Jerzmanowice, 21 km northwest of Kraków. How, then, is it possible that Kraków’s Castle Hill, the very heart of the city, has to wait for some 700 years to start its role as the future capital of Poland? After all, small finds from the hill also stretch from Imperial Rome, a coin of Emperor Titus (69-81 AD; i.e Przeworsk period) to the Early Middle Ages with a Carolingian belt buckle from the 8th/9th c. Slavic Vistulans (Wiślanie) period (Wawel.Kraków)."

"Late Latène Period whose artifacts are evolutionary continued not only in Przeworsk but also in Early Medieval Tribal Center sites. Stratigraphically, Late Latène immediately precedes Polish Tribal Centers as well as Przeworsk strata, Therefore, Late Latène people must be the Slavic predecessors of 1st c. Przeworskers as well as of 8th c. Poles, making the former Poles, too."

"The situation of a 700-year-gap between Slavs of the 8th century and possible predecessors at their sites is repeated on Poland’s Baltic coast where, e.g., at the 8th/9th Slavic hill fort of Sopot 700 year earlier Roman coins from the 1st/2nd century (Trajan [98- 117 AD] and Antoninus Pius [138-161]) have been found (Sopot 2001). In 8th-10th c. Viking Truso (Jagodziński 2010) coins of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius (161-180) have been excavated (Bogucki 2012, 41 f.). Both sites have no strata for the time between 1 and 700 AD. Therefore, the coins cannot be heirlooms handed from parents to children over many centuries."

"In and around Sopot, altogether 41 sites have been surveyed that jump from the end of Late Latène/Iron Age (1st c. BC) right into Slavic sites of the Early Middle Ages with nothing to show for the 700 years in between (Sopot 2001). Yet, there is hardly any evolution of art over this enormous time span. This is well known because of “analogies observable in the Roman period [1st-3rd c.] and medieval pottery [8th-10th c.]“ (Wołoszyn 2012 after Makiewicz 2005)."

"Whereas written sources referring to Slavs on the Baltic coast are divided over three different periods, Imperial Antiquity (1st-3rd c.), Late Antiquity (4th-6th/7th c.), and the Early Middle Ages (7th/8th-10th c.), archaeology can only confirm the Slavic Tribal Centers of the Early Middle Ages. Thus, the 1st-3rd c. VENEDI-Slavs (Pliny the Elder; Tacitus, and Ptolemy) as well as the 4th-6th c. VENETHI-Slavs (Jordanes) are none other than the 8th-10th c. WEONOD-Slavs (from Alfred the Great’s Voyage of Wulfstan). What was anti-stratigraphically put into a chronological sequence returns back to its archeological contemporaneity."

"The devastation of Rome in the 3rd c. is contemporary with the fires that annihilate the second stage of Wawel’s Early Medieval fortifications at the beginning of the 10th century."

In 1978 radiocarbon dating of Roman Empire piles in England such as the one at left were dated conclusively to AD 684 to 702.

"The Strood causeway to Mersea Island was thought to be Roman, built in the 1st c. AD. It leads to Mersea’s Roman burial mound (barrow) where a typical Roman lead covered box with a no less typical Roman glass urn (tentatively dated between 100 and 120 AD) was retrieved [in the image on the page top left]. Oak piles in typical Roman cut were discovered in 1978. Up to the 1980s it was never doubted that the dam was built by Romans in the 1st c. AD to reach their settlements on the Island."

"Scientific dating methods have been applied to some substantial oak piles discovered beneath the Strood in 1978, when a water-main was being laid. They indicate that the structure was probably built between A.D. 684 and 702. The piles were discovered at the south end of the causeway where the trench was at its deepest—they were about 1.6m below the present ground level and were sealed by a series of road surfaces. Seven piles were recovered and samples were submitted to Harwell laboratory for radiocarbon dating to get a rough idea of the date. Samples from four of the piles were sent to the University of Sheffield for tree ring dating (dendrochronology). The remaining three piles are now in the Colchester and Essex Museum. The dating of the construction to AD 684 to 702 was regarded as conclusive."

"Until 1978 it was thought the causeway had been in use since Roman Times. However radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology of the original foundation timbers gave a felling date of about the year 690. The site of the original Roman road has yet to be determined. The Strood regularly floods especially during spring tides."

"From Ireland to the Black Sea, the winter of 763–64 was so extreme that the normally laconic historical and other records of the mid-eighth century refer abundantly to it and offer exceptional details about it and its consequences. The Irish annalistic tradition records that terrible winter as “a great snowfall which lasted almost three months.”29"

"At 66 ppb, the spike in the GISP2 sulfate deposit on Greenland dated 767 is the highest recorded for the eighth century [in the bottom image on the right] and shows that this terrible winter in Europe and western Asia was connected with a volcanic aerosol that left marked traces on Greenland."

9th century
"Three hundred years [prior to 829 AD, 1171 b2k], it would seem, have left almost no trace in the ground. Truly, it would appear, that these years were indeed dark. Not only did men forget how to build in stone, they seem to have lost the capacity even of creating pottery; and the centuries in England that are generally designated Anglo-Saxon have left little or nothing even in this necessary domestic art. Pottery making does appear again in the tenth century."

"An important British settlement has been found at Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey [...]. Structures have been found dating to the 10th, 8th-9th, and 7th century. The settlement is believed to have been a working farm which also produced goods for export. It included coexisting timber halls and round wattle houses. The 10th century structures are in the Viking style but it is unclear if it was built by Vikings or Britons influenced by Viking culture."

"The excavations discovered numerous foreign goods. A seventh century bird headed Saxon brooch similar to Northumbrian brooches was found at the settlement. The brooch could have been dropped during Edwin's raid on Angelsey in c. 630 or arrived as booty from Cadwallon's raids and occupation of Northumbria from 633-634. The 8th-9th century ring ditch was dated to the early 9th century by radiocarbon analysis and a Northumbrian coin. A large timber hall is also believed to date from the same period.  The 10th century settlement revealed fragments of silver arm bands, leather working tools, hack silver, pottery, coins, and a Viking style whetstone linking the settlement with Hiberno-Norse society."

"Wales fared the Viking years better than most northern regions. The Viking impact on Wales was limited to occasional raids, trading, isolated settlers and perhaps intermarriage with the Welsh but large territories were not lost to the Vikings. Further there is no archaeological evidence that the Vikings established major outposts in Wales."

The "apogee of this settlement occurred in the second half of the 9th and during the 10th century, when the interior contained rectangular long-houses and halls. . . . These developments must be linked to changes in the political and economic fortunes of the area and contact with the trading networks of the Hiberno-Norse world. The archaeological evidence from North Wales thus suggests the existence of pockets of strong contact between the Welsh and Vikings of Dublin and Man, with the adoption of some Viking fashions."

"During the summer, three skeletons were discovered in a roughly built burial pit on the site. Last year, two other skeletons had been discovered in the same burial group. The five skeletons represented three adults, as yet unsexed, and two infants, all dumped in a shallow grave located in a ditch outside the defensive wall of the settlement. The presence of the infants and the disordered array of the bodies suggests they were members of the settlement who were not buried by their families but rather by raiders or invaders. At least one of the victims appears to have had his hands tied behind his back at the time of his death. The adults, ranging in age from 25-35, do not show signs of violent deaths but Redknap suggests that their throats may have been slit, which would not leave a mark on the skeletal remains. The bodies have been radiocarbon dated to 770-950, a timespan that includes the Viking raiding period that began in the 850s. It is being suggested that the Vikings temporarily captured the settlement after a raid. This complicates the analysis of Viking-style artifacts dated to the tenth century found at the site."

"In the Greenland ice-core layers dated to “822 and 823,” GISP2 offers a peak reading of 83 ppb of SO4, the highest sulfate deposit of the ninth century. Because those layers fall within the 2.5 year chronological resolution of the individual strata, they must be considered as reflecting the same event. Even more significantly, a second sulfate peak at 62 ppb occurs in the GISP2 ice layer assigned to “827,” demonstrating that the volcanic aerosol was a multiyear phenomenon [image in 8th century section]. Conceivably, but not necessarily, the entire sequence from 820 to 824 could represent the fluctuations in one long period of some volcano’s activity. In other words, not only is the short interval since the preceding volcanic event and its correlate in the written sources correct within the margin of error of the GISP2 dating at this depth, but so, too, is its duration as a phenomenon of multiple events approximately spanning four years, with a decline in the middle."

"Two remarkably cold winters struck Europe over the period 855–60. Reports from both France and Ireland document the cold and dry winter of 855–56. The winter of 859–60 appears to have been much harsher still, affecting France, Germany, and northern Italy in extreme fashion. The description of celestial phenomena that are consistent with volcanic aerosols in the atmosphere reinforces the link of the 859–60 winter with a volcanic eruption.53"

"Comparison with sulfate sediments in GISP2 strongly suggests that both cold winters reflect volcanic emissions, conceivably, but not necessarily, from one long period of some volcano’s activity [image in the 8th century section]. The ice core provides a strong parallel, with a 68 ppb peak in SO4 in the layer dated to “854” and continuing with a high SO4 level at a maximum of 55 ppb in the layers assigned to “856” and “858.” Because those layers fall within the chronological resolution of individual strata, we consider them as reflecting the same event. Both the historical and glaciochemical records indicate multiyear phenomena."

"An exceptionally long and hard winter [occurred] in western Europe in 873–74 and possibly in Spain and North Africa [...] For “876” GISP2 shows a very steep peak to 70 ppb in SO4 sediment [image at lowest right in 8th century section], signaling a volcanic aerosol deposit on Greenland; the date falls within the ± 2.5 years bracket. In this case, then, the precision of the written sources works to fix the less precise GISP2 chronology."


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File talk:KNSD39.png

Moving this file
Since the station's logo no longer carries the "39", the article should be renamed to "KNSD7.png". Does anyone else think so? -- J (t)  23:17, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

File content
and, you seem to be having a disagreement about what image should be displayed. It would be best if the 2D and reflective images were under different titles. In my opinion the reflective logo would not be public domain due to simplicity, but the 2D log would be. So it is best to have then separate, as two licenses could be described on the text. I would suggest that Anthonyn312 uploads to a different title, perhaps File:KNSD39-2D.png using pd-textlogo. And that the existing file gets a fair use rationale, with getting rid of old revisions. What do people think? It is best to talk calmly on this talk page, rather than threatening and reverting. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 01:58, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Not reverting out of a dispute over "2D over 3D"; I have warned many editors over the years that uploading logos straight from Logopedia's file server is unacceptable and will come with an automatic reversion, as that site does not enforce listing the original source of the image. A312 uploaded a number of logos from Logopedia without correct source information and those had to be reverted; same here. And trying to warn them to learn in regular editing space before working in filespace earned me this rebuke.  Nate  • ( chatter ) 02:03, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

title: File talk:KNSD39.png