text:
Lionel Robinson

Lionel Robinson (29 August 1866 – 27 July 1922) was a leading financier in Australia and England who was known for his success in horseracing and his support of cricket, and later served as the High Sheriff of Norfolk.

Early life
Born in Colombo a son of Mr. A. B. Robinson, for many years commercial editor of the Melbourne Age. He was a grandson of William Barton, Australia's first stockbroker, by his daughter Harriet, and a nephew of Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia. He was educated at Scotch College, Melbourne and may have been destined for a law career, but found employment in the Melbourne stockbroking company of Donaldson & Co. This was the time of a great mining boom and Robinson discovered he had an aptitude for finances and at the comparatively early age of 22 was elected to the Melbourne Stock Exchange and went into partnership with William Clark (c. 1868 – August 1948), also a member of the Melbourne Exchange, as Clark & Robinson.

Clark & Robinson
Robinson and Clark went into partnership in 1888 and developed a large and profitable business dealing in mining shares during the Broken Hill and Kalgoorlie mining booms.

In 1895 Clark & Robinson moved their office to Adelaide, initially located at 27 Grenfell Street from April 1896 to October 1897, then Cowra Chambers, 23 Grenfell Street, then from March 1899 Brookman Building, 35 Grenfell Street. Robinson made substantial investments in the Hainault Goldmining Company, which proved highly profitable.

Robinson began an association with Kalgoorlie and its "Golden Mile" when the Great Boulder Proprietary opened up its 200 ft. level, and in the late '90s deputised Sydney J. Yeo to open the company's Kalgoorlie office.

A large and lucrative business was developed with London, and Robinson moved there to handle this business in person. The rules of the London Stock Exchange not only demanded that he relinquish his membership of Australian Exchanges before he could join, but could not belong to an overseas partnership, so that with Clark was dissolved in May 1899 by mutual agreement.

For a couple of years Robinson and Clark ran their respective offices independently, then decided to reunite in London. Clark and his accountant Guy Stanton left for England in May 1902. Clark, who had renounced membership of the Stock Exchanges of Melbourne and Adelaide, was elected a member of the London Stock Exchange as from 1 January 1905, and on the same day Clark joined Robinson as a partner of the firm of Lionel Robinson and Co., renamed Lionel Robinson, Clark & Co., with offices at 24 Throgmorton Street, London. Within two years it was the largest finance house dealing in Australian mining shares in London. Business was good and the company prospered even better than it had in Australia, and each became very wealthy.

Robinson was ever on the lookout for business opportunities in Australia: in 1905 when the Broken Hill mines were struggling with a host of problems he organised a luxury private carriage on the "Barrier" train for an invited group of industrialists and investors, who invested thousands of pounds of British capital into the North and South mines, Zinc Corporation, and Amalgamated Zinc Companies.

Robinson and Clark formed a company Broken Hill Syndicate Limited with W.L., E.L. and W. Baillieu and others.

Although he made his fortune through mining stocks, Robinson was also interested in industrials: he was a major shareholder director of the London Motor Omnibus Company, and the London Underground Railways. As a director of the omnibus company he was concerned at the reputation motor 'buses had for unreliability, and insisted on a daily overhaul of each bus, whether giving problems or not, with immediate beneficial results. Robinson and Clark invested heavily in establishing woollen mills and associated factories in Victoria.

From 1915 to 1921 Robinson was a committee member of the London Stock Exchange, and in 1916 became High Sheriff of Norfolk.

When Robinson was alive the pair were known in the house as "the Siamese twins." and were inseparable both in business and sport, but on the death of his partner Clark lost a great part of his enthusiasm for racing, and allowed his stable to become became a skeleton of its earlier self.

Old Buckenham
Robinson purchased the historic Old Buckenham Hall at Old Buckenham in Norfolk in 1906 from Frederick Duleep Singh. He replaced the existing Georgian house with a vast neo-Jacobean mansion and expanded the estate from 340 to 2000 acres.

He established Old Buckenham Stud to further his involvement in horse racing and also laid out two separate cricket grounds, each equipped with a thatched timber pavilion. The first ground was half a mile from the Hall and adjacent to the Stud. The second – still in use today - was created in a woodland clearing close to the rebuilt Hall. Robinson's personal cricket team played the first of six first-class cricket matches against the touring South Africans South Africans in 1912.

In 1919, Robinson hosted the Australian Imperial Forces, a team formed of Australian servicemen who were facing a prolonged delay to their demobilisation. The A.I.F. team had been selected from around 100 Australian servicemen who had turned up for trials at Lord's and The Oval.

In early May 1921, a final first-class match was held at the ground between L. G. Robinson's XI and the touring Australians. Robinson’s team was captained by his cricket manager, the former England captain Archie MacLaren, and included Jack Hobbs, Percy Chapman and Johnny Douglas. Australia were led by Warwick Armstrong and included Jack Gregory – who had made his first-class debut with the A.I.F team at Old Buckenham two years previously – Warren Bardsley and Charlie Macartney. The three-day match was rain-affected and ended in a draw. Hobbs top-scored with 85, an effort he later nominated as possibly his finest ever innings. A crowd of up to 10,000 watched Hobbs bat on the second day, believed to be the largest ever to attend a cricket match in Norfolk.

One Australian cricket commentator wrote: "There is hardly a more beautiful place in Norfolk than Mr. Lionel Robinson's 'Buckenham Hall.' During the visit of the A.I.F. team to his home, Mr. Robinson had the favorite for the English Derby, and told us to have a little on it, as it was very highly fancied. Unfortunately it 'went wrong,' and did not start. Mr. Robinson is also very greatly interested financially in several mining propositions in this country, and has nearly always entertained the Australians at his house during their many visits to the Old Country. The ground itself is situated about half a mile from the house in delightful surroundings. The attendance is always very small, owing to the neighborhood being principally occupied by farmers. However, the lack of spectators does not diminish the enthusiasm of the players in any way. The members of both teams stay at Mr. Robinson's house, with the exception of the professionals, and are entertained in a wonderful manner. It can be assumed that Mr. Robinson has guaranteed a certain sum to the Australians for this match. In addition he pays all the expenses of his own side, and, after taking into account that there is no charge whatsoever for admission to the ground, it can be readily understood that the match is rather an expensive luxury, even for him."

Horseracing
Clark and Robinson were partners as racehorse owners as well as in business. Clark engaged Richard Bradfield, who had recently lost a major client in Frederick W. Purches (c. 1852–1937), as their trainer in Australia, and that was the beginning of the long and fruitful connection of Clark and Robinson (dubbed "The Firm") with Bradfield's stable. Their Australian successes included: Although Clark and Robinson were living in England they continued over a long period to keep a few horses with Bradfield. When racing was curtailed in England during The Great War of 1914–1918 they sent out Magpie, King Offa, Lanius, Lucknow, Elsdon, Shadowland, Coq d'Or and Escombe to Bradfield, who won races with most of them.
 * In Australia
 * SAJC Derby with Hainault (1898); with Rienzi (1902)
 * SAJC St Leger with The Victory (1898)
 * SAJC (Queen's) Birthday Cup with The Victory (1898)
 * VRC Standish Handicap with The Victory (1902)
 * Maribyrnong Plate with Niphetos (1901)
 * Melbourne Cup with The Victory (1902); Backwood (1924)
 * Futurity Stakes with Eudorus (1913); Flash of Steel (1915); Lucknow (1919)
 * Caulfield Cup with King Offa (1918); Lucknow (1919). This was a great one for Bradfield, who had trained the three placed horses: Lucknow, Night Watch, and Chrome.
 * The Metropolitan with St Spasa (1914)
 * Adelaide Cup with St Spasa (1916); Elsdon (1918)
 * Lanius was successful in some weight-for-age races
 * Magpie was successful in some weight-for-age races

Their Australian racing manager was Isaac Earnshaw, and on his death in 1914 C. Leslie Macdonald took over. Macdonald retired three years later and the position was taken by S. Bloomfield. Unlike the principal Australian clubs, the English Jockey Club did not permit racing partnerships, and for that reason horses belonging to the Clark-Robinson partnership were raced in England in the name of one or other of the partners. At their Old Buckenham stud at Attleborough, Norfolk, they bred and trained dozens of top-flight thoroughbred racehorses. Gingal, Linacre, Merrylips, Demure and Sham Fight won 11 races in 1907. Other winners were All Black, Basil, The Whirlpool, and Linacre in 1908; Slipton, Basil, and Budorus in 1909; Prince Galahad in 1920. Some or all were trained by J. E. "Jack" Brewer, and their jockeys included Stanley Wootton.
 * In England

Death
Robinson died of cancer at Old Buckenham Hall on 27 July 1922, having taken little part in financial affairs after the war. He left an estate valued at around £240,000.

Both Lionel and Mary Robinson were buried in the churchyard at Old Buckenham.

In announcing the death of Robinson to members of the Stock Exchange of Adelaide, the President (Whitmore Carr) said that "Robinson had a charming personality, and his cheerful disposition made him a host of friends who still retained a pleasant recollection of the days he spent among them."

title: Lionel Robinson


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Jiteshdugar/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Both accounts are definitely ToU-violating given they're clearly closely connected in behavior here, here, here, here, here, here, here and this is considering both are heavily involved in the master's article. SwisterTwister  talk  03:31, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - Please compare these accounts and check for others. Thanks, GABgab 15:28, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅, as well as . Courcelles (talk) 04:37, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * . GABgab 15:05, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Clear involvement in 1 article like the past socks, see contributions. SwisterTwister  talk  23:44, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - Please compare to the master and previous socks. Thanks, GABgab 02:33, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
 * - Katietalk 21:25, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * ❌. Katietalk 21:32, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Case closed.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  17:13, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:David Albelda

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on David Albelda. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.goal.com/en/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId=518426

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:25, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Albelda


text:
User:R

fr:Utilisateur:R

I write mostly on the french Wikipédia. You might find it more convenient to write to me on my french page since I'm more often on fr: than on any other Wikimedia domain.

title: User:R


text:
Talk:German Language/List of German verbs

I think this page should be deleted and replaced with a Wikibooks link to German/Grammar/Verbs. The Jade Knight 19:07, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think this page should be developed, and include a Wikibooks link to German/Grammar/Verbs. :-) Cormaggio 10:58, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * agree with cormaggio. to German/Grammar/Verbs confused me. Sometimes a concise list of verbs is just what the learner needs.Dlohcierekim 19:46, 30 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Regardless of the verb format needed, wikibooks is the place to put that sort of static list-like content (unless they wont take it). Try to figure out ways to make content interactive here.  The Jade Knight (d'viser) 00:35, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Order for learning verbs
Perhaps this page should give the learner a list in the order to learn the verbs. This basics could be taken from

Frequency Dictionary of German by Jones and Tschirner isbn 0-415-31633

then adapted to best suite new learners. Brodger3 15:41, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Coming back to German after a thirty year hiatus, I don't think that a particular order is needed. Alphabetical works as well as any. The nuances of learning German cannot all be dealt with in a word list. I've put in the verbs we learned over a three year period, and the learner can pick and choose. Dlohcierekim 19:50, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Expand
I did not find a handy list on the Internet. Guess this will be the place. Dlohcierekim 15:18, 30 October 2008 (UTC)


text:
User:Craig.rodrigues19/sandbox

It's lit in the sandbox

 Article Evaluation:

Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you? (Craig)

Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? (Josh)

Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? (Julie)

Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article? (Alisha)

Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are they secondary sources? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?

No, no it is not. Facts aren't referenced at all for most of the article. Those that are referenced have outdated references that are well over 5 years old. The references don't appear until near the end of the article. Furthermore, some of the references are just online websites, news articles, and other secondary sources which are susceptible to bias, although unlikely in this topic. There were a few articles that were referenced from PubMed and journals, but overall, this page appears to have a lot of updating that needs to be done regarding references.

Is any information out of date (within 5 years from the publication date)? Is anything missing that could be added? (Jesse)

Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic? (Gleb) -

<<>>

Outline the article as it stands. What do you plan to contribute?

title: User:Craig.rodrigues19/sandbox


text:
Knight (disambiguation)

Knight is a social position and honour originating in the Middle Ages.

Knight may also refer to:

People

 * Member of chivalric order
 * Knight Bachelor
 * Knight (surname)
 * Pseudonym of Sir Robert Walpole (1676–1745) English statesman

Places

 * Knight, United States Virgin Islands, a settlement on the island of Saint Croix
 * Knight, Wisconsin, a town in the United States
 * Knight Inlet, British Columbia, Canada
 * Knight Islands, Nunavut, Canada
 * Knights Landing, California

Organisms

 * Knight butterfly, the species Lebadea martha
 * Knight mushrooms, the genus Tricholoma

In fiction

 * Knight (DC Comics), a name adopted by several people in the DC Universe
 * Knight (Marvel Comics), a name adopted by several people in the Marvel Universe
 * The Knight (novel), a fantasy novel by Gene Wolfe
 * Knight, a fictional character in the Duel Masters television show
 * Knight, a troop featured in Clash Royale
 * Jedi Knight, a rank between Padawan and Master in Star Wars
 * Kamen Rider Knight, character from Kamen Rider Ryuki
 * The Knight (Canterbury Tales), from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
 * The Knight, the main character in the 2017 video game Hollow Knight
 * Demon Knight, a 1995 movie
 * Michael Knight, the protagonist from Knight Rider

Other

 * Knight (chess), a piece in the game of chess
 * Knight Capital Group, a global financial services firm
 * Knight's Armament Company, an American firearms manufacturer
 * Knight (Dungeons & Dragons), a character class in the roleplaying game
 * Playing cards, may be:
 * Tarot cards:
 * Knight of Coins
 * Knight of Wands
 * Knight of Cups
 * Knight of Swords
 * Standard 56-card deck (knightly deck) card: Knight (playing card)

title: Knight (disambiguation)


text:
List of ancient monuments in Rome

This is a list of ancient monuments from Republican and Imperial periods in the city of Rome, Italy.

Amphitheaters

 * Amphitheater of Caligula
 * Amphitheatrum Castrense
 * Amphitheater of Nero
 * Amphitheater of Statilius Taurus
 * Colosseum

Baths

 * Baths of Agrippa
 * Baths of Caracalla
 * Baths of Commodus
 * Baths of Constantine
 * Baths of Decius
 * Baths of Diocletian
 * Baths of Licinius Sura
 * Baths of Nero and Alexander
 * Baths of Septimius Severus
 * Baths of Titus
 * Baths of Trajan (later misnamed the Baths of Domitian)

Circuses

 * Circus Flaminius
 * Circus Maximus
 * Circus of Maxentius
 * Circus of Nero
 * Circus Varianus

Gardens

 * Gardens of Lucullus
 * Gardens of Maecenas
 * Gardens of Sallust
 * Horti Aciliorum
 * Horti Agrippinae
 * Horti Caesaris
 * Horti Domitiae
 * Horti Lamiani
 * Horti Liciniani
 * Horti Lolliani
 * Horti Pompeiani
 * Horti Tauriani

Porticoes

 * Porticus Aemilia
 * Porticus Deorum Consentium
 * Porticus of Livia
 * Porticus Octavia
 * Porticus Octaviae
 * Porticus Vipsania

Theatres

 * Theatre of Balbus
 * Theatre of Marcellus
 * Theatre of Pompey

Other

 * Ludus Magnus
 * Naumachia Vaticana
 * Odeum of Domitian
 * Saepta Julia
 * Septizodium
 * Stadium of Domitian

Forum Romanum

 * Roman Forum

Imperial fora

 * Forum of Augustus
 * Forum of Caesar
 * Forum of Nerva
 * Forum of Peace
 * Trajan's Forum

Markets

 * Forum Boarium
 * Forum Holitorium
 * Forum Piscarium
 * Forum Pistorium
 * Forum Suarium
 * Forum venalium
 * Forum Vinarium
 * Trajan's Market

Shops

 * Macellum Liviae

Aqueducts

 * Aqua Alexandrina
 * Aqua Alsietina
 * Aqua Anio Novus
 * Aqua Anio Vetus
 * Aqua Appia
 * Aqua Augusta
 * Aqua Claudia
 * Aqua Julia
 * Aqua Marcia
 * Aqua Tepula
 * Aqua Traiana
 * Aqua Virgo

Bridges

 * Pons Aelius
 * Pons Aemilius
 * Pons Agrippae
 * Pons Aurelius
 * Pons Cestius
 * Pons Fabricius
 * Pons Lamentanus
 * Pons Milvius
 * Pons Neronianus
 * Pons Probi
 * Pons Sublicius

Cemeteries

 * Catacomb of Calepodius
 * Catacomb of Callixtus
 * Catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter
 * Catacombs of Rome
 * Catacombs of San Valentino
 * Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
 * Esquiline Necropolis
 * Vatican Necropolis

Fountains

 * Meta Sudans

Military

 * Castra of ancient Rome
 * Castra Nova equitum singularium
 * Castra Peregrina
 * Castra Praetoria

Roads

 * Alta Semita
 * Argiletum
 * Clivus Argentarius
 * Clivus Capitolinus
 * Clivus Palatinus
 * Clivus Scauri
 * Clivus Suburanus
 * Via Appia
 * Via Ardeatina
 * Via Asinaria
 * Via Aurelia
 * Via Cornelia
 * Via Flaminia
 * Via Labicana
 * Via Lata
 * Via Latina
 * Via Laurentina
 * Via Ostiensis
 * Via Portuensis
 * Via Praenestina
 * Via Sacra
 * Via Salaria
 * Via Tiburtina
 * Vicus Jugarius
 * Vicus Longus
 * Vicus Patricius
 * Vicus Tuscus

Sewers

 * Cloaca Circi Maximi
 * Cloaca Maxima

Walls / Gates

 * Wall of Romulus
 * Servian Wall
 * Porta Caelimontana
 * Porta Capena
 * Porta Carmentalis
 * Porta Collina
 * Porta Esquilina
 * Porta Flumentana
 * Porta Fontinalis
 * Porta Lavernalis
 * Porta Naevia
 * Porta Querquetulana
 * Porta Quirinalis
 * Porta Raudusculana
 * Porta Salutaris
 * Porta Sanqualis
 * Porta Trigemina
 * Porta Viminale
 * Aurelian Walls
 * Porta Appia
 * Porta Ardeatina
 * Porta Asinaria
 * Porta Aurelia Pancraziana
 * Porta Aurelia-Sancti Petri
 * Porta Clausa
 * Porta Flaminia
 * Porta Latina
 * Porta Praenestina
 * Porta Metronia
 * Porta Nomentana
 * Porta Ostiensis
 * Porta Pinciana
 * Porta Portese
 * Porta Praetoriana
 * Porta Principalis Dextera
 * Porta Salaria
 * Porta Septimiana
 * Porta Tiburtina

Triumphal arches

 * Arcus Argentariorum
 * Arcus Novus
 * Arch of Arcadius, Honorius and Theodosius
 * Arch of Augustus
 * Arch of Claudius (British victory)
 * Arches of Claudius
 * Arch of Constantine
 * Arch of Dolabella
 * Arch of Domitian
 * Arches of Drusus and Germanicus
 * Arch of Fabius
 * Arch of Gallienus
 * Arch of Germanicus
 * Arch of Gratian, Valentinian and Theodosius
 * Arch of Hadrian (now referred to as the Arch of Portugal)
 * Arch of Janus
 * Arch of Lentulus and Crispinus
 * Arch of Marcus Aurelius
 * Arch of Nero
 * Arch of Octavius
 * Arch of Pietas
 * Arch of Scipio
 * Arch of Septimius Severus
 * Arch of Tiberius
 * Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus)
 * Arch of Titus (Roman Forum)
 * Arch of Trajan (now referred to as the Arch of Drusus)

Columns

 * Column of Antoninus Pius
 * Column of Marcus Aurelius
 * Column of Phocas
 * Decennalia
 * Trajan's Column

Statues

 * Colossus of Constantine
 * Colossus of Nero
 * Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

Tombs

 * Casal Rotondo
 * Meta Romuli
 * Pyramid of Cestius
 * Terebinth of Nero
 * Tomb of Caecilia Metella
 * Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
 * Tomb of Geta
 * Tomb of the Scipios

Mausoleums

 * Mausoleum of Augustus
 * Mausoleum of Hadrian
 * Mausoleum of Helena
 * Mausoleum of Honorius
 * Mausoleum of Maxentius

Obelisks

 * Flaminio Obelisk
 * Lateran Obelisk
 * Obelisco della Minerva
 * Obelisk of Montecitorio

Palaces

 * Domus Aurea
 * Domus Severiana
 * Domus Tiberiana
 * Domus Transitoria
 * House of Augustus
 * Palace of Domitian
 * Domus Augustana
 * Domus Flavia

Altars

 * Altar of Augustan Peace
 * Altar of Consus
 * Altar of Dis Pater and Proserpine
 * Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus
 * Altar of Victory
 * Great Altar of Hercules

Basilicas

 * Basilica Aemilia
 * Basilica Argentaria
 * Basilica Fulvia
 * Basilica Hilariana
 * Basilica Julia
 * Basilica of Junius Bassus
 * Basilica of Maxentius
 * Basilica of Neptune
 * Basilica Opimia
 * Basilica Porcia
 * Basilica Sempronia
 * Basilica Ulpia
 * Porta Maggiore Basilica

Early churches

 * Basilica di San Clemente
 * Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
 * Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
 * Basilica of St. John Lateran
 * Lateran Baptistery
 * Old St. Peter's Basilica
 * San Sebastiano fuori le mura
 * San Pietro in Vincoli
 * Santa Costanza
 * Santa Pudenziana
 * Santa Sabina

Aventine Hill

 * Temple of Bona Dea
 * Temple of Ceres
 * Temple of Diana Aventina
 * Temple of Juno Regina
 * Temple of Luna
 * Temple of Minerva

Caelian Hill

 * Temple of Claudius

Capitoline Hill

 * Temple of Fides
 * Temple of Fortuna Redux
 * Temple of Juno Moneta
 * Temple of Jupiter Custos
 * Temple of Jupiter Feretrius
 * Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
 * Temple of Jupiter Tonans
 * Temple of Ops
 * Temple of Veiovis

Campus Martius

 * Pantheon
 * Temple of Apollo Sosianus
 * Temple of Bellona
 * Temple of Feronia
 * Temple of Fortuna Equestris
 * Temple of Hadrian
 * Temple of Hercules Custos
 * Temple of Hercules Musarum
 * Temple of Isis and Serapis
 * Temple of Juno Regina
 * Temple of Jupiter Stator
 * Temple of Juturna
 * Temple of the Lares
 * Temple of Matidia
 * Temple of the Sun
 * Temple of Mars
 * Temple of Minerva Chalcidica
 * Temple of Neptunus
 * Temple of Fortuna Huiusce Diei
 * Temple of the Nymphs
 * Temple of Vulcanus

Esquiline Hill

 * Temple of Juno Lucina
 * Temple of Minerva Medica (no longer extant)
 * Nymphaeum called the 'Temple of Minerva Medica'

Forum Boarium

 * Temple of Hercules Pompeianus
 * Temple of Hercules Victor
 * Temple of Fortuna
 * Temple of Mater Matuta
 * Temple of Portunus
 * Temple of Pudicitia Patricia

Forum Holitorium

 * Temple of Janus
 * Temple of Juno Sospita
 * Temple of Piety
 * Temple of Spes
 * Temple of Victory (Himera)

Forum Romanum

 * Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
 * Temple of Caesar
 * Temple of Castor and Pollux
 * Temple of Concord
 * Temple of Janus
 * Temple of Romulus
 * Temple of Saturn
 * Temple of Venus and Roma
 * Temple of Vespasian and Titus
 * Temple of Vesta

Imperial fora

 * Temple of Mars Ultor
 * Temple of Minerva
 * Temple of Trajan
 * Temple of Peace
 * Temple of Venus Genetrix

Palatine Hill

 * Elagabalium
 * Temple of Apollo Palatinus
 * Temple of Cybele
 * Temple of Juno Sospita
 * Temple of Victory
 * Temple of Fortuna Respiciens

Quirinal Hill

 * Temple of the Flavia gens
 * Temple of Pudicitia Plebeia
 * Temple of Quirinus
 * Temple of Serapis

Tiber Island

 * Temple of Asclepius
 * Temple of Faunus

title: List of ancient monuments in Rome


text:
List of protected heritage sites in Floreffe

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Floreffe. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

 * }


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/mocapp.asco.org

Links

 * mocapp.asco.org resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
User:Manvdavirus

Artist: Vusumuzi Vincent Nhleko Stage Name: Man v da virus I live at: Nqutu at Nhloshane.

I started to sing Hip Hop 2009. Bengihuzuka njengawo wonke Umrap osafufusa. Ngaqala ukurecord traq was called "Best Brothers" ft Zenzele Khumalo. Ngayiphusha ekasi bayithanda abuntu. But inkinga kwakuwukuthi I was doing my grade 12, Its was must to stop ukucula. 2015 I join a craw called Blue squares. Saphusha namajita Cz saRealise amatraq Afan nalawa. *Let's do this And Ngingaba Yin eyakhon ukub kwi Radio station N cor FM from KZN kwi Top 10. After that I choose to be any solo artist. I walk hard Nqutu star company record Banana ikhono lama, abangithatha bangi Sign under them. Right now am working on my album ezophuma October.
 * Be the one

For more info contact me here Facebook: Vusumuzi Manvdavirus Nhleko Whatsapp:<PHONE_NUMBER>

title: User:Manvdavirus


text:
Talk:Bethel, South Australia

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Bethel, South Australia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161012010923/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/ to http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/%23

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:51, 19 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bethel, South Australia


text:
List of magisterial districts in West Virginia

The U.S. state of West Virginia is divided into fifty-five counties, each of which is further subdivided into magisterial districts. The U.S. Census Bureau defines these districts as non-functioning subdivisions used for various purposes, such as conducting elections, apportioning county officials from different areas, recording land ownership, assessing property taxes, and collecting vital statistics. Magisterial districts possess no governmental organization or authority.

After attaining independence from Virginia in 1863, West Virginia's counties were divided into civil townships, with the goal of placing authority in the hands of local governments. However, township government proved impractical across the heavily rural state, with citizens unable to meet on a regular basis, and inadequate tax revenue to meet township responsibilities. Following the adoption of the Constitution of West Virginia in 1872, the townships were converted into magisterial districts, and the county courts (later county commissions) empowered to establish, consolidate, or otherwise modify them.

"Each county shall be laid off by the county court into magisterial districts, not less than three nor more than ten in number, and as nearly equal as may be in territory and population. The districts as they now exist shall remain until changed by the county court. The county court may, from time to time, increase or diminish the number of such districts, and change the boundary lines thereof as necessity may require, in order to conform the same to the provisions of the Constitution of the State."

The only state other than West Virginia to use magisterial districts as a minor civil division of its counties is Virginia, which like West Virginia initially established a system of civil townships, in its Constitution of 1870. These were replaced by magisterial districts in 1874.

For most of the state's history, there were three hundred and fifty magisterial districts in West Virginia, an average of six districts per county. Greenbrier, Harrison, Mason, Ohio, and Wood Counties each contained ten districts, the maximum number provided for by state law. Brooke, Grant, and Hancock were the only counties with the minimum number of three. Twenty-four different counties included a Union District, thirteen had districts named after Ulysses S. Grant, and nine counties each had districts named for George Washington and Henry Clay.

Beginning in the 1970s, many counties combined or consolidated their original magisterial districts in order to equalize their area and population, creating districts that were fewer in number, but larger in area. This created confusion with county land and tax records, in response to which the legislature provided for the establishment of tax districts following the former magisterial district lines, as they existed on January 1, 1969. In these counties, the new magisterial districts are used only for the allocation of county officials, and the collection of census data; the former magisterial districts continue to exist in the form of tax districts.

A List of the current and former magisterial districts of West Virginia, sorted by county:

Current

 * North

 * South

 * West

Historic

 * Barker
 * Cove
 * Elk

 * Glade
 * Philippi
 * Pleasant

 * Union
 * Valley

Current

 * Adam Stephens
 * Norborne

 * Potomac
 * Shenandoah

 * Tuscarora
 * Valley

Historic

 * Arden
 * Falling Water
 * Gerardstown

 * Hedgesville
 * Martinsburg
 * Mill Creek

 * Opequon

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

Historic

 * Crook
 * Peytona

 * Scott
 * Sherman

 * Washington

Current

 * Eastern
 * Northern

 * Southern

 * Western

Historic

 * Birch
 * Holly

 * Kanawha
 * Otter

 * Salt Lick

Current

 * Follansbee

 * Weirton

 * Wellsburg

Historic

 * Buffalo

 * Cross Creek

Current

 * District 1
 * District 2

 * District 3
 * District 4

 * District 5

Historic

 * Barboursville
 * Gideon
 * Grant

 * Guyandotte
 * Kyle
 * McComas

 * Union

Current

 * District 1
 * District 2

 * District 3
 * District 4

 * District 5

Historic

 * Center
 * Lee

 * Sheridan
 * Sherman

 * Washington

Current

 * District A

 * District B

 * District C

Historic

 * Buffalo
 * Henry

 * Otter
 * Pleasant

 * Union

Current

 * Beech
 * Maple

 * Oak

 * Pine

Historic

 * Central
 * Cove
 * Grant

 * Greenbrier
 * McClellan
 * New Milton

 * Southwest
 * West Union

Current

 * New Haven

 * Plateau

 * Valley

Historic

 * Falls
 * Fayetteville
 * Kanawha

 * Mountain Cove
 * Nuttall
 * Quinnimont

 * Sewell Mountain

Current

 * Center
 * City

 * De Kalb-Troy

 * Glenville

Historic

 * De Kalb

 * Troy

Grant County

 * Grant

 * Milroy

 * Union

Current

 * Central

 * Eastern

 * Western

Historic

 * Anthony's Creek
 * Big Levels
 * Blue Sulphur

 * Falling Spring
 * Fort Spring
 * Frankford

 * Irish Corner
 * Lewisburg
 * Meadow Bluff

 * White Sulphur
 * Williamsburg

Hampshire County

 * Bloomery
 * Capon
 * Gore

 * Mill Creek
 * Romney
 * Sherman

 * Springfield

Current

 * Butler

 * Clay

 * Grant

Historic

 * Poe

Hardy County

 * Capon
 * Lost River

 * Moorefield
 * Old Fields

 * South Fork

Current

 * Eastern
 * Northern

 * North Urban
 * Southern

 * South Urban
 * Southwest

Historic

 * Clark
 * Clay
 * Coal

 * Eagle
 * Elk
 * Grant

 * Sardis
 * Simpson
 * Southeast

 * Suburban
 * Tenmile
 * Union

Current

 * Eastern

 * Northern

 * Western

Historic

 * Grant
 * Ravenswood

 * Ripley
 * Union

 * Washington

Current

 * Charles Town
 * Harpers Ferry

 * Kabletown
 * Middleway

 * Shepherdstown

Historic

 * Bolivar

 * Potomac

 * Shepherd

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

 * District 4

Historic

 * Big Sandy
 * Cabin Creek
 * Elk

 * Jefferson
 * Loudon
 * Malden

 * Poca
 * Union
 * Washington

 * District 5
 * District 6

Current

 * Courthouse-Collins Settlement

 * Freemans Creek

 * Hackers Creek-Skin Creek

Historic

 * Collins Settlement
 * Court House

 * Hackers Creek

 * Skin Creek

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

Historic

 * Carroll
 * Duval
 * Harts Creek

 * Jefferson
 * Laurel Hill
 * Sheridan

 * Union
 * Washington

Current

 * Central

 * Eastern

 * Western

Historic

 * Buffalo
 * Chapmanville
 * East

 * Guyan
 * Hardee
 * Island Creek

 * Lee
 * Logan
 * Magnolia

 * Northwest
 * Triadelphia
 * West

Current

 * Middletown

 * Palatine

 * West Augusta

Historic

 * Fairmont
 * Grant
 * Lincoln

 * Mannington
 * Paw Paw
 * Union

 * Winfield

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

Historic

 * Cameron
 * Clay
 * Franklin

 * Liberty
 * Meade
 * Sand Hill

 * Union
 * Washington
 * Webster

Mason County

 * Arbuckle
 * Clendenin
 * Cologne

 * Cooper
 * Graham
 * Hannan

 * Lewis
 * Robinson
 * Union

 * Waggener

Current

 * Big Creek
 * Browns Creek

 * North Elkin

 * Sandy River

Historic

 * Adkin

 * Elk

 * North Fork

Current

 * District I

 * District II

 * District III

Historic

 * Beaver Pond
 * East River

 * Jumping Branch
 * Plymouth

 * Rock

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

Historic

 * Cabin Run
 * Elk

 * Frankfort
 * New Creek

 * Piedmont
 * Welton

Current

 * Beech Ben Mate
 * Kermit Harvey
 * Lee

 * Magnolia
 * Stafford

 * Tug Hardee
 * Williamson

Historic

 * Hardee
 * Harvey

 * Kermit

 * Tug River

Current

 * Central

 * Eastern

 * Western

Historic

 * Battelle
 * Cass
 * Clay

 * Clinton
 * Grant
 * Morgan

 * Union

Current

 * Central

 * Eastern

 * Western

Historic

 * Forest Hill
 * Red Sulphur
 * Second Creek

 * Springfield
 * Sweet Springs

 * Union
 * Wolf Creek

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

Historic

 * Allen
 * Bath
 * Cacapon

 * Rock Gap
 * Sleepy Creek
 * Timber Ridge

 * District 4

Nicholas County

 * Beaver
 * Grant
 * Hamilton

 * Jefferson
 * Kentucky
 * Summersville

 * Wilderness

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

Historic

 * Center
 * Clay
 * Liberty

 * Madison
 * Richland
 * Ritchie

 * Triadelphia
 * Union
 * Washington

 * Webster

Current

 * Central

 * Eastern

 * Western

Historic

 * Bethel
 * Circleville

 * Franklin
 * Mill Run

 * Sugar Grove
 * Union

Current

 * District A
 * District B

 * District C

 * District D

Historic

 * Grant
 * Jefferson

 * Lafayette
 * McKim

 * Union
 * Washington

Pocahontas County

 * Edray
 * Greenbank

 * Huntersville

 * Little Levels

Current

 * First
 * Second

 * Third
 * Fourth

 * Fifth

Historic

 * Grant
 * Kingwood
 * Lyon

 * Pleasant
 * Portland
 * Reno

 * Union
 * Valley

Current

 * Buffalo-Union
 * Curry

 * Pocatalico
 * Scott

 * Teays

Historic

 * Buffalo

 * Union

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

Historic

 * Clear Fork
 * Marsh Fork
 * Richmond

 * Shady Spring
 * Slab Fork
 * Town

 * Trap Hill

Randolph County

 * Beverly
 * Dry Fork
 * Huttonsville

 * Leadsville
 * Middle Fork
 * Mingo

 * New Interest
 * Roaring Creek
 * Valley Bend

Ritchie County

 * Clay
 * Grant

 * Murphy

 * Union

Current

 * Eastern
 * Northern

 * Southern

 * Western

Historic

 * Curtis
 * Geary
 * Harper

 * Reedy
 * Smithfield
 * Spencer

 * Walton

Current

 * Bluestone River

 * Greenbrier River

 * New River

Historic

 * Forest Hill
 * Greenbrier

 * Green Sulphur
 * Jumping Branch

 * Pipestem
 * Talcott

Current

 * Eastern

 * Tygart

 * Western

Historic

 * Booths Creek
 * Court House

 * Fetterman
 * Flemington

 * Grafton
 * Knottsville

Tucker County

 * Black Fork
 * Clover
 * Davis

 * Dry Fork
 * Fairfax
 * Licking

 * St. George

Current

 * Central
 * North

 * South

 * West

Historic

 * Centreville
 * Ellsworth

 * Lincoln
 * McElroy

 * Meade
 * Union

Current

 * First

 * Second

 * Third

Historic

 * Banks
 * Buckhannon

 * Meade
 * Union

 * Warren
 * Washington

Current

 * Butler
 * Ceredo

 * Stonewall
 * Union

 * Westmoreland

Historic

 * Grant

 * Lincoln

Current

 * Central

 * Northern

 * Southern

Historic

 * Fork Lick
 * Glade

 * Hacker Valley

 * Holly

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

Historic

 * Center
 * Church
 * Clay

 * Grant
 * Green
 * Proctor

 * Magnolia

Current

 * Central

 * Northeast

 * Southwest

Historic

 * Burning Springs
 * Clay
 * Elizabeth

 * Newark
 * Reedy
 * Spring Creek

 * Tucker

Wood County

 * Clay
 * Harris
 * Lubeck

 * Parkersburg
 * Slate
 * Steele

 * Tygart
 * Union
 * Walker

 * Williams

Current

 * District 1

 * District 2

 * District 3

Historic

 * Baileysville
 * Barkers Ridge
 * Center

 * Clear Fork
 * Huff Creek
 * Oceana

 * Slab Fork


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Ryeford, Queensland

Ryeford is a rural locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, Ryeford had a population of 54 people.

Geography
Kings Creek forms the southern and eastern boundary of the locality.

History
Ryeford State School opened on 8 November 1937. The school celebrated its 50th anniversary with a monument unveiled on 7 November 1987 by Lin Powell, Queensland Minister of Education. It opened on 8 November 1937. In 2016, the school had no children enrolled, having had only 2 children in 2015. It was permanently closed on 12 December 2016. The school was at 968 Clifton Leyburn Road (-27.9398°N, 151.8134°W). The school's website was archived.

Demographics
In the, Ryeford had a population of 57 people.

In the, Ryeford had a population of 54 people.

Education
There are no schools in Ryeford. The nearest government primary schools are Back Plains State School in neighbouring Back Plains to the north-west and Clifton State School in neighbouring Clifton to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Clifton State High School, also in Clifton.

title: Ryeford, Queensland


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Cookbook:Kohlrabi

| Brassicas

Kohlrabi (also kohl-rabi) is a low and stout biennial. It originated in Germany around 4,000 years ago and is a member of the cabbage family (Gongylodes group). It is a cabbage that was selected for its swollen stems -- in German 'kohl' is cabbage and 'rabi' is turnip and it is so called because it has cabbage-like leaves and a turnip-like bulb above ground.

Varieties include White Vienna and Purple Vienna. Some varieties are food for cattle.

Recipes

 * Kawlata
 * Minestra

Kochbuch/ Kohlrabi

title: Cookbook:Kohlrabi


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Marlene Cummins

Marlene Cummins is a jazz blues singer, saxophonist, songwriter, artist, Aboriginal Australian activist, broadcaster, dancer, and actor. Many activists consider her to be Australia's Angela Davis.

Music
Cummins is considered Australia's foremost Indigenous blues performer, and is influenced by Big Mama Thornton, Etta James, and Ray Charles. She honed her skills at the Berklee College of Music. Her band includes Murray Cook and Rex Goh.

She showcases her vast knowledge of blues and roots music on Koori Radio, where she hosts Marloo's Blues, providing music and discussions from an indigenous perspective. This show won her the Broadcaster of the Year award at the 2009 Deadly Awards.

Marlene co-wrote her first release "Whichway Up" with writer & performer Isaiah B Brunt, the EP was recorded and produced by Tony Buchen and released in 2008. "Whichway Up" made the top 10 Australian Blues Radio Charts and was picked up by Qantas where it aired on high rotation.

Cummins wrote a song about Pemulwuy as a way of giving back to the Redfern community who see him as a hero. After dancing for Prince William, she gave him a copy of the song and explained the significance of the story to him, along with a petition to bring Pemulwuy's head back to his people.

In 2012, Marlene performed three of her original works, including Insufficient Funds, Pension Day Blues, and Pemulwuy. Pemulwuy, she explains, is a spiritual sacred song. She has a sense of black humour and sorrow in her lyrics. The three songs were performed by Marlene at Sydney Conservatorium of Music on 30 June 2012 at "Our Music, Performing Place, Listening to Sydney" playing day with other aboriginal artists. Pemulwuy was an infamous and heroic aboriginal warrior in the first days of the Sydney colony near Parramatta.

She provided music for a Griffin Theatre Company production Shark Island Stories based on the work of Sally Morgan.

Her first full-length album, Koori Woman Blues, is a mixture of original and traditional blues songs and includes guests Gil Askey, Fiona Boyes, Mark Atkins and Shannon Barnett. She is working on a musical stage show using her songs called Boomerang Alley.

In 2022, she was interviewed by Andrew Ford on ABC Radio National's Music Show about her Marloo's Blues band playing in Sydney International Women's Jazz Festival, at which she was the headline act.

Activism
Cummins joined the Aboriginal Tent Embassy at age 16 and was at the centre of the Aboriginal rights movement in the 1970s.

She was a founding member of the Australian Black Panther Party, which was inspired by the American Black Panther Party. She campaigned for medical, educational, and legal services, land rights and monitored police conduct on the "pig patrol". She was arrested for using obscene language to an abusive police officer, and absconded bail and fled to New Zealand. In 2012 she attended an international gathering of Black Panthers in New York hosted by Kathleen Neal Cleaver.

In 2014 she spoke out against black-on-black violence and sexual assault.

Painting
Cummins is also an accomplished painter and was shortlisted for the New South Wales Parliament Art Prize. She has recently been working on portraits and her saxophone in Rabbitohs colours.

Acting
Cummins has appeared in the TV series Redfern Now and Supernova, the feature film The Matrix Reloaded, and the short film Hush (2007), with Lisa Flanagan and Auriel Andrew.

Personal life
Marlene Cummins was born in Cunnamulla, grew up in outback Queensland and Acacia Ridge, and has lived in Redfern for decades. However her country is Kuku Yalanji in the Cape York Peninsula.

Her mother was a Woppaburra woman from Great Keppel Island. Her father, Darcy Cummins, was a Guguyelandji musician. He travelled internationally and established links with Native Americans.

As a teenager she was in a relationship with the Australian Black Panther Party leader Denis Walker.

Cummins performed a traditional Murri dance at Thomas Hickey's memorial service.

She is the focus of Rachel Perkins' documentary, Black Panther Woman, which premiered at the 2014 Sydney Film Festival.

Discography

 * Whichway Up (2008)
 * Koori Woman Blues (2015)

title: Marlene Cummins


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User:Lccasey67/sandbox

This summation was taken almost entirely from Truman Capote's In Cold Blood pgs. 312-313 where the Anderson case, trial, and prison experience is more thoroughly covered.

title: User:Lccasey67/sandbox


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Bruno Fuchs (footballer)

Bruno de Lara Fuchs (born 1 April 1999) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a centre-back for Atlético Mineiro, on loan from CSKA Moscow.

Internacional
Fuchs made Fuchs professional debut for Internacional on 28 July 2019, in a Série A 1–0 victory over Ceará.

CSKA Moscow
On 25 August 2020, Fuchs signed a five-year contract with Russian Premier League club CSKA Moscow. On 21 November 2021, Fuchs started the game against FC Khimki, which was his first league appearance for CSKA since August 2020, as he suffered from recurring injuries in the interim. In the 15th minute of the game, he was sent-off.

Atlético Mineiro (loan)
On 16 December 2022, Fuchs joined Atlético Mineiro on a year-long loan deal from CSKA Moscow, with an option to make the move permanent.

On 6 December 2023, the loan was extended to December 2024, and a conditional obligation to buy was included.

International career
Fuchs represented Brazil at youth level in the 2017 and 2019 editions of the Toulon Tournament, winning the latter. He also played at the 2020 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament.

On 2 July 2021, Fuchs was named in the Brazil squad for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Honours
Atlético Mineiro
 * Campeonato Mineiro: 2023, 2024

CSKA Moscow
 * Russian Cup: 2022–23

Brazil U22
 * Toulon Tournament: 2019

Brazil Olympic
 * Summer Olympics: 2020

title: Bruno Fuchs (footballer)


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Results of the 1977 Western Australian state election (Legislative Assembly)

 * }

This is a list of electoral district results of the 1977 Western Australian election.

Roe

 * Preferences were not distributed between the Liberal and NCP candidates for Roe.


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Zorica Ðurković

Zorica Ðurković (born 14 September 1957) is a former basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

title: Zorica Ðurković


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Culture Shock (musician)

James Pountney, better known by his stage name Culture Shock, is a British drum and bass DJ and record producer.

Biography
In 1996, Culture Shock was introduced to drum and bass while listening to London's pirate radio stations. He set up his own studio with basic equipment at home and recorded his own music. His first release was "The Vega EP" on Moving Shadow in 2004. Two years later, Culture Shock signed with RAM Records after attracting attention of the label's CEO, Andy C. His first EP, titled "The Third Stage" was released in 2007 and featured four tracks, including the track "Rework", co-produced by the Brookes Brothers.

After a longer break, he returned in September 2014 with a remix of Moko's "Your Love" and the songs "Troglodyte VIP" and "Raindrops". His song "City Lights", which has featured as an instrumental in his DJ sets since 2009, was picked up by Virgin EMI Records and released in May 2015 with a vocal by Bryn Christopher of I See MONSTAS. The single has received airplay on popular UK radio stations and music channels, and was BBC Radio 1's Track of the Day. In November/December 2015, he released tracks from his latest extended play entitled Transit.

title: Culture Shock (musician)


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Filaggrin

Filaggrin (filament aggregating protein) is a filament-associated protein that binds to keratin fibers in epithelial cells. Ten to twelve filaggrin units are post-translationally hydrolyzed from a large profilaggrin precursor protein during terminal differentiation of epidermal cells. In humans, profilaggrin is encoded by the FLG gene, which is part of the S100 fused-type protein (SFTP) family within the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1q21. In cetaceans and sirenians, the FLG family has lost its function, with the curious exception of manatees in the latter clade: manatees still retain some functional FLG genes.

Profilaggrin
Filaggrin monomers are tandemly clustered into a large, 350kDa protein precursor known as profilaggrin. In the epidermis, these structures are present in the keratohyalin granules in cells of the stratum granulosum. Profilaggrin undergoes proteolytic processing to yield individual filaggrin monomers at the transition between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum, which may be facilitated by calcium-dependent enzymes.

Structure
Filaggrin is characterized by a particularly high isoelectric point due to the relatively high presence of histidine in its primary structure. It is also relatively low in the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine.

Function
Filaggrin is essential for the regulation of epidermal homeostasis. Within the stratum corneum, filaggrin monomers can become incorporated into the lipid envelope, which is responsible for the skin barrier function. Alternatively, these proteins can interact with keratin intermediate filaments. Filaggrin undergoes further processing in the upper stratum corneum to release free amino acids that assist in water retention.

Some studies attribute an important role to filaggrin in maintaining the physiological acidic pH of the skin, through a breaking-down mechanism to form histidine and subsequently trans-urocanic acid. However, others have shown that the filaggrin–histidine–urocanic acid cascade is not essential for skin acidification.

Clinical significance
Individuals with truncation mutations in the gene coding for filaggrin are strongly predisposed to a severe form of dry skin, ichthyosis vulgaris, and/or eczema.

It has been shown that almost 50% of all severe cases of eczema may have at least one mutated filaggrin gene. R501X and 2284del4 are not generally found in non-Caucasian individuals, though novel mutations (3321delA and S2554X) that yield similar effects have been found in Japanese populations. Truncation mutations R501X and 2284del4 are the most common mutations in the Caucasian population, with 7 to 10% of the Caucasian population carrying at least one copy of these mutations.

Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis recognizing an epitope of citrullinated peptides are cross-reactive with filaggrin.

The barrier defect seen in filaggrin null carriers also appears to lead to increased asthma susceptibility and exacerbations. Filaggrin deficiency is one of the top genome-wide genetic determinants of asthma, along with the variants found that regulate ORMDL3 expression.

In early infancy, the penetrance of filaggrin mutations may be increased by household exposure to cats.

title: Filaggrin