text:
US History/World War I

Europe

In 1815, Europe had united to defeat French Emperor Napoleon. For a century since that time, there had been no major war in Europe. Countries had organized themselves in a complex system of alliances.

After Napoleon's defeat, the United Kingdom, France, Prussia, Russia, and Austria met in Vienna. These nations decided that if power in Europe was balanced, then no nation would become so powerful as to pose a threat to the others. The most important of these were the German Confederation. In 1871, after defeating France and Prussia, several small German nations combined into the German Empire. This upset the traditional balance of power.

German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck began to construct a web of alliances to protect German dominance. Germany and the United Kingdom were on good terms, as Germany had not built a navy to go up against British sea power. In 1873, Russia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Germany formed the Three Emperors' League. Nine years later, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Germany formed the Triple Alliance. In 1887, the Reinsurance Treaty ensured that Russia would not interfere in a war between France and Germany.

During this time the British Queen Victoria built alliances in her own way. During years of relative peace, she had her children marry into many of the royal families of Europe, believing that this would solidify relations among the nations. In the first decade of the Twentieth century the Kaiser and the King of England were cousins through Victoria, as were the Tsar and Tsarina of Russia.

In 1890, Bismarck was fired by Kaiser Wilhelm II, who then began to undo many of Bismarck's policies. He decided to build up a German navy, antagonizing the United Kingdom. He did not renew German agreements with Russia. In 1894, this led Russia to form a new alliance with Germany's rival France.

In 1904, France and the United Kingdom decided to end centuries of bitter enmity by signing the Entente Cordiale. Three years later, those two nations and Russia entered the Triple Entente. Imperial Russia began to build its army, as did Germany and Austria-Hungary.

War Breaks Out
Austria-Hungary was a patchwork of several nations ruled by the Habsburg family. Several ethnic groups resented rule by the Habsburgs. In June, 1914, the heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, traveled to Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip, who hated Habsburg rule, assassinated the Archduke and his wife. This assassination triggered the First World War.

The Austro-Hungarian government decided to retaliate by crushing Serbian nationalism. They threatened the Serbian government with war. Russia came to the aid of the Serbs. To oppose this alliance, Austria-Hungary called on Germany. Kaiser Wilhelm II said his country would give Austria-Hungary whatever it needed to win the war; in effect, a "blank check." In addition to these open agreements, any of these countries might have had secret agreements with other states. The result was almost all of Europe at war, with the largest battlefield ever seen before.

In July, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany began to mobilize their troops. The conflict in Austria-Hungary quickly spread over Europe. In August, Germany declared war on France. The Germans demanded that Belgium allow German troops to pass through the neutral nation. When King Albert of Belgium refused, Germany violated Belgian neutrality and invaded. Belgium appealed to the United Kingdom for aid. The British House of Commons threatened that Great Britain would wage war against Germany unless it withdrew from Belgium. The Germans refused, and the United Kingdom joined the battle. The Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary, were pitted against the Allies, the United Kingdom, Russia, and France.

The Early Stages
German troops entered Belgium on August 4. By August 16, they had begun to enter France. The French Army met the Germans near the French border with Belgium. France lost tens of thousands of men in less than a week, causing the French Army to retreat to Paris. The Germans penetrated deep into France, attempting to win a quick victory.

On August 5, the United States formally declared their neutrality in the war. They also offered to mediate the growing conflict. In the United States, the opinions were divided. Some felt we should aid England, France, and Belgium because they were depicted as victims of barbarous German aggression and atrocities. Others felt we should avoid taking sides.

The Allies won a key battle at Marne, repelling the German offensive. The Germans lost especially due to a disorganized supply line and a weak communications network. The French Army, however, had not completely defeated the Germans. Both sides continually fought each other, to no avail. On the Western Front, Germany and France would continue to fight for more than three years without any decisive victories for either side.

Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front, Germany faced Russia. In the third week of August, Russian troops entered the eastern part of Germany. Germany was at a severe disadvantage because it had to fight on two different fronts, splitting its troops. However, despite Germany's disadvantage, no decisive action occurred for three years.

The United Kingdom used its powerful Royal Navy in the war against Germany. British ships set up naval blockades. The Germans, however, countered with submarines called U-boats. U-boats sank several ships, but could not, during the early stages of the war, seriously challenge the mighty Royal Navy.

The war spread to Asia when Japan declared war on Germany in August, 1914. The Japanese sought control of German colonies in the Pacific. Germany already faced a two-front war, and could not afford to defend its Pacific possessions.

In October, 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered, allying itself with the Central Powers. The entry of the Ottoman Empire was disastrous to the Allies. The Ottoman Empire controlled the Dardanelles strait, which provided a route between Russia and the Mediterranean. The Ottoman sultan declared holy war- jihad- against the Allies. Muslims in the British Empire and French Empire were thus encouraged to rebel against their Christian rulers. However, the Allies' concerns were premature. Few Muslims accepted the sultan's proclamation. In fact, some Muslims in the Ottoman Empire supported the Allies so that the Ottoman Empire could be broken up, and the nations they ruled could gain independence.

The Middle Stages

Between 1914 and 1917, the war was characterized by millions of deaths leading nowhere. Neither side could gain a decisive advantage on either front.

In 1915, the Germans began to realize the full potential of Submarines. German Submarines engaged in official unrestricted warfare, engaging and sinking any ship found within the war zone regardless of the flag flown. Germany's justification for this use of force was that there was no certain method to ascertain the ultimate destination of the passengers and cargo carried by the ships in the war zone, and thus they were all taken as attempts at maintaining the anti-German blockade.

In May, 1915, Italy broke the Triple Alliance by becoming an Allied Power. In October, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. Each side had induced their new partners to join by offering territorial concessions. Italy prevented Austria-Hungary from concentrating its efforts on Russia, while Bulgaria prevented Russia from having connections with other Allied Powers.

In May, 1916, one of the most significant naval battles in World War I occurred. The Royal Navy faced a German fleet during the Battle of Jutland. The Battle proved that the Allied naval force was still superior to that possessed by the Central Powers. The Germans grew even more dependent on U-boats in naval battle.

In August, 1916, Romania joined the Allies. Romania invaded Transylvania, a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. But when the Central Powers struck back, they took control of important Romanian wheat fields.

In 1917, the liberal-democratic government of Russia that was lead by Aleksander Kerensky was over thrown by Vladimir Lenin. When Lenin took over in Russia one of the things he promised was to change world politics. The terms by which Lenin wanted to changed world politics challenged Woodrow Wilson's vision and Lenin's Bolshevik-style revolutions spreading world wide was something that western leaders did not want.

The United States Declares War
Through all of this, America was neutral. It adopted the policy of isolationism because it felt that the increasing colonialism in Europe did not affect North America. There was a strong pacifist strain in American society, as evidenced by such popular songs as "I Didn't Raise My Boy to be a Soldier" and "Don't Take My Darling Boy Away," though at the same time many ethnic groups agitated for involvement. Economic links with the Allies also made neutrality difficult. The British were flooding America with new orders, many of them for arms. The sales were helping America get out of its recession. Although this was good for the economic health of the United States, Germany saw America becoming the Allied arsenal and bank.

On May 7, 1915, the German navy sunk the Cunard Line passenger ship R.M.S. Lusitania, operating under the flag of Great Britain. Of the 1,959 passengers 1200 died, including one hundred twenty Americans. The ship's quick explosion was due to a hidden cargo of American weaponry, a fact the US government denied. Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, a pacifist, resigned over Wilson's responsibility for the placement of arms and the consequent inevitability of war. Various American citizens from different ethnic groups put pressure on their government to join the war. However, the US government was calmed by the Germans, who agreed to limit submarine warfare. In 1917, the Germans reinstated unrestricted submarine warfare in order to cripple the British economy by destroying merchant ships, and break the sea blockade of Britain.

On February 24, 1917, the American ambassador received a telegram in London from the British. It enclosed a British-decoded message, originally sent as a ciphered telegram from the German foreign Secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, to the ambassador in Mexico. Zimmerman proposed that the event of the war with the United States, Germany and Mexico would join in alliance. Germany would fund Mexico's conflict with the US: victory achieved. Mexico would then be able to gain their lost territories with Arizona. The message was published in American newspapers on March 1st.

On the evening of April 4, 1917 at 8:30 P.M., President Wilson appeared before a joint session of Congress, asking for the declaration of war to make the world "safe for democracy." He was hoping for a quick resolution of the conflict. Congress complied on April 6, 1917. The United States was at last at war with Germany.

The last American war had been the minor Spanish-American War a generation before. A draft of men above the age of eighteen followed the call to war, but many more volunteered. Men wanted to escape their lives and join the military for a job and an adventure.

The US had to mobilize its military before it could aid the Allies by sending troops. The cadre of the U.S. Army had experience in mobilizing and moving troops from its Mexican expedition, but the Army needed to expand to over one million men, most of which were untrained. This new draft was for a "scientific" army. Military officers were selected by the new "IQ" tests. The new conscripts met en massein embarkation camps in places such as Yahank, New York. Companies exercised together and drilled together. At this time, soldiers were taught techniques such as assembling and disassembling weapons blindfolded. They drilled constantly in formation. There was much amusement at these shaven-headed, first-time solders.

The chorus of a contemporary song went, "Good morning, Mister Zip-Zip-Zip,/ With your hair cut just as short as mine,/ Good morning, Mister Zip-Zip-Zip,/ You're surely looking fine!/ Ashes to ashes, and dust to dust,/ If the Camels don't get you,/ The Fatimas must . . . [Camels and Fatimas were brands of cigarettes.]

Then they went into ships to be transported to Europe. On the battlefield, they were placed in companies with other Americans, rather than being embedded with other nations.

American business and industry became involved as men created more military supplies, and jobs opened for building and designing new materials to be used in battle. However, for purposes of the battle, most of the weapons American soldiers carried had been designed by Europeans. An American-style tank was produced but only came out after the war.

In the same way, the Navy could send a battleship division to assist the British Grand Fleet, but needed to expand. To supply the American forces, new supply lines in France would be needed south of the British and French lines, which meant the U.S. would take over the southern part of the Western Front battle line. The US could and did help the Allies with monetary assistance. Increased taxes and the sale of war bonds allowed the US to raise enormous sums of money. Politicians and celebrities, as well as such movie stars as Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford, headed huge patriotic "Bond Rallies," where people were encouraged to buy bonds.

A government committee to influence the public on the war was formed, the Committee on Public Information or CPI. Among its organs of publicity were the "Four Minute Men," speakers who talked on pertinent subjects on Vaudeville stages, in movie theaters, and in public assemblies. There was also an organization of private citizens formed to root out German sympathizers, the American Protective League. A hit movie, "The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin," was one hit of 1918. To strengthen the United States in this time of stress, families were encouraged to grow Victory Gardens, and American women and African Americans were encouraged to go into jobs the servicemen had left. This is the beginning of the Great Migration, when Southern African Americans began moving to Northern cities for jobs.

Trench Warfare

The U.S. commander, General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing, faced immense pressure from the British and French governments to use American forces in small units to reinforce depleted British and French units. This was impossible politically. Pershing insisted to General Foch, the Generalissimo of the Allied armies, that the U.S. Army would fight as a single Army. Pershing did not want to give his men to other Allied commanders, many of whose strategies he disagreed with.

The European method of fighting, as it had been since the Boer War, was trench warfare. An army on the French battleground protected itself from the enemy with zigzag trenches, mines, barbed wire, and a line of rifles and machine guns. Between the enemy lines was a contested area, "no man's land." An attempt to advance toward the enemy was met with gunfire. These trenches stalemated military advances, as any man who raised his head from the trenches would be shot. At the Battle of the Somme in 1916, for example, Allied troops suffered 600,000 dead and wounded to earn only 125 square miles; the Germans lost 400,000 men. Rain fell in the trenches. As one song put it, a soldier was "Up to your waist in water, up to your eyes in slush." The damp produced a foot disease known as "trench foot": if untreated, it could rot flesh from the bone. The close, unsanitary conditions of the front lines encouraged fleas and lice, and typhoid, typhus, and dysentery caused deaths unrelated to gunfire. Worst of all, perhaps, was that sometimes the enemy would gas your trench. There was no way to escape, and sometimes no masks to protect you.

First used by the Germans in April 1915, chlorine gas stimulated overproduction of fluid in the lungs, leading to death by drowning. One British officer tended to troops who had been gassed reported that,

quite 200 men passed through my hands. . . Some died with me, others on the way down. . . I had to argue with many of them as to whether they were dead or not.

Chlorine, mustard, and phosgene gas would continue in use throughout the war, sometimes blistering, sometimes incapacitating, and often killing.

The End of the War
Despite the fact that the Germans could concentrate their efforts in one area, the Central Powers faced grim prospects in 1918. Encouraged by the United States joining the war, several nations joined the Allied Powers. The four Central Powers of Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria faced the combined might of the Allied Powers of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, France, Belgium, Japan, Serbia, Montenegro, San Marino, Italy, Portugal, Romania, the United States, Cuba, Panama, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, Haiti, Costa Rica, Brazil, Liberia, Siam (Thailand) and China (some of the above nations did not support the war with troops, but did contribute monetarily.) The Germans launched a final, desperate attack on France, but it failed miserably. Due to Allied counterattacks, the Central Powers slowly began to capitulate.

Bulgaria was the first to collapse. A combined force of Italians, Serbs, Greeks, Britons, and Frenchmen attacked Bulgaria through Albania in September, 1918. By the end of September, Bulgaria surrendered, withdrawing its troops from Serbia and Greece, and even allowing the Allies to use Bulgaria in military operations.

British forces, led by T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia), together with nationalist Arabs, were successful in the Ottoman Empire. About a month after Bulgaria's surrender, the Ottoman Empire surrendered, permitting Allies to use the Ottoman territory, including the Dardanelles Strait, in military operations.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire also decided to surrender in October. The royal family, the Habsburgs, and the Austro-Hungarian government desperately sought to keep the Empire of diverse nationalities united. Though Austria-Hungary surrendered, it failed to unite its peoples. The once-powerful Austro-Hungarian Empire was destroyed by the end of October, splitting into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

Germany, remaining all alone, also decided to surrender. President Wilson required that Germany accede to the terms of the Fourteen Points, which, among other things, required Germany to return territory acquired by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to Russia and the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France. Germany found the terms too harsh, while the Allies found them too lenient. But when German Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated the throne, the new German government quickly agreed to Wilson's demands. On November 11, 1918, World War I had come to an end.

The war had been marked by millions and millions of casualties. The deaths were so wide-spread and so vast that people in England talked of "The Lost Generation." Many died in battle, others died from disease and some even died after when hit with an influenza that spread throughout the whole world in 1918. Destruction of factories and farms, not to mention houses, created economic damage, and was one of the factors creating widespread European starvation during the winter of 1918-1919.

In contrast, damage was low in America. Although America had also suffered from the flu, the war had not touched U.S. shores. For years afterward, in Germany, France, and even British Commonwealth countries such as Canada, you could see men wearing artificial tin faces to hide battle wounds, men who wheezed because of damage from poison gas, and "war cripples" begging with bowls on the street corner. But American men were by-and-large intact. U.S. factories had been fully supplied, and the nation was on a sounder financial footing because of profit from the War.

At the end of the war, as American soldiers returned from Europe, employment rose. Some of the veterans returned to find themselves without homes or jobs. Overseas, some Black men were organized into a top fighting unit. However, Homeland outrage at the success helped to fuel riots in the notorious "Red Summer" of 1919. Each veteran returned with a certificate promising certain monies for their service; however, the certificate could not be cashed in until 1945.

Suffrage For American Women
An after-effect of the employment of women during the war was the Nineteenth Amendment, giving them the right to vote. There had been a Suffrage movement since the nineteenth century. President Wilson and his contemporaries were reluctant, but conceded it as a quid pro quo. After the servicemen had returned, there were still two million more women in the workforce. However, instead of being in factory jobs, they were largely only permitted in "women's work": the "caring professions" such as nurses or teachers, secretaries or "stenographers," and waitresses, cooks, or washerwomen. These jobs paid little, and women were often expected to quit the job when they got married.

Politically active women still remained excluded from local and national power structures. Their voluntary organizations used tactics that advanced modern pressure-group politics. Issues ranged from birth control, peace, education, Indian Affairs, or opposition to lynching. Women in these associations lobbied legislators to support their causes. At the state level women achieved rights such as the ability to serve on juries.

Increasing Racial Tension

A force of African Americans had served in the War:

More than 350,000 African Americans served in segregated units during World War I, mostly as support troops. Several units saw action alongside French soldiers fighting against the Germans, and 171 African Americans were awarded the French Legion of Honor. In response to protests of discrimination and mistreatment from the black community, several hundred African American men received officers' training in Des Moines, Iowa. By October 1917, over six hundred African Americans were commissioned as captains and first and second lieutenants.

Fighting units such as the Harlem Hellfighters proved their mettle. Yet they received no recognition. Upon their return, particularly to the South, they faced resentment and sometimes lynchings.

In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson had segregated the Civil Service, which before had been an employer for black Americans. The war and the Great Migration triggered more oppression and more violence. When Caucasian White Americans were drawn into the army or defense industries, their jobs were sometimes given to black workers, for lower wages. The owners considered this a double good, keeping production going while destroying the workingman unions which agitated for higher pay. But while bosses were dependent, for the moment, on black workers, they did not think they owed anything to these employees.

An influx of unskilled Black strikebreakers into East St Louis, Illinois, heightened racial tensions in 1917. Rumors that Blacks were arming themselves for an attack on Whites resulted in numerous attacks by White mobs on Black neighborhoods. On July 1, Blacks fired back at a car whose occupants they believed had shot into their homes and mistakenly killed two policemen riding in a car. The next day, a full scale riot erupted which ended only after nine Whites and 39 Blacks had been killed and over three hundred buildings were destroyed. The anxieties of war helped fuel violence: Southern and Midwestern war vigilance committees formed the matrix for a revival of the Ku Klux Klan.

The Great Experiment
On August 1, 1917, the Senate voted to send the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification. The vote was bi-partisan, 65 to 20. Section One read, in part, After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors [. . . ] is hereby prohibited. By 1919, the requisite number of states had ratified the Amendment. The Amendment actually came into effect, under its own terms, one year after ratification.

The Temperance movement had been in effect for more than a hundred years, since the Second Great Revival. The late 19th and early 20th century Anti-Saloon League had been successful in turning the discussion from social discouragement of alcohol to legal prohibition of the substance. It was not simply a creature of Protestant or Catholic Churches, but was "united with Democrats and Republicans, Progressives, Populists, and suffragists, the Ku Klux Klan and the NAACP, the International Workers of the World, and many of America's most powerful industrialists including Henry Ford, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and Andrew Carnegie – all of whom lent support to the ASL's increasingly effective campaign."

But if Prohibition was not a simple reaction to World War I, it drew strength from the conflict. The War was funded by an income tax, thus unlocking saloon profits from the interests of the nation. The Lever Act of 1917, with the aim of feeding soldiers, prohibited grain from being used for alcoholic beverages. There were nationalist concerns, too: the most famous brewers of beer had German last names.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement signed after World War One had ended in 1918 and in the shadow of the Russian Revolution and other events in Russia. The treaty was signed at the vast Versailles Palace near Paris - hence its title - between Germany and the Allies. The three most important politicians there were David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson. The Versailles Palace was considered the most appropriate venue simply because of its size - many hundreds of people were involved in the process and the final signing ceremony in the Hall of Mirrors could accommodate hundreds of dignitaries. Many wanted Germany, now led by Friedrich Ebert, smashed. Others, like Lloyd George, were privately more cautious.

On June 28th 1919, the chief Allied and Associated Powers of the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, and Japan met with the Central Powers in France to discuss a peace settlement. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, American President Woodrow Wilson, and French President Clemenceau were known as "The Big Three." Each of the Allied and Associated Powers had distinct national interests. The UK wanted to keep the Royal Navy supreme by dismantling the German Navy. The British also wished to end Germany's colonial empire, which might have become a threat to the vast British Empire. Lloyd George wanted to be hard on the Germans to bolster his popular support at home in Great Britain. . Italy wanted the Allies to fulfill their promise of territory given to Rome at the beginning of the war. Clemenceau wanted Germany to be brought to its knees so it could never start another war against France. The French also wanted Germany to compensate Paris for damage inflicted on France during the War. Japan had already largely served its interests by taking over German colonies in the Pacific. President Wilson's main goal for the conference was the creation of a "League of Nations." He believed that such an organization was essential to preventing future wars. Many historians believe that Wilson's concentration on the League, forcing him to sacrifice possible compassion toward Germany, helped contribute to the conditions leading to World War II.

The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to cede Alsace and Lorraine to France, dismantle its Army and Navy, give up its colonial Empire, pay massive reparations to the Allies, and take full responsibility for causing the war. The conference also led to the creation of the League of Nations. The US Senate, however, did not consent to the Treaty, and the European powers were left to enforce its provisions themselves. This eventually led to violations of the treaty by Germany, which then led to the Second World War. The treaty crippled the Weimar Government in Berlin and led to great bitterness in Germany, which helped to strengthen Adolf Hitler's National Socialist, or Nazi Party.

Questions For Review
1. What extended a conflict between Serbians and the Austro-Hungarian Empire into the globe-straddling World War I?

2. How did the advances of technology lead to trench warfare?

3. What in 1914-1915 led to an economic advantage for America from the War? What were the nation's post-war advantages?

4. Listen to songs from this period: "I Didn't Raise My Boy to be a Soldier." "Oh, How I Hate to Get up in the Morning." "Oh! It's a Lovely War." "Over There." "K-k-k-Katy." What is the song's point of view?

title: US History/World War I


text:
Clocktower Centre

The Clocktower Centre, previously known as Essendon Town Hall or Moonee Ponds Town Hall, is a civic building in Moonee Ponds in Melbourne, Australia, located at 750 Mount Alexander Road, at the junction with Pascoe Vale Road. Operated by the City of Moonee Valley, it is a venue for performing arts, as well as community and corporate activities.

Building history
The building has evolved substantially over time. It was originally built as the Essendon Mechanics Institute in a Victorian architectural style, and opened in September 1880.

In February 1886, it was rechristened as the Essendon Town Hall. By 1914, the building had been extended and was reopened in July of that year. In 1930, a clock was installed in the tower and, in 1941, the building was again modified, with sections being rebuilt.

After the council chambers were moved to the new civic centre in 1973, the former town hall was converted into a community centre. It was renovated and officially opened as the Essendon Community Centre in 1976. A fire in 1978 caused substantial internal damage to the building but, by 1979, it had been repaired and reopened.

In February 2000, following substantial renovations, the building was officially reopened as the Clocktower Centre.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clocktower Centre


text:
User:Guillom/Sandbox

Wikiversity Beta is now 10 days old and I think the time has come to give some news. I have decided to organize it as a list of FAQ. Feel free to ask questions I have not thought about.

--- Wikiversity is a new Wikimedia project[1] exploring ways to use the power of wiki to support online learning. This new project will be in beta phase during the first six months [2].
 * What is Wikiversity?

 * What is Wikiversity Beta?

--- Wikiversity Beta is a global platform aiming at coordinating Wikiversity projects in several languages [3]. This multilingual coordination intends to deal with Wikiversity's mission and general guidelines of the project's scope (for example, about original research). Wikiversity Beta is also a place where Wikiversity projects which don't have a subdomain yet can develop. --- In a nutshell, Wikiversity is both a meta-wiki and an incubator for Wikiversity projects.

 * How is it possible to have so many languages coexisting on Beta without it becoming a mess?

--- Wikiversity Beta intends to take advantage of the input of its many members (not only English-speakers). Multilingual discussions should not only coexist, but live in symbiosis. A multilingual discussion system has been proposed to manage them [4] so non-English speakers can take part in discussions. Moreover, Beta is using the Language select feature [5] developped on Meta, which allows users to hide foreign languages on multilingual pages.

 * What about separate Wikiversity projects which already have their own subdomain?

--- Those separate projects [6] are growing their way. However, their participants are strongly encouraged to take part into discussions about general guidelines that will apply to all Wikiversity projects. Moreover, they are encouraged to post reports [7] about their projects to let everybody know about how it grows.

 * What's next?

--- Now we need people to take part in the discussions on Wikiversity Beta. People from existing separate projects and people willing to contribute to a future separate project should join the discussions and work together. People who do not speak English are encouraged to take part in discussions but we also need volunteer translators to translate the talk summaries [4].

 * Your multilingual system will never work. It requires too many translators.

--- If people really sum up their discussions, not only this will help them to focus on important things but it will not take much time to translate them. Ten days after Beta opening, its main page is already available in five languages.

--- By the way, it is just a proposal. Hey, if everybody speaks english, very well, we won't have anything to translate. If the system does not work, at least we can say we tried.

 * For a coordination project, it would be much more practical if a single language of discussion is chosen.

--- Of course it would be more practical; the question is: should we manage Beta the way that is easier for us English speakers or should we manage it the way everybody can take part in discussions about guidelines that will apply to all projects?

 * Wikiversity Beta Motto?

--- The shorter, the better. If you want your ideas to reach people speaking other languages, write short and understandable summaries.

[1] Board resolution: http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution_Wikiversity

[2] Anthere's mail about Wikiversity: http://mail.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2006-August/009074.html

[3] Wikiversity Beta URL: http://beta.wikiversity.org

[4] Multilingual discussion proposal: http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Multilingualism

[5] Language selection system: http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Language_select

[6] List of separate Wikiversity projects: http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Separate_projects

[7] Reports from separate projects: http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Reports

title: User:Guillom/Sandbox


text:
ablepsia

Etymology
From, from +.

Noun

 * 1)  Lack of sight; blindness.

Etymology
From, from +.

Noun

 * 1) blindness

title: ablepsia


text:
Talk:Gas pump

lever
what do you call those levers u can push where the gas will pump itself? im trying to figure out why canada doesnt have it and why usa has it
 * gas pump itself? What do you mean? Aaron Lawrence 11:33, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the question may refer to "self-service gas dispensers" at filling stations.

 * Atlant 13:25, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * He's talking about the lever on the pump handle you can operate so you don't need to keep the trigger held down, it's seen in the US but nowhere else that I have come across so Canada isn't alone here. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:14, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Flow rates?
Does anybody know of any sources for data on flow rates, i.e. how many gallons per minute a typical gas pump supplies? -- RoySmith (talk) 13:49, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know citable sources, but the most common standard I know of is 40L (10.5G) per minute in most places. That's for normal fuel (petrol/gas); for diesel, 80L (21) per minute is common as this is often used to fill trucks. Of course in the US it is probably a round number like 10G per minute - I don't know whether pump manufacturers actually change it outside the US or just call it a different number. It's approximate anyway.Aaron Lawrence 09:31, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Hoses
Does anybody know the standard hose diameter installed on fuel pumps in the U.S.? Also I'm curious about the length of hose from the handle back into the pump. I'm looking to determine the volume of one grade of gasoline left in the hose at the one hose style fuel pump.

Thank you, Cmittle 04:56, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It varies based on the hose design. As you probably realize, there are often two coaxial hoses in the assembly, one delivering the liquid gasoline and the other removing the gasoline vapors. (I've always assumed the inner line is the liquid delivery line, but I don't know this for sure.) Looking at the OPW web site, it looks like 3/4" and 1" are the two standard hose I.D.s. Ahh, here's an interesting PDF that also mentions 5/8" I.D.
 * Atlant 23:16, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Hm, but is vapor recovery used everywhere? I'm thinking not... Aaron Lawrence (talk) 11:18, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it's not yet mandated in certain rural areas AFAIK.

 * Atlant (talk) 02:44, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, but I was meaning other countries :) Aaron Lawrence (talk) 12:37, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm very interested in how much fuel remains in the hose because I ride a motorcycle that must have high octane gasoline.

So... I assume that if we could figure out (1) where the mixing valve is (inside the pump or the nozzle?) (2) length & diameter from the valve to the hose and (3) length & diameter of the hose, we could figure this out. Anybody know? Since I find most times that the last fill was economy and a typical fill-up for me is 3 gallons, I suspect that my bike is often not getting the octane it needs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by U1108 (talk • contribs) 13:24, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The mixing valve is definitely in the body of the dispenser so the entire hose contained volume is "the old grade" of gasoline.

 * Here's a PDF manual for a typical gasoline dispenser PDF.

 * Atlant (talk) 02:21, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Laws
I hear in some states that the driver isnt allowed to pump the gas themself, it has to be a station attendent, by law. anyone care to add this to the article or something? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:28, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * That's more about the gas stations than the pumps themselves, so I don't think it needs to be mentioned here. It is already mentioned at that article: Filling_station --Icarus (Hi!) 04:05, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Automatic shut-off
Some gasoline pumps have a mechanism that would automatically shut off the pump when the vehicle's gas tank is full. My question is, how does the pump know when my car's tank is full? Supposedly my car would have an overflow safety valve or some sort but how does the pump know when to stop pumping? — Kjammer  ⌂  08:30, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * This may help ypu:

 * http://www.wonderquest.com/sleeping-birds-gas-nozzles-cold-hospitals.htm

 * Atlant (talk) 02:14, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, I see. Maybe something like this should be added into the article, or should we make a separate one about the nozzles for the pumps?  — Kjammer   ⌂  05:52, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Fuel dispenser which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:18, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gas pump


text:
Talk:Dora A. Stearns

Year of birth
Stearns' year of birth (1883) seems to be in contradiction with her father's year of death (1880).

HandsomeFella (talk) 09:04, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dora A. Stearns


text:
Cripple Clarence Lofton

Clarence Lofton (March 28, 1887, 1896 or 1897 – January 9, 1957), credited as Cripple Clarence Lofton, was an American boogie-woogie pianist and singer born in Tennessee.

Life and career
There is uncertainty over when and where he was born. Many sources state that he was born Albert Clemens in 1887, in Kingsport, Tennessee. However, the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc state that, based on information in official records, he was born Clarence Clemens in 1896 or 1897, in Burns, Tennessee, and may have been adopted as Clarence Ramsey. They also concluded that Albert (or Elbert) Clemens, born c. 1903, who was also a singer and pianist who recorded for Bluebird Records, was his brother.

Lofton was born with a limp, from which he derived his stage name, but he began his career as a tap dancer. He then began performing in the blues idiom known as boogie-woogie and settled in Chicago, Illinois. The distinctive feature of his performances was his energetic stage presence; he would dance and whistle as well as sing. A description of Lofton in performance is provided by William Russell, in his essay "Boogie Woogie": No one can complain of Clarence's lack of variety or versatility. When he really gets going he's a three-ring circus. During one number, he plays, sings, whistles a chorus, and snaps his fingers with the technique of a Spanish dancer to give further percussive accompaniment to his blues. At times he turns sideways, almost with his back to the piano as he keeps pounding away at the keyboard and stomping his feet, meanwhile continuing to sing and shout at his audience or his drummer. Suddenly in the middle of a number he jumps up, his hands clasped in front of him, and walks around the piano stool, and then, unexpectedly, out booms a vocal break in a bass voice from somewhere. One second later, he has turned and is back at the keyboard, both hands flying at lightning-like pace. His actions and facial expressions are as intensely dramatic and exciting as his music."

With his performance style, Lofton became a mainstay in his genre. His first recording was made in April 1935 for Vocalion Records with guitar accompaniment by Big Bill Broonzy. Lofton also accompanied Red Nelson on several sides for Decca Records in 1935 and 1936. He later owned the Big Apple nightclub in Chicago and continued to record into the late 1940s, when he retired.

Lofton lived in Chicago for the rest of his life. He died of a blood clot in his brain in Cook County Hospital in 1957.

Influence
Lofton was an integral figure in the boogie-woogie genre in Chicago. Some of his more popular songs include "Strut That Thing", "Monkey Man Blues", "I Don't Know" and "Pitchin' Boogie". His talent was likened to that of Pinetop Smith and other prominent boogie-woogie artists, including Meade Lux Lewis, Cow Cow Davenport and Jimmy Yancey. Lofton was also said to have influenced Erwin Helfer.

Discography

 * Clarence's Blues (1979), Oldie Blues OL 2817

title: Cripple Clarence Lofton


text:
Talk:Denny Morrison

Untitled
This querey is not soley aimed at the person who wrote this article but I came across it anyway. It claims he is of Norweigen descent but how exactly do we know what his family history is? I can understand why it would be an issue but how can it be proven unless he wrote this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:39, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Denny Morrison. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101215005039/http://www.canadianathletesnow.ca/recipients/2008-2009-athlete-recipients.html to http://www.canadianathletesnow.ca/recipients/2008-2009-athlete-recipients.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070310194423/http://www.fotos.desg.de/athletes.php?showAthletes=all&id=572 to http://www.fotos.desg.de/athletes.php?showAthletes=all&id=572

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:12, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denny Morrison


text:
Cold Chisel (album)

Cold Chisel is the debut album of Australian pub rock band Cold Chisel. Released in April 1978, it spent 23 weeks in the Australian charts, peaking at number 38.

Album details
The album artwork was done by Abby Beaumont, conceptualised with Walker. The figure in the foreground of the cover is Micki Braithwaite, Daryl Braithwaite's wife.

"Cold Chisel" was produced by the inexperienced Peter Walker, who had previously played guitar with Bakery and been an inspiration to young Ian Moss. The release of the album was hurried to coincide with a tour the band had opening for Foreigner. Although the album was well-received, Don Walker was later to say he found it embarrassing, especially the "flowery" lyrics.

Producer Peter Walker intended the album to be a showcase of the breadth of Don Walker's song-writing, and the songs range between jazz-and-blues-based ballads to hard rock. Walker, who wrote the lyrics for all the songs, described the album as being about a former lover that he had separated from long before recording commenced. He said, "I'm involved there, sometimes to the detriment of the song. 'Cause those songs were not great." Barnes felt that early fans of the band's live performances may have been disappointed, with Don Walker agreeing, "It's a bit more laid back than it should have been. That would have been OK if the 'up' songs has been a bit more energetic, like they are onstage." He also said, "We were inexperienced in the studio, so the result is more stilted than when we were live, but it's as good as we could do at that time."

Barnes, while defending Peter Walker, found the recording experience unsatisfying. He said, "He liked to explain the ins and outs of recording to us. I could only hear so much about compression ratios before I wanted to blow a gasket and get really drunk." Elsewhere, Barnes noted, "We were not used to being in that recording studio environment. We sort of walked around the place bumping into each other until we let go of the reins and let the producer take over."

The band initially saw themselves as an "album band" like Led Zeppelin that was less reliant on singles, and had not intended to release a single from the album. Barnes said, "Every DJ in the country begged us to release "Khe Sanh" as a single. Then they banned it two weeks later. They had to ban something once a week to keep the Catholic Church happy."

Reception
AllMusic praised the, "lyrical imagery, the mix of musical finesse and freneticism, and Barnes' razor-wire vocals," and described the album as a, "stunning debut album. At once polished and raw, this is a classic."

The album received a warm review in the Sydney Morning Herald, saying, "The blues down under have been captured occasionally on record in the past. Richard Clapton was successful at it. Now we have Cold Chisel, wailing with compassion and conviction." The reviewer, Gil Wahlquist, noted the band had, "got together an impressive string of musical portraits of life in the city."

The Canberra Times said, "Cold Chisel have delivered a very impressive debut which leave me at odds in trying to lay any constructive criticism - the band just exudes potential." Roadrunner said the music had a, "solid blues base." The lyrics were, "not your standard introspective stuff. It's a truly Australian album, it explores Australian themes, talks about things that happen here and even uses the names of our towns. Only The Dingoes and Richard Clapton (and perhaps Skyhooks) have done this before.

Warwick McFadyen said the album was, "lightning in a bottle. It flashed and sparked, an explosion of electrical storms that at times turned into a smooth slow river of mercury. It was jazz anarchy in its attitude; fast, loud, angry, sad, melancholic, resigned, defiant. Let the heavens rain upon me, they never bettered it."

Track listing
All songs by Don Walker, except as noted

Side one
 * 1) "Juliet" (Walker, Jim Barnes) - 2:43
 * 2) "Khe Sanh" - 4:14
 * 3) "Home and Broken Hearted" - 3:25
 * 4) "One Long Day" - 7:23

Side two
 * 1) "Northbound" - 3:14
 * 2) "Rosaline" - 4:47
 * 3) "Daskarzine" - 5:09
 * 4) "Just How Many Times" - 5:13

In 1999, Atlantic released a remastered version of the album with four bonus tracks:
 * 1) "Teenage Love Affair" - 6:03 (from the 1994 compilation album Teenage Love)
 * 2) "Drinkin' in Port Lincoln" - 3:24 (also from the 1994 compilation album Teenage Love)
 * 3) "H-Hour Hotel" - 3:26
 * 4) "On the Road" - 3:13

"H-Hour Hotel" and "On the Road" are included on the 2011 compilation album, Besides.

Personnel

 * Jim Barnes - vocals
 * Ian Moss - lead vocals tracks 4 & 6, guitar
 * Don Walker - organ, piano, backing vocals
 * Steve Prestwich - drums
 * Phil Small - bass
 * Dave Blight - harmonica, track 2 & 5
 * Peter Walker - acoustic guitar, track 2
 * Wilbur Wilde - saxophone, tracks 3, 6 and 8
 * Joe Camilleri - saxophone
 * Janice Slater - backing vocals
 * Carol Stubbley - backing vocals

title: Cold Chisel (album)


text:
Talk:Barrie Flyers

Untitled
I deleted the modern Boston Bruins logo that was here as it was never used by the Flyers. I do not have a copy of their logo, but it was the word "Flyers" written out in script and was similar to the current logo used by the junior B Leamington Flyers. --BoojiBoy, 20 March 2006, 21:07 UTC

title: Talk:Barrie Flyers


text:
User:Adnanhoque

Grand opening of the ICT fair 2015 Launching by the Honourable Prime minister at 3, Please visit at our pavilion 23-31 stall abt power digita0 development associated with Bexcimco.

title: User:Adnanhoque


text:
Takuya Terada

Takuya Terada (寺田拓哉) is a Japanese actor, singer and model. He was a member of the Korean boy group Cross Gene. Takuya is also well known as the former Japanese Representative on Korean variety television Show, JTBC's Non-Summit.

Early life
In 2008, Takuya took part in the 21st Junon Superboy Contest. After making it through to the finals, Takuya was awarded the Special Jury Prize. Takuya signed with Japanese Entertainment Label Amuse, Inc. and starred in a handful of Amuse productions including Japanese Drama SIGN and stage musical Black & White. In 2010, Takuya transferred to the Korean subsidiary branch 'Amuse Korea' to join Project A (later named Cross Gene), an all-male Asian pop group to be made up of members from the different East Asian countries.

2012: K-Pop Debut
Takuya debuted as an idol with the boy group, Cross Gene, on June 7, 2012, as the leader and vocalist of the group. He is known as the "Gorgeous Gene". Takuya later participated in and promoted movie roles including Live Action movie Ai Ore! in which he played the supporting role Kiryuuin Ruii alongside Karam from K-pop group DGNA. Takuya debuted for a second time in Japan, this time as a Pop Idol as a member of Cross Gene on March 13, 2013, with the release of the groups first Japanese single Shooting Star. During Cross Gene's Cross U concert in Japan, Takuya advised that he had given up the leadership role in Cross Gene.

In early 2014 Takuya took part in filming Cross Gene's project movie ZEDD in which he played the role of XI. Following promoting with Cross Gene for their first Korean comeback, Takuya joined Korean variety TV Show Non-Summit on JTBC as the representative for Japan. Takuya was well received by Korean audiences and earned the nickname Mr Slender hands (섬섬옥수) for his attractive hands. With the shows sudden popularity Takuya also experienced an increase in popularity. In November, Takuya was MC on the Red Carpet of the Melon Music Awards. Takuya also starred in the Music Video for Starship Entertainment Collaboration Hyolyn x Jooyoung, Erase. On 5 December Takuya was awarded the International Exchange Daesang at the Korean Hallyu Awards in recognition of his commitment to contributing to and sharing of Korean culture through both his position as a member of Cross Gene and as a panellist on the Korean variety show Non-Summit. In 2015 Takuya appeared in Mnet drama The Lover as "Takuya". He has appeared in movies and dramas in Japan, but he made his first acting debut in Korea with this drama.

In 2017, Takuya was selected as the torch relayer of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games and ran in the Masan District located in Changwon as the 57th torchbearer on November 14. On December 10, 2018, Takuya announced his departure from Cross Gene following the expiration of his contract with Amuse Korea. He subsequently signed with a new label.

title: Takuya Terada


text:
School talk:Strategic Studies/Templates

What does template mean here? I cannot find any template.--Hillgentleman|User talk 08:13, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: School talk:Strategic Studies/Templates


text:
User:Bayhank/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: (link)2018 Israeli LGBT's strike
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate. I chose this article because it sounded interesting and goes along with what we are learning in this unit.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic? yes
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections? yes
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article? no
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed? concise

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic? yes
 * Is the content up-to-date? yes
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong? no

Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral? yes
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? no
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? no
 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another? no

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information? no
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic? no
 * Are the sources current? yes
 * Check a few links. Do they work? yes

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read? yes
 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors? no
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic? yes

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic? a few
 * Are images well-captioned? yes
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations? yes
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way? yes

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic? There isn't any
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects? it is apart of wikiprojects LGBT Studies
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class? There is no discussion

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status? good
 * What are the article's strengths? Well written, and well organized
 * How can the article be improved? It could add citations and sources
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed? its well developed

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback:

title: User:Bayhank/Evaluate an Article


text:
nonappearance

Etymology
From, , ; equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) A failure to appear, especially at a legal trial.

title: nonappearance


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steven Parent

The result was   merge to Charles Manson. Or, at editorial discretion, to a new article to be created. Stifle (talk) 10:00, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Steven Parent

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Simply put, this biography of a crime victim seems to fail WP:VICTIM ("The victim... had a large role within a well-documented historic event. The historic significance is indicated by persistent coverage of the event in reliable secondary sources that devote significant attention to the individual's role"). All sources I see mention him in passing; if he hasn't been killed by Manson, his life up to that point wouldn't make her notable. Per said policy ("A person who is known only in connection with a criminal event or trial should not normally be the subject of a separate Wikipedia article if there is an existing article that could incorporate the available encyclopedic material relating to that person.") the one-two relevant sentences should be merged to Charles_Manson if the facts aren't there already (now, the Tate murders article should likely be split off into a subarticle, but that's another issue). See related AfDs at Articles for deletion/Abigail Folger and Articles for deletion/Jay Sebring. Pinging participants of the former: Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here  09:51, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of California-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 12:50, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Crime-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 12:50, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 12:50, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Merge, either to the Manson article or to a yet-to-be-written Tate murders article. See also related discussion at Articles for deletion/Wojciech Frykowski. --MelanieN (talk) 23:05, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'd go for a keep - based on the fact that, in his death, his parents raised an important issue: class consciousness. Bearian (talk) 22:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Is that in the article? --MelanieN (talk) 22:58, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment In these related AfDs, several people have suggested that a merge to a new article Tate murders would be better than a merge to Charles Manson. See Talk:Charles Manson to discuss this idea. MelanieN (talk) 23:15, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge for now. I would probably support a seperate article on the Tate Murders, but that can be done no matter what we decided here.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:22, 12 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Pantydia andersoni

Pantydia andersoni is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1874. It is found in South Africa and Zambia.

title: Pantydia andersoni


text:
Ennum Eppozhum

Ennum Eppozhum is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language comedy-drama film directed by Sathyan Anthikad and written by Ranjan Pramod based on a story by Raveendran. It was produced by Antony Perumbavoor under the production company Aashirvad Cinemas. It stars Mohanlal and Manju Warrier, alongside a supporting cast, including Innocent, Reenu Mathews, Jacob Gregory, Lena, and Renji Panicker. It also marked the reunion of Mohanlal and Manju Warrier after 17 years. Ennum Eppozhum was released across India on 27 March 2015 and met with mixed reviews from critics. The film was a commercial success though at the box office. The song "Malarvaka Kombathu" won Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer for P. Jayachandran.

Synopsis
Ennum Eppozhum tells the story of two people - Vineeth N Pillai, a senior reporter of Vanitharatnam magazine, who is a sloth and lacks inspiration in his work and Deepa, a junior family court lawyer who is eager to do pro bono cases for the goodwill of the society. Vineeth is holding on to this job due to his mother's rapport with the magazine management. Vineeth's new boss, Kalyani, wants to throw him out of his position due to his negligence in duty. He has to interview Deepa for the new edition of the magazine. However, he was not even able to present the need for an appointment with her due to Deepa's schedule and other commitments. Finally, Vineeth becomes close with Deepa, her child, and friends through a series of humiliating events. Out of pressure, he throws his resignation at Kalyani but is later reinstated in his post by her mother. Kalyani becomes attracted to Vineeth, but it leaves in the air without much response. Deepa lands in trouble and Vineeth helps her. The resulting events are narrated through the film.

Cast

 * Mohanlal as Vineeth N. Pillai, a lazy senior correspondent of women's magazine "Vanitharathnam"
 * Manju Warrier as Adv. Deepa, a junior lawyer who has a headstrong perception and attitude towards life and a classical dancer
 * Innocent as Kariachan, a retired postmaster
 * Lena as Farah, a close friend of Deepa and a boutique owner
 * Reenu Mathews as Kalyani, newly appointed editor-in-chief of Vanitharathnam
 * Jacob Gregory as Mathan, a dim-witted photographer who accompanies Vineeth in his assignment
 * Minon John as Ganapathy, Mathan's assistant
 * Renji Panicker as a Builder
 * Usha S Karunagapally as Rosy Mol, Kariachan's wife, who has worked in a radio station
 * Baby Adhvaitha as Miya
 * Kalpana as Bindhu Ninan
 * Santhosh Keezhattoor as Jaleel, Taxi driver
 * Chali Pala as Georgettan
 * Dileesh Pothan as Deepa's client's Son
 * Sreeya Ramesh as Dr. Usha, Wife of Deepa's Ex-husband
 * Kozhikode Sarada as Deepa's client
 * Disney James as Vytila Byju, Gangster who helps Deepa's client
 * Ajith as Advocate
 * Babu Annur as Peon
 * Baiju V.K. as Advocate Sundararajan
 * Antony as Senior Advocate of Deepa
 * Kochouseph Chittilappilly as himself
 * Jayaprakash Kuzhoor as Judge
 * Pradeep Kottayam as Canteen supplier
 * Divya M Nair

Development
Sathyan Anthikad announced that his next film after Oru Indian Pranayakadha will be a Mohanlal-starrer for Aashirvad Cinemas. Since Snehaveedu (2011), Mohanlal and Sathyan have been collaborating after a gap of 4 years. Antony Perumbavoor has been the producer of all their movies since Rasathanthram. Initially, it was reported to be the comeback film of Sathyan Anthikad-Sreenivasan-Mohanlal team. Sathyan later denied the reports and said that he is planning a different project for Aashirvad Cinemas, even though a project with Mohanlal and Sreenivasan is also in the pipeline.

After Snehaveedu, Sathyan made it clear that he would not be writing scripts for his own films. Since 2006, he has been writing his own scripts, which led to criticism that he is rehashing his earlier hits. In March, Sathyan Anthikad announced that Ranjan Pramod will be scripting the film based on actor Raveendran's story. Ennum Eppozhum be the third film for Sathyan written by Ranjan after Manassinakkare (2003) and Achuvinte Amma (2005). Ranjan has earlier scripted Mohanlal starred Naran (2005) and Photographer (2006) (which was also his directorial debut). Sameer Thahir was initially announced as the cinematographer and was later replaced by Neil D'Cunha of Philips and the Monkey Pen (2013) fame. Vidyasagar and Rafeeq Ahammed returned as the music composer and lyricist, respectively after Oru Indian Pranayakadha.

Writing the script Ranjan said, "It is a challenge for any writer to pen a script to accommodate two brilliant actors like Mohanlal and Manju with such huge fan followings." It was Antony Perumbavoor who called Ranjan to script the film. Earlier, Aashirvad Cinemas had an agreement with Ranjan to make a film with Manju which did not materialize. So, Antony asked him whether he would be able to write a script for her and Mohanlal. Ranjan had to postpone a film that he was planning to direct to script the film.

Casting
In August, Manju Warrier was confirmed to play the female lead as Adv. Deepa. This is her first film with Mohanlal after her comeback. Reenu Mathews was roped in to play the role of Kalyani. She joined the sets in the second schedule in January. Innocent plays the role of Kariachan, a retired postmaster while Lena plays Farah, Deepa's best friend cum a boutique owner. Jacob Gregory of ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013) fame plays the role of videographer Maathan who assists Vineeth in his assignments. Drama artist Usha S. Karunagapally plays the role of Kariachan's wife Rosy, a radio announcer while Baby Adhwika was chosen for the role of Deepa's daughter Miya.

Filming
The film was originally scheduled to start filming on 31 October 2014, and Mohanlal was said to join the next day. The shoot commenced on 1 November 2014 at Kochi. The film took a schedule break on 15 November when Mohanlal went for his Antarctica trip. The second schedule commenced on 4 December. By the end of January 2015, the shooting got completed and entered into post-production stage. Sathyan Anthikkad who is known for naming his films only during its filming or in the post-production stage, officially announced the title Ennum Eppozhum on 8 February.

Release
The film was released on 27 March 2015 in 215 centers all over India (89 centers in Kerala), making it the biggest release for a Sathyan Anthikad cinema. MAS Film and Entertainment distributed the film in Europe, while Achu and Achu's Creations in Australia and New Zealand, Singapore Coliseum in Singapore and Celluloid Japan in Japan.

Home media
The Blu-ray, DVD and VCD of Ennum Eppozhum was released by Central Home Entertainment.

Critical response
The film mostly received mixed reviews.

Malayala Manorama rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and said "The highlight of the film is its director-actors combo". "Ennum Eppozhum is for you, if you belong to that set of people who believe that films should be as light as possible since life is unbearably heavy". Gulf News wrote "Ennum Eppozhum is a clean family drama. Ennum Eppozhum makes no lofty pretensions but narrates a simple story that could be yours, or your neighbour’s or maybe the woman up the alley". The Hindu stated, "Ennum Eppozhum is a family drama that sans the drama. Ennum Eppozhum is buoyed by its star cast and a host of light moments though not particularly funny. This is the second in series aimed at bringing back star power of Manju Warrier. Its romance is treated with subtlety and without challenging conservative beliefs, making one drive to open conclusions and ‘drivel confusion’."

Box office
Ennum Eppozhum opened well at the box office. According to the Film Producers Association of Kerala, the film is a "Hit" even though it could not meet the high expectations of the audience. It was added that the film "would break even and certainly bring profits to the producer". The association also said that the report card for the first quarter of 2015 looked bleak except for the success of Oru Vadakkan Selfie and Ennum Eppozhum. However, Suresh Shenoy stated that the Vishu festival season of 2015 had "turned out to be a dampener except for the continuing rush for Oru Vadakkan Selfie". The film is one of the profitable Malayalam films in the first half of 2015. As per June 2015, the film grossed from Kerala box office.

Awards

 * Kerala State Film Awards
 * Best Male Singer - P. Jayachandran (Malarvaka Kombathu)

 * Kerala Film Critics Association Awards
 * Nominated - Best Music Direction - Vidyasagar

 * 2015 Asiavision Awards
 * Most promising new singer - K. S. Harisankar (Nilaavum Maayunnu)
 * Nominated - Best Music Direction - Vidyasagar

 * Asianet Film Awards
 * Multifaceted Personality of the Year - Innocent
 * Best Film - Nominated
 * Best Actor - Mohanlal - Nominated
 * Best Actress - Manju Warrier - Nominated (shared with Rani Padmini)

Soundtrack
The song Dhithiki Dhithiki had Manju Warrier doing a classical dance. The song was composed in the raga Maand/Maund. The song Pularipoo Penne is based on 	"Adarale Pilla" from Madhavayya Gari Manavadu.

title: Ennum Eppozhum


text:
stars in one's eyes

Noun

 * 1)  The state of being overly or extremely impressed with something; enchanted with romance
 * After their first kiss the pair of them walked around with stars in their eyes for days.

Translations

 * Spanish: hacer los ojos chiribitas

title: stars in one's eyes


text:
General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions

The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell (outer orbital). When atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to react and form more stable compounds. When discussing the octet rule, we do not consider d or f electrons. Only the s and p electrons are involved in the octet rule, making it useful for the representative elements (elements not in the transition metal or inner-transition metal blocks). An octet corresponds to an electron configuration ending with s2p6.

Stability
Atoms will react to get in the most stable state possible. A complete octet is very stable because all orbitals will be full. Atoms with greater stability have less energy, so a reaction that increases the stability of the atoms will release energy in the form of heat or light. Reactions that decrease stability must absorb energy, getting hotter.

The other tendency of atoms is to maintain a neutral charge. Only the noble gases (the elements on the right-most column of the periodic table) have zero charge with filled valence octets. All of the other elements have a charge when they have eight electrons all to themselves. The result of these two guiding principles is the explanation for much of the reactivity and bonding that is observed within atoms: atoms seek to share electrons in a way that minimizes charge while fulfilling an octet in the valence shell.

Example
The formula for table salt is NaCl. It is the result of Na+ ions and Cl- ions bonding together. If sodium metal and chlorine gas mix under the right conditions, they will form salt. The sodium loses an electron, and the chlorine gains that electron. In the process, a great amount of light and heat is released. The resulting salt is mostly unreactive — it is stable. It won't undergo any explosive reactions, unlike the sodium and chlorine that it is made of.

Why? Referring to the octet rule, atoms attempt to get a noble gas electron configuration, which is eight valence electrons. Sodium has one valence electron, so giving it up would result in the same electron configuration as neon. Chlorine has seven valence electrons, so if it takes one it will have eight (an octet). Chlorine has the electron configuration of argon when it gains an electron.

The octet rule could have been satisfied if chlorine gave up all seven of its valence electrons and sodium took them. In that case, both would have the electron configurations of noble gasses, with a full valence shell. However, their charges would be much higher. It would be Na7- and Cl7+, which is much less stable than Na+ and Cl-. Atoms are more stable when they have no charge, or a small charge.

Exceptions
There are few exceptions to the octet rule.

Two Electrons
The main exception to the rule is hydrogen, which is at its lowest energy when it has two electrons in its valence shell. Helium (He) is similar in that it, too, only has room for two electrons in its only valence shell.

Hydrogen and helium have only one electron shell. The first shell has only one s orbital and no p orbital, so it holds only two electrons. Therefore, these elements are most stable when they have two electrons. You will occasionally see hydrogen with no electrons, but H+ is much less stable than hydrogen with one or two electrons.

Lithium, with three protons and electrons, is most stable when it gives up an electron.

Less Than an Octet
Other notable exceptions are aluminum and boron, which can function well with six valence electrons. Consider BF3. The boron shares its three electrons with three fluorine atoms. The fluorine atoms follow the octet rule, but boron has only six electrons. Although atoms with less than an octet may be stable, they will usually attempt to form a fourth bond to get eight electrons. BF3 is stable, but it will form BF4- when possible. Most elements to the left of the carbon group have so few valence electrons that they are in the same situation as boron: they are electron deficient. Electron deficient elements often show metallic rather than covalent bonding.

More Than an Octet
In Period 3, the elements on the right side of the periodic table have empty d orbitals. The d orbitals may accept electrons, allowing elements like sulfur, chlorine, silicon and phosphorus to have more than an octet. Compounds such as PCl5 and SF6 can form. These compounds have 10 and 12 electrons around their central atoms, respectively.

Even palladium has 18 electrons in its valence shell

Odd Numbers
Some elements, notably nitrogen, have an odd number of electrons and will form somewhat stable compounds. Nitric oxide has the formula NO. No matter how electrons are shared between the nitrogen and oxygen atoms, there is no way for nitrogen to have an octet. It will have seven electrons instead. A molecule with an unpaired electron is called a free radical and radicals are highly reactive, so reactive that many of them only exist for a fraction of a second. As radicals go, NO and NO2 are actually remarkably stable. At low temperatures NO2 does react with itself to form N2O4, its dimer, that is not a radical.


text:
Template:Catscan Portal/Variants

•  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •

title: Template:Catscan Portal/Variants


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/Contributors

The following people have recorded their contribution to the development of this book.

Active Contributors
The following Wikibookians are actively editing this Wikibook, as of January 28, 2007. All participants in the project are welcome to add their name, email address, contribution, and affiliation to the following list. Please keep the list in alphabetical order, based on last name.

 * Robert Foley (user page<EMAIL_ADDRESS>email])

Previous Contributors
The following Wikibookians have contributed to this Wikibook before January 2007. These include students from the University of Georgia who began writing this book for a course in Advanced Data Management, as part of a Master's degree in Internet Technology.


text:
Geert ten Dam

Geert ten Dam (born Eindhoven, 6 November 1958) is a Dutch scientist. She is the president of the University of Amsterdam.

title: Geert ten Dam


text:
User:Pdp2/Books/Uncommon Tongues

Languages with notable features

 * Phonology
 * Hawaiian phonology
 * Finnish phonology
 * Ubykh language
 * Ngwe language
 * Juǀʼhoan language
 * Rotokas language

 * General Morphology
 * Arabic grammar
 * Finnish grammar
 * Proto-Indo-European language
 * Nenets languages
 * Forest Nenets language
 * Tundra Nenets language
 * Wolof language
 * Seri language
 * Tiwi language

 * Tense-Aspect-Mood
 * Sumerian language
 * Coptic language
 * Navajo grammar
 * Central Alaskan Yup'ik language
 * Mayan languages
 * Yucatec Maya language
 * Guarani language

 * Typology & Syntax
 * List of Chinese classifiers
 * Japanese grammar
 * Japanese pronouns

 * Philosophy
 * Aymara language
 * Pirahã language

 * Orthography
 * Hangul
 * Maya script
 * Mongolian writing systems
 * Mongolian script
 * ʼPhags-pa script

title: User:Pdp2/Books/Uncommon Tongues


text:
avioneta

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) light aircraft

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) small passenger aircraft

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) light aircraft

title: avioneta


text:
2019 World Athletics Championships – Men's marathon

The men's marathon was one of the road events at the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha, Qatar. Due to the heat in Doha, the race was scheduled to begin at 23:59 on 5 October 2019. Even with the unusual timing, high temperatures were expected to provide difficult conditions for running, but in the end temperatures dropped to around 29 C and 50% humidity. The race was won by Lelisa Desisa of Ethiopia in 2 h 10 min 40 s, followed four seconds behind by his compatriot Mosinet Geremew. Amos Kipruto of Kenya was third in 2:10:51.

The marathon was held on Doha Corniche, and consisted of six laps of a roughly 7 km floodlit course. Derlis Ayala of Paraguay broke away from the start, and led the race until he was caught by a pack consisting of Desisa, Geremew, Geoffrey Kirui, Kipruto, Stephen Mokoka and Zersenay Tadese just before the halfway mark. Mokoka and Tadese attempted to speed away from the pack a few times, but were caught on each occasion. After 30 km, the pack began to splinter, and after Kirui and Tadese had dropped back, Callum Hawkins joined the leading group at the 40 km point. Desisa gradually increased the pace from that stage, culminating in a sprint finish to win the race. All the top ten finishers qualified automatically for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Qualification
The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF, now World Athletics) announced the qualifying criteria for the 2019 World Athletics Championships in December 2018. For the men's marathon, the entry standard was 2:16:00, three minutes quicker than had been required for the 2017 marathon. Alternatively, a top-10 finish at an IAAF Gold Label marathon, or a wild card entry as the reigning world champion would ensure qualification. Entry criteria had to be met during the qualification period: 7 March 2018 to 6 September 2019, inclusive.

Preview
Due to the hot conditions in Doha, the World Championships were scheduled in October, rather than the traditional August, and instead of holding the marathon during the day, it started just before midnight local time to minimise the impact that the heat would have on the race, making it the first-ever World Championships to feature night marathons; first the women's on 27 September, and then the men's on 5 October. Despite these changes, the temperature was expected to be a key factor in the race: temperatures were predicted to be around 30 C, with humidity levels above 80 per cent. In mitigation, the IAAF added extra water stations and medical staff along the route, as well as more ice baths at the finish. The course consisted of six laps of a floodlit roughly 7 km course along the Doha Corniche, a waterfront promenade on Doha Bay. The loop started in front of the Amiri Diwan, and stretched to the Sheraton Hotel.

Eliud Kipchoge, the world record holder and Olympic champion for the marathon, did not take part in the World Championships as he was preparing for the Ineos 1:59 Challenge. Sean Ingle of The Guardian said that "most of the world's top marathon runners" were not taking part. Steve Smythe of Athletics Weekly concurred and said that with so many good runners missing, it was hard to predict who might win. He suggested Mosinet Geremew and Mule Wasihun of Ethiopia as contenders, along with the reigning World Champion, Geoffrey Kirui, though he noted that Kirui was out of form. In his preview for World Athletics, Mike Rowbottom suggested that the winner was "likely to be Kenyan, Ethiopian or Bahraini", and he concurred that Geremew and Wasihun were the two "clear favourites".

Both the high temperatures, and the tactical nature of World Championship races, meant that it was not expected that any records would be set. Abel Kirui held the World Championship record of 2:06:54 achieved in 2009, while Eliud Kipchoge held the overall men's world record of 2:01:39, set during the 2018 Berlin Marathon.

Summary
The race was officially scheduled to start at 23:59 local time (UTC+3) on 5 October 2019; temperatures had cooled since the women's marathon, at 29.1 C and 48.6 per cent humidity. At the start of the race, Derlys Ayala of Paraguay broke away from the front of the field and established a 150 metre-lead over the other runners by the end of the first kilometre. Behind Ayala, who had run the Buenos Aires Marathon twelve days earlier and was not considered a genuine contender in the race, a pack consisting of Lelisa Desisa, Mosinet Geremew, Geoffrey Kirui, Amos Kipruto, Stephen Mokoka and Zersenay Tadese formed. David Monti of LetsRun.com described them as a "pack of six serious contenders". Ayala held a 62-second lead at the 15 km point of the race, but 5 km later, the margin had been reduced to six seconds. By halfway through the race, Ayala had been caught, and he withdrew from the race soon after. Over the next 8 km, Tadese led most of the race. He and Mokoka broke away from the rest a few times, but could not maintain the advantage, and were caught each time. After the race, Desisa said "I controlled everybody and I saved my power."

The leading group of six completed the first 30 km of the race in 1:33:13, but started to break apart over the next 10 km. Kirui was the first to drop away, followed by Tadese. In contrast, Callum Hawkins, who had been in ninth place after 30km, closed the gap on the leaders to around 14 seconds by the 37 km point. Geremew said that he started to develop plantar pain about 1 km later and slowed the pace a little, which allowed Hawkins to catch the pack just prior to the 40 km point, when he briefly led the race. The pace increased as they approached the end of the race; the 41st kilometre was completed in 2:59. When there was one kilometre left, Desisa increased the pace again, which Hawkins could not match, and the Scottish runner fell back. After the race, he suggested that: "Maybe I just gave too much in the middle stages. But I couldn't do any more." Kipruto was also unable to keep up with the fast finish, and when Desisa accelerated to a sprint for the final 150 metres, he also broke clear of Geremew to claim the gold medal. He won the race in a time of 2:10:40, four seconds ahead of Geremew. Kipruto held onto third place in 2:10:51, six seconds in front of Hawkins.

Results
The final was started on 5 October at 23:59. The results were as follows:


text:
Sarvagya Singh Katiyar

Sarvagya Singh Katiyar (1935 – 9 October 2018), FRSC, popularly known as S. S. Katiyar, was an Indian scientist specializing in enzymology, and the founder Director of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow. He is a former president of the Association of Indian Universities and a former vice chancellor of Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur and Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology. He was honoured by the Government of India in 2003 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award, followed by Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award, in 2009.

Biography
Sarvagya Singh Katiyar, born in 1935, did his undergraduate (BSc) and master's (MSc) studies at Agra University and secured his PhD in 1962 in chemical kinetics under the guidance of N. A. Ramaiah, an S. S. Bhatnagar Award winner, from the National Sugar Institute, Kanpur. Moving to USA, he did post doctoral research, working with John W. Porter, at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and was successful in determining the kinetic mechanism of the enzyme fatty acid synthetase complex for the first time. He returned to India to join the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur where he became the Head of the Chemistry department in 1989 and stayed with the institution till 1994 when he was appointed as the vice chancellor of Kanpur University, present day Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University. He held the post till his retirement in 2007 for four consecutive terms, the first vice chancellor to do so in the history of the university.

Katiyar is known to have done extensive research on enzymes and its architecture which is reported to have assisted in understanding the catalytic domain of kinases and dehydrogenases and expanded the usage of enzymes for catalytic reactions for industrial purposes and as diagnostic tools. His researches have been documented by way of over 125 scientific papers published in peer reviewed journals. He has also guided several master's and doctoral students in their studies. The first biochemistry-biotechnology laboratory was established at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur during his tenure as the head of the department there. He is also known to have initiated 50 new courses at Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University as its vice chancellor. His contributions are noted behind the establishment of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow where he was a founder director and has served as the vice chancellor of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology.

Katiyar is an elected fellow of The World Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, India, Indian National Science Academy and the New York Academy of Sciences. He is also a fellow of American Institute of Chemists and the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. He is a former president of the Association of Indian Universities and the Indian Science Congress Association, and he has served the Uttar Pradesh State Council for Higher Education as its chairman. He was a member of the Indian National Science Academy as a member and as an additional member. He is the founder of the Prof. S. S. Katiyar Charitable Society, which has instituted the Prof. S. S. Katiyar Endowment Lecture award under the aegis of the Indian Science Congress Association.

Katiyar, a visiting professor at Tokyo University, received the Acharya P. C. Ray Memorial Medal in 1990 and the Professor B. N. Ghosh Memorial Award in 1995. In 2001, he received the Soka University Award of Highest Honor, and he received three awards in 2003: the New Millennium Plaque of Honour for Chemical Sciences, Vigyan Gaurav Award from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the national civilian award of Padma Shri from the Government of India. He is also a recipient of Gold Medal for Excellence in Science (2006), the Asutosh Mookherjee Memorial Award (2008) and the R. C. Mehrotra Memorial Life Time Achievement Award (2009). The Government of India honoured him again in 2009 with the Padma Bhushan.

title: Sarvagya Singh Katiyar


text:
1998–99 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup

1998–99 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup was the fifth season of the Bosnia and Herzegovina's annual football cup. The Cup was won by Bosna Visoko who defeated Sarajevo in the final.

Overview
Unlike the previous season in this edition there was no agreement between Football Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Football Federation of Herzeg-Bosnia so that each one organized its own competition.

This was the only one to be recognized by UEFA.

Quarterfinals

 * }

Semifinals

 * }


text:
metsäkaarti

Noun

 * 1)  The group of Reds who hid themselves in the forest lit. the "Woods Guard"
 * 2)  The group of (Finnish) deserters who hid themselves in the forest lit. the "Woods Guard"

Usage notes

 * The term originated in the Finnish Civil War, after which hundreds of Reds hid themselves in the forests in order to avoid being prosecuted for war crimes. The term is used also when referring to the Finnish deserters in the Continuation War, who also hid themselves in the forest for the same purpose.

title: metsäkaarti


text:
Talk:Basic kinematics

Hello, Basic kinematics is easily motivated from first principles by calculus. Are we going the route of separating algebra-based physics from calculus-based as two separate courses, or should this lesson plan include both approaches? Hypermorphism 04:26, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

I recommend separating algebra-based and calculus-based kinematics. First, the equations of motion are slightly different. Second, algebra-based provides a good introduction to those without a higher-level mathematical background. I would also recommend Vectors & their applications being a separate lesson and differentiaing between 1d, 2d, and 3d motion. -Torris

title: Talk:Basic kinematics


text:
User:Bakurhussain

SHANYA BABBA

It's A village in Maigatari, Its people living simply life depending on farming and pasture.

POPULATION
There is almost 800 people are living there and most of them are related to each other.

Religion
the people of the village are Muslims

Nature
land so close to be desert, too cold at winter, too hot at summer and cool during spring.

more
A man there called (bilama) seems to be mayor he ruling and taking care of any uncertainties and his son come after.

title: User:Bakurhussain


text:
User:Baine

Im Ryan Baine I Live in St. Clair Shores[] A small Burb of Detroit[] a small part of the massive Metro Detroit Area[]. baseball[] is my life. Actually The Detroit Tigers[] are.

title: User:Baine


text:
Cookbook:Coconut Chutney (North Indian)

| Indian Cuisine | Vegan Cuisine

Coconut chutney is served as an accompaniment to many South Indian dishes, such as dosa and idli. This recipe is a North Indian variant.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups shredded fresh coconut
 * 1–2 split green chillies
 * 5 cloves garlic
 * ½ cup chopped cilantro
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * ½ cup water

Procedure

 * 1) Grind all ingredients well in a blender.
 * 2) Serve within 2 days.

title: Cookbook:Coconut Chutney (North Indian)


text:
Talk:Dave Bristol

The portion of the article that attributes the poor record of the Milwaukee Brewers to having long road trips caught my eye. Is this the contributor's opinion, and if not could a source be provided? Not saying that having to travel to the west coast often wouldn't be a factor, but likely the poor performance had more than one simplistic cause. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:39, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Dave Bristol. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130615165546/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com:80/vault/article/magazine/MAG1092438/index.htm to http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1092438/index.htm

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:28, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:25, 13 November 2018 (UTC)
 * SEA1969H04.jpg

title: Talk:Dave Bristol


text:
Taht-e Manzar

Taht-e Manzar (, also Romanized as Taḩt-e Manz̧ar) is a village in Fazl Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, in 16 families.

title: Taht-e Manzar


text:
User:Raj3048/Books/Basic Statistics

For Data Science

 * Chapter 1
 * Standard deviation
 * Skewness
 * Kurtosis
 * Pearson correlation coefficient
 * Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
 * Central limit theorem

title: User:Raj3048/Books/Basic Statistics


text:
Morris Oxford Farina

The Morris Oxford Farina is a series of motor car models that were produced by Morris of the United Kingdom from 1959 to 1971. The Farina name coming from the Italian design studio employed for styling.

Named by William Morris, Lord Nuffield after the university town in which he grew up, the manufacture of Morris's Oxford cars had helped to turn the south-side of Oxford into a thriving industrial area.

Like its predecessors, the Morris Oxford for the 1960s was a four-cylinder family car. It would have been seen as mid-sized in the UK, which is where most of the cars were sold. The Oxford (Farina) competed with models such as the badge-enginered A55/A60 Austin Cambridge, the Singer Gazelle and the Vauxhall Victor.

Oxford series V (1959–1961)
For 1959, the Oxford, announced on Lady Day 25 March 1959, was merged into the mid-sized Pinin Farina-designed BMC Farina range along with a half-dozen other previously announced models, including the 1958 Wolseley 15/60 and 1959 Riley 4/68, Austin A55 Cambridge Mark II, and MG Magnette Mark III. The Austin and Morris cars were nearly identical but were produced in separate factories. Differences in the Morris included some of the chrome and interior trim, and the rear lights. Inside, a front bench seat and special dashboard fitted with speedometer, oil pressure gauge, coolant temperature gauge, fuel gauge and clock (optional) were used. A choice of floor or column gear change was available. The handbrake was floor-mounted to the side of the seat. The 1.5 L B-Series engine continued. Drum brakes of 9 in diameter were fitted front and rear and the steering used a cam and peg system. The suspension was independent at the front using coil springs and had a live axle and semi-elliptic leaf springs at the rear.

Traveller
The Series IV Traveller was still listed till September 1960, by which time a Series V Traveller had been introduced.

Tested by The Motor magazine the car had a top speed of 78 mph and could accelerate from 0–60 mph in 25.4 seconds. A "touring" fuel consumption of 29.8 mpgimp was recorded.

Both standard and de-luxe versions were offered. The de-luxe package included a heater, manual screen washer, twin sun visors, twin horns, bumper over-riders, a clock and leather-covered seat. A two-tone paint scheme and a radio were available as options.

On the home market the Standard version cost £815 and the de-luxe £844 including taxes.

A Traveller estate car version of the Series V Farina body was announced 28 September 1960. The new body now provided a double bed size sleeping compartment about 6 ft long and 4 ft wide. The back of the car had a tail-board hinged at the bottom and an upper panel hinged at the top. The Morris version had a single bench front seat and cost £10 more than the equivalent Austin Countryman.

In all, 87,432 Series V Oxfords were built.

Oxford series VI (1961–1971)
All five Farina cars were updated in October 1961 with a new 1.6 L (1622 cc/98 in3) version of the B-Series engine, longer wheelbase and a new revised look. The tail fins had been trimmed and there were still detail changes between the marques. The Morris retained the series V dash, while the Austin had an all-new fake woodgrain design.

Traveller
The Morris Oxford Traveller (estate) series V was replaced by a series VI, although little changed apart from the front grille.

Diesel
A diesel-engined Oxford series VI, introduced shortly after the 1961 update, was popular as a taxi. Variants of the same diesel engine enjoyed a long life in marine applications.

The Oxford VI remained in production until 1971 with 208,823 produced. The Oxford range was to have been replaced by the 1967 Morris 1800 (a badge-engineered 1964 ADO17 Austin 1800), but in the event both were built in parallel until 1971 because in terms both of pricing and of interior space the 1800 fell into the market segment of a slightly larger car. The ADO17 1800 continued until 1975, when it was succeeded by the Princess. The car that took the Oxford's place at the smaller end of the market segment was the Morris Marina, which also succeeded the yet smaller Minor.

title: Morris Oxford Farina


text:
CisLunarFreighter/UML case diagrams

Use Cases for CisLunarFreighter learning project.

A standard form of use cases have a title, preconditions, steps, postconditions, who benefits.

MUD operator
Install the central seed client necessary to coordinate applet activity

Preconditions:

 * Seed must work at x level, distribution developed, and tested incrementally so crashes of operator's environment are rare.

 * 1)  Find or develop Java MUD server and client classes adequate for initial login and security requirements.
 * 2)  Install and test on project developers servers and machines
 * 3)  Test it with jFreeRail and CisLunarFreighter applets
 * 4)  Package the releases for easy install and publish at SourceForge
 * 5)  Begin modding and importing new applets after rigorous code walkthroughs and testing.

Postconditions:

 * Feedback
 * Bug reports.

Actors who benefit. Players, Developers, Modders, Mud Operators

Player
Download, play, feedback.

Pre Conditions:	  PreAlpha is ready for incremental testing

 * 1)  Hear about game environment and decide to try it out
 * 2)  Download from Sourceforce and install
 * 3)  Beginner's orientation or interface is intuitive
 * 4)  Begin playing/learning
 * 5)  Provide suggestions for gameplay enhancement and bug reports.

Post Conditions: Learned all possible from game or bored with gameplay or community. Feeback processed into environment Bugs fixed or resolved somehow.

Benefits: Players, Developers, Modders, Mud Operators

Modder
Preconditions:
 * Specifications available
 * Tools are available (Hence, reliance on free^2 tools and components)
 * Source and intermediate data products (3D models) are available

 * 1)  Downloads and plays / looks over
 * 2)  Decides to tweak
 * 3)  Discusses intentions with developers
 * 4)  Implements and tests
 * 5)  Submits for developer evaluation

Postconditions: Benefits: Players, Developers, Modders, Mud Operators
 * Incorporation into baseline product
 * Published as tested mod

title: CisLunarFreighter/UML case diagrams