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Talk:Law of war/Archive 1

False Colours
Impersonating soldiers of the other side has been a violation of the laws of war since before the Napoleonic era; the SS troops were lucky to be shot out of hand, as they had lost all protections of the laws of war. Remember that they used their American uniforms to man a roadblock to surprise and murder American soldiers behind their own lines. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Clarka (talk • contribs) 09:59, 13 November 2002 (UTC)

 * This is not true for two reasons:
 * War ships had for many centuries often flown "False Colours" including the enemy's and, providing that they did not fight under the False Colours, had not commited a war crime.

 * In the second world war both sides used this tactic on Land. Those SS soldiers who fired a gun in American uniforms had broken international law, but those who misdirected traffic had not. They might perhaps have been guilty of spying if captured, but if they returned to their own lines they were not.

 * At the Nuremberg trial (United Nations War Crimes Commission) of the planner and commander of Operation Greif, Otto Skorzeny, went into this in detail and found him not guilty . Otto Skorzeny's defence of pulling of a (white) rabbit out of the hat in the form of Wing Commander  Yeo-Thomas GC of the SOE helped his case. Philip Baird Shearer 13:20, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * "Impersonating soldiers..." does not apply to the use of false flags by warships, which is well documented. Maritime and admiralty law covers this in great detail.

 * The key point in impersonation is that soldiers who are wearing enemy uniform are in significant danger of losing the protections of a POW, regardless of their actions. Any aggressive act (i.e., misdirecting traffic or gathering intelligence) further imperils them, giving the appearance of being a spy, and any use of force dooms them if captured.  Both American and German commandoes and escaping prisoners made use of impersonation, often successfully . . . but others were mistreated and/or executed after capture.

 * As you point out, any soldier or spy who makes it back to friendly lines is not in danger if captured in the future, for the mere act of wearing enemy uniform, unless they committed atrocities.

 * Thank you for your accurate contribution to the Wikipedia historical record. clarka 4 March 2005

 * Shooting POWs after recapture even if not dressed in uniform is a war crime http://www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/great_escape.htm.
 * Anyone who carried out Hitler's Commando Order and was involved in shooting commandos who were captured in uniform committed a War Crime. Afer the war the SAS hunted down some of the Germans who had executed captured SAS men, they were put on trial and found guilty.

In the Otto Skorzeny War crimes trial (http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/WCC/skorzeny.htm) There are a number of legal arguments on the wearing of enemy uniforms during World War II. But the German and US military seem to be in agreement on it:
 * Paragraph 43 of the Field Manual published by the War Department, United States Army, on 1st October, 1940, under the title " Rules of Land Warfare ", says: " National flags, insignias and uniforms as a ruse-in practice it has been authorised to make use of these as a ruse. The foregoing rule (Article 23 of the Annex of the IVth Hague Convention), does not prohibit such use, but does prohibit their improper use. It is certainly forbidden to make use of them during a combat. Before opening fire upon the enemy, they must be discarded ". The American Soldiers' Handbook, which was quoted by Defence Counsel, says: " The use of the enemy flag, insignia and uniform is permitted under some circumstances. They are not to be used during actual fighting, and if used in order to approach the enemy without drawing fire, should be thrown away or removed as soon as fighting begins ".

 * The procedure applicable in this case did not require that the Court make findings other than those of guilty or not guilty. Consequently no safe conclusion can be drawn from the acquittal of all accused, but if the two above-mentioned American publications contain correct statements of international law, as it stands today, they dispose of the whole case for the Prosecution, apart from the two instances of use of American uniforms during actual fighting.

If they re-direct traffic they are not spying which is to "obtain information concerning one belligerent in the zone of belligerent operations with the intention of communicating it to the other belligerent " (Article 29 of the Annex to the Hague Convention, 18th October, 190.7). In one case at the Skorzeny trial there was a man Kocherscheid who said that yes he was spying in an American uniform! But as he was a spy and he returned successfully to his own lines he could not be tried as a spy (Article 31). He said this because he had shot at Americans while in a US uniform. But the commentary says:
 * The accused in this case, however, were not tried as spies but were tried for a violation of the laws and usages of war alleged to have been committed by entering combat in enemy uniforms. Articles 29-31 of the Hague Convention have therefore no application in this case and it would appear that the accused Kocherscheid's acquittal was base on lack of sufficient evidence ...

The court did not find Skorzeny guilty of a crime by ordering his men into action in American uniforms. He had passed on a German legal expert's warning to his men, that if his men were to fight in American unforms they would be breaking the laws of war, but they probably were not doing so just by wearing the uniform. Philip Baird Shearer 13:43, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Subheadings
I think that the article needs modification so that subheadings deal with different aspects of the laws of war and the duty they impose on the different actors involved in war. Not only would the article be easier to read it would allow people to contribute to specific areas. Each subheading ought to have a paragraph on the laws (and where they come from which treaty etc.) and then a paragraph with an example. Here is a first (rough) draft for a list of subheadings:

== International relations ==

UN Charter etc.

eg Falklands war (never declared or called as such by HMG during the war) because of UN charter obligations.

== Belligerent State's maratime obligations ==

Hague: Flying False colours, neutral shipping, boarding and inspecting etc.

How all out submarine warfare of WW I & II has modified the customs of maratime warfare since Hague.

=== Belligerent States' obligations ===

Hague, GC, custom (and other treaties)

eg none use of weapons of mass destruction, how to negotiate a surrender, POWs (GCIII), to dress their soldiers in a recognisable uniforms, not to use dum-dum bullets, land mines. etc.

== Belligerent State's obligations to private property and none belligerents ==

Hague, GC, customs etc. eg Civilians (GCIV)

==The individual's responsibilities for war crimes under international law ==

"only obeying orders", Nuremberg, Yugoslavian war crime tribunal in the Netherlands, the International Court, etc.

Enought for now Philip Baird Shearer 10:18, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I apologize for not getting back to this so far. Your approach seems reasonable but there is a lot that needs clarification in general. Will try to make some useful comments soon. -- Cecropia | Talk 04:34, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Are POWS are protected persons?
On capture POWs have ceased to be individuals engaged in warfare under GCIII 3.1 they become "Persons taking no active part in the hostilities".

GC III: Article 11 (bold in text here for illustration)

''In cases where they deem it advisable in the interest of protected persons, particularly in cases of disagreement between the Parties to the conflict as to the application or interpretation of the provisions of the present Convention, the Protecting Powers shall lend their good offices with a view to settling the disagreement.

''For this purpose, each of the Protecting Powers may, either at the invitation of one Party or on its own initiative, propose to the Parties to the conflict a meeting of their representatives, and in particular of the authorities responsible for prisoners of war, possibly on neutral territory suitably chosen.

For example the WWII POWs in chains argument between Germany and Britain mediated by the Swiss. So I think that POWs are protected persons in regards to GCIII and civilians are protected persons in GCIV. Therefore I intend to restore to the previous version before the
 * '' Cecropia (Talk) (POWs are belligerants. They are protected by the laws of war, but they are not "protected persons," which is a special definition.)

Edit Philip Baird Shearer 19:06, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Philip, this is a semantic issue. A person protected by the various laws of war is not the same as a "Protected Person," though the common sense meaning would suggest they are. A "Protected Person" means specifically a nonbelligerent who, so long as he maintains his nonbelligerency, is "protected" from capture by a belligerent force, except for criminal actions.

 * All persons in a war zone are, at the outset, either belligerents or protected persons. You don't get to switch between categories, except in very specific circumstances. For example, a protected person who formally enlists in an armed force while not in the heat of battle can then become a belligerent. A soldier after discharge could become a protected person.

 * I suppose the distinction should be better defined. I will make some changes to the main text to clarify the point. -- Cecropia | Talk 19:41, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It is NOT true that all persons in a war zone are belligerents or protected persons. Protected persons are a very specific class--that is: Civilians who “at a given moment and in any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not nationals” find themselves in the hands of a Party or Occupying of which they are not a national and with which their country does not share." GC IV. In other words, they are citizens of a neutral country but is under control of a belligerent country. The exception to this rule (again narrowing the scope of the "Protected Person" class, is that if the civilian's country of origin has normal diplomatic relations with the belligerent country, that civilian is not a protected person.

 * In response to Philip's question, POWs cannot be protected persons, because POWs are, by definition, belligerents. TheRoyalMe (talk) 22:13, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

I agree with what you are saying, because as you say the words of the article are ambiguous. All (most?) the GCs refer to "protected persons" which means that the people in a treaty (GCIII GCIV etc.) which that treaty protects from arbitrary treatment, are "protected persons". So protected persons vary from treaty to treaty. You need to define what you mean by protected person (which seems to be the definition in GCIV).

But I do not think that that is a good idea. There are several different categories of states and people involved in a war, but as "protected persons" depends on the treaty, it is not a category. The Belligerent "Parties" (States etc), belligerent personnel (Soldiers etc) and civilians of the parties are categories (or actors). There are also neutrals,[States and International Organisations and their personnel, which include: neutral civilians ,diplomats, UN and ICRC workers;] and our old favourite "unlawful combatants" including mercenaries to name a few more. I think that most of the information is already in the article, but the article needs reformatting to make this clear. I think subheadings would help with this. Philip Baird Shearer

Here's a missing citation to the article: the article says (in oct 2014) "Combatants also must be commanded by a responsible officer. That is, a commander can be held liable in a court of law for the improper actions of his or her subordinates. There is an exception to this if the war came on so suddenly that there was no time to organize a resistance, e.g. as a result of a foreign occupation."citation needed"

I am not an experienced wikipedia editor so someone how dares may replace that "citation needed" - with link e.g. original Geneva convention text, "Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" https://www.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/375 and maybe even more specifically article 4 at https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=2F681B08868538C2C12563CD0051AA8D

which has the direct answer phrase to "citation needed":

(6) Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war.

Thank you

Improve this article: What are the laws of war?
This article is fairly well-written and informative regarding the background and history of the Laws of War, but I seem to notice one very glaring omission: nowhere in the article is there an actual list of the Laws of War. Now, I am not an expert on the subject, and it may be that the Laws of War are too complex and numerous to detail in an encyclopedia article. However, if this is the case, it should be stated in the article, perhaps with a reference to more complete information. Alternatively, the article could explain in some general fashion what the Laws of War state. As it stands now, the article refers frequently to provisions of the Laws of War while assuming the reader already knows what those Laws are. User:<IP_ADDRESS>

 * Unfortunately, there is no single authoritative list. It depends on who you ask.  So it's really more "customs" or "suggestions" than laws, although various parties a conflict will follow their own version (depending on which treaties they're party to, their own laws, etc.)  The texts of the Hague and Geneva conventions are good starting points though.   Also see this collection of texts.  Most people agree on (1) combatants wearing uniforms (2) only attacking legitimate military targets (which also includes acceptance of surrenders and humane treatment of captured enemies) (3) not engaging in perfidy (various things such as e.g. attacking under a flag of truce) (4) avoiding certain particularly nasty weapons.  Since the laws of war are based on reciprocity, in practice what is actually followed is often the lowest common denominator of what each side is willing to follow.  Disturbing but true.  ObsidianOrder 06:23, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

That is only part of it. For example the method of delevery of a bomb or shell has an effect, Land Sea and Air all have different treaty provisions. There is also a custom now in international law to include generaly accepted treaty provisions in general law even if a state has not signed the specific treaty. This is a consequence of a [Nuremberg Trials] ruling. Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
 * In the opinion of the Tribunal it is not necessary to decide this question. The rules of land warfare expressed in the [Hague] Convention undoubtedly represented an advance over existing international law at the time of their adoption. But the Convention expressly stated that it was an attempt " to revise the general laws and customs of war," which it thus recognised to be then existing, but by 1939 these rules laid down in the Convention were recognised by all civilised nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war which are referred to in Article 6 (b) of the Charter.

Although the U.S. has not ratified the Geneva Conventions Protocol I, the say that those provisions which are not contriversial are already covered by the customs of war (see the Nuremberg ruling above) so they abide by them.

 * Total absence of treaty law [in Air warfare]
 * The absence of positive law, in this case treaty law, certainly does not mean complete freedom in the use of means and methods, tactics and technology. Natural law on the one hand, customary law on the other, and the rules concerning air-to-ground attacks contained in 1977 Protocol I additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions impose restrictions in this regard.

 * It is worth recalling that during the [First] Gulf war, although such key nations as the United States, Iraq, Iran, Israel, the United Kingdom and France had not ratified the 1977 Protocols, the degree of compliance with the law of war throughout the operations could be described as acceptable.

BTW the UK has since signed Protocol I but they did so with provisions of which one stands out:
 * That the new rules introduced by the Protocol are not intended to have any effect on and do not regulate or prohibit the use of nuclear weapons;

But it is an interesting document because many states put in similar codicils when signing treaties so the treaty may not show a what a party's obligations are unless they are read with the codicil.

There is also the principle of what is illigal in one area of warfare may be considered illigal in another. See International Review of the Red Cross no 323, p.347-363 The Law of Air Warfare (1998) and the sections on which rules apply or do not apply to air warfare:
 * Subordination of the law of air warfare to the law of ground warfare
 * Equivalence of the law governing air warfare to the law of war at sea
 * Equivalence of the law governing air warfare to the law of war on land and at sea
 * Conditional application of the law of war on land and the law of war at sea to air warfare

Unlike codified law, used in much of the world, the laws of armed conflict are much like the mix of common law and legislative law used in The USA, Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations. Unlike the English Speaking world were there are hundreds of trials which keeps common law detailed and up to date, (and it takes a large law library to list all the cases which make up common law); a list of Laws of War would need a similar library; and as there are relatively few War crime trials which are particularly controversial and where the law is not clear, it would be difficult to create an NPOV list. Philip Baird Shearer 10:07, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Flawed Explanation???
Excerpted from discussion of protection of torture protections

<<Citizens and soldiers of nations which have not signed the Fourth Geneva Convention are also not protected by it (Article 4: "Nationals of a State which is not bound by the Convention are not protected by it".), whether they are spies or terrorists. Also, citizens and soldiers of nations which have not signed and do not abide by the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions are not protected by them. (Article 2, of both Conventions: "[The High Contracting Parties] shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to [a Power which is not a contracting party], if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof". note: emphasis added)>>

Perhaps further explanation is needed, but I find the current explanation illogical and misleading. It seems that article 2 actually says that a non-signing party can choose to bind itself through compliance, and that is sufficient to guarantee protection under the article. What article 2 logically states, then, is that if a nation complies, it is definitely protected, and that the only way that a nation can fail to be protected is to fail to bind itself. Article 2 does not give any sufficient grounds for failing to extend torture protections to any person.

Article 4 grants that those unbound are unprotected. The nature of the discussion of torture protections seems to be that it seeks to eliminate protections. A more insightful explanation would, I think, explain that those unbound are not protected, but that even non-signing parties may, through compliance, bind themselves and therefore gain protection.

For example:

Nations that have not signed the Conventions may nevertheless be protected by the Conventions, when those nations comply with the provisions of the Conventions. (Article 2...) However, article 4 (...) makes it clear that a nation that fails to bind itself to the Conventions cannot expect its citizens and soldiers to be protected by the Conventions.

Obviously, even that needs further discussion, as these are but 2 articles.

 * I agree with your comments. There is a much better presentation about who is and who is not protected by GCIII and GCIV on the unlawful combatant page. Basically every combatant is protected by GCIII unless the Belligerent Power (state) they are fighting for ignores the provisions. Even then a contracting power often abides by the convention for their own prisoners (eg the Allies and the Japanese prisoners they held in World War II). Even when 2 countries have signed the conventions there is a danger that they may retaliate against the perceived actions of the enemy's treatment of their POWs as happened in World War II and the British/German manacle incident. However if they are unlawful combatants, then they may or may not have the protection of GCIV. In a traditional war they mostly do, because most of them will be citizens of a Belligerent Party to the war. In the case of the USA "War on Terror", most are not because they are citizens of neutral countries which have diplomatic relations with the US, or they are citizens of co-belligerent in the US's War on Terror. --Philip Baird Shearer 21:06, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Philosophical Topic Vs. Legal Topic
Why does jus in bello lead here? This seems, to me, to have little to nothing to do with a discussion or explanation of what the principles of "justified conduct in war" are from a philosophical perspective. It lacks even a discussion of the conditions that conduct in war must meet to be "justifable", which is the basis of jus in bello.

- Not a Wikipedia Member and sorry if I broke a convention of talk page. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 05:43, 13 November 2006  (UTC)

 * You have not broken any convention other than not signing you posting, which is done by putting ~ at the end of a posting on a talk page. Wikipedia will automagically convert into an IP address or user name and time stamp (like mine at the end of this paragraph). You are free to add the information to this article page or edit the "jus in bello" link and convert it into a proper page with the information you think is appropriate. --Philip Baird Shearer 12:32, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Geopolitics or international political and sociological
I am not sure that the change from the term "geopolitics" helps understands the idea. I am not aware of use of the concept of "international sociological conditions". If you follow the link "sociological" there is no clarification. However if the link from "geopolitics" is followed the reader learns immediately the contingent nature of the laws of war on. Joel Mc 15:17, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Joining a war
Well Ideally, your preference on a side of a war would be based on principle not anything else, especially in the US since you have freedom of opinion. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by FranzSS (talk • contribs) 21:38, 1 April 2007 (UTC).

dead enemy's weapon
The following was added to the text:
 * It is also illegal to take a dead enemies weapon and or ammunition after they have been killed. But if they have been captured permission is granted to use their weapons.

What is the source for this? --Philip Baird Shearer 13:38, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Merge from Law of land warfare
Merge from Law of land warfare into this article because since it was create in February 2004 it has not grown from much more than a stub. A section can be created in this article called "Law of land warfare" which that article redirects to. If this is done and the duplicate information is removed the information remaining in such a section would not be much more than a short paragraph, to which we can add a mention of those treaties which have a positive legal effect on the conduct of land warfare. If at a future date the new section "Law of land warfare" becomes large enough we can always move the information back out of this article section to that one and only leave a summary here. But At the moment I do not think there is enough text to justify two articles. --Philip Baird Shearer (talk) 12:46, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Suggested Addition: Laws of war applying to non-state actors
IANAL but my understanding is that the laws of war applying to non-state actors (eg a force resisting a foreign occupation, or rebel force fighting their own government), not being signatories of any international treaty (as well as the treaties themselves being designed with state actors in mind) are subject to much more limited rules than the GC. There is also a carve-out in the UN Charter exempting those resisting foreign/colonial occupation. Perhaps somebody could expand this entry in that direction a little? Dan (talk) 02:01, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

(practice vs theory)
Who is the naive, optimistic idiot that wrote this article? I'm sure when the author looks at the sky it appears pink. How about a couple words on practice vs theory? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:51, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Joining a war
In theory, is it legal to join either side of a war? ie If one would join either Israel or Hezbollah in the current fight, and then kill someone on the other "team", would that be legal? I know that if you're an American you can't join Hezbollah in this war, because the US would see you as a terrorist afterwards (IF you survive), but curious about the theory. Thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lunarmys (talk • contribs) 19:56, 3 August 2006
 * In a word "No" it is not legal to "join" either side. Article 4 of the Geneva convention defines lawful combatants as uniformed combatants ie. members of a bona fide military organization of either side or in some cases, bona fide government defense contractors working on legitimate government sponsored contracts of either side.  Anyone taking up arms against either side, who is not either a legitimate uniformed combatant or government contractor is an "unlawful combatant" or "Illegal Belligerent" - neither of which are protected under the Geneva convention. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:20, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Removed Self referencing Links from the Intro
I removed links Jus In Bello and Jus ad bellum. They linked back to this article.

On a side note, I'm not sure whether to bold the two terms. Somebody could bold them if appropriate. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:36, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Traditions vs laws
I guess its a reflection of the lawyeristic concerns of our modern society, but throughout the history of war there have been unwritten moral codes of conduct between those fighting, the customs of war, and which all sides understood, the code of chivalry for example, these traditions are the basis on which these laws are based and are not really covered here. Its when these unwritten understandings have been broken that there was outrage in the classical and medieval worlds, e.g. the Spartan enslavement of the Messenians, the continued attack by the Romans against men who had grounded their spears, the slaughter of the POWS at Agincourt etc.KTo288 (talk) 08:34, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Not really the Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) by and large put into a convention the laws of war as they were at the end of the 19th century. The Nuremberg War Trial judgment on The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity held that "The rules of land warfare expressed in the [Hague Convention of 1907] undoubtedly represented an advance over existing international law at the time of their adoption. But the Convention expressly stated that it was an attempt 'to revise the general laws and customs of war,' which it thus recognised to be then existing, but by 1939 these rules laid down in the Convention were recognised by all civilised nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war...",(Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity).

 * The major area of disagreement of the land warfare was the Martens Clause. One can wander off into areas such as Just War, (which originally came about because Emperor Constantine needed to be able to justify his wars).

 * As to earlier laws to a large degree the laws/customs of the early modern period had more to do with expediency (e.g. the customs around the surrendering of fortified places, with no quarter if the forlorn hope went in) or expedient reciprocity, see for example Declaration of Lex Talionis and Ordinance of no quarter to the Irish, (Think of mutual assured destruction for a modern equivalent) rather than moral codes. --PBS (talk) 19:41, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Remedies for Violations
This section needs some clarification and cleanup. It seems to be tied very closely with the GCs. Perhaps less content and more links to the appropriate articles for the GCs? An alternative is subheadings, perhaps by each type of individual or by status as a signatory? Kurtm1 (talk) 21:15, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Common law
The box i've added delineates the material that Roadrunner (the following commenter) removed to this talk page, from their stated reason for doing so.--Jerzy•t 03:59, 20 December 2009 (UTC) Lawmaking treaties may be compared with legislative enactments in the national law of the United States and the customary law of war with the unwritten Anglo-American common law There actually are enough differences that this comparison may not be apt. In particular common law uses a system of stare decesis and binding precedent that does not work by consensus. Roadrunner (talk) 19:53, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Remove
The box i've added delineates the material that Roadrunner (the following commenter) removed to this talk page, from their stated reason for doing so.--Jerzy•t 04:06, 20 December 2009 (UTC) These laws are theoretically applicable only to nations which approve and consent to bind to them, usually in the form of international organizations or diplomacy, but in practice all nations are expected to follow the laws of war. Geopolitical conditions of a particular era often dictate which laws are enforced, and by whom. Some basic laws of war are binding on all nations. Roadrunner (talk) 19:47, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Only wars sanctioned by the United Nations
I removed:
 * Some States and commentators have recently argued that only wars sanctioned by the United Nations comply with international law.

a) This is just not true all states reserve and have the right to self-defence (Article 51 of the UN Charter). Philip Baird Shearer 15:35, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

b) There are two sides to a war. One side may comply with international law whist the other does not. So wars do not comply with international law belligerent in a war may or may not comply with international law.

c) Not all wars are of an international nature in which case under Article 2.7.: "Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter" Philip Baird Shearer 15:35, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, I think the argument I entered is totally bogus, morally, legally, and practically. But there is no disputing that some states (e.g., Norway) and some commentators (e.g., Jimmy Carter) claimed that the invasion of Iraq violated international law because it wasn't sanctioned by the UN.  --Leifern 16:15, 2005 Mar 22 (UTC)

This is a specific war and a specific case, which comentators are saying that it is a general rule that "only wars sanctioned by the United Nations comply with international law"? Philip Baird Shearer 16:21, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

If someone says "the war against X is illegal because and only because it wasn't sanctioned by the United Nations," I think it's safe to infer that "only wars sanctioned by the United Nations are legal." As I said, I totally disagree with the argument, but it is a fact that the argument was made, even if the argument was wrong. To give another example: If I said "it never rains in Southern California," then one can trutfully write that "Leifern said that it never rains in Southern California" and also write that "Leifern is wrong in this assertion - it does indeed rain in Southern California sometimes." --Leifern 16:32, 2005 Mar 22 (UTC)

 * I think your logic is faulty. All murders are killings, but not all killings are murder. If someone says "Mr X murderd Mr Y because the a jury in the state of southern California found him guilty of murder". It can not be inferred from that that all killings in California are murder. In this case I have given several examples which clearly refute the statement that "only wars sanctioned by the United Nations comply with international law". I await with interest for you to give a source of an authoritative commentator or national spokesperson who has made a statement from which this can be inferred. Philip Baird Shearer 17:14, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Do a google search on "illegal war united nations" and you will find that Kofi Annan and several others have claimed that the war was illegal because it didn't have SC sanction. At the time, Jimmy Carter made the same point in a New York Times op-ed.  That should do it.  Other than that, you're invoking the wrong logical fallacy.  If any war is declared illegal because and only because it lacked UN approval, then it must follow that any war that lacks such approval is illegal.  It's actually very basic logic.  Whether people want to live with it is another matter.  --Leifern 18:24, 2005 Mar 22 (UTC)

There has been a debate in Britain over the last month if HMG had clear legal advice over the British involvement in the Iraq invasion. But no one in Britain says that because the British invasion of Iraq may have needed another UN resolution to be legal, that it follows that Britian's participation in the Falklands War was also illegal, because it was conducted under Article 51 of the UN Charter and did not need a UN resolution to be legal. Neither is anyone is saying that because the liberation of Q8 could be justified under Article 51, that the invasion of Iraq 10 years later is justified. The invasion of Iraq can not be expanded into a general rule "that a belligerent has to have a UN resolution to legalise a belligerent's participation in a war". It depends on the circumstances of the war as to what makes a belligerent's participation legal under its international treaty obligations. Philip Baird Shearer 01:01, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * There are many who think Britian's participation in the Falklands War was illegal! Of course, so was the Argentine occupation of the disputed islands. Let's be clear about "self-defense" in Article 51. The UN charter spells out that retaliation to a DIRECT attack can only be done as a last resort; if there no other options available and the security council can't be summoned. Even in those few cases where retaliation is done in self-defense the retaliation can only go so far. For example, if there are Israeli jets bombing Chicago then the U.S. can shoot down those jets but not attack Israel. This self-defense is only to buy time until a security council meeting can be arranged. Also the right to resort to unilateral military action on humanitarian ground has also been challenged. Remember how Hitler tried to save the poor East Prussians from the Polish scum?

 * I In the Falklands all the options hadn't been exhausted. Additionally, in the "first" Gulf War there was no SC resolution specifically calling for war. In fact Saddam had offered to pull out and go to peace talks. His invasion, and G.H.W. Bush's invasion, were both illegal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:58, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I think you are mistaken when you write "The UN charter spells out that retaliation to a DIRECT attack can only be done as a last resort; if there no other options available and the security council can't be summoned." rather Article 51 specifies that self defence is a first response no a last resort: "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security". Notice also that collective defence can be invoked which means that the territory of a state does not have to be attacked for that state to come to the defence of another state (which means that they are fighting in a legal war in which they were not directly attacked). "taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security" is diplomatic speak for the aggressor agrees to stop its aggression. ("Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force ..." by Myra Williamson pp. 111-113). -- I don't agree with all of Williamson's point of view but on this we agree. -- PBS (talk) 08:02, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Role of the United States
"While many point correctly to the Lieber Code, which was promulgated by the Union during the American Civil War, as critical in the development of the laws of land warfare,[15] one researcher who analyzed the evolution of these laws[16] concludes that "following the publication of Lieber’s code as General Orders 100 in 1863, the United States did not effectively contribute anything to The Hague Laws relating to land warfare as they evolved during this period."[17] This was probably because the United States considered itself a sea power (with corresponding significant participation and contributions to the law of the sea) and did not plan on getting entangled in continental (European) land wars."

How the hell does this make any sense?

Let me make my full analysis: "While many point correctly to the Lieber Code, which was promulgated by the Union during the American Civil War, as critical in the development of the laws of land warfare"

What is Lieber code? "The Lieber Code of April 24, 1863, also known as Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, General Order № 100,[1] or Lieber Instructions, was an instruction signed by President Abraham Lincoln to the Union Forces of the United States during the American Civil War that dictated how soldiers should conduct themselves in war time."

"The document insisted upon the humane, ethical treatment of populations in occupied areas. It was the first expressly codified law that expressly forbade giving "no quarter" to the enemy (i.e., killing prisoners of war), except in such cases when the survival of the unit that held these prisoners was threatened. It forbade the use of poisons, stating that use of such puts any force who uses them entirely outside the pale of the civilized nations and peoples; it forbade the use of torture to extract confessions; it described the rights and duties of prisoners of war and of capturing forces. It described the state of war, the state of occupied territories, the ends of war, and discusses permissible and impermissible means to attain those ends; it discussed the nature of states and sovereignties, and insurrections, rebellions, and wars. As such, it is widely considered to be the first written recital of the customary law of war, in force between the civilized nations and peoples since time immemorial, and the precursor to the Hague Regulations of 1907, the treaty-based restatement of the customary law of war."

"Both the Lieber Code and the Hague Regulations of 1907, which took much of the Lieber Code and wrote it into the international treaty law, did comprehend practices that would be considered illegal or extremely questionable in this day and age. In the event of the violation of the laws of war by an enemy, the Code permitted reprisal (by musketry) against the enemy's recently captured POWs; it permitted the summary battlefield punishment (by musketry) of spies, saboteurs, francs-tireurs, and guerrilla forces, if caught in the act of carrying out their missions.

However, the code envisioned a reciprocal relationship between the population and the Army. As long as the population did not resist military authority, it was to be treated well. Should the inhabitants violate this compact by taking up arms and supporting guerrilla movements, then they were open to sterner measures. Among these were the imposition of fines, the confiscation and/or destruction of property, the imprisonment and/or expulsion of civilians who aided guerrillas, the relocation of populations, the taking of hostages, and the possible execution of guerrillas who failed to abide by the laws of war.[2] It authorized the shooting on sight of all persons not in uniform acting as soldiers and those committing, or seeking to commit, sabotage.[3]

(These allowable practices were later abolished by the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions of 1949, following the Second World War, which saw these practices in the hands of totalitarian states used as the rule rather than the exception to such.)"

In other words, the code has ABSOLUTELY NOTHING TO DO WITH THE SEA. AT ALL. I don't know why this random ass comment should even be on wikipedia. Here's my researched opinion. That guys researched opinion makes no sense, and the word "probably" usually means speculation. Whoever finished that up was bias. I'm removing speculation and that pisspoor quote. The logical foundation for why that quote makes sense, doesn't make sense itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:08, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Article cleanup
In response to the cleanup tag, I've made a number of edits to this article, mainly regarding organization. I've done some minor sentence-level editing, but each section can really use a readability run-through. I've also deleted a few of the most tangential discussions. If you think I've deleted some of your work, please do a quick run-though or word search to make sure I didn't just move it somewhere else. Kurtm1 (talk) 21:15, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Maybe some one can fix the margin breaking link in the foot notes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:06, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

Remedies for Violations
Quote: "This opens the door not only to hold private security contractors liable, but also other kinds of corporations which employ violent mercenary or terrorist groups as private security forces."

This seems to create an equivalence between legitimate contractors and unlawful combatants, and is written to suggest that the latter are a sympathetic cause. I'll try to think of a rewording, but I welcome any other efforts and comments.Mzmadmike (talk) 08:38, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

Title of article
The article title is "laws of war" but the first sentence and much of the article refer to the "law of war." This is the more common term (Google search shows the singular is six times as common as the plural; it is the form used by the International Committee of the Red Cross - see here), by the U.S. judges advocates (see here (PDF)) and by Kenneth Roth writing in Foreign Affairs (see here. Where the plural is used it seems to refer not to the general area of law, but to specific texts or sources. Does anyone have thoughts on a title change? Neutralitytalk 23:27, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

Use/mention error
As in many, many, many, many, many articles in Wikipedia, this one has a mistake in its first sentence.

Wikipedia is not a dictionary, but an encyclopedia. This article is about law of war, not about the term 'Law of war'. The first sentence should be rewritten.

P.S.

Wikipedia should get some sort of bot that goes through the entire encyclopedia and marks for review every article introduction that contains the often stupidly used expression 'refers to'.

--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:32, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

Purpose of laws of war has no citations
This article is pretty important, its talking about a huge subject in international affairs. Why is this section so unsupported? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:1313:6046:7C12:EFAC:FE4:EA33 (talk) 23:55, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Law of war. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090406030617/http://www.adh-geneva.ch/RULAC/ to http://www.adh-geneva.ch/RULAC

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:15, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

OR
At the moment the article contains this:

This looks to me like typical Wikipedia OR.
 * 1) The first sentence says "is the precursor of the International Humanitarian Law", yet is is very easy to prove that this is a nonsense eg:
 * 2) *Act XV of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is called Declaration of the Powers, on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, of the 8th February 1815 pre-dates 25 of November 1820 by more than five years.
 * 3) The last sentence says "articulates rules for any future wars" yet the source given does not support that because it is just a link to the source of the treaty.

-- PBS (talk) 16:02, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Agree on OR reasoning -- Delete. --A D Monroe III (talk) 17:25, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Law of war/Archive 1


text:
Any Wednesday (play)

Any Wednesday is a 1964 American stage play by Muriel Resnik. It ran for 983 performances from 1964 to 1966, making it one of the most successful comedies on Broadway in the 1960s, and was turned into a feature film of the same name in 1966.

The play was a great personal triumph for its star, Sandy Dennis, who won a Tony Award for her performance. (William Goldman called it "one of the personal triumphs of the decade." )

It was also an early success in the career of Gene Hackman.

The show had a tortured history. The script began as a short piece for the Actors Studio to use for practice purposes before being expanded. It went through four different directors and star Michael Rennie left the cast, being replaced at short notice by Don Porter.

Amanda Barrie played the lead role in the London production which was less successful.

Opening Night Cast

 * Sandy Dennis as Ellen Gordon
 * Don Porter as John Cleves
 * Gene Hackman as Cass Henderson
 * Rosemary Murphy as Dorothy Cleves

Reception
Variety said "Long-shot winners are always exciting, and last week’s surprise kick opening of 'Any Wednesday' was no exception. The advance dope was that the Muriel Resnik comedy was a foregone clinker. It turned out to be a sleeper however, with an added kick in the emergence of a new star in a previously littleknown actress, Sandy Dennis... 'Any Wednesday' is a plausible, adroitly wacky and not only consistently funny but also infectiously warm and enjoyable romantic comedy."

William Goldman later analysed the play's success in his book The Season: "Any Wednesday has a premise that might prove touching: a mistress turning thirty... A mistress on such a day might logically have cause for reflection and just as logically not like the picture she sees. And if she becomes unhappy, which she assuredly must, so will we. But 'Any Wednesday' is Popular Theatre. Love will find a way, and so they didn’t cast someone turning thirty; they cast Sandy Dennis, who was probably around twenty-seven, but who looked twenty-two and acted eighteen. She said she was turning thirty, but we never had to face the reality of believing her, so the pain of the play was, happily, not there for us."

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Any Wednesday (play)


text:
Talk:Disulfiram-like drug

Definitions
To my understanding, term "disulfiram-like drug" refers to drugs causing adverse reaction with alcohol due to accumulation of acetaldehyde, and not drugs causing adverse reactions by other mechanisms. This definition would exclude at least nitrovasodilators and propranolol from the list.

Also, none of the sources support the idea of nitrofurans causing adverse interactions with alcohol. On the contrary, literature seems to indicate there is no interaction (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7038249/). Xanara (talk) 14:36, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disulfiram-like drug


text:
Ashty, Republic of Dagestan

Ashty (Ашты; Dargwa: ГIяштти) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Ashtynsky Selsoviet, Dakhadayevsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 393 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Ashty is located 50 km southwest of Urkarakh (the district's administrative centre) by road. Khuduts and Kunki are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities
Dargins live there.

title: Ashty, Republic of Dagestan


text:
Serbia at the 2013 World Games

Serbia competed at the 2013 World Games held in Cali, Colombia.

Air sports
Milica Marinković won the bronze medal in the women's paragliding accuracy event.

title: Serbia at the 2013 World Games


text:
Billy McKinlay (footballer)

William Hodge McKinlay (23 August 1904 — 1976) was a Scottish professional footballer who made 356 competitive appearances for Nottingham Forest. He also played for Bathgate, Alloa Athletic and Albion Rovers in the Scottish Football League.

His nephew Bob McKinlay also played for Nottingham Forest, and holds the club's all-time appearance record.

title: Billy McKinlay (footballer)


text:
Hollies (disambiguation)

The Hollies are an English rock group.

Hollies may also refer to:

Works by The Hollies

 * Hollies (1965 album), an album by The Hollies
 * Hollies (1974 album), an album by The Hollies
 * The Hollies (EP), a 1964 EP by The Hollies
 * The Hollies: 20 Golden Greats, a 1978 compilation album

People with the surname

 * Eric Hollies (1912–1981), English cricketer

title: Hollies (disambiguation)


text:
Oncomeris

Oncomeris is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Tessaratomidae.

Species

 * Oncomeris bernsteini Vollenhoven 1872
 * Oncomeris flavicornis (Guérin-Méneville, 1831
 * Oncomeris ostraciopterus (Montrouzier, 1855)
 * Oncomeris robustus (Lep. & Serv.)

Distribution
These bugs are present in Australia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, New Guinea and Sulawesi.

title: Oncomeris


text:
Borovoy, Altai Krai

Borovoy (Боровой) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Malougryonovsky Selsoviet, Biysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 551 as of 2013. There are 9 streets.

Geography
Borovoy is located 13 km northeast of Biysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Malourgenyovo is the nearest rural locality.

title: Borovoy, Altai Krai


text:
Peace studies/Templates

=Organisation of Departments and Learning Projects in the Division of Peace Studies= This is a brief discussion of the organization of the Division of Peace Studies.

Departments
Learning projects are grouped into departments. Learning projects are organised within departments according to subject and difficulty level.

If there is not a current department suitable for the learning project you wish to create, please create a new department.

Learning projects
Learning Projects are Wikiversity's version of university courses. The are more akin to a course unit or a single university lecture than to a complete university course.

In depth discussions on the philosophy behind wikiversity Learning Projects are available in the Learning Projects Portal, the Learning Projects Wikiversity page, and on the Wikiversity Naming Conventions page.

More than one Wikiversity department can offer the same learning project; those departments should cooperate to develop the learning projects that they have in common.

Learning Projects should be created using the 'Topic:' namespace.

Creating or contributing to a Learning Project
Creating and contributing to Learning Projects is a key part of the Wikiversity learning process. Please contribute anything that you are able to.

Aims and Objectives
As soon as a project is created, the aims and objectives and expected learning outcomes of the project should be clearly stated. This is to ensure that learning materials contributed to the learning project are relevant. It also allows students partaking in the learning project to be aware of the expected learning outcomes.

Introduction to the Topic
As a priority, a brief introduction to the topic of the Learning Project should be given. The length of this introduction will vary according to the topic, but should always be less than 2,000 words.

Learning Materials
Learning Materials for a learning project are to be organised under relevant subheadings. Learning Materials include 'Main Namespace' links, links to internet sources, suggested books to read, and assignments.

Reading Lists
Readings in reading lists should be organised according to topic. A brief summary of the reading should be given.

Initially, learning projects may just contain links to relevant readings on the internet. As more people learn from and contribute to the learning project, reading material will be created within the learning project using 'Main Namespace' links.

Assignments
Learning projects should involve assignments. Initially, the assignments should be based around contributing more to the learning project. Once the learning project has sufficiently expanded and matured, other assignments may be set.

Assignments may or may not involve writing, depending on the Learning Project and the expected learning outcomes of the project.

title: Peace studies/Templates


text:
nyttja

Etymology
Related to,. From, from

Verb

 * 1) to use, to make use of for benefit
 * 2) to use ((legal) drugs)
 * 1) to use ((legal) drugs)

title: nyttja


text:
User:Shivdattk/sandbox

Shiv Datt Kumar (born 1965) is an Indian Mathematician and Professor at Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology  Allahabad Prayagraj, India. He is also a very good academic administrator. His main research area is Commutative Algebra. He is an versatile Mathematician. He has worked in several other areas like number theory, Hopf Algebra, Fuzzy Theory, Algebraic Differential equations etc. He is an excellent teacher and has got best Teacher Award 2004 and best Professor of Mathematics Dewang Mehta National Educations Award in 1917. He got VDGOOD International Scientists Awards in the category of Engineering, Sciences & Medicine in 2020.

He was born on 10 August 1965 in village- Reewan, District- Hamirpur (UP). His father Late Shiv Mohan Tripathi was a farmer, and Mother Savitri Tripathi, a homemaker. After completing his schooling from  Junior High School Reewan, Hamirpur(UP), Govt Inter College Hamirpur (UP) he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1986 and his Master’s degree (MA) in 1988 from the from the  University of Allahabad, Prayagaraj. He did his doctoral work in Commutative Algebra in Harish-Chandra Research Institute Allahabad.

Shiv Datt Kumar has made a number of major original contributions to the subject of Commutative Algebra, including his landmark papers (i) on Involutivity of the Characteristic Variety (ii) Rees algebra over an ideal in t-rings, with his student Jyoti Singh. His other remarkable are work with Mamta Balodi and Hua-Lin Huang (i)  On the classification of finite quasi-quantum groups  (ii) Finite Majid algebras over the Klein’s group.

References:

 * 1) ( Ajim ANSARI, Brajesh SHARMA, Shiv Datt Kumar, Srinivas BEHARA), Graded Prime Ideals Attached to a Group Graded Module, Iranian Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Informatics, 2021 (accepted).
 * 2) (Srinivasarao Thota, Shiv Datt Kumar), A new reduction algorithm for differential-algebraic systems with power series coefficients, Information Sciences Letters, 2021, Vol 10(1), 59-66.
 * 3) (Srinivasarao Thota, Shiv Datt Kumar), Symbolic Algorithm to Solve Initial Value Problems for Partial Differential Equations, Bulletin of Computational Applied Mathematics, Vol 8, Issue 1, 2020,
 * 4) ( Ajim Uddin Ansari, B. K. Sharma, Shiv Datt Kumar), Different Types of G-Prime Ideals Associated to a Graded Module and Graded Primary Decomposition in a graded Prufer Domain, International Electronic Journal of Algebra, (Scopus Indexed), Vol 28, Issue 28, Pages 141 - 155, 2020, https://doi.org/10.24330/ieja.768206
 * 5) (Abhishek Juyal, Shiv Datt Kumar), On the family of elliptic curves y2 = x3 − m2x + p2, Proceedings- Mathematical Sciences, (Indian Academy of Sciences) (Springer Publication-SCI Journal), Vol 128 (5), 2018, page 54-,ISSN: 0253-4142. E-ISSN: 0973-7685. doi.org/10.1007/s12044 − 018 − 0433−0
 * 6) (Kalyan Chakraborty; Abhishek Juyal; Shiv Datt Kumar; Bibekananda Maji), An asymptotic expansion of a Lambert series associated to cusp forms. Int. J. Number Theory SCI Journal, Vol 14 (2018), no. 1, 289-299, MR3726254
 * 7) (Mamta Balodi, Hua-Lin Huang, Shiv Datt Kumar), On the classification of finite quasi-quantum groups Re- views in Mathematical Physics, SCI Indexed, World Scientific Publication, Vol 29, No.10, 2017, pages 11730003-22, PISSN:0129-055X E-ISSN:1793-6659, DOI: 10.1142/S0129055X17300035, MR3720509
 * 8) (Sumit Kumar Upadhyay, Shiv Datt Kumar, Raja Sridharan) “Projective modules and efficient generation of ideals over Laurent polynomial rings”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, Vol 87(3), 349-453, 2017 (Springer Publication) SCI Journal, In press. ISSN: 0369-8203, E-ISSN: 2250-1762. Impact factor 0.390, DOI : 10.1007/s40010 − 017 − 0381 − 6, MR3680003
 * 9) (Jyoti Singh, Shiv Datt Kumar) “Mathematical Counterpart of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle” for publication in the Reports on Mathematical Physics, (Elsevier Publication, Scopus Journal, Vol 80 (2), 2017, 161-176, ISSN: 0034-4877, DOI : 10.1016/S0034−4877(17)30074−5, MR3721904 Impact factor 0.870.
 * 10) ( Sumit Kumar Upadhyay, Shiv Datt Kumar, Raja Sridharan) Connection between commutative algebra and topology, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics (Springer Publication), SCI Journal, Vol 47 (3), 471-489, September, 2016, Indian National Science Academy Publi- cation, DOI : 10.1007/s13226 − 016 − 0179 − 2, P ISSN: 0019-5588, E ISSN: 0975-7465.
 * 11) (Mamta Balodi & Hua-Lin Huang, Shiv Datt Kumar) Diamond lemma for the group graded quasi-algebras, Proceedings Mathematical Sciences (Indian Academy of Sciences) (Springer Publica- tion), SCI Journal, Vol 126, Issue 3, pp 341-352, August 2016, DOI 10.1007/s12044-016-0292- 5. ISSN: 0253-4142, E ISSN: 0973-7685.
 * 12) (Srinivasarao Thota, Shiv Datt Kumar) Symbolic algorithm for a system of differential-algebraic equations, Kyungpook Mathematical Journal (Indexed: Scoupus, Korean SCI), 56(4), 2016, 1141-1160.
 * 13) (Srinivasarao Thota, Shiv Datt Kumar) Solving system of higher-order linear differential equations on the level of operators, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics (Scopus Journal), Vol 106 (1), 2016, 11-21, ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version), doi: 10.12732/ijpam.v106i1.2.
 * 14) ( Jyoti Singh, Shiv Datt Kumar) Rees algebra over an ideal in t-rings, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, Elsevier Publication, SCI Journal, Volume 219, Issue 4, April 2015, Pages 830- 838, DOI : 10.1016/j.jpaa.2014.04.032, ISSN: 0022-4049, E ISSN: 1873-1376.
 * 15) (Priti Singh, Shiv Datt Kumar) Existence of reduction of ideals over semi local rings, The Mathematics Student, Vol 84, (No. 1- 2), 2015, IMS publication (Scopus Indexed).
 * 16) (Priti Singh, Shiv Datt Kumar) Reductions in Rees algebra of modules, Algebras and Representation Theory, Volume 17, No. 2, April, 2014, 17851795, Springer Publication, SCI Journal, DOI10.1007/s10468 − 014 − 9471 − 1. ISSN:1386-923X
 * 17) ( Mamta Balodi & Hua-Lin Huang, Shiv Datt Kumar) Finite Majid algebras over the Klein group, Commu- nications in Algebra, Taylor and Francis Publication, SCI Journal, Vol 42, Issue 11 (2014), pages 4962-4983 (ID: 828739 DOI:10.1080/00927872.2013.828739). ISSN: 0092-7872, E ISSN: 1532-4125.
 * 18) Jyoti Singh, Shiv Datt Kumar, On the Involutivity of the Characteristic Variety, Communications in Algebra, Taylor and Francis Publication, SCI Journal, 42, Issue 8 (2014), 3607-3618. (ID: 790393 DOI:10.1080/00927872.2013.790393). ISSN- 0092-7872, E ISSN- 1532-4125.
 * 19) (Shiv Datt Kumar, Raja Sridharan and Ratnesh Kumar Mishra Completion of unimodular row to an invertible matrix, Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg Journal, 64 (3) 2014, Scopus Journal. ISSN: 0007-5922
 * 20) (Sumit Kumar Upadhyay and Raja Sridharan, Shiv Datt Kumar) On the number of generators of a projec- tive module, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Mathematical Sciences, (Springer Publication), SCI Journal, Vol. 123, No. 4, November 2013, 469 - 478. DOI 10.1007/s12044- 013-0147-2. ISSN: 0253-4142, E ISSN: 0973-7685.
 * 21) Shiv Datt Kumar, Ratnesh Kumar Mishra,  Lifting of generators of ideals to Laurent polynomial ring, Beitrage zur Algebra und Geometrie (Contributions to Algebra and Geometry) (Scopus in- dexed) (Springer Publication), March 2013, Volume 54, Issue 1, pages 147-153, ISSN 0138- 4821. DOI: 10.1007/s13366-012-0102-x.
 * 22) Sumit Kumar Upadhyay, Shiv Datt Kumar, Existence of a unique group of finite order, the Mathematics Student, Vol 81, Nos. 1-4, December, 2012, pages 215-218 (ISSN: 0025-5742), IMS publication (Scopus Indexed).
 * 23) Srinivas Behara, Shiv Datt Kumar, Group graded associated ideals with flat base change of rings and short exact sequences, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Mathematical Sci- ences, (Springer Publication), SCI Journal, Vol. 121, No. 2, February 2011, 111–120. ISSN: 0253-4142, E ISSN: 0973-7685.
 * 24) Srinivas Behara,  Uniqueness of graded primary decomposition of modules graded over finitely generated Abelian groups, Communications in Algebra, Taylor and Francis Pub- lication, SCI Journal, Vol 39 (7), 2011, 2607-2614. ISSN- 0092-7872, E ISSN- 1532-4125.
 * 25) Markus Perling, Shiv Datt Kumar, Primary decomposition over rings graded by finite Abelian groups, Jour- nal of Algebra, Elsevier Publication, SCI Journal, 318(2), 2007, 553-561. ISSN: 0021-8693, E ISSN: 1090-266X.
 * 26) Shiv Datt Kumar, Sections of zero dimensional ideals over a Noetherian ring, Archiv der Mathematik, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Switzerland Publication, SCI Journal, 89, 2007, 124-130. ISSN: 0003-889X, E ISSN: 1420-8938.
 * 27) (M. Tripathi and K. Pandey, Shiv Datt Kumar), Surface modification of Semiconductor Photo-electrode for improved Solar Cell performance, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Elsevier Pub- lication, SCI Journal, Volume 91, Issue 18, 2007, 1663-1668.
 * 28) Shiv Datt Kumar, A note on a graded ring analogue of Quillen’s theorem, Expositiones Mathematicae, Elsevier Publication, SCI Journal, Vol 22, 2004, 29-30. ISSN: 0723-0869, E ISSN: 1878-0792
 * 29) Shiv Datt Kumar, Ramji Lal Lifting of generators of an ideal and Nori’s Homotopy Conjecture, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics (Springer Publication), SCI Journal, Indian National Science Academy Publication, Vol 34 (11), 2003, 1599-1610. ISSN: 0019-5588 (print version) ISSN: 0975-7465 (electronic version)
 * 30) Shiv Datt Kumar, Satya Mandal, Some results on generators of an ideal, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, Elsevier Publication, SCI Journal, Vol. 169 (1), 2002, 29-32. ISSN- 0022-4049, E ISSN 1873-1376.

title: User:Shivdattk/sandbox


text:
Joseph Plavcan

Joseph Michael Plavcan (July 19, 1908 – February 7, 1981) was an American painter and teacher from Erie, Pennsylvania.

Early life
Plavcan was born in Braddock, Pennsylvania, to Czechoslovakian immigrant parents. Soon after his birth his parents moved the family back to Erie, Pennsylvania. Plavcan spent much of his youth reading and studying art at the Erie Public Library, which at the time included the Public Library, the Public Museum, and the Art Club (later The Erie Art Museum.) Plavcan studied trade at Academy High School but did not flourish there until noted instructor and Saturday Evening Post illustrator George Ericson (Eugene Iverd) suggested that he take art classes. Under Ericson’s tutelage Plavcan developed a lifelong appreciation for landscape painting, and in October 1926, he was accepted into the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.

Academic accomplishments
In 1928, after his second year at the Academy, Plavcan was awarded the Cresson Traveling Scholarship for further study in Europe. This time overseas shaped his work for the rest of his life. He was particularly influenced by Hans Memling and was an early promoter of the watercolors of J. M. W. Turner. In 1930, Plavcan returned to Erie and graduated from the Academy. That same year his painting The Blue Pitcher was accepted into the 29th Carnegie International in Pittsburgh; an exhibition that was juried by Henri Matisse. At the age of twenty-two, Plavcan received the Clark Award at the Corcoran Biennial in Washington, D.C. for his painting Mechanic Street, New Hope, Pennsylvania. He also had two paintings on display at the Art Institute of Chicago’s annual show. In 1936, he was inducted into the Who's Who in American Art.

Teaching career
Plavcan married Catherine Burns, an artist he had met at the Academy and returned to Erie in 1931. The scarcity of jobs for artists during the depression led Plavcan to accept a job teaching at Erie Technical High School. Within a year, Plavcan was teaching vocational courses full-time; a position he would keep until his retirement in 1970. Unlike other instructors, Plavcan taught many of his classes outdoors, and his students recall how he emphasized observation and the fundamentals of fine art. Many of his students, including Richard Anuszkiewicz, Robert Joy, John Vahanian, Vitus Kaiser, George Gaadt, Robert Gerbracht, and John Silk Deckard went on to garner national and international fame.

Style
Throughout his career Plavcan was continually committed to color, though his work itself ranges from the realistic to the highly stylized. With the development of acrylic paints in the 1960s, Plavcan turned away from his earlier representational style and began experimenting with a hard-edged geometric style. These later paintings incorporate vibrant, unblended colors and were inspired by the work of his own student, Op-artist Richard Anuszkiewicz. Plavcan continued to develop this style until the end of his life, ultimately settling on a more subtle approach that used the same bright colors but softer edges. On the evolution of his art, Plavcan stated, "I don’t think that I have gone back to my earlier style. It is a building process, not necessarily regression. It is very hard once you’ve learned additional information to not use that in your art."

Exhibitions

 * Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Carnegie International, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * 1930 and 1951 Corcoran Biennial, Washington, D.C.
 * National Academy of Design, New York
 * Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio
 * Pepsi-Cola "Artists for Victory" National Show, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 * Chautauqua Institute, New York
 * Biennial Drawing Exhibition, Norfolk, Virginia
 * Erie Art Museum, Erie, Pennsylvania

title: Joseph Plavcan


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Cha Seo-won

Lee Chang-yeop (born April 15, 1991), known by his stage name Cha Seo-won, is a South Korean actor. His breakthrough role was in The Second Husband (2022) where he won his first award as an actor. He is a cast member of the variety show I Live Alone since 2022.

Military service
Cha enlisted for his mandatory military service as an active duty soldier on November 22, 2022. In December 2022, it was confirmed that Cha suffered a minor injury to his finger at the training center. But there is no hindrance to activities and return his training normally after receiving treatment.

Relationship and marriage
On June 5, 2023, it was announced that Cha's fiancée, actress Uhm Hyun-kyung is pregnant and they would be getting married in May next year. They met while filming Second Husband. On October 16, 2023, it was announced that Uhm gave birth to a son.

Ambassadorship

 * Korean Red Cross blood donation ambassador (2022)

title: Cha Seo-won


text:
Developmental profile

A developmental profile is a standardized psychodynamic diagnostic instrument for assessing clinically relevant personality characteristics. It is based on the clinical observation that adult personality characteristics often bear a considerable similarity to the behavioural patterns of early childhood. Thus the psychoanalytical developmental theories and the classification of behaviour are integrated in the developmental profile.

The developmental profile is a matrix consisting of 10 developmental levels (horizontal rows) and nine developmental levels (vertical columns). Each line describes various categories of behaviour and for each line there are various phases in the development of the psychosocial capacities. The lowest six levels refer to maladaptive behaviour. The information for the developmental profile is obtained using a semi-structured interview that explores the patient's habitual behaviour during the previous decade.

A developmental profile can be made using a registration protocol. The information from filling in the developmental profile provides guidelines with respect to the goals of treatment and the manner in which they can be pursued. It can also be useful in understanding the behaviour of a patient.

Robert B. McCall, Mark I. Appelbaum, and Pamela S. Hogarty argue that "since there is no necessary relation between cross-age correlations and the nature of developmental profile contrours, and since individual subjects can display marked changes even though cross-age correlations are high, the investigation of change in developmental profile of mental performance should be considered a separate and important issue.

title: Developmental profile


text:
Portal:Physiology

Welcome to the Department of Physiology

 This department is responsible for the research, teaching and assessment in the biomedical area of Physiology. The department is part of the Basic sciences Division of the School of Medicine. The department is involved in the teaching of the medical curriculum, but students are welcome to join in the teaching at any time if they do not wish to follow the recommended pathway.

Physiology is a branch of science that deals with the functioning of living organisms. Physiologists study cells, tissues, organs, and the whole body in an attempt to understand how organisms function. The Department of Physiology is a content development project for Wikiversity. Participants collaborate to develop learning resources for physiology.

Students are invited to take a look at the Human Physiology Wikibook, the Medical Physiology Wikibook, the Physiology articles on Wikipedia, including Human physiology and other more specific subject divisions.

Projects, Research and Assignments
 * There are currently no projects, research, or assignments.

Department Noticeboard
 * This department is under construction. Feel free to improve upon what you see in its establishment.

Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple departments. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
 * Human Physiology
 * Medical Physiology
 * Fundamentals of Neuroscience

Assessments
 * No assessments have been requested

Modules Offered
 * Physiology

title: Portal:Physiology


text:
1976 Air India/BP Tennis Classic

The 1976 Air India/BP Tennis Classic, also known as the South Pacific Championships was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tournament held on outdoor grass courts at the Milton Courts in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia that was part of the One Star category of the 1976 Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 11 October until 17 October 1976. The tournament had moved to Brisbane from the Royal South Yarra Tennis Club in Melbourne where the previous editions had been held. Mark Edmondson won the singles title.

Singles
🇦🇺 Mark Edmondson defeated 🇦🇺 Phil Dent 3–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–4
 * It was Edmondson's 2nd singles title of the year and of his career.

Doubles
🇦🇺 Syd Ball / 🇦🇺 Kim Warwick defeated 🇳🇿 Brian Fairlie / 🇪🇬 Ismail El Shafei 6–4, 6–4

title: 1976 Air India/BP Tennis Classic


text:
Beauchief railway station

Beauchief railway station (pronounced Beechif) was in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.

It was built by the Midland Railway in 1870 and was designed by the company architect John Holloway Sanders.

The station served the communities of Beauchief, Woodseats and Ecclesall and was situated on the Midland Main Line between Millhouses railway station and Dore & Totley station, near Abbeydale Road South in Abbeydale. The station was originally called Abbey Houses and later Beauchief & Abbey Dale station.

The station was opened on the site of Hutcliffe Mill at the same time as the main line from Chesterfield. At opening it had two platforms, but this was increased to four with the widening which took place between 1901 and 1903. It closed on 1 January 1961. The stationmasters house survives as a private residence and the nearby Abbeydale Station Hotel was renamed the Beauchief Hotel. In 2018 the hotel site was redeveloped as luxury apartments.

title: Beauchief railway station


text:
Quantitative finance

Computational finance (also known as financial engineering) is a cross-disciplinary field which relies on mathematical finance, numerical methods and computer simulations to make trading, hedging and investment decisions, as well as facilitating the risk management of those decisions. Utilizing various methods, practitioners of computational finance aim to precisely determine the financial risk that certain financial instruments create.

Areas where computational finance techniques are employed include:
 * Investment banking
 * Corporate strategic planning
 * Securities trading and financial risk management
 * Derivatives trading and risk management
 * Investment management

About
A quantitative analyst is a person who works in the financial markets developing mathematical models to assist the activities of traders and risk managers within banks and other large corporate institutions. Throughout the industry, such professionals are known as "quants"[1].

Historically quants often had a background in mathematics or physics, usually at a PhD level. Fischer Black, an originator of the Black Scholes model who might be viewed as the first quant, earned his PhD from Harvard in applied mathematics. However the rapid growth of the derivatives industry and increasing sophistication in the use of stochastic calculus to model the markets led to the creation of specialized Master's and PhD courses in mathematical finance, computational finance, and financial reinsurance. Following that, a large number of new quants have now recently completed those courses, often sponsored by private institutions.

Although the original quants were concerned with risk management and derivatives pricing, the meaning of the term has expanded over time to include those individuals involved in almost any application of mathematics in finance. An example is statistical arbitrage.

For an overview of the activities conducted by a quant see computational finance and derivative (finance).

Careers
Generally, individuals who fill positions in computational finance need quantitative skills in the mathematics of multivariate calculus, linear algebra, differential equations, probability theory, and statistical inference, and C++ has become the dominant computer language necessary due to the computationally intensive nature of many algorithms, and the focus on libraries rather than applications.

Computational finance was traditionally populated by Ph.D's in finance, physics and mathematics who moved into the field from more pure, academic backgrounds (either directly from graduate school, or after teaching or research) prior to the 1980’s. However, as the actual use of computers has become essential to rapidly carrying out computational finance decisions, a background in pure computer science is now also needed, and hence many computing graduates enter the field as well. Masters level degree holders are also increasingly making their presence felt as more terminal programs become available at the leading schools (whence field practitioners are almost exclusively recruited).

Today, all full service institutional finance firms employ computational finance professionals in their banking and finance operations (as opposed to being ancillary information technology specialists), while there are many other boutique firms ranging from 20 or fewer employees to several thousand that specialize in quantitative trading alone. JPMorgan Chase & Co. was one of the first firms to create a large derivatives business and employ computational finance in the real world, while D.E. Shaw is probably the oldest and largest quant fund (Citadel Investments is a major rival).

Universities
Some of the top universities that offer a program in quantitative finance, mathematical engineering/finance or similar, are:
 * Carnegie Mellon University (Master in Computational Finance)
 * Princeton University (Master In Finance)
 * Columbia University (Financial Engineering)
 * New York University (Mathematics in Finance)
 * Erasmus University (Master in Quantitative Finance, Bachelor in Financial Econometrics)
 * Stanford University (Financial Mathematics)
 * University of California, Berkeley (Financial Engineering)
 * University of California, Los Angeles (Financial Engineering)
 * University of Chicago (Financial Mathematics)
 * Cornell University (MEng, FE concentration)
 * London School of Economics (Financial Mathematics)

title: Quantitative finance


text:
User:Smiling moron/sandbox

Pam Holden is one of the loveliest people I've ever met and by all accounts - is a Legend x

title: User:Smiling moron/sandbox


text:
George Goldsmith (cricketer)

George Goldsmith (7 August 1850 – 5 April 1916) was an English cricketer. Goldsmith was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Brighton in Sussex and played first-class cricket for both Kent County Cricket Club and Sussex County Cricket Club.

Goldsmith made a single first-class appearance for Kent against Derbyshire in 1875 at Catford. He went on to play two first-class matches for Sussex, one in 1878 and one in 1879. Goldsmith later served as the secretary of Sussex County Cricket Club. He died at Hanwell in Middlesex in April 1916 aged 65.

title: George Goldsmith (cricketer)


text:
FC Barcelona 2–8 FC Bayern Munich

The 2019–20 UEFA Champions League quarter-final match between Barcelona and Bayern Munich was played on 14 August 2020 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal. Bayern, who later went on to win the competition, won the match 8–2, making it the first time Barcelona had conceded eight goals in a game since 1946, when they lost 8–0 to Sevilla in the 1946 Copa del Generalísimo. This was also only the second occasion in history that Barcelona conceded more than 4 goals in one game in European competitions since their 5–4 loss to Levski Sofia in the 1975–76 UEFA Cup quarter-final.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, the match was played behind closed doors.

Background

In the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage, Bayern defeated Barcelona in both matches, 1–0 at home and 2–1 away en route to Bayern topping Group D while Barcelona finished third and failed to reach the knockout stage.

Bayern and Barcelona had met in four knockout ties since 2008–09 UEFA Champions League, which yielded 26 goals prior to this game. Each time the eventual winner of the Bayern-Barcelona knockout tie went on not only to win the UEFA Champions League, but also complete the continental treble, which also occurred in 2009, 2013 and 2015.

Barcelona won 5–1 on aggregate in the quarter-finals of 2008–09 edition. Barcelona's 4–0 win at Camp Nou in the first leg, with all goals scored in the first half, led Bayern Munich president Franz Beckenbauer to remark "What I saw in the first half is, without doubt, the worst football in Bayern's history". Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola was sent off in the first leg for protesting a yellow card given to Lionel Messi, and had to watch the second leg from the stands. This defeat, as well as 0–1 home loss in a Bundesliga match against Schalke 04, eventually led to the sacking of Bayern manager Jürgen Klinsmann.

The semi-finals of the 2012–13 competition saw Arjen Robben and Thomas Müller inspire Bayern to a 7–0 aggregate victory, to become the biggest win of the semi-finals on aggregate, including a 3–0 win at the Camp Nou which was Barcelona's last home defeat in European competition until a 3–0 loss on 8 December 2020 to Juventus.

The 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals saw Lionel Messi and Neymar as the key players in a 5–3 aggregate win over Bayern, a 3–0 win at the Camp Nou and then a 3–2 defeat at the Allianz Arena. Bayern's manager at the time was Pep Guardiola, who had previously managed Barcelona from 2008 to 2012.

Road to the quarter-final meeting
Both teams qualified for the knockout phase as winners of their respective groups. Both teams had also changed their coaches during the season, Bayern replaced Niko Kovač with Hansi Flick in November 2019, while Barcelona replaced Ernesto Valverde with Quique Setién in January 2020. Barcelona had faced Borussia Dortmund, Inter Milan and Slavia Prague; while Bayern, who faced Tottenham Hotspur, Olympiacos and Red Star Belgrade, won all six of their group matches, including an emphatic 7–2 win at the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, scoring 24 goals and conceding just five. Barcelona faced Napoli in the round of 16 and won 4–2 on aggregate; while Bayern Munich beat Chelsea 7–1 on aggregate, with the second leg matches of both teams played behind closed doors due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Summary

The match was played on 14 August 2020 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal, as part of a single-elimination tournament, following UEFA's decision to complete the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League and 2019–20 UEFA Europa League seasons, which had been halted since March due to the COVID-19 pandemic, at neutral venues. In the opening 10 minutes, Thomas Müller fired Bayern Munich ahead following a one-two with Robert Lewandowski. Shortly after, David Alaba sliced a cross from Jordi Alba into his own net – with an unsuccessful save attempt from Manuel Neuer – to level the scores. Barcelona themselves missed two opportunities: Luis Suárez was denied by Neuer and Lionel Messi hit the post with a curling cross-shot. The following minutes took the match away from Barcelona, as Ivan Perišić smashed in a deflected shot in the 21st minute for Bayern, fed by a pass from Serge Gnabry, after a passing error from Sergi Roberto. Gnabry himself scored with a half volley straight shot from a chip through-ball by Leon Goretzka in the 27th minute, and Müller quickly added the fourth four minutes later from a cross by Joshua Kimmich.

In the 57th minute, a neat turn and finish from the centre of the box to the bottom-right corner by Suárez gave the Spanish side a glimmer of hope, but that proved premature, as Kimmich's side-footed finish in the 63rd minute, connecting with a delivery from Alphonso Davies – who had beaten his marker, Nélson Semedo, at the edge of the box – made the scoreline 5–2 to the Germans. Bayern scored three goals in the closing 10 minutes of the match as in-form striker Lewandowski, who had been quiet for most of the second half, headed his 14th goal of the campaign from a close-range cross by Philippe Coutinho in the 82nd minute. Then Coutinho, who was on loan to Bayern from Barcelona, made the scoreline 8–2 in the final moments of the match: first by taking advantage of a pass from Müller in the 85th minute with a right-footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom-left corner, followed by a left-footed shot from very close range to the bottom-left corner from a headed pass by substitute Lucas Hernandez in the 89th minute.

Aftermath
Barcelona suffered their heaviest loss in 69 years; this was the first time they had conceded more than five goals in a UEFA Champions League game, and their worst concession since the 8–0 defeat to Sevilla in the round of 16 of the 1946 Copa del Generalísimo. Bayern Munich, on the other hand, continued their run of winning all UEFA Champions League matches they played in the season, and would go on to lift the title. The eight goals Bayern scored was the most a side had scored in a European Cup knockout match since Real Madrid defeated FC Swarovski Tirol 9–1 in the last 16 tie in 1990.

Bayern striker Robert Lewandowski became the first player to score in eight or more consecutive UEFA Champions League matches since Cristiano Ronaldo in April 2018 (eleven games), while Bayern's coach Hansi Flick became only the third manager in Champions League history to win his first six matches in charge, after Fabio Capello in 1992–93 and Luis Fernández in 1994–95. The match was also compared to the 2014 FIFA World Cup semi-final match between Brazil and Germany as Thomas Müller opened the scoring in the 7–1 routing of Brazil, which Jérôme Boateng and Manuel Neuer also took part in. Flick had been the assistant coach of Germany in that match as well.

Barcelona defender Gerard Piqué stated that the club needed structural changes on all levels, while club president Josep Maria Bartomeu described it as a "disaster". Three days after the game, Barcelona sacked manager Quique Setién. He was followed the next day by the club's sporting director Eric Abidal. Setién was replaced on 19 August by Ronald Koeman, who had played for the club from 1989 to 1995 and was their assistant manager under Louis van Gaal from 1998 to 2000.

Partly owing to this heavy defeat, Barcelona captain Lionel Messi demanded to leave Barcelona, explained his decision owed to the club's failing to compete for the Champions League title after three previous debacles in the competition (0–3 against Juventus in 2016–17 quarter-finals, 0–3 against Roma in 2017–18 quarter-finals, and 0–4 against Liverpool in 2018–19 semi-finals), by saying: "I looked further afield and I want to compete at the highest level, win titles, compete in the Champions League. You can win or lose in it, because it is very difficult, but you have to compete. At least compete for it and let us not fall apart in Rome, Liverpool and Lisbon. All that led me to think about that decision that I wanted to carry out." Although Messi ended up staying in the summer, the defeat proved to be the final involvement that Ivan Rakitić, Nélson Semedo, Luis Suárez and Arturo Vidal would have with the club, as all four players departed Barcelona during the following transfer window.

Bayern Munich went on to win their sixth title in the competition, overtaking Barcelona's total, following a 3–0 win over Lyon in the semi-finals and a 1–0 victory against Paris Saint-Germain in the final. This win would also secure the club's second continental treble, becoming only the second European side – after Barcelona themselves – to achieve this feat on multiple occasions.

Both teams would meet each other again twice later, first as part of the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League group stage, which saw Bayern Munich emerge victorious again with a 3–0 score in both matches, the second of which ultimately sent Barcelona to the UEFA Europa League for the first time in seventeen years, which further aggravated the perception of a crisis occurring within the team. Marca pointed that Barcelona's relegation to the Europa League was the culmination of "a glorious cycle that was coming to an end," after the team had suffered a total of ten losses by at least a three-goal margin since 2017, calling the 2–8 defeat to Bayern "the worst."

Both the teams went on to meet once again in the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League group stage. Barcelona only saw their misery against Bayern continue after losing 2–0 away from home and 3–0 at home, knocking them out of the Champions League into the Europa League for a second successive season. It was the first time that Barcelona were eliminated from the group stage twice in a row in 24 years (in the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons respectively, the latter of which also involved Bayern Munich in that season's group stage).

On 29 May 2024, Hansi Flick was appointed as Barcelona manager, signing a contract until 2026. This came following the departure of Xavi, who, despite announcing he was leaving in January, decided to remain at the club, but was sacked five days earlier.

title: FC Barcelona 2–8 FC Bayern Munich