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List of protected heritage sites in Braine-le-Château

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Braine-le-Château. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

 * }


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Too Many Crooks (1927 film)

Too Many Crooks is a lost 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Fred C. Newmeyer, written by E.J. Rath and Rex Taylor, and starring Mildred Davis, Lloyd Hughes, George Bancroft, El Brendel, William V. Mong, John St. Polis and Otto Matieson. It was released on April 2, 1927, by Paramount Pictures.

Cast

 * Mildred Davis as Ceia Mason
 * Lloyd Hughes as John Barton
 * George Bancroft as Bert the Boxman
 * El Brendel	as Botts
 * William V. Mong as Coxey, the Con-man
 * John St. Polis as Erastus Mason
 * Otto Matieson as Fast Hands Foster
 * Betty Francisco as Frisco Flora
 * Gayne Whitman as Marshall Stone
 * Tom Ricketts as Butler
 * Cleve Moore as Freddie Smythe
 * Ruth Cherrington as Mrs. Smythe
 * Pat Hartigan as 'Big Dan' Boyd

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Too Many Crooks (1927 film)


text:
User:Cyberkiddy.exe/sandbox

Rural Development Academy, Bogura It is a name of Educational institution. The people there research about the Agricultural Development of Bangladesh. Follow the link RDA

title: User:Cyberkiddy.exe/sandbox


text:
Talk:David Kaplan (philosopher)

jargon
this is all jargon.

 * I can understand why it would seem that way, but the fact is that Kaplan is a very technical philosopher who (along with most other philosophers of language) makes heavy use of a lot of technical terminology, in addition to lots of formal logic. I didn't include much of the formal logic, as many of the more philosophical ideas can be explained without it (as Kaplan himself does in Demonstratives and Dthat). But the point is that the jargon here was created for very specific purposes which aren't easily served by ordinary language. This is part of why most people would place Kaplan into the ideal language tradition. Danielwharris 08:11, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 03:54, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Improper citations
This is another article where, instead of an actual citation, words that look like they're an actual citation are used. Frege did write something "On Sense and Reference," but his book is not identical to Sense and Reference, the Wikis that are used as a "citation." The reader would think that by clicking on the links they'd get the citation (many probably think that's what they are getting). Instead, they get no link to On Sense and Reference, but to Wikis. The real citation needs to be there. This would be similar to saying something is about "War and Peace" by writing War and Peace and pretending that's a citation to Tolstoy. Actual citations, with at least a date and a publisher's name, please.--Levalley (talk) 07:23, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

This one of the better philosophy bios.
It has a few problems with citations, could be expanded, is very readable, contains no puffery or unsupported statements. In short, it's unusual and very good. Good inspiration for the others I'm working on. Also, it doesn't take a Ph.D. in philosophy of mind or logic to read it.--Levalley (talk) 07:25, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

"Just in case"
On behalf of the general audience, I have replaced the misleading and confusing expression "just in case", with its correct, and easily understood equivalent, "if, and only if" (also, in more technical writing, "if and only if"). The following explains the error:
 * Language Log: "Just in Case"
 * Southern California Philosophy for philosophy graduate students: "Just in Case".Dr Lindsay B Yeates (talk) 21:35, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:David Kaplan (philosopher)


text:
Talk:Ben Hall (bushranger)

A note to all contributions
When I first wrote this article, it was completely boring, and unwikified, but man! You guys have taken my work to the next level. Congratulations! Good on ya! This is something I'm very proud of, and I'd like to congratulate everyone. Scalene 10:43, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Birthplace
I think it should be made clear that Ben Hall's birthplace is unknown. Some reports happen to say Breeza. I think that should be made clear.
 * I've reinserted this, which keeps getting deleted for no obvious reason. The NSW government link gives Breeza as the birthplace. JQ 09:25, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Was he not born in Bristol in the UK & transported for a minor crime which he received 7 years. Dean Burgess (talk) 11:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

From Peter Bradley - 0412 640 975Italic text .... There is no birth certificate for Ben Hall on the NSW BDM website; however the generally accepted birthplace and birth date for Ben Hall is Wallis Plains, where his mother Eliza was working as a housemaid. Refer (i) Hall family history and family bible; (ii) LL McLellan - Benjamin Hall and Family (Quirindi c. 1981). What is important is that on the birth certificate for Henry, Ben and Biddy's son, born 1859, Ben's birthplace is shown as Maitland. At the time of Ben's birth, his father was working on Samuel Clift's Doona run, just north of Murrurundi. Breeza was further north and not held by Clift. Refer also my books on Ben Hall (i) "The Judas CovenantItalic text" and (ii) "Stories from the hard roadItalic text"

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Ben Hall (bushranger). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071011033455/http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/familyHistory/benHall.htm to http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/familyHistory/benHall.htm

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Streets of Forbes
The lede mentions his impact on folklore. The folk song Streets of Forbes is very well known, and might be worth mentioning along with more contemporary references. ConfusedAndAfraid (talk) 12:35, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Hero?
Why is Kelly heroised but Hall overlooked? Why was he not rehabilited? Jack Upland (talk) 02:32, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

Ben Halls birthplace review
Currently reading the colonial boys. It states that Ben Hall was born in or near Bristol in the UK & was transported to Australia on the convict ship “Midas” for minor larceny consisting of clothing not amounting to more then 12p. Which he received 7 years. Dean Burgess (talk) 11:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ben Hall (bushranger)


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George Pirie (mathematician)

George Pirie (19 July 1843 – 21 August 1904) was a Scottish mathematician, mathematical scientist, and Reverend in the Church of Scotland. He was an expert in the field of dynamics and the approximation of $\pi$.

Early life and education
Pirie was the son of Very Rev William Robinson Pirie and his wife, Margaret Chalmers Forbes, daughter of Very Rev Lewis William Forbes. He was born in the manse at Dyce near Aberdeen on 19 July 1843.

He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School. He then studied Mathematics and Physics (then called Natural Philosophy) at The University of Aberdeen under Prof David Thomson. He graduated MA in 1862. He then won a place at Queens' College, Cambridge. He was Fifth Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos of 1866.

Career
Pirie was a Fellow of Queens' College from 1866 to 1888. He lectured at Cambridge from 1866 and in 1878 was offered the chair as Professor of Mathematics at Aberdeen University in replacement of Prof Frederick Fuller.

Pirie was elected a member of the London Mathematical Society in November 1881. He also took part in the activities of the Aberdeen Branch of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Since 1881 he was also a member of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, and served as a Vice-President of the society in 1900.

Personal life
He lived at 33 College Bounds close to King's College in Old Aberdeen.

He was married to Anne Elizabeth Reid daughter of Rev Reid of Auchindoir.

Their children included Margaret Forbes Pirie (1884–1963) and Elizabeth Mary Pirie (1888–1971).

He died unexpectedly at Braemar on 21 August 1904, from heart failure. He is buried next to his parents on the north side of St Machar's Cathedral in Old Aberdeen.

Recognition
He was awarded an honorary doctorate (LL.D) by St. Andrews University in 1896.

Publications

 * A Short Account of the Principal Geometrical Methods of Approximating to the Value of π
 * A Short Account of the Principal Geometrical Methods of Approximating to the Value of π

title: George Pirie (mathematician)


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give it up

Verb

 * 1)  To welcome onto a stage by cheering or applauding.
 * 2)  To agree to sexual intercourse, especially if reluctantly.
 * 3)  To hand over or relinquish; to explain something or tell a secret.
 * 1)  To hand over or relinquish; to explain something or tell a secret.
 * 1)  To hand over or relinquish; to explain something or tell a secret.
 * 1)  To hand over or relinquish; to explain something or tell a secret.

Usage notes

 * Usually used in the, directing an audience to welcome a person, group, or entertainment act.

Translations

 * Czech: potlesk, přivítejte
 * Italian: un applauso, un grande applauso
 * Russian: встреча́йте, поприве́тствуйте

title: give it up


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User:Valeriez/sandbox

My article has the genre of drama with a sub-genre of “Romantic Drama”. This genre is of a very broad spectrum. This is a genre that revolves around an obstacle which prevents deep, true love between two people. The reason may be ethnicity, class difference, religious views, gender, age etc. It included enough details on wiki page.

It is usually seen as a very easy genre to portray, but in reality, nothings are as easy as it seems. The instruction is well organized. Since this genre deals mainly with love struck couples and their tragic lives it cannot have much of action-related narratives. Every event and incident in the film must be justified with valid reasons which support the film genre.

Style

Heading and subheadings are a way to organize an article. If an article discusses several topics and dedicates more than a couple of paragraphs to each, I would make the article more readable by inserting a heading for each topic. I can also create sections with sections.

Introduction (Writing a lead)

The lead, or an opening paragraph, is the most important part of the article. I would write a briefly summary about the film, included key words such as "when, where and who". On the lead section, it should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article’s topic. It should identify the film topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points in the film (plot summary).

Lengths

Length is crucial when writing an article. Wikipedia articles should have a straightforward, just-the-facts style. The goal of a Wikipedia article is to create a comprehensive and neutrally written summary of existing knowledge about a topic. Articles on the famous movie, such as Titanic and Fast and Furious tend to have a word count around 8000-15000; articles on less popular movies, such as Zootopia and Star Wars tend to have word count around 2000-5000 words. In this article, 4000 words would be enough.

Citation Format

I recommend using MLA format. MLA is typically used in the humanities such as English, Theatre, Art and etc.

Links

I would hyperlink the people's name, links for the references, links to the critical receptions, links to soundtrack and artists, links to production company and locations, and links in the content box lead to the sub-sections.

Design of infobox

Included directed by, produced by, starring, music by, written by, cinematography, edited by, production company, distributed by, release date, running time, country, language, budget and box office. If the movie is made of a novel like "The Fault in Our Stars", then it would add author’s name, cover artist and ISBN number. If the movie is made of comics such as "Spiderman", then we can add in-story information such as alter ego, species, team affiliation and abilities on the infobox.

Contents Structure

Included plot, cast, production, soundtrack, references, and external links. If it was made of a novel like “The Fault in Our Stars”, we can add the film adaptation on the contents. If it was made of comics such as “Spiderman”, we can add fictional character biography, powers, skills, enemies, and cultural influences on contents.

Sources

Materials such as an article, book, monograph, or research paper that has been vetted by the scholarly community is regarded as reliable, where the material has been published in reputable peer-reviewed sources. Follows by Wikipedia's guidelines for Identifying Reliable Sources, ' we publish the opinions only of reliable authors, and not the opinions of Wikipedians who have read and interpreted primary source material for themselves.'

Critical Reception

The critical review can be of a book, a chapter, or a journal article. Writing the critical review usually requires me to read the selected text in detail and also read other related texts so that I can present a fair and reasonable evaluation of the selected film.

Last, I would double-check the punctuations and grammars before I published the page. Also, make sure the sentences are generally clear and easy to read for readers.

title: User:Valeriez/sandbox


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Draft:Original research/Sports

Sports are activities involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment.

Generally, all sports may be played by men, women, and children.

Theoretical sports
Definition any "activity that uses physical [exertion or] skills competitively under a set of rules that is not based on aesthetics" is called a sport.

Basketball
Def. a "sport in which two opposing teams of five players strive to put a ball through a hoop" is called basketball.

On the right is an image of a basketball player (Michael Jordan) going for a slam dunk.

On the left is a typical, eight-panel, rubber-coated basketball.

Boxing
Competitors wear gloves, but head protection was used in men's competition until March 2016, before it was removed by the Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur (AIBA) due to a higher concussion rate with Head Protection; however, women's boxing will continue with Head Protection, after the AIBA announced that they did not have enough data to decide if there was higher risk of concussion in women.

"At the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, the "Ancient Rome" concession on The Pike featured a hippodrome with races between twelve chariots pulled by forty-eight horses, an arena with broadsword combat between gladiators, and boxing contests between men whose fists were bound with the cestus, the Roman boxing glove."

"One of the more problematic sport spectacles in American history took place at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, which included the third modern Olympic Games."

"In addition to the official events (running, jumping, weightlifting, steeplechase, pole vaults, wrestling, swimming, shot put, hurdles, gymnastics, and the marathon race) there were myriad demonstrations (boxing, dumbbells, and basketball)."

The boxing competitions were held on Wednesday, September 21, 1904 and on Thursday, September 22, 1904."

"Oliver Kirk is the only boxer to win two gold medals in separate weight classes at the same Olympics, a feat he accomplished at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics and that will surely never again be equaled. Kirk first won the bantamweight division, knocking out [George Finnegan], the only other competitor. He was not entered in the featherweight class, but after only two boxers entered, the crowd wanted to see Kirk fight the winner, [Frank Haller]. Kirk, from the Business Men's Gym in St. Louis, did so and won by decision, and was awarded the gold medal."

Football
Def. "a game in which two teams attempt to get an ovoid ball to the end of each other's territory" is called football, or American football.

In American football, as shown in the image on the right, a player may often carry the ovoid ball such as the one shown on the left into the end, or end zone, of the other team's territory.

Soccer/Association Football
Def. "a game in which two teams each contend to get a round ball into the other team's goal primarily by kicking the ball" is called football, futbol, or association football.

In the image Conny Pohlers (in red at the far left just entering the frame) follows-up on a pass before members of the opposing team (in white) may intercept.

On the left is an example of a futbol.

Tennis
Def. a "sport played by two players (or four in doubles), who alternately strike the ball over a net using racquets" is called tennis.

Shahar Peer (bottom) rallies with Anna Chakvetadze during the 2007 US Open, in the image on the right.

On the left is a tennis ball used at the 2011 Japan Open.

Volleyball
Def. a "game played on a rectangular court between two teams of two to six players which involves striking a ball back and forth over a net" is called volleyball.

On the right, members of U.S. Armed Forces Women's Volleyball team block an Italian player from scoring during the 3rd Military World Games held in Catania, Sicily.

On the left is an example of a volleyball used in playing beach volleyball.

Hypotheses

 * 1) Many long-time sports have become dominated in some instances by taller and taller players at the expense of shorter but equally skilled players. Accordingly, modifications to these sports may create entertaining and engaging sports that are less height restrictive.

title: Draft:Original research/Sports


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Black Butte (Oregon)

Black Butte is an extinct stratovolcano in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located in Jefferson County, it is part of Deschutes National Forest. Black Butte forms part of the Cascade volcanic arc. The butte lies just south of the Metolius Springs, which merge to form the headwaters of the Metolius River. The Metolius River's basin sustains a wide array of plant life, large and small mammals, and more than 80 bird species.

Black Butte last erupted during the Pleistocene; geologists have estimated its age at 0.4, 0.5, and 1.43 ± 0.33 million years ago. The duration of the eruptions that built the volcano remains unclear, though the activity likely coincided with large-scale block faulting in the vicinity of the Metolius Springs. Black Butte has a prominent volcanic cone and is made up of mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) basaltic andesite lava. Despite having a well-preserved, symmetrical shape and an unexposed pyroclastic core, the butte has undergone moderate erosion, with shallow ravines, deep gullies on its sides, and rocks with weathering rinds. A number of cinder cones and a volcanic field also lie nearby the butte.

There was a fire lookout ground house on the butte, which was burned down by the United States Forest Service in 2016. A white cupola structure sits on the top of the butte as well as a more modern fire lookout tower. The resort community Black Butte Ranch lies nearby and offers recreational activities like horseback riding, biking, hiking, canoeing, kayaking, and paddleboarding; during the winter, activities include Nordic skiing and snowshoeing.

Geography

Black Butte lies about 21 mi to the southeast of Mount Jefferson and about 8.6 mi northwest of the junction of U.S. Route 126 and U.S. Route 20, at the eastern edge of the city of Sisters. The butte is part of Jefferson County in the U.S. state of Oregon. Other volcanoes such as Three Fingered Jack and Mount Washington lie about 10 mi to the west.

According to the U.S. National Geodetic Survey and scientists from the United States Geological Survey, Black Butte has an elevation of 6436 ft; the Geographic Names Information System database lists its elevation as 6430 ft, while Oregon Geographic Names lists its elevation at 6415 ft. The butte has proximal and draping reliefs of 760 m and 960 m, which are the "difference between summit elevation and that of highest exposure of older rocks overlain by the edifice" and the "difference between summit elevation and that of lowest distal lavas of the edifice (not including distal pyroclastic or debris flows)," respectively. According to E. M. Taylor, Black Butte has a diameter of 4 mi.

The U.S. National Geodetic Survey report describes Black Butte as a "very prominent" mountain; it is an imposing feature and landmark in the Deschutes Valley because of its dark color and symmetry. Part of the Cascade volcanic arc in the northwestern United States, it lies within a rain shadow about 10 km to the east of the major mountain range. In the High Cascades, the equilibrium line altitudes for valley glaciers follow a gradient of about 14 m/km, which is significantly steeper than the gradient for the Western Cascades. Moving east, precipitation decreases across the Cascade arc; the gradient is even steeper east of the major crest at Black Butte, where the gradient is more than 38 m/km. W. E. Scott argues that the volcano displays no evidence of glaciation.

Black Butte lies just south of the Metolius Springs, which lie in the southwestern corner of Jefferson County. Accessible by roads branching off U.S. Route 20, the springs are located about 30 mi northwest of the cities of Bend and Redmond. Black Butte rises above the surrounding Metolius Valley, which has a width of about 3 mi and an elevation above sea level of 3000 ft. At the volcano's northern base lie two openings spaced about 200 yards apart, which give rise to the Metolius Springs. Bubbling out at a temperature of 48 F, the springs merge to form the headwaters of the Metolius River, generating a total flow of 45000 to 50000 gal/min over the course of each year. The river runs for 35 mi to the north and east before reaching the Deschutes River, picking up 600000 gal along the way from other springs and tributaries along the eastern Cascade Range. As glaciers advanced and retreated and snow fields formed over time, they caused erosion, which was carried by streams associated with the Metolius River to spread across the river valley's floor.

The last of these glaciers existed until about 10,000 years ago, with their end points marked hummocks of debris. The glaciers formed glacial troughs, deposited moraines, and moved sand and gravel along with volcanic ash and cinders to cover the Metolius Valley floor. Black Butte lies about 5 mi east–southeast of Suttle Lake, which occupies one of the local glacial troughs.

Eruptions from Black Butte buried the ancestral Metolius River and left boulders of lava in the area, and Black Butte's formation dammed drainages for the Metolius, dividing the Metolius Valley into the northern segment where the river now runs and a southern portion that includes Black Butte Swamp, Glaze Meadow, and Indian Ford Creek. Black Butte Swamp and Glaze Meadow were likely formerly shallow lakes, though they now serve as sumps for streams and drainages from the Cascades, which are located to the southwest. Black Butte Swamp is a particularly important sump for extensive drainage from the southwest, its basin water lapping against Black Butte's southern base. Because it is elevated about 300 ft above the Metolius Springs, the swamp acts as a hydraulic head for the spring water keeping the flow of the springs constant, and ensuring that there is a net influx of water into the swamp. Any excess water exits through Indian Ford Creek to flow east then south past the city of Sisters. In modern times, the Metolius Valley consists of glacial outwash, lava strata, and stream sediment, which together act as a sponge for snow and rain water percolating into the river basin.

Ecology

Black Butte lies east of the major crest of the Cascades, which is more arid compared to the Western Cascades. Two forest populations at Black Butte were analyzed in a 1975 study conducted by D. B. Zobel of Oregon State University. These forest areas included ponderosa pine and tree species intermediate to grand and white firs. The study found that trees at Black Butte did not experience significant moisture stress and that photosynthesis rates during dry summer seasons were more reduced at tree sites in the Western Cascades compared to at Black Butte. Black Butte was found to have a shorter growing season and less favorable winter temperatures for photosynthesis at its forest sites than study areas in the Western Cascade Province. Along the trail that runs up Black Butte, the forest is diverse, with yellow-bellied ponderosa pines, mixed conifers, and subalpine vegetation.

Black Butte is part of the Deschutes National Forest, which covers close to 1,600,000 acre in central Oregon. It is also part of the Metolius Black Butte Scenic area within the Metolius Conservation Area, which encompasses about 10,600 acre and includes suitable habitat for northern goshawks. The Metolius River passes through old-growth forests of ponderosa pine, as well as forests of Douglas fir and western larch. Every May native plants and wildflowers appear, including early blue violets, larkspur, serviceberry, Sitka valerian, and western buttercups. During the summer season, river trails more prominently display plant species like arrowleaf balsamroot, American brooklime, bigleaf lupine, Douglas's spirea, Indian paintbrush, and monkeyflower plants. On islands in the river, wildflowers occasionally grow after their seeds bloom after falling into the water and accumulating over time. The area is noted for a rare species of Penstemon known as Penstemon peckii, a wildflower that appears in 7 different colors, which is endemic to the Sisters area. Other plants within the Metolius Preserve include incense cedar trees, nutka rose, ocean spray, snowberry, and vine maple trees.

More than 80 species of bird inhabit the Metolius Preserve area such as the white-headed woodpecker. The area supports large mammals like American black bears, badgers, bobcats, beavers, deer, cougars, elk, and otters, as well as smaller mammals like northern flying squirrels, shrews, and voles.

Geology
In the Oregon segment of the Cascade Volcanoes that runs for 340 km south of Mount Hood, there are at least 1,054 Quaternary volcanoes, which form a volcanic belt 25 to 50 km in width. This volcanic belt extends up to 30 km to the north of the border with California, where Quaternary volcanic activity is interrupted by a 64 km gap up to the Quaternary volcanoes near Mount Shasta. The Quaternary volcanoes within the Oregon Cascades are extremely dense, concentrated within an area of about 9500 km2. Rocks within the Metolius Springs area form part of the High Cascades province and include both volcanic and glaciofluvial deposits.

Black Butte marks the edge of the Sisters fault zone, which includes about 50 known faults that extend southeast through the cities of Sisters and Bend. In total, the Sisters fault zone runs for 60 km in length, with its width varying between 5 to 15 km. Black Butte itself sits on a small fault that straddles the graben, and its lava deposits have been displaced slightly by a fault on the northwestern side of the volcano. To the north lies the Green Ridge fault scarp, which trends to north and rises about 2000 ft above the Metolius Valley. The fault's steep escarpment contains exposed, alternating layers of basaltic andesite, breccia, and agglomerate from shield volcanoes, which mark the oldest rocks in the area. They are of Pliocene age, overlying diatomite, pumice, and tuffaceous sandstone layers.

Most of the volcanoes in the Oregon Cascades are either scoria cones, small shield volcanoes, or lava fields, though the segment contains a number of basaltic andesite stratovolcanoes such as Mount McLoughlin. Black Butte is one such stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano), with a mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) composition. It is an extinct volcano.

Also composed of basaltic andesite, the cone rises 3076 ft over the surrounding plateau. Black Butte is a striking feature just north of US Highway 20, which descends from the east flank of the Cascades. It is nearly symmetrical with a youthful profile, though it is actually older than any other visible High Cascades volcano. Black Butte is well-preserved due to a lack of glaciation east of the major Cascade arc. Black Butte has undergone mild erosion, with shallow ravines on its slopes, deep gullies on its sides, and rocks with weathering rinds. Black Butte forms a steep-sided volcanic cone, with an unexposed pyroclastic core and no summit crater. It is one of the larger mafic volcanic cones in the Oregon Cascades, with a volume of 10 km3. Black Butte's composition is characteristic for the High Cascades, consisting of light to dark gray basaltic andesite rock with a fine to medium grain. The flanks of the volcano display outcrops of the lava, which are blocky and mixed with zones of breccia, suggesting the flows were slow-moving and were erupted from a central vent.

Nearby features
The Sixmile Butte lava field, of Pleistocene age, consists of ten cinder cones between Black Butte and Black Crater. These cones erupted basaltic andesite, which was deposited prior to the glacial advance at Suttle Lake. The field encompasses about 25 sqmi. Lava deposits from nearby Cache Mountain have a normal magnetic polarity, corresponding to a potassium–argon dating age of 0.9 ± 0.05 million years, suggesting they were produced during the Jaramillo normal polarity of the Matuyama period between 0.98 and 1.04 million years ago. There is a chain of Pleistocene cinder cones east of the butte that trends from northwest to southeast, with other Pleistocene cinder cones located to the south. There is also a mafic, well-preserved cinder cone above the Green Ridge fault zone, which produced a Pleistocene lava flow.

Eruptive history
A study by Sherrod and his associates used potassium–argon dating to trace samples from Black Butte to 1.43 ± 0.33 million years ago, during the Matuyama Polarity Zone of reversed magnetic polarity. These dates superseded an earlier determination of 400,000 years, which was recognized as incorrect based on polarity magnetization of the lava; according to Peterson and Groh, E. M. Taylor also communicated an age of about 500,000 years for Black Butte from K–Ar dating of its rock.

Large-scale block faulting in the vicinity of the Metolius Springs could have coincided with the beginning of volcanic activity in the High Cascades, which gradually progressed from building shield-shaped edifices to more violent eruptions. Volcanism resumed after the Green Ridge fault scarp reached its maximum height and fault movement ceased, occurring along a fault within the graben in the Metolius Springs vicinity. These eruptions built up Black Butte, though their duration is not clear. The magmas at Black Butte likely had to ascend through the Green Ridge fault.

Sherrod and his associates described an ancient basaltic andesite deposit from the Pleistocene, which displays reverse polarity and is older than 0.78 million years. This deposit includes lava flows from Black Butte, which are slightly to moderately porphyritic in texture and exhibit 5–10 percent plagioclase phenocrysts, about 1 to 2 mm in length. They also have 3–5 percent olivine phenocrysts, which are about 1 mm across. Sherrod et al. also described two previously identified, reverse-polarized basaltic andesite lava deposits at Black Butte, with ages of 0.46 ± 0.30 and 0.48 ± 0.2 million years, respectively. The volcano's last known eruption was during the Pleistocene. However, some eruptive activity has continued in the High Cascades; there is one lava flow in the McKenzie Pass area to the west of Black Butte, which is only 1,500 years old.

Human history

Black Butte was a familiar landmark to the Native Americans. Ella E. Clark records a traditional story of the butte told to her by two Native Americans living on the Warm Springs Reservation, which had been told to them by their grandfathers. According to this tale, the mountains of Central Oregon were once people: Black Butte was the wife of nearby Green Ridge. Mount Hood and Mount Adams quarreled over a woman, and would regularly cross the Bridge of the Gods to fight. Coyote called the other mountains to come and help arbitrate the dispute. The mountains marched north, including Black Butte and Green Ridge. The trip tired Black Butte, and she stopped to rest at the head of the Metolius River; Green Mountain was annoyed that she had stopped, and laid down, pouting. Coyote decided he could wait no longer, and broke the Bridge of the Gods; this caused the mountains to remain where they had stopped.

It is not known who gave Black Butte its modern name, though historical records show settlers calling the volcano by that name as early as 1855. Lieutenant H. L. Abbot, one of the engineers involved with the Pacific Railroad Surveys, referred to the volcano as Pivot Mountain in a diary entry published in the Oregon Historical Quarterly, though he also used the name Black Butte in the Pacific Railroad Surveys Reports. During his work for the surveys, Abbot scouted railroad routes in the area surrounding Black Butte, ultimately concluding that a railroad could not be built over the Cascade Range near Mount Jefferson.

The butte had a fire lookout ground house, which was built in 1979 out of wood, though the butte has been used for fire detection since 1910. Fire lookout staff used the station to cook and sleep before it was condemned in 2014 and burned down in 2016 by the United States Forest Service, who released a statement that it "was ineligible for preservation as a historical structure both in time and because of improvements made." Lookouts still work at Black Butte during the fire season but use a yurt (a type of portable tent) instead. There has been a white cupola structure on the top of the butte since 1923 and a more modern fire lookout tower, 62 ft tall, which was built in 1995; neither are accessible to visitors.

Recreation
The land around Black Butte and the Metolius Springs is managed by the United States Forest Service, which has constructed a parking lot, trail, and viewpoint for the area. There are a number of famous fishing resorts and a popular recreation area nearby. Black Butte Ranch, which lies in Deschutes County within Deschutes National Forest, is a resort community that encompasses 1800 acre and offers recreational activities including horseback riding, biking, hiking, canoeing, kayaking, and paddleboarding; during the winter, the resort activities include Nordic skiing and snowshoeing.

The Black Butte hiking trail runs for about 2 mi from a trailhead up the butte. Trees thin in the second mile of the hike. The trailhead is particularly busy during the summer season with vehicles and hikers, though the hiking trail itself is for hikers only. The hike is popular and not demanding, climbing about 1600 ft to the peak, where Three Sisters, Mount Washington, and Mount Jefferson can be seen.

title: Black Butte (Oregon)


text:
Discovery Bay, Jamaica

Discovery Bay is a town in Saint Ann Parish on the northern coast of Jamaica. The city is also known locally as Dry Harbour, and gives its name to the Dry Harbour Mountains in St. Ann. There is a dispute as to whether Christopher Columbus first landed in Discovery Bay or Sevilla la Nueva (east of Discovery Bay) in 1494. Near to the city are Puerto Seco Beach and several historic sites, such as the Green Grotto Caves and Columbus Park. Visitors to the Green Grotto Caves can see relics of the native Taíno Arawak lifestyle there. It is said that many Spaniards escaped the English invasion of 1655 through secret passages in the caves with the help of Arawaks and African slaves, in exchange for the slaves' freedom.

Overview
The city of Discovery Bay sits on a bay of the same name. The bay was originally named Puerto Seco (Dry Harbour) by Christopher Columbus because, unlike the neighboring Rio Bueno bay, there are no permanent rivers flowing into it. However, groundwater does enter the bay through deep cracks in the basement limestone, especially on the geologic fault line that runs through the ship channel and on the western side. The salinities of the submerged springs are greater than 20 parts per thousand, yet they cause a marked difference in temperature and salinity in the shallow western back reef. Discovery Bay's economy is dependent upon tourism and bauxite mining. To the west of the bay is a port from which the St. Ann Bauxite Company, which employs 450 people, exports ore. The St. Ann Bauxite company was formerly named Kaiser Jamaica Bauxite Co. (KJBC), and was jointly owned by Kaiser Aluminum and the government of Jamaica.

It is also the site of the Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory, operated by the University of the West Indies. Founded in 1965, the lab has hosted researchers from around the world focusing on coral reef biology and tropical coastal processes.

The majority of the city's 2,700 residents are of African descent. The original Taíno Arawak residents did not survive the Spanish conquest in the 16th century.

title: Discovery Bay, Jamaica


text:
Talk:Shalu Vashistha

Rewrite
The article has numerous issues, which are currently listed at the top of the page. The article is written like a resume of Dr. Vashistha rather than a biography. There is currently no information about Dr. Vashistha in the page, it is instead a list of all of her publications and books. Herravondure (talk) 17:40, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shalu Vashistha


text:
Talk:Patrick Kearney

George
He shot George in Tijuana and then brought the remains back to Culver City and buried them in his back yard? The remains were definitely recovered in Culver City. Are you sure he killed George in Mexico? James Galloway (talk) 23:39, 20 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Height
Hi, just passing by doing some research. I'm wondering where the listed height of 5'5" comes from? I found a wanted poster for Kearney listing him at 5'10". Link: https://allthatsinteresting.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/kearney-hill-wanted-poster.jpg

title: Talk:Patrick Kearney


text:
User:Deon555

Soft Redirect: this page can be found at w:User:Deon555 until this user has established a good User Page :)

title: User:Deon555


text:
Quentin Lee

Quentin Lee (born 1971) is a Hong Kong-born Canadian-American film writer, director, and producer. He is most notable for the television series Comedy InvAsian and feature films The People I've Slept With (2009), Ethan Mao (2004), and Shopping for Fangs (1997), which he co-directed with Justin Lin.

Lee's films often feature male lead characters who are Asian American and gay, two minority groups generally not seen as lead characters in mainstream Hollywood films.

Early life
Born in Hong Kong, Lee immigrated to Montreal, Canada when he was 15 due to the financial panic speculating the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.

Lee studied English at UC Berkeley and went on to receive an MA in English from Yale University in 1993. He originally went on to attend USC School of Cinematic Arts but transferred after getting off the UCLA waitlist. Lee graduate with an MFA from the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television in 1999.

1993–1999: Projects at UCLA Film School
Lee founded the production company Margin Films in 1996. The company later moved into theatrical film distribution, starting with the film Bugis Street.

Flow (1996) was Lee's first feature film, which focused on a gay filmmaker talking about his work to an unseen friend behind a camera, and then became a series of films within a film, as the audience is then shown four of the filmmaker's short films. The film screened at the Vancouver International Film Festival, the Turin Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, the London Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, and Outfest and received positive reviews from L.A. Weekly as well as the Los Angeles Times.

Lee's second feature Shopping for Fangs, a "gay vampire drama", was co-directed with classmate Justin Lin and premiered at the 1997 Toronto International Film Festival. The film stars John Cho and is considered to be a cult classic in the Asian American independent film genre.

2000–present: Post graduation and independent work
Drift (2000) was Lee's third feature film, which starred Reggie Lee, Greyson Dayne and Jonathon Roessler, and which got nominated for Best Feature film at the Torino International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. Ethan Mao (2004) was Lee's fourth feature film, which won an Audience Award at the Torino International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. Jun Hee Lee starred as the title character, Ethan Mao.

Lee's film The People I've Slept With—which was written and produced by Koji Steven Sakai—premiered at the 2009 Hawaii International Film Festival, internationally at the 2009 São Paulo International Film Festival, the 2010 Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival in Asia, and the 2010 Hamburg Lesbian and Gay Film Festival in Europe. The film stars Karin Anna Cheung as a pregnant woman who is looking for the true identity of her baby's father.

White Frog is a coming of age story about an autistic teenager who struggles through the loss of his older brother. It stars Booboo Stewart, Gregg Sulkin, and Harry Shum Jr. The film premiered at the CAAMFest in 2012. Fortissimo Films purchased the international distribution rights in 2011.

Short films and documentaries
Lee's first foray into documentary film, 0506HK (2007), premiered July 2007 at the Vancouver International Film Centre Hong Kong Stories film series, commemorating the 10-year anniversary of Hong Kong's handover to China. The film explored his personal and political perspectives on whether to return to Hong Kong, as well as the evolving cultural and social climate, through interviews with family members and friends living and working in both Hong Kong and Los Angeles.

His short film Gay Hollywood Dad (2018) is about the journey he underwent as a surrogate father.

Producing
As a producer, Lee joined the Producers Guild of America in 2016 and has founded the AAPI Working Group at the PGA with member co-leads Alan Chu, Sibyl Santiago and Jonathan Wang in 2020. Lee is also a member of Canadian Media Producers Association and a member of the Directors Peer Group of Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.

Films that Lee produced that he did not direct include the feature film Chink starring Jason Tobin, Eugenia Yuan and Tzi Ma, directed by Stanley Yung and written by Koji Steven Sakai, who wrote his previous film, The People I've Slept With. The film premiered at the 2013 Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival. He was also a producer on Ringo Le's feature film, Big Gay Love (2013). He has also served as a producer on the short documentary, Taky Kimura: The Dragon's Legacy (2010), directed by Mellissa Tong. He has produced and photographed Searching for Anna May Wong (2020), co-directed by Z. Eric Yang and Denise Chan and the Wieden + Kennedy PSA The Myth (2022), directed by Jackie Bao.

In 2022, Lee created the stand-up comedy series Comedy Invasion, highlighting comedians from diverse backgrounds including people of colour, people with disabilities and LGBTQ comedians.

Writing
Lee has also published a novel, entitled Dress Like a Boy in 2000. It has received positive reviews in publications such as AsianWeek and XY Magazine. Lee's novel, The Secret Diary of Edward Ng, is a gay coming of age story partly inspired by his time at Berkeley. It was released in August 2019.

In October 2009, Lee's graphic novel Campus Ghost Story, created in collaboration with artist John Hahn was published by Fresh Fear, an imprint of Margin Films.

Personal life
Lee is openly gay. He has a younger sister. He has a son through surrogacy.

Lee, along with 48 other patients, have accused former USC and UCLA doctor Dennis Kelly of sexual abuse.

As director

 * Anxiety of Inexpression and the Otherness Machine (1992)
 * To Ride a Cow (1993)
 * Flow (1996)
 * Shopping for Fangs (1997)
 * Fall 1990 (1999)
 * Drift (2000)
 * Ethan Mao (2004)
 * 0506HK (2007)
 * The People I've Slept With (2009)
 * Little Love (2010)
 * Today Has Been Weird (2011)
 * White Frog (2012)
 * The Unbidden (2016)
 * Boy Luck Club (2020)
 * Comisery (2020)
 * Brash Boys Club (2020)
 * Comedy Invasion (2022)
 * Last Summer of Nathan Lee (2023)

title: Quentin Lee


text:
Beurnevésin

Beurnevésin is a former municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Beurnevésin is first mentioned in 1270 as Brunnevisin. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Brischwiler, however, that name is no longer used. On 1 January 2024, Beurnevésin is set to merge with Bonfol to form the new municipality of Basse-Vendline.

Geography
Beurnevésin has an area of. Of this area, 2.83 km2 or 55.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.97 km2 or 38.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.26 km2 or 5.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.04 km2 or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.6%. Out of the forested land, 36.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 41.3% is used for growing crops and 13.0% is pastures and 1.4% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Porrentruy district, in the north-eastern section of the Ajoie region.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a Chevron raised embowed Vert between three Mullets of five Gules.

Demographics
Beurnevésin has a population of. , 12.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -11.8%. Migration accounted for -4.1%, while births and deaths accounted for -5.3%.

Most of the population speaks French (131 or 83.4%) as their first language, German is the second most common (25 or 15.9%) and Italian is the third (1 or 0.6%).

, the population was 50.0% male and 50.0% female. The population was made up of 61 Swiss men (40.7% of the population) and 14 (9.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 71 Swiss women (47.3%) and 4 (2.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 70 or about 44.6% were born in Beurnevésin and lived there in 2000. There were 41 or 26.1% who were born in the same canton, while 33 or 21.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 13 or 8.3% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15.9%.

, there were 62 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 85 married individuals, 8 widows or widowers and 2 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 59 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 16 households that consist of only one person and 8 households with five or more people. , a total of 57 apartments (81.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 8 apartments (11.4%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (7.1%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 11.11%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 30.84% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (28.97%), the FDP (27.1%) and the SVP (12.15%). In the federal election, a total of 54 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.9%.

Economy
, Beurnevésin had an unemployment rate of 2%. , there were 27 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector. 9 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 6 businesses in this sector. There were 81 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 48.1% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 24. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 18, all of which were in agriculture. There were no jobs in the secondary sector. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 6 of which, 3 were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles and 2 were in a hotel or restaurant.

, there were 13 workers who commuted into the municipality and 49 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 3.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 30.8% of the workforce coming into Beurnevésin are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 7.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 54.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 100 or 63.7% were Roman Catholic, while 33 or 21.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 18 individuals (or about 11.46% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 10 (or about 6.37% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 4 individuals (or about 2.55% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Beurnevésin about 37 or (23.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 11 or (7.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 11 who completed tertiary schooling, 63.6% were Swiss men, 18.2% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were no students attending school in Beurnevésin.

, there were 14 students in Beurnevésin who came from another municipality, while 14 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Beurnevésin


text:
Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli

Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli is a 2003 Telugu-language comedy film directed by G. Nageswara Reddy and produced by D. V. V. Danayya and J. Bhagavan under Sri Balaji Creations. The film stars Srikanth, Prabhu Deva and Namitha in the lead roles. The film was remade in Tamil as Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi (2009).

Cast

 * Srikanth as Viswam
 * Prabhu Deva as Murugan
 * Namitha as Sashi Rekha
 * Tanikella Bharani
 * Chandra Mohan
 * Chalapathi Rao
 * Sunil as Bala Raju
 * Brahmanandam
 * M. S. Narayana
 * Jaya Prakash Reddy
 * L. B. Sriram
 * Kovai Sarala
 * Delhi Rajeswari
 * Melkote

Music
The music was composed by Chakri.

title: Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/View from nowhere (2nd nomination)

The result was   keep. (non-admin closure) -- Sam Sing! 15:12, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

View from nowhere
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Previously kept close to a year ago, the discussion centered around the term's alleged usage. This is, instead, a neologism with limited use co-opted from a 1989 book and used sparingly in the 2000s and generally forgotten. The most usage is by one professor who coined it for use in journalism and is the bulk of the usage moving forward. Shows no lasting use, and lacks any real sourcing about the term to build an article from. Thargor Orlando (talk) 14:36, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of News media-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 16:00, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Language-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 16:00, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep There's no shortage of coverage out there - see Objectivity and Inter-Cultural Experience, for example. There's obviously overlap with pages like objectivity, in its various senses, but that's a matter of ordinary editing, not deletion.  The phrase should clearly not be a red link. Andrew D. (talk) 19:58, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * So where is the coverage? Your book link, for example, is roughly 3 sentences. Thargor Orlando (talk) 12:20, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep but Rewrite as an article on the book, which probably has enough reviews to meet NBOOK.  DGG ( talk ) 01:44, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep per meeting WP:N and WP:NRVE. The article does need to have its list of references] used as citations, but needing it done is a reason to do it, not delete it.  Schmidt,  Michael Q. 05:52, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Where are the sources about the topic that show it meets those guidelines? Thargor Orlando (talk) 14:50, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Weak Keep but agree it's probably better reframed as being about the book. —  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 01:16, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Arsenio Frugoni

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title: Talk:Arsenio Frugoni


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of South Africa

Introduction
The cuisine of South Africa reflects the diversity of the various ethnic groups that make up the population of South Africa. The variety of different culinary traditions combined with the great variety of fresh food present a cuisine that caters for every taste sensation. Although the historical traditions are evident in the cuisine, modern food trends also influence its development.

South African cuisine is strongly influenced by Dutch, German, English, French, Malaysian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Indian, Native African and even Asian cuisines. As a result, we have a great variety of dishes.

South African history's influence on culinary tradition
The first European settlers in South Africa were the Dutch, who established a trading post in the Cape in 1652. Many men from Germany also came to work in the Cape. Towards the end of the 17th century, Malay slaves were imported. The French Huguenots, after fleeing their country due to religious persecution, came to South Africa and started our fine winemaking tradition. Britain gained control of the Cape in 1806. The discovery of gold and diamonds lead to further British colonizations in South Africa. Under their rule, Indian indentured labourers were imported as cheap labour. Later Britain gave South Africa its independence. The Portuguese influence came mostly from Mozambique and Angola, two of South Africa's neighbouring countries. Long ignored are also the African influences in South African cuisine, now much more popular since the passing of Apartheid.

Meat dishes are very popular, especially amongst European descendants commonly known as the Afrikaners. There's an old joke that states that a Boer eats mutton, beef and bacon for breakfast, lunch and dinner, and when he feels like some vegetables, he eats chicken.

Braais (barbecues) are very popular.

Breakfast dishes

 * Melk kos
 * Mieliepap (A porridge made from maize and water
 * Bacon and eggs with toast
 * Dry cereals
 * Oats

Soup & Stew

 * Boontjie sop
 * Groente sop
 * Tomato bredie
 * Waterblommetjiebredie

Seafood

 * Snoek
 * Rock Lobster commonly called "crayfish" but it is not the same as crayfish in most other countries

Poultry
Most South Africans enjoy chicken and include it in their braais (barbecues). They enjoy pork and beef meat most of wich is beef tripe

Meat

 * Biltong
 * Boerewors
 * Bobotie
 * Droewors (dried sausage)
 * Frikadelle (Meat Balls)
 * Samoosas (Samosa)
 * Potjie
 * Bunny Chow (Thick meat or vegetable curry in a hollowed out bread loaf)
 * Mashonzha (mopane worm)
 * Sosatie
 * Umleqwa (free-range chicken)
 * Braai (South African barbecue)

Vegetables

 * Chakalaka (Spicy vegetable salad)
 * Morogo (Wild spinach)
 * Pap (Corn porridge)
 * Samosas
 * Samp and Beans
 * Setjetsa / isiJingi (Maize and Pumpkin)
 * Isidudu (Pumpkin Mash)
 * Umngqusho (Semolina and Black-eyed peas)
 * Potjiekos (South African Layered Vegetable)
 * Umphokoqo (African dish made of corn meal)

Desserts

 * Aartappel Poeding (Potato Pudding)
 * Asynpoeding (Vinegar Pudding)
 * Boeber
 * Bombay Crush
 * Cape Brandy Pudding
 * Cremora Tart
 * Crunchies
 * Gatsby
 * Hertzoggies
 * Jalebi
 * Koeksisters
 * Koesisters
 * Lemon Meringue Pie
 * Malva Pudding
 * Melktart (Milk Tart)
 * Melkkos
 * Pampoenkoekie (Pumpkin Fritters)
 * Pannekoek (Pancakes)
 * Peppermint Crisp Tart
 * Pineapple Fridge Tart
 * Sago pudding
 * Sticky Date Pudding
 * Trifle

Baking

 * Rusks
 * Bread
 * Queen cake
 * Milo cake with condensed milk icing
 * Vetkoek
 * Stokbrood

Condiments & Preserves

 * Chutney
 * Mango Atchar
 * Jam
 * Sauces
 * Pickles
 * Konfyt
 * Watermelon Konfyt (Watermelom preserve)

Beverages

 * Amasi (soured milk)
 * Brandy and Coke
 * Don Pedro
 * Ginger Beer
 * Mageu (fermented corn meal)
 * Mampoer (fruit based moonshine, mostly peach or marula)
 * Pineapple Beer
 * Wine
 * Springbokkie
 * Umqombothi (sorghum beer)
 * Witblitz (grape based moonshine)

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of South Africa


text:
Talk:Peter Gent

Failed reference verification
There is absolutely no mention of Frank Yablans in the referenced article. While the reference may be suitable for citing other information about the book, it is completely inappropriate to use it as the source for the information concerning Yablans, since the reference contains no information, whatsoever, about it. This source needs to be evaluated and only used to support statements in the article where it is actually applicable. Nusumareta (talk) 22:43, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 22:30, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Gent


text:
Talk:International Baccalaureate

I'm not sure if second languages should be included because you can't really produce syllabus guides for them. Perhaps one could just include exam help and other sorts of things. Perhaps they could be broken up into level, or they could just be links to the pages like this one spanish which already have plenty of things?

You could also write any useful grammar books, or places to learn this language, or talk about recent movies/radio programms, which could be useful to those studying IB language. Or people could just write about one area of grammar, you know, like how direct object pronouns work or something.

True, although it's of less value than the other ones, because the IB syllabus for languages is not really specific, you just learn the language, and so one can use any spanish textbook or grammar outline. With the other subjects the exact pieces of knowledge you must know are specific, so it's possible to write them out like that. --<IP_ADDRESS> 13:03, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Yeh but part of the whole thing of doing IB is learning the cultures, and colloquialism, etc., so that's why movies etc would be better than nothing!!

I question the practice of writing guides that stay strictly to the syllabus. While it might be easier to write, I would think it would be more difficult for the sleep deprived IB student to read. Also, some students who have information to contribute might not be able to if they don't have the syllabus (I myself don't have syllabi for all my classes).

I propose reorganizing the subjects on the front page so as to fit under the IB Groups. Any objections?

Splat 05:37, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

The IB license- what IB content are we restricted from publishing?
So what content from the IB CAN'T we publish? I would love to see the standards published to the site. This would inform users on what the critical breadth of each standard is. User: theKaramanukian

ITGS?
Have you considered adding a section for ITGS (Information Technology in a Global Society)? <IP_ADDRESS> 14:44, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

New resource site
| lB Student Revision I made this site trying to fill a need. It is still quite new, and will hopefully get better with time. It is an indexation of resources, sorted by subject. Similar to the ib notes page, but with a system allowing users of the page to rate each site, making it faster to identify good study resources. I would rather not add it myself as I am not excactly none-biased. Thanks. <IP_ADDRESS> 08:57, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Spanish
Does anyone have any additional info to build up this section which an increasing number of people are taking.

Reference Site
The following site Physics syllabus website requires a log in and password, therefore is inaccessible.

Personal Opinions
I've noticed in some places (notably TOK) that students are expressing their personal opinions about courses instead of constructive comments. I feel this is inappropriate, since the exact content and teaching style of a particular course will vary widely from classroom to class room. As well, a negative opinion of a course can be because the student disliked the instructor, or because they dislike the subject for whatever reason.

Thoughts? --UrsulaMin (talk) 19:27, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * This is a wiki: If you don't like the content, change it! I'd back you up if you're removing material which is not appropriate for the textbooks we are trying to write here. This isn't a forum you see.

Ewen (talk) 19:37, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Need substantial rewriting
The whole page is messed up. It is clearly referring to the Diploma Program(me) but uses the archaic term (from 30 years ago) of IB which would have been fine when there was only the Diploma Program(me). Please folks!, get with it! The IB produces three progs, PYP, MYP and DP. regardless of how it is called in your school it is not known world wide as the "IB". I've tried some clean up but there are whole pages that need rennaming and I don't have the time. In addition, pages are incorrectly named anyway (even from 2006) and subjects mostly incorrect.

where is the IB Philosophy??

CBSE to IB in India. Useful or not for future studies in abroad?
Is changing school from CBSE board to IB useful in India for people who wish to go abroad for higher studies? Is IB tougher than CBSE? Are the books and other study material better than CBSE in IB? Are IB studying children brighter than CBSE studying children? Does IB has much scope than CBSE all over the world including India?

Out of Date
A lot of the provided links are either broken or useless and should be removed. And there are many other useful links that might be listed. For example, direct links to IBO Handbooks. Moreover, an IB wikibook should not merely list the several subjects possible in the program — there are many topics general to the program that a wikibook might be useful for, and that a comprehensive source of information cannot be easily found about on the internet. I'm focusing on the Econ Wiki right now since my SL exam is coming soon, but just a thought that I'll try putting into practice later.

00:31, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:International Baccalaureate


text:
Lucie Memba

Lucie Memba Bos (born 1987) is a Cameroonian actress, movie producer who have starred in both series and movies in French and English language. She was honored for best lead actress in Cinema of Cameroon for French speaking actress at Cameroon Movies Merit Award (CMMA) 2013 edition organized by Fred Keyanti. She did her International debut with Nollywood stars in the movie Pink Poison featuring Jim Iyke and Far starred alongside Nigerian Dakore Akande. In 2014 she launched L.M.B production after her name [Lucie Memba Bos].Producing the Cameroon movie Paradise, still in 2014. she co-produce La patrie d’abord, the first film of war in tribute to the Cameroonian defense forces under her production. In September, 2017 she was nominated as best Cameroonian female actor for le TROPHEES FRANCOPHONES DU CINEMA in the film La Patrie D'abord.

Early life
Lucie was born in Dschang West Region (Cameroon) and grew up in Bafoussam where she started modeling and diverted into acting, after her degree in Baccalauréat philosophique, she moved to Douala for other opportunities. No information about her real date of birth has been published, some sources says; she was born in 1987.

Career
Lucie first appeared in "Emoin A Seduire" in 1999 when Cinema of Cameroon was still developing. She became prominent in 2008 and won the Cameroon Movies Merit Award (CMMA) as best actress in French speaking in 2013, she launched her own production Lucie Memba Bos (LMB). She is the producer of the Cameroon movie Paradise, her work was recognized as the lead and co-producer for the movie La patrie d’abord, the first film of war in tribute to the Cameroonian defense forces and still in 2014, she co-produced "Ntah Napi" which won the Ecrans Noirs award in 2014 for best French movie She is one of those good-luck Cameroonian actors whose work has been recognized by the ministry of culture, she was among the casts to meet with minister Ama Tutu Muna  who visited casts on set in the movie Pink Poison in Buea, 2013.

In 2016, she was recognized as the most Glamorous Actress by a Cameroonian celeb website Le Film Camerounais Lucie, is also recognized for the movie Fast Life with French actor Thomas Nguijol. She is also working with (Tribe Africa Media) to support and show love for Albinism in Cameroon as commemoration of World Albino's day celebration

In September 2017, Lucie took a lead role in a new movie coming up with Nigerian movie star Zack Orji in an interview by Dcoded TV, to know how she feels to work with Zack Orji, she saysI am overwhelmed with all of this. Its like a dream come true for me and Zack Orji is someone i respect and i have watched his movies over many years… To work with him on a film is just amazing. I can’t wait,” Apart from her career in movie, in 2008 she was employed to work with Guinness Cameroon as a marketing agent

Personal life
In September 2017, Lucie met with Cameroonian football legend Samuel Eto'o in Douala

2011 – 2020

 * Chart of God
 *  Deiting the sixth
 *  Ntah napi 1 de Ousmane Stéphane et Sergio Marcello
 *  W.a.k.a
 *  First country
 *  La maladie
 *  Mission secrete
 *  Far With Dakore Akande
 *  Pink Poison  with Jim Iyke
 * Le Blanc D’Eyanga 2 with Thierry Ntamack
 * La Partrie D’abord
 * Fast Life

2009

 *  Sweet home de Ghislain Amougou
 *  Passion.Com de Serge Kendjo

2008

 *  Série Paradis d' Ousmane Stéphane
 *  Série Le Monde De Loïc, De Raphaël Matouke
 *  Virus Squad

title: Lucie Memba


text:
Talk:Davide Xausa

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title: Talk:Davide Xausa


text:
Fuad Mulahasanović

Fuad Mulahasanović (born 16 October 1952) is a Bosnian former professional footballer and current coach.

title: Fuad Mulahasanović


text:
Historical Introduction to Philosophy/The Challenge of Skepticism

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"You can't handle the truth..."
From understanding what can be said about truth and about how we come to that truth, we can then begin to construct what those opposed the views on truth have to say: Enter, Skeptics.

No philosopher, or cognizant human being for that matter can escape the questions of skepticism. How do we know what we know is true? How can we justify what we claim to know? Can we really have knowledge of anything at all or are we simply being deceived by imperfect human attributes? These are all issues that everyone must be able to reckon with in order to hold his or her ground against the attacks on what we, as humans, claim to know. Whether we take sides with a skeptic school of thought or we offer a rebuttal, the questions of skepticism cannot simply be ignored as if they weren't there.

What is Skepticism?
The word "skeptic" comes from the Greek "skepsis" which means inquiry. Most skeptics believe that by continuously questioning our knowledge, the source thereof and what is held as "truth," we can greatly reduce the risk of being deceived and therefore left further from actual Truth than if we had not taken to a specific "truth." To adhere and completely agree with one of these "truths" is to assume a great deal about Truth and the criterion by which it is judged. To establish this criterion is to once again suppose and assume, without certainty; this eventually falls back to circular reasoning because to decide the criterion of Truth, there must be a criterion on establishing a criterion and Truth to that criterion ... a definition of a definition of a definition ... and so on. The questioning of knowledge have undoubtedly been present as long as man has laid claim to it. So-called "truths" about the world in which we live have been brought into question since they were asserted, which is why philosophy is very much alive today -- if everyone had already agreed on claimed "fundamental truths," there would no longer be a need for much of what makes up philosophy; we would already have the answers. This is a point that many skeptics lean on: if these "truths" were actually true, philosophers through the ages would not continue to disagree just by the very nature of what it means for something to be true.(((As asserted in the previous section--place link here))) Keeping in mind the presupposition that man has almost always questioned the knowledge he lays claim to, the first actual record of a formalized stance in skeptic thought came from the ancient Greeks.

Baklava with that?
A. Skeptical Foundations in Ancient Greece

We can infer that the basis of Greek skeptics came from the fact that Socrates was undeniably, if not sickeningly so, humble about his knowledge. It was Socrates who said all he could know was the knowledge of his own ignorance but to have skepticism hinge on one flighty remark from Socrates would be a bit of a stretch, so let's keep digging. Plato also had his opinion on Truth, claiming that the only true reality is that of the mind. Another important figure in philosophy making a bold statement about certainty and yet, the Skeptic movement still hasn't caught on in Athens, at least that we're aware of. Next came Gorgias (c.483 - c.376 B.C.E.), a Greek philosopher who we know very little about. Although Gorgias' work survives only in sparse fragments and citations, scholars have deduced that his claims about knowledge are as follows:

1. Nothing exists. 2. Even if things did exist, it could not be known. 3. Even if it could be known, it could not be communicated.

Despite the fact that Gorgias made record of these ideas before anyone else, it was really the Pyrrhonians whose school of thought is considered to be the primary building foundation on which all other skeptic thought has been forced to build.

B. Pyrrhonian Skepticism Started by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 367 - c.275 B.C.E.), the Skeptic movement started concurrently with that of the Stoics, Epicureans and the "negative dogmatists," the Academic Skeptics during the decades following the collapse of Alexander the Great's empire. While all four of the schools of thought aimed to bring tranquility and happiness in a time of struggles, it was the Pyrrhonian Skeptics who took a very different path than that of the others.

C. "Why are these guys so special?" Skeptic relations to the Stoics

The Pyrrhonian Skeptics are obviously a different breed, but why did they think the way they did? To put this in perspective, the viewpoint of their most antithetical rival school, the Stoics must be at least partially understood. The Stoics believed that our knowledge comes from the acceptance of our perceptions as representatives of external facts. Certainty comes directly through cognitive impressions -- that which is generally accepted as commonplace knowledge. It is from these general claims that we can gain general conceptions to which we can reason about. Knowledge then becomes the culmination of all the rational conceptions we have made. These conceptions must then be inter-supportive and mutually dependent on one another, providing sound and stable knowledge. They believed that everything that wasn't knowledge was opinion. The criterion of Truth for the Stoics was essentially reasoned commonplace knowledge and relied heavily on both intuition and experiential evidence. Skepticism rejects that we can have certainty based on commonplace knowledge because it does not rule out deception by our senses or interactions as a factor. Just because hundreds of people believe the same thing, doesn't mean they're right -- take a look at Michael Bolton fans if you don't agree.

Pyrrho's philosophy reacted against the Stoics, who believed we can know nearly anything as long as the criterion by which we judge becomes commonly assented to because of the gaping flaw of mass deception, but the Pyrrhonians also reacted against the Academic Skeptics who said we can know absolutely nothing for certain --a contradiction within itself. So what kind of doctrine did they follow?

Pyrrhonian Skepticism states that in order to seek tranquility and a quietude of mind, we must disengage ourselves from things of which we cannot be sure. We must then suspend judgments on claims until they have been thoroughly scrutinized -- essentially any claim whatsoever except "that which is immediately evident," such that we exist or that we sit, stand and talk. While this method seems to make life stagnant, Pyrrhonians felt that suspending judgment would eliminate the mental anguish caused by any "knowledge" that could be doubted in the slightest. Where certainty is not, doubt is present and doubt is that which disquiets the mind. Applying this method to experiences, if a claim was brought into question, even if no visible flaw could be seen, a Pyrrhonian might simply say that the claim appears to be so, but alas, he cannot, with certainty, say either for or against the claim. i.e., If someone were to say that the sky was blue, a Pyrrhonian would probably say that it just appears to be blue, but he couldn't be sure.

Although we attribute this school of thought to Pyrrho, it was actually his student Timon and later follower Sextus Empiricus (c.175 - c.225 B.C.E.) who actually recorded these ideas; most notably in Sextus Empiricus' work, "The Outlines of Pyrrhonism."

Reading Assignment #1 Read the following excerpts from Sextus Empiricus' "Outlines of Pyrrhonism":

CHAPTER VI. -- OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SCEPTICISM The originating cause of Scepticism is, we say, the hope of attaining quietude. Men of talent, who were perturbed by the contradictions in things and in doubt as to which of the alternatives they ought to accept, were led on to inquire what is true in things and what false, hoping by the settlement of this question to attain quietude. The main basic principle of the Sceptic system is that of opposing to every proposition an equal proposition; for we believe that as a consequence of this we end by ceasing to dogmatize.

CHAPTER VII. -- DOES THE SCEPTIC DOGMATIZE? When we say that the Sceptic refrains from dogmatizing we do not use the term "dogma," as some do, in the broader sense of "approval of a thing" for the Sceptic gives assent to the feelings which are the necessary results of sense-impressions, and he would not, for example, say when feeling hot or cold "I believe that I am not hot or cold"); but we say that "he does not dogmatize" using "dogma" in the sense, which some give it, of "assent to one of the non-evident objects of scientific inquiry"; for the Pyrrhonean philosopher assents to nothing that is non-evident. Moreover, even in the act of enunciating the Sceptic formulae concerning things non-evident -- such as the formula "No more (one thing than another)," or the formula "I determine nothing," or any of the others which we shall presently mention he does not dogmatize. For whereas the dogmatizer posits the things about which he is said to be dogmatizing as really existent, the Sceptic does not posit these formulae in any absolute sense; for he conceives that, just as the formula "All things are false" asserts the falsity of itself as well as of everything else, as does the formula "Nothing is true," so also the formula "No more" asserts that itself, like all the rest, is "No more (this than that)," and thus cancels itself along with the rest. And of the other formulae we say the same. If then, while the dogmatizer posits the matter of his dogma as substantial truth, the Sceptic enunciates his formulae so that they are virtually cancelled by themselves, he should not be said to dogmatize in his enunciation of them. And, most important of all, in his enunciation of these formulae he states what appears to himself and announces his own impression in an undogmatic way, without making any positive assertion regarding the external realities.

Questions: 1. How does Sextus defend skepticism against those who would doubt its credibility? 2. How does following skeptic thought intend to help one attain "quietude"?

"We're moving in another direction, we'll be back in a few hundred years."
A. Skeptics Lay Low

After the ancient Greeks, skepticism stays as stable as skepticism can be for a couple hundred years until Saint Augustine (354 - 430 C.E.) throws another element into the equation of knowledge -- How does God fit in to all of this? With the addition of this new cog in the machine, the distinction between the types of skepticism becomes more important.

I. Types of Skepticism Partial skepticism is a school of doubt that is simply restricted to specific fields of belief and thus knowledge. Contrarily, total skepticism has no such limits. Expanding on this is moderate and total skepticism which states that there is no absolute certainty in the underlying beliefs present in subjects such as mathematics or logic, whereas radical and total skepticism states that there aren't even such things as justifiable beliefs that can exist. It is with this distinction in mind that we can begin to analyze the slight nods to skepticism that those following the Greeks make.

Now Where Was I? Oh yes, God.
A. Saint Augustine and Skepticism

Most would consider Augustine to be, at best, a partial skeptic in the sense that be believed neither revelation nor revelation alone could give us certain knowledge. His doubts of what we can be certain of is limited to those claims on which reason and revelation, or divinely inspired knowledge, coincide. Augustine believed that we use reason as a God-given tool to understand that which God has revealed to us via divine means, only then, by using both reason and revelation can we have certain knowledge. He wasn't saying that revelation or reason are insufficient in and of themselves, but that certainty is derived from utilizing both. Although Augustine is never consider a skeptic in the traditional sense, with his ties being loosely based, it is possible to see the influence of the ancient Greeks on his philosophy. Of course, despite these albeit weak ties, Augustine does bring a new element into accepting knowledge as certain. He links knowledge to a direct relation to God and implies that it is the concept "grace" which allows us, by faith, to accept what we believe God to have imparted to us. Where the Pyrrhonians stopped in suspending judgment, Augustine goes to fill this gap by agreeing that while he cannot be certain of a great many things, he can be certain in God and therefore bridges this metaphysical gap between uncertainty and certainty -- if nothing else, he can be sure of God who, he believes, is the wellspring of all things certain. Let's review: we cannot have knowledge of everything based on reason and same came be said of that based on revelation. What we can have certain knowledge of is of the claims to which both are applied and understood through God, in whom all things can be certain.

''B. Another Christian Skeptic ... Well, Sort of.''

800 years after Augustine, another Christian by the name of Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274 C.E.) came along to build on what Augustine had said. Aquinas agrees with many of the same principles that Augustine established but began to flesh out different types of knowledge into rational, revealed and a combination thereof. He does, however, suggest that the certainty we can come to through reason cannot be arrived at through strict revelation (even though both come from God). While not doubting the fact that we can have knowledge entirely, he does doubt where that knowledge comes from and the ways it can be reliable and certain. While both Augustine and Aquinas are, at the very best, partial skeptics, it is important to understand their viewpoints as they determine the direction of the next phase of skeptical philosophy -- the "modern age."

A Dream Within A Dream Within A Dream...
A. The Greatest Mind in Modern Skepticism

René Descartes (1596 - 1650 C.E.) was a jack-of-all-trades in the world of philosophy. The topics on which he wrote include law, mathematics, science, ethics, psychology, metaphysics, religion and epistemology among others. In his twenties, he began to travel Europe in search of knowledge that he felt could only be gained through introspection or through worldly interaction. He desired to experience everything.

His extensive travels allowed him to see many new and unique things, some of which cause him to doubt assumptions he had held since his childhood. These doubts eventually festered and multiplied until he felt that he ought to "demolish everything and start again, right from the foundations."

Reading Assignment #2 Read Descartes' Meditations I found at Reading Questions 1. What did Descartes assert in this argument? 2. Why did he feel he was justified in these claims? 3. Do you agree with Descartes? Why or why not?

what is this??

B. What Descartes Believed

From this point in his life onward, Descartes applied what can be called his "method of doubt" to anything he could potentially hold as valuable. If he could, in any way, doubt the certainty of any claim, he would reject it; weighing heavily on the idea that since his senses had deceived him in the past, they should never again be trusted. Even what we consider obvious notions, like the warmth of a fire, he said, could not be considered true because there was no way to prove that the experience was not a dream. As outlandish as this might appear to most of us, this dream argument proves to be extremely influential in modern philosophy-- especially with empiricists. In his work "Meditations," Descartes to skepticism in the direction of Augustine by bringing in the certainty of God.

"If there is an omnipotent God, he could presumably cause me to go wrong every time I count two and three; if, on the other hand, there is no God, then I owe my origins not to a powerful and intelligent creator, but to some random series of imperfect cause, and in this case there is even less reason to suppose that my basic intuition about mathematics are reliable." Descartes as paraphrased by Dr. John Cottingham

Following this argument, Descartes brings an odd player into the game - an imaginary demon that could quite possibly be deceiving him at every turn so that he might falter. Descartes reasoned that although this demon may be able to deceive him in all other aspects of life, the fact that he was thinking about this fact was enough reason to consider his own existence as self-evident -- hence the famous statement: "Cogito ergo sum," or, "I think, therefore I am."

In spite of this initial heavy, almost extreme skeptic stance, Descartes proceeded to reconstruct the rest of "reality" based on the confirmation of his own existence. From the idea that "he is," Descartes surmised that the idea of a supremely perfect being is too great an idea to have originated from anywhere but that supremely perfect being -- God.

Reading Assignment #3 Read Descartes' argument for God found here: Reading Questions 1. What are the logical steps Descartes uses to arrive at the existence of God? 2. Do you feel that this is an adequate argument? Why or why not?

After he believed he had logically proven the existence of God, Descartes gives an argument to the effect that the external world exists because God is a perfect being and would not intentionally deceive us because of His nature. He also acknowledges that since he can be sure of himself and he is aware enough to know that perceptions affect him without his willing them to, the external world must also exist, because if these perceptions were simply generated from himself, Descartes would be able to control them rather than be subjected to them.

Following the existence of the world, he comes up with a criterion for Truth that echoes back to Pyrrho. Descartes said that although we are imperfect beings, we have the ability to suspend judgment on that which is not "clear and distinct." In addition to this ability, rational intellect was a gift from God, a perfect being whose gift, although present in a broken, imperfect world, still has the ability to function with a degree of reliability (because we already know that God would not intentionally deceive us).

Despite the fact that Descartes' arguments rely on a Christian perspective, or at least in the existence of God, the logic and reasoning that got him to the point of "successfully" existing, as well as breaking himself (and the rest of the world for that matter,) down and rebuilding it with carefully constructed arguments, still holds bearing on skeptics and general epistemologists alike.

Wrap-Up Questions Thinking of what you've read, why is it that the skeptic question just can't be ignored? Why don't we just dismiss their arguments as shortsighted cop-outs? Use textual examples from the reading assignments or outside sources to back your response. Think critically and think of the big picture, not just whether or not you agree. Your response should be a minimum of two pages double-spaced in order to somewhat accurately respond. Compare your answer against the readings as well as arguments found on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

What Now?
Where Descartes Left Us and Further Readings

Philosophers that follow from and build on the works of Descartes include John Locke, who brought up questions like "How does man know," David Hume who was the prominent remover of God in the realm of skepticism, Baruch Spinoza who took the mind/body debate that Descartes worked on a few steps further, and George Berkeley who argued that nothing exists unless it is perceived, amongst others. While Descartes and Augustine left some large shoes to fill, the problem that skepticism will not just simply disappear is a hurdle that every philosopher in the history of the world will have to deal with.

Some further readings on these subjects are as follows:

John Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding"

George Berkeley's "Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge"

Baruch Spinoza's "Ethics"

David Hume's "Essays and Treatises"

Works Referenced
Audi, Robert. "Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy" 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press 1995, 99

Augustine. "Confessions" Translated by Garry Wills, Penguin 2001

Frost, S.E. Jr. "Basic Teachings of the Great Philosophers" Anchor 1989

Kolack, Daniel, Thomson, Garrett. "The Longman Standard of Philosophy" Pearson Education 2006

Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "http://plato.stanford.edu/"

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text:
adolesce

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  To commence or progress through adolescence.

Translations

 * Esperanto:
 * Ido:
 * Portuguese:

title: adolesce


text:
User:Jenniferkirkey

{{this is a

My example citation
I read an interesting article about Einstein and E=mc2 in the Guardian from 2014

title: User:Jenniferkirkey


text:
2015 Hamburg state election

The 2015 Hamburg state election was held on 15 February 2015 to elect the members of the 21st Hamburg Parliament. The incumbent Social Democratic Party (SPD) government led by First Mayor Olaf Scholz lost its majority. The SPD subsequently formed a coalition government with The Greens, and Scholz continued in office.

Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the 20th Hamburg Parliament.

title: 2015 Hamburg state election