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User:Qm13/sandbox

The Zettabyte Era is a broad concept that describes an age with an immense and ever-growing amount of digital data. The Zettabyte Era does not have a universally accepted definition, but can be understood as a time-period whereby there is a large and continuous growth of data consumption, creation and replication. The term zettabyte (ZB), in the Zettabyte Era, demonstrates the scale as to how much digital data exists in the world. A zettabyte is a multiple of the unit byte that measures digital storage (1 zettabyte = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes).

There is no single date that marks the beginning of the Zettabyte Era. For example, according to Cisco Systems, an American multinational technology conglomerate, the Zettabyte Era first came about when global IP traffic exceeded that of one zettabyte. In 2016 this milestone was reached when global IP traffic achieved an estimated 1.2 zettabytes (or an average of 96 exabytes (EB) a month). Global IP traffic refers to all digital data that passes over an IP network which includes, but is not limited to, the public Internet. The largest contributing factor to the growth of IP traffic comes from video traffic (including online streaming services like Netflix and YouTube).

The Zettabyte Era can also be understood as an age of growth of all forms of digital data that exist in the world which includes the public Internet, but also all other forms of digital data such as stored data from security cameras or voice data from cell-phone calls. Taking into account this second definition of the Zettabyte Era, it was estimated that in 2012 upwards of 1 zettabyte of data existed in the world and that by 2020 there would be more than 40 zettabytes of data in the world at large. This new era has resulted in difficulties for data centers to keep up with the explosion of data consumption, creation and replication. In 2015, 2% of total global power was taken up by the Internet and all its components, so energy efficiency with regards to data centers has become a central problem in the Zettabyte Era.

Zettabyte
A zettabyte is a digital unit of measurement. One zettabyte is equal to one sextillion bytes or 1021 (1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes) or, one Zettabyte is roughly equal to a trillion gigabytes. To put this into perspective, consider that “if each terabyte in a zettabyte were a kilometre, it would be equivalent to 1,300 round trips to the moon and back (768,800 kilometers)". Or, as Eric Schmidt puts it, the former CEO of Google, from the very beginning of humanity to the year 2003, an estimated 5 exabytes of information was created. In 2013 that amount of information took only two days to create and that pace is continuously growing.

Definitions
The concept of the Zettabyte Era can be separated into two distinct categories:
 * 1) In terms of IP traffic: This first definition refers to the total amount of data to traverse global IP networks such as the public Internet. In Canada for example, there has been an average growth of 50.4% of data downloaded by residential Internet subscribers from 2011 to 2016. According to this definition, the Zettabyte Era began in 2016 when global IP traffic surpassed one zettabyte, estimated to have reached roughly 1.2 zettabytes.
 * 2) In terms of all forms of digital data: In this second definition, the Zettabyte Era came before 2016, but there is no specific date to mark this debut. In 2010, the term Zettabyte Era appeared in Luciano Floridi’s book “Information: A Very Short Introduction” when he predicted the Zettabyte Era was right around the corner. This definition of the Zettabyte Era includes all the digital data that exists in any form. This data includes anything from digital films to transponders that record highway usage to SMS text messages. Digital data in any form contributes to the Zettabyte Era in this definition.

Cisco Report - The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis
In 2016, Cisco stated that the Zettabyte Era was now reality when global IP traffic reached an estimated 1.2 zettabytes. Cisco also provided future predictions of global IP traffic in their report "The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis". This report uses current and past global IP traffic statistics to forecast future trends. The report predicts trends between 2016 and 2021. Here are some of the predictions found in the report:
 * In 2021 global IP traffic on a yearly basis is estimated to reach 3.3 ZB
 * 73% of total IP traffic in 2016 was used by video traffic (i.e. Netflix and YouTube), in 2021 this will increase to 82%
 * The number of devices connected to IP networks will be more than three times the global population by 2021
 * By 2021 the amount of time it would take for one person to watch the entirety of video that will traverse global IP networks in one month is 5 million years
 * By 2021 global IP traffic will triple
 * PC traffic will be exceeded by smartphone traffic – by 2021, PC traffic will account for 25% of total IP traffic while smartphone traffic will be 33%
 * By 2021 there will be a twofold increase in broadband speeds

Factors That Led to the Zettabyte Era
There are many factors that brought about the rise of the Zettabyte Era. Increases in video streaming, mobile phone usage, broadband speeds and data center storage are all contributing factors that led to the rise (and continuation) of data consumption, creation and replication.

Increased Video Streaming
There is a large, and ever-growing consumption of multimedia, including video streaming, on the Internet that has contributed to the rise of the Zettabyte Era. In 2011 it was estimated that roughly 25-40% of IP traffic was taken up by video streaming services. Since then, video IP traffic has nearly doubled to an estimated 73% of total IP traffic. Furthermore, Cisco has predicted that this trend will continue into the future, estimating that by 2021, 82% of total IP traffic will come from video traffic.

The amount of data used by video streaming services depends on the quality of the video. Thus, Android Central breaks down how much data is used (on a smartphone) with regards to different video resolutions. According to their findings, per hour video between 240p and 320p resolution uses roughly 0.3GB. Standard video, which is clocked in at a resolution of 480p, uses approximately 0.7GB per hour. High-definition video which is in the middle of 720p and 2k resolution uses about 0.9GB (720p), 1.5GB (1080p) and 3GB (2k) per hour. Finally, 4K video, known as ultra-high-definition video, uses about 7.2GB per hour.

Netflix and YouTube are at the top of the list in terms of the most globally streamed video services online. In 2016, Netflix represented 32.72% of all video streaming IP traffic, while YouTube represented 17.31%. Netflix and YouTube are far ahead of the field, considering the third spot is taken up by Amazon Prime Video where global data usage comes in at 4.14%.

Netflix
Currently, Netflix is the largest video streaming service in the world. Netflix is accessible in over 200 countries and has more than 80 million subscribers. Streaming HD video content through Netflix equates to roughly 3GB of data per hour. Streaming standard definition videos on Netflix per person uses roughly 1 GB of data per hour. This means that if there are 4 residents in a household and each resident streams a two-hour long HD movie in a day, the result would be roughly 12 GB of data used in that day – only on Netflix. In North America, at about 8PM (during peak bandwidth consumption hours) Netflix uses about 40% of total network bandwidth. The vast amount of data marks an unparalleled period in time and is one of the major contributing factors that has led us into the Zettabyte Era.

YouTube
YouTube is another large video streaming (and video uploading) service. In the case of YouTube, across both fixed and mobile networks, the data consumption rate remains quite large. In fact, in 2016 YouTube was responsible for using up about 20% of total Internet traffic. Moreover, 40% of mobile traffic was used by YouTube in 2016. YouTube is not only a service that offers content for download (through streaming) but also a large quantity of their total Internet usage is attributed to uploading video content. That is to say, in 2016, 100 hours of video content on YouTube is uploaded every 60 seconds.

Increased Wireless and Mobile Traffic
The usage of mobile technologies to access IP networks has resulted in an increase in overall IP traffic in the Zettabyte Era. In 2016, the majority of devices that moved IP traffic and other data streams were hard-wired devices. Since then, wireless and mobile IP traffic have increased and are predicted to continue to increase rapidly. Cisco predicts that by the year 2021, wired devices will account for 37% of total IP traffic while the remaining 63% will be accounted for through wireless and mobile devices. Furthermore, smartphone traffic is expected to surpass PC traffic by 2021 where PCs are predicted to account for 25% of total IP traffic, down from 46% in 2016, whereas smartphone traffic is expected to increase from 13% to 33% between 2016 and 2021.

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), mobile broadband penetration rates are ever-growing. Between June 2016 and December 2016 there was an average mobile broadband penetration rate increase of 4.43% of all OECD countries. Poland had the largest increase coming in at 21.55% while Latvia had the lowest penetration rate having declined 5.71%. To put this into perspective, the OECD calculated that there was 1,274,839,047 total mobile broadband subscriptions in 2016, 1,141,999,636 of these subscriptions had both voice and data included in the plan.

Increased Broadband Speeds
Broadband is what connects Internet users to the Internet, thus the speed of the broadband connection is directly correlated to IP traffic – the greater the broadband speed, the greater the possibility of more traffic that can traverse IP networks. Cisco estimates that broadband speeds are expected to double by 2021. In 2016, global average fixed broadband reached speeds as high as 27.5 Mbps but are expected to reach 53 Mbps by 2021. From the fourth quarter of 2016 to the first quarter of 2017, average broadband speeds globally equated to 7.2 Mbps. South Korea was at the top of the list in terms of broadband speeds, in that period broadband speeds increased 9.3%.

High-bandwidth applications need significantly higher broadband-speeds. For example, to download an HD movie it takes roughly 2 minutes at 100 Mbps compared to 20 minutes at 25 Mbps. Certain broadband technologies including Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), high-speed digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable broadband are paving the way for increased broadband speeds. FTTH can offer broadband-speeds that are ten times (or even a hundred times) faster than DSL or cable.

Internet Service Providers in the Zettabyte Era
The Zettabyte Era has affected Internet service providers (ISPs) with the growth of data flowing from all directions. In both China and the U.S. some ISPs store and handle exabytes of data. The response by certain ISPs is to implement network management practices in an attempt to accommodate the never-ending data-surge of Internet subscribers on their networks. Furthermore, the technologies being implemented by ISPs across their networks are evolving to address the increase in data flow.

Network management practices have brought about debates relating to network neutrality in terms of fair access to all content on the Internet. According to the European Union, network neutrality can be understood as “all Internet should be treated equally, without discrimination or interference. When this is the case, users enjoy the freedom to access the content, services, and applications of their choice, using any device they choose”.

According to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) Telecom Regulatory Policy 2009-657 there are two forms of Internet network management practices (ITMPs) in Canada. The first is economic ITMPs such as data caps, the second is technical ITMPs such as bandwidth throttling and blocking. According to the CRTC, technical ITMPs are put in place by ISPs to address and solve congestion issues in their network. Congestion occurs when there is too much data flowing in and the quality of service (QoS) weakens. In the United States however, during the Obama-era administration, under the FCC 15-24 policy, there were three bright-line rules in place to protect network neutrality practices: no blocking, no throttling, no paid prioritization. On December 14, 2017, the FCC voted 3-2 to remove these three bright-line rules. The result of removing the rules protecting network neutrality means that ISPs can block, throttle and give fast-lane access to content on their network.

In an attempt to aid ISP's in dealing with large data-flow in the Zettabyte Era, in 2008 Cisco unveiled a new router, the Aggregation Services Router (ASR) 9000, which at the time was supposed to be able to offer six times the speed of comparable routers. In one second the ASR 9000 router would, in theory, be able to process and distribute 1.2 million hours of DVD traffic. In 2011, with the coming of the Zettabyte Era, Cisco had continued work on the ASR 9000 in that it would now be able to handle 96 terabytes a second, up significantly from 6.4 terabytes a second the ASR 9000 could handle in 2008.

Energy Consumption
Data centers attempt to accommodate the ever-growing rate at which data is produced, distributed, and stored. Data centers are large facilities used by enterprises to store immense datasets on servers. In 2014 it was estimated that in the U.S. alone there were roughly 3 million data centers. Increasingly, data centers are storing more data over end-user devices. By 2020 it is predicted that 61% of total data storage will be stored via cloud applications (data centers) in contrast to 2010 when 62% of data storage were on end-user devices. An increase in data centers for data storage coincides with an increase in energy consumption by data centers.

In 2014, data centers in the U.S. accounted for roughly 1.8% of total electricity consumption which equates to 70 billion kWh. Between 2010-2014 an increase of 4% was attributed to electricity consumption by data centers, this upward trend of 4% is predicted to continue through 2014-2020. Globally, energy consumption from all data centers equates to roughly 1.1 to 1.5% of total global energy consumption which is roughly the same energy consumption as 25,000 American households. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) including data centers are responsible for omitting large quantities of emissions, it is estimated that by 2020 ICTs will account for 12% of total global emissions.

Google’s Green Initiatives
The energy used by data centers is not only to power their servers. In fact, most data centers use about half of their energy costs on non-computing energy such as cooling and power conversion. Google’s data centers have been able to reduce non-computing costs to 12%. Furthermore, Google’s data centers use 50% less energy than ordinary data centers.

According to Google’s Senior Vice President of Technical Infrastructure, Urs Hölzle, Google’s data centers (as well as their offices) will have reached 100% renewable energy for their global operations by the end of 2017. Google will accomplish this milestone by buying enough wind and solar electricity to account for all the electricity their operations consume globally. The reason for these green-initiatives is to address climate change and Google’s carbon footprint. Furthermore, these green-initiatives have become cheaper, with the cost of wind energy lowering by 60% and solar energy coming down 80%. Google’s ultimate goal is to “create a world where everyone – not just Google – have access to clean energy.”

In order to improve a data center’s energy efficiency, reduce costs and lower the impact on the environment, Google provides 5 of the best practices for data centers to implement:
 * 1) Measure PUE: To track a data center's energy use. The Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) is a ratio used by the industry to measure the energy used for non-computing functions.
 * 2) Manage airflow: Using well-designed containment methods, try to stop cold and hot air from mixing. Also, use backing plates for empty spots on the rack and eliminate hot spots.
 * 3) Adjust the thermostat: Keep the isle temperatures cold for energy savings.
 * 4) Use free cooling: Use free cooling methods to cool data center, including a large thermal reservoir or evaporating water.
 * 5) Optimize power distribution: Eliminate as many power conversion steps as possible to lower power distribution losses.

Facebook and the Open Compute Project
In 2010, according to Facebook, they were able to reinvent the way data centers were being built when they constructed their first data center in Prineville, Oregon. This new data center, at the time of its launch on January 20 2010, was designed in such a way that allowed the data center to be 38% more efficient and 24% less expensive to build and run than the average data center. This development led Facebook (with Intel and Rackspace, Goldman Sachs and Andy Bechtolsheim) to put in motion the Open Compute Project (OCP) in 2011. To date, Apple, Cisco, Juniper Networks, Nokia, Lenova and Google have all joined the OCP.

The OCP believes that the key to boosting innovation is by openly sharing ideas, their mission statement is to provide “a structure in which individuals and organizations can share their intellectual property with others and encourage the IT industry to evolve." Collaboratively, the OCP builds new technological hardware that is more efficient, economical and sustainable in an age where data is ever-growing. The OCP is currently working on several projects, including one specifically focusing on data centers. This project aims to guide the way in which new data centers are built, but also to aid already existing data centers in improving thermal and electrical energy as well as to maximize mechanical performance. The OCP's data center project focuses on five areas: facility power, facility operations, layout and design, facility cooling and facility monitoring and control.

title: User:Qm13/sandbox


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Hilarempis soror

Hilarempis soror is a species of dance flies, in the fly family of Empididae. They are known to be diurnal.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hilarempis soror


text:
2012 Burlington mayoral election

The 2012 Burlington mayoral election was held March 6, 2012. Incumbent mayor Bob Kiss did not contest for the re-election. Democratic nominee Miro Weinberger was elected with 57% of the popular vote.

Background
Incumbent Progressive mayor Kiss was first elected in 2006. Democratic nominee Miro Weinberger, Republican nominee and State Representative Kurt Wright, and Independent candidate Wendy Hines ran to succeed Kiss.

title: 2012 Burlington mayoral election


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Korean/Alphabet

Introduction
The Korean alphabet, known commonly as Hangul in English but as Hangeul in the official standard Romanization rule (한글, "great script"), is considered one of the most efficient and logical writing systems in the world. While most modern alphabets evolved from earlier hieroglyphics or ideographs, 한글 (Hangeul) was created specifically to make it easy to read and write the Korean language.

Although the characters of 한글 (Hangeul) may appear to be ideograms like the traditional Hanja (한자, 漢字), they really form an alphabet. Each block character represents one syllable and is made up of individual jamo (자모), much like the letters in the Latin alphabet. 한글 (Hangeul) is easy to learn because it has only 24 basic jamo.

 * See Wikipedia's entries on Hangul and Hanja for more about the history and design of the Korean writing systems.

Consonants
Below are the consonant (자음) letters of the Korean alphabet. You don't need to memorize them yet because individual lessons will cover each letter in detail. For now, just be aware that the Korean alphabet has ten basic consonants and nine variations on them:

Notice that some consonants have two different pronunciations (e.g. ㄱ pronounced as /g/ or /k/ depending on context). Some of the alternative sounds in pronunciation of the basic consonant letters are their sound value as the final jamos when they are not altered by the initial jamo of the next syllabic character. ㅅ ㅈ ㅊ ㅎ has [t] sound as the final. Also, some are "aspirated" and some are "tense". Those details and more are explained in ../Essential Pronunciation Rules/.

Vowels
There are 21 letters used to represent vowels: six basic vowels, nine combinations of those six basic vowels (which originally were all pronounced as diphthongs), and six vowels with an extra short dash representing the initial y [j] sound.

End of introduction
To learn how to read, write, and pronounce each Korean letter, proceed to the Read, Write, and Pronounce Korean course.

title: Korean/Alphabet


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2019 USA Team Handball Nationals – women's open division

The 2019 Nationals was the 49th Women's Nationals. The Nationals was a team handball tournament to determine the National Champion from 2019 in the US.

Venues
The championship was played at four courts at the Myrtle Beach Sports Center in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

Modus
The eight teams are split in two pools A and B and they play a round robin.

The teams ranked third and fourth in the group were qualified for the 5-8th place crossovers.

The losers from the 5-8th crossovers played a 7th place game and the winners the 5th place game.

The best two teams per group were qualified for the semifinals.

The losers from the semis played a small final and the winners the final.

Top scorers
Source:


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Template:Dynamic list editnotice/doc

Usage
This is an edit notice for pages consisting of a dynamic list. It may be used to try to discourage editors from adding non-notable or otherwise undesired entries. Editnotices using it appear in Category:Pages with dynamic list editnotice.

If a custom criteria is defined, the default last sentence changes to Entries that do not meet this standard may be removed. It can still be overridden with a custom deletion criteria, though.

TemplateData
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title: Template:Dynamic list editnotice/doc


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User:Mysterious Whisper/sandbox

Alicante
Mysterious Whisper (talk) 18:19, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Amateur Gardening. 93. 1976.
 * Amateur Gardening. 93. 1976.
 * Amateur Gardening. 93. 1976.

title: User:Mysterious Whisper/sandbox


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Free Poets Collective

Free poets Collective, started in Connecticut, United States in 2010, as a platform for national and international poets who didn't belong to any formal poetry group, but that freely wanted to share their poetry and arts related talent through international calls and special venues. They have created several international programs, calls and events thought the years, reaching the recognition and support of many important cultural institutions.

Projects and events
Free Poets Collective has hosted the Spoken Word Series, created programs such as: One Soldier One Poem ( for Connecticut's passed War Veterans), World Language Night and Poetry, the Legends of Poetry and brought to CT the Woman Scream International Poetry Festival in honor of women and against women abuse. Also collaborated with: The Mark Twain House and Museum, The Harriett Beecher Stowe House and Center, The Charter Oak Cultural Center, The Webb Dean Stevens Museum, The New Britain Museum of American Art, The Buttonwood Tree Performing Arts & Cultural Center, Artist Tree Tea House, Gallery 53, City Steam Brewery, libraries in South Windsor, West Hartford, Ellington, Middletown, Farmington, Cheshire, Meriden and Durham, The Meriden Humane Society, The Queenie Foundation, The National Theater of the Deaf, and The American School for the Deaf, The American Red Cross ( New Britain), among others.

In Connecticut, Free Poets Collective has hosted many ongoing Spoken Word Series and international poetry festivals events. Also managed many programs such as: One Soldier One Poem (honoring CT's passed War Veterans), World Language Night, and Pawetry, a fundraiser to assist animal shelters, The Legends of Poetry, among others.

Free Poets Collective   has hosted and created many programs such as: Pawetry, for animal shelters fundraising.

title: Free Poets Collective


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Rainer Kraft (politician)

Rainer Kraft (born 8 January 1974) is a German politician for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and since 2017 member of the Bundestag.

Life and politics
Kraft was born 1974 in the West German town of Gräfelfing and studied chemistry and reached his PhD in 2002. Kraft entered the newly founded populist AfD in 2013 and became after the 2017 German federal election a member of the Bundestag. Kraft is considered to be part of the right-wing factional cluster Der Flügel (the wing).

Kraft denies the scientific consensus on climate change.

title: Rainer Kraft (politician)


text:
User:John Havey/Page draft

This is a suggested beginning of an outline for the proposed project on global warming. It is meant to be revised and discussed as part of the brainstorming phase of this project.

Outline of contents

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) The Greenhouse Effect
 * 3) Greenhouse gases
 * 4) Carbon Dioxide
 * 5) Methane
 * 6) Nitrous Oxide
 * 7) Temperature Increases
 * 8) Melting Glaciers
 * 9) Tipping Points
 * 1) Tipping Points
 * 1) Tipping Points

Methane
The Wikipedia discusses atmospheric methane.

title: User:John Havey/Page draft


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Public Art Fund

Public Art Fund is an independent, non-profit arts organization founded in 1977 by Doris C. Freedman. The organization presents contemporary art in New York City's public spaces through a series of highly visible artists' projects, new commissions, installations, and exhibitions that are emblematic of the organization's mission and innovative history.

History
Public Art Fund was founded in 1977 by Doris C. Freedman who served as the first Director of New York City's Department of Cultural Affairs, the President of the Municipal Art Society, and a tireless supporter of New York City's Percent for Art legislation. Public Art Fund was born from the merger of two preexisting organizations, CityWalls, which was founded in 1966, and the Public Arts Council, founded in 197). Working with artists and museums, Public Art Fund works to bring artwork outside of traditional spaces and into the public sphere. Since its inception, Public Art Fund has presented more than 500 artists' exhibitions and projects at sites throughout New York City's five boroughs as varied as streets, plazas, parks, buses, billboards, and even major landmarks including Times Square, Rockefeller Center, the Brooklyn Bridge Park, Columbus Circle, and Lincoln Center. Susan K. Freedman has served as president since 1986. Nicholas Baume joined Public Art Fund as Director and Chief Curator in 2009, and Elizabeth Fearon Pepperman was elected chair of the Board of Directors in 2020.

Public Programs
In addition to presenting works of art, Public Art Fund also hosts additional programs including Public Art Fund Talks. This series encompasses discussions and presentations from today's most influential artist. Another program, In the Public Realm, is an open call which allows emerging artist to conceive and develop innovative ideas for public works. Public Art Fund also releases a semi annual magazine and exhibition catalog which provides its audience with a summary of the organizations activities and achievements.

Highlighted Public Projects in New York City
Public Art Fund has collaborated with many New York City institutions, including the Whitney Museum of American Art for the Whitney Biennial, Outdoors in Central Park(2002, 2004), and the Museum of Modern Art for Francis Alÿs’ The Modern Procession (2002).

Early exhibition highlights include Agnes Denes’ Wheatfields for Manhattan (1982), David Hammons’ Higher Goals (1986), and Messages to the Public (1982–1990), a series of projects created for Times Square's Spectacolor board that featured work by over 70 artists including Jenny Holzer, Keith Haring, Barbara Kruger, Vito Acconci, Lynne Tillman, Alfredo Jaar, Richard Prince, and the Guerilla Girls.

In the late 1980s and into the 1990s, the organization commissioned socially conscious pieces such as Felix Gonzalez-Torres’ “Untitled” billboard (1989), Gran Fury's “Women don't get AIDS…they just die from it” poster (1991), Guerilla Girls’ billboard project for Public Art Fund's PSA: Public Service Art exhibition series (1991), and Barbara Kruger's Bus (1997).

In 1997, Public Art Fund organized Ilya Kabakov's Monument to the Lost Glove, a giant glove made of red plastic resin, which was bolted to the traffic triangle where Fifth Avenue and Broadway cross at 23rd Street, and worked with him again in 2000 with The Palace of Projects, which was shown at the 69th Regiment Armory.

Other New York City projects included Nancy Rubins' Big Pleasure Point (2006) at Lincoln Center; Corner Plot (2006) by Sarah Sze at the Doris C. Freedman Plaza; Alexander Calder in New York at the City Hall Park (2006) ; and Material World (2005) at the MetroTech Commons on Downtown Brooklyn, which featured new commissions by Rachel Foullon, Corin Hewitt, Matthew Day Jackson, Peter Kreider, and Mamiko Otsubo.

Public Art Fund moved into a new territory when it announced it would present 2001 Turner Prize winner Martin Creed's performance art piece, Variety Show, on March 30, 2007 at the Abrons Arts Center on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.

Recent exhibition highlights include Olafur Eliasson's The New York City Waterfalls (2008), which created man-made waterfalls at four sites on New York City's waterfront; Rob Pruitt's The Andy Monument, a tribute to Andy Warhol at Union Square (2011), Tatzu Nishi's Discovering Columbus (2012), which reimagined the 13-foot-tall statue of Columbus standing in a fully furnished, modern living room; and Jeppe Hein's Please Touch the Art (2015) at Brooklyn Bridge Park.

In In 2017, Public Art Fund is celebrating its 40th anniversary with the citywide group exhibition Commercial Break, Liz Glynn's Open House at Doris C. Freedman Plaza, Anish Kapoor's Descensionat Brooklyn Bridge Park, and Ai Weiwei's Good Fences Make Good Neighbors.

title: Public Art Fund


text:
Talk:SB19

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 28 March 2022
Add Village Pipol Choice Awards 2019 under Other Awards. Add Group Performer of the Year for SB19 (WON) under Village Pipol Choice Awards 2019 (Other Awards). Add Fandom of the Year for A'TIN (WON) under Village Pipol Choice Awards 2019 (Other Awards). Add Fashion Influence of the Year for KEN (WON) under Village Pipol Choice Awards 2020 (Other Awards). Add Composer of the Year for PABLO (WON) under Village Pipol Choice Awards 2021 (Other Awards). Sarayne88 (talk) 08:18, 28 March 2022 (UTC) Sarayne88 (talk) 08:18, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 11:38, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

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 * SB19 in 2022.png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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 * SB19 7th Wish Music Awards.jpg

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 * SB19-reigns-in-the-7th-Wish-Music-Awards.jpg

title: Talk:SB19


text:
Wikipedia:Suspected copyright violations/2015-02-10

2015-02-10 (Suspected copyright violations)

 * — http://www.bellazon.com/main/topic/46584-jessica-dykstra/. CSBot reporting at 00:47, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://thexxfactor.org/introducing-jamon/. CSBot reporting at 01:07, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/tdg/publications-tp2553e-345.htm. CSBot reporting at 01:31, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — Karel Susanteo. CSBot reporting at 02:28, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Symbol redirect vote.svg Article redirected to non-infringing article.  Hut 8.5  22:33, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://lessonsgowhere.com.sg/fitness-classes-providers/sg-basketball. CSBot reporting at 02:56, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.ganaga.com/Rohan-Joshi-Comedian. CSBot reporting at 05:09, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.thanhouser.org/tcocd/Filmography_files/id_dqu8qd.htm. CSBot reporting at 05:12, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting support.svg No copyright concern. Material PD or appropriately licensed for use. Source published in 1910.  Hut 8.5  22:33, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://vimeo.com/24153961. CSBot reporting at 05:46, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting keep.svg Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement.  Hut 8.5  22:33, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://blandonware.com/lootmaar-1980_film-tt0154788.html. CSBot reporting at 06:26, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting keep.svg Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement.  Hut 8.5  22:33, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://wiki.webmarked.net/Atlee_Kumar. CSBot reporting at 07:09, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.prlog.org/12022846-bali-island-at-glance-short-story.html. CSBot reporting at 07:14, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://business-finance.blurtit.com/2387228/what-is-loose-tools-in-accounting. CSBot reporting at 08:16, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.szc-link.com/about.asp. CSBot reporting at 08:20, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.cementindia.in/products.html. CSBot reporting at 08:24, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.abaybank.com.et/about/bank_profile. CSBot reporting at 08:48, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — https://www.linkedin.com/company/hassan%27s-optician. CSBot reporting at 09:47, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://humsafar.org.in/frmHMCCOverhauling.aspx. CSBot reporting at 09:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://adultbicycling.com/component/content/article/9-bicycling-basics/37-health-benefits-of-cycling-ii.html. CSBot reporting at 10:27, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — https://www.bookvibe.com/book/Undying_Affinity/1208134. CSBot reporting at 10:59, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting keep.svg Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement.  Crow  Caw  19:30, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — AbdullahShamshad. CSBot reporting at 11:30, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.hassans.com/En_HassanOpticianco.cms. CSBot reporting at 12:00, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — https://www.linkedin.com/pub/alex-giles/8/872/422. CSBot reporting at 12:24, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://abc13.com/archive/6905380/. CSBot reporting at 14:01, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — https://forums.wynncraft.com/threads/illuminati-confirmed.59343/. CSBot reporting at 14:12, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://rksinha.com/journey.html. CSBot reporting at 15:29, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://centrebombe.org/Mathius.Shadow-Sky.American-French.musician.philosopher.txt. CSBot reporting at 16:11, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Infringing content is long list of his works. Second opinion: do the small editorial descriptions exceed threshold of creativity? Ref:. Crow  Caw  19:30, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The page now 404's, here is a Google cache. I assume you're referring to the little phrases in parens? It seems only to be a description of the music in the album; that seems more Sweat of the brow instead of creative, which isn't protected.  Tek022  |  Comments?  20:16, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok, that's what flagged the bot, so if that's not an issue, then this is a FP. Crow  Caw  21:05, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

 * — http://ewhurstcc.hitscricket.com/pages/page_2730/history.aspx. CSBot reporting at 16:17, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting keep.svg Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement.  Hut 8.5  22:33, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.vlocatepackers.com/. CSBot reporting at 17:18, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.neurecall.com/about.php. CSBot reporting at 17:46, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259824437_Igloo-Plot_A_tool_for_visualization_of_multidimensional_datasets. CSBot reporting at 18:43, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://ph.linkedin.com/pub/christian-sidiangco/51/140/93. CSBot reporting at 18:45, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://phalia.jimdo.com/. CSBot reporting at 18:58, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://baytbyute.com/index.php/en/about-us-en. CSBot reporting at 18:59, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://bichareddysweets.com/. CSBot reporting at 19:00, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://hellenicgenealogygeek.blogspot.com/2010/04/museum-for-macedonian-struggle.html. CSBot reporting at 19:38, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Left note for author. Crow  Caw  19:30, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting support.svg No copyright concern. Material PD or appropriately licensed for use. Source site released content under CCBYSA3, copyright page archived at wayback and webcite Crow  Caw  01:47, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — https://www.linkedin.com/company/valid%C3%A9r-as. CSBot reporting at 19:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — Cannabis foods. CSBot reporting at 20:09, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.bluejaysmessageboard.com/threads/1419-The-Arencibia-Line. CSBot reporting at 21:28, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.bluejaysmessageboard.com/threads/1419-The-Arencibia-Line. CSBot reporting at 21:28, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting support.svg No copyright concern. False positive. Arencibia false-pos again Crow  Caw  19:30, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.cineaste87.com/about.html. CSBot reporting at 21:43, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting comment.svg  Article tagged for speedy deletion.   Tek022  |  Comments?  20:30, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.civilwarindex.com/Soldiers-W/Wessells.html. CSBot reporting at 22:04, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting comment.svg  Article tagged for speedy deletion.   Tek022  |  Comments?  20:31, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.bushido-hombu.co.uk/instructors/kevin-archibald-biography/. CSBot reporting at 22:18, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.onwindows.com/About. CSBot reporting at 22:46, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.linkedin.com/pub/k-l-gupta/27/384/a07. CSBot reporting at 22:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://ieeca.org/about-the-journal. CSBot reporting at 23:12, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://www.linkedin.com/pub/k-l-gupta/27/384/a07. CSBot reporting at 22:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * — http://ieeca.org/about-the-journal. CSBot reporting at 23:12, 10 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Wikijunior:South America/Brazil

Part of Wikijunior South America project

Bem-vindo ao Brasil—Welcome to Brazil! Brazil is by far the largest country in South America, and the fifth largest country in the world. Brazil is located right in the middle of South America, and borders most of the other countries, but it is also very different from them. For instance, while most people in South America speak Spanish, in Brazil people speak Portuguese. Brazil is home to 190 million people, who live in twenty-six states and one Federal District (the capital, Brasília). Because Brazil is so large, it is often broken up into five geographical regions; the North, the Northeast, the Southeast, the South, and the Center-West regions.

What are Brazil's national symbols?
Brazil's flag is green with a yellow rhombus and a blue circle set with stars.The stripe across it says ordem e progresso which means order and progress. Brazil's national colors, green and yellow, represent the colors of the royal Portuguese family. Brazil once had the largest gold mines in the world. The blue circle shows the sky over Rio de Janeiro.

What are some famous places in Brazil?
Brazil is home to the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest. It also has two of the 30 largest cities in the world, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

The steamy rainforest of the Northern Region
The northern region of Brazil contains the Amazon, the world's largest rainforest. A rainforest is a place with lots of rain, animals, and trees. The rainforest is so big that it stretches into Brazil's neighbors—Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. In fact, the Amazon is so big that if you got all the rainforests in the rest of the world and put them all together it would not be as big as the Amazon. The Amazon Rainforest is named after the Amazon river which is the second longest river in the world.

Because the Amazon is a rainforest, life is very hot and wet. Many thousands of different types of animals and plants are found in the Amazon, as well as 2.5 million different insect species! Because the Amazon is so big, there are still some animals and plants that haven't even been discovered yet.

Unfortunately, the Amazon Rainforest is very quickly shrinking to make way for farmland and cattle. Burning the rainforest is illegal, but difficult for the police to stop because the vastness of the Amazonian region and for the money into the black market that sells wood worldwide... The burning of the forest means that many animals and plants are becoming extinct. Although lots of people are very worried about this it is unlikely that the destruction of the forest will end in the near future.

The beautiful beaches and festivals of the Northeast
One beautiful beach in the Northeastern area. This is Boa Viagem Beach. The northeastern region was the first part of Brazil to be inhabited by Europeans, and is sometimes called the heart of Brazil. Some of the oldest cities in the country are there, especially on the coast. The area's beautiful shores attract people from every part of the world. Salvador and Fortaleza are typical cities of the northeastern region. In Salvador the people have invented many dances and musical rhymes for the many festivals which are held year round.  Carnival A Carnival is a public parade, combining some elements of a circus and public street party. Carnival is a Catholic tradition, and is celebrated throughout most of South America, but is biggest and most famous in Brazil, especially in Rio de Janeiro. The celebrations start forty days before Easter, and run for four days. Every region celebrates Carnival in a different way. In Salvador many thousands of people cram the streets to listen to and dance to the trios elétricos. Trios elétricos are giant trucks with a band playing on. In Rio de Janeiro there are Escolas de Samba, which means "Samba schools" – but in these schools the people don't learn to samba, they work all year preparing a big show like an opera: the Samba Schools Parade. In Recife and Olinda, people go to streets to follow the frevo and maracatu bands like the Galo da Madrugada (Rooster of the Dawn), the largest Carnival group in the world.

The grand cities of the Southeastern Region

Southeast Brazil is the part of the country that has the most people and the most business. It contains the two famous Brazilian cities: Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. São Paulo is Brazil's biggest city and has over 20 million people living in it. People living in São Paulo are called Paulistanos. Rio de Janeiro is also a very big city but not as big as São Paulo, with only 10 million inhabitants. The people who live in Rio (called Cariocas) are very proud of their city because it is so beautiful. Rio de Janeiro has some famous beaches, which have been mentioned in many songs and films. The city got its name (which means "January River" in Portuguese) because the city has a great bay; early Portuguese explorers discovered this bay in January and thought it was the mouth of a river, hence the name "January River."

The European-like Southern Region
The Southern Region is very different from the rest of Brazil. The temperature is much cooler, and many of the people who live there descended from people who came to Brazil from Italy, Germany, and other countries in Europe. In some cities people still speak the languages of those countries along with Portuguese. The gaúcho is a kind of cowboy from southern Brazil: he rides his horse through the Pampas, large fields of cattle breeding. Nowadays, however, a gaúcho (or gaúcha, if female) is anyone born in Rio Grande do Sul, regardless of living in the city or in the country.

The vast fields of the Center-West Region
The Center-West Region is the least populated region in Brazil. The large fields of Cerrado are the place for big plantations of soy and cattle breeding. In central-west Brazil we find Brazil's capital, Brasília, a city constructed in the middle of the last century with street patterns shaped like an airplane! Brasília is also located near the exact center of Brazil's territory. In the central-west area there is also the Pantanal, probably the largest wetlands in the world (it is about half the size of France), where a great range of different kinds of birds, fish, mammals, reptiles and others beings live.

What important events have happened in Brazil?
 Where does Brazil's name come from? When the first Portuguese arrived in Brazil, they called this land Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of True Cross), because they thought Brazil was an island. When they discovered that Brazil wasn't an island, the Portuguese called it Terra de Santa Cruz (Land of Holy Cross). Finally, they found a tree there that could be used to paint clothes with red color. They called this tree pau-brasil, pau means wooden stick and brasil comes from brasa which means ember. So, Brazil received its name from the tree pau-brasil. Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived in Brazil in 1500, and called the land for Portugal. Today, the Brazilians are descendants from people of many regions of the world, mainly Portuguese, Africans, and from people the people who lived there when the Portuguese arrived, the Indians (índios). There were many Indians in Brazil in ancient times, but diseases and wars against foreigners reduced Indian populations. Millions of Africans came to Brazil as slaves to work mainly in sugar cane farms.

In 1808, King João VI of Portugal, fleeing Napoleon's French army, moved the seat of government to Brazil, and made Rio de Janeiro the temporary capital of Portugal. Even after the government officially moved back to Portugal, Rio de Janeiro was thought to be a co-capital of the empire for many years, and had a significant influence on the people of Portugal.

In 1822, Brazil declared its independence from Portugal, becoming the Empire of Brazil. And the Portuguese Prince-Regent (next in line to become king of Portugal) Pedro I became Brazil's Emperor. Later on, his son, Pedro II, was chosen the second Emperor. During these times Brazil had to fight wars against its neighbors, Argentina and Paraguay, to avoid any invasion.

In 1888, Princess Isabel ended the practice of slavery. Finally, in 1889, Brazil turned into a Republic, which meant Brazil now had a President who is elected by the people, instead of an Emperor.

From a small land bordering the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil grew to be an immense country, especially when some people found gold in Minas Gerais and Goias, far away from the coast, and when Brazil started to take latex from the Amazônia.

The capital of Brazil was earlier Rio de Janeiro, and stayed there for many years. After many attempts, a new capital was created and built near the center of Brazil called Brasília in 1956. This was done for many reasons, although a major purpose was to draw the population of Brazil away from the coastal cities and instead toward the interior of the country.

During the twentieth century, Brazil went twice under Dictatorships, which is a type of government that gets a lot of power and turns against the people. When under dictatorships, Brazilians that opposed the government experienced hard times of censorship and cruelty. Today Brazil is a free country, where people are able to vote for President and express themselves with no fear. In late 2010, Brazil elected its first female president, Dilma Rousseff, who took office in January 2011.

What is the natural environment like in Brazil?
Brazil may have more different types of animals than any other country in the world. This is because Brazil is such a large country with many different forests that are dense with living things. All of Brazil is warm and some of Brazil is very rainy. There are two huge forests in Brazil. The Amazon rainforest and the Atlantic forest. Both of these forests are shrinking because people cut the trees down for lumber and also to clear the land for farming and ranching.

What types of things are made in Brazil?
Brazil produces many types of things. There are iron mines that produce iron to make into steel. Brazilians also grow coffee, soybeans, and fruit. They manufacture airplanes and cars and electrical equipment. There is also a lot of tourism and eco-tourism in Brazil. (They are known for one of the countries making the most coffee in the world) Lately, Petrobras, Brazil's largest oil company is offshore drilling along the continental shelf, it is moving Brazil from being nearly 100 percent dependent on foreign oil imports toward becoming a net oil exporter in the next few years.

What is School like in Brazil?
School varies in Brazil, there are many excellent schools however they are private schools and cost a lot of money to go to. The ones that are public can be much worse. Because many people in Brazil aren't very rich, many children will not get to go to a good school.

What sports are popular in Brazil?

Soccer/Football is the most popular sport in Brazil - the country has won the football World Cup more times than any other country. Swimming and Volleyball are some other competitive sports that are played.

Who are some famous people from Brazil?
Some people from Brazil have become famous all over the world.

One of the best-known is Pelé, a soccer player that many people believe was the best ever. Ayrton Senna was a Brazilian three-times Formula One world champion. He won in 1988, 1990, 1991.

title: Wikijunior:South America/Brazil


text:
User:Zahara Ali/sandbox

Touch Rugby

Touch Rugby is a game that enables men and women to play alongside each other, because it decreases the chances of getting injured. There is no tackling allowed, therefore strength isn't an important skill for this game. It is simple to understand and also easily played by all ages. A key skill for this game is speed and agility, as well as ball handling skills, such as catching and throwing. In Touch Rugby, a player has to simply have to tag a player of the opposite team with the ball and yell 'TOUCH', then run backwards five meters before the rivals run past.

About
Touch Rugby (A.K.A. Rugby League or Touch) started in the early 1920s informally played in Australia, however made a formal sport in 1968 by Bob Dyke and Ray Vawdon who founded the South Sydney Touch Football Club. It was used as training for professional Rugby League teams during the 195/60s. It is also played by ex-Rugby players, who retired by either age or injury, as well as females, other adults and children of all ages. Touch Rugby is played all around the world, by all ages. This is because the fitness level in adults are low, therefore Touch is one of the highly recommended sport.

title: User:Zahara Ali/sandbox


text:
User:Vuara/Forest Value Dictionary

http://www.simstat.com/Forest.htm

Forest Value Dictionary

by David N. Bengston & Zhi Xu

Download file

Forest Value Dictionary (ZIP file - 4K)

Description

The Forest Value Dictionary is composed of 612 words and phrases. It is a classification system that identifies four broad categories of forest values: economic/utilitarian, life support, aesthetic, and moral/spiritual values. . It was originally developed and used to empirically analyze the evolution of forest values in the United States from 1982 through 1993 (Bengston & Xu, 1995)

The table below provides for each of the four categories, sample words and phrases and well as the number of entries.

For an excellent presentation on how to build and validate a domain specific categorization system, we strongly reccommend the reading of Bergston & Xu (1995, see below).

For more information

If you need further information on the Forest Value Dictionary, please contact David N. Gengston at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or visit his web site.

Technical questions related to the use of the WordStat version should be sent to us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
WordStat Specific Instruction

In order to apply this dictionary, you will need to enable the "Accept Numeric Characters" option since some entries contain numbers (like CO2). The hyphen should also be included in the list of valid characters.

Selected References

Bengston, D, & Xu, Z. (1995). Changing national forest values: A content analysis St. Paul, Minn.: North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Xu, Z. and D. Bengston (1997) Trends in national forest values among forestry professionals, environmentalists, and the news media, 1982-1993. Society and Natural Resources 10: 43-59.

Categories and Sample Words

CATEGORY EXAMPLES
 * 1) ENTRIES

ECONOMIC/UTILITARIAN VALUE EXPRESSIONS 110 commodities, exports, industrial forestry, logging, lumber product, profitable, supply, timber shortage, tree plantation, willing to pay

LIFE SUPPORT VALUE EXPRESSIONS 278 absorption of pollutants, acid rain, air quality, biodiversity, carbon storage, climate change, damaging steam, ecosystem, erosion, extinct species, habitat, ozone layer

AESTHETIC VALUE EXPRESSIONS 139 awesome, elegant, evocative, exquisite, glorious, luxuriant, natural setting, ornament, panoramic, scenic beauty, sensual, splendor, sumptuous, superb

MORAL/SPIRITUAL VALUE EXPRESSIONS 85 ancient tree, consecration, eden, environmental ethics, heritage, immortal, irreplaceable, legacy, morality, posterity, profaning, sacred, transcendental

title: User:Vuara/Forest Value Dictionary


text:
Victor Denain

Victor-Léon-Ernest Denain (6 November 1880, in Dax – 31 December 1952, in Nice) was a French general, aviator and politician. He was behind the creation of the Salon-de-Provence Air School and the general development of military aviation.

Biography
Denain graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1901 and joined the French Army's cavalry. In 1903, he was assigned as Second Lieutenant to the 6e régiment de chasseurs à cheval (6th Cavalary Regiment) and in October 1905, as a First Lieutenant, he campaigned in the southern territories with the 5e régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique (5th Regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique). In 1915, he transferred to the French Air Force where he commanded the aircraft of the Allied armies on the Eastern Front (1916–1918). With the French Air Force, he served in the Levant from 1918 to 1923, mainly in Syria. As such, he became a protege of General Weygand who arranged a foreign career for him. Denain was Head of the French Military Mission to Poland 1924 through 1931.

From 10 March 1933 to 6 February 1934, General Denain served as the Chief of the Air Force General Staff under Air Minister Pierre Cot, replacing General Joseph Barès. Denain and Cot dealt with the Armee de l'Air's technological issues. They built a series of new aircraft built to make the air services competitive; they worked with French aircraft manufacturers on improvements to aircraft design and production; and they made threats to nationalize the French aviation industry. Denain developed a strategic role for the Air Force with plans in 1933 for equipping it with 1,000 new planes. From 9 February 1934 to 24 January 1936, he was Aviation Minister in the Gaston Doumergue government. During this time, and on behalf of France, Denain announced this his country would organize a Paris to Hanoi air race in 1935, modeled after the London-Melbourne race.

By August 1936, under the Blum government, General Denain, had become High Commissioner of French Morocco. The next year, as Inspector General of the Air Force overseas, he transferred into the reserves. A very skilled pilot, he performed reconnaissance trips on numerous occasions. For example, as Air Minister he piloted his personal Breguet 27 to Belgrade, accompanied by two squadrons of Breguet 27s and a Dewoitine, to attend the funeral of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia on 17 October 1934.

title: Victor Denain


text:
User:Shania tetteh/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: Beyoncé 2018 Coachella performance
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate. It was a pivotal moment in pop culture, especially for Black people and people that attend HBCUs.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation
The lead offers a fairly good amount of information. It does indeed provide details about the articles major sections, including the dates, a brief summary of the events that took place during the performance, and information about who performed, as well as the aftermath of the performance. The article does list some information that is not present throughout the rest of the article, but not enough to confuse the reader.

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
 * Is the content up-to-date?
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?

Content evaluation
The article's content does match the topic. As of this year, 2019, the content is up to date. I am not very well versed on all the schematics of the performance, but from my point of view the article contains all of the content that it should have- nothing more, nothing less.

Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral?
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation
The article, upon first read, does appear to seem neutral. However, I did note that there were no negative or actually neutral viewpoints written about the performance as well, which does kind of challenge the article's true neutrality. Despite this, the article does not in any way attempt to say the reader in a certain position.

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
 * Are the sources current?
 * Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation
The article does include facts, all backed up with sources of information. Most of the references are either news reports or journalistic reviews. They do reflect the content of the article. The sources are pretty current, dating up to 4 months ago. I clicked on 5 source links and they all worked.

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors?
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation
The article is well organized and easy to read, broken down into sections that range from the background of the performance the the musical samples that were used. The article, in my opinion, does have some commas that are missing here and there but they are admittedly subjective,

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
 * Are images well-captioned?
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation
I was surprised to see that there were no images on this page, as it is about a recorded performance. There was a lot of symbolism incorporated into the performance, so it would have been nice to see some examples of that on the article page. But, as the third question brings up, the images available of the performance may not adhere to Wiki's copyright regulations, hence their absence.

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

Talk page evaluation
In the Talk page, conversations consist of basically questions on accuracy of certain facts, calls for more evaluation of sources, revisions to the set list that is listed, and a discussion of changing the article name to (or at least including) the hashtag that the performance was nicknamed after (#beychella). I don't see a rating, but the article is a part of 6 different WikiProjects.

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status?
 * What are the article's strengths?
 * How can the article be improved?
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?

Overall evaluation
I'm not sure what the article's status is, but it still seems open for editing/manipulation and it doesn't seem to be flagged as a bad article. I think that a strength that the article had was definitely all the validated statistics that it contained (viewership numbers, ticket sales, etc). The article could maybe be improved with more perspectives- such as some cited quotes from journalists that had valid issues with the performance. I think that overall, for an event that occured two years ago, the article was very well developed.

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback:

title: User:Shania tetteh/Evaluate an Article


text:
Malay Bhowmick

Malay Bhowmick is a Bangladeshi playwright, actor, director, and educationist.

Bhowmick has a broad role to play in the movement of pedestrians, especially in the open play movement in the northern region of Bangladesh. Although professor of the Management Studies Department of Rajshahi University, he is better known as a playwright. Bhowmick has also served as chairperson of the Department of Theater and Music at Rajshahi. He is the recipient of Bangla Academy Literary Award (2017) and Shilpakala Padak (2020).

Birth and family life
Malay Bhowmick was born on 1 May 1956 in a village of Kansona, Ullahpara, Sirajganj district, Bangladesh. His father, Shibendra Nath Bhowmick, was a respected college principal and his mother- Niyoti Bhowmick- was a homemaker. Malay Bhowmick is the third sibling of three brothers and three sisters. In 1983, Malay Bhowmick tied knots with Swapna Banerjee, headmistress of a school. Together they have a daughter: Barnana Bhowmick. She is currently serving as a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication and Journalism at Jagannath University.

Education
Malay Bhowmick earned his M.Com.(Masters of Commerce) degree in management studies from the University of Rajshahi in 1978.

Profession
Currently, Malay Bhowmick is serving as a professor of the Department of Management Studies at the University of Rajshahi. He is also a Bangladeshi playwright, actor, director and educationalist.

Career
Malay Bhowmick commenced his career as a university professor in 1982 at the Department of Management Studies at the University of Rajshahi. From the year 2003–2006, he served as the Chairperson of the same department. He was also the Chairperson of the Department of Theatre and Music from 2009 to 2011. Since his childhood, Malay Bhowmick is passionate about performing arts and engrossed himself in creative activities. For many years, Bhowmick has been a theatre personality.

His career as a journalist is no less illustrious than his career as an academician. From 1977 to 1999, Bhowmick worked as a journalist at the Daily Sangbad- a notable newspaper of the country. In the nineties, Malay Bhowmick wrote columns for the Daily Sangbad under the pen name Uttarer Ulukhagra. He is now a well-known columnist for Prothom Alo and for the Daily Jugantor. He now writes under the pen name: 'Bohe Prantajan'.

Bhowmick played a leading role in organizing the Rajshahi University Cultural Alliance in 1984. For the next 7 years (1984-1993), he served as the convener of this alliance. From 1985 to 1991, he was a member of the Secretarial Committee of the National Committee of the Mukto Natok (Open Drama). Malay Bhowmick has been elected a member of the Presidium member of the Bangladesh Group Theater Federation numerous times. He is one of the executive members of the International Theater Institute (Bangladesh Centre). Since 2010, he has been a member of the Central Council of Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy.

He is also a member of the academic council of the University of Rajshahi and Jahangirnagar University. From 2000 to 2002, Bhowmick was a member of the board of governors of Bangladesh Open University. Not only did he receive advanced training in theatre, journalism, and education but also conducted several workshops and seminars on them to share his knowledge.

Malay Bhowmick is one of the founders of the theatre group named Anushilan Natyadal which was established in 1979. He is also a member of the board of directors of the Institute of Culture and Theater for Development.

Theatre
Malay Bhowmick has acted in over 35 plays hitherto. From 1977 to 1980, Bhowmick was a regular actor at Bangladesh Betar, Rajshahi. He has worked as a playwright on BTV and various other private televisions. Among the TV dramas, Malay Bhowmick can be spotted in 'Aat Prohorer Golpo', 'Sundori' (serial drama), and 'Bishwas'. In contribution to theatre in Bangladesh is unparalleled. He has written 27 plays (basic in character) and has directed 37 plays.

Plays (written)

 * 1) Bhnui (ভুঁই)
 * 2) Goru (গরু)
 * 3) Shatagronthi (শতগ্রন্থি)
 * 4) Protipaksha (প্রতিপক্ষ)
 * 5) Bibi Alir Vote (বিবি আলীর ভোট)
 * 6) Shabbabochhed (শবব্যবচ্ছেদ)
 * 7) Chowrasta (চৌরাস্তা)
 * 8) Bahe Prantojan (বহে প্রান্তজন)
 * 9) Daidayitto (দায়দায়িত্ব)
 * 10) Bhavmurti (ভাবমূর্তি)
 * 11) Sunagoriker Sandhane (সুনাগরিকের সন্ধানে)
 * 12) Tunn (তূণ, যৌথ রচনা)
 * 13) Gher (ঘের)
 * 14) Sangcromon (সংক্রমণ)
 * 15) Bhumikonya (ভুমিকন্যা)
 * 16) Hotyar Shilpokala (হত্যার শিল্পকলা)
 * 17) Uttarkhona (উত্তরখনা)
 * 18) Dondo (দণ্ড)
 * 19) Jagoraner Pala (জাগরণের পালা)
 * 20) Durjan Barjan (দুর্জন বর্জন)
 * 21) Bokboki Begum (বকবকি বেগম)
 * 22) Ami Rana Bhai Bolchhi (আমি রানা ভাই বলছি)
 * 23) Interghat (ইন্টারঘ্যাঁট)
 * 24) Enternet (এন্তারনেট)
 * 25) Mawsangketton (ম্যাওসংকেত্তন)
 * 26) Buderamer Kupe Para (বুদেরামের কূপে পড়া)
 * 27) Nayak O Khalnayak (নায়ক ও খলনায়ক)

Plays (directed)

 * 1) Sat Manusher Khnoje (সৎ মানুষের খোঁজে)
 * 2) Rajjotok (রাজযোটক)
 * 3) Ayna (আয়না)
 * 4) Ora Kadam Ali (ওরা কদম আলী)
 * 5) Jodi Amra Sobai (যদি আমরা সবাই)
 * 6) Khapa Paglar Panchal (ক্ষ্যাপা পাগলার প্যাঁচাল)
 * 7) Iblish (ইবলিস)
 * 8) Basan (বাসন)
 * 9) Bhnui (ভুঁই)
 * 10) Hattomalar Opare (হট্টমালার ওপারে)
 * 11) Shabdorshon (শবদর্শন)
 * 12) Satya Vuter Gappo (সত্যি ভূতের গপ্প)
 * 13) Drabyagun (দ্রব্যগুণ)
 * 14) New Royel Kichha (নিউ রয়েল কিসসা)
 * 15) Pawnaganda (পাওনাগন্ডা)
 * 16) Chokhe Aungul Dada (চোখে আঙুল দাদা)
 * 17) Kinu Kaharer Thetar (কিনু কাহারের থেটার)
 * 18) Hothobondh (হঠবনধ)
 * 19) Bibi Alir Vote (বিবি আলীর ভোট)
 * 20) Shabbabochhed (শবব্যবচ্ছেদ)
 * 21) Dewan Gazir Kichha (দেওয়ান গাজীর কিসসা)
 * 22) Galpo Hekim Saheb (গল্প হেকিম সাহেব)
 * 23) Daidayitto (দায়দায়িত্ব)
 * 24) Bhavmurti (ভাবমূর্তি)
 * 25) Sunagoriker Sandhane (সুনাগরিকের সন্ধানে)
 * 26) Bhumikonya (ভুমিকন্যা)
 * 27) Jonum (জনুম, Santali drama)
 * 28) Rather Roshi (রথের রশি)
 * 29) Uttarkhona (উত্তরখনা)
 * 30) Dando (দণ্ড)
 * 31) Jagoroner Pala (জাগরণের পালা)
 * 32) Durjan Barjan (দুর্জন বর্জন)
 * 33) Interghat (ইন্টারঘ্যাঁট)
 * 34) Enternet (এন্তারনেট)
 * 35) Mawsangketton (ম্যাওসংকেত্তন)
 * 36) Buderamer Kupe Para (বুদেরামের কূপে পড়া)
 * 37) Nayak O Khalnayak (নায়ক ও খলনায়ক)

Publications
The Oitijja Publisher collected 12 basic plays by Malay Bhowmick and published them as a book titled ‘Malay Bhowmicker Natyasongroho’. On top of that, his research articles, essays, columns and other creative writings have been published in various local and foreign newspapers and journals.

Role in the Liberation War
Malay Bhowmick is a valiant freedom fighter. In 1971, at the age of 15, Malay Bhowmick, a fierce teenager, left his home to fight for the liberation war of Bangladesh. He fought under Sector 7.

Role of Democratic Movement
In addition to his active participation in the Mass Revolt in 1969 and the liberation war in 1971, Bhowmick had an undeniable role in the mass movements against autocracy in 1990 and 1996.

In 1993, when cultural activities were banned at the University of Rajshahi, Malay Bhowmick did not hesitate to protest. This then subjected him to torture by the police. In 1996, under the dynamic leadership of Bhowmick, Anushilan Nattadal, Udichi Rajshahi Zila Sangsad and Rajshahi Theatre jointly formed ‘Janatar Moncho’. The satirical script he wrote to recognize the manipulative election of the government of the time, was enacted at this very stage.

On 24 August 2007, Malay Bhowmick protested against the government's anti-human rights activities. As a repercussion of this protest, special forces of the Army backed up by the caretaker government arrested him along with few other teachers of Rajshahi and Dhaka University. Upon remanding him, they tortured him and sent him to jail. In the face of intense mobilization, the then caretaker government was forced to release him from jail on 25 December 2007; he was later proven innocent by the court. He has also played a significant role in the construction of Teachers Students Cultural Centre (TSCC) and opening of Theatre and Music Department of Rajshahi University.

Awards and honors
Malay Bhowmick has been awarded the Bangla Academy Award in 2017 for his contribution to Bengali literature. In 2020, he was awarded for the 'Shilpakala Padak', provided by Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy. He was also awarded the ‘Medal of Drama Activist’ by Lok Natyadal, Dhaka in 1992. Other recognitions include the ‘Munir Chowdhury Award’ in 2008, the ‘Aranyak Dipu Smriti Padak’ in 2009 by the Aranyak Natyadal and 'Akshay Kumar Maitreya Honors' in 2021. In 2023, he received the 'Shaheed Mir Quayyum Bir MuktiJoddha Award-2023', bestowed upon him by the authorities of Shahid Mir Abdul Quayyum International Dormitory, University of Rajshahi.

He addresses the audience as a guest speaker at the ‘World Theater Day’ organized in coordination of the International Theater Institute Bangladesh Center and Bangladesh Group Theater Federation on 25 March 2008. His drama ‘Uttarkhona’ is now included in the syllabus of the Theatre Department at Rabindra Bharati University, India.

authors: মোহাম্মদ জনি হোসেন

title: Malay Bhowmick


text:
Jordanian National Liberation Movement

Jordanian National Liberation Movement was a clandestine Jordanian political movement, connected to the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine. The group considered the Jordanian government as fascist. In its own description it demanded the removal of the Wasfi al-Tal cabinet and liberation of Jordan from American and British colonial influence.

The group began armed operations on September 11, 1971. Some of its actions included:
 * September 11, 1971: Bomb placed outside security police building in Abdali (Amman). 2 policemen wounded.
 * September 12, 1971: The 'Abu Ahmeed' Restaurant, frequently visited by higher officers, bombed.
 * September 13, 1971: Land mine explodes outside military base in Irbid.
 * September 19, 1971: Jordanian tank destroyed by land mine in Jabel, northern Jordan
 * November 9, 1971: Two grenades launched at a Land Rover belonging to the Jordanian Army at Irbid. Soldiers damaged.
 * December 13, 1971: Fire-bomb launched at the Jordanian legation in Geneva. Two policemen and one firefighter badly injured.

title: Jordanian National Liberation Movement


text:
710th Infantry Division

The 710th Infantry Division (710. Infanterie-Division) was a German Army Infantry division in World War II. Formed in May 1941, it spent the majority of the war in occupation duties in Scandinavia before being transferred to the Italian Front in late 1944. It participated in fighting against the Soviet Union in Hungary before it withdrew into Austria and surrendered to the Americans in May 1945.

History
The 710th Infantry Division was formed on 2 May 1941, largely from older personnel, under the command of Generalleutnant Theodor Petsch. It was smaller than a conventional infantry division and lacked much of the support weaponry that would typically be found in such a unit. The division served occupation duties in Norway, firstly at Oslo and then at Kristiansand. It later performed similar duties in Denmark until December 1944, at which stage it was transferred to the Italian Front. The following month it was attached to I SS Panzer Corps, which had moved to Hungary after the Battle of the Bulge.

The division, expanded with additional artillery and tank destroyer units, was involved in the fighting against Soviet troops during Operation Spring Awakening and the subsequent withdrawal through Hungary and into Austria. Now under the command of Generalmajor Walter Gorn, it surrendered to a United States Army unit on 8 May 1945.

title: 710th Infantry Division


text:
Ernest Gilliat-Smith

Frederick Ernest Gilliat-Smith (1858–1935) was an English Catholic poet and author of historical non-fiction.

Life
Gilliat-Smith was born in Woodmansterne, Surrey, on 8 July 1858. He converted to Catholicism in 1879 and pursued a literary career. He married Elinor Cockerell, with whom he had three children, Bernard, Guy and Monica. After living some years in Bruges, Belgium, he moved to Rome in 1913. He died at home in Newbury, Berkshire, on 22 February 1935.

Publications
Gilliat-Smith was a contributor to the Dublin Review, The Tablet, the American Ecclesiastical Review, the Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Catholic World, and the Catholic Encyclopedia. His independent publications include:

 * Songs from Prudentius (London, John Lane, 1898)
 * Fantasies from Dreamland (London, 1899)
 * Story of Bruges, illustrated by Edith Calvert and Herbert Railton (London, J.M. Dent, 1901).
 * Story of Brussels, illustrated by Katharine Kimball and Guy Gilliat-Smith (London, J.M. Dent, 1906).
 * St. Clare of Assisi (London, J.M. Dent, 1914).
 * Some Notes, Historical and Otherwise, concerning the Sacred Constantinian Order (London, J.M. Dent, 1922).
 * Saint Anthony of Padua according to his contemporaries (London & Toronto, J.M. Dent; New York, E.P. Dutton, 1926).

title: Ernest Gilliat-Smith


text:
Chinese Mining Camp Archeological Site

The Chinese Mining Camp Archaeological Site near Warren, Idaho is an archaeological site which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

It is located about one mile northwest of the town of Warren, up a trail from the north end of Warren's airstrip. It "occupies a cultural island which consists of approximately 2,500 square meters or 0.62 acres". The site was investigated by an archaeological study in 1989–1992.

title: Chinese Mining Camp Archeological Site


text:
Portal:Agricultural engineering

The Wikiversity Department of Agricultural Engineering is a content development project where participants develop and organize learning resources for agricultural engineering.

Agricultural engineers develop engineering science and technology in the context of agricultural production and processing and for the management of natural resources.

Agricultural engineers design agricultural machinery and equipment and agricultural structures.Agricultural Engineers may perform tasks as planning, supervising and managing the building of dairy effluent schemes, irrigation, drainage, flood and water control systems, perform environmental impact assessments and interpret research results and implement relevant practices.

Some specialties include power system and machinery design; structures and environmental science; and food and bioprocess engineering. They develop ways to conserve soil and water and to improve the processing of agricultural products.

A large percentage of agricultural engineers work in academia or for government agencies such as the United States Department of Agriculture or state agricultural extension services. Agricultural engineers work in production, sales, management, research and development, or applied science.

The "topic" namespace contains pages that are for management and organization of small academic units at Wikiversity such as departments (see: Topics).

Department and Country

 * Study Program of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Food and Agroindustrial Technology, University of Mataram, Lombok - Indonesia

Courses
Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple departments. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

Additional information

 * Portal:Engineering and Technology
 * School:Agriculture
 * School:Engineering

title: Portal:Agricultural engineering


text:
Cryptography/Scytale

The Scytale cipher is a type of transposition cipher used since the 7th century BCE. The first recorded use of the scytale cipher was by the Spartans and the ancient Greeks who used it to transport battle information between generals.

Encryption Using the Scytale
The scytale encryption system relies on rods of wood with equal radiuses. The system is a symmetric key system where the radius of the rod is the key.

After establishing keys a messenger winds a strip of leather around the rod. Then he writes the message going across the rod, so that when he unwinds the leather the letters have been jumbled in a meaningless fashion.

Example: Suppose the rod allows you to write 4 letters around it in one circle and 5 letters down the side. Clear text: "Help me I am under attack" To encrypt one simply writes across the leather...

_____________________________________________________________    |  |   |   |   |   |   |     |  | H | E | L | P | M | |__| E | I | A | M | U |__ | N | D | E | R | A | | | T | T | A | C | K | | |  |   |   |   |   |  | ______________________________________________________________

so the cipher text becomes, "HENTEIDTLAEAPMRCMUAK" after unwinding.

Decryption Using the Scytale
To decrypt all you must do is wrap the leather strip around the rod and read across. Example: ciphertext: "HENTEIDTLAEAPMRCMUAK" Every fourth letter will appear on the same line so the cipher text becomes HELPM...return to the beginning once you reach the end and skip used letters. ...EIAMUNDERATTACK. Insert spaces and the plain text returns, "Help me I am under attack"

title: Cryptography/Scytale


text:
Lee Hill (scientist)

Lee Hill is a South African Exercise Scientist and former head coach of the University of Cape Town swimming team as well as a published scientific writer. He specialises in the injuries to the shoulder, with a specific interest in swimming injuries.

Academic career
He obtained an undergraduate degree in Human Bioscience, specialising in Psychology and Human Physiology. In 2012, Hill earned a post-graduate degree was in Exercise Science, obtained from the Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine at the University of Cape Town. He is currently reading towards a doctorate in Exercise Science at the University of Cape Town.

Hill has been published in a number of peer-reviewed journals such as the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology, the South African Journal of Sports Medicine and the Physician and Sports Medicine.

title: Lee Hill (scientist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Agenparl

The result of the debate was keep. Johnleemk | Talk 15:55, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Agenparl
Delete. Vanity or vain page. No link to this page. Panairjdde 10:03, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep, article appears verifiable, press service is presumably notable, and vanity alone isn't grounds for deletion. Monicasdude 16:15, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * If it is important, why no other article links to it? Are we going to have an article for every press agency in the world?--Panairjdde 16:40, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Those aren't even close to grounds for deletion. Monicasdude 17:40, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, let's revert the question. Is it important? No, delete.--Panairjdde 18:27, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Unimportant isn't the same as non-notable, otherwise articles like Bulbasaur, Air Force Amy, and Phil Linz would be long gone. Monicasdude 19:44, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Phil Linz?! Why are we picking on Phil Linz?  He hit two home runs in the 1964 World Series - not too many people can say that!  —Wknight94 (talk) 22:24, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep valid stub. Wikipedia is not paper, and the press service of the Italian parliament is notable enough for us.  Smerdis of Tlön 19:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep per above considerations Bobby P. Smith Sr. Jr. 23:46, 21 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
RAI Libri

Rai Libri is a publishing house owned by Italian public broadcaster RAI through Rai Com.

Edizioni Radio Italiana
The first publishing activity of former RAI, the URI (Unione radiofonica italiana), was the issuing of the weekly journal Radio Orario in January 1925, with the schedules of the radio programmes of the broadcaster including the ones of other European stations. Radio Orario became Radiocorriere in 1930 and Radiocorriere TV in 1954.

On 15 September 1949, the Edizioni Radio Italiana (ERI) was founded in Turin by RAI. in order to unite and valorize the publishing activity of the public broadcaster. On 31 July 1954 capital was distributed between RAI (30%) and IRI (30%).

During fifties and sixties, ERI published the series Classe Unica (in pocket format) and journals L'Approdo letterario and L'Approdo Musicale, based on the homonymous cultural radio programs.

In 1969, ERI issued the first edition of the Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia, a dictionary of orthography and orthoepy of the Italian language.

Eighties and Nuova ERI
.During the eighties, ERI had issued the monthly journals of Moda (since 1983, for women) and King (since 1987, for men), both directed by journalist Vittorio Corona (then Willy Molco) and produced in Milan. King and Moda represented an innovative development of magazines, with their verbal language and layout, and the contents deliberately oxymoronic.

On 23 July 1987, the company was renamed in "Nuova Eri Edizioni Rai-Radiotelevisione Italiana S.p.A."

Nineties and Rai Eri
Since the nineties, Nuova Eri had developed its activity in close relation with the radio and TV production. The company had published books and journalistic reports written by the most notorious figures of RAI programmes (including Enzo Biagi, Bruno Vespa, Sergio Zavoli, Piero Angela and Antonio Caprarica) together with other publishing houses like Mondadori and Rizzoli. After a crisis occurred during the direction of Alberto Luna at the end of the eighties, Nuova Eri was relaunched by director Giuseppe Marchetti Tricamo who reformed and restyled the company, making it as a protagonist of the publishing market.

Nuova ERI was closed in 1995 and RAI began to publish directly its books and journals on 1 January 1996, with the "Rai Eri" trademark in 1997.

Rai Libri
In 2014, Rai Eri was included in Rai Com and then re-established as Rai Libri in January 2019.

Publications
Rai Libri publishes Elettronica e telecomunicazioni, Nuova rivista musicale italiana, Nuova civiltà delle macchine and DOP - Dizionario di ortografia e pronunzia.

One of the main task of Rai Libri is to contribute to the study of communication and media and to document the activity of the public broadcasting service, valorizing its activity.

Notable authors

 * Piero and Alberto Angela
 * Bruno Vespa
 * Enzo Biagi
 * Giovanni Allevi
 * Roberto Giacobbo
 * Gigi Marzullo
 * Antonio Caprarica

title: RAI Libri