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Michael Ignatieff

Michael Grant Ignatieff (born May 12, 1947) is a Canadian author, academic and former politician who served as the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition from 2008 until 2011. Known for his work as a historian, Ignatieff has held senior academic posts at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, and Toronto. Most recently, he was rector and President of Central European University; he held this position from 2016 until July 2021.

While living in the United Kingdom from 1978 to 2000, Ignatieff became well known as a television and radio broadcaster and as an editorial columnist for The Observer. His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993, and won a Canadian Gemini Award. His book of the same name, based on the series, won the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues and the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize. His memoir, The Russian Album, won Canada's Governor General's Literary Award and the British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize in 1988. His novel, Scar Tissue, was short-listed for the Booker Prize in 1994. In 2000, he delivered the Massey Lectures, entitled The Rights Revolution, which was released in print later that year.

In the 2006 federal election, Ignatieff was elected to the House of Commons as the member of Parliament (MP) for Etobicoke—Lakeshore. The same year, he ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party, ultimately losing to Stéphane Dion. He served as the party's deputy leader under Dion. After Dion's resignation in the wake of the 2008 election, Ignatieff served as interim leader from December 2008 until he was elected leader at the party's May 2009 convention. In the 2011 federal election, Ignatieff lost his own seat in the Liberal Party's worst showing in its history. Winning only 34 seats, the party placed a distant third behind the Conservatives and NDP, and thus lost its position as the Official Opposition. Ignatieff subsequently resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, and in effect retired from active politics, in May 2011.

Following his electoral defeat, Ignatieff taught at the University of Toronto. In 2013, he returned to Harvard Kennedy School part-time, splitting his time between Harvard and Toronto. On July 1, 2014, he returned to Harvard full-time. In 2016, he left Harvard to become president and rector of the Central European University in Budapest; he resigned from this position in July 2021. He continues to publish articles and essays on international affairs as well as Canadian politics. In 2024, he was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences.

Early life and education
Ignatieff was born on May 12, 1947, in Toronto, the elder son of Russian-born Canadian Rhodes Scholar and diplomat George Ignatieff, and his Canadian-born wife, Jessie Alison (née Grant). Ignatieff's family moved abroad frequently in his early childhood as his father rose in the diplomatic ranks.

At the age of 11, Ignatieff was sent back to Toronto to attend Upper Canada College as a boarder in 1959. At UCC, he was elected a school prefect as head of Wedd's House, was the captain of the varsity soccer team, and served as editor-in-chief of the school's yearbook. As well, Ignatieff volunteered for the Liberal Party during the 1965 federal election by canvassing the York South riding. He resumed his work for the Liberal Party in 1968, as a national youth organizer and delegate for Pierre Trudeau's leadership campaign.

After high school, Ignatieff studied history at the University of Toronto's Trinity College (B.A., 1969). There, he met fellow student Bob Rae, from University College, who was a debating opponent and fourth-year roommate. After completing his undergraduate degree, Ignatieff took up his studies at the University of Oxford, where he studied under, and was influenced by, the liberal philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin, whom he would later write about. While an undergraduate at the University of Toronto, he was a part-time reporter for The Globe and Mail in 1964–65. In 1976, Ignatieff completed his Ph.D. in history at Harvard University. He was granted a Cambridge M.A. by incorporation in 1978 on taking up a fellowship at King's College there.

Family
Ignatieff's paternal grandfather was Count Pavel Ignatieff, the Russian minister of education during the First World War and son of Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, an important Russian statesman and diplomat. His mother's grandfathers were George Monro Grant and Sir George Robert Parkin, and her younger brother was the Canadian Conservative political philosopher George Grant (1918–1988), author of Lament for a Nation. His great-aunt Alice Parkin Massey was the wife of Canada's first native-born Governor General, Vincent Massey. His first cousin Caroline Andrew was a political scientist. He is also a descendant of William Lawson, the first president of the Bank of Nova Scotia.

Ignatieff is married to Hungarian-born Zsuzsanna M. Zsohar and has two children, Theo and Sophie, from his first marriage to Londoner Susan Barrowclough. He also has a younger brother, Andrew, a community worker who assisted with Ignatieff's campaign.

Although he says he is not religious, Ignatieff was raised Russian Orthodox and occasionally attends services with family. He describes himself as neither an atheist nor a "believer".

Early career
Ignatieff was an assistant professor of history at the University of British Columbia from 1976 to 1978. In 1978 he moved to the United Kingdom, where he held a senior research fellowship at King's College, Cambridge, until 1984. He then left Cambridge for London, where he began to focus on his career as a writer and journalist. His book The Russian Album documented a history of his family's experiences in nineteenth-century Russia (and subsequent exile), and won the 1987 Governor General's Award for Non-Fiction and the British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize in Canada.

During this time, he travelled extensively. He also continued to lecture at universities in Europe and North America, and held teaching posts at Oxford, the University of London, the London School of Economics, the University of California and in France. While living in Britain, Ignatieff became well known as a broadcaster on radio and television. His best-known television work has been Voices on Channel 4, the BBC 2 discussion programme Thinking Aloud and BBC 2's arts programme, The Late Show. He was also an editorial columnist for The Observer from 1990 to 1993.

His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993, winning a Canadian Gemini Award. He later adapted this series into a book, Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism, detailing the dangers of ethnic nationalism in the post-Cold War period. This book won the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues and the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize. Ignatieff also wrote the novel, Scar Tissue, which was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1994.

In 1998, he was on the first panel of the long-running BBC Radio discussion series In Our Time. Around this time, his 1998 biography of Isaiah Berlin was shortlisted for both the Jewish Quarterly Literary Prize for Non-Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

Human rights policy
In 2000, Ignatieff accepted a position as the director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University. Ignatieff's influence on policy continued to grow, helping to prepare the report The Responsibility to Protect for the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty with Gareth Evans. This report examined the role of international involvement in Kosovo and Rwanda, and advocated a framework for 'humanitarian' intervention in future humanitarian crises. He delivered the Massey Lectures in 2000, entitled The Rights Revolution, which was released in print later that year. He would eventually become a participant and panel leader at the World Economic Forum in Geneva.

2001 marked the September 11 attacks in the United States, renewing academic interest in issues of foreign policy and nation building. Ignatieff's text on Western interventionist policies and nation building, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, won the Orwell Prize for political non-fiction in 2001. As a journalist, Ignatieff observed that the United States had established "an empire lite, a global hegemony whose grace notes are free markets, human rights and democracy, enforced by the most awesome military power the world has ever known." This became the subject of his 2003 book Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, which argued that America had a responsibility to create a "humanitarian empire" through nation-building and, if necessary, military force. This would become a frequent topic in his lectures. At the Amnesty 2005 Lecture in Dublin, he offered evidence to show that "we wouldn't have international human rights without the leadership of the United States".

Ignatieff's interventionist approach led him to support the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. According to Ignatieff, the United States had a duty to expend itself unseating Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in the interests of international security and human rights. Ignatieff initially accepted the argument of George W. Bush administration that containment through sanctions and threats would not prevent Hussein from selling weapons of mass destruction to international terrorists. Ignatieff wrongly believed that those weapons were still being developed in Iraq.

In 2004, he published The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, a philosophical work analyzing human rights in the post-9/11 world. Ignatieff argued that there may be circumstances where indefinite detention or coercive interrogations may need to be used on terror suspects to combat terrorism. Democratic institutions would need to evolve to protect human rights, finding a way to keep these necessary evils from offending democracy as much as the evils they are meant to prevent. The book attracted considerable attention. It was a finalist for the Lionel Gelber Prize, but also earned him some criticism. In 2005, he was criticized by his peers on the editorial board for the Index on Censorship, where human rights advocate Conor Gearty said Ignatieff fell into a category of "hand-wringing, apologetic apologists for human-rights abuses". Ignatieff responded by resigning from the editorial board for the Index, and has maintained that he supports a complete ban on torture.

By 2005, Ignatieff's writings on human rights and foreign affairs earned him the 37th rank on a list of most influential public intellectuals prepared by Prospect and Foreign Policy magazines.

Return to Canadian academe
Around 2005, Ignatieff became more frequently mentioned as a possible Liberal candidate for the next federal election, and rumours swirled about the beginnings of a political career. At this time, he left Harvard to become the Chancellor Jackman Professor in Human Rights Policy at the University of Toronto and a senior fellow of the university's Munk Centre for International Studies.

He continued to write about the subject of Iraq, reiterating his support, if not the method in which it was conducted. According to Ignatieff, "what Saddam Hussein had done to the Kurds and the Shia" in Iraq was sufficient justification for the invasion. His support for the war began to wane as time passed; he said: "I supported an administration whose intentions I didn't trust, believing that the consequences would repay the gamble. Now I realize that intentions do shape consequences." He eventually recanted his support for the war entirely. In a 2007 New York Times Magazine article, he wrote: "The unfolding catastrophe in Iraq has condemned the political judgment of a president, but it has also condemned the judgment of many others, myself included, who as commentators supported the invasion." Ignatieff partly interpreted what he now saw as his particular errors of judgment, by presenting them as typical of academics and intellectuals in general, whom he characterized as "generalizing and interpreting particular facts as instances of some big idea". In politics, by contrast, "Specifics matter more than generalities". Samuel Moyn, Harvard University historian of human rights and humanitarian intervention, asserts that Ignatieff is among those whose who "soiled their reputations" through their defence of the Iraq war, and labelled his later public apology "embarrassingly vacuous."

Post politics academic career and return to Harvard
In mid-2011, following his electoral defeat, Ignatieff became a senior resident with the University of Toronto's Massey College, where he taught courses in law and political science for the Munk School of Global Affairs, the School of Public Policy and Governance, and the Faculty of Law. In January 2013, Ignatieff rejoined the Harvard Kennedy School and divided his time between Toronto and Cambridge, Massachusetts. The next year, Ignatieff returned to Harvard full-time, and left the University of Toronto, to become Edward R. Murrow Chair of Press, Politics and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School effective July 1, 2014.

President and Rector of Central European University
On May 5, 2016, it was announced that Michael Ignatieff would succeed John Shattuck to become the fifth president and rector of the Central European University (CEU) in Budapest, Hungary. On September 1, he was appointed the rector with the term ending on August 31, 2021.

Ignatieff oversaw a tumultuous period in the university's history, during which it accused the Hungarian government of challenging its legal right to continue to operate in Hungary. The position of Ignatieff and CEU was that the intervention from the Hungarian government was part of a wider vendetta on the part of prime minister Viktor Orbán against wealthy financier George Soros, the university's chief benefactor. Ignatieff's personal position was that the strain between the Hungarian government and CEU is part of a wider tension in Europe between democratic ideals and authoritarian tendencies within the European conservative right.

In 2019, Ignatieff was awarded the Dan David Prize for his contribution to defending democracy. During this time he continued to publish in scholarly journals. An example is The Responsibility to Protect in a Changing World Order: Twenty Years since Its Inception, an August 2021 article of his.

On 31 July 2021 Ignatieff stepped down as rector of CEU to be replaced by Shalini Randeria and announced he would step back into the classroom as a professor of history at CEU in January, 2022.

Writings
Ignatieff is a historian, a fiction writer and public intellectual who has written several books on international relations and nation building. He has written seventeen books, and has been described by the British Arts Council as "an extraordinarily versatile writer", in both the style and the subjects he writes about. He has contributed articles to publications including The Globe and Mail, The New Republic, and The New York Times Magazine. Maclean's named him among the "Top 10 Canadian Who's Who" in 1997 and one of the "50 Most Influential Canadians Shaping Society" in 2002. In 2003, Maclean's named him Canada's "Sexiest Cerebral Man".

Fictional works
His fictional works, Asya, Scar Tissue, and Charlie Johnson in the Flames cover, respectively, the life and travels of a Russian girl, the disintegration of one's mother due to neurological disease, and the haunting memories of a journalist in Kosovo. The works are to some extent autobiographical; for instance, Ignatieff travelled to the Balkans and Kurdistan while working as a journalist, witnessing first hand the consequences of modern ethnic warfare.

Historian and biographer
A historian by training, he wrote A Just Measure of Pain, a history of prisons during the Industrial Revolution. His biography of Isaiah Berlin reveals the strong impression the celebrated philosopher made on Ignatieff. Philosophical writings by Ignatieff include The Needs of Strangers and The Rights Revolution. The latter work explores social welfare and community, and shows Berlin's influence on Ignatieff. These tie closely to Ignatieff's political writings on national self-determination and the imperatives of democratic self-government. Ignatieff has also written extensively on international affairs. His historical memoir, The Russian Album, traces his family's life in Russia and their troubles and subsequent emigration as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution.

Canadian studies
In The Rights Revolution, Ignatieff identifies three aspects of Canada's approach to human rights that give the country its distinctive culture: 1) On moral issues, Canadian law is secular and liberal, approximating European standards more closely than American ones; 2) Canadian political culture is social democratic, and Canadians take it for granted that citizens have the right to free health care and public assistance; 3) Canadians place a particular emphasis on group rights, expressed in Quebec's language laws and in treaty agreements that recognize collective aboriginal rights. "Apart from New Zealand, no other country has given such recognition to the idea of group rights", he writes.

Ignatieff states that despite its admirable commitment to equality and group rights, Canadian society still places an unjust burden on women and gays and lesbians, and he says it is still difficult for newcomers of non-British or French descent to form an enduring sense of citizenship. He attributes this to the "patch-work quilt of distinctive societies", emphasizing that civic bonds will only be easier when the understanding of Canada as a multinational community is more widely shared.

International studies
Ignatieff has written extensively on international development, peacekeeping and the international responsibilities of Western nations. Blood and Belonging, a 1993 work, explores the duality of nationalism, from Yugoslavia to Northern Ireland. It is the first of a trilogy of books that explore modern conflicts. The Warrior's Honour, published in 1998, deals with ethnically motivated conflicts, including the conflicts in Afghanistan and Rwanda. The final book, Virtual War, describes the problems of modern peacekeeping, with special reference to the NATO presence in Kosovo.

His 2003 book Empire Lite attracted considerable attention for suggesting that America, the world's last remaining superpower, should create a "humanitarian empire". This book continued his criticism of the limited-risk approach practiced by NATO in conflicts like the Kosovo War and the Rwandan genocide. Ignatieff became an advocate for more active involvement and larger scale deployment of land forces by Western nations in future conflicts in the developing world. Ignatieff was originally a prominent supporter of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. However, Ignatieff attempts to distinguish the empire lite approach from neo-conservativism because the motives of the foreign engagement he advocates are essentially altruistic rather than self-serving.

Ignatieff's 2004 book The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, argued that Western democracies may have to resort to "lesser evils" like indefinite detention of suspects, coercive interrogations, assassinations, and pre-emptive wars in order to combat the greater evil of terrorism. He states that as a result, societies should strengthen their democratic institutions to keep these necessary evils from becoming as offensive to freedom and democracy as the threats they are meant to prevent. The 'Lesser Evil' approach has been criticized by some prominent human rights advocates, like Conor Gearty, for incorporating a problematic form of moral language that can be used to legitimize forms of torture. But other human rights advocates, like Human Rights Watch's Kenneth Roth, have defended Ignatieff, saying his work "cannot fairly be equated with support for torture or 'torture lite'." In the context of this "lesser evil" analysis, Ignatieff has discussed whether or not liberal democracies should employ coercive interrogation and torture. Ignatieff has adamantly maintained that he supports a complete ban on torture. His definition of torture, according to his 2004 Op-ed in The New York Times, does not include "forms of sleep deprivation that do not result in lasting harm to mental or physical health, together with disinformation and disorientation (like keeping prisoners in hoods)."

Political career
In 2004, three Liberal organizers, former Liberal candidate Alfred Apps, Ian Davey (son of Senator Keith Davey) and lawyer Daniel Brock, travelled to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to convince Ignatieff to move back to Canada and run for the House of Commons of Canada, and to consider a possible bid for the Liberal leadership should Paul Martin retire. Rocco Rossi, who was at that time a key Liberal Party organizer, had previously mentioned to Davey that Davey's father had said that Ignatieff had "the makings of a prime minister". In January 2005, as a result of the efforts of Apps, Brock and Davey, press speculation that Ignatieff could be a star candidate for the Liberals in the next election, and possibly a candidate to eventually succeed Prime Minister Paul Martin, the leader of the governing Liberal Party of Canada.

After months of rumours and several denials, Ignatieff confirmed in November 2005 that he would run for a seat in the House of Commons in the winter 2006 election. It was announced that Ignatieff would seek the Liberal nomination in the Toronto riding of Etobicoke—Lakeshore.

Some Ukrainian-Canadian members of the riding association objected to the nomination, citing a perceived anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Blood and Belonging, where Ignatieff said: "I have reasons to take the Ukraine seriously indeed. But, to be honest, I'm having trouble. Ukrainian independence conjures up images of peasants in embroidered shirts, the nasal whine of ethnic instruments, phony Cossacks in cloaks and boots..." Critics also questioned his commitment to Canada, pointing out that Ignatieff had lived outside of Canada for more than 30 years and had referred to himself as an American many times. When asked about it by Peter Newman in a Maclean's interview published on April 6, 2006, Ignatieff said: "Sometimes you want to increase your influence over your audience by appropriating their voice, but it was a mistake. Every single one of the students from 85 countries who took my courses at Harvard knew one thing about me: I was that funny Canadian." Two other candidates filed for the nomination but were disqualified (one, because he was not a member of the party and the second because he had failed to resign from his position on the riding association executive). Ignatieff went on to defeat the Conservative candidate by a margin of roughly 5,000 votes to win the seat.

Leadership bid
After the Liberal government was defeated in the January 2006 federal election, Paul Martin resigned the party leadership in March that same year. On April 7, 2006, Ignatieff announced his candidacy in the upcoming Liberal leadership race, joining several others who had already declared their candidacy.

Ignatieff received several high-profile endorsements of his candidacy. His campaign was headed by Senator David Smith, who had been a Chrétien organizer, along with Ian Davey, Daniel Brock, Alfred Apps and Paul Lalonde, a Toronto lawyer and son of Marc Lalonde.

An impressive team of policy advisors was assembled, led by Toronto lawyer Brad Davis, and including Brock, fellow lawyers Mark Sakamoto, Sachin Aggarwal, Jason Rosychuck, Jon Penney, Nigel Marshman, Alex Mazer, Will Amos, and Alix Dostal, former Ignatieff student Jeff Anders, banker Clint Davis, economists Blair Stransky, Leslie Church and Ellis Westwood, and Liberal operatives Alexis Levine, Marc Gendron, Mike Pal, Julie Dzerowicz, Patrice Ryan, Taylor Owen and Jamie Macdonald.

Following the selection of delegates in the party's "Super Weekend" exercise on the last weekend of September, Ignatieff gained more support from delegates than other candidates with 30% voting for him.

In August 2006, Ignatieff said he was "not losing any sleep" over dozens of civilian deaths caused by Israel's attack on Qana during its military actions in Lebanon. Ignatieff recanted those words the following week. Then, on October 11, 2006, Ignatieff described the Qana attack as a war crime (committed by Israel). Susan Kadis, who had been Ignatieff's campaign co-chair, withdrew her support following the comment. Other Liberal leadership candidates have also criticized Ignatieff's comments. Ariela Cotler, a Jewish community leader and the wife of prominent Liberal MP Irwin Cotler, left the party following Ignatieff's comments. Ignatieff later qualified his statement, saying "Whether war crimes were committed in the attack on Qana is for international bodies to determine. That doesn't change the fact that Qana was a terrible tragedy."

On October 14, Ignatieff announced that he would visit Israel, to meet with Israeli and Palestinian leaders and "learn first-hand their view of the situation". He noted that Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Israel's own B'Tselem have stated that war crimes were committed in Qana, describing the suggestion as "a serious matter precisely because Israel has a record of compliance, concern and respect for the laws of war and human rights". Ignatieff added that he would not meet with Palestinian leaders who did not recognize Israel. However, the Jewish organization sponsoring the trip subsequently cancelled it, because of too much media attention.

Montreal Convention
At the leadership convention in Montreal, taking place at Palais des Congrès, Ignatieff entered as the apparent front-runner, having won more delegates to the convention than any other contender. However, polls consistently showed he had weak second-ballot support, and those delegates not already tied to him would be unlikely to support him later.

On December 1, 2006, Ignatieff led the leadership candidates on the first ballot, garnering 29% support. The subsequent ballots were cast the following day, and Ignatieff managed a small increase, to 31% on the second ballot, good enough to maintain his lead over Bob Rae, who had attracted 24% support, and Stéphane Dion, who garnered 20%. However, due to massive movement towards Dion by delegates who supported Gerard Kennedy, Ignatieff dropped to second on the third ballot. Shortly before voting for the third ballot was completed, with the realization that there was a Dion–Kennedy pact, Ignatieff campaign co-chair Denis Coderre made an appeal to Rae to join forces and prevent Dion from winning the Liberal Party leadership (on the basis that Stephane Dion's ardent federalism would alienate Quebecers), but Rae turned down the offer and opted to release his delegates.

With the help of the Kennedy delegates, Dion jumped up to 37% support on the third ballot, in contrast to Ignatieff's 34% and Rae's 29%. Rae was eliminated and the bulk of his delegates opted to vote for Dion rather than Ignatieff. In the fourth and final round of voting, Ignatieff took 2084 votes and lost the contest to Dion, who won with 2,521 votes.

Ignatieff confirmed that he would run as the Liberal MP for Etobicoke—Lakeshore in the next federal election.

Deputy leadership
On December 18, 2006, new Liberal leader Stéphane Dion named Ignatieff his deputy leader, in line with Dion's plan to give high-ranking positions to each of his former leadership rivals.

During three by-elections held on September 18, 2007, the Halifax Chronicle-Herald reported that unidentified Dion supporters were accusing Ignatieff's supporters of undermining by-election efforts, with the goal of showing that Dion could not hold on to the party's Quebec base. Susan Delacourt of the Toronto Star described this as a recurring issue in the party with the leadership runner-up. The National Post referred to the affair as, "Discreet signs of a mutiny." Although Ignatieff called Dion to deny the allegations, The Globe and Mail cited the NDP's widening lead after the article's release, suggested that the report had a negative impact on the Liberals' morale. The Liberals were defeated in their former stronghold of Outremont. Since then, Ignatieff has urged the Liberals to put aside their differences, saying "united we win, divided we lose".

Interim leadership of the Liberal Party
Dion announced that he would schedule his departure as Liberal leader for the next party convention, after the Liberals lost seats and support in the 2008 federal election. Ignatieff held a news conference on November 13, 2008, to once again announce his candidacy for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada.

When the Liberals reached an accord with the other opposition parties to form a coalition and defeat the government, Ignatieff reluctantly endorsed it. He was reportedly uncomfortable with a coalition with the NDP and support from the Bloc Québécois, and has been described as one of the last Liberals to sign on. After the announcement to prorogue Parliament, delaying the non-confidence motion until January 2009, Dion announced his intention to stay on as leader until the party selected a new one.

Leadership contender Dominic LeBlanc dropped out and threw his support behind Ignatieff. On December 9, the other remaining opponent for the Liberal Party leadership, Bob Rae, withdrew from the race, leaving Ignatieff as the presumptive winner. On December 10, he was formally declared the interim leader in a caucus meeting, and his position was ratified at the May 2009 convention.

On February 19, 2009, during U.S. President Barack Obama's election visit to Ottawa to meet Prime Minister Stephen Harper, which was the President's first foreign trip since taking office, Obama also met with Ignatieff as per parliamentary protocol where the leader of the opposition meets foreign dignitaries. Their discussion included climate change, Afghanistan and human rights.

Leadership
On May 2, 2009, Ignatieff was officially endorsed as the leader of the Liberal Party by 97% of delegates at the party convention in Vancouver, British Columbia. The vote was mostly a formality as the other candidates had stepped down.

On August 31, 2009, Ignatieff announced that the Liberal Party would withdraw support for the government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. However, the NDP under Jack Layton abstained and the Conservatives survived the confidence motion. Ignatieff's attempt to force a September 2009 election was reported as a miscalculation, as polls showed that most Canadians did not want another election. Ignatieff's popularity as well as that of the Liberals dropped off considerably immediately afterwards.

On March 25, 2011, Ignatieff introduced a motion of non-confidence against the Harper government to attempt to force a May 2011 federal election after the government was found to be in contempt of Parliament, the first such occurrence in Commonwealth history. The House of Commons passed the motion by 156–145.

The Liberals had considerable momentum when the writ was dropped, and Ignatieff successfully squeezed NDP leader Jack Layton out of media attention, by issuing challenges to Harper for one-on-one debates. In the first couple weeks of the campaign, Ignatieff kept his party in second place in the polls, and his personal ratings exceeded that of Layton for the first time. However opponents frequently criticized Ignatieff's perceived political opportunism, particularly during the leaders debates when Layton criticized Ignatieff for having a poor attendance record for Commons votes saying "You know, most Canadians, if they don't show up for work, they don't get a promotion". Ignatieff failed to defend himself against these charges, and the debates were said to be a turning point for his party's campaign. Ignatieff was also subject to scathing attack ads by the Conservative Party, slamming him as "Just visiting" Canada and "He Didn't Come Back For You" for the sake of political advancement. Near the end of the campaign, a late surge in support for Layton and the NDP relegated Ignatieff and the Liberals to third in the polls.

On May 2, 2011, Ignatieff's Liberals lost 43 seats only winning 34 and thus slipped to third party status behind the NDP and the Conservatives, who gained a majority in Parliament. It was the worst result in the history of the Liberal Party, the worst result in Canadian history for an incumbent Official Opposition party, and the first time since Confederation the Liberals failed to finish first or second. Ignatieff was defeated by Conservative challenger Bernard Trottier, being the first incumbent Leader of the Official Opposition to lose his own seat since Charles Tupper's defeat in Cape Breton in 1900, as well as the first sitting Liberal leader since Mackenzie King lost his riding in the 1945 election. Reports suggested that Ignatieff had initially promised to move into a home inside his riding, but instead he resided in the downtown Toronto neighbourhood of Yorkville, which rankled Etobicoke–Lakeshore residents and reinforced perceptions of Ignatieff's political opportunism.

On May 3, 2011, Ignatieff announced that he would be resigning as leader of the party pending the appointment of an interim leader; his resignation went into effect on May 25 when Bob Rae was appointed as Ignatieff's interim replacement.

In 2013, Ignatieff published a book about his political career called Fire and Ashes: Success and Failure in Politics. The British reviewer David Runciman commented in a book review, "for a clear-eyed, sharply observed, mordant but ultimately hopeful account of contemporary politics this memoir is hard to beat. After his defeat, a friend tries to comfort him by telling him that at least he'll get a book out of it. Ignatieff reacts with understandable fury. He didn't go into politics and through all that followed just to write a book. Still, it's some book."

International affairs
In October 2006, Ignatieff indicated that he personally would not support ballistic missile defence nor the weaponization of space. He referred to the likelihood of America developing a Missile Defense System in his book Virtual War, but did not voice support for Canadian participation in such a scheme.

On June 3, 2008, and on March 30, 2009, Ignatieff voted in support of non-binding motions in the House of Commons calling on the government to "allow conscientious objectors ... to a war not sanctioned by the United Nations ... [(including Iraq war resisters)] ... to ... remain in Canada ... ."  However, on September 29, 2010, when those motions were proposed as a binding private member's bill from Liberal MP Gerard Kennedy, CTV News reported that Ignatieff "walked out during the vote." The bill then failed to pass this second reading vote by seven votes.

Extension of Canada's Afghanistan mission
During his time in Parliament, Ignatieff was one of the few opposition members supporting the minority Conservative government's commitment to Canadian military activity in Afghanistan. Prime Minister Stephen Harper called a vote in the House of Commons for May 17, 2006, on extending the Canadian Forces current deployment in Afghanistan until February 2009. During the debate, Ignatieff expressed his "unequivocal support for the troops in Afghanistan, for the mission, and also for the renewal of the mission." He argued that the Afghanistan mission tests the success of Canada's shift from "the peacekeeping paradigm to the peace-enforcement paradigm," the latter combining "military, reconstruction and humanitarian efforts together." The opposition Liberal caucus of 102 MPs was divided, with 24 MPs supporting the extension, 66 voting against, and 12 abstentions. Among Liberal leadership candidates, Ignatieff and Scott Brison voted for the extension. Ignatieff led the largest Liberal contingent of votes in favour, with at least five of his caucus supporters voting along with him to extend the mission. The vote was 149–145 for extending the military deployment. Following the vote, Harper shook Ignatieff's hand. In a subsequent campaign appearance, Ignatieff reiterated his view of the mission in Afghanistan. He stated: "the thing that Canadians have to understand about Afghanistan is that we are well past the era of Pearsonian peacekeeping."

Climate change policy
In the 2006 Liberal leadership race, Ignatieff advocated for measures to address climate change, including a carbon tax. During the 2008 federal election Dion's key policy plank was his Green Shift plan, a revenue neutral carbon tax which would put a price on greenhouse gas emissions while reducing income taxes. The Green Shift had been heavily criticized by the Conservatives and it was believed to have been a significant factor in the party's poor showing in the election. Following the election Ignatieff announced he would not campaign on Dion's Green Shift. In a speech to the Edmonton Chamber of Commerce in February 2009, he said; "You can't win elections if you're adding to the input costs of a farmer putting diesel into his tractor, or you're adding to the input costs of a fisherman putting diesel into his fishing boat, or a trucker transporting goods". He went onto say that; "You've got to work with the grain of Canadians and not against them. I think we learned a lesson in the last election." In November 2009, he announced that a Liberal government would implement an industrial cap-and-trade system to combat climate change.

Forming of a potential coalition government
During the spring 2011 federal election, Ignatieff clearly ruled out the formation of a coalition government with the NDP and Bloc parties. Contrary to the suggestion from the Conservative party that he was planning to form a government with the other opposition parties, Ignatieff issued a statement on March 26, 2011, stating that "[t]he party that wins the most seats on election day will form the government".

Honorary degrees
Ignatieff had received 11 honorary doctorates as of June 2009 including:

 * Honorary degrees

Books

 * Novels
 * Asya, 1991
 * Scar Tissue, 1993
 * Charlie Johnson in the Flames, 2005

 * Non-fiction

 * A Just Measure of Pain: Penitentiaries in the Industrial Revolution, 1780–1850, 1978
 * (ed. with István Hont) Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, 1983
 * The Needs of Strangers, 1984
 * The Russian Album, 1987
 * Blood and Belonging: Journeys Into the New Nationalism, 1994
 * Warrior's Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience, 1997
 * Isaiah Berlin: A Life, 1998
 * Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, 2000
 * The Rights Revolution, 2000
 * Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, 2001
 * Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, 2003
 * The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, 2004 (2003 Gifford Lectures)
 * (ed.) American Exceptionalism and Human Rights, 2005
 * True Patriot Love, 2009
 * Fire and Ashes: Success and Failure in Politics, 2013
 * The Ordinary Virtues: Moral Order in a Divided World, 2017
 * On Consolation: Finding Solace in Dark Times, 2021

Essays and reporting

 * "The Meaning of Diana", Prospect, October 23, 1997.
 * "Intervention and State Failure", Dissent, Winter 2002.
 * "Is the Human Rights Era Ending?", New York Times, February 5, 2002.
 * "Barbarians at the Gates?", The New York Times Book Review, February 18, 2002.
 * "Why Bush Must Send in His Troops", The Guardian, April 19, 2002.
 * "No Exceptions?", Legal Affairs, May/June 2002.
 * "The Rights Stuff", New York Times of Books, June 13, 2002.
 * "Nation Building Lite" (cover story), The New York Times Magazine, July 28, 2002.
 * "The Divided West", The Financial Times, August 31, 2002.
 * "When a Bridge Is Not a Bridge", New York Times Magazine, October 27, 2002.
 * "Mission Impossible?", A Review of A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis, by David Rieff (Simon and Schuster, 2002), The New York Review of Books, December 19, 2002.
 * "American Empire: The Burden" (cover story), The New York Times Magazine, January 5, 2003.
 * "I am Iraq", The New York Times Magazine, March 31, 2003 (Reprinted in The Guardian and The National Post).
 * "A Mess of Intervention. Peacekeeping. Pre-emption. Liberation. Revenge. When should we send in the Troops?" (cover story), The New York Times Magazine, September 7, 2003.
 * "Why America Must Know Its Limits", Financial Times, December 24, 2003.
 * "Arms and the Inspector", Los Angeles Times, March 14, 2004.
 * "The Year of Living Dangerously", The New York Times Magazine, March 14, 2004.
 * "Could We Lose the War on Terror?: Lesser Evils" (cover story), The New York Times Magazine, May 2, 2004.
 * "Mirage in the Desert", The New York Times Magazine, June 27, 2004.
 * "The Terrorist as Auteur", The New York Times Magazine, November 14, 2004.
 * "The Uncommitted", The New York Times Magazine, January 30, 2005.
 * "Who Are Americans to Think That Freedom Is Theirs to Spread?", The New York Times Magazine, June 26, 2005.
 * "Iranian Lessons", The New York Times Magazine, July 17, 2005.
 * "The Broken Contract", The New York Times Magazine, September 25, 2005.
 * "What I Would Do If I Were The Prime Minister", Maclean's, September 4, 2006.
 * "Getting Iraq Wrong", The New York Times Magazine, August 5, 2007.

Screenplays

 * Onegin, 1999 (with Peter Ettedgui)
 * 1919, 1985 (with Hugh Brody)

Drama

 * Dialogue in the Dark, 1989 (BBC)

title: Michael Ignatieff


text:
Francesco Accarigi

Francesco Accarigi (c.1557–1622) was an Italian jurist and professor of civil law at the University of Siena in Tuscany. Born in Macerata, he spent much of his life in Siena, and was considered a native of the latter city.

In his youth, Accarigi had enjoyed the friendship of Bargalio and Benevento, men who had acquired considerable reputation for their knowledge of the law. He received his doctorate from Siena in 1580. In 1581, he was first called to the professorial chair, but was only employed to explain the Institutiones of Justinian. Later, in 1589, his lectures were extended to the Pandects, when he became the first assigned that new professorship, which he held until 1593. While the professorship was intended to teach humanistic jurisprudence, he combined mos italicus and mos gallicus in his lectures.

He was then appointed, by the grand duke Ferdinand I, to lecture upon the civil law in general, after the manner of Jacques Cujas.

At length, upon the death of Bargalio, Accarigi was promoted to the chair of ordinary professor of law, which he occupied for twenty years. So high was the reputation which he acquired in this office, that very advantageous proposals were repeatedly made him from other Italian universities. His partiality to his alma mater, and his gratitude to his patron, long prevented him from listening to them. However, when Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma added, to the very high salary of 1,300 ducatoni, the proposal of giving him the title of ducal counselor, the temptation was irresistible, and Accarigi moved to Parma in 1613. In 1618, Ferdinand I was able to recall him, by giving him the first professorship in law at the University of Pisa, where he was employed until his death in 1622.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Francesco Accarigi


text:
Urumu Dhanalakshmi College

Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, is a general degree college located in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. It was established in the year 1946. The college is affiliated with Bharathidasan University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.

Science

 * Physics
 * Chemistry
 * Mathematics
 * Computer Science
 * Microbiology
 * Botany

Arts and Commerce

 * Tamil
 * English
 * History
 * Economics
 * Social Work
 * Commerce

Accreditation
The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

title: Urumu Dhanalakshmi College


text:
V. T. Nanayakkara

Vithanage Tergin Nanayakkara (born 5 January 1902) was a Ceylonese politician.

Nanayakkara received his education at Richmond College, Galle, where he was an accomplished sportsman and the vice captain of the school's cricket team in 1921. He served as the principal of the Vijaya College in Matale.

Nanayakkara was elected as an independent member at the 1st parliamentary election, held between 23 August 1947 and 20 September 1947, representing the Matale electorate, where he received 11,530 votes (48.62% of the total vote), with his nearest rival, Bernard Aluwihare receiving 9,525 votes (40.17%). During his parliamentary tenure Nanayakkara arranged for the donation of 4.5 ha of land in Matale upon which Government Science College was established.

In 1952 he contested the 2nd parliamentary election, as the sitting member for Matale representing the United National Party, but was defeated by Bernard Aluwihare, who polled 12,314 votes (57.43%) to Nanayakkara's 8,898 votes (41.5%).

title: V. T. Nanayakkara


text:
Talk:David Bailey (motorcyclist)

Untitled
David, you are one of my heroes. Perhaps if we meet some day you will do me the honour of signing my "How to Win Motocross" book written by your dad and containing many pictures of you.

David, You have more guts than I will ever hope to have. Great job and what respect I have for someone who doesn't let something bad stop them from making the most out of life.

External links modified (January 2018)
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I have just modified one external link on David Bailey (motocross). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:58, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Bailey (motorcyclist)


text:
Shib (village)

Shib (, also Romanized as Shīb; also known as Deh Shīb and Deh Sab) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 139, in 41 families.

title: Shib (village)


text:
User:Atlantic Windstorm Season/sandbox

European windstorm is a name given to the strongest extratropical cyclones which occur across the continent of Europe. They form as cyclonic windstorms associated with areas of low atmospheric pressure. They are most common in the autumn and winter months. On average, the month when most windstorms form is January. The seasonal average is 4.6 windstorms. Deep low pressure areas are relatively common over the North Atlantic, sometimes starting as nor'easters off the New England coast, and frequently track across the North Atlantic Ocean towards western Europe, past the north coast of Britain and Ireland and into the Norwegian Sea. However, when they track further south they can affect almost any country in Europe. Commonly affected countries include the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland, but any country in Central Europe, Northern Europe and especially Western Europe is occasionally struck by such a storm system.

2017/18 UK and Ireland Storm Season
On September 6 2017, the met office announced the names for the 2017-18 Atlantic windstorm season. Below you will find a list of the names, both the used and unused names

 * Aileen (12–13 September)

Storm Aileen
Storm Aileen was the first named storm of the 2017-18 UK and Ireland Storm Season. The storm took many by surprise as it is to date the earliest named storm by the met office. The damage that the storm caused was relatively minimal. The storm was named mainly for the wind however rainfall totals were expected to be up to 30-40mm. However between the 11th and the 13th only 15.0mm (0.59in) fell, continuing the wet September. Overall the storm was relatively weak as was to be expected for a storm so early in the season.

--Season Ongoing

2016/17 UK and Ireland Storm Season
The 2016/17 UK and Ireland Storm Season was a long yet inactive season of storms. Between November 19th 2016 and June 7th 2017, there was 3 named storm one of which was a major (category 3+) storm. On September 19 2016, the met office announced the names for the 2016-17 Atlantic windstorm season. Below you will find a list of the names, both the used and unused names

 * Angus (19–22 November 2016)
 * Barbara (21–26 February 2017)
 * Conor (3–7 June 2017)

Storm Angus
Storm Angus was the first named storm of the 2016/17 European Windstorm Season. It brought strong winds and heavy rain on the 21st and early on the 22nd. Some snow also fell on the 21st. The storm gave a gust of 72.3 mph on the afternoon of the 21st. The storm dumped 32.0 mm of rain in total and 31.0 mm fell solely on the 21st. Also on the 21st 1.1 cm of snow fell however it didn't stick to the ground as it was wet and warm from the rain. There was minor damage from this storm in Runcorn however further south many areas saw some flooding and other damages.

The south-west of England was affected with over 1,000 power outages, mostly in Devon. Residents were evacuated due to flooding near South Molton, Devon. Further flooding was reported in Braunton, Bradiford, Devon, and East Bar, Swanage, Dorset. The high winds affected train service in the south-east, ferry crossing at the Port of Dover and the Brighton 10k run.

The storm was a weak category 1 storm, the weakest of the 2016-17 season.

Storm Barbara
Storm Barbara was the 2nd named storm in the inactive windstorm season of 2016/17. The storm was most notable for its wind, bringing the highest gusts of wind for years with the highest being 91.6 mph on the 23rd. Rainfall totals were small and insignificant, totalling at 15.0 mm between the 21st and the 26th. The storm also brought some small amounts of snow, similar to the previous storm, Angus. On the 23rd 1.3 cm fell but again like Angus it didn't stick as the ground was wet and warm with the rainfall. Also the temperature was rather high for snowfall, at 3pm, when the snow fell the temperature was 6.0 C. The damage from the storm was relatively widespread however the total losses amounted to roughly £80.

A 29-year-old woman died in Wolverhampton when debris fell on her in the street. Another woman, a 32 year old, was killed in Swindon when blown with an empty pram into the road. A man in his 80s died in hospital on 26 February after the car he was travelling in was crushed by a falling tree. A girl was seriously injured when a ceiling collapsed on her at the Southwood School in Milton Keynes. On 23 February 2017, during high winds caused by Storm Doris, a Flybe plane (Flight 1284) from Edinburgh to Amsterdam crash landed on the runway at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol: the rear right landing gear collapsed but there were no injuries.

The storm was a very strong category 5, with the ability to do great damage.

Barbara was the first category 5 storm to hit the area since Snowstorm Gaston in January 2015.

Storm Conor
Storm Conor was the 3rd and final named storm of the 2016/17 Atlantic Windstorm season. The storm occurred very late in the season and brought with it unseasonably cold temperatures, heavy rain and very strong winds for the time of year. A wind gust of 87.1 mph was recorded on the 6th. Maximum temperatures on the 5th and 6th were both much below average at just 16.2 C for both days. Nighttime temperatures were closer to average. Also on the 6th, 20.6 mm of rain fell.

The storm had minor damages across the country however some places did see some localised flooding especially in England due to heavy rain.

The Storm was a category 2 storm.

2015/16 UK and Ireland Storm Season
On September 6 2015, the met office announced the names for the 2015-16 Atlantic windstorm season. Below you will find a list of the names, both the used and unused names

 * Abigail (17–19 November 2015)
 * Barney (28–30 November 2015)
 * Clodagh (4-6 November 2015)
 * Desmond (22–24 December 2015)
 * Eva (26–28 December 2015)
 * Frank (3–6 January 2016)
 * Gertrude (9-12 January 2016)
 * Henry (27-29 January 2016)
 * Imogen (31 January–3 February 2016)
 * Jake (7-10 February 2016)
 * Katie (12-14 February 2016)
 * Lawrence (2-5 March 2016)
 * Mary (27-30 March 2016)
 * Nigel (4 June 2016)

Abigail
Storm Abigail was the first named storm in the 2015/16 UK and Ireland storm season. The main feature of this storm was the wind however, there were not any exceptional speeds or gust recorded. There was also some rainfall however, it was nothing major. From the 17th to the 20th 10.4 mm of rain fell. The storm also brought with it some very mild temperatures with 15.4°C (59.7°F) being reached on the 17th. The storm preceded a short cold snap

A yellow warning for wind was issued by the Met Office for Wales, along with southern, central and eastern England, with gusts of 70 to 80 mph (110 to 130 km/h) expected on 17 November.

It affected Ireland, Wales, southern and eastern England and the Midlands, where thousands of homes lost power and rail services were disrupted.[27][30] The storm was named Heini by the Free University of Berlin adopt-a-vortex scheme.

The storm was a strong category 2 storm.

Barney
Barney was the second named storm in the 2015/16 UK and Ireland Storm season. The storm brought a return to wet mild and windy conditions after a few days of more seasonable cold weather. The main feature was the wind with 86.8 mph being recorded on the 28th, one of the strongest gusts of the season. Rainfall was not extreme with 16.3 mm falling during the period.

The Met Office issued a statement on 26 November saying that despite a prediction of windy weather in the coming days, the weather system was unlikely to become a named storm. On 28 November, Met Éireann upgraded its warnings and named the storm Barney. The Danish Meteorological Institute christened the low as Gorm on the same evening. The Free University of Berlin named the low Nils II. In the UK and Ireland, Barney's impact was most severe in Ireland and North West England. In the Republic of Ireland 6,000 people were left without power. In Northwest England 10,000 customers were without power. It also caused disruption to transport in the North of England and Scotland.

The storm was the first major - category 3 - storm of the season.

Clodagh
Clodagh was the 3rd named storm in the 2015/16 UK and Ireland Storm Season. The storm mainly affected Cumbria, where the wind and rainfall was most severe with over 400 mm falling. The wind did affect areas further south however rainfall was less extreme with only 13.3 mm of rain falling in this period further south. A wind gust of 75.5 mph was recorded on the 6th. Both day and nighttime temperatures were high but not extraordinarily so with temperatures not falling below 10°C (50°F) on the 4th and 6th but clear skies allowed the temperature to fall to 4°C (39°F) on the 5th.

On 5 December, the Met Office issued a red severe weather warning for rain in Cumbria.[55] The Environment Agency had severe flood warnings in place for parts of the River Tyne in Northumberland and across Cumbria.[ The expected heavy rainfall was considered to be an extreme weather event by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, who named it Synne. The US National Weather Service Ocean Prediction Center tweeted that the heavy rain was due to Desmond pulling a plume of moist air across the Atlantic Ocean to Western Europe, a weather phenomenon known as an atmospheric river. Approximately 1,000 people were evacuated from their homes in Hawick, Scottish Borders on 5 December, because the River Teviot flooded. Appleby and Keswick in the English county of Cumbria suffered blocked roads and some homes were evacuated; Cumbria Police declared the situation a "major incident". Homes left without electricity occurred in North Yorkshire (over 600) and in Wales (about 700); a further 2,000 people were without power in the Republic of Ireland. Landslides and flooding closed some main roads in Scotland and counties Down and Tyrone suffered road closures from fallen trees.

The storm was a strong category 2

Desmond
Storm Desmond was the 4th storm to be named in the 2015/16 UK and Ireland Storm Season. Compared to other storms in this season, Desmond was relatively weak with wind gusts not being extraordinary nor rainfall being exceptionally high. On the 22nd a wind gust of 71.5 mph was recorded and throughout the period 22nd-24th, 14.6 mm of rain fell.

Rain associated with the passage of Desmond caused further disruption when rivers burst their banks in the Cumbrian towns of Appleby, Keswick and Kendal on the 22 December, with Appleby receiving three to four feet of flood water. The village of Glenridding was badly flooded for the third time in the month. 6000 houses in Ireland were left without power. Liz Truss convened a COBRA meeting to decide on emergency measures, which included the deployment of soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment to the affected areas. On 24 December, flood defence gates were closed in Carlisle, Keswick and Cockermouth to limit the damage of rainfall and 20 water pumps and two kilometres of temporary flood barriers were transported to northern England. Ferries operating between Dublin and Holyhead were cancelled due to bad weather on the Irish Sea. The media widely reported Storm Eva as being responsible for the flooding which occurred in Lancashire and Yorkshire on 25–27 December 2015. However, communications from the Met Office indicated that Eva's only direct impact on the UK was strong winds and a band of rain during 23–24 December 2015. By 26 December Storm Eva was located over the far north of Norway. The persistent heavy rain from 25–27 December was caused by a subsequent slow moving depression and frontal zone. Despite red warnings for rain being issued by the Met Office on 26 December 2015, no name was given to this depression since there were no warnings issued for wind.

The storm was a strong category 1.

Eva
Eva was the 5th named storm in the 2015/16 UK and Ireland Storm Season and was notable for both rainfall total and windspeeds. On the 26th a gust of 80.2 mph was recorded also during the two days (26th-27th December), 51.7 mm of rain fell, with 40.6 mm falling on the 26th alone. This meant that December 26th 2015 was the wettest day for 3 years (since September 26th 2012).

Eva was expected to bring gales or severe gales to western parts of the UK. Persistent, heavy rain fell, causing some disruption over Northern Ireland, west and southwest Scotland, northwest England and Wales on 30 December. Amber 'be prepared' rainfall warnings were in force, resulting in severe flood warnings in England and Scotland, meaning "danger to life".

Eva caused severe flooding in Scotland with the towns of Dumfries, Peebles and Ballater flooded by the rivers Nith, Tweed and Dee.

Eva claimed three casualties across Cornwall, Moray and the Highlands.

The Free University of Berlin named the storm Eckard.

Eva also ensured that December 2015 was the wettest December for over 40 years.

The storm was a strong category 2 storm.

Frank
Frank was the 6th named storm in the active storm season of 2015-16. The storm was named for its possibility to bring some minor damage, some rain. However, the main reason for its naming was it had a central pressure of only 979.2 hPa. Despite this the wind nor the rainfall was exceptional with a gust of 75.4 mph on the 5th and a total of 14.7 mm of rain falling throughout the 3 days.

Damage was minimal throughout the country however parts of the north were still recovering after the previous storms had lashed the area. Thankfully this storm was generally weak as more wind and rain would have exacerbated the situation.

Frank continued the series of storms which meant the warm and wet pattern to December was continued.

The storm was a category 2 storm.

Gertrude
Gertrude was the 7th named storm of the 2015-16 UK and Ireland Storm Season and was the strongest by measure of pressure. It was equal with storm Jake for the lowest pressure of the season at 977.2 hPa recorded on January 10th. The storm also saw a gust of 88.3 mph on the 10th which is the second strongest of the season, only beaten by Storm Jake. The storm was mainly noticeable for its wind gusts, the rainfall totals were insignificant with only 20.5 mm falling between the 9th and 12th.

The storm was also notable as the temperatures were lower than that of December and early January, they were still above average but only slightly so, but after such a long period of October-like warmth throughout November and December temperatures closer to average were a shock to the system. The temperature fell below freezing for only the second time in the winter so far on the night of the 11th, falling to -0.6°C (30.9°F) which is roughly average.

The storm was a major - category 4 - storm. It was the equal strongest of the season.

Henry
Henry was the 8th named storm in the 2015-16 UK and Ireland Storm Season which was only notable for its windspeeds, as the storm saw the least amount of rain for any other this season with only 4.2 mm of rain falling throughout the storm.

Winds were expected to strengthen and create the risk of blizzard conditions, especially over high ground in the north of Scotland. The Chief Operational Meteorologist said: "There remains some uncertainty over the exact track and intensity of the storm", however there was "higher confidence now" on the forecast of very strong winds and storm force winds in the Northern Isles. Press releases from Transport NI and Scotland’s Transport Minister, Derek Mackay, reaffirmed the risk of strong winds and advised people to take care during the course of the storm. At 09:03 on 29 January, the Met Office upgraded the warning to red over the Shetland Islands (between 12:00 and 16:00), with gusts of around 100 mph expected and warned of very large waves.

Henry caused the closures or restrictions on some bridges (Erskine Bridge, Tay Road Bridge, Forth Road Bridge and Severn Bridge) during the storm. On 29 January, 10% of Abellio ScotRail services were cancelled. There were also power cuts across Scotland and Northern Ireland.

The storm was another major category 3 storm. The 3rd 'major' storm of the season.

Imogen
Imogen was the 9th named storm in the 2015-16 UK and Ireland Storm Season which was again mainly focused on the possiblity of disruptive wind strengths. On the 1st of February, a gust of 77.9 mph was recorded. Imogen saw the second least amount of rainfall of any storm this season with most rainfall going into Scotland and Northern England. Only 4.7 mm of rain fell throughout the period.

It was forecast to bring heavy rain and very strong gusts of wind across Scotland, northern England and northern Wales on 1–2 February, particularly into the night of 1 February. It was anticipated to bring gales across north Wales and north England, and severe gales across Scotland, most notably in the western isles, which was expected to bring gusts of up to 90 mph, resulting in amber wind warnings being issued. Localised flooding, transport disruption and issues with power supplies were expected, along with storm large waves being an additional concern.

The storm was a category 2 storm.

Jake
Storm Jake was the tenth and strongest storm in the 2015-16 UK and Ireland Storm Season with the equal lowest pressure, with Storm Gertrude and the highest wind gust. Jake was another storm that was named purely for its windspeeds and not its rainfall however, rainfall totals were higher than that of the previous two storms with 25.5 mm falling throughout the period (7th-10th). A gust of 88.8 mph was reported on February 8th, the strongest of the season.

On 6 February Met Éireann issued an amber warning for strong winds and named Storm Jake. At this stage the Met Office had issued a yellow warning for strong winds in south-west England and South Wales. On 7 February, the Met Office yellow warning area was enlarged and an amber warning added for winds across south-western England of 60-70 mph and locally 80 mph on 8 February. They warned of the risk to trees, structures, interruption of power supplies and transport, especially the M4 and M5 motorways. On 8 February Storm Jake brought trees down, produced large coastal waves, caused power cuts and toppled high-sided vehicles across southern England and Wales.

The storm was a major category 4 storm. It was the strongest of the season.

Katie
Storm Katie was the eleventh storm to be named in the 2015-16 UK and Ireland Storm Season. In terms of wind this was one of the weakest storms of the season and the weakest in terms of rainfall, even central pressure wasn't particularly low.

No rainfall was recorded during the storm however winds were moderately strong.

No major damage was reported.

Overall Katie was the weakest storm of the 2015-16 Season.

The storm was a category 1 storm.

Lawrence
Storm Lawrence was the twelfth named storm of the 2015-16 UK and Ireland Storm Season which was moderately strong and named mainly for its wind speeds. A gust, rather strong for so late in the season, of 83.5 mph was recorded on the 2nd.

Lawrence was named by Met Éireann on 1 March based on an amber warning of strong winds for counties Galway, Mayo, Clare, Cork, Kerry and Limerick. Strong winds were experienced in much of the Republic of Ireland and also Wales and south-west England on 2 March. There were power cuts and trees blown down in parts of Wales. Disruption was also experienced in parts of south-west England.

The storm was classified as a major category 3 storm.

Mary
Mary was the thirteenth named storm in the 2015-16 UK and Ireland Storm Season and the last windstorm to be named. The storm was again notable mainly for its wind as rainfall was insignificant. A rather large gust of 80.7 mph was recorded despite being so late into the season.

During the first half of 28 March strong winds were experienced widely across southern England with coastal gusts of 70-80 mph and inland gusts of 50-70 mph in many places. The peak gust of 106 mph was recorded at the exposed site of The Needles Old Battery. Impacts were widespread across southern England including trees felled, wall, fence and roof damage, scaffolding collapses, bridge closures, flights, ferries and train cancellations and power outages.

The storm was just about classified as a major category 3 storm and was the weakest major storm of the season.

Nigel
Storm Nigel was the fourteenth and final storm to be named in the 2015-16 UK and Ireland Storm Season. It was also the only storm in the season to be named that wasn't a windstorm, Nigel was named as an area of violent thunderstorms moving up from France across into England giving some impressive rainfall totals and some very strong gusts for this time of year. The system formed in the early hours of the 4th of June over Southern France and hit Southern England by the afternoon and dissipated over Scotland during the early hours of the 5th. Hail was reported in many areas along with some flash flooding as 43.6 mm of rain fell during the short thunderstorm meaning that June 4th was not only the wettest day of the season beating December 26th but it was the wettest day for nearly 4 years, since September 25th 2012.

The storm was a category 1 storm.

2014/15 UK and Ireland Storm Season
On September 3 2014, the 'home weather service' announced the names for the 2014-15 Atlantic Storm Season. Below you will find a list of the names, both the used and unused names. Other interesting notations about the winter is that unusually during the dark, at around 8pm, on January 9th the all time January temperature record was equaled at 14.6°C. The other date it was set was January 19th 1930.

 * Albert (7–9 October 2014)
 * Ex-Hurricane Gonzalo (20–21 October 2014)
 * Beth (3–9 November 2014)
 * Carl (11–16 November 2014)
 * Davina (10–12 December 2014)
 * Ethan (26 December 2014)
 * Fanny (13–16 January 2015)
 * Gaston (28 January–1 February 2015)
 * Harmony (1–3 March 2015)

Storm Albert
Storm Albert was the first named storm of the 2014-15 UK and Ireland Storm Season. The rain was the major feature of this storm with the winds being quite strong, with a gust of 74.1 mph recorded on the 6th. The rainfall total amounted to 42.8 mm during the period (6th-9th), with 30.2 mm falling on the 8th alone.

The Storm was a weak category 2.

Ex-Hurricane Gonzalo
Ex-Hurricane Gonzalo was the second storm to effect the United Kingdom and Ireland in the 2014-15 UK and Ireland Storm Season.

The extratropical storm complex incorporating the remnants of Gonzalo generated strong winds across the British Isles, especially over Ireland and the northern United Kingdom. Winds gusted to 88 mph (142 km/h) at Oban in western Scotland while gusts exceeding 60 mph (100 km/h) were common elsewhere. The system halted transportation throughout the region, forcing the cancellation of more than 100 flights at London Heathrow Airport, grounding ferries, and blocking roads and railways with debris. Falling trees killed one woman near Hyde Park, London, and injured several others. In Essex, the winds collapsed a car jack supporting a van, fatally crushing a man working underneath, while poor weather conditions were blamed on a traffic accident in Liverpool that killed a male motorist. The storm triggered minor power outages in Scotland and Wales, with more extensive outages in northwestern Ireland after gusts as high as 70 mph (115 km/h).

The storm was a 'major' category 3 storm.

Storm Beth
Storm Beth was the third storm to affect the British Isles in the 2014-15 UK and Ireland Storm Season. Despite being the third storm to affect the isles, it was only the second one to be named due to the previous storm being an ex-hurricane. Rainfall totals during the storm were small at 11.4 mm. The worst of the wind missed the area of Cheshire and went to the north.

However winds were still relatively strong with a gust of 64.9 mph being recorded on the 7th.

Overall the storm didn't have such a major impact on the Cheshire area.

Beth was a category 1 storm.

Storm Carl
Storm Carl was the fourth storm to affect the British Isles in the 2014-15 UK and Ireland Storm Season It was however, only the third named storm. The storm was most noticeable for its wind as a gust of 74.1 mph as recorded on the 14th.

Rainfall was slight with only 7.8 mm falling during the storm.

The storm wasn't noticeable for any damage.

The storm was a weak category 2 storm.

Storm Davina
Storm Davina was the 5th storm to affect the British Isles during the 2014-15 UK and Ireland Storm Season. Davina was again a weak storm that was mainly notable for its wind. However, the storm was weak with the highest gust being 66.7 mph. Rainfall totals on the 12th were moderate with 15.7 mm falling.

Temperatures were generally mild throughout the period.

The Storm was a category 1.

Central pressure wasn't particularly low either.

Snowstorm Ethan
Snowstorm Ethan was the sixth storm of the 2014-15 UK and Ireland Storm Season, that was noticeable for its snowfall and accompanied wind gusts. However, the wind gusts alone would not have been enough to get a storm to be named. The highest gust being only 50.0 mph recorded on the 26th. This meant that technically 2014 was the first white Christmas since 2010, a white Christmas being classified as snow falling or lying between December 24th and December 26th. On December 24th and 25th, mild air was in place across the UK which allowed the temperature to reach 13.3°C (55.9°F) on the 24th. However, the mild air was slowly going away so when the system arrived on the 26th over England, it was allowed to fall as snow in temperatures around 0°C (32°F) at 17:00. In total, the system dropped 27.8 cm, with 17.5 cm falling on the 26th and 10.3 cm falling on the 27th. After the storm had passed, the cold air stayed which allowed for the snow to say on the ground over new year. It was deepest on the 29th at 24.4 cm. The lowest temperature of the year was then recorded on the 31st at -6.1°C (21.0°F), which is one of the highest yearly minimum temperatures on record. Overall, Christmas was made by Snowstorm Ethan with no major damage, nothing was really effected.

Ethan was a 'major' category 3 snowstorm.

Storm Fanny
Storm Fanny was the seventh storm in the 2014-15 UK and Ireland Storm Season. The name 'Fanny' was quite controversial, obviously being slang for vagina. The storm was notable for its very strong winds as a gust 100.7 mph was recorded early on the 16th. The storm did have some rainfall in places however it amounted to little more than 5mm in most places. The storm was a major category 5 storm which had the potential to endanger life. Deaths were reported but non were confirmed however the total may be as high as 90+. There was also some major structural damage to many buildings also some coastal flooding. This was the most costly storm of the 2014-15 season.

Snowstorm Gaston
Snowstorm Gaston was the second snowstorm to effect the British Isles during the 2014-15 UK and Ireland Storm Season and it was the eighth storm in total. The storm was a very powerful storms in terms of wind and snowfall. Gaston was a category 5 storm with winds of up to 99.5 mph on the 29th and snowfall totals of 27.7 cm. The snowfall totals were not high enough to classify the storm as a category 5 alone, it was mainly the wind that got the storm to its status. There was blizzard conditions reported widely. At its peak, the total snowfall cover was 22.1 cm on the 31st. After the storm had passed, cold conditions continued meaning that the snow took long to melt, by the 12th it had totally melted.

Gaston was the most powerful snowstorm to hit since March 2013

Damage was widespread and there was some coastal flooding and damage to property.

Loss of life was minimal with few deaths being reported.

Gaston was the most powerful storm of the 2014-15 Storm Season.

Snowstorm Harmony
Storm Harmony was the ninth and final storm to affect Britain in the 2014-15 UK and Ireland Storm Season. The storm was a relatively weak storm being only a category one and causing minor damage. The storm had no rainfall and some snowfall, 12.2 cm. This meant it had just enough snow to be classed as a very weak snowstorm however the storm had already attained category 1 status as it had a gust of 66.7 mph on the 3rd.

title: User:Atlantic Windstorm Season/sandbox


text:
geometrie

Noun

 * 1) geometry

Related terms

 * See

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) geometry

Adverb

 * 1) geometrically

Noun

 * 1) geometry

Noun

 * 1) geometry branch of mathematics

Etymology
, from. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) geometry

title: geometrie


text:
reputability

Noun

 * 1) The property of being reputable, a person's reputation.
 * His reputability was in question, if he couldn't prove he was reliable then no one would hire him again.

title: reputability


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Morph

MORPHING

1. Create our object in frame (example- your name)

2. Click once on your object, press control B twice.

3. click where the movie will end, right click, insert a blank keyframe

4. Create a new object, click it, press control B twice. (example- your last name)

5. Click on your timeline then in your property inspector choose tween shape.

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Morph


text:
MXU

MXU may refer to:

 * Mullewa Airport (IATA code), Australia
 * Media Extension Unit, a SIMD extension for the MIPS computer architecture

title: MXU


text:
twining

Noun

 * 1)  A layout or motion that twines.
 * 2)  complaining or grumbling
 * 1)  complaining or grumbling

Adjective

 * 1) That twines.

title: twining


text:
Talk:Fort McClellan Army Airfield

question about content
If the airfield was closed, where were all the UH-1s that constantly flew over our neighborhood when I lived in Anniston (E. 19th) as a child in the 1980s going?

title: Talk:Fort McClellan Army Airfield


text:
Marigliano

Marigliano is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, southern Italy.

The town lies 19 km from Naples. Nearby towns include: Acerra, Brusciano, Mariglianella, Nola, San Vitaliano, Scisciano, Somma Vesuviana.

Main sights

 * Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, built around 1000. It was enlarged in the early 18th century by Domenico Antonio Vaccaro. The tuff bell tower, standing at c. 40.3 m, is from 1494. The upper small cupola, covered by yellow maiolica, was destroyed in the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, but has been rebuilt in the same shape but with different materials.
 * Ducal Castle, known from the 12th century. Of the medieval edifice, the square plan with the angular towers remain.
 * Church of the Annunziata with a late-Gothic apse. It houses a polychrome wooden polyptych in the high altar, in turn including a late 15th-century triptych
 * Monastery of St. Vitus

Organised crime
In October 2000, the Italian Parliament approved the findings of a commission which studied Camorra activities in Campania. According to this source, Marigliano is firmly under the control of the Camorra, in particular the group led by Antonio Capasso. This group took advantage of the efforts of law enforcement that eliminated its main enemy, a Camorra group led by the Mazzarella family that was located in Ponte Citra, a district of Marigliano.

Marigliano is a suburb of Naples. In the 1990s to the 2000s, a waste management crisis broke out in the city as a result of illegal dumping by the Camorra. Majority of the waste was dumped in the region between Marigliano, Acerra, and Nola, referred to as the "Triangle of Death". A 2004 study by Alfredo Mazza published in The Lancet Oncology revealed that deaths by cancer in the area are much higher than the European average.

Twin towns

 * 🇺🇸 Madison, New Jersey, USA, since 2006

title: Marigliano


text:
Talk:Diane Parish

Italic text--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:16, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

EastEnders
Please do not add a date for a 'departure' from EastEnders. It has never ever been confirmed that she is leaving EastEnders. Thanks for your co-operation --5 albert square (talk) 22:04, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diane Parish


text:
Talk:International Standard Classification of Occupations

ILO
I contacted the ILO about using this classification structure on Wikipedia. I thought it could be useful, as a recognized category structure. They were very helpful, and granted me "'(hereinafter called the Licensee) a non-exclusive, non-transferable worldwide licence to: reproduce the structure and framework of the ILO International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) for use in the online free encyclopaedia Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.com), accessible by the general public (hereinafter called the end-users):'"

However, one of the conditions of the licence was that: "The rights are granted on the understanding that any republication by the end-users, in whatever form, without the written consent by the ILO, is prohibited; the Licensee undertakes to so inform its end-users;"

Although there were other restrictions, I think this one may preclude using the structure at all. I will follow this up over at the copyright issue pages. --Bookandcoffee 23:13, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

2008 revision
I am updating the page to take into account the new 2008 revision.Guptan99 (talk) 12:46, 29 March 2011 (UTC) Removed an occupational group that was "added" here, but not part of the official ILO classification. Guptan99 (talk) 18:00, 18 July 2013 (UTC)


text:
2015 European Athletics U23 Championships

The 2015 European Athletics U23 Championships were the 10th edition of the biennial athletics competition between European athletes under the age of twenty-three. It was held in Tallinn, Estonia from 8 to 12 July.

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 934 athletes from 45 countries participated in the event. • 🇦🇲 armenia (1)

• 🇦🇹 austria (6)

• 🇦🇿 azerbaijan (3)

• 🇧🇾 belarus (23)

• 🇧🇪 belgium (25)

• 🇧🇦 bosnia and herzegovina (3)

• 🇧🇬 bulgaria (8)

• undefined (10)

• 🇨🇾 cyprus (8)

• 🇨🇿 czech republic (32)

• undefined (4)

• 🇪🇪 estonia (17)

• 🇫🇮 finland (38)

• (51)

• undefined (7)

• (69)

• undefined (11)

• 🇭🇺 hungary (27)

• 🇮🇸 iceland (4)

• 🇮🇪 ireland (14)

• 🇮🇱 israel (15)

• (73)

• undefined (15)

• 🇱🇹 lithuania (20)

• 🇱🇺 luxembourg (5)

• 🇲🇰 Macedonia (1)

• 🇲🇹 malta (1)

• 🇲🇩 moldova (2)

• 🇲🇪 montenegro (2)

• undefined (32)

• 🇳🇴 norway (25)

• 🇵🇱 poland (56)

• undefined (22)

• 🇷🇴 romania (32)

• (58)

• 🇸🇲 san marino (1)

• 🇷🇸 serbia (8)

• 🇸🇰 slovakia (6)

• undefined (12)

• 🇪🇸 spain (41)

• 🇸🇪 sweden (38)

• undefined (17)

• 🇹🇷 turkey (18)

• 🇺🇦 ukraine (37)

• undefined (36)


text:
terga verto

Etymology
From, the plural accusative of +. Literally "to turn backs".

Verb

 * 1) to flee

title: terga verto


text:
Sacro Culto

Sacro Culto is the second studio album by Italian symphonic black metal band Opera IX, released in 1998 through Shiver Records. Beginning with this album, Opera IX started to gradually include elements of gothic metal in their sound.

Personnel

 * Opera IX
 * Cadaveria (Raffaella Rivarolo) — vocals
 * Ossian D'Ambrosio — guitars
 * Vlad — bass
 * Flegias, a.k.a. Marcelo Santos (Alberto Gaggiotti) — drums
 * Lunaris — keyboards

 * Miscellaneous staff
 * Stefano Tappari — sound engineering
 * Armin Linke — photography
 * Danilo Capua — miniatures and drawings, artwork; cover painting on the Peaceville reissue
 * Paola Gaggiotti — graphics

title: Sacro Culto


text:
sequestro

Etymology 1
, derived from.

Noun

 * 1) confiscation
 * 2) sequestration
 * 3) kidnapping
 * 4)  sequestrum
 * 5) abduction

Etymology
Derived from, derived from.

Verb

 * 1)  to surrender (give up for safe keeping)
 * 2)  to sequestrate
 * 3)  to separate, remove

Etymology 1
Borrowed from, derived from.

Noun

 * 1) kidnapping (the crime of taking a person against their will, sometimes for ransom)

title: sequestro


text:
Eberbach Abbey

Eberbach Abbey (German: Kloster Eberbach) is a former Cistercian monastery in Eltville in the Rheingau, Germany. On account of its Romanesque and early Gothic buildings it is considered one of the most significant architectural heritage sites in Hesse.

In the winter of 1985/86 some of the interior scenes of The Name of the Rose were filmed here. The abbey is a main venue of the annual Rheingau Musik Festival.

Abbey
The first monastic house at the site was founded in 1116 by Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz, as a house of Augustinian canons. It was then bestowed by him in 1131 upon the Benedictines. This foundation failed to establish itself, and the successor, Kloster Eberbach, was founded in 1136 by Bernard of Clairvaux as the first Cistercian monastery on the east bank of the Rhine.

Eberbach soon became one of the largest and most active monasteries of Germany. From it a number of other foundations were made: Schönau Abbey near Heidelberg in 1142; Otterberg Abbey in the Palatinate in 1144; Gottesthal Abbey near Liège in 1155; and Arnsburg Abbey in the Wetterau in 1174. At its height in the 12th and 13th centuries, the population is estimated to have been about 100 monks and over 200 lay brothers.

Eberbach Abbey was also very successful economically, principally as a result of profits from the cultivation of vineyards and the production of wine. At least 14 members of the family of the Counts of Katzenelnbogen were buried in the church. Among them was Count Johann IV of Katzenelnbogen, who was the first to plant Riesling vines, in a new vineyard in the nearby village of Rüsselsheim, when the monks of Eberbach were still growing red grapes such as Grobrot, the earliest grape variety recorded in Eberbach.

In about 1525 it is said that in the abbey there was an enormous wine barrel with a volume of between c. 50,000 and 100,000 litres, which in the German Peasants' War of 1525 was heavily used by rebels from the Rheingau, who were encamped just below the monastery.

During the Thirty Years' War, the abbey was severely damaged, beginning with an attack by the Swedish army in 1631. Many valuable items from the church and the library were looted, and the monks were forced to flee. Only 20 of them returned in 1635 to begin a laborious reconstruction.

The 18th century was a period of great economic success: surviving accounts show that the abbey profits were regularly invested on the Frankfurt money market.

The final decline set in with the French Revolution. After the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss the abbey was dissolved on 18 September 1803 and with its assets and territory became the property of Prince Friedrich Augustus of Nassau-Usingen.

After secularisation

The lands passed from Nassau-Usingen in 1866 to Prussia, and from 1945 have formed part of the State of Hesse. The premises were put to a variety of uses. An asylum was accommodated here until 1873 (the forerunner of the Zentrum für Soziale Psychiatrie Rheinblick) and until 1912 a prison. Management of the vineyards and wine production has continued in state hands. After considerable structural work Eberbach serves inter alia as a venue for cultural events and displays, and as a film location, as for example for Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose (1985).

Eberbach Abbey Foundation

With effect from 1 January 1998 the State of Hesse transferred the entire abbey complex into the ownership of a publicly owned charitable foundation, the Stiftung Kloster Eberbach ("Eberbach Abbey Foundation"), which has the goal of conserving the architectural and cultural monument by overseeing its appropriate, controlled and sustainable use as well as of maintaining the historical tradition of wine production.

Description
The buildings date from the Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque periods. A property list, the Oculus Memoriae, survives from as early as the year 1211, giving detailed information on the possessions and premises of the abbey complex. It was edited and published 1981–1987.

The buildings include:
 * The abbey church, a three-aisled Romanesque basilica with transept, containing the tombs of some of the Archbishops of Mainz
 * The cloisters, the south side of which is Gothic, the north side partly Gothic and partly Romanesque, and the remainder a 19th-century restoration
 * The chapter room, a late Gothic square room with a central pillar, restored with ceiling and wall paintings
 * The Fraternei, an early Gothic room with heavy vaulting, used since the Middle Ages as a wine cellar. It is also known as the Cabinetkeller, which is the origin of the use of the term Kabinett as a quality description of German wine.
 * The Dormitorium (dormitory), an early Gothic room about 70 metres long containing vaulting and short columns with sculptured capitals, and one of the few such rooms of this size and quality remaining in Europe
 * The north wing, refurbished in the 18th century and containing the refectory, with a Baroque stucco ceiling by Daniel Schenk. It replaced the earlier Gothic refectory to the north
 * The west wing, accommodating the library, where the abbey museum was set up in 1995. This contains inter alia the oldest surviving Cistercian glass window in Germany (of about 1180), the original capitals from the cloisters, now replaced by modern replicas, various sculptures, portraits of Bernard of Clairvaux and Baroque furnishings
 * In a separate building to the west of the monastic quarters, the "conversI building" or "lay-brothers' building", containing the lay-brothers' refectory (45 metres long) and the Laiendormitorium (lay-brothers' dormitory) (at over 80 metres long, the largest surviving Romanesque secular room in Europe), and attached to it a Romanesque wine-cellar and various small domestic buildings from the 17th century
 * Outside of the inner monastic precinct to the east, the hospital, service buildings and 18th and 19th century wine cellars

Wine production

The vineyards of Eberbach Abbey were, at 300 hectares, the largest in medieval Europe. Most of them are now the property of the state of Hesse and are run by the Hessische Staatsweingüter GmbH Kloster Eberbach, which manages the largest connected area of wine production in Germany, comprising vineyards on the slopes of the Rhine Valley and on the Hessische Bergstrasse. Of the 238 hectares which are under cultivation, three-quarters are planted with Riesling, but Chardonnay, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Pinot noir and Dornfelder are also grown. Hessische Staatsweingüter Kloster Eberbach is a member of the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP).

Burials
The church contains numerous interesting monuments and tombs, notable among them being those of:
 * Gerlach von Nassau, Archbishop of Mainz (died 1371)
 * Adolph II of Nassau (died 1475).

Today
The abbey has been the principal venue for the concerts of the Rheingau Musik Festival since 1988, with concerts in the Basilika (church), the Dormitorium, the Laiendormitorium and the Kreuzgang (cloisters). It has also been used for other concerts.

The public areas can be viewed daily, either with or without guided tours. Rooms can be booked for conferences and events. Wine tastings for groups can also be booked, and twice a year there are wine auctions.

On the night of 26 April 2005 the abbey suffered severe damage from flooding. This was due to heavy rain, which caused the Kisselbach river to overflow its banks, and the increased volume of water brought about the collapse of the 18th century storm drain under the abbey.

Restoration
Major restoration of the complex began in 1986, financed by the State of Hesse. Restoration of the interior of the basilica began in March 2018. The project is estimated to cost 130 Million Euro and planned to be completed in 2024.

During restoration, new archeological finds have been made, which need to be preserved and documented. For example, parts of the Gothic floor and graves were found in the southern nave of the basilica.

Literature

 * Wolfgang Einsingbach, Wolfgang Riedel: Kloster Eberbach, DKV-Kunstführer No. 267, 17. Auflage, Deutscher Kunstverlag München Berlin 2007. ISBN 978-3-422-02105-1 (also available in English and French).

title: Eberbach Abbey


text:
User:Photohyatt

Michael Hyatt, AKA Photohyatt, is an American documentary and street photographer. Since 1969 Mihael has produced a number of portfolios including 5th & Wall Street - Los Angeles, Xtheband, Good News in Mexico and Along the Migrant Trail, etc. See his 50th Anniversary video Pictures at an Exhibition on YouTube, plus prints and award winning books at michael-hyatt.com.

title: User:Photohyatt