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Lateral inhibition

In neurobiology, lateral inhibition is the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. Lateral inhibition disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction. This creates a contrast in stimulation that allows increased sensory perception. It is also referred to as lateral antagonism and occurs primarily in visual processes, but also in tactile, auditory, and even olfactory processing. Cells that utilize lateral inhibition appear primarily in the cerebral cortex and thalamus and make up lateral inhibitory networks (LINs). Artificial lateral inhibition has been incorporated into artificial sensory systems, such as vision chips,  hearing systems, and optical mice. An often under-appreciated point is that although lateral inhibition is visualised in a spatial sense, it is also thought to exist in what is known as "lateral inhibition across abstract dimensions." This refers to lateral inhibition between neurons that are not adjacent in a spatial sense, but in terms of modality of stimulus. This phenomenon is thought to aid in colour discrimination.

History
The concept of neural inhibition (in motor systems) was well known to Descartes and his contemporaries. Sensory inhibition in vision was inferred by Ernst Mach in 1865 as depicted in his mach band. Inhibition in single sensory neurons was discovered and investigated starting in 1949 by Haldan K. Hartline when he used logarithms to express the effect of Ganglion receptive fields. His algorithms also help explain the experiment conducted by David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel that expressed a variation of sensory processing, including lateral inhibition, within different species.

In 1956, Hartline revisited this concept of lateral inhibition in horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) eyes, during an experiment conducted with the aid of Henry G Wagner and Floyd Ratliff. Hartline explored the anatomy of ommatidia in the horseshoe crab because of their similar function and physiological anatomy to photoreceptors in the human eye. Also, they are much larger than photoreceptors in humans, which would make them much easier to observe and record. Hartline contrasted the response signal of the ommatidium when a single concentrated beam of light was directed at one receptor unit as opposed to three surrounding units. He further supported his theory of lateral inhibition as the response signal of one unit was stronger when the surrounding units were not exposed to light.

Sensory inhibition

Georg von Békésy, in his book Sensory Inhibition, explores a wide range of inhibitory phenomena in sensory systems, and interprets them in terms of sharpening.

Visual inhibition
Lateral inhibition increases the contrast and sharpness in visual response. This phenomenon already occurs in the mammalian retina. In the dark, a small light stimulus will enhance the different photoreceptors (rod cells). The rods in the center of the stimulus will transduce the "light" signal to the brain, whereas different rods on the outside of the stimulus will send a "dark" signal to the brain due to lateral inhibition from horizontal cells. This contrast between the light and dark creates a sharper image. (Compare unsharp masking in digital processing). This mechanism also creates the Mach band visual effect.

Visual lateral inhibition is the process in which photoreceptor cells aid the brain in perceiving contrast within an image. Electromagnetic light enters the eye by passing through the cornea, pupil, and the lens (optics). It then bypasses the ganglion cells, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, and horizontal cells in order to reach the photoreceptors rod cells which absorb light. The rods become stimulated by the energy from the light and release an excitatory neural signal to the horizontal cells.

This excitatory signal, however, will only be transmitted by the rod cells in the center of the ganglion cell receptive field to ganglion cells because horizontal cells respond by sending an inhibitory signal to the neighboring rods to create a balance that allows mammals to perceive more vivid images. The central rod will send the light signals directly to bipolar cells which in turn will relay the signal to the ganglion cells. Amacrine cells also produce lateral inhibition to bipolar cells and ganglion cells to perform various visual computations including image sharpening. The final visual signals will be sent to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, where additional lateral inhibition occurs.

Tactile inhibition
Sensory information collected by the peripheral nervous system is transmitted to specific areas of the primary somatosensory area in the parietal cortex according to its origin on any given part of the body. For each neuron in the primary somatosensory area, there is a corresponding region of the skin that is stimulated or inhibited by that neuron. The regions that correspond to a location on the somatosensory cortex are mapped by a homonculus. This corresponding region of the skin is referred to as the neuron's receptive field. The most sensitive regions of the body have the greatest representation in any given cortical area, but they also have the smallest receptive fields. The lips, tongue, and fingers are examples of this phenomenon. Each receptive field is composed of two regions: a central excitatory region and a peripheral inhibitory region. One entire receptive field can overlap with other receptive fields, making it difficult to differentiate between stimulation locations, but lateral inhibition helps to reduce that overlap. When an area of the skin is touched, the central excitatory region activates and the peripheral region is inhibited, creating a contrast in sensation and allowing sensory precision. The person can then pinpoint exactly which part of the skin is being touched. In the face of inhibition, only the neurons that are most stimulated and least inhibited will fire, so the firing pattern tends to concentrate at stimulus peaks. This ability becomes less precise as stimulation moves from areas with small receptive fields to larger receptive fields, e.g. moving from the fingertips to the forearm to the upper arm.

Auditory inhibition
Similarities between sensory processes of the skin and the auditory system suggest lateral inhibition could play a role in auditory processing. The basilar membrane in the cochlea has receptive fields similar to the receptive fields of the skin and eyes. Also, neighboring cells in the auditory cortex have similar specific frequencies that cause them to fire, creating a map of sound frequencies similar to that of the somatosensory cortex. Lateral inhibition in tonotopic channels can be found in the inferior colliculus and at higher levels of auditory processing in the brain. However, the role that lateral inhibition plays in auditory sensation is unclear. Some scientists found that lateral inhibition could play a role in sharpening spatial input patterns and temporal changes in sensation, others propose it plays an important role in processing low or high tones.

Lateral inhibition is also thought to play a role in suppressing tinnitus. Tinnitus can occur when damage to the cochlea creates a greater reduction of inhibition than excitation, allowing neurons to become aware of sound without sound actually reaching the ear. If certain sound frequencies that contribute to inhibition more than excitation are produced, tinnitus can be suppressed. Evidence supports findings that high-frequency sounds are best for inhibition and therefore best for reducing some types of tinnitus.

In mustached bats, evidence supports the hypothesis that lateral inhibitory processes of the auditory system contribute to improved auditory information processing. Lateral inhibition would occur in the medial and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus of mustached bats, along with positive feedback. The exact functions of these regions are unclear, but they do contribute to selective auditory processing responses. These processes could play a role in auditory functioning of other mammals, such as cats.

Embryology
In embryology, the concept of lateral inhibition has been adapted to describe processes in the development of cell types. Lateral inhibition is described as a part of the Notch signaling pathway, a type of cell–cell interaction. Specifically, during asymmetric cell division one daughter cell adopts a particular fate that causes it to be copy of the original cell and the other daughter cell is inhibited from becoming a copy. Lateral inhibition is well documented in flies, worms and vertebrates. In all of these organisms, the transmembrane proteins Notch and Delta (or their homologues) have been identified as mediators of the interaction. Research has been more commonly associated with Drosophila, the fruit fly. Synthetic embryologists have also been able to replicate lateral inhibition dynamics in developing bacterial colonies, creating stripes and regular structures.

A neuroblast with slightly more Delta protein on its cell surface will inhibit its neighboring cells from becoming neurons. In flies, frogs, and chicks, Delta is found in those cells that will become neurons, while Notch is elevated in those cells that become the glial cells.

title: Lateral inhibition


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Leonard Hemming

Leonard Ernest Gerald Hemming (30 September 1916 – 10 July 2010) was an English cricketer. Hemming was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break. He was born at Enfield Town, Middlesex.

Early in his life he emigrated to Australia with his parents, before returning to England in the mid–1930s. Hemming made his debut for Oxfordshire against Berkshire in the 1946 Minor Counties Championship. He played minor counties cricket for Oxfordshire from 1946 to 1954, making 42 appearances, the last of which came against Cornwall in the 1954 Minor Counties Championship. Playing minor counties cricket for Oxfordshire allowed Hemming to represent the combined Minor Counties cricket team, who he made a single first-class appearance for against Kent in 1951 at the St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury. Kent batted first and made 365/8 declared, with Hemming taking the wicket of Brian Edrich, to finish with figures of 1/60 from 23 overs. The Minor Counties responded in their first-innings by making 169 all out, with Hemming being dismissed by Ted Witherden for 14 runs. Forced to follow-on in their second-innings, where they were dismissed for 186, with Hemming himself 14 runs before he was dismissed by Edrich.

Outside of cricket, he worked as a sales manager for Witney blanket factory Early’s. He was awarded the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977. He died at the Sobell House Hospice in Oxford, Oxfordshire, on 10 July 2010.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Leonard Hemming


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Callahan (surname)

Callahan is an Irish surname, anglicized from Ó Ceallacháin. Those bearing it include:

In military

 * John H. Callahan, Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient

In sports

 * Ben Callahan, baseball player
 * Bill Callahan (football coach), American football coach
 * Bryce Callahan, American football player
 * Gerry Callahan, sports writer
 * Henry Callahan, ultimate (frisbee) player
 * Jamie Callahan, American baseball player
 * Joe Callahan, American football player
 * Nixey Callahan, baseball player and manager
 * Ryan Callahan, hockey player

In politics and law

 * Bob Callahan (politician), Canadian politician
 * Consuelo Callahan, American judge
 * Deb Callahan, former president of the League of Conservation Voters
 * Dennis Callahan, ran in the 2006 Maryland county executive elections
 * Donald A. Callahan, 1938 Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate seat in Idaho
 * Ed Callahan, former Chairman of the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA)
 * James Yancy Callahan, former Delegate from the Oklahoma Territory to the U.S. House of Representatives
 * John B. Callahan, mayor of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
 * Joseph R. Callahan (1892–1977), American politician, farmer, and businessman
 * Michael J. Callahan (New York politician) (1858–1902), American saloonkeeper and politician
 * Laura Callahan, former senior director at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
 * Sonny Callahan, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Mobile, Alabama
 * Victor Callahan, American politician

In music

 * Bill Callahan (musician), US-American singer-songwriter
 * Mat Callahan, US-American musician, author, songwriter, activist, music producer and engineer
 * Sam Callahan, English singer

In show business

 * Bill Callahan (producer), producer and writer of Scrubs
 * John Callahan (actor), actor in All My Children
 * Noel Callahan, actor in Romeo!
 * Dennis Callahan, choreographer
 * Mars Callahan, actor, director, producer and writer
 * E. J. Callahan, actor, known for his roles in Wild Wild West (1999) and Friends

Others

 * Americus Callahan, American inventor
 * Daniel Callahan, American philosopher
 * David Callahan, American writer
 * Gene Callahan
 * Harry Callahan (photographer), American photographer
 * Jason Callahan, former unidentified decedent
 * John Callahan (disambiguation)
 * John Ross Callahan, American dental researcher
 * Kenneth Callahan, American artist
 * North Callahan, American historian
 * William P. Callahan, American Roman Catholic bishop

As a given name

 * Callahan Bright, American football player
 * Callahan Walsh, son of television personality John Walsh

Calahan

 * Cody Calahan, Canadian filmmaker
 * Edward A. Calahan, American inventor
 * Harold Augustin Calahan, American Navy Lieutenant Commander
 * Sharon Calahan, American cinematographer

As a given name

 * Cal O'Reilly, Canadian ice hockey player
 * Calahan Skogman, American actor and athlete

title: Callahan (surname)


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User:Lgrayp

This is the User Page for editor LGrayP. To contact me, please use my Talk page: user_talk:lgrayp Thank you! I am a librarian in Portland, Oregon, and just getting started with Wikipedia editing. I have made minor edits from various local IP addresses in the past, and started this account in January 2017 to participate in the 2nd annual #1lib1ref campaign. This fall I am participating in the Wikipedia + Libraries training program, and am very interested in helping others to learn how to engage with Wikipedia, whether as editors or as informed consumers of information. I grew up in Salem, our state capitol, and have a deep love of all things Oregon. I'll also be looking in on other topics of interest for me, including geography and geology, and history. One of my favorite places on the planet is Roads End, just because. :-)

Edit activity prior to September 2017
As a novice Wikipedian, I unwittingly committed a primary error, in editing a page of someone I'm related to. All edits under anonymous IPs, and user "lgrayp" were in good faith, and any changes of factual nature or Wikipedia style on that page are appreciated and encouraged. Other pages I've edited include area history pages such as Cedar Mill, Oregon, where my place of work is located (Cedar Mill Community Libraries).

Resources for editing
thanks to user:aboutmovies -- Here are some more resources to help you as you explore and contribute to the world's largest encyclopedia...

Finding your way around:

 * Table of contents / Department directory

 * The Wikipedia Adventure (a tutorial orienting you with Wikipedia)

Need help?

 * Questions – a guide on where to ask questions
 * Cheatsheet – quick reference on Wikipedia's mark-up codes
 * Wikipedia's 5 pillars – an overview of Wikipedia's foundations

 * Article wizard – a Wizard to help you create articles
 * The simplified ruleset – a summary of Wikipedia's most important rules
 * Guide to Wikipedia – a thorough step-by-step guide to Wikipedia

How you can help:

 * Contributing to Wikipedia – a guide on how you can help

 * Community portal – Wikipedia's hub of activity

Additional tips...

title: User:Lgrayp


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Managing vandalism

This is a course in how to manage vandalism in wikis. Assume Good Faith and Etiquette are important when dealing with vandalism.

One scenario
So, what might be one scenario (please note that there are other pathways/scenarios possible) with a "vandal"?

 * red circle: a person/group acting weird (regarding - some - people's opinion)
 * blue circle: let's say carelessly this is Wikiversity (though it consists of many individuals - note: we don't say pages) and the line is not drawn through to show that we cannot "shutdown gates" - our doors are open all the time.

 * 1: both exist (somehow)
 * 2: first contact (e.g. reading pages)
 * 3. "inside" WV (and doing something)
 * 4: contributing to Wikiversity's mission (the mission of Wikiversity from that moment)

So, what can happen after situation 3 ? This is completely in our hands. In most projects very likely the vandal is being "fought" and is "brought" back to a previous state (and the game can continue again from that state). The more effort-taking way is to help the circle understand and realize what Wikiversity is about and ultimately making the circle contribute also to Wikiversity's mission.

Something to think:
 * Who will take the effort to help a circle reach step >3 ? Why act at all like this?
 * Will this succeed with every "red circle"?
 * What happens when you exchange the meaning of the red and blue circle?
 * Why not read Vandal Wiki?

Prevention
A way to manage vandalism is to assume good faith and not create vandals. Newcomers often try a few tests as they try to get familar with the Wiki interface, format, syntax, etc. Please do not bite the newcomers (anything can be reverted in a wiki) - if you kindly tell them to stop or use the Sandbox they usually will if they are doing it in good faith.

Traits of a good vandal manager

The following are some traits that are helpful to have if you are managing vandalism:

 * The knowledge that anything in wikis can be reverted. It takes some time to reach this kind of belief. But when reached, you see many things at Wikiversity with another pair of eyes.
 * A trait a vandal manager should have is to be calm. People who are calm are less apt to be uncivil to others. If you get mad at them do not let them know. If you are rude to them you are "feeding the troll."
 * A good vandal manager can work fast and not make too many mistakes. It is a natural thing to make mistakes so if a vandal manager makes a mistake once in a while that is fine.

Motivations (for vandalism)
Please note that some of these are also motivational factors for "normal" Wikiversity participants.
 * 1) Boredom alleviation
 * 2) To get attention
 * 3) To advertise (wiki spam)
 * 4) For a sense of humour
 * 5) For the risk/thrill/'gameplay'
 * 6) For a sense of power or revenge
 * 7) To learn and 'show off' MediaWiki skills
 * 8) Frustration with inadequate content
 * 9) Disagreement with POV or dislike of specific topics
 * 10) To annoy or upset a particular user or group

Types of vandalism
Actually you can list here many things they just depend on the person's creativity:
 * 1) Add text or pictures that may offend people (e.g., racist comments)
 * 2) Add nonsense (e.g., "kpa9jfs098jasd")
 * 3) Adding fiction/false information (e.g., "George Washington was an elephant that became a president")
 * 4) Remove information from pages
 * 5) Move pages to other names (e.g., names that make no sense or that are offensive)
 * 6) Spam (e.g. "visit my website to buy _____ cheap!"

Tools

 * Recent changes: Checking the recent changes is a good way to manage vandalism. Most edits listed there are not vandalism of course. So to make your chances greater at finding (and perhaps reverting) vandalism you might focus on new editors and IPs. Focus on articles relating to sex, religion, politics, recent events, and articles about unpopular people. These are usually good locations to find "suspicious" changes.
 * Watch pages: In MediaWiki, if you add a page to your watchlist, entries of that page in Recent changes will appear in bold to help you notice changes to pages you are watching.
 * IRC: IRC recent changes channels are a good tool to use. They allow you to see edits when they happen and also let you see the edit summary the person left which can help you in telling vandalism apart from good edits.
 * Rollback: Rollback allows you to revert vandalism with just a click of a button.
 * Huggle is a wiki-browser which makes reverting vandalism a one-click experience. Unfortunately, it only works on Wikipedia. To use it, you must have Rollback, and you must also be approved for Huggle.
 * Twinkle a wiki-browser that makes welcoming, reverting, and warning an easy-to-go experience.

title: Managing vandalism


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Buddhism/Introduction

Introduction to Buddhism
Welcome to the introductory courses. Many of us had heard of Buddha or Buddhism in one way or another. There are quite a lot of misconceptions about Buddhism. It is the intention of this introductory course to guide you through a general understanding of Buddhism.

You may want to be introduced to the subject matter by reading about the Buddha or historic Buddha  and how Buddhism started. An overview of the history will be helpful for students attending this course. Another insight is to review the timeline of Buddhism.

The Buddha referred to his teachings simply as Dhamma-vinaya or "the doctrine and discipline". Many people have tried to categorise the teachings in various ways, trying to fit them into prevailing molds of cultural, philosophical and religious thought. Buddhism, arguably, is best viewed as an ethical system or that of a systematic social education. The system provides a guide to a way of life that leads to a very specific goal. In that way, Buddhism possesses some aspects of both religion and philosophy. Buddhism is an education by Buddha. Many masters have indicated that Buddhism neither fall in religion nor philosophical field.

There are many schools in Buddhism, and further divisions and subdivisions of the schools. You may refer to them here. It is important to bear in mind that only a few schools survived today, which will be covered in the Diploma in Buddhism course.

Of interest, it's noted that Buddhism had spawned a whole genre of Buddhist art, especially evolving from aniconic phase where there is a conscious avoiding direct representations of the Buddha. It was around the 1st century AD that Buddhist Art entered an iconic phase or that with direct representations of the Buddha.

Coursework
You are invited to write, in not more than 1200 words a topic from below:
 * Buddhism as I know it
 * The historic Buddha
 * Buddha oracle - In a playful way, we learn the main principles of Buddhism.

To experience the diversity of Buddhism beliefs and philosophy, you are invited to travel to the recommended temples listed below. You are to note and write in 1200 words what are the common underlying principles amidst the diversity presented across cultural and geographic region.
 * Borobudur http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur
 * Huacheng Temple http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huacheng_Temple
 * Mahabodhi Temple http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple
 * Shaolin Monastery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_temple
 * Temple of the Golden Pavillion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinkaku-ji

Introdução ao Budismo

title: Buddhism/Introduction


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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/Traditionalist

The Guardians is another name for ../Sensing/ Judgers. There are four personality types that fall into this category: ../ESTJ/, ../ESFJ/, ../ISTJ/, and ../ISFJ/.

Personality
This type is conservative and hardworking, values responsibility and service to others, is serious, trustworthy, and diligent, focused on duty and getting the job done, adheres to traditional values and dress, and is slow to accept new ideas. The SJ has a strict idea of how things should be done and frowns on deviation from it.

Profession
SJs make up the greatest part of the management of business organizations. Their attention to detail and preference to make decisions quickly lend well to the structure of larger organizations.

Communication
Guardians are polite and straightforward, respectful and more formal than the other temperaments. They talk in an unadorned way and include facts and precise details rather than generalizations.

Appearance
SJs dress neatly and conservatively but don't focus on current trends. They tend to have good posture and walk briskly.

Hobbies
Handcrafts, collecting things (especially antiques), volunteerism, sports, jogging, and participation in service organizations.


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Cookbook talk:Ricotta Lasagne

Eww. Cottage cheese is NOT an adequate substitution for riccota. Nor is a prepared sauce an evenly remotely appropriate replacement for a real lasagne suace. It shouldn't even be legal. I'll add my recipe as soon as I can find the card its on. Grimm

I moved this to "Ricotta Lasagne" to create a general lasagne page under Cookbook:Lasagne. I'm not sure if Ricotta is really the defining ingredient here, maybe it should be "Beef Lasagne" or "Beef and Ricotta Lasagne". Feel free to move it again it another name seems more suitable. risk

this recipe is also called pastitsio or pasticcio. i dont know which section to include this info under, if someone else could, that'd be great.

also, isnt the variant that uses eggplant instead of pasta, the definition of moussaka? (that might be wrong) - nick

and...the discussion page for lasagna is redirecting to ricotta lasagna. someone should fix that.
 * Fixed. (I guess I missed that one). risk

 * You were right about the Moussaka, I put that under the tips and variations. A Pastitsio is slightly different from a lasagna, so it should get it's own page. I put a refrence under tips and variations. (If anyone's confused, this is all about the lasagne page, not the Ricotta Lzsagne). risk

title: Cookbook talk:Ricotta Lasagne


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Portal:Latin America/Featured article/Day 25

The elfin-woods warbler (Dendroica angelae), or reinita de bosque enano (Spanish name), is a bird endemic to the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico where it is a local and uncommon species. Discovered in 1968 and described in 1972, it is the most recently described species of New World warbler (family Parulidae). The species name, angelae, is a tribute to Angela Kepler, one of its discoverers. An insectivore, it feeds by gleaning small insects off leaves.

Due to its small populations and restricted habitats, conservation efforts were begun in 1982 to protect this species but, as of 2005, the warbler was still in need of protection. The species is not in immediate danger as the majority of its habitat is protected forest, but introduced species, such as rats and mongooses, habitat reduction, and natural disasters represent potential threats to the population.

The elfin-woods warbler is one of 29 species in the genus Dendroica of the family Parulidae, the New World warblers. It was first observed in 1968 by Cameron and Angela Kepler while conducting observations on two Puerto Rican endemic birds, the Puerto Rican parrot and the Puerto Rican tody. On May 18, 1971, a specimen was captured in the Caribbean National Forest, which at the time was believed to be its only habitat. A year later Kepler and Parkes described and named the species making it the most recent warbler (Dendroica spp.) discovered in the New World. Also, it is the first species described in the West Indies since 1927 and the first Puerto Rican species described in the 20th century.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Elvis Depressedly

The result was   keep. postdlf (talk) 18:46, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Elvis Depressedly

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Couldn't establish that they meet WP:MUSICBIO or WP:GNG Boleyn (talk) 22:23, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of North Carolina-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete Fails WP:GNG and WP:BAND. --MelanieN (talk) 23:08, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you could explain your reasoning a bit more? Earflaps (talk) 19:48, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Missvain (talk) 05:53, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep As creator of the article I may be biased, however, everything in the article is properly cited and there is sufficient coverage of this band to warrant an article. Andise1 (talk) 00:38, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep. Passes WP:MUSBIO on several counts, most simply via coverage. Just looking at the page, there are writeups (some interview, mostly reviews and premieres) in Interview Magazine, Paper Magazine, The Fader, and Stereogum. Earflaps (talk) 19:48, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


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User:Andrewa/wrong article 2

Isn't this obvious?
No. Or at least not to everyone. See User talk:Andrewa/wrong article 2 on this page's user talk subpage.

Why anyone would want to confuse pages and articles in this way is a mystery to me. It seems completely illogical. There are non-article pages (notably DABs but also redirects and there may be others) in the main or article pagespace, and there are times when it's important to be clear that we mean articles and no other pages. And otherwise I'd say wrong page in the main namespace or maybe just wrong page, depending on the context and meaning intended at the time.

Fair enough? Of course, if you want (for whatever reason) to confuse people, then you should use unclear terminology, and resist attempts to use clear language. That I could understand. And of course accuse others of conflating and similar obscure terms, perhaps in the hope they don't understand those other terms either. Diffs available on request. I leave them out here because this isn't an attack page or about anybody's behavior in particular.

Their posts are their property. Be as obscure as you like. Just allow me to make clear and logical statements in my posts if I choose to do that.

Fair enough?

Is there a better term?
Suggestions welcome, either here or on the talk page.

title: User:Andrewa/wrong article 2


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Dianthus glacialis

Dianthus glacialis, the glacier pink or ice pink, is a species of pink native to the eastern Alps and the Carpathians. A dwarf species, it reaches at most 10cm, and prefers to grow on granite.

title: Dianthus glacialis


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Swimming at the 2019 African Games – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

The Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay competition of the 2019 African Games was held on 23 August 2019.

Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.

Final
The final was started on 23 August.


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Researching with Wikipedia

''The following article was originally a copy of the Wikipedia project page Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia. In this new context, we will probably want to evolve it toward being a more general discussion on encyclopedias as research tools.''

Wikipedia can be a great tool for learning and researching information. However, like all sources, not everything in Wikipedia is accurate, comprehensive, or unbiased. Many of the general rules of thumb for conducting research apply to Wikipedia, including:
 * Always be wary of any one single source, or of multiple works that derive from a single source.
 * Where articles have references to external sources (whether online or not) read the references and check whether they really do support what the article says.
 * Many times, an encyclopedia may not constitute an acceptable source for a research paper.

However, because of Wikipedia's unique nature, there are also some rules for conducting research that are special to Wikipedia, and some general rules that do not apply to Wikipedia.

Notable strengths of Wikipedia

 * Main Wikipedia article: Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is so great

Wikipedia has certain advantages over other reference works. Being web-based and having a very large number of active writers and editors, it provides fast coverage of many topics and provides hyperlinking, unavailable in slower media.

Also, it often provides access to subject matter that is otherwise inaccessible in non-native languages. Since English Wikipedia editors come from all around the world, the relative lack of non-Western topics found in many Western publications is significantly less noticeable on Wikipedia.

Wikipedia often produces excellent articles about newsworthy events within days of their occurrence, such as 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Hurricane Katrina or the 2005 civil unrest in France. Similarly, it is one of the few sites on the web even attempting neutral, objective, encyclopedic coverage of popular culture, including television series or science fiction. It is also developing across-the-board global coverage of subject areas where for one reason or another existing sources are highly fragmented, including sports such as football (soccer) and golf.

In comparison with most other web-based resources, Wikipedia's open approach tremendously increases the chances that any particular factual error or misleading statement will be promptly corrected. As Wikipedia is a collaborative, ongoing project, one may also ask questions of an article's authors. And thanks to its extensive hyperlinks usage Wikipedia can be an excellent guide to other related material, both on and off wiki.

Notable weaknesses of Wikipedia

 * Main Wikipedia article: Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great

Wikipedia's most dramatic weaknesses are closely associated with its greatest strengths. Wikipedia's radical openness means that any given article may be, at any given moment, in a bad state: for example it could be in the middle of a large edit or it could have been recently vandalized. While blatant vandalism is usually easily spotted and rapidly corrected, Wikipedia is certainly more subject to subtle vandalism than a typical reference work.

Also, much as Wikipedia can rapidly produce articles on timely topics, it is also subject to remarkable oversights and omissions. There is no systematic process to make sure that "obviously important" topics are written about, so at any given time Wikipedia may be wildly out of balance in the relative attention paid to two different topics. For example, it is far more likely that the English-language Wikipedia will have at least some material about any given small U.S. village than about a given moderately sized city in sub-Saharan Africa.

Another closely related issue is that particular Wikipedia articles (or series of related articles) are liable to be incomplete in ways that would be unusual in a more tightly controlled reference work. Sometimes this is obvious (as with a stub article) but other times it may be subtle: one side of a controversial issue may be excellently presented, while the other is barely mentioned; a portion of someone's life (not always the most notable portion) may be covered in detail, while other aspects may be presented only sketchily or not at all; coverage of a country's history may focus on the incidents that drew international attention, or may simply reflect the interest and expertise of some individual writer.

Another problem with a lot of content on Wikipedia is that many contributors do not cite their sources, something that makes it hard for the reader to judge the credibility of what is written.

Article quality in Wikipedia

 * Main Wikipedia article: Reliability of Wikipedia

Wikipedia is a wiki—a collaborative, open-source medium. Articles are never "complete and final". Just as human knowledge evolves, so does our wiki coverage of it. Wiki articles are continually edited and improved over time, and in general this results in an upward trend of quality, and a growing consensus over a fair balanced representation of information. It will tend to gain citations, new sections, and so forth. Dubious statements tend to be removed over time, but they may have a long life before they are removed.

However, few articles are of encyclopaedic quality from the start. Indeed, many articles commence their lives as partisan drafts, and it may take a long process of discussion, debate and argument, to yield a consensus form. Other articles may, for a while, become caught up in a heavily unbalanced viewpoint, and it can take some time—months, perhaps—to restore a balanced consensus. Wikipedia has various processes to reach consensus about an article, including mechanisms to bring in broader participation to controversial articles.

The ideal Wikipedia article is neutral, referenced and encyclopaedic, containing notable, verifiable knowledge. An increasing number of articles reach this standard over time, and many already have. Because this is an open wiki, there is no guarantee that a featured article retains its quality over time, and of course an older featured article does not magically improve as Wikipedia's standards generally rise. As of August 2006, 19% of onetime feature articles either degraded (or failed to rise with the general standards) to the point of losing their featured status.

Keep in mind that an encyclopedia is intended to be a starting point for serious research, not an endpoint. Though many casual inquiries will be satisfied merely by referring to Wikipedia, you will learn more by accessing the print and online resources we reference. Wikipedia encourages you to verify its content by using independent sources. Wikipedia also invites you to contribute back by fixing any errors you may find, and adding relevant material that will be of interest to future researchers.

Use multiple independent sources
Because Wikipedia is licensed under the GFDL, its content is often reproduced, especially online. Researchers should be especially careful of the FUTON bias and ensure that a second article appearing to confirm a Wikipedia article is not (for example) simply a copy of an earlier version.

Examine an article's history

 * Main Wikipedia article: Wikipedia:How to read an article history

The process of creating Wikipedia is radically open. As a result, unlike most reference works it is possible that even for a generally excellent and stable article, the latest version at any given moment may be the subject of recent edits which are not of the same quality as the rest of the article.

However, unlike most reference works, you can access the history of the article (previous versions and change comments) and the discussion between the editors who created it. Often, if you have questions about an article or are looking to do in-depth research on a subject, reading the history and talk pages gives you further insight into why the article says what it says and which points of the article (if any) are in dispute and may particularly merit further research.

Internal links
Wikipedia breathes new life into one of the initial dreams of the World Wide Web: hyperlinks. Hyperlinks allow Wikipedia authors to link any word or phrase to another Wikipedia article, often providing annotations of great value. Background information to an article no longer needs to be limited or even produced by the author of the article. This method has proved to have major limitations on the Internet, because for a variety of reasons links are prone to quickly become obsolete. However, internal links within Wikipedia can be made with confidence, and so Wikipedia serves a web of mutually supporting information.

Some articles are probably over-linked with important links liable to be lost like needles in a haystack. Also, someone may have linked a word without looking to see whether it leads to anything useful: you may follow up a link and find nothing more than what you just read, or even find an article on an unrelated meaning of the same word. In general, this problem is less common in the English-language Wikipedia than in Wikipedias in some other languages.

Categories
Wikipedia has had its own user defined category system (folksonomy) since the beginning of 2004. The category system is a collaborative categorization system using freely chosen keywords by all contributors to Wikipedia. This feature allows researchers to navigate Wikipedia via categories which can be very useful. However, the current quality of the category system is highly variable. In some topic areas contributors have created detailed and well organised categorisation; in other topic areas categorisation either has not occurred or has been poorly done.

In all categorized articles, you should be able to find a list of its categories at the very bottom.

Take advantage of "what links here"
One of the lesser known, but extremely useful techniques for researching with Wikipedia is the effective use of the "What links here" link which appears on the left side of the screen, as the first item in the box marked "toolbox". This will give you a complete list of other Wikipedia articles which link to the current article. Even if the article you are looking at is a stub — or, more remarkably, if it is a blank article that has not yet been started — numerous related articles may be easily accessible through this feature. Sometimes these backward links will show you ways in which the article you started from is incomplete in one area or another.

Understand Wikipedia's biases
No good scholar expects any given reference work to be truly unbiased. Instead, one comes to understand the expected bias of a particular work. For example, in looking at the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, one expects to find some Anglocentric perspectives and attitudes about race, ethnicity, sex, and sexuality that by today's standards seem prudish and perhaps bigoted. In using Collier's Encyclopedia, one should expect a rather Americentric perspective (and probably a lesser degree of scholarship than in Britannica, but a more easily readable style).

Unlike some reference works, Wikipedia's biases are inconsistent. Wikipedians come from all over the world and all walks of life. While we strive to have articles fit a neutral point of view, many articles are not yet there. In fact, two articles on related subjects may have been written by different people and reflect different biases. Even within a single article radically different or conflicting biases may be found. It is also a matter of contention whether certain views are described in a neutral manner.

In this respect, Wikipedia is more like a library (or like the World Wide Web itself) than like a typical reference work. The mere fact that a book is in the library is no guarantee against bias or misinformation. The same can be said of Wikipedia articles. This does not make libraries (or Wikipedia) useless, it just means that they should be approached differently than one approaches a typical reference work.

Use Wikipedia's social process

 * Main Wikipedia article: Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia, Wikipedia:A researcher's guide to discussion pages

Wikipedia is not just an encyclopedia; it is also an immense community of active contributors, or Wikipedians. In the history section of each article, you can find out which users contributed what material to an article. In addition, each article has a talk page. If you have questions about the article, asking on its talk page or the talk page of the users who contributed the text will often get your question answered. Then, you and the contributor may update the article to make it clearer for the next researcher.

Probably the most general approach to this is to first put your question on the talk page of the appropriate article, then put a note on the talk page of the relevant contributor or contributors calling their attention to your question.

Questions like this are often very useful to the refinement of articles. If you have a relevant question that was not answered by the article, there is a fair chance that others will need this information also, and it should be added to the article.

In general, you should not expect Wikipedians to contact you by email. Instead, check back to the talk page periodically to see if your question has been answered.

We strongly recommend that if you want to participate in the Wikipedia community you create a Wikipedia account (it's free, you don't need to provide any personal or contact information, and there won't be any spam). If you log in, and if you sign your posts on talk pages with ~, that will be saved on the talk page as an account signature and a timestamp. Posting to talk pages with an account is not only a local social norm, but it makes it possible for you to retain your identity across multiple editing sessions, and avoid being confused with others.

Look for comprehensive review
A small number of English-language Wikipedia articles — most notably, featured articles — have had broad, systematic review. These articles usually remain at a high level of quality, but it is possible (although unlikely) that a previously reviewed article may have deteriorated since the time it received that level of attention.

WikiReader discusses one of the more ambitious schemes to bring a comparable level of scrutiny to a large number of articles. As of August 2006, there have been no English-language WikiReaders published, although several have been issued in German, and a number of English-language WikiReaders are in progress.

Another proposed approach to formally reviewing more articles can be found at Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check; however, this project is still in its infancy, as is Wikipedia:Forum for Encyclopedic Standards.

Despite this shortage of formal review, many articles have had enormous scrutiny. Again, this can often be identified informally by browsing the history and discussion associated with the article.

Citing Wikipedia
Main Wikipedia article: Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia

First you should question the appropriateness of citing any encyclopedia as a source or reference. This is not simply a Wikipedia-specific issue, as most secondary schools and institutions of higher learning do not consider encyclopedias, in general, a proper citable source. Citation of Wikipedia in research papers has been known to result in a grade of F.

This does not mean Wikipedia is not useful: Wikipedia articles contain many links to newspaper articles, books with ISBN numbers, radio programming, television shows, Web-based sources, and the like. It will usually be more acceptable to cite those original sources rather than Wikipedia since it is by nature, a secondary source. At the same time, simple academic ethics means that you should actually read the work that you cite: if you do not actually have your hands on a book, you should not misleadingly cite it as your source.

There are cases where contributions to Wikipedia are considered original and important enough on topics not covered in other works, so as to be considered a primary source. (For example, the article "fuck" was used in a Colorado court of law to illustrate the vernacular use of that term.)

Owing to the radical openness of Wikipedia, decisions about referencing articles must be made on an article-by-article basis. If one does choose to cite a Wikipedia article, references should identify a specific version of an article by providing the date and time it was created. This can be found in the edit history of the article.

If you decide to cite Wikipedia, remember that its articles are constantly changing: cite exact time, date and version of the article version you are using. Page history and toolbox "permanent link" features are very useful for finding that information.

Wikipedia:Wikipedia as an academic source pages contains examples of academic publications that used Wikipedia as a source.

title: Researching with Wikipedia


text:
Alfie Cullen

Alfred Joseph Cullen (13 January 1913 – 10 May 1998) is an Irish hurler who played as a left wing-back and full-back for the Kilkenny senior team.

Born in Kilkenny, Cullen first played competitive hurling during his schooling at CBS Kilkenny. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of thirteen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team. He joined the senior panel during the 1936 championship. Cullen remained as a non-playing substitute for most of his career, however, he won two Leinster medals as a non-playing substitute.

At club level Cullen continues began his career with Erin's Own before later joining Dicksboro.

Cullen retired from inter-county hurling prior to the start of the 1939 championship.

In retirement from playing Cullen became involved in team management and coaching. As trainer he guided the Dicksboro minor team to three successive championships.

Player

 * CBS Kilkenny
 * Leinster Colleges Junior Hurling Championship: 1930

 * Kilkenny
 * Leinster Senior Hurling Championship: 1936 (sub), 1937 (sub)
 * All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship: 1931
 * Leinster Minor Hurling Championship: 1930, 1931

Trainer

 * Dicksboro
 * Kilkenny Minor Hurling Championship: 1951, 1952, 1953

title: Alfie Cullen


text:
расти

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) to grow

Etymology 1
, from.

Verb

 * 1) to grow, to increase

Etymology
, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to grow
 * 2)  to increase

title: расти


text:
жена

Etymology
, from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) woman, lady, female
 * 2) wife, spouse
 * 3) charwoman, home help

Usage notes

 * The vocative is considered vulgar and is therefore generally avoided.

Etymology
, from, from.

Noun

 * 1) woman
 * 2) wife

Alternative forms

 * Glagolitic:

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) woman
 * 2) wife

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) woman
 * 2) wife

Etymology
, from, from , from , whence English and.

Noun

 * 1) wife
 * 2)  woman
 * 1)  woman
 * 1)  woman
 * 1)  woman
 * 1)  woman

Etymology
, from, from.

Noun

 * 1) woman
 * 2) wife

title: жена


text:
List of Home and Away characters (1991)

Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in Home and Away in 1991, by order of first appearance. They were all introduced by the show's executive producer Des Monaghan. The 4th season of Home and Away began airing on the Seven Network on 7 January 1991. The first introduction of the year was Josh Webb in February. Bruce Roberts began appearing as Nick Parrish in March. The following month, Ryan Clark made his debut as Sam Nicholls as did Naomi Watts as Revhead's sister Julie Gibson. Dee Smart began playing Lucinda Croft in June. Her brother David, played by Guy Pearce appeared from July. Alistair MacDougall arrived as Ryan Lee in August. In September, Tina Thomsen, Ross Newton, and Richard Norton joined the cast as Finlay Roberts, Greg Marshall and Simon Fitzgerald, respectively. Finlay's mother, Irene Roberts made her debut in October, followed by her son Damian, played by Matt Doran in November.

Josh Webb
Josh Webb, played by Erik Mitsak, debuted on-screen during the episode broadcast 7 February 1991 and departed on 7 January 1992. In The Official Home and Away Annual John Kercher said that the character is "about as bad as they come". But Josh is "fortunate to have the type of angelic looks that make people forgive him". He has a backstory featuring a life of crime - stealing vehicles and making money by any means possible. Josh is a "rapid talker and very street wise" which meant that he could always outsmart the law. Josh had always used his mother Gerry (Julie Godfrey) because he knew how to "wrap her around his little finger". He loves her but creates a pretence for her and "frequently lies" to get what he wants. She does not want him to leave her, so she believes anything that he says. But this leaves Josh free to take advantage of the predicament.

Josh is Rachel Webb's (Beth Champion) older brother. He befriends her boyfriend Blake Dean (Les Hill) and invites him, his sister Karen (Belinda Jarrett) and their friends Haydn Ross (Andrew Hill) and Sophie Simpson (Rebekah Elmaloglou) to a party at his place. The party turns into a drugs bust when Sgt. Chris Hale (John Meillon Jr.) arrives. When Josh learns of Blake and Rachel's romance, he hits Blake. Adam Cameron (Mat Stevenson) acts as a decoy to date Rachel but Josh sees through this plan and attacks Blake at the Bayside diner the next day, prompting Adam to intervene and punch Josh. As a measure of revenge, Josh frames Adam for the theft of Summer Bay High's raffle money. However, he is later exposed as the real culprit and jailed.

After being released, Josh puts on an act of having changed his ways and invites Blake and Adam on a camping trip but little do they know he is planning to kill them both. Blake and Adam quickly realise what Josh is up to and foil his murder attempt and he is arrested and sent back to prison.

Nick Parrish
Nick Parrish, played by Bruce Roberts debuted on screen during the episode airing on 4 March 1991. Roberts received the role of Nick a day after he left drama school. He quit the serial in 1994 to relocate to the UK to be with his girlfriend, Suzanne Dando. An unstamped fan letter for Roberts from a woman in the United Kingdom named "Kate" was delivered to the Network Seven studios. Roberts said that he received plenty of fan mail from the UK, but he had never had one like Kate's letter. The letter simply read "Dear Nick, We will be married next week, Kate."

Sam Marshall
Sam Marshall, played by Ryan Clark debuted on screen during the episode airing on 3 April 1991. Clark was seven years old when he secured the role of Sam in 1991. He was only allowed to film Home and Away for three days a week, so he could attend school during the remaining days. Clark was provided with a tutor on set so he could keep up with his schoolwork. He left the serial in 2000 in order to pursue another career path. Clark reprised the role in 2005 alongside several past cast members to celebrate the serial's 4000th episode. Glenn Wheeler of The Morning Show opined that Sam formed a part of one of Australian television's "much loved families" for a decade. Sam was popular with the teenage female demographic, who would tune into the show daily to watch the character. MSN online's columnist opined that Clark played "one of Australia's very own '90s teen heartthrobs"

Julie Gibson
Julie Gibson, played by Naomi Watts made her first appearance on 23 April 1991 and departed on 30 May 1991.

Julie's storyline involves her beginning a relationship with Nick Parrish (Bruce Roberts). However, when her brother Revhead (Gavin Harrison) learns of their romance he is not happy. As Tom Etherington from TV Week reported, Revhead "didn't do anything by the book" and "his head nearly exploded" because Nick is a police officer. He "tried his best" to separate the pair but they separated end the relationship on their own terms. Etherington added that "it became obvious they were better suited to being just good friends". Watts later described the experience as "six miserable weeks".

Julie is in a wheelchair owing to a car accident that left her paralysed when she was younger. She dates Nick which annoys Revhead, who is overprotective of Julie and schemes to split them up. Following her father, Alec's (David Baldwyn) death of a heart attack, Julie is distraught when Nick splits up with her. She decides to leave the bay to attend university in the city which upsets Revhead, who feels Julie will struggle but assures him she can make it on her own and leaves.

Lucinda Croft
Lucinda "Lou" Croft, played by Dee Smart, debuted on screen on 13 June 1991 and departed in 1992. Smart had been studying drama in Sydney for three years when she secured the role of Lucinda. It was Smart's first ever acting role. and she signed a contract to remain with the series for two years. However, Smart quit after 8 months into her contract. Mary Fletcher of Inside Soap said that Smart helped make Lucinda one of Home and Away's most popular characters.

David Croft
David Croft, played by Guy Pearce, made his first on-screen appearance on 19 July 1991. Pearce began filming in May 1991 and David introduced as the nephew of Donald Fisher (Norman Coburn) and brother to Lucinda (Dee Smart). David made his last appearance on 21 August 1991.

Pearce's role with the serial lasted just six weeks. In The official Home and Away Annual John Kercher explained David arrives to see his "estranged" sister Lucinda because he wants to attempt to "patch things up" with her. But he soon finds a new reason to stay in the form of Sophie Simpson (Rebekah Elmaloglou). Pearce told Kercher that "it all starts by Sophie having a crush on me [David], she decides that i'm too old, but then we do get together and that's where the trouble starts..."

David arrives in Summer Bay to visit his uncle, Donald and meets his estranged sister Lucinda who is frosty with him due to a falling out they had when they were younger due to David's investment idea failing and resulting in their parents losing their home. Donald plays referee between the two siblings and they later reconcile. Sophie is attracted to David and he feels the same way about her. They begin a relationship but it is revealed and Donald and Sophie's foster parents Michael (Dennis Coard) and Pippa Ross (Debra Lawrence) express their disapproval with the relationship as David is much older than Sophie. Pippa then makes a deal with Sophie, If she still feels the same about David after two weeks away at Pippa's mother, Coral King's (Jessica Noad) house, She and Michael will leave the couple alone. David decides to leave on a trip of his own too but he and Sophie agree to meet up when they return. The couple part after Sophie gives David a taped message to play.

That night, David sets off in his car on Yabbie Creek road, listening to the tape. Karen Dean (Belinda Jarrett) and Adam Cameron (Mat Stevenson) arrive in an oncoming car and there is a head-on collision which David tries to avoid but he is killed instantly. When Sophie returns from Coral's, she is devastated to learn of David's death and is shocked to learn Karen is responsible. She is initially angry at Pippa and Michael for sending her away but calms down. Sophie then discovers she is pregnant with David's baby and later gives birth to a daughter, Tamara (Emily and Chloe Hutton). Sophie then moves to Perth near David's mother Mary (Jan Kingsbury). Sophie has another child in 2003 and names him after David.

Barbara Toner, a writer for the Sydney Morning Herald expressed her disappointment in David's storyline with Sophie. She opined: "Guy Pearce, fresh from his film career, has turned up as a nasty, but his storyline was even less fascinating than whatever is going on between hard man-on-the-run Revhead and personality girl Karen. Theirs could have been a goer but they seem to have underlined the wrong words on their scripts so I'm afraid I gave up on them."

Channel 5 chose the episode where David is killed in a car crash with Adam Cameron and Karen Dean as one of their "favourite ever Home and Away episodes".

Ryan Lee
Ryan Lee, portrayed by Alistair MacDougall, made his first on-screen appearance on 22 August 1991 and made his last appearance on 27 November 1992. After MacDougall's departure he told Josephine Monroe from Inside Soap that because he loved playing Ryan, he would go back for a cameo appearance as long as the scriptwriters made his character bad. and added "I would have stayed longer before if the scripts had been good enough." Another Inside Soap writer branded Ryan a "rich, ratbag".

Finlay Roberts
Finlay Roberts, played by Tina Thomsen, made her first appearance on 18 September 1991 and remained in the serial until 1994. Thomsen returned to guest star in 1996 and 1997. Thomsen was still a teenager when she relocated from Brisbane to Sydney with her family after winning the role of Finlay. In an interview with Jenna Price of the Sydney Morning Herald, Thomsen described her parents as not pushy and said "It's me who did the pushing ... my parents just supported me."

Greg Marshall
Greg Marshall, portrayed by Ross Newton, made his first on-screen appearance on 20 September 1991. Newton departed the show in 1993, before making a brief return in 2000. Newton told Glenn Wheeler of The Morning Show that joining the cast of Home and Away "was a wonderful opportunity because it was in its early stages of being a success story as a show". Wheeler opined that Greg formed a part of one of Australian television's "much loved families".

Simon Fitzgerald
Simon Fitzgerald, portrayed by Richard Norton, made his first appearance during the episode airing on 25 September 1991 and departed on 24 July 1992. Norton had finished a year-long stint on rival soap opera Neighbours before joining Home and Away. Brendon Williams writing for the Daily Mirror said that Norton proved to be "a big hit" as Simon.

Irene Roberts
Irene Roberts made her first appearance on 29 October, played by Jacqui Phillips, Lynne McGranger later took the role. For McGranger's portrayal of Irene, she was nominated in the category of "Funniest Performance" at the 2007 Inside Soap Awards. The Sydney Morning Herald have referred to Irene as one of the serial's three "legacy characters", along with Alf and Colleen. Holy Soap recall Irene's most memorable moment as being: "Being attacked by the mad ex-wife of her former lover Ken."

Damian Roberts
Damian Roberts, played by Matt Doran, debuted on-screen during the episode airing on 6 November 1991. Doran became a regular in 1992 and remained in the serial until 1995. He continued to guest star until 1996. Ben Hamilton played a young Damian in flashbacks in 1997. On one of his returns, Jason Herbison from Inside Soap Damian had "thrown off his clean cut image" by having his hair in dreadlocks. A reporter from BIG! wrote that through playing Damian, Doran had become "one of the world's most popular soap stars" and gained many "girl fans" who "adored him". A columnist from Shout said that "poor old Damian" filled his on-screen time with a hobby of jogging but there was "no sign of a girlie". They said that the character need a relationship storyline, adding "when will Matt Doran finally get to have a major on-screen smooch, that's what were asking". A writer from Inside Soap opined that the character "is always going to be a loser".

title: List of Home and Away characters (1991)


text:
MSC 2019

MLBB Southeast Asia Cup 2019 (MSC 2019) was the third season of the Mobile Legends: Bang Bang annual SEA tournament MSC. It was held at Smart Araneta Coliseum with a total prize pool of US$120,000 from June 19–23, 2019. The event was hosted by Eruption, Faraz Shababi, Fiera Fendi, and Serahline.

Background
Previous MSC events were hosted at Jakarta, Indonesia with total prize pools of US$100,000. Philippines was the venue after two Filipino teams won 1st and 2nd place at MSC 2018. 12 teams were invited from 9 Southeast Asian countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, the Philippines, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Format
A total of 12 teams were invited, 2 teams each from Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Professional Leagues (MPL) from Indonesia, Malaysia/Singapore, Myanmar, and the Philippines. One team each for Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam were invited through local qualifiers. The tournaments start with a group stage where teams are selected through best of 3 round round robin. Teams winning the best of 3 get to the upper bracket. The other two teams compete on play-ins where the winning team gets to the lower bracket and the losing team is eliminated. After the group stage is the tournament proper. Losing teams from the upper bracket are demoted to the lower bracket while losing teams from the lower bracket are eliminated. One finalist will come from each bracket and compete in the Grand Finals.

Play-ins
Reference:

Playoffs
All playoff games were a Bo3 series, except for the Grand Final, which were a Bo5 series.

Reference:

Viewership
MSC 2019 was streamed live on YouTube, Facebook Gaming, and Nimo TV. Facebook Gaming is the livestream partner.

MSC 2020
MSC 2020, the next season succeeding MSC 2019, was set again to take place in the Philippines at the Mall of Asia Arena with the prize pool increased to US$150,000. On May 11, Moonton announced the cancellation of the event via their official Mobile Legends Indonesia Instagram account due to Coronavirus disease 2019.

title: MSC 2019


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Georgina Kennard (2nd nomination)

The result was keep. Sufficient notability demonstrated, though some cleanup would benefit the article. Tone 21:17, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Georgina Kennard

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

There is no significant coverage in reliable sources, and the article therefore fails WP:GNG and WP:BASIC. She is mentioned only in passing as a friend of Queen Elizabeth (and a rumored love interest of Prince Philip). The one article that is about her, by the Evening Standard, is all about her familial connections. I do not see why Wikipedia should cover this topic. Surtsicna (talk) 21:13, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep. In aristocratic systems, familial connections create notable social positions. Her position has led to her being mentioned and profiled in the press and in books about royalty, as well as images of her being held in national collections. Wikipedia should cover this topic because anybody coming across such a mention or image (or writing such a book) might very well want to look her up to find out more about who she was and how she was connected. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 14:18, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Could you please point to the press articles and books in which she has been profiled? I do not think merely being mentioned counts as significant coverage. Neither does appearing in a series of family portraits. The coverage should be proven, not just asserted. Surtsicna (talk) 14:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * She was profiled in the London Evening Standard. You said so yourself. You don't think that counts, because the journalist goes into her family connections, but those family connections are precisely what the publisher of the WP:RS thought made her worth covering, and if a reliable source thinks she's worth covering then we should include her and explain why. That's how WP:GNG works. If there's a country in which snail racing is national news, then snail racing is notable in that country, however stupid we may think it. We don't get to say "even if it's national news, snail racing doesn't count as notable". The same goes for aristocratic connections. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 15:48, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * And for an example of a book, the first hit on Google Books is one written by Raleigh Trevelyan and published by Faber and Faber that gives a lot more information about her, so you know, we're not looking at dodgy genealogy websites here. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 16:06, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of United Kingdom-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 15:20, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 15:20, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment. The Evening Standard profile is certainly significant coverage. I'm not able to see the contents of the book Andreas Philopater mentioned. Could you perhaps share a brief extract or describe its coverage of the subject? pburka (talk) 21:35, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Try clicking on this link and searching for "Gina". The book is about her family, and describes her background, education, courtship and marriage. But as I say, that is only the first hit on Google Books, where you should also be able to find a number of other books that quote her as an authority on the family life of the royal family. I would guess WP:BEFORE was complicated by searching for her as "Kennard", a name she only acquired late in life through her second marriage. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 21:48, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It might be geofenced. Google won't show me anything inside that book. pburka (talk) 22:11, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, you can at least see the title (it is already cited in the article) and you now have some idea of the contents. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 23:12, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed. We should keep this. She's been the subject of significant coverage in reliable, independent sources, so she passes WP:BASIC. NOTINHERITED doesn't apply, but the genealogical data should be rewritten as prose. pburka (talk) 14:28, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete:  This article is a genealogical record and Wikipedia is WP:NOTGENEALOGY. The article does not meet WP:GNG and WP:BASIC. There are no reliable sources independent of the subject that cover anything about the subject directly and indepth. Being related to a public figure is not notable WP:INVALIDBIO WP:NOTINHERITED. Per WP:INDISCRIMINATE: "As explained in § Encyclopedic content above, merely being true, or even verifiable, does not automatically make something suitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia."   // Timothy ::  talk  01:56, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There are plenty of sources out there that treat her as notable beyond the newspaper profile and the book both already cited in the article. Nobody is saying she is notable because she can be connected to notable people (what NOTINHERITED is actually about): she is notable because she literally inherited a notable position in society because of how aristocracies work (which has nothing whatsoever to do with NOTINHERITED, it is inheritance in a very different sense). Wikipedia is NOTGENEALOGY, but genealogy is key to how a hereditary aristocracy functions, and so is relevant to her position in such a social system. Again, it is her position in that social system ("one of the best connected women in the country"), not whether or how she inherited it, that makes her notable in the WP sense. Apart from (or on top of) her own position in the social nexus of aristocracy, she is widely quoted as someone giving insight into royal family life (in books about Charles and Camila, Diana, Elizabeth and Philip, no doubt soon about her godson Andrew if there's anything remotely relevant on file, as well as things like this in the Daily Telegraph) so she is someone that people might want to look up to find out more about, and that very much does make her "suitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia". --Andreas Philopater (talk) 10:32, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep. The users in favor of deletion have three arguments: that notability is not established per the WP:GNG, that notability is WP:NOTINHERITED and that deletion is warranted per WP:NOTGENEOLOGY. The NOTINHERITED argument is unconvincing, as she is notable as an aristocrat- and inheriting that position does not disqualify her from having an article. It's like saying Queen Elizabeth II is not notable because even though she is a well-known queen, her position was inherited. NOTGENENEOLOGY is also unconvincing, as the article has some information that is not genealogical (although it could use cleanup). Finally, WP:GNG is met because there is significant coverage in multiple reliable independent sources, namely the Evening Standard piece and the book referenced above. Because notability is met and no WP:NOT arguments apply, the article should be kept. -- Danre98 ( talk ^ contribs ) 16:20, 24 August 2020 (UTC)


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Guitar/Tapping

Fretboard Tapping
Tapping is the short name of fretboard tapping or finger tapping, a technique where the fingers hammer down (tap) against the strings in order to produce sounds rather than striking or plucking the strings. If both the left and right hand are used then it is called two-handed tapping.

It is not clear who first developed tapping but it was certainly popularized by Eddie van Halen. Van Halen was listening to Heartbreaker by Led Zeppelin and he was quite inspired by the solo, which contained a variation of tapping. This is arguably the song that pushed Van Halen to use "tapping" frequently.

A rather different kind of independent two-handed tapping was discovered by Harry DeArmond and named "The Touch System" by his student Jimmie Webster. The "Touch System" is a complete playing method rather than a technique. Another method of independent tapping was discovered by Emmett Chapman, where the right hand comes over the fretboard and lines up with the frets like the left. The three kinds of tapping techniques are:

Interdependent tapping
Interdependent tapping is by far the most common type of tapping. It is generally used as a lead guitar technique, most commonly during solos; however, a small number of songs are entirely tapped. The player's picking hand leaps out to the fretboard and begins to tap the strings with the fingers. However, one must get the pick out of the way in order to tap. Some players do this by sticking the pick between their fingers; others simply use the middle finger to tap.

The Van Halen technique of getting rid of the pick is done by moving the pick into the space between the first and second joints of his middle finger. Eruption by Eddie Van Halen is a good example of this technique.

The Touch System
As mentioned before, this is a whole playing style and a whole book could be written about it. The first musician to play this way was pickup designer Harry DeArmond in the 1940's, who used tapping as a way to demonstrate the sensitivity of his pickups. While each hand could play its own part, DeArmond held his right hand in the same orientation as conventional guitar technique. This meant the ability of that hand to tap scale-based melody lines was limited. He taught his approach to Gretch Guitars employee Jimmie Webster, who wrote an instruction book called "The Touch System for Amplified Spanish guitar." Webster made a record and travelled around demonstrating the method. Even though it inspired a few builders (Dave bunker, for example), the Touch System was limited by the lack of equal movements for the right hand and never caught on.

The Free Hands Method
In 1969 Emmett Chapman, who had no previous knowledge of DeArmond, Webster or any other tapping guitarists, discovered that he could tap on the strings with both hands, and that by raising the neck up could align the right hand's fingers with the frets as on the left, but from above the fretboard. This made scale-based melody lines just as easy to tap in the right hand as the left, and a new way of playing a stringed instrument was born. Chapman redesigned his home-made 9-string guitar to support his new playing method, and began selling his new instrument (The Chapman Stick) to others in 1974. In 1976 Chapman published his volume of collected lessons he used for teaching guitarists and Stick players as "Free Hands: A New Discipline of Fingers on Strings."

It has been popularised by players such as Tony Levin, Nick Beggs, John Myung, Bob Culbertson, and Greg Howard, and is currently experiencing a surge in popularity due to the internet. Stanley Jordan became famous in the 1980s for using the same method on the guitar. Jordan discovered the method independently after Chapman did, was signed to Blue Note Records, and released several successful albums.The method that Chapman invented and Jordan also used allows complete self-accompaniment and counterpoint, as on piano.

Chitarra/Tapping

title: Guitar/Tapping


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User:Sudipab/sandbox

Kadambari debi, Rabindranath’s sister-in-law and a very special woman in his life, committed suicide at 25 in 1884. Rabindranath was only 23 and desperately in love with her. Kadambari left a suicide note which was destroyed. That suicide note has been brought back by Ranjan Bandyopadhyay’s imagination. What could Kadambari have written? This book has sold over 3000 copies in one month!

title: User:Sudipab/sandbox


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Talk:UK Constitution and Government/Parliament

I am confused by the term "Minister of the Crown". How many of these ministers are there? Do they sit in the Houses of Parliament along with MPs and Lords? I see that the Lord Chancellor is a Minister of the Crown, but who else?

 * There are 90-odd ministers, some more senior than others. They are almost always members of the House of Commons or the House of Lords, and the vast majority are in the House of Commons (so they have to be elected there first).  It is always possible to appoint someone to the House of Lords if necessary.

The section on Speakership in the House of Lords is now wrong; the law was recently ammended, and there is now a speaker of the House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor, whilst still technically holding the title, is usually referred to as 'Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs' by the Government.

Use of "sovereign"
The use of the word sovereign in this is very confused. The monarch is not the sovereign - the Parliament, including the monarch, is. Although sovereign is indeed a common term used for monarchy, this is not a legally accurate use of the word: in addition, when discussing both sovereignty in terms of the person(s) who are sovereign and in terms of the concept of sovereignty as in the first paragraph, it would be sensible to use an alternative word to describe the former, in order to avoid confusion.


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User:Orestotel/State bureau of investigations

State bureau of investigations — law enforcement unit of Ukraine, creation of which is intended by the Criminal Processual Codex of Ukraine by 20th November 2017. Bureau started working on November 27th of year 2018.