text:
User:Arjayay/DR

Category:Universities and colleges in Nigeria

Category:Technological universities in Nigeria

List of polytechnics in Nigeria

Template:Universities in Nigeria

Category:Banks of Nigeria

Category:Universities and colleges in Nigeria by city
 * Category:Universities and colleges in Ibadan
 * Lead City University
 * Category:Ibadan Polytechnic
 * The Polytechnic, Ibadan
 * Category:University of Ibadan
 * University of Ibadan
 * International School Ibadan
 * University College Hospital, Ibadan
 * Yaba College
 * Category:Universities and colleges in Lagos
 * Augustine University Ilara
 * Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka
 * Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology
 * Lagos State University
 * Michael Otedola College of Primary Education
 * National Open University of Nigeria
 * Yaba College
 * Category:Business schools in Lagos
 * Lagos Business School
 * University of Lagos
 * Regenesys Business School
 * Category:Pan-Atlantic University
 * Pan-Atlantic University
 * Lagos Business School
 * Virtual Museum of Modern Nigerian Art
 * University of Lagos
 * International School Lagos
 * Lagos University Teaching Hospital
 * Category:Yaba College of Technology
 * Yaba College of Technology
 * Category:Universities and colleges in Port Harcourt
 * Catholic Institute of West Africa
 * Rivers State College of Health Science and Technology
 * Eastern Polytechnic, Port Harcourt
 * Ignatius Ajuru University of Education
 * Port Harcourt Polytechnic
 * Category:Rivers State University of Science and Technology
 * Rivers State University
 * Category:University of Port Harcourt
 * University of Port Harcourt
 * Category:Universities and colleges in Abeokuta
 * Crescent University
 * Federal College of Education Abeokuta
 * Moshood Abiola Polytechnic
 * Category:Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
 * Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

Category:Universities and colleges in Nigeria by type - Not done

Category:Universities and colleges in Rivers State
 * Category:Universities and colleges in Port Harcourt
 * Category:Rivers State University of Science and Technology
 * Rivers State University
 * Category:University of Port Harcourt
 * University of Port Harcourt
 * Catholic Institute of West Africa
 * Rivers State College of Health Science and Technology
 * Eastern Polytechnic, Port Harcourt
 * Ignatius Ajuru University of Education
 * Port Harcourt Polytechnic
 * Category:Roman Catholic universities and colleges in Rivers State
 * Catholic Institute of West Africa
 * Madonna University, Elele
 * Category:Science schools in Rivers State
 * Niger Delta Science School
 * Port Harcourt Polytechnic

A > Z

Category:Abia State University Category:Adeyemi College of Education Category:Ahmadu Bello University Category:Ambrose Alli University Category:Bayero University Kano Category:Benue State University Category:Christian universities and colleges in Nigeria Category:Covenant University Category:Ekiti State University Category:Federal University of Technology Akure Category:Federal University of Technology Minna Category:University of Ilorin Category:Category:Islamic universities and colleges in Nigeria Category:Kaduna Polytechnic Category:Kwara State University Category:University of Maiduguri Category:Nigerian Defence Academy Category:Nnamdi Azikiwe University Category:University of Nigeria, Nsukka Category:Obafemi Awolowo University Category:Olabisi Onabanjo University Category:Pan-Atlantic University]] Category:Redeemer's University Category:Rufus Giwa Polytechnic Category:University of Abuja Category:University of Calabar Category:University of Uyo Category:Uthman dan Fodiyo University
 * Abia State University
 * Adeyemi College of Education
 * Adeyemi College of Education
 * Ambrose Alli University
 * Bayero University Kano
 * Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
 * Benue State University
 * Category:Roman Catholic universities and colleges in Nigeria
 * Category:Roman Catholic universities and colleges in Rivers State
 * Catholic Institute of West Africa
 * Madonna University, Elele
 * Godfrey Okoye University
 * Veritas University
 * Ajayi Crowther University
 * Babcock University
 * Benson Idahosa University
 * Bowen University
 * Caritas University
 * Clifford University
 * Covenant University
 * Crawford University
 * Gregory University
 * Joseph Ayo Babalola University
 * Landmark University
 * Madonna University, Elele
 * Mountain Top University
 * Obong University
 * Our Saviour Institute of Science and Technology
 * Paul University
 * Redeemer's University Nigeria
 * Rhema University
 * Theological College of Northern Nigeria
 * Wellspring University
 * Wesley University of Science and Technology
 * Covenant University
 * Ekiti State University
 * Federal University of Technology Akure
 * Federal University of Technology Minna
 * University of Ilorin
 * Al-Hikmah University
 * Fountain University
 * Jamia Ahmadiyya
 * Kwara State College of Arabic and Islamic Legal Studies, Ilorin
 * Kaduna Polytechnic
 * Kwara State University
 * University of Maiduguri
 * Nigerian Defence Academy
 * Nnamdi Azikiwe University
 * University of Nigeria, Nsukka
 * Obafemi Awolowo University
 * Olabisi Onabanjo University
 * Pan-Atlantic University
 * Redeemer's University Nigeria
 * Rufus Giwa Polytechnic
 * University of Abuja
 * University of Calabar
 * University of Uyo
 * Usmanu Danfodiyo University

Category:Nigerian university stubs - Not done - all appear to be in main list

Category:Wikipedia categories named after universities and colleges in Nigeria - Not done - all appear to be in main list

Others

 * National Open University of Nigeria
 * National University of Benin

Category: Category: Category:

title: User:Arjayay/DR


text:
Govinda Bahadur Malla

Govinda Bahadur Malla “Gothale“ (Nepali:गोविन्द बहादुर मल्ल “गोठाले”; 1922–2010) was a writer of Nepal. He is best known for his novel Pallo Gharko Jhyal. He was awarded Jagadamba Shree Puraskar in 2055 BS (c. 1999) for his contribution to Nepalese literature.

Biography
He was born on 12 July 1922 (29 Ashadh 1979 BS) to father Riddhi Bahadur Malla and mother Ananda Maya Malla in Kathmandu. He was schooled in Benaras, India followed by Durbar High School and Tri-Chandra College. He studied up to I.Sc. His works have been awarded multiple times. Some of his works also form part of the curriculum in Nepali schools. He stopped writing after 1964. His brother Bijaya Malla is also a writer.

Works
Mamata, a collection of poems, written in 1992 BS was his first publication. The most popular work of Malla is Pallo Ghar ko Jhyal, a novel. Malla has written numerous novels, stories and plays. Some of them are:
 * Gothaleko Kahta Sangraha (गोठालेका कथा संग्रह)
 * Pallo Gharko Jhyal (पल्लो घरको झ्याल; Novel, 2016 BS)
 * Prem ra Mrityu (प्रेम र मृत्यु)
 * Kathai Kahta (कथैकथा; Short stories, 2016 BS)
 * Bhus ko Aago (भुसको आगो; Play,2013 BS)
 * Bhoko Ghar (भोको घर; Essays, 2034 BS)
 * Chaytiyeko Parda (च्यातिएको पर्दा; Play, 2016 BS)
 * Dosh Kasko Chaina (दोष कसको छैन; Play, 2027 BS)
 * Barha Katha (बाह्रकथा; Short stories, 2052 BS)
 * Arpana (अपर्णा;Novel, 2053 BS)
 * Piyanani (पियानानी; Novel, 2056 BS)

Awards

 * Jagadamba Shree Purasakar (2055 BS)
 * Nepal Rajkiya Pragya Pratisthan Manartha Sadasya, (2033 BS)
 * Gorkha Dakshin Bahu Award, Second Class (2036 BS)
 * Tribhuwan Pragya Award(2043 BS)
 * Bhawani Sahityik Patrakarita Award (2045 BS)
 * Bed Nidhi Award (2049 BS)
 * Sarwashrestha Rachana Awards (2050 BS)
 * Pahalman Singh Swar Award (2052 BS)
 * Sarawshrestha Pandulipi Award (2053 BS)
 * Shanti Puraskar (2054 BS)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Govinda Bahadur Malla


text:
Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal/Cases/2006-03-20 Israel

Mediation: 2006-03-20 Israel
Please observe Etiquette and Talk Page Etiquette in disputes. If you submit complaints or insults your edits are likely to be removed by the mediator, any other refactoring of the mediation case by anybody but the mediator is likely to be reverted. If you are not satisfied with the mediation procedure please submit your complaints to Wikipedia talk:Mediation Cabal.

Request Information

 * Request made by: MJCdetroit 21:47, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

'''I think the issue may have been resolved through various editors comments to tasc. At least tasc has stopped reverting my work'''. MJCdetroit 21:29, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No! Spoke to soon.  He is doing it again!MJCdetroit 00:32, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Where is the issue taking place?
 * ...Israel article

 * Who's involved?
 * ...tasc

 * What's going on?
 * ...I added square miles to the template and tasc reverted it. I explained my reasoning for it on Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers).  Yet, Tasc says that he is correct and reverts my edits. I made a very good argument for why I edited what I edited.  I have done the same type of edit hundreds of times with out a problem, until now.

 * ''What would you like to change about that?
 * ...To have my edits left alone in the article.

 * If you'd prefer we work discreetly, how can we reach you?
 * ...No public is fine.

 * Would you be willing to be a mediator yourself, and accept a mediation assignment in a different case?
 * Not at this time.

Response 1
tasc: -- Fullstop 08:05, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) would you please briefly summarize the grounds for your objection to the inclusion of non-metric measurement in this case?
 * 2) would you please record why you reverted MJCdetroit's edits rather than discuss your objection first?
 * 3) if your revert is for specific rather than general reasons (that is, it is not subject to Manual of Style (dates and numbers), "Conversions should generally not be removed"), please enumerate and explain these.

 * I don't have any specific objection regarding israel article. I don't think that addition of non-metric units is appropriate for the country infobox, as well the way it is done. After my edits were reverted i started topic on manual talk page (Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/archive40). I didn't get proper answer and reverted back. Please take into account that both units section and manual as a whole is highly disputed! As can be seen from user mjcdetroit's contribution page he didn't stop his detrimental edits. As i've poiinted out previously. There is no any help in using customary units as they don't add anything to understanding of how big country is. (as well don't do km, but at least ranking used standard SI units.) --tasc 18:35, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * and btw I don't see my opponent being asked the same kind of question. --tasc 18:38, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * >> and btw I don't see my opponent being asked the same kind of question.
 * Because I wanted to understand the reasons for the initial revert (which is yours), or to put it another way, to understand your grieviances. Per your initial question in talk, your objection centers around "why [non-metric units] should be added" (17:36, 20 March 2006), which did not adequately explain (to me) your removal of those units at 19:09.
 * Moreover, also in style-manual talk, you noted that "it doesn't make wp universal it does make it ridiculous" (18:29), which suggests that you might have been emotionally charged when you reverted 30 minutes later, and I hoped you might since then have reconsidered your actions.

Response 2
A discussion as to why an "addition of non-metric units is appropriate" (or not), or whether these "add anything to understanding of how big country is" is well beyond the scope of this mediation or of the Israel article. Since tasc's objections revolve around the use of non-SI units in all of Wikipedia, I suggest tasc take this issue to the village pump. Neither article nor mediation space are an appropriate place for discussing general (cross-article) issues.

Since this mediation is specific to the Israel article, and tasc has stated that he does not have an objection specific to the the Israel article, I'm going to close this case (if either side have an objection, I will reopen it). I sincerely hope that tasc recognizes that numbers (both SI and non-SI) "that don't add anything", by his own definition, also do not remove anything, and are therefore not detrimental to the quality of an article.

Until a consensus at the pump (or elsewhere) indicates otherwise, I suggest the Israel article be left to include both SI and non-metric units.

With respect to (both) your use of reverts, I must point out that the three-revert rule does not imply that reverting 3 times or less is acceptable. Wikipedia works by building consensus. This is done through polite discussion and negotiation. Reverts on the other hand, though a powerful tool, are also a sure way to annoy and aggrieve, and thats not a good foundation for discussion. First and foremost, assume (and show) good faith. Repeatedly, if need be.

-- Fullstop 12:20, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your time/involvement in this matter, MJCdetroit 13:32, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Evidence
Please report evidence in this section with for misconduct and  for 3RR violations. If you need help ask a mediator or an advocate. Evidence is of limited use in mediation as the mediator has no authority. Providing some evidence may, however, be useful in making both sides act more civil. Etiquette: Although it's understandably difficult in a heated argument, if the other party is not as civil as you'd like them to be, make sure to be more civil than him or her, not less.

First and second lines from WP:MOSNUM states: Wikipedia articles are intended for people anywhere in the world. Try to make articles simple to read and translate. Conversions should generally not be removed.

Therefore 20,770 sq km converts to 8,019 sq. miles. These numbers are available from the CIA factbook, U.S. State Deptement, The Encyclopaedia Britannica, MSN's Encarta Encyclopedia, Holt, Rinehart and Winston World Atlas, and the Encyclopedia of the Nations. With the exception of the CIA, the rest give the figures in both English and Metric, especially in the encyclopedias. MJCdetroit 18:06, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Compromise offers
This section is for listing and discussing compromise offers.

Comments by others
While using the talk page of the article in question to solve a dispute is encouraged to involve a larger audience, feel free to discuss the case below if that is not possible. Other mediators are also encouraged to join in on the discussion as Wikipedia is based on consensus.

Discussion
As I've noted before edits in question do not help readers and do not comply with edinorial consistency concept. --tasc 10:45, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * We have already discussed (Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)) how 67-70% of the readers are American and do not use this system of measurements. Therefore the conversions are helpful to many readers.  You just want to be difficult for the sake of being difficult and many readers suffer because of your POV. MJCdetroit 18:20, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * please. it's you discussed, not we. you complitely ignored my arguments. I'm just seeing how many readers suffer from understanding what 150 000 sq. km is and how it's easy to imagine 100 000 sq.miles --tasc 18:23, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Easy to read and understand? why don't we indicate distances in hours of driving? i bet it is much more easy to understand for the majority of americans than km. --tasc 18:23, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Something to think about:
 * Jimbo Wale's third edit to Wikipedia —MJCdetroit 05:49, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * is he a saint or what? he can be wrong too. --tasc 10:02, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, there is no doubt that I can be wrong. That edit was not intended as policy.  On the other hand, in this particular case, I think it is well settled and obviously correct that we need to include both measurements in many or most instances.--Jimbo Wales 04:07, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * aparently this is the case. if you'll read mosnum's talk page, you'd notice that there is no aggreement. As i see it, this mediation not about use of non-metric units in general, rather about particular template (infobox country) and about the way User:MJCdetroit is performing his edits, including false justification in summary. --tasc 07:56, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Requesting Update
This case has not been updated since March 28. I will be closing this case and moving it to the archives if no update is given and/or there are no objections. Cowman109Talk 23:27, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Case closed
This case has been closed due to inactivity. Should mediation still be required, a new request for mediation should be filed. The listing of this case has been moved to the archives. Cowman109Talk 19:42, 14 May 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Fantasea (mixtape)

Orphaned references in Fantasea (mixtape)
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Fantasea (mixtape)'s orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Christgau": From Bad Girls (M.I.A. song):  From 1991 (EP):

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 07:47, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Genre
Before adding genres, try to add prose or inline citations within the infobox before adding them. We can't just add genres randomly on wikipedia per WP:RS. Andrzejbanas (talk) 14:00, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

April 2015
The source for "seapunk", the reviewer has not heard the album. The article states "Chicago Reader describes seapunk as "a style of electronic music that incorporates bits of 90s house and techno, the past 15 years or so of pop and R&B, and the latest in southern trap rap—all overlaid with a twinkly, narcotic energy that recalls new-age music and chopped-and-screwed hip-hop mix tapes in roughly equal measure" which sounds quite a lot like what Fantasea actually might end up being". They have not heard the album yet, and shouldn't be used as a source. Andrzejbanas (talk) 16:51, 20 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, I see your point, you're completely right, sorry for the misunderstanding --Azealia911 (talk) 17:03, 20 April 2015 (UTC)
 * No worries! The article might have some other good information, but not for that genre. Glad it cleared up without fuss! Andrzejbanas (talk) 17:06, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 19 March 2015

The result of the move request was: Fantasea (mixtape) not moved, Fantasea moved and a DAB created at Fantasea. Number  5  7  22:43, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

– The Azealia Banks mixtape has been viewed 14,859 times in the last three months, while the cruise line has been visited 581 times in the same period. I suggest that the mixtape be given the plain title, although instead of adding a parenthetical disambiguator onto the article for the cruise line, I propose adding "Adventure Cruising" to it. The cruise line clearly lists the service as "Fantasea Adventure Cruising", and I feel as though this title would be a better, clearer alternative for the cruise line even if the Azealia Banks mixtape was not involved. Under these proposed renamings, the scope of the cruise line article would be much clearer at quick glance, while the Azealia Banks mixtape will be just as accessible as before under a more concise title that does not cause the other article to suffer. WikiRedactor (talk) 22:05, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Fantasea (mixtape) → Fantasea
 * Fantasea → Fantasea Adventure Cruising
 * Oppose/Support oppose moving the mixtape, move the adventure cruising company. Instead, make a disambiguation page at "Fantasea", which is a viable misspelling of Fantasia and there is the article at Fantaseas -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:18, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose/Support oppose moving the mixtape, move the adventure cruising company. Instead, move the new disambiguation page at Fantasea (disambiguation) to baseline In ictu oculi (talk) 08:52, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Pile on Oppose/Support. Add to the equation Phuket Fantasea amusement park, mentioned in List of amusement parks in Asia, which is among the first Google hits. No such user (talk) 15:31, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fantasea (mixtape)


text:
Jacques Bonnet

Jacques Roger Gaston Bonnet (18 September 1938 – 22 August 1986) was a French field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Jacques Bonnet


text:
Animal Care/Guinea pig

Guinea Pigs (also called cavies after their scientific name) are rodents belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia. Despite their common name, the animals are not pigs, nor do they come from Guinea. Male guinea pigs are called boars, females sows and babies are called pups. They are originally native to the Andes, and while they are no longer extant in the wild, they are closely related to several species which are commonly found in the grassy plains and plateaus of this region. The guinea pig plays an important role in the folk culture of indigenous South Americans, especially as a food source, but also in folk medicine and in community religious ceremonies. Since the 1960s, the guinea pig has become increasingly important as a staple food in the Andes, and efforts have been made to increase consumption of the animal outside South America. See the cookbook entry for links to recipes.

In Western societies, the guinea pig has enjoyed widespread popularity as a household pet since its introduction by European traders in the sixteenth century. Because of its docile nature, the relative ease of caretaking, and its responsiveness to handling and feeding, the guinea pig remains a popular pet choice. Organizations devoted to competitive breeding of guinea pigs have been formed worldwide, and a large number of specialized breeds of guinea pig, with varying coat colors and compositions, are cultivated by breeders.

Choosing a Guinea Pig
Taking care in choosing your guinea pig and its possible companions is the first, and possibly the most important, step in keeping guinea pigs. Make sure your guinea pigs are either of the same sex or neutered/spayed.

Health
As prey animals, guinea pigs have evolved to hide any signs of illness, as long as possible in order to avoid becoming the main targets of the dangerous predation. This can make it difficult to recognize an illness or ailment. The best way to check for them is to place the cavy carefully on its back and check the belly. Their feet should be clean-looking and not red or irritated; with no broken or extraordinarily long nails. Check their teeth for length and evenness (see section below). It is also important to check their eyes and nose, to make sure that there is no mucus or crust there. These are signs of an upper respiratory infection, or URI, and can be deadly if left untreated.

Breed
The most common kinds of guinea pig (especially in pet stores) are the short-haired "American" or "Self" breed and the "Abyssinian", which has curly, cow-licked hair. Long-haired guinea pigs (the Sheltie/Silky and Peruvian breeds) are very beautiful pets, but they need daily grooming to be healthy, thus making them not usually suitable for children. The hair near the rear of the Guinea Pig must be cut and cleaned on a regular basis, or it will get caked with feces and the bedding from the cage. Short hair guinea pigs take less effort in the hygienic and cosmetic categories, but still need to be properly cared for. Therefore, the Peruvian guinea pig breed is the most difficult breed to care for due to the long hair. It gets tangled extremely easily, and is not recommended for anyone without extensive time to care for the cavy's hair every day.

How many?
The vast majority of rescues, knowledgeable vets, household breeders and scientists will tell you that guinea pigs should be housed in groups of two or more. Not only is making sure your guinea pigs have companions important for their health and happiness, keeping multiple guinea pigs will improve the fun of having these animals as pets as you watch them interact. In practice, the best option is usually a pair of guinea pigs. Of course, the most important factor in choosing groups is to make sure you will not have any unwanted babies, so make sure your pets are either of the same gender or spayed/neutered. If you are not confident in sexing guinea pigs, buy/adopt whatever guinea pigs you so desire, and then take it to your vet or a cavy-specific rescue to have its gender confirmed before introducing them at all. While groups of boars might get along (provided no females are present and they are carefully introduced), and groups of females are often fine, the easiest combination is one neutered boar (neutering is cheaper and safer than spaying) and one or more females. The personality of individual guinea pigs varies; with some being very amicable to company and others incapable of showing anything but hostility to other cavies.

Behavior
Guinea pigs are active during the day, but are actually crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk). Guinea pigs are very gentle, and even untamed guinea pigs will not bite unless you are causing them pain or they have been abused in the past.

Guinea pigs have a poor sense of sight, but well-developed senses of hearing and smell. Vocalization is the primary means of communication between members of the species.

 * Wheek - A loud noise that is essentially onomatopoeic, also known as a Whistle. An expression of general excitement, it may occur in response to the presence of its owner or to feeding. It is sometimes used to find other guinea pigs if they are running. If a guinea pig is lost, it may wheek for assistance.
 * Bubbling or Purring - This sound is made when the guinea pig is enjoying itself, such as when being petted or held. They may also make this sound when grooming, crawling around to investigate a new place, or when given food.
 * Rumbling - This sound is normally related to dominance within a group, though it can also come as a response to comfort or contentment. While courting, a male usually purrs deeply, while swaying from side to side and circling the female.
 * Chutting and Whining - These are sounds made in pursuit situations, by the pursuer and pursued, respectively.
 * Chattering - This sound is made by rapidly gnashing the teeth together, and is generally a sign of warning. Guinea pigs tend to raise their heads when making this sound.
 * Squealing or Shrieking - A high-pitched sound of discontent, in response to pain or danger.
 * Chirping - This less-common sound seems to be related to stress.

The Cage or Living Environment
While some older guinea pig resources may say that housing them outdoors is acceptable, this is simply not the case. Wind can blow a hutch over easily; it is also the perfect place for molds to grow. Spiders and insects may bite guinea pigs left outside. There is also no guarantee that temperatures will be acceptable for your guinea pigs to live in. It is also very hard to notice signs of disease in guinea pigs if they are constantly out of sight, and out of mind. Even indoors, sudden drafts or radical shifts in temperature may adversely affect the health of your guinea pig. Outdoors, guinea pigs may still be subject to predators such as raccoons, opossums, birds of prey and cats. Even a guinea pig physically protected from a predator may suffer from the ill effects of stress from the presence of a predator. Guinea pigs in the Andean region of South America are often kept outside on roofs or in milk crates. But these are livestock, not pets. A pet guinea pig is a member of your family and will benefit from the most interaction available. Being inside your home will make it easier and more appealing to care for and play with your guinea pig. Additionally, most secure hutches are designed for rabbits, and as such have mostly wood or wire floors that are unsuitable for guinea pigs. These wire floors are extremely painful for rabbits and cavies alike, and will damage their delicate feet.

Indoor housing can consist of a large cage, with a plastic base (not metal mesh, this can damage the guinea pig's feet; wood will soak up urine permanently) and a large metal top half. As guinea pigs are not climbers, a top is only absolutely necessary if other pets are present in the house. A pet store cage is nowhere near adequate size for a happy guinea pig, and will cost in upwards of $45–50. The minimum size cage for 1-2 guinea pigs is 7.5 square feet. A good cheap option is buying or making a "C&C" cage made of metal mesh cubes (the organizer kind with small plastic connectors, for the outside) and Coroplast (the floor and walls) which is basically plastic cardboard you can buy at any sign store for a very low price. There are instructions at Cavy Cages

Bedding
The housing should be lined with bedding at a minimum of 1 inch deep, ideally deeper in the sleeping areas. You should never use softwoods such as pine or cedar shavings for bedding, as these emit harmful odors called phenols that cause your guinea pig respiratory problems. Hardwoods such as aspen are fine. Other options for bedding are recycled paper products such as Carefresh; these are more expensive, but also stay clean for longer than shavings and are easier on a guinea pig's feet. A cage needs to be cleaned generally every week at the very minimum, but more often as needed.

A newer form of guinea pig bedding is polar or anti-pill fleece. While this may seem strange at first, it is a very hygienic and cost-effective form of bedding. First, an absorbent layer must be in the bottom of the cage, because the function of fleece is to wick the urine away from the guinea pigs' feet. Most fleece users are happy to use 1-2 layers of towels on the bottom of their cage, topped with a single layer of fleece. So, when a guinea pig urinates on fleece bedding, the urine is wicked through the fleece and into the towels, where it is absorbed. Fleece needs to be washed at least once weekly, without fabric softener; it inhibits the fleece's ability to wick urine. It is also a good idea to wash it with an unscented detergent, and some white vinegar to absorb odors. For more information on using fleece as a bedding, please visit

Other essential accessories
Other items needed for your guinea pig's home will be a gravity-fed water bottle (cavies tend to spill and defecate in water bowls), a small bowl for pellets and other food, and "hidey houses". Wild cavy species and feral guinea pigs naturally use dens made by other animals, and all domestic guinea pigs should be provided a safe place to hide in. As they are prey animals, they will feel much more secure in their environments if they have places to hide. This can be a plastic "igloo" or wood house from a pet store, or simply a towel tent. Be aware that some cardboard is put together using glues that can be harmful to your guinea pig, so it is best to avoid these if you can. If you have more than one guinea pig, having both an entrance and an exit to any hiding places can prevent fights between cornered guinea pigs. The more hiding places, the merrier! It is also better for your guinea pigs to keep borders around the cage clear, so that they can run laps.

Toys
Unlike hamsters or rats, guinea pigs don't need fancy toys such as running balls or exercise wheels. Wheels and balls may have a picture of a guinea pig on the box, but you should not buy one for them to play with. A cavy's spine (and other bones) is much more fragile than other pet rodents, its feet are too soft, the balls are not properly ventilated for a larger animal such as a cavy. Mostly they like simple things like cardboard shoe boxes, towel tents, oatmeal tubes, paper bags and other tunnels or places to hide and chew on. Some owners give bird toys, but chewing the plastic is very bad for guinea pigs. Mirrors can be hung from outside the cage, however.

An item that is very dangerous and should be avoided is a guinea pig leash. Guinea pigs cannot be trained to walk, and it shouldn't be attempted. While this may seem like a good way to let them run about the yard safely, it is merely dangerous. They have very delicate spines and bones, which are easily damaged by a leash or harness.

An alternative way to get fresh air and fresh grass is an outdoor pen, but it should be used when you will be outside with the guinea pig the entire time. It is good to place their igloo/hut in there with them so if they become startled, they can hide. The igloo/hut will not suffice for sun protection, however, as it will keep in too much heat. You must be careful where you place the pen and must stay with the guinea pig at all times while they are outside in it. Also, it should be noted that if a guinea pig is to be outside, the grass it will be on cannot have had any pesticides or fertilizers on it. These chemicals will kill your guinea pig, and are very dangerous.

Food
A guinea pig's diet should be comprised of three basic groups; grass hay, pellets, and fresh treats. Most importantly, a guinea pig cannot make their Vitamin C (just like people) and will need it either in vitamin supplements (not droplets, these don't work as the C dissolves too rapidly in water) or in plenty of the right fruits and veggies. Of course, every guinea pig needs a water bottle (they tend to poop in water bowls, and it could get very unhealthy).

You should give one adult guinea pig approximately 1/8 cup pellets every day, possibly more for young ones. Pellets should be Timothy hay-based (little green ones), and not a seed mix. They can easily choke on seeds, and seeds are too fatty. Alfalfa-based hay pellets have too much calcium, and should not be fed for guinea pigs over 6 months of age.
 * Pellets

Providing your guinea pig as much Timothy hay or orchard grass as it can eat is very important for its health and happiness. Hay provides important digestive fiber and can prevent a condition in older boars where they lose the ability to defecate properly. Also, guinea pigs have a natural inclination to forage for food almost constantly, not giving them proper hay can cause them stress and result in barbering (chewing their own hair) and other behavioral problems. Alfalfa hay can be fed to guinea pigs younger than 6 months, but should not be fed to older guinea pigs other than the occasional treat. If you do not know the age of your guinea pig, or are unsure, use a different hay that is safe.
 * Hay

If you ever have a question about whether your guinea pig can eat a certain vegetable or fruit, and in which quantities, please visit this link:. It was made by a guinea pig dietary specialist, and is very helpful!
 * Fruits and vegetables

Guinea pigs like to eat lots of green veg, and on the whole this is very good for them, but there are a few things that should be left off your pets menu. Iceberg Lettuce causes bloat and gas, and so should be avoided, no exception. Tomato leaves are also not good for piggies. Carrot in excess can cause liver problems due to the excessive amounts of vitamin A, and in the pregnant cavy can cause birth defects. However, in small amounts to a non pregnant guinea pig, this is fine. Mushrooms and Rhubarb are poisonous. The best fruits and veggies for Vitamin C are Romaine lettuce, Carrot, Kale, Mustard greens, Red bell pepper, Spinach and many others. Oddly, oranges do not have very much vitamin C and can even cause the runs in guinea pigs. They need 10-20 MG of Vitamin C a day if they are healthy. If they are unhealthy, pregnant, or under 3 months, they should get 30-50 MG. For additional vitamin C, you can purchase vitamin C tablets. It is very important that you do not use vitamin C drops, as these can result in dehydration in guinea pigs. Do not give them multivitamins. These can be bad for them and even poisonous.

 * Other things to avoid
 * Mixes or treats with nuts, seeds, dried fruit and dyed pieces.
 * Dairy and meat products (cavies are herbivores)
 * Seeds in husks can be a choking hazard.
 * Cruciferous vegetables (cabbage, collards, bok choy, broccoli) may cause gas in your pet and are best offered sparingly and infrequently.
 * Mineral wheels. Never use Tang (which contains dyes, refined sugars, and very little vitamin C) in drinking water.
 * Commercial treats marketed for cavies (like yogurt drops) which can even be detrimental to their health. Consuming these empty calories (many contain fat, sugars and even excess calcium) can result in decreased consumption of the basic foods they really need. Guinea pigs are very strictly herbivores; therefore, they are lactose intolerant. Yogurt and honey are not good for guinea pigs, and should be avoided.

Problems
Before you bringing home your new guinea pig, you should locate your nearest veterinarian, and go in to the practice to pick up any leaflets or advice sheets on basic first aid for guineas. Staff should be knowledgeable, and will be able to help you with any other queries you might have about your guinea pigs. Make sure to visit a knowledgeable exotic pet veterinarian, as many regular cat and dog veterinarians have limited knowledge of cavies and some may refuse to treat them altogether.

Pain As guinea pigs are naturally prey animals, they instinctively hide pain to prevent appearing as a weak animal within the group. As a result it may be difficult to tell if they are hurting. If you notice changes in behavior, or unusual avoidance of handling, call your veterinarian for advice.

Parasites Guinea pigs can occasionally harbor skin (ecto-) parasites, which may not always be visible to the naked eye. Fortunately these parasites are not zoonotic, meaning your guinea pig cannot give them to you. Treatment with a topical product called Revolution(R) (active ingredient, selamectin) is a very effective method of controlling ectoparasites. Ivermectin is also effective, and is given either as an injection or orally. These medications must be prescribed by your veterinarian. It is not uncommon for pet store bought guinea pigs will harbor lice or mites. For this reason, it is a good idea to have a newly acquired guinea pig examined by a veterinarian before introducing the new cavy to other cavies in your home.

Teeth As guinea pigs are rodents, their teeth grow constantly. The constant availability of roughage (grass hay) is of critical importance in maintaining your guinea pig's dental health. It is also helpful, and fun for your guinea pig, if you include a chew stick (available in most pet shops) or piece of fruit wood for them to gnaw on. Dental examinations are an important part of your guinea pig's health plan. You can easily monitor the incisors (front teeth), but it is difficult to see the premolars and molars (cheek teeth) without an oral speculum. To see the incisors, hold your guinea gently but firmly in one hand, with one finger behind the head to support, lean your pet back. If this doesn't expose the teeth, gently push on the lips to show them. The teeth should appear straight; the top and bottom teeth should overlap only slightly (top over bottom- if they are the other way round, you should consult with your veterinarian). Normal incisors are off-white to yellow in color. Normal mandibular (lower) incisors often appear quite long to the untrained eye. If the incisors curve away from each other or are excessively long, consult your veterinarian. Never attempt to trim or clip your guinea pig's incisors by yourself. This may result in a fractured incisor, which is painful, and may cause further dental problems in the future.

Guinea pigs and other pets Obviously, cats, dogs and ferrets are predators and may kill a small furry creature. However, there are cases of guinea pigs getting along with them, and often as not cats may not know what to think of a guinea pig or even be scared of it. Dogs may be trained to accept guinea pigs as well. Chiefly, never leave a guinea pig alone with any predatory animal, however well-trained. Cohousing of guinea pigs with other rodents such as gerbils, rats and hamsters may increase instances of respiratory and other infections, and such rodents may act aggressively towards the guinea pig. Opinion is divided over the cohousing of guinea pigs and domestic rabbits. Some published sources say that guinea pigs and rabbits complement each other well when sharing a cage. However, as lagomorphs, rabbits have different nutritional requirements, and so the two species cannot be fed the same food. Rabbits may also harbor diseases (such as the respiratory infections Bordetella and Pasteurella), which guinea pigs are susceptible to. Even a dwarf rabbit is much stronger and more aggressive than the guinea pig and may cause intentional or inadvertent injury.

Breeding Pregnant sows have a 25% chance of having a fatal pregnancy complication. It is advisable to not breed guinea pigs, unless you know 100% of what you're doing, you're able to find homes for them, and you know what breeds can cause problems if they cross.

title: Animal Care/Guinea pig


text:
Masbate Provincial Board

The Masbate Provincial Board is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) of the Philippine province of Masbate.

The members are elected via plurality-at-large voting: the province is divided into three districts, the first district sending two members, and the second and third districts sending four members each to the provincial board; the number of candidates the electorate votes for and the number of winning candidates depends on the number of members their district sends. The vice governor is the ex officio presiding officer, and only votes to break ties. The vice governor is elected via the plurality voting system province-wide.

The districts used in appropriation of members is coextensive with the legislative districts of Masbate.

Aside from the regular members, the board also includes the provincial federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay (ABC, from its old name "Association of Barangay Captains"), the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK, youth councils) and the Philippine Councilors League (PCL).

Current members
These are the members after the 2019 local elections and 2018 barangay and SK elections:

 * Vice Governor: Olga Kho (PDP–Laban)

title: Masbate Provincial Board


text:
Using GNOME/Login

When you turn on your computer, you see the operating system load. Once the system has started, the computer will open the GNOME user interface. GNOME runs atop the operating system and provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the user to interact with. The login screen is the first screen a user will see when GNOME starts.

Types of login screen
There are two types of login screen, standard and graphical. GNOME allows the users to select a login theme to customize their computer. Different operating systems provide different “preferred” graphical themes.

A graphical login screen includes a “face browser”, which lets the user visually select their user name, while a standard login screen simply provides text boxes to enter a user name and password. There is no OK button on the login screen; instead, you press Enter once you have entered your password. If you entered your password correctly, GNOME will display the main desktop.

Shutting down the computer
But suppose you want to shut down your computer instead. There is a way to do this from the login screen.

In the top-right corner of the login screen you will see two icons. We will be focused on the one with the power-button icon. (The person icon, if clicked, reveals a list of accessibility-related features, such as High Contrast or Mouse Keys.) A dropdown will appear. Confusingly, all you will see there is a button labeled “Dark Style” and another power-button icon. To shut down this computer, you must click the second icon to display the restart and power-off (shut down) commands. Clicking Suspend will put the computer to sleep.

title: Using GNOME/Login


text:
User:Melfatao2008/Books/Kalman Filter

 * Kalman filter
 * Cholesky decomposition
 * Positive-definite matrix

title: User:Melfatao2008/Books/Kalman Filter


text:
Legacy computer networks

Computer and Telephone networks have grown at an astounding rate over the last 20 years. As you probably already know, or learned in the earlier courses, TCP/IP and several variations of Ethernet now dominate the bulk of the world's networks. Plenty of other standards, mediums, and protocols existed before these staples emerged however, and they are the focus of this course. Just because the topics of this course are obsolete doesn´t mean you won't find them in the real world. Quite the contrary, there are bound to be pockets of these artifacts just waiting to be found at your next job, so familiarizing yourself with them is in your best interest. You'll likely need to know them too if you are considering trying to gain any of the industry certifications, which are detailed in a later course.

Lessons

 * Obsolete Physical Topologies
 * Bus
 * Ring
 * Obsolete Cabling
 * Obsolete Ethernet
 * Other Obsolete Standards
 * VG Anylan
 * Token Ring

title: Legacy computer networks


text:
Peter the Deacon

Peter the Deacon (fl. 1115–1159) was the librarian of the abbey of Montecassino and continuator of the Chronicon monasterii Casinensis, usually called the Monte Cassino Chronicle in English. The chronicle was originally written by Leo of Ostia. According to both Chalandon and Lord Norwich, Peter is a poor historian and writer, much inferior to Leo.

Biography
Reputedly a descendant of the Counts of Tusculum, he was offered in 1115 to the monastery of Monte Cassino. About 1127 he was forced to leave the abbey and retired to the neighbouring Atina (Atina, Lazio), because he had supported Abbot Oderisius, who had been deposed by Pope Honorius II. In 1131 he returned to the abbey owing to the death of Pope Honorius. In 1137, he appeared before Emperor Lothair II, then in Italy, on behalf of his monastery. The sovereign was so pleased with him that he appointed him his chaplain and secretary, and would probably have attached him permanently to his person had not Abbot Wibald considered Peter's return necessary to the abbey.

In 1131 on his return to Monte Cassino Peter became librarian and keeper of the abbey archives.

After a long period during which historical sources report nothing about him, his name, Petrus Egidii Tusculanensis, last appears in an act of donation of 1154. His death had to take place after 1159, the initial deadline for the dating of the codex Casinense 47, in whose obituary on February 26 his name is marked (Petrus diaconus et monacus), the only one, among those of many deacons of the same name commemorated there, which appears written in capital letters.

Works
The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia describes Peter as "vain and occasionally untruthful, but an entertaining writer". His works, enumerated in Patrologia Latina, CLXXIII, 763-1144, include a cartulary of the abbey archives (Registrum Petri Diaconi) and several historical works:
 * De viris illustribus Casinensibus
 * De ortu et obitu justorum Casinensium
 * De locis sanctis
 * Disciplina Casinensis
 * Rhythmus de novissimis diebus

Peter edited the existing chronicle of Monte Cassino, introducing many falsehoods. He also forged, under the name of Gordian, the Passion of St. Placidus.

title: Peter the Deacon


text:
Applicable Mathematics/Probability

Probability is a way of expressing an expectation about the likelihood of an "event" occurring in an "experiment", based on whatever information is available either about the mechanism which lies behind the experiment (theoretical probability) or knowledge of previous events (experimental probability).

An example of a random experiment and often used in Maths puzzles is the birth of a child, in which the gender of the child cannot be known beforehand and is usually deemed to be 50/50 boy versus girl. In this case, the experiment is the birth, the possible "outcomes" are "girl" and "boy". The word "event" usually refers to the particular outcome we consider a "success" (which simply means the type of outcome whose probability we wish to calculate). Often, the "outcomes" are expressed as the result of a SERIES of experiments ("What are the chances of throwing heads twice in two tosses of the same coin").

The Measure of Probability
The normal measure of probability is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 means "impossible" (not quite true, see below), .5 means "as likely as not" and 1 means "certain to happen". For example, the probability of tossing a head" is usually taken to be 0.5. In everyday language, the number is more likely to be expressed as a fraction (1/2 or "one in two") or a percentage ("50% chance").  When throwing a die, the probability of getting a 1 is 1/6 (i.e. we expect that in a large number of throws, the frequency of "1s" will be close to 1/6 of the number of throws).

Two kinds of Probability

 * Theoretical Probability - Based on a knowledge of the mechanism behind the event. It is simplest to calculate when there are a finite number of possible outcomes, all believed to be equally likely.  The probability of an event is simply the number of outcomes which would match our "event", divided by the total number of possible outcomes. On a die, there are 6 possible (and equally-likely) outcomes for each roll, but only one of these outcomes results in a 1.  Therefore we calculate the probability of rolling a 1 as 1/6.  This is the most common type of probability used in math classes.  The usual mistake made in calculating probability this way is not checking carefully whether you are counting "equally likely" outcomes.  (To be silly, one might say "there are two possible outcomes ; 1 or not 1, therefore the chance of rolling a 1 is 1/2").  The more common reason for falsely believing asset of outcomes to be equally likely is either that the dice or coin is "loaded" or that you have missed a possible outcome, or confused two separate outcomes as a single one.  For instance, if the coin is thick enough, the possibility  that the coin can land stably on its edge should not be ignored.  When tossing TWO coins, many people think there are three equally likely outcomes (two heads, two tails, one of each) and that therefore the chance of getting "one of each" is 1/3: but actually there are two different ways of getting a head and a tail, so the chance of getting "one of each" is actually 2/4 = 50%.    If you are sure that you have calculated the probability correctly then you can ascribe a single number to the probability of the event, but the only way to be sure that you have not missed a possibility, or done the sums wrong, is to go ahead and try it lots of time and see what happens.  But you are then into "Experimental Probability".
 * Experimental Probability - Based on experience. This is less prone to mistakes (provided the experimental conditions are fair) and easy to calculate the result (number of successful trials divided by total number of trials). The larger the number of times that you perform the test, the closer you will come to the theoretical probability (provided that you calculated the theoretical probability correctly!), but the greater the chance that the result will not be EXACTLY the same.

In Maths classes, the first type of probability is more common, in science, the second.

Repeated Events
Where an event can be repeated in the same way as often as desired, then not only is it clear what the calculated probability means ("I expect that if I toss this coin 500 times, I will see about 250 heads"), but also it will be possible to check whether the estimate was correct (toss the coin and see how many times you get a head).

One-offs
Where a trial (or event) is a one-off (neither this trial, nor a very similar one can be done again) then not only must the calculation be a theoretical one, but also it is less clear what the calculated figure MEANS. "There is a 50% chance of the Earth being destroyed by collision with a comet during this year". Either the Earth will or will not be destroyed, neither outcome will show you whether your calculated probability was correct. Actually, you CAN run the trial as many times as you like (treat each year as one trial), but there will be a maximum of ONE "successful" outcome, so it is not easy to see what light 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 destruction-free years sheds on your calculation. If, however, you have the opportunity to gamble on many different one-off events, and experience gives you good reason to trust your probability estimates, then probability does have some meaning: you would be wise in future wagers to bet on events to which you ascribe high probability and better to avoid improbable ones (except at very favorable odds). This is actually similar to horse-racing - you are encouraged to believe you can calculate the odds of a horse winning, but most races are really one-offs run in very different circumstances to all the other races. If you only bet on one race in your life, then you are unlikely to back a real outsider at whatever odds - but if you spend a lot of time at racecourses, you may probably back quite a lot of outsiders, but only in the cases where you believe that the high odds against them are more generous then necessary - expecting (perhaps unwisely, since it is the bookies, not you, who set the odds) that the few that win will pay enough to outweigh your many small losses on the ones that did not.

Outcomes and sample spaces
When doing experiments, the answer is not known prior to the actual experiment. However, we should know what we can get. The possible results of an experiment are called outcomes. A certain group of outcomes is called a sample space.

When you throw a die, you can get 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 eyes. These are the possible outcomes in a throw. the sample space is U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. When we're looking at whether a birth results in boy(B) or girl(G), the sample space is U = {B, G}

Model of probability
A model of probability gives the probability of every outcome a number between 1 and 0. The sum of the probability of all possible outcomes is 1 (if you cannot make them add up to 1, then you have missed or double-counted some possibilities).

Let's for instance take a die-throw as an example. The model of probability for that would be:

P(1) = P(2) = P(3) = P(4) = P(5) = P(6) = 1/6

However, when we're looking at whether a birth results in a boy or a girl, the model of probability results in:

P(B) = 0.514 and P(G) = 0.486

In the first example, all the outcomes have the same probability - the model is uniform. In the second example, the outcomes have different probabilities - the model is not uniform.

title: Applicable Mathematics/Probability


text:
LaCenterra at Cinco Ranch

LaCenterra at Cinco Ranch is an upscale 34-acre, 300,000 square foot Main Street style mixed-use development, with 271,000 square feet of retail and restaurant space. It is located at the Grand Parkway and Cinco Ranch Blvd, in Cinco Ranch, Texas. It also includes office space and apartments. It opened on March 1, 2007. This lifestyle center serves as the conventional mall for Greater Katy.

title: LaCenterra at Cinco Ranch


text:
Western Growers Association

The Western Growers Association (WGA) is an association representing family farmers who grow fresh produce and tree nuts in California, Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. The issues they advocate on include farm labor regulation, immigration and guest worker programs, environment and sustainability, pest control, and water. They have offices in Sacramento (California), Phoenix (Arizona), and Washington, D.C.

History
WGA was founded in 1926. Their webpage is wga.com

Reception
The WGA has been cited in articles in the New York Times on issues related to agriculture and regulation thereof, and in particular immigration and guest worker programs associated with agricultural labor. It has also been cited and quoted as an authority on produce, farm labor and immigration issues in articles in Forbes, CNN, and the Wall Street Journal.

title: Western Growers Association


text:
caviglia

Etymology
(compare modern ), from, from , diminutive of. Compare the doublets (inherited from Latin),  (borrowed from Latin).

Noun

 * 1) ankle
 * 2) pin, peg

title: caviglia


text:
Neli Sabeva

Neli Sabeva (Не́ли Съ́бева; born December 19, 1961) is a Bulgarian female wheelchair curler.

title: Neli Sabeva


text:
Talk:Deon Thomas

Chose not to play in the NBA?
Does anyone have any evidence that Thomas chose not to play in the NBA, rather than not being kept on the Mavericks after being drafted and not being able to make subsequent seasons? If we don't, these claims should be removed. ThtrWrtr (talk) 22:34, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Deon Thomas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060719221115/http://underscorebleach.net/jotsheet/supplementary/bruce_pearl_ncaa_memo.html to http://underscorebleach.net/jotsheet/supplementary/bruce_pearl_ncaa_memo.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060719221115/http://underscorebleach.net/jotsheet/supplementary/bruce_pearl_ncaa_memo.html to http://underscorebleach.net/jotsheet/supplementary/bruce_pearl_ncaa_memo.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:23, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deon Thomas


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Chrisj8910/Archive

26 June 2012

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.

This is probably a clear cut case and a bait aimed at me. I removed an unsourced edit performed by User:Chrisj8910 and today they have edited Talk:Home and Away and refactored my signature - see. <IP_ADDRESS> then performed this edit on the actual Home and Away article. Then a number of minutes later the account "ChrisAllOfASudden" was created, and a three minutes later they performed this edit directly support the change performed by <IP_ADDRESS>. Then to make it more obvious they awarded Chrisj8910 with an Original Barnstar awards - see. They have not even tried to make this obvious, which is why I think it is baiting. They attracted by attention by rejigging my signature, performed an anon edit, created an account with the name Chris in it to support the anon change, and linked back to the master by awarded themself a barnstar..  Rain  the 1  22:38, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
Sock has been indefinitely blocked (no checks made), and Chrisj8910 has been warned not to sock again. --MuZemike 22:41, 10 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/mbtilounge.com

Links

 * mbtilounge.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is blacklisted by \bmbtilounge\.com\b on [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist en.wikipedia.org]
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is blacklisted by \bmbtilounge\.com\b on [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist en.wikipedia.org]

Additions

 * Displayed all 5 additions.


text:
Talk:Quantock Hills

GA review
This article is well done and nearly to good article status, but a few things should be fixed. I'm putting the article on hold, and that will give you seven days for the fixes. Most should be relatively easy and quick. I'll check back in two days to see how things are going, and I'll be glad to answer any questions you have about my comments. You can ask here or on my talk page. Good job so far. Finetooth (talk) 00:38, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

1. The article is generally well-written and generally follows Manual of Style guidelines. During my review, I made some minor copyediting changes, and I prepared the following list of suggestions for further improvements: Lede
 * Geology and ecology are branches of science. I'd be more comfortable if the sentence that says, "The environment is influenced by the geology and weather, which combine to support the plant and animal ecology" said something like, "Soil types and weather combine to support the plants and animals."

Etymology Geology
 * 880 needs AD for clarity.
 * Hangman Grits, Ilfracombe beds, and Morte Slates are wonderful terms. Where do they come from? How do you know them?
 * The meaning of "worked on the foreshore at Watchet," is a bit unclear. I assume you mean worked by humans, but you might mean worked by wave action. If it was worked by humans, what for?
 * Who says the SSSI is "considered to be of international geological importance"?
 * "Dr Forbes-Leslie" should be written instead in first name, last name format without "Dr". See the honorific prefixes section of the Manual of Style for details about how to handle academic titles.
 * I wikilinked "retort", and you might consider wikilinking "alabaster" and "kiln" as well.
 * What is "a small culm landing"? "Culm" should be wikilinked or explained.
 * The photo caption would be better if the first two sentence fragments were combined to form a single complete sentence.

Climate
 * I'm not sure about "dullest" month. I think "most cloudy" or "most overcast" may be closer to what you intend.
 * "The south west of England has a favoured location with respect to the Azores high pressure when it extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer." I'd suggest something more direct. "High pressure over the Azores often brings clear skies to south-west England, particularly in summer" might work.

Ecology
 * This section starts with an orphan sentence. I see the logic of doing it this way, but I'd suggest adding a brief (one- or two-sentence) explanation of Biological SSSI. What is it? Who makes the designation? The wikilink leads to a further explanation, but a brief explanation in the text would solve the orphan problem.

History
 * This section begins with an orphan sentence. Two solutions come to mind. Either meld the orphan with another paragraph or add a bit to the orphan. You might add a one- or two-sentence description of the flints, for example, and what they were used for.
 * The second paragraph needs a source if only because the "probably" in "probably originated as ancient ridgeways" raises doubt. Who says they are ancient ridgeways?
 * You'll need to respond in some way to another editor's "citation needed" tag in this section. I think that the "it is possible" language raises questions. What expert has made a logical connection between the town names and the Roman roads?
 * The phrase, "who passed the manor down through descendants into the 20th century, also becoming the Earl of Carhampton", seems to have a singular-plural problem. "Descendants" is plural, but "Earl" is singular.
 * The Stowey Castle sentence is an orphan and could be improved by adding a sentence or two describing the castle.
 * "During the English Civil War Dunster was a Royalist stronghold under the command of Colonel Wyndham, with Sir Francis Dodington of Dodington being a local commander." I recommend against using "with" as this kind of connector. One solution would be to make two sentences: "During the English Civil War, Dunster was a Royalist stronghold under the command of Colonel Wyndham. Sir Francis Dodington of Dodington was a local commander."
 * The orphan sentence, "Following the Monmouth rebellion traitors were hanged in Nether Stowey and at Cothelstone" needs a sibling sentence or two. A brief explanation of the Monmouth rebellion would do. Most readers outside the UK know nothing about it.
 * I see a bit of overlinking in this section. Crowcombe, for example, is wikilinked three times. A maximum of once per section is the usual recommendation.

Governance
 * The claim that the Quantock Hills AONB was the "first such designation in England under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949" needs a citation.

Cultural references
 * Who is Lord Coleridge?
 * Rather than saying, "There is a wonderful description of the inn in Leonard Woolf's diary," which is POV and an interpretation, I'd suggest including that description or part of it in quotes.
 * I'd suggest combining the last four short paragraphs in this section into one paragraph. It's hard to know how to handle these short things that sometimes appear at the ends of articles. Expanding each one would not be a good solution. I recommend scrunching.

Places of interest
 * This claim needs a citation: "At 23 miles (37 km), it is the longest privately owned passenger rail line in the UK."
 * In this section, "0.08-hectare (0.20-acre)" SSSI puts metric first, but "17-acre (7 ha) pleasure garden" puts imperial first. Noticing this difference led me to re-check some of the other conversions, and I see that they are not internally consistent. For example, I see feet first in the first paragraph of the lede but metres first in the History section. The MOS says, "For UK-related [articles], the main units are either metric or imperial (consistently within an article)." You need to choose which system you want to be primary and which secondary and then stick with the choice throughout, including the infobox.

2. Generally the article appears to be factually accurate and verifiable. I have noted a couple of exceptions above, and the links in citations 2, 12, and 30 are dead and should be fixed if possible.

3. The article is broad in its coverage, addresses the major aspects, and stays focused without unnecessary detail.

4. It is written from a neutral point of view except for the "wonderful" comment mentioned above.

5. It is stable.

6. It is illustrated with appropriate images and suitable captions. However, the copyright status is difficult to confirm in the case of Image:Quantocksbeach.jpg because the listed link to the photographer's page is dead. The same is true for Image:Quantockheather.jpg. It would be good if you could fix these two dead links or find substitutes.

 * Response Thank you for your helpful comments (& edits). I believe that all the concerns have been addressed with the exception of the SSSI being of "international geological importance". The English Nature web site with the SSSI citation sheet is temporarily unavailable to I am unable to check this - but will keep trying.— Rod talk 13:52, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Further comments from reviewer
 * Almost everything looks fine. I will wait a bit to see if the SSSI link recovers; it may be down because of a temporary server problem. In any case, this glitch will not prevent promotion.
 * I have a remaining concern about Lord Coleridge. I know little about titles in the UK, and I want to be sure that Lord Coleridge is an acceptable way to refer to Baron Coleridge and that the name does not need something else added to distinguish him from ancestors who had the same title.
 * I would recommend deleting the phrase "(often, rather incorrectly, said to be the last pitched battle on English soil)" from your otherwise clear explanation of the Monmouth rebellion. The phrase invites other questions and complications that could be avoided by remaining mum.
 * The two phototographer page links are still dead. These won't prevent promotion, but it would be nice if they could be fixed.
 * Finally, and I apologize for not recognizing this sooner, the lede gives short shrift to the later sections, particularly the History section, and could easily be improved. If you plan to take the article to FAC at some point, I'm sure you will need to expand the lede to better summarize the essence of the full article. What I would suggest is that you attach the two sentences beginning with "Soil types" to the bottom of the second paragraph of the lede and move the sentences, "They have been occupied since prehistoric times and fought over during the English Civil War and Monmouth rebellion but are now a peaceful area popular with tourists and walkers" down and use the first part of it as the beginning of paragraph three. You could flesh out the new paragraph three with the essence of the History section (not a great long addition but perhaps two new sentences) and could end this new paragraph three with a sentence that includes "now a peaceful area popular with tourists and walkers" and perhaps a nod toward the interesting places mentioned in the last section. Finetooth (talk) 19:34, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Response I have attempt to address all of your concerns above. If there are any further improvements please let me know.— Rod talk 20:51, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Congratulations on an excellent piece of work. Please consider supporting the GA program by reviewing another article. Finetooth (talk) 03:09, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Image:Uk_outline_map.png
Hello!

This bot has detected that this page contains an image, Image:Uk_outline_map.png, in a raster format. A replacement is available as a Scalable vector graphic (SVG) at File:British_Isles_United_Kingdom.svg. If the replacement image is suitable please edit the article to use the vector version. Scalable vector graphics should be used in preference to raster for images that can easily represented in a vector graphic format. If this bot is in error, you may leave a bug report at its talk page Thanks SVnaGBot1 (talk) 10:44, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

What else is needed to get this article to FA
This article has now been a fairly stable Good Article for over a year and I am looking for ideas about what would be needed to get it to meet the Wikipedia:Featured article criteria? This is one part of the Featured topic about Physical geography of Somerset. The rules about FT's have changed and we need to get one of the GAs included in the topic up to FA status or the whole FT will be demoted to a Good topic. Any ideas appreciated.— Rod talk 21:01, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:17, 18 April 2011 (UTC) The link to the somerset.gov pages does not work; perhaps this instead: http://www.somerset.gov.uk/irj/public/services/directory/service?rid=/guid/a04e51c3-5336-2c10-d3b9-ddca91367f35 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:17, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that - I've updated the link. If you spot any others please let us know - or you could always fix them yourself.— Rod talk 12:40, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

AONB boundary
For info: From studying the AONB map, the boundaries often follow roads, field boundaries and other convenient man-made features rather than the natural 'edges' of the hills formed by changes in geology. For example Hawkridge Reservoir is widely regarded as being in the Quantocks, but is the 'wrong' side of the boundary (in fact Wessex Water even claim it is within the AONB - it isn't). Similarly the boundary slices through Kings Cliffe (following an apparently arbitrary line) and through the middle of Kingston St Mary (following the road). Thurloxton is also regarded by locals as being within the Quantock Hills, as per the Thurloxton Wikipedia Article, but isn't in the AONB either. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:04, 6 July 2011 (UTC)
 * To be honest the point is rather pedantic as the bulk of the hills are contained within the AONB. You should read WP:OR because that is exactly what this statement is: "Thurloxton is also regarded by locals as being within the Quantock Hills". --Simple Boba.k.a. The Spaminator (Talk) 07:16, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Quantock Hills. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070218150124/http://www.lougs.org.uk/february_2005.htm to http://www.lougs.org.uk/february_2005.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121025180443/http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_CrowcombeText.pdf to http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_CrowcombeText.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:38, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quantock Hills


text:
User:ClueBot III/Indices/User talk:Abbasquadir

 * Abbasquadir/Archives/
 * 2020/August
 * 2020/November
 * 2021/January
 * 2021/April
 * 2021/November


text:
Introduction to Christianity/What is a Christian?

Christianity : From Wikipedia
Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth and his life, death, resurrection, and teachings as presented in the New Testament. Christians believe Jesus is the Son of God and the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament.

Core features of Christianity include beliefs about:
 * Monotheistic: Worshiping only one Deity.
 * Jesus: The Wiki about the individual.
 * The Bible: The Bible.

A Christian is one who pledges his/her allegiance to the God who took upon himself humanity (incarnation) made manifest in Jesus the Messiah/Christ, the one who not only defeated death through his being raised from the dead, but also triumphed over the power of evil/Satan in this world. Those who are followers of Jesus are called to love God with all their heart, mind, and strength and to love their neighbors as themselves. Jesus, while on Earth, told his followers to love one another 'even as I have loved you.'

The earliest writers to record the teachings of the first century Christian community were the Gospel writers: Mark (earliest Gospel), Matthew, Luke and, lastly, John. The most potent advocate of Christ's divinity and mission as saviour of sinners was the apostle Paul. He emphasised that anyone who believes that Christ died for him/her and repents of their sins is acknowledged [justified] by God the Father as without sin [cleansed through the blood of Christ]. This is also known as 'saving grace'. Another writer of the New Testament, James, emphasized that those who believe in salvation from Christ will act righteously, and that righteous action must accompany faith in order for the faith to be effective (James 2:17).

Being a Christian, then, requires having faith, and acting on it (by doing good deeds).

Footnotes


text:
Wikiversity:Alternative Theory

WikiVersity seems to be a little bit stuck. And the reasons seem quite obvious:

 * It is tougher to develop a flexible Meta-structure than a great though relatively limited catchword structure like Wikipedia.

Finally Wikipedia will be only a tool for Wikiversity like a “classical” Encyclopedia for a “classical” university.

The like will be Wikibooks. Therefore Wikiversity does not fit into the Wikibooks section nor its structure.

 * There is no need for copying structures of the “book-world” to the internet. Books are built on a couple of limitations that the internet doesn’t have:

 * Mainly one categorizing structure
 * Limited space
 * One (or a very limited number of) point of view(s)
 * Limited format --> This point is crucial actually as we have transferred most of this limitation to our digital output architecture

So the catchwords for general philosophy are multi categorization, intelligent linking and great variety of aspects, view on limitations of theories, practical application, historical development etc. for each topic.

Especially one fault should not be made: Transferring the current structure of scientific subject groups (which have developed mainly due to certain – historical – limitations) to a 21st century education resource. They should only be a comparative part, one of many categorization possibilities. Having multi-aspects at hand will be the MAIN ADVANTAGE of the future Wikiversity.

Let me give a striking example of what I mean:

* For a person like Freud, sexuality is the main reference point – everything is a sexual act: Communication is sexual, Social Organization bases on  sexuality etc. * For a pure capitalist, the market is the sole driving force and regulates everything, especially the Social Organization.

Therefore Social Organization can be looked at in a Freudian way or in a capitalist way or in many different other ways, which should all be shown. Only then critical comparison will be possible.

So for this point I suggest that the courses should not be structured like a book but rather like a Matrix. Books should only be used as references.

 * Developing own aspects of a topic will be an important part of the learning process.

 * What has been said for the book structure is even more true for the content. There is no need for a single scientific style and its dry theoretical texts. Wikiversity learning should be fun, fun, fun and expanding the horizon – for both, the teacher and the student.

Anyway, the line between those two will be floating – interaction and role changing will evolve.

 * Before we think about grades and marks etc. we have to build up the world’s best educational material: interdisciplinary, interesting, understandable, vivid. Example

Everything else will develop :-).

The wikiversity should specify prerequisites for learning course material. For instance, if you are studying Calculus there should be a prerequisites section with links to various other material you should have already mastered. Also there should be many different methodologies and ways of teaching the same ideas and there should be alternate routes for learning things. For instance a person learning complex analysis could decide to take a more visual route, a more mathematically rigorous route or an more engineering like route. The wikipedia should offer many different pathways to reach from one point of knowledge to a higher point. One of the problems with making the wikiversity too interdisplanary and reducing the barriers between subjects is that it makes courses less modular. As courses become less modular the prerequisites for each course increase and it becomes harder for a given person to meet the prerequisites. The course also becomes longer and teach a lot of stuff the learner does not really need to know. This is why it is probably in many case better to have discrete learning units and also to have books. They increase the modularity of knowledge, decrease the prerequisites and thus reduce the barriers to knowledge. Thus the wikiversity community should be very careful before we dismiss the traditional ideas of displines and books completely. I think there should be several possible options a person can take. For instance if a person is learning calculus, there could be a very mathematical path like what would be seen in Spivak's Calculus, a more engineering oriented path which focusses on calculations and using calculus to do engineering type problems and finally an extremely rich and beautiful path which covers everyting, the math, the engineering/physics applications, the history the interconnections etc.

Anyway, I am not saying that a more radical interdisciplinary approach with fewer barriers between subjects is a bad idea. I am just trying to approach things from the learners point of view and his/her individual needs which will require different emphasises, different pedogagical styles and as few prerequisites as possible.

- Please check out alexevasion and his ideas at [b:Wikiversity:School_of_Social_Science]

title: Wikiversity:Alternative Theory


text:
Talk:Antoinette Pienaar

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Antoinette Pienaar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101020225457/http://www.healingpowerofnature.co.za/content/film1main.html to http://www.healingpowerofnature.co.za/content/film1main.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224421/http://www.randomstruik.co.za/about-the-author.php?authorID=5416 to http://www.randomstruik.co.za/about-the-author.php?authorID=5416
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101020225457/http://www.healingpowerofnature.co.za/content/film1main.html to http://www.healingpowerofnature.co.za/content/film1main.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111227134831/http://www.kruiekraaikoning.co.za:80/about/index.html to http://www.kruiekraaikoning.co.za/about/index.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:43, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Antoinette Pienaar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101225122340/http://www.dekat.co.za/emag/specialedit2010/pageflip.html to http://www.dekat.co.za/emag/specialedit2010/pageflip.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101225022434/http://www.dekat.co.za/?p=1731&lang=af to http://www.dekat.co.za/?p=1731&lang=af

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:46, 7 July 2017 (UTC)

Cancer
What to use <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:59, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antoinette Pienaar


text:
útiseta

Noun

 * 1) exile
 * 2) * Bardagaárini vóru gróðrartíð millum føroyingar í útisetu í Keypmannahavn.
 * The years of war were the adolescence among the Faroese in exile in Copenhagen
 * 1) person, who stays in foreign homes

title: útiseta


text:
Richmond Heights station

Richmond Heights station is a light rail station on the Blue Line of the St. Louis MetroLink system. This at-grade station is located near the interchange of Interstate 170 and Galleria Parkway in Richmond Heights, Missouri.

The station has a small commuter parking lot with 57 spaces and includes a kiss and ride turnaround.

Station layout
The island platform is accessed via a single ramp at the north end of the station.

Public artwork
In 2009, Metro's Arts in Transit program commissioned the work Mime by Kristin Jones and Andrew Ginzel for this station. A collar of stainless steel convex mirrors absorbs and reflects everything seen in the station environs.

Notable places nearby

 * Saint Louis Galleria

title: Richmond Heights station


text:
Feng Aigang

Feng Aigang (born 20 December 1975) is a Chinese former wrestler who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

title: Feng Aigang


text:
List of protected heritage sites in Sombreffe

This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Sombreffe. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.

 * }


text:
Business finance

If you are going to start a business you need to keep track of your finances.
MONEY is the life blood of the economy and BUSINESS is the way in which people and capital are organized within the economy to create money and productivity. In essence, business is like the heart of the economy while money is the blood.

Over the years a variety of laws have been introduced to regulate financial aspects of business. Keeping track of finances in business helps to reduce fraud and waste. Keeping track of finances also allows for maximum efficiency to be attained. It is also the law.

This course is intended to help give you an idea of how business finances work. This is a wiki, so you are encouraged to add and edit the course. This course will probably not lead you towards earning a degree in business, finance, accounting, or business finance; however, it will hopefully give you a better idea of how business finance works, and maybe, just maybe, if you wanted to start your own business and use sound financal practices, you could.

The Time Value of Money

Balance sheet structure
The following balance sheet structure is just an example. It does not show all possible kinds of assets, equity and liabilities, but it shows the most usual ones. Because it shows Goodwill it could be a consolidated balance sheet. Monetary values are not shown, summary (total) rows are missing as well.

Balance Sheet of XYZ, Ltd. as on 31 December 2005

ASSETS

Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents Marketable Securities Accounts receivable Inventories Prepaid Expenses Investments held for trading Other current assets

Non-Current Assets (Fixed Assets) Property, plant and equipment Accumulated Depreciation Goodwill Other intangible fixed assets Investments in Deferred tax assets

and EQUITY

Current liabilities Accounts payable Current income tax liabilities Current portion of bank loans payable Short-term provisions Other current liabilities

Long term Liabilities (Fixed Liabilities) Bank loans Issued debt securities Deferred tax liability Provisions Minority interest

Capital and reserves Share capital Capital reserves Revaluation reserve Translation reserve Retained earnings

Analogy

Knowing is not the same as understanding, so it is helpful to present an analogy.

* Think of an investment as a water reservoir. The value of the investment is the volume of water in it. The shareholder equity (net equity) on the balance sheet measures this value. * Streams empty into the reservoir, adding more water. These inflows are measured by Revenues on the Income statement. * Streams run out of the reservoir, depleting it. These outflow are measured by Expenses on the Income statement. o The difference between these inflows and outflows is the net income, also shown in the Income statement.

* When a neighbor joins in the investment as a partner, he digs a canal from his own reservoir so it drains into the reservoir. This additional water is measured by an increase in the share capital. * If you ask a neighbor to add to the reservoir, it is considered as liability, thus reducing net equity but increasing assets. These are both shown on the Balance Sheet.

While measuring the volume of water in the reservoir at a point in time (balance sheet) is relatively easy, keeping track of the streams' volumes at every second of the year is difficult. Accountants may choose to ignore some streams: they may not know some streams exist: water may be evaporating, and unmeasurable. As a result the income statement is easily wrong. Regardless, the net sum of inflows less outflows should equal the difference in the reservoir (beginning vs. ending). The statement of changes in shareholder equity attempts this reconciliation.

None of the financial statements measures your own personal share of the reservoir when you have partners. It is up to the individual investor to measure, not the business totals, but his share. The methods to use 'equity per share' is shown at shareholders' equity.

Users of Financial Statements
Financial statements are used by a diverse group of parties, both inside and outside a business. Generally, these users are:

1. Internal Users: are owners, managers, employees and other parties who are directly connected with a company.

* Owners and managers require financial statements to make important business decisions that affect its continued operations. Financial analyses are then performed on these statements to provide management with a more detailed understanding of the figures. These statements are also used as part of management's report to its stockholders, as it form part of its Annual Report.

* Employees also need these reports in making collective bargaining agreements (CBA) with the management, in the case of labor unions or for individuals in discussing their compensation, promotion and rankings.

2. External Users: are potential investors, banks, government agencies and other parties who are outside the business but need financial information about the business for a diverse number of reasons.

* Prospective investors make use of financial statements to assess the viability of        investing in a business. Financial analysis is often used by investors and is prepared by professionals (Financial Analysts), thus providing them with the basis in making investment decisions.

* Financial institutions (banks and other lending companies) use them to decide whether to        grant a company with fresh working capital or extend debt securities (such as a long-term         bank loan or debentures) to finance expansion and other significant expenditures.

* Government entities (Tax Authorities) need financial statements to ascertain the propriety and accuracy of taxes and other duties declared and paid by a company.

* Media and the general public are also interested in financial statements for a variety of reasons.

Government financial statements
The rules for the recording, measurement and presentation of government financial statements may be different from those required for business and even for non-profit organizations. They may use either accrual accounting, or cash accounting, or a combination of the two. A complete set of Chart of Accounts is also used that is substantially different from the Chart of a profit-oriented business.

Audit and Legal Implications
Although the legal statutes may differ from country to country, an audit of financial statements is required. These are usually performed by independent accountants or auditing firms. Results of the audit are summarized in an audit report that either provide an unqualified opinion on the financial statements or qualifications as to its fairness and accuracy. The audit opinion on the financial statements is usually included in the Annual Report.

There has been much legal debate over who an auditor is liable to. Since audit reports tend to be addressed to the current shareholders, it is commonly thought that they owe a legal duty of care to them. But this may not be the case as determined by common law precedent. In Canada, auditors are liable only to investors using a prospectus to buy shares in the primary market. In the UK, they have been held liable to potential investors when the auditor was aware of the potential investor and how they would use the information in the financial statements. Nowadays auditors tend to include in their report liability restricting language, discouraging anyone other than the addressees of their report from relying on it. Liability is an important issue: in the UK, for example, auditors have unlimited liability.

In the United States, especially in the post-Enron era there has been substantial concern about the accuracy of financial statements. Corporate officers (the CEO and CFO) are personally liable for attesting that financial statements "do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by th[e] report". Making or certifiing misleading financial statements exposes the people involved to substantial civil and criminal liability. For example Bernie Ebbers (former CEO of WorldCom) was sentenced to 25 years in federal prison for allowing WorldCom's revenues to be overstated by $11 billion over five years.

Standards and Regulations
Different countries have developed their own accounting principles over time, making international comparisons of companies difficult. To ensure uniformity and comparability between financial statements prepared by different companies, a set of guidelines and rules are used. Commonly referred to as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), these set of guidelines provide the basis in the preparation of financial statements.

Recently there has been a push towards standardizing accounting rules made by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB"). IASB develops International Financial Reporting Standards that have been adopted by Australia, Canada and the European Union (for publicly quoted companies only), are under consideration in South Africa and other countries. The United States Federal Accounting Standards Board has made a commitment to converge the US GAAP and IFRS over time.

Inclusion in Annual Reports
To entice new investors, most public companies assemble their financial statements on fine paper with pleasing graphics and photos in an annual report to shareholders, attempting to capture the excitement and culture of the organization in a "marketing brochure" of sorts. Usually the company's chief executive officer will write a letter to shareholders, describing management's performance and the company's financial highlights.

In the United States, prior to the advent of the internet, the annual report is considered the most effective way for corporations to communicate with individual shareholders. Blue chip companies went to great expense to produce and mail out attractive annual reports to every shareholder. The annual report was often prepared in the style of a coffee table book

In formal bookkeeping and accounting, a balance sheet is a statement of the book value of a business or other organization or person at a particular date, at the end of a period such as a "fiscal year," as distinct from an income statement, also known as a profit and loss account (P&L), which records revenue and expenses over a specified period of time.

A balance sheet is often described as a "snapshot" of the company's financial condition on a given date. Of the four basic financial statements, the balance sheet is the only statement which applies to a single point in time, instead of a period of time.

A simple business operating entirely in cash could measure its profits by simply withdrawing the entire bank balance at the end of the period, plus any cash in hand. However, real businesses are not paid immediately; they build up inventories of goods to sell and they acquire buildings and equipment. In other words: businesses have assets and so they could not, even if they wanted to, immediately turn these into cash at the end of each period. Real businesses also owe money to suppliers and to tax authorities, and the proprietors do not withdraw all their original capital and profits at the end of each period. In other words businesses also have liabilities.

A modern balance sheet usually has three parts: assets, liabilities and shareholders' equity. The main categories of assets are usually listed first and are followed by the liabilities. The difference between the assets and the liabilities is known as the 'net assets' or the 'net worth' of the company.

The net assets shown by the balance sheet equals the third part of the balance sheet, which is known as the shareholders' equity. This balance is not a coincidence. Records of the values of each account in the balance sheet are maintained using a system of accounting known as double-entry bookkeeping.

Some Future Value Definitions
• Future Value (FV): The amount an investment is worth after one or more periods.

• Simple Interest: Interest earned only on the original principal amount invested.

• Compound Interest: Interest earned on both the initial principal and the interest reinvested from prior periods.

• Compounding: The process of accumulating interest on an investment over time to earn more interest.

Financial Statements
Financial statements (or financial reports) are formal records of a business' financial activities. These statements provide an overview of a business' profitability and financial condition in both short and long term. There are four basic financial statements:

1. Balance Sheet: also referred to as statement of financial condition, reports on a company's assets, liabilities and net equity as of a given point in time.

2. Income Statement: also referred to as Profit or loss statement, reports on a company's results of operations over a period of time.

3. Cash Flow Statement: reports on a company's cash flow activities, particularly its operating, investing and financing activities.

4. Statement of changes in shareholder equity: reconciles the difference between net equity at two different points in time.

Because these statements are often complex, an extensive set of Notes to the Financial Statements and management discussion and analysis is usually included. The notes will typically describe each item on the Balance sheet, Income statement and Cash flow statement in further details. Notes to Financial Statements are considered as an integral part of the Financial Statements.

Constructing a Balance Sheet
Case Study

1.1 A new business starts up as a limited company called Sunrise Ltd by raising $10,000 from the owners i.e. share holders. The money is put in to a new bank account. What would the assets, liabilities and equity be? Assets: Bank Balance		10,000

Equity & Liabilities: Share Capital		10,000

1.2 They then use 6,000 of its bank account to buy a delivery van. Assets and liabilities after this transaction: Assets: Bank Balance		 4,000 Delivery Van		 6,000

Equity & Liabilities: Share Capital		10,000

1.3 Sunrise Ltd then buys some inventory at 3,000 on credit. Assets and liabilities after this transaction: Assets: Bank Balance		 4,000 Delivery Van		 6,000 Inventory		 3,000

Liabilities: Accounts Payable	 3,000	(to be paid to creditors)

Equity: Share Capital		10,000

Total assets must always equal total liabilities (and equity). It is inevitable as the liabilities (and equity) are providing the funds that we are spending on these assets.

1.4 Shortly afterwards, after selling 1,000 of inventory for 2,500, payment of 2,600 of the accounts payable and the purchase of 2,200 of machinery financed by a 2,200 bank loan, the assets and liabilities change to the following:

Sunrise Ltd. Balance Sheet As of December 31, 2005 ---

Fixed Assets Delivery Van		 6,000 Machinery		 2,200 --- Total fixed assets			 8,200

Current Assets Bank Balance		 1,400 Inventory		 2,000 Accounts Receivable	 2,500 --- Total 			 5,900

Accounts Payable	       400 --- Net current assets 			 5,500 Total assets                       13,700

Long-Term Liabilities Loans Repayable		 2,200 --- Total Long Term Liabilities		 2,200 --- NET ASSETS				11,500 ---

Shareholders' Equity Share Capital		10,000 Retained profits	 1,500 --- TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY		11,500 ---

Points to note:
 * Must be headed with the name of the reporting entity (e.g. Sunrise Ltd) and the date.
 * The van has not been depreciated and there are no other trading expenses
 * The terms 'Current Liability' and 'Long-Term Liability' are the traditional names possibly used by sole traders or partnerships. Limited companies may use the phrases 'Liabilities: Amounts falling due within 1 year' and 'Liabilities: Amounts falling due after 1 year'.
 * The Total Equity may also be called the 'Net Worth'.
 * The Net Worth is in principle what the company is worth, it shows the monetary amount that would effectively be left, if all assets were sold and all liabilities paid off.

title: Business finance