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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2015 February 5

= February 5 =

Proof that proto indo europeans lived in eastern europe.
What archaeological and genetic proof is there that indo europeans were originally from eastern europe? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:25, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Proto-Indo-European is a hypothetical language which gives identity to a hypothetical group of speakers who didn't leave any written documentary evidence to link them to the term. So, to my knowledge, we don't have any archaeological evidence for such a group, but someone better read on the subject than I am could probably tell you what archaeological evidence has been found there. I think it's in the region of the Ukraine you're thinking, right? Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 02:29, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

What about genetic proof? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:33, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Also a tricky one. I mean one thing you could do is to find certain genetic similarities in various groups of people that are most prevalent in people from that specific area, but that's about all I remember from those types of studies. Someone with a far better understanding than I have would have to comment on this. Again though, this is a language-based identity and without written examples you can't do the best thing which would be to tie material evidence to human remains. Then you have a shot at having found a 'Proto-IE' person, but even then you'd need more than one example to get anything concrete. I think it's more an archaeological question than a genetic one and the material evidence likely isn't there (Though absence of evidence does not equal evidence of absence). Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 03:06, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia article is Kurgan hypothesis... AnonMoos (talk) 09:58, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David Anthony, listed in the "further reading" section of the article AnonMoos linked to above, provides detailed archeological evidence for the Pontic-Caspian origin of the Proto-Indo-European language. The author also claims tha its speakers were responsible for horse domestication and the invention of spoked wheels and chariots. — Kpalion(talk) 12:25, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * See Luca Cavalli-Sforza's genetic analyses from the 90's. He analyzed a large number of genetic foci among Europeans (and various other populations) and noted that certain genetic traits tended to vary in a correlated way.  He then seperated out these components, and mapped them.
 * His first component map of Europe shows a trend out of the Middle East, which may have to do with the expansion of farming, or simple population pressure at the end of the last ice age.
 * His second map (accounting for the second largest trend in European genetics) is quite striking, showing an expansion out of the lower Dnieper river vally, that fits very well with the Kurgan Hypothesis.
 * μηδείς (talk) 18:31, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * They must have lived in Eastern Europe at some time or another, in order to get into Western Europe. Hittites were in the Middle East, and Celtic and Germanic tribes we all over Europe (and even in Western China - plus, don't forget the Tocharians) at the time of the estimated date of Proto-Indo European (3,000BC). The Indian subcontinent had already been inhabited by Indo-Europeans. The 'proof' that was given to me, that Indo-Europeans 'originated' in the Caucasus regions (or at least, somewhere north of Turkey), is that the words for beech tree (*bagos) and salmon (*laks) are prevelant in most ancient P-IE languages, and the only place where both co-exist is in that region. Bear in mind, that language change is a continuous and ongoing process, and dialects will spring up, split off into separate languages, and borrow from each other as trade increases with more discoveries and technology. The idea that a language existed at a certain time in a certain region and then spontaneously exploded into lots of other languages is not exactly how to view it. There was no standardization in those days, as there was no writing system for P-IE. It was borrowing from neighbours who either spoke P-IE or didn't, and also lending them words, too. Language exchange is an important part of language change.  KägeTorä - ( 影 虎 )  ( Chin Wag )  14:52, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This is an ideological issue in India. For religious reasons some Hindus finds it "offensive" that Sanskrit may not have originated in India. This overlaps with post-colonial attitudes which see the notion of invading "Aryans" in terms of White supremecism and as a kind of emblem of British rule. Hence the notion that the British made up the trheory to (a) justify their rule and (b) undermine Hinduism. The need for 'proof' that 'that indo europeans were originally from eastern europe' arises from this preoccupation. Of course there is no 'proof' as such, and it's unlikely that there could ever be. There is just a lot of evidence. Paul B (talk) 17:00, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It has become over-politicised, not least by the Nazis and the subsequent lack of adequate academic denazification. Mallory in In Search of the Indo-Europeans gives various contradictory quotes about where the PIE homeland "must" have been, and devotes a chapter to the question. It seems most likely that the homeland was somewhere around the Caspian. To the West is Europe, to the East, Asia. Not so many kilometres but a huge ideological distance. The Indians are right that the British did posit Aryan invasions as a racist trope, to vindicate their idea that lighter skinned northern Indians were "martial races" and also particularly suited for their Civil Service. The Hindutvas are, however, quite wrong in assuming that the introduction of Indo-European languages equates to invasions of people. The whole Aryan invasion thesis predated the discovery of the Indus Valley civilisations. Itsmejudith (talk) 19:37, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * To a significant extent it only really became identified as an "invasion" after the discovery of the IVC, as the advent of I-E languages seemed to coincide with the fall of the Civilisation. Ironically, this actually changed the portrayal of the Aryans. They come to be seen more as Vandal-like barbarians overthrowing a peacful high culture than as a superior race taking over from primitive Australoid aboriginals, which was the common view beforehand. Paul B (talk) 21:44, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Itsmejudith -- Regardless of the semantics of the word "invasion", early Hindu religious writings are actually very compatible with the hypothesis of an origin of Indo-European languages outside India, since the earliest writings (Rig-Veda etc) refer to a culture of animal herders and charioteers roaming the Punjab, while later classical Hinduism is mainly based on settled agriculturalists along the Ganges valley... AnonMoos (talk) 09:40, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Ignoring the Indian nationalist claims, which contradict all evidence, Gimbutas, Mallory and Cavalli-Sforza, in three different disciplines, come up with the same Pontic-Caspian homeland. The only other serious contenders are Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, who chose an Armenian homeland based solely on typological factors, and Renfrew, who arbitraily identifies the Indo-Europeans with the first agriculturalists, which is off by thousands of years based on all actual evidence.  Pastoralism in the area is known to postdate the beginning of agriculture by millennia.  And typological arguments simply ignore the fact that languages, related, say, to the North-West Caucasian languages (see Colarusso's Proto-Pontic) had all the typological characteristics necessary to explain how a horse-domesticating civilization speaking an Uralo-Siberian language could have assimilated a more densely popualted Caucasian language, with a reanalysis of the former tongue under the influence of the latter producing PIE.  In any case, no set of data agrees in the way Gibutas's archaeological evidence, Mallory's linguistic evidence, and Cavalli-Sforza's genetic evidence does. μηδείς (talk) 01:23, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

I'm a lighthouse. Your call.
Does anyone know of any land-based lighthouses that have been destroyed by a ship colliding into them? I was able to find some lighthouses destroyed by collisions, such as the Elbow of Cross Ledge Light and the Savannah Light, but all of them were stuck in the middle of the water, in places that would otherwise be shipping lanes. Basically, I'm imagining a lighthouse destroyed when a ship goes aground in an egregious fashion, e.g. if a ship takes out the Fairport Harbor breakwater and destroys the Fairport Harbor West Breakwater Light, or if a ship hits the cliff underneath the Split Rock Lighthouse and causes its collapse. Nyttend (talk) 04:43, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, but I just read a story about a train that went speeding off the track and into a baggage facility, killing no one.
 * I imagine lighthouse disasters are equally bloodless and more remote, probably why I don't remember them. InedibleHulk (talk) 06:44, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The Bell Rock Lighthouse was smoked by a helicopter in 1955. Not destroyed, but not pretty. The Argyll almost hit it in 1915, but the reef got between them. No casualties there, either, of 655 aboard. Also took a whooping from machine guns. But no ship-on-house violence. InedibleHulk (talk) 06:52, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

The question title refers, of course, to the lighthouse and naval vessel urban legend. But if you look at the "See also" section of that article, you will find three actual examples of collisions with lighthouses:
 * Elbow of Cross Ledge Light, a New Jersey lighthouse that was hit by a ship in 1953
 * Moreton Bay Pile Light, an Australian lighthouse twice hit by ships

A Google search on the obvious keywords produces two Google Books hits: Ship Collision Analysis: Proceedings of the international symposium on advances in ship collision analysis, Copenhagen, Denmark, 10-13 May 1998 edited by Henrik Gluver and Dan Olsen; and Ship Collision with Bridges: The Interaction Between Vessel Traffic and Bridge Structures (1993) by Ole Damgaard Larsen (a name surprisingly similar to "Dan Olsen"!). There seems to be a technical glitch keeping Google Books from showing me any pages of the first book, but on page 66 the second one refers to an actual collision of "a 10,600 DWT vessel" against "the Drogden lighthouse in Copenhagen", so there's a fourth example. By adding "Drogden" to the search, I then found this PDF document which on page 5 gives the position of the lighthouse (apparently in degrees and decimal minutes, equivalent to 55.54°N, 12.71°W) and tells some of the story (in bad English) but does not give the date or the name of the ship. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:12, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Please read my question again. I'm asking about ships hitting lighthouses on land, not lighthouses on water that sit in shipping lanes; I even linked the Elbow of Cross Ledge Light in my original question.  Nyttend (talk) 13:50, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oops, sorry. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:52, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That's a bit like asking something ridiculous like "has anyone ever tripped over a tree branch thirty feet in the air". Lighthouses on land are unlikely to have been destroyed by ships beaching themselves.  Any ship large enough to do significant damage to a light house would have grounded itself well before reaching the beach.  -- Jayron 32 21:02, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Why? What would prevent an unguided, misguided, or maliciously guided ship from crashing into a lighthouse at the end of a mole, or hitting a cliff and damaging/destroying the lighthouse at the top?  Nyttend (talk) 18:21, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * What does the title of this section mean? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:50, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * As I said above: it refers to the lighthouse and naval vessel urban legend. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:52, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Cute. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 23:11, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Not quite a lighthouse, but the very stupidly conceived and placed Port of Genoa control tower was felled by a ship in recent years, with seven dead. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9g4RyWs5MA --Tagishsimon (talk) 02:53, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm amazed that that we don't have an article on that 7 May, 2013 collision between the Linea Messina cargo ship Jolly Nero Genoa Port Control Tower, as it was unusual, deadly, and destructive. Our Port of Genoa article doesn't even mention the incident.  I've been unable to find any information on the result of the investigation, with the most informative article I could locate being this one published only two days after the accident when rescuers were still searching the rubble for missing personnel.  The only later information I've located is this mention of plans for a replacement tower.  The Italian Wikipedia page it:Jolly Nero does discuss the incident, and mentions finding the body of the 9th victum ten days after the collision, but has no discussion of root cause and investigation. -- ToE 13:37, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Whenever anyone mentions an "inland lighthouse", the Lighthouse Methodist Church always springs to mind; it's in Walthamstow in London, about 5 miles from the nearest navigable water. Alansplodge (talk) 10:34, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * From the nearest easily navigable water, but only a 200 metre hop from the Dagenham Brook. A jetski with fins might stand a chance at crashing it, if the wind's just so. InedibleHulk (talk) 18:48, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

industrial revolution
Why didn't China, India, the middle east, nor ancient rome go through an industrial revolution?They were certainly quite advanced civilizations.Roger adams49 (talk) 07:08, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This has been discussed by various historians etc. Slavery was widely practiced in ancient Mediterranean civilizations, and political and educated elites often disdained craftsmen who performed actual physical labor (see Banausos).  In China, trade was disdained by official Confucian ideology (see Four Occupations), and industrial/commercial wealth could be subject to arbitrary governmental expropriation, so that merchants often hastened to set themselves up as landowners and join the gentry-officialdom class... AnonMoos (talk) 09:54, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * A BBC documentary called Why did the Industrial Revolution happen here? is worth a watch. I probably shouldn't tell you that you can find a copy of it on YouTube. Alansplodge (talk) 13:07, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Guns, Germs, and Steel proposes a solution to this question; the author believes that a core reason for European industrial superiority was basically environmental. Nyttend (talk) 14:01, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * It's also worth pointing you towards Industrial Revolution. The only adequate way to summarise that discussion is that it's all very complicated. --Antiquary (talk) 14:25, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Not trying to be obtuse here, but I feel the need to point out that these places did go through industrial revolutions. Just later. Well I guess "ancient Rome" didn't but later Rome did. There's a ton of speculation about what might have happened if a steam engine were ever mass produced in Rome, and many people agree that they were rather "close" in some sense. For our coverage, see Hero_of_Alexandria, Roman technology and History of the steam engine. If you want more speculative stuff, you'll have to google for it, perhaps like this SemanticMantis (talk) 18:30, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Indeed. One thing to point out is that, while traditional Chinese historiography treats "China" as a cohesive single nation state with a single language, history, and culture stretching back to time immemorial, in reality Chinese history is no less complex and complicated, with periods of tribalism, empire, petty states, empire again, etc. etc. than was European History. So when one says "Ancient Rome", one cannot compare it to "China" without saying "China when"  Technologically, China during the same time period as the Roman Empire was at least on par with Europe, if not a bit ahead, and during the early middle ages, it absolutely was ahead of it.  China began to lag behind for various internal political reasons.  IIRC Niall Ferguson in one of his books, maybe "Civilization", posits that European disunity actually generated the sort of competition that allowed it to outpace China, which at that time was a unified Empire.  Contrawise, when China was the most innovative was during periods of political disunity, for example during much of the time when Europe was undergoing the demographic collapse of the Middle Ages, China wasn't really all that unified under a single Emperor: Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was when China was "ahead" of Europe, innovating all sorts of cool stuff like gunpowder and paper and things like that.  When China became at once unified and isolationist, it began to lag behind.  Furthermore, "India" as a place under a single state is a modern invention as well.  It has only been since the Political integration of India in the middle 20th century that India has existed as a state, rather than simply a peninsula off the south side of Asia.  India is likewise as diverse and complex, historically, as Europe has been.  -- Jayron 32 20:40, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "Like the fella says, in Italy for 30 years under the Borgias they had warfare, terror, murder, and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Renaissance. In Switzerland they had brotherly love - they had 500 years of democracy and peace, and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock." MChesterMC (talk) 09:38, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Link: The Third Man. -- ToE 13:58, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * SemanticMantis -- Hero of Alexandra was probably the most prolific inventor and engineering writer of Classical antiquity, but he concentrated on military technology and "temple wonders" (i.e. gadgets to impress rustics and uneducated people attending temples in Alexandria). His version of the steam engine (the "Aeolipile") was not intended for practical horsepower-generating work, and there's no evidence that anyone tried to adapt it for that purpose. I really don't think that Greco-Roman civilization was just one small missing link away from an industrial revolution; rather there were a lot of attitudes and institutions that would have had to change... AnonMoos (talk) 00:01, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, yes, absolutely. My understanding is that the lack was more in terms of the cultural goals and "attitudes and institutions" as you say. But in terms of scientific and engineering concepts, I think it's fair to say they were quite close. If they had seen it as a potential military technology... well, that's why people like to speculate and write "alternate history" about ancient Roman steam engines :) SemanticMantis (talk) 15:46, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The economic upheaval caused by the Black Death led to the end of the feudal system and "free" labour, giving rise to increased prominence of the "merchant class" and a reduction in the power of the nobility. Then came the acquisition of a vast empire by the British, which increased the flow of goods into and from Britain and consequent rise in demand for industrial processing. The cost of labour caused innovative ways to increase productivity per worker, thus the Industrial Revolution. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 19:02, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Our article Great Divergence contains a lot of ideas about "why not China". Itsmejudith (talk) 20:11, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

I've now begun to answer this question, it is a really useful and involved answer that is taking me days to write, but should be enormously useful feedback, one of the best things you'll have ever gotten. (I'll replace this text with the complete long answer.) However in this case for a specific reason which I'll mention, I'll include additional specific requests simply due to the huge amount of time involved in my answer - be prepared that these will be relatively large requests, and you will have to meet them to get such huge amounts of my time again. I won't post anything for a few days now as this is going to take me huge amounts of time just now. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, what are you saying about requests? I apologize if I misunderstand you comment, but it seems rather strange to me. It's fine let us know that you're working on a long answer; I'm sure many of us will appreciate it. But who are these unknown parties that must meet some "relatively large requests"? All action here is voluntary. If you don't want to participate, then don't. If you do want to participate that's great too. But this reads to me like you are (or are planning on) making some sort of demands, and I don't think this is the place for that. SemanticMantis (talk) 18:19, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The Romans were actually very good, industrially speaking.  KägeTorä - ( 影 虎 )  ( Chin Wag )  22:00, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I will need an extension on this due to a death in my very cose family (a parent.) i've collected a lot of information but am not ogiung to write anything just now.  I will reply directly the person ('roger adams') who had asked on their talk page. by the way this is a matter of public record, and a hobby for me. it is fully transparent to all parties esp in the west. u.s., uk, etc.  i only use public sources, and my goal is increasing progress and understanding.  my aim in the world is huge amounts of growth and innovation and mutual understanding.  i want to make the world a better place.  <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:05, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Interracial adoption: what about interracial couples?
Hi! The relevant Wikipedia articles and reference desk entries and every paper I've been to find on Google Scholar on interracial adoption seem to assume that both adoptive parents are of the same race. But I see no reason why that has to be the case. I've only found one legal case, Campos v. McKeithen, in which one of the one of the would-be adoptive parents was of the same race as the child and the other wasn't, but that fact was only mentioned in passing because the outcome of the case would have been exactly the same anyway had both parents been white. So, is it not considered an interracial adoption in the US in that case? Intuitively, it would seem to me that it has to be one, because the child can't belong to the same race as both of his/her parents... Thanks for your replies :)JaneStillman (talk) 19:28, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There may not be any "official" term for it, since the law doesn't care. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:49, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't know about the USA but in the UK mixed-race couples are actively sought out as potential adopters. They would sometimes take on a child who was black, not mixed-race, but if possible a family will be found who share a background with the child. There are various considerations. Will the child be stared at in the street, as obviously not the natural child of the accompanying adults? Will the parents be able to sympathise if the child experiences racism? Will the parents be able to provide help with such basic things as how to keep hair tidy and attractive? Itsmejudith (talk) 19:26, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The OP seems to be asking for a strict definition of "interracial adoption". What, if anything, do the Brits call the scenario you describe? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There's no official definition. This article points out some of the nuances. Most attention has been on children who are either mixed race or both natural parents black being placed with couples who are both white. I remember very well from my teenage years in the distant past how isolated black children could be when adopted into an all-white community. Then the pendulum swung to a situation an exact match was required "the child is Nigerian-English, and these prospective parents are Jamaican-Scottish, obviously no good". Now it's swung back a bit. Itsmejudith (talk) 21:45, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Why are Catholic churches not considered "megachurches"?
A single Catholic parish may have thousands of members on a Sunday, with each liturgy performed at different times of the day. Members are usually people within a geographical parish. So, why are they not considered "megachurches"? Why is the term used exclusively to refer to Protestant churches? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:46, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Megachurches are defined by more than just the number of members or the size of the worship church. The Megachurch movement is a distinct movement within American Evangelicalism of which having a massively large congregation is an important defining characteristic, but it is quite important to note that Megachurches should be seen as specifically an outgrowth of American Evangelicalism and not merely defined by any Christian congregation whose membership reaches some arbitrary plateau.  Don't fall into the trap of the etymological fallacy: that a word's meaning is only defined by it's etymology.  That is clearly not the case here, nor is it really the case for any word.  Instead, you need to understand how a word came to be in its historical and social context to understand what it means.  In this case, the word "Megachurch" developed as part of American Protestant Evangelicalism, and is only to be properly understood in that context.  Big Catholic Churches are just big Catholic Churches.  -- Jayron 32 20:57, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hey, that's just like the word homophobia. By etymology alone, it looks like it means fear of sameness, but by taking the social and historical contexts, it really means "aversion to or discrimination against homosexuals". <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:18, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "Phobia" and "aversion to" are pretty much the same idea. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:48, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Disagree, Bugs. They can overlap, but are not synonyms. I am averse to liquorice (I hate the taste), but I'm certainly not afraid of it. {The poster formerly known as <IP_ADDRESS>} <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:12, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * An "aversion" is "a turning away from", which is what one general does with something one is fearful of. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 16:55, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You are famously averse to "fly-by" unregistered users. Are you saying you fear them?  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  21:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Where did I say that? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:12, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Actions speak louder than words. --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  18:46, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * What actions? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 01:19, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Come, come, we don't need to revisit that. The quoted expression is of your invention, I believe. --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  11:01, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * What quoted expression? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 11:40, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "Fly-by". --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  22:25, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * the subject was an aside, and doesn't need to be turned into a personal issue that belittles the effects of actual prejudice. μηδείς (talk) 22:41, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * As to the actual nature of the Catholic Church, it is both the individual parish churches (the buildings on your street or wherever) and the "Church" or "Catholic Church, meaning that the parish church is a bit like a franchise of the broader church. Megachurches often don't have such an affiliation and may be Non-denominational. Mingmingla (talk) 02:44, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * So we have these individual large-membership churches, i.e. "megachurches". Then we have the Catholic "mega" church. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 03:20, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * "Mega" has no meaning in Catholicism, which basically has parish churches, episcopal cathedrals and national basilicas. Even in a large Catholic church you won't find the minister cavorting around, talking like a carnival barker, asking for emotional audience responses to his alternating ejaculations of salvation and fire and brimstone.  Megachurches are much more like tent revivals and televangelist ministries.  Not ceremony, majesty, and dignity; but enthusiasm, charisma, and ecstasy. μηδείς (talk) 18:21, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "Mega" need not be a term used by the Catholic church in order to be true. It simply means "big". And the word "Catholic" itself means "universal" and thus implies "big". ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:08, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I didn't say the word was untrue (in fact words cannot be true or false, only propositions). I said it has no meaning as such in Catholicism. μηδείς (talk) 01:05, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * True. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 01:08, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hm, I missed the universal=big part. But electrons are universal, while not being big.  I think Catholic is meant to imply worldwide, not architecturally upsized.  (Kata holos means acrost all in Greek) I'll add an image or two.
 * μηδείς (talk) 00:47, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes. The churches may or may not be big, but The Church is big. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 01:19, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Like the universe. InedibleHulk (talk) 01:23, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

What is the main purpose of serving food after a Protestant church service?
What is the main purpose of serving food after a Protestant church service (regardless of the time of day)? Is there any theological significance behind the practice? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:25, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Would you care to be more specific, which protestant denominations do that? I don't know of a single one that traditionally does that. Plasmic Physics (talk) 21:37, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:40, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It must be a custom they've developed over time - and perhaps an incentive for people to show up to the service. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:46, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * My church occasionally holds a potluck luncheon following the late morning service. The point is to practice fellowship, to strengthen the church community. We don't do it every Sabbath as it would be to demanding of the members, as they are the ones supplying the comestibles, and perhaps they have other Sabbath activities to tend to. Plasmic Physics (talk) 21:50, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Originally it was coffee and maybe cookies after service while adults talked and children went of to Sunday school. Then more cookies and maybe tea and cocoa since not quite everyone drinks coffee - and since cookies are not so healthy add some fruit, then vegetables, etc. Rmhermen (talk) 22:16, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Because people are both hungry at that time of the day, and enjoy each other's company. -- Jayron 32 02:29, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * We have tea, toast and Marmite at my church. God only knows. Alansplodge (talk) 19:41, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Fellowship gatherings are not theological in nature, but social in nature. Many (most) Protestant churches have a "Fellowship hall" of some sort so that members can actually meet and socialize with each other after services. Many years ago, when people could take hours to reach the church, such an opportunity for a light meal before heading home was nearly essential. Collect (talk) 19:54, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There is an old joke that coffee is an unofficial Sacrament in the Episcopal Church. Blueboar (talk) 01:19, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Some churches still have people travelling long distances; when I was in high school, our church had one family that drove 90 miles one-way to church, and another that went nearly an hour. The congregation's since gone to having a lunch every other week, due partly to the distances involved.  Nyttend (talk) 04:00, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

There's no particular mystical significance, but Christianity has had a tradition of sharing among its followers for its entire existence. Early Christian gatherings were usually held in people's homes, and food would usually be brought by members. After all, according to Christianity's own scriptures, its founder said, "Sell all your possessions and give the money to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me." This just makes things like the prosperity gospel and the modern U.S. right-wing worship of wealth and power hilarious and/or depressing to anyone who's actually read the Bible (I'm a U.S. citizen, so I claim the privilege of complaining about my fellow Americans). --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:57, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

See also: Agape feast. Collect (talk) 14:09, 7 February 2015 (UTC)


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This template uses CSS3 multiple column layout and is not supported by all Web browsers.

Examples
Here is an example:

which would render as:

TemplateData
{	"params": { "1": {			"label": "Cast", "required": true, "type": "content", "description": "Cast listing", "example": "See template documentation for example" },		"2": {			"deprecated": "Please use unnamed parameter 1 \"Cast\" instead of this" },		"gap": { "label": "Gap", "description": "Specifies the space between the content of adjacent columns, in any valid CSS width unit", "example": "2em", "type": "string", "default": "1em" },		"rules": { "label": "Rules", "description": "Adds vertical lines (\"rules\") between the columns if set to \"yes\"", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "yes" ]		},		"small": { "label": "Small", "description": "Sets font size to 90% if set to \"yes\"", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "yes" ]		},		"style": { "label": "Style", "description": "CSS styling to apply to the columns", "example": "column-count:3" }	} }

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Cast listing/doc


text:
User:Rakesh~enwikiversity

This is Rakesh from India, pursuing B.Tech in electronics. Mathematics and theoritical Physics are my primary interests and I hope wikiversity shall be of great help in this regard. Very happy to be a part of this great project, with a great aim.

title: User:Rakesh~enwikiversity


text:
User:Sorel92

Hello. I am Sorel92, and I love science, literature and learning new things! I'm excited to become a part of Wikipedia.

title: User:Sorel92


text:
Lobotes

Lobotes is a genus of ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Lobotidae known as the tripletails. These fishes are found in subtropical and tropical waters in all oceans.

Taxonomy
Lobotes was first proposed as a genus in 1830 by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier with Holocentrus surinamensis, originally described by Marcus Elieser Bloch in 1790 from Suriname, as its type species. Some authorities treat Lobotes as a monospecific genus with L. pacifica being regarded as a synonym of a single pantropical L. surinamensis. Lobotes is one of two genera in the family Lobotidae which the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies in the order Spariformes.

Species
The currently recognized species in this genus are:
 * Lobotes pacifica C. H. Gilbert, 1898 (Pacific tripletail)
 * Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) (Atlantic tripletail)

Characteristics
Lobotes species are characterised by having a rather compressed rectangular body with a slightly protruding upper jaw. They do not have any vomerine or palatine teeth. The preoperculum has serrations along its edge and the operculum has two flat spines hidden in the skin. The dorsal fin is supported by 12 robust spines and 15 or 16 soft rays and is continuous. The anal fin contains 3 spines and 11 soft rays. The soft rayed parts of the dorsal and anal fins are high and have rounded ends reaching past the caudal peduncle to resemble additional tails. The pectoral fins are shorter than the pelvic fins and the caudal fin is rounded. Ctenoid scales cover the body, including the base of the dorsal and anal fins, although they are not present on the cheek. Of the two species the Atlantic tripletail has a slightly longer maximum published total length of 110 cm than the Pacific tripletail’s at 100 cm.

Distribution and habitat
Lobotes tripletails are found in warm waters throughout the world. They are coastal fishes and can be found in estuaries, bays and inlets and will often be found around man-made objects, typically singly but they will school at times. Juveniles often float among Sargasssum weed.

title: Lobotes


text:
User:Imaginationac

Imaginationac, here! Welcome to my user page. My real name is Dorian Alexander Patterson. I hail from Augusta, GA.

I am currently an undergraduate student in my second semester at the University of Georgia. I am pursuing a Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) in Theatre, with a minor in Korean.

My career goals aim toward acting professionally, both on stage and screen. Thus my area of expertise will be associated with a liberal arts education concentrated focused on theatre, with emphasis on acting.

I also have an interested background in mathematics, although at the moment my tract of study does not include any related courses.

Aside from my high school diploma from one of the most prestigious magnet schools in the nation, John S. Davidson Fine Arts Magnet School, I have no accrediation. Still I'm willing to contribute what I know.

WikiMedia Foundation Sites

 * Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit see my user page for more details.
 * Wikiquote

Wikia Sites

 * Aselia, the Tales wiki, Contributing Editor since March 16, 2007, adopted on March 27, 2007.
 * The Gaiapedia, the community encyclopedia for Gaia Online, General Editor since March 17, 2007. This Wikia is currently active, but still needs help.
 * Degrassi Wiki, General Editor since March 18, 2007.

Other Wikis

 * The Plotwiki, General Editor since March 17, 2007. Officially affliated with the Gaiapedia.

title: User:Imaginationac


text:
Dowlatkhaneh

Dowlatkhaneh (, also Romanized as Dowlatkhāneh, Dowlat Khāneh and Daulat Khāneh) is a village in Dowlatkhaneh Rural District, Bajgiran District, Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 237, in 59 families.

title: Dowlatkhaneh


text:
User:Drusillaburt2/sandbox

i like say thank you ! to you all for that for my email addresss to be ok thanks for you guys and thanks for my password ok thanks to for you guys i thanks you! and my name is<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and my password to be in selfly now ok ! by drusilla l. burt

title: User:Drusillaburt2/sandbox


text:
like a dog with a bone

Adjective

 * 1)  Stubborn and tenacious; persistent; relentless; dogged.
 * 2) * 1932, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Ralph Manheim, trans. 1982, Journey to the End of the Night, page 67
 * I was like a dog with a bone, I wouldn't let go.
 * 1) * 1932, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Ralph Manheim, trans. 1982, Journey to the End of the Night, page 67
 * I was like a dog with a bone, I wouldn't let go.

title: like a dog with a bone


text:
Ekenäs Archipelago National Park

Ekenäs Archipelago National Park (Ekenäs skärgårds nationalpark, Tammisaaren saariston kansallispuisto) is situated in the Ekenäs archipelago, in the Uusimaa region of Finland. It was established in 1989 and covers 52 km2. The park is maintained by Metsähallitus (Ministry of Forestry).

Most of the park's area is composed of rock islets near the open sea, and the water areas surrounding them. Landing on and using motorboats near the most important bird islands is forbidden from April 1 to July 17, to protect the nesting of aquatic birds.

The park can only be accessed by boat. Visitors without a boat can reach it by a water taxi.

Ekenäs Archipelago National Park received the European Diploma of Protected Areas on June 19, 1996. It is valid until June 2011.

title: Ekenäs Archipelago National Park


text:
Pražský Krysařík

The Pražský Krysařík (Prague Ratter) is a small breed of dog from the Czech Republic that is rarely seen outside its country of origin.

Appearance
The Pražský Krysařík is a small toy dog, similar in appearance to the Chihuahua and the Miniature Pinscher, with a height of 20 to 23 cm and a weight of 1.5 to 3.5 kg.

There are two coat variations: The most common color is black and tan, which is also the original color. Lately, other colors have been approved: brown and tan, blue and tan, lilac and tan, yellow, pink, red, and merle.
 * short: smooth, glossy and thick
 * long: fringes on ears, limbs and tail

Temperament
Best known for its active and lively nature, the Pražský Krysařík is a spunky breed that is full of original character. These tiny dogs thrive on strong and dependable relationships with humans, love to receive affection and play the role of lap dog during down time. This breed is highly intelligent and generally responds well to basic training and commands. As a pet, the Pražský Krysařík is obedient, loyal, loving, and very affectionate. The Pražský Krysařík adapts well to full-time indoor and apartment living, yet still enjoys spending time outdoors, playing games such as fetch, and taking long and leisurely walks. They are also known to be a very quiet dog, unlike many other small dogs who tend to be very "yappy".

Train-ability
Due to its need for human attention and eagerness to please and impress its owner, the Pražský Krysařík generally responds well to basic training and commands. This bright breed has the ability to learn to perform many impressive tricks and tasks. Many owners claim that these dogs can easily be taught to use a litter box, thus eliminating the need for constant trips outdoors.

Establishing immediate trust and respect is key to successfully training the Pražský Krysařík. These dogs can be somewhat sensitive to criticism and respond best to positive reinforcement and reward-based training.

Areas of use
Pražský Krysařík might be small, but is nevertheless an easy dog to train as long as it is treated consistently. It can be trained for agility, freestyle, obedience, tracking etc.

The sense of smell and hearing is highly developed, and Pražský Krysařík is still a great rat hunter, just as its original purpose was. They have a high prey drive and will readily go after squirrels, rats and mice.

History
Czech dog breeders claim that krysaříks (ratters) are one of the oldest Czech breeds. The first mentions of these ratter dogs are found in the writings of the historian Einhard, dating back to the 8th-9th centuries. The Polish historian Gallus Anonymus mentions the beloved ratters of King Bolesław II the Generous (1058–1081). He became fond of the ratter and had two of them imported to Poland from Bohemia. As their name suggests they were also commonly used as rat catchers in rural and urban households. Ratters are even mentioned in the writings of Jules Michelet: Charles IV of Luxembourg, during his visit to France in 1377, presented three ratters to King Charles V of France as a precious gift, and later they were inherited by his son the Dauphin. In historical chronicles and literary works, ratters are mentioned in connection with Wenceslaus IV, Rudolf II and other European rulers. In the era of the absence of cats in Europe, tiny Pražský Krysaříks, along with other rat-catchers, served to protect the property of the royal owners from rodents. Legends say that in the royal houses krysaříks were also obliged to protect the owners from poisoners: during meals they were allowed to walk on tables and taste food and drinks. With the decline of the Czech state, krysaříks lost their exclusive belonging to the noble houses. They could be seen in peasant and bourgeois dwellings and outbuildings. They were used in rat battles popular in Europe. And over time they took their deserved place in the salons of ladies, as pets and companions.

The popularity of the Pražský Krysařík started to decline in the 19th century when the Miniature Pinscher became more fashionable. The breed went through a renaissance in the 1980s as Czechs and Slovaks started to breed them again. The first stage of the revival of the breed and the compilation of stud books began at the end of the 19th century under the leadership of dog breeders T. Rotter and O. Karlik. Two World Wars and the period of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia nullified the results of their efforts, the stud books were lost.

Modern Pražský Krysaříks trace their history since the 70s of the XX century, the key role in the revival of the breed was played by the canine scientists Jan Findejs, Rudolf Šiler, (1909-1997). In 1980, the first Pražský Krysařík was registered in the studbook. Until the end of the 20th century, the breed existed and developed exclusively within the borders of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. By the second decade of the 21st century, several hundred Pražský Krysaříks live outside the Czech Republic. Breed clubs have been established in several countries. In addition to the countries of Western Europe and Scandinavia, Pražský Krysaříks live in Russia, USA and Japan. There is a small number of krysaříks in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Italy.

In 2019, it became an FCI acknowledged breed. There are only about 6,000 Pražský Krysaříks registered in the world and they usually only have 1-3 puppies per year. They are nevertheless presented at shows in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Scandinavia.

Health
It is believed that the Pražský Krysařík is one of the dog breeds that do not have significant health problems. However, they can be prone to:

 * Diseases of the teeth and gums. Pražský Krysaříks are prone to increased formation of tartar, which leads to bad breath, as well as the development of periodontitis. Prevention consists of regularly brushing teeth and removing plaque when visiting your veterinarian. Krysaříks can also have retained baby teeth, which may need to be pulled to prevent further problems with dentition.
 * Bone injuries due to their small size. The most common fractures are the bones of the metacarpus and forearm.
 * Patellar luxation, an ailment common to small breeds. It is believed that this defect is congenital and inherited.

Life expectancy
The Pražský Krysaříks has a life span of 12 to 14 years.

title: Pražský Krysařík


text:
Senator Littell

Senator Littell may refer to:

 * Alfred B. Littell (1893–1970), New Jersey State Senate
 * Robert E. Littell (1936–2014), New Jersey State Senate

title: Senator Littell


text:
Talk:Domenico Di Carlo

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title: Talk:Domenico Di Carlo


text:
aceleración

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) acceleration

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) acceleration act of increasing motion or action
 * 2)  acceleration change of velocity with respect to time
 * 1)  acceleration change of velocity with respect to time
 * 1)  acceleration change of velocity with respect to time

title: aceleración


text:
User:Laodah/around

(Note: I've used Giraffedata's comprised-of essay as a template in many of the following sections; hence the similarities, up to and including outright plagiarism.)

The correctness problem
Many people do not accept the lazy around as valid English usage in any context. Their argument is that "around", which means "encircling", "in the vicinity of", or "approximately", can only be associated with a verb that doesn't require a precise object. Witness: "The festivities take place around the neighbourhood." Were we to pair that "around" with a concrete verb (x "The festivities are based around the neighbourhood"), we'd have gibberish.

The phrase apparently originated as a means to soften the writer's point. It thus joins the ranks of other weasel words (basically, hopefully, generally, and many others) that writers use to obscure the thrust of their lines, and so -- they hope, perhaps subconsciously -- avoid criticism. By saying that x "The 12th Precinct is based around the Magnolia neighbourhood", the writer hopes to "weasel" out of criticisms that some parts of that precinct are in fact in other neighbourhoods. Yet the metaphor is illogical; a thing rests on its base; less directly, its base may be in some specified location. But nothing is ever based around another thing; the concept of "base" is precise and indivisible.

Nevertheless, misuses of around are common. Some users are respected writers. Even more are respected speakers, such as radio hosts, TV journalists, and public figures. '''(For a real-world example of a writer repeatedly abusing "around" to avoid troublesome effort, click here.)

Here is my view of why the lazy around is poor writing:

 * It's completely unnecessary. There are many other ways to say what the writer really means.  Misuse of "around" adds nothing to the language.
 * It's illogical. As a metaphor, "around" must pass the real-world test. Yet nothing is based or centred around anything in the real world; nor can an idea be around something, or a document written around something, unless that thing is in the middle of the page. Therefore, the lazy around represents a mixed metaphor at best, and a misdirection at worst.
 * It obfuscates the point. By muddling the identity of objects and the direction of verbs, the writer who uses the lazy around abandons responsibility for understanding his or her point to the reader. (Thus the qualifier "lazy".)
 * It's new. No grammatical or style authorities endorse this use of "around", and in fact it was rare before the current generation.
 * It impoverishes the English language. By replacing more precise expressions, it reduces our power of description to, essentially, "well, you know..."
 * Because it frequently represents a mixture of technical verbs (based, centred) and the passive voice (x "this programme is centred around vintage code"), the lazy around is often a symptom of "writing up", that is, an attempt to sound authoritative. As an old writers' maxim has it, the best way to sound authoritative is to write like an authority. The lazy around actually accomplishes the opposite: by siphoning off precision, it leaves the author looking less authoritative.

Is the lazy around regional?
I edit the lazy around across Wikipedia, and find it widespread throughout Anglophonia. Interestingly, it seems most prevalent in Australia and England (though in neither is it considered correct). Why this might be, is an interesting question. In my experience, Americans tend to view the problem of poor English as worse in their country than overseas, but my Wikipedia activities suggest that the United States are in fact in the second tier of lazy-around offenders, alongside Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa, India, Jamaica, and all other English-speaking nations.

The archaeological record
Google Books' Ngram viewer provides fascinating insight into the origin and history of the expression "based around". Witness this chart of instances found in Google Books published since 1800.

As the data show, this grammatical error crawls along the edge of nonexistence for almost 150 years; in fact, it barely registers at all. Then about 1940 it raises its head ever so slightly, and progresses in this crouched posture through the next 20 years. Finally, in the late 60s, it abruptly cranks itself skyward and shoots into the stratosphere like a Saturn 5 rocket. (Coïncidence? You decide.) Over the subsequent 30 years, "based around" continues blasting upward on the near-vertical, until by 2000 (the upper limit of the statistical sample), it nearly smashes the graph's ceiling.

Discrete analysis of British and American publications renders substantially identical trajectories. Sadly, Ngrams doesn't offer an Australian filter, but we may assume the history of "based around" there, and across the rest of Anglophonia, is similar. It's also reasonable to assume that it mirrors the sordid career of the entire lazy around phenomenon, though a detailed investigation might reveal significant generalisation in recent decades.

Checking in with fellow wikignome Giraffedata, I learn that Ngrams of "comprised of" (his target error) are largely interchangeable with those of "based around".

Apparently, the English language suffered some cataclysmic indignity in or around 1968. Interestingly, it was not technology-related; television would have produced the upsurge in the 50s; the Internet, the 90s.

As there was no mass-media paradigm shift in the late 60s, that era's violent rise in vague elocution appears to be driven by a global shift in priorities across the English-speaking world.

Simply put, the generations before Woodstock were careful to preserve the integrity of formal English by judicious editing, at minimum, and possibly, dare we hope, precise thinking. (However, their informal English was as ingenious and disastrous as ours.) By contrast, the Woodstock generation and its descendants have been measurably less devoted to clear argument. How this may relate to deeper cultural values, one dreads to speculate.

As a final affront, neither the Australians nor the English, nor indeed the Americans, may defensibly be singled out for blame. Thus are we all deprived of our favourite villains.

Elegant variation
Elegant variation is the idea of using multiple phrasings for the same concept when writing to avoid tiring the reader with repetition. Sports announcers are famous for this, coining dozens of synonyms for "beat" as they run down the latest scores. So the lazy around can be a useful variation in a paragraph that already uses all the alternatives. This argument is inapplicable, though, in an encyclopedia -- such as Wikipedia -- where clarity is more important than euphony. Where clarity is important, it is important to use consistent terminology.

Efficiency
The very laziness of the lazy around could be viewed as an advantage. The lazy around can get you to the period faster than other rhetorical devices, simply because it replaces virtually every other preposition and adverb in the language. Witness: "We need to talk around ideas around medical care, and the concerns around the costs around hospitalisation and what happens around insurance policies that aren't around long stays." That's a lampshade, of course, but radio interviewers in our day often sound rather like that. Theoretically, if a person became fluent in the lazy around, a lot of cerebral effort could be given to other tasks. (For the writer or speaker, that is; the same technique greatly increases the effort required of the reader/listener.)

Unique meaning
Some might contend that the lazy around conveys a concept that can't be expressed in better English. For example, in the phrase (found on Wikipedia), x "jazz musicians based around British jazz-rock bands of the 60s", an argument might run that replacing the lazy around with "drawn from" would be too concrete, since some of the musicians might not have been members of actual bands. Yet the problem can easily be resolved in more precise language by rewriting the phrase, e.g., "jazz musicians drawn from the British jazz-rock scene in the 1960s", or simply, "British jazz-rock musicians of the 1960s."

More concise
As the above demonstrates, editing out the lazy around occasionally entails a total rewrite of the sentence, and sometimes the new sentence is longer or more complex than the original. (Again, this goes to the laziness issue, which could be construed as a labour-saving advantage.) However, since concision is of little value if it doesn't convey the point, and the primary effect of the lazy around is to obscure the point, this is a self-defeating choice. (It's also worth mentioning that, as a common symptom of "writing up", the lazy around is very often a feature of over-written sentences; statistically, more articles have fewer characters after I edit them than more.)

Rebuttal arguments
The lazy around has yet to draw the concentrated attention of grammar authorities, and this fact may lead some to conclude that "the absence of law is licence". However, a cursory examination of the facts demonstrates that the lazy around is in fact bad grammar, whether or not a formal ruling has yet been handed down. "Around" has a well-defined, long-established meaning. When that meaning is made to conflict with other well-defined concepts (base, centre), or is simply inaccurate (as when "around" displaces "about" in instances such as x "they made a comedy around dog shows"), it's inarguably in error. Garrison Keillor once said, "It's hard to resist the ridiculous. About all you can do is say, 'This is ridiculous'." The lazy around is ridiculous.

The prevalence argument -- that so many people use the lazy around that it's become correct by default -- is similarly premature; grammar isn't determined by vote. It's true that other errors that are just as beyond the pale have received benediction of late (c.f. the elimination of the English subjunctive), but ubiquity-over-logic arguments are rarely successful, despite what linguistic libertarians would have us believe. Case in point: many people write "could of", yet this expression has never been pinocchioed and is unlikely to be. And few would argue that it's a Wikipedia-worthy synonym for "could have".

Pointlessness of caring about it
Arguments against editing the lazy around out of Wikipedia on the grounds that it will not erase it from the language, make people stop using it, or prevent its eventual acceptance as correct English, are similarly irrelevant. As the goal is to raise the profile of Wikipedia -- and the lazy around will never be good style regardless of any status change that may come down a century from now, for all the reasons cited above -- we are still well to avoid it. (Compare the split infinitive, which, though now recognised as grammatically acceptable, remains weak style. I don't edit split infinitives out of Wikipedia, since they aren't technically incorrect and that's my benchmark, but they reduce the authority of those editors who use them, regardless of legality.)

Other commentators
Though the lazy around is of recent coinage, it has spread wide in its short lifetime. Formal stylebooks have yet to catch up with it, and participants in some writers' fora use it liberally, even in subject headings. Nevertheless:

Maeve Maddox of Dailywritingtips.com, says:

 * "Used as a noun, a 'base' is a foundation. Building on this meaning, the verb 'to base' can have the following meanings:

 * to make or form a foundation for something
 * to serve as a base for something
 * to establish or maintain a base for something
 * to use as a base or basis for something

 * Something can be based on something, but to say that something is based around something makes no sense."

Paul Brians in his book Common Errors In English Usage says:

 * "You can build a structure around a center, but bases go on the bottom of things, so you can’t base something around something else."

Says user WLseattle at Write.com, in part:

 * "Adding prepositions such as 'around' [to the verb 'to base'] would alter the meaning depending on what other words the preposition is linking to. The phrase 'based on' is the more common term and is also the only one that is grammatically correct. The phrase 'based around' would seldom be correct, since a base is by nature at the very bottom - therefore, something cannot technically be 'based around' anything else."

Opines user Hannah Rice Myers, in the same discussion:

 * "... you must look at the word 'base' and its definition. It is the part on which something rests; the lowest part of something. So grammatically, you cannot base something around anything. It is just as impossible to base something 'off of' anything. Now you can base something on something else. Out of your three choices, this is the only one that makes any sense, and the only one that is grammatically correct as well."

A search of "based around" at the Encyclopedia Britannica netted a disappointing 187 hits; however "based on" brought up full 13000. So many more, in fact, that we may comfortably assume that, like the editorial community in general, Britannica style-setters simply haven't turned their attention yet to the lazy around. (Hunting down more esoteric misuses of "around" via boolean search is more problematic, therefore the experiment was limited to this most common case.)

To date no clearly-stated positive votes have come to this user's notice. However, truth would be ill-served by a failure to cite the many, many writers' fora whose users rely heavily on the lazy around in their work. Just two examples:

 * An 11 May 2013 post on Reference For Writers, entitled How To Make A Story Based Around A Character
 * A 19 January 2015 post on Writing Forums (sic) entitled Writing A Story Based Around Philosophies
 * A 19 January 2015 post on Writing Forums (sic) entitled Writing A Story Based Around Philosophies

Wikipedia policy
Wikipedia does not have a policy or guideline on grammar or literary style. People sometimes say there should be one, and some state a related opinion that until there is, nobody should police grammar on Wikipedia. But that isn't how our service works. A Wikipedia article gets its grammar and style from the same source as its facts: the editing public. Each editor applies his own judgment in adding material, and in reviewing and modifying existing material. Disputes sometimes develop, and there are procedures for dealing with those. In general, an article ends up reading the way the majority of people who care want it to read. Even spelling is crowdsourced on Wikipedia.

Wikipedia does have a style manual, but it focuses on technical presentation - things like punctuation. Because more traditional publications do have style manuals that dictate grammar and word usage, people sometimes propose additions to Wikipedia's to do the same. To date, those proposals have always been rejected.

How I edit
I search Wikipedia articles for quoted phrases -- "based around", "centred around", "articles around", and the like -- using Wikipedia search. The number of pages I edit this way per week varies according to the time I have to give it and my level of interest.

In any case, the actual editing is an intellectual process. I read the sentence and paragraph, understand what's being said, and choose a grammatically-correct synonym. Occasionally I fix a few other things while I'm up. (Some lines containing an around-based error are so freighted with ambiguity or other bad grammar that replacing the lazy around alone doesn't render clearer copy.) Any text I contribute conforms to the standard already in place, whether Global or American English. When I save the final draught, I typically leave one of two messages, either:

 * "Resolved a disputed usage of 'around'. Cheers."

or

 * "Resolved disputed usages of 'around'. Cheers."

If I've done any other work, I mention that as well.

As always on Wikipedia, anyone is free to rewrite my rewrite, as long as the new text is as grammatical (or better!) and doesn't compromise the accuracy of the article.

Please note that I do not edit the lazy around (or anything else) on Talk pages, private User pages, or when it occurs in a quoted passage.

Challenges of editing the lazy around on Wikipedia
Because writers use the lazy around specifically to avoid explaining a point, it can be difficult to know what to write in its place. What does he or she mean by x "The publication is based around the larger Clash brand"? Is it published under the Clash brand? Is it run by the same company, but not as a Clash product? Is it inspired by Clash products, but published by another company? For the copy editor, making this line actually say something is fraught with peril; what if the edit isn't factually accurate?

And it gets worse. x "The song [...] was based around acoustic guitar." Was this a coffee-house deal, with just the singer and his six-string? Was it an otherwise fully-arranged song, but with acoustic guitars where one expects electrics? Did they start with acoustic guitar in the composing process, and build from there? The default fix ("based on") doesn't resolve the problem here; to get a sentence that informs the reader, you have to throw out the whole thing and start over. But what exactly is the information?

Even when the intent is clear, the lazy around often so abbreviates the facts that the line has to be taken apart and reassembled from the ground up -- and sometimes those surrounding it as well. Consider x "[The album's] concept is based around the stories of Space Trilogy and The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis." Though the very brief article in which this sentence occurred doesn't specify that its subject is a "concept album", other lines, along with the word "concept", suggest that it is. Therefore "concept" had to remain in the edit. (Note that a concept can't really be based on -- to say nothing of around -- something else; "concept" is itself a basal, uh, concept.) At length, I settled for this: "A concept album, it was inspired by the stories of Space Trilogy and The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis."

Perhaps predictably, some articles that contain the lazy around are deeply muddled in general, and one is tempted to rewrite the whole thing from start to finish. I may fix other typos and grammatical errors that clang. ("Based off" is one I find hard to leave, though I sometimes do.) But for the most part, the motto of the surgical grammar gnome is "Resist Mission Creep".

Rewards of editing the lazy around on Wikipedia
Surgical gnoming is surprisingly fun. There's the evident satisfaction of a well-written (or re-written) line, and of making our service better in a small but persistent way. It also sharpens me as a writer. Not only do I now have a full range of "connexion" words and phrases at my fingertips, thanks to constant use, but editing muddy language sharpens my own thinking.

My restraint muscles also get a work-out; many "arounds" are borderline, not so much lazy as under-motivated, and the process of analysing those cases, and convincing myself to stand down when called-for, makes me a more effective editor. (And probably a better person.)

On a related note, there is nothing like the thrill of wading into an entry that has ten "arounds", and every one legitimate. (Seriously, I see a lot of abused "arounds".) And the delectable "oh, snap!" moment when I encounter something I'm that sure is wrong, but -- oh, snap! -- I'm the one who's wrong. (High-five to the many conscientious and articulate Wikipedians out there; you make this improbable thing work.)

But the best thing about this hobby is that it takes me to every corner of Wikipedia. In the course of an evening's shooting I'll read on every imaginable topic: satellite technology, Indian cinema, Japanese computer games, Australian-rules football, the Bulgarian army, Canadian First Nations, Bolivian agriculture, West African religion, English railways... in an hour I'll have been all over the world. Sometimes I land on something I know and love -- a town I lived in, a favourite musician, an historical event I've studied in depth. Which is its own kind of thrill, after days among the new and exotic.

And finally, there's the thanks I receive. They're not particularly numerous -- silence is the most common response -- but they handily outnumber reversions, and I get one or two in a typical week. Since Wikipedia doesn't have a "no problem" button, I'll have to make do with this:

"Pleased to be of service, brothers and sisters. Let us continue together to hurl back the forces of ignorance."

Reversion
There are a small number of articles that are effectively squatted by a single editor who takes personal offense at someone exercising co-ownership of "his" or "her" article, and performs a territorial reversion. NOTE: BOTH ARTICLE OWNERSHIP AND MINDLESS REVERSION ARE FORBIDDEN BY WIKIPEDIA. However, as my primary aim is to preserve Wikipedia's policy-mandated encyclopedic tone, and secondarily to educate those who don't realise they're using bad grammar, I concentrate on unwatched articles (the vast majority) and those watched by editors who are pleased to improve their skills (the majority of the remainder). When (rarely) an editor reverts my edit (that is, restores the article to its previous non-encyclopedic state), I place the URL in question on a list of reverted articles. Those articles are not revisited for at least six months, unless by accident.

Articles that are simply rewritten after my visit, because someone doesn't like my word choice, are not scheduled for a revisit, unless the new version contains the lazy around.

The Red-Green Principle
Some Wikipedians object to grammar gnoming on the grounds that the disputed wording (the lazy around, comprised of, misuse of "to beg the question", misspelling the verb "to pore" in "they pored over the problem", etc.) isn't incorrect by their reckoning. While they are of course free to disagree, they are not free to revert the correction on those grounds. The Wikipedia standard is correctness; unless the substituted text is incorrect, regardless of the correctness of the previous text, IT MAY NOT BE REVERTED. (It can of course be rewritten, as long as the grammar and information in the new text are undisputed.) For example:

Case 1.

 * Imagine the Wikipedia entry for Christmas contained the following line:

 * "The traditional colours of Christmas are red and green."

 * Now imagine someone rewrote that sentence to read:

 * "The traditional colours of Christmas are green and red."

 * Revertable? Nope. The new text is as undisputed as the old.

Case 2.

 * Imagine a Wikipedian intervened in the above example and rewrote the amended line to read:

 * "The traditional colours of Christmas are green and redd."

 * A redd-hunting grammar gnome stops by and reverts to the previous version, whereupon her reddist colleague erupts in indignation, posting a cataract of research on the Talk page purporting that "redd" is an acceptable alternative for "red". May the reddist now counter-revert?

 * Nope. Don't make one lebenty-lebenth of a difference. "Red" is the least disputed of the two usages. Wikipedia guidelines posit consensus, meaning that the least disputed usage, forensic gymnastics notwithstanding, is style.

To drive this proposition home: "based around" is style somewhere; "based on" is style everywhere.

Does editing the lazy around constitute vandalism?
No. Wikipedia's vandalism policy reads, in part:

 * Some material—sometimes even factually correct material—does not belong on Wikipedia, and removing it is not vandalism. Check to make sure that the removal was in line with Wikipedia standards, before restoring it or reporting its removal as vandalism.

One of the materials that "does not belong" on Wikipedia is questionable grammar. Wikipedia administrators have repeatedly found that standard usage and good style are part of "consensus", a central component of the standard for inclusion in this service. Some people take correction of their grammar personally. (They shouldn't; it's how our skills improve.) There have even been cases of vengeful users following grammar editors around, systematically reverting all of their edits. These users have drawn disciplinary action from administrators for -- you guessed it -- vandalism.

Bottom line: editing the lazy around, or any other point of grammar, on Wikipedia does not constitute an attack. But reverting such edits does.

Locating the lazy around by boolean search
Given that the lazy around is by definition a universal link around all actions and objects, and all substantives and qualifiers, around the English language, the contexts around which it appears are virtually infinite. This can make boolean searches around it, and editing around it, particularly difficult.

The following is only a partial list around instances around the lazy around that I have encountered around my activities around Wikipedia. (Note: not all of these strings necessarily imply an error; for example, many instances around "mostly around" are perfectly grammatical, i.e., "Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around 15-40 µm in size." However, some are around: x "...the politics of Oregon is centered mostly around regional concerns". The task of the editor is based around individual occurrences and determining whether an edit is called-for.)

 * base/based/basing around
 * centre/centres/centred/centring around; center/centers/centered/centering around
 * centralise/centralises/centralised/centralising/centralisation around; centralize/centralizes/centralized/centralizing/centralization around
 * hinge/hinges/hinged/hinging around
 * pattern/patterned/patterning/patterns around
 * movie/movies around
 * film/films around
 * script/scripts around
 * story/stories around
 * allegation/allegations around
 * accusation/accusations around
 * honesty around
 * knowledge around
 * awareness around
 * consciousness around
 * truth/truths around
 * fact/facts around
 * momentum around
 * action/actions around
 * improvisation around
 * transparency around
 * change/changes/changing/changed around
 * law/laws/legislated/legislating/legislation around
 * network/networks/networking/networked around
 * set around
 * charge/charges around
 * history/histories around
 * research around
 * study/studies around
 * account/accounts around
 * anecdote/anecdotes around
 * plot/plots around
 * tale/tales around
 * legend/legends around
 * myth/myths around
 * joke/jokes around
 * gag/gags around
 * write/writes/wrote/written/writing around
 * routine/routines around
 * show/shows around
 * documentary/documentaries around
 * drama/dramas around
 * comedy/comedies around
 * song/songs around
 * poem/poems around
 * epic/epics around
 * book/books around
 * brochure/brochures around
 * pamphlet/pamphlets around
 * broadside/broadsides around
 * article/articles around
 * headline/headlines around
 * piece/pieces around
 * composition/compositions around
 * conversation/conversations around
 * dedicated/dedication around
 * determination around
 * passion around
 * excitement around
 * plan/plans around
 * law/laws around
 * legislation around
 * rule/rules/rulings around
 * finding/findings around
 * regulation around
 * policy/policies around
 * politics/around
 * propaganda around
 * news around
 * information around
 * report/reports around
 * problem/problems around
 * difficulty/difficulties around
 * challenge/challenges around
 * idea/ideas around
 * belief/beliefs around
 * view/views around
 * opinion/opinions around
 * prejudice/prejudices around
 * persecution around
 * superstition/superstitions around
 * hate/hatred around
 * bigotry/bigotries around
 * discrimination around
 * tolerance/intolerance around
 * injustice/injustices around
 * fairness/unfairness around
 * notion/notions around
 * concept/concepts around
 * theory/theories around
 * motif/motifs around
 * theme/themes around
 * lie/lies around
 * project/projects around
 * discussion/discussions around
 * argument/arguments around
 * unhappiness around
 * fight/fights/fighting around
 * debate/debates around
 * disagreement/disagreements around
 * complaint/complaints around
 * criticism/criticisms around
 * responsibility/responsibilities around
 * authority/authorities around
 * protest/protests around
 * revolt/revolts/revolting/revolted/revolution around
 * rebel/rebels/rebelling/rebelled/rebellion around
 * controversy/controversies around
 * education around
 * teaching/teachings around
 * sadness around
 * anger around
 * pain around
 * rage around
 * fear/fears around
 * panic/panics/panicked/panicking around
 * indignation around
 * outrage around
 * tension/tensions around
 * worry/worries/worrying around
 * anxiety/anxieties around
 * nerves/nervous/nervousness around
 * stress around
 * focus/focussing/focussed/focusses/focusing/focused/focuses around
 * circumstance/circumstances around
 * topic/topics around
 * subject/subjects around
 * issue/issues around
 * matter/matters around
 * questions around
 * uncertainty/uncertainties around
 * confusion around
 * doubt/doubts around
 * joy around
 * celebrate/celebrating/celebration/celebrations around
 * praise around
 * applause around
 * happiness around
 * guidance around
 * advice around
 * recommendations around

The following search strings mostly net instances of acceptable usage, but sometimes, as in x "the author of the paper wrote it around public policy", they sniff out an error:

 * primarily around
 * mostly around
 * largely around
 * often around
 * sometimes around
 * rarely around
 * occasionally around
 * it/him/her/them around
 * this/that/these/those around

Real-world examples of the lazy around, with possible escapes
The following subsections catalogue selected specimens of the lazy around encountered on Wikipedia, and edits made. The cited alternatives are examples alone; they are neither definitive nor necessarily skilful.

Errors containing "based around"
x "Linux distribution, an operating system made as a collection of software based around the Linux kernel."

Here, "based around" can be resolved by simply changing it to "based on".

x "...the founders and owners [...] opened their first restaurants, based around a cooking device called an Insta-Broiler."

Alternative: "the original strategy of the founders and owners centered on a device called the Insta-Broiler."

x "Lego World Racers is a Lego theme based around a story of two racing teams who are competing to win the world cup."

Alternative: "Lego World Racers is a Lego theme in which two racing teams compete to win the world cup."

x "The area is based around agriculture and cattle raising."

Alternative: "The local economy is based on agriculture and cattle raising."

Errors containing "centred around"
x "The Kalem Club was a literary circle in New York centered around the American fantasy writer H. P. Lovecraft."

Alternative: "The Kalem Club was a literary circle in New York that formed around the American fantasy writer H. P. Lovecraft."

x "Country Squire Lakes was founded in 1973 by a property developer as a planned community centered around several artificial lakes."

Alternative: "Country Squire Lakes was founded in 1973 by a property developer as a planned community built around several artificial lakes."

Errors in which ineligible nouns are said to be "around" something
x "The game's storyline is around the movie."

Alternative: "The game's storyline is drawn from the movie."

(Better: "The game draws its storyline from the movie.")

(Best: "The game is based on the movie.")

x "The book [...] breaks up the action into short stories around central themes."

Alternative: "The book [...] breaks up the action into short stories on central themes."

x "Subjective coding is the indexing of documents around subjective data."

Alternative: "Subjective coding is the indexing of documents according to subjective data."

x "McCaffrey set eleven books around the Ninth Pass [...], two around the Sixth Pass [...], one around the Second, and two around the First."

Alternative: "McCaffrey set eleven books in the Ninth Pass [...], two in the Sixth Pass [...], one in the Second, and two in the First." (Note: "passes" are time periods.)

"Aw, snap!" Good arounds that showed up in search results as "must edit"
"A multi-narrative thriller that intertwines multiple stories around one particular incident..." (Chennaiyil Oru Naal) As the stories are being interwined around an incident, and not somehow "arounding" independently, this is excellent English.

"The earliest scripts occasionally wove stories around historic events... " (Abarenbō Shōgun) Again, we have scripts weaving stories around something; the stories themselves are not magically "around" all by themselves. What would make this sentence poor English? Remove the verb: x "The earliest scripts were around historic events."

"Scholars think, for instance, that the Golden Light Sutra constellated around the celebrated third chapter." (Buddhist texts) Conste-what?? According to Oxford Dictionaries: "Form or cause to form into a cluster or group; gather together." Deep bow to my colleague editor.

"We are the little folk, we..."

title: User:Laodah/around


text:
väldig

Etymology
, whence also 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 (which are usually used in a different way from the Swedish word).

Adjective

 * 1) huge; of a very large size

title: väldig


text:
Manuel Becerra Bermúdez

Manuel Becerra Bermúdez (20 October 1820 – 19 December 1896) was a Spanish politician, mathematician and revolutionary. A Republican who would later embrace monarchism, he went on to assume the ministerial portfolios of Overseas and Development during the Sexenio Democrático, returning for two additional spells as Overseas minister during the regency of Maria Christina of Austria.

Early life and revolutionary activity
Born in Santa María del Otero, Castro de Rey, province of Lugo, on 20 October 1820. Son to a math teacher, he did not complete studies in Engineering. He received however substantial teaching in Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy from José Subercase y Jiménez and founded a reputed Academy of Mathematics in Madrid.

A defender of Republicanism in his early life, he took part in the 1848 Spanish Revolution, One of the founders of the Democratic–Progressive Party (best known as Democratic Party) in 1849, he also took part in the 1854 revolts, battling in the streets of Madrid, being arrested and imprisoned at El Saladero. Following the 1856 counter-revolutionary involution by O'Donnell, Becerra entered in combat in the Plaza de Santo Domingo at the helm of a light battalion of the National Militia trying to defend the Constitutional liberties side by side Sixto Cámara against a battalion of Jägers sent by O'Donnell, and was forced to exile. He would endorse the 1866 Cuartel de San Gil uprising (for which he was sentenced to death by garrote for rebellion). Forced again to exile, he was one of the endorsers of the 16 August 1866 Pact of Ostend becoming (as representative of the democrats) one of the three legs of the coordination of the revolutionary action along Juan Prim and Joaquín Aguirre de la Peña (representative of the progressives), that aimed towards the overthrow of Isabella II and the call of Constituent Cortes elected by universal suffrage.

Sexenio democrático
After the 1868 Glorious Revolution, Becerra became a member of the Junta Superior Revolucionaria. Along Nicolás María Rivero and Cristino Martos he would become one of the leaders of the so-called Cimbrios (Spain), the monarchist democrats part of the 1868–1871 Provisional Government.

In July 1869, during the Regency of Marshal Serrano, he was appointed as Minister of Overseas. A founding member of the Spanish Abolitionist Society back in 1864, he took measures during his first ministerial tenure towards the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico, presenting two projects in 1869, which were not welcomed either by his cabinet peers or from the parliament. After months of fierce resistance to the ministerial initiatives from pro-slavery legislators such as Antonio Cánovas del Castillo or Francisco Romero Robledo, Becerra was forced to resign in March 1870 amid intense pressure.

Already entered the reign of Amadeo, during the premiership of Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, Becerra was appointed as Minister of Development in December 1872, replacing José Echegaray. On 11 February 1873, in a vote at the Cortes during the same session in which the declaration of the First Republic was proclaimed, he was confirmed as Minister of Development (with 266 votes in favour). He would however leave the ministry by late February.

Bourbon Restoration and later life
Following the Bourbon Restoration, Becerra joined the Liberal Fusionist Party led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta as part of its left-leaning faction. He left the fusionists in 1881 to create along Segismundo Moret, Eugenio Montero Ríos and José López Domínguez the Dynastic Left.

An initiated Freemason (symbol: Fortaleza; grade: 33), Becerra was chosen as Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Spain in 1884; after his departure from the post in 1886, the organization was thrown into chaos and divided into factions.

Elected to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1885, he took office as numerary member (Medal #36) on 18 November 1886, reading a discourse titled Evolución de la Matemática e influencia que en los progresos de esta ciencia ejerció la civilización árabe ("Evolution of Mathematics and the influence of the Arab civilization on the progress of this science"), replied by Eduardo Saavedra.

Becerra returned to the ministry of Overseas in two occasions: from December 1888 to January 1890 and from March 1894 to November 1894, as part of cabinets presided by Sagasta.

He died on 19 December 1896 at his address in the Plaza del Cordón in Madrid; he was apparently drinking a glass of milk, and, as it slipped out of his hand, after a sigh, he died. He was buried at the Sacramental de San Lorenzo y San José on the next day.

title: Manuel Becerra Bermúdez


text:
Wiktionary:Translation requests/archive/2007-02

agriculture raisonnée
what's the English for 'agriculture raisonnée' please? Is it sustainable agriculture or do we have another translation? Thanks a lot

 * I would translate agriculture raisonnée as "farming with supervised pest control", implying the use of modern control methods and chemicals. —Stephen 08:20, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Bagheera
translate Bagheera into hindi {unsigned}
 * Translate or transliterate? Are you wanting to know how it is written in Hindi (Devanāgarī)? If so, बघीरा ought to do the trick. As for the meaning, I'm not sure. Are you sure you don't mean बघार [baghaara (or bagʰār in modern transliteration)] (“spice”) ?—Strabismus 05:13, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it refers to The Jungle Book panther. I don't think that bagheera actually means anything in Hindi.  However, बाघ baagh means tiger and a tiger's cub is called a बाघेली baagheli.  --Dijan 05:30, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * But "बाघ" has a long "ā". I wonder where this person heard/saw this phrase, knowing this may give us the proper context. Are you sure it is Hindi? Or is it a place name in, say, Bengali and you'd like to know the Hindi equivalent? Additionally, it could have been transcribed incorrectly. For example, it could be bāgᵊ gʰerᵊ (around the garden), bʰāgᵊ gɛrᵊ (strange part), bāgᵊ hīrᵊ (garden + diamond), or, again, it could be an entirely different language from which the enquirer wanted it translated into Hindi…—Strabismus 06:01, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, however, in The Jungle Book, the name of the panther was Bagheera. English normally does not show long vowels in formal borrowings.  Yes, it is possible that it's Bengali, or maybe even Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi or Bhojpuri.  --Dijan 06:04, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Not entirely certain myself, despite being a born Bengali (cringing shame). I do, however, know that "bāgh" is 'our' word for "tiger" (as in Kipling's Shere Khan)
 * Funnily enough, his Baloo ("bālugh") means "bear". Tam 19:37, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

How do you say in Hebrew and/or Arabic "In the midst of winter I found within myself an everlasting summer", -Camus
This is a quote from Camus and I know it is probably originally in French but he was Algerian by birth. So I would like to see it translated into French, Arabic and Hebrew.

"In the midst of winter I found within myself an everlasting summer"

 * In Hebrew I would say 'תוך כדי החורף מצאתי בתוך עצמי קיץ אינסופי' or 'במהלך החורף מצאתי בתוך עצמי קיץ אינסופי'. Of course, someone must have translated this one before, probably more poetically than I can. AggyLlama 07:56, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

internship in Swedish
What is the Swedish word for internship?
 * That would be praktik, an intern in this context is a praktikant, the actual position is called praktikplats and to have an internship (the verb, that is) is called praktisera, but be aware that the words praktik and praktisera have a couple of other meanings as well. \Mike 07:32, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

what does the...?
what does the word 'verganio' means in english?

I can't find any use of 'Verganio' anywhere except as someone's last name. I don't think it's a 'real word' in the sense that you could use it in conversation to mean something; it's just a family name. As for whatever meaning it might have as a name, I really have no idea (and no luck searching).

happy birthday aunty in tamil
happy birthday aunty in tamil

euthanasia
how do i say "euthanasia" or " mercy kill" in latin?

 * In Latin, that’s euthanasia. —Stephen 01:55, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It's pronounced "you-tharn -asia [as in the continent]" Tam 19:41, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

80 to 90
word to describe person between 80 and 90 years old?

 * octogenarian. —Stephen 23:07, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Latin translation for "To thine own self be true'
What is a good Latin translation for 'To thine own self be true' or 'Be faithful to yourself'. Is it 'Es te ipsum fidele'?

translate into aramaic
What is the aramaic translation of the name"Milcah"?

Hieratic
Hieratic translation of "expression of love"

good luck in mandarin

 * For good luck, you can say 祝你好运 (zhù nǐ hǎoyùn). —Stephen 20:15, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, now we're starting to repeat ourselves :) Not only was this asked and answered before (Translation_requests), it can be found in the translation section of good luck!

A-cai 23:18, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

bendiga
What does bendiga mean? Is there a verb, bendigar?

Also, someone should put werdnabot on here, this is 79kb long.

<IP_ADDRESS> 03:18, 22 February 2007 (UTC) (bearingbreaker92)

 * Spanish bendiga is the subjunctive or imperative of bendecir, and means "that I/you/he/she/it bless" or "bless!". —Stephen 17:31, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

(Rafael) example "Dios Bendiga esta casa" = "May God bless this house"

please translate into indonesian
I apologize you for not being able to came to your weeding party yesterday because my mother was passed away therefore i have to go back to australia to do her funeral ceremoney. agustin

re: phonology phonemes
Hi I was wondering if anyone could help me? I need to write the following using the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet):

"I am glad I'm at the end of this distance learning pack. I'm off to buy some chocolate."

I have an idea but am stuck on particular words. Thanks!

 * Since you already have most of it, put what you have and then we can fill in the blanks. There is no sense in redoing the whole thing when you only need a couple of phonemes. —Stephen 06:07, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

how do you say in spansih "what will you wear to the disco tonight?
plz answer this

 * ¿Qué ropa vas a llevar para la discoteca esta noche? —Stephen 12:42, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

need a translation in arabic and latin
hi i need to know how to say No Regrets in arabic and in latin thanks alot.

 * Latin for "thank you very much": Vobis plurimas gratias ago. --EncycloPetey 03:30, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Why did you make it the plural form of you...? Tibi (the singular form, which would go in the place of vobis) would make so much more sense.
 * Arabic for no regrets: (lā ta’ássuf) or  (ghéira ’āsifin). —Stephen 20:42, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

a few translations..
I need to know what the number 7 is in dutch, russian, german, and irish.

You can find all of those in the translations section of the entry for seven. --EncycloPetey 03:28, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

HOW DO YOU TRANSLATE THE WORD "WHEAT" IN YOUR LANGUAGE?
i would like to translate the english word "WHEAT" in every existing language in the world..

 * See: wheat. —Stephen 00:43, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

WHEAT = trigo WHEAT BREAD = pan integral, pan de trigo
 * “every existing language in the world”
 * You're asking too much, Anonymous. It can't be done. Could you be more specific. Oh, wheat does feature SOME translations but not quite every one. But thanks anyways, Stevo.
 * BTW, Mr. Unsigned, what do you need the translations for? Just curious. Pardon my überbelated comment. —Strabismus 03:07, 16 December 2008 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Celestia Susannah Parrish

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title: Talk:Celestia Susannah Parrish


text:
National memorial

National memorial or National Memorial may refer to:

 * National Memorials (New Zealand)
 * National Memorial (Thailand)
 * National memorial (United States)
 * National Martyrs' Memorial, in Bangladesh
 * National Memorial of the Republic of Belarus

title: National memorial


text:
Ladislav Jirků

Ladislav Jirků (4 June 1946 – 16 August 2020) was a Czech academic and politician who served as a Deputy.

title: Ladislav Jirků


text:
User:Emad Darafsheh

Emadnshana ( originally called Emad Darafsheh and Moshana Javadieh ) well known Iranian-Australian bloggers and influencers on various social media networks and real life. Their love story went viral on social media in early 2019, just a few months after their official announcement being together.

Their Instagram page as of today have over 100,000 followers.

title: User:Emad Darafsheh