text:
The Federal Poets

The Federal Poets is a poetry group based in Washington, D.C. It is the oldest continually operating poetry group in the metro Washington D.C. area. The group aims to assist members with improving their poetry through critiques by other members, and to increase the exposure of members through readings and publication. The Federal Poets meet every third Saturday at Tenley Public Library. The group's journal, The Federal Poet, is published semiannually and consists of submissions of the best works by members.

History
The Federal Poets was founded in 1944 under the name the Commerce Literary Society, at the Commerce Department. The name was soon changed to the Bookfellows Club. In 1946, the club changed its name for the final time, renaming itself as the Federal Poets. Originally, the Federal Poets only accepted people working for the federal government as members, however the group eventually extended membership to include anyone who wrote poetry. The group's members include people such as Walter Howard Kerr, who served as its treasurer, vice-president, and president. Kerr's poetry has been included in several publications, such as the Southern Poetry Review and the Red Clay Reader. Kerr was a member of other poetry societies such as the Maryland State Poetry Society, of which he was treasurer. Other members of the Federal Poets include Ingeborg Carsten-Miller who edited The Federal Poet and was the author of works such as Northern Lights (Nordlichter).

title: The Federal Poets


text:
Talk:Epping Ongar Railway

Controversy
I've added the 'Controversy' paragraph because I think it's too big a piece of the railway's recent history to miss out in the article, and gives great explanation to why the railway does not have features such as steam and does not appear to make much progress between months at present. However, it's wording must be careful to avoid bias and I invite anyone to help make it an impartial yet informative paragraph.

DarkBiolizard 14:49, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Advert tag
I have removed the "advert" tag, after removing several instances of the word "our". I think there may be too many external links. Any views on this? Biscuittin (talk) 22:24, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I have reduced the external links. Biscuittin (talk) 01:19, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Line history
When the Eastern Counties Railway opened the line in 1865, was Ongar always going to be a terminus or was there a grand plan to push onto Chelmsford for instance? But this was never undertaken because of say, lack of funds, mergers or other reasons? Chipping Ongar just seems like an odd place to stop because it is practically between all major great population centres therefore making difficult work for the the line's profitability!

 * If such a plan existed, it would be interesting to see it included here, with source(s).

 * But bear in mind that today's largest nearby population centre dates only from the 1950s: Harlow simply did not exist in 1865 except as another village.  Ongar has lost out in economic importance to Harlow (and Chelmsford and Brentwood) in living memory because of the UK's bizarre planning policies which enforce the status of dormitory town on many "green belt" settlements such as Ongar (and correspondingly long commuting times on people needing to go to London to work) but that is something else which only really became a feature of the home counties economies from about 1950.   In the nineteenth ccentury, and on through the first half of the twentieth before the greenbelt effects deadened local enterprise, Ongar was indeed more of an economic focus, I think maybe even with its own regular cattle market before the cattle went to the west of England.   Building jobs in the area tended to be undertaken by local firms, generally using bricks from the Ongar brickworks which I think was only closed down during the First World War.   Today local building jobs involve firms s from places like Chelmsford, Chingford or Brentwood, and as for the provenance of the bricks .... I've a suspicion that nobody knows!

 * For the perspective of the 1860s, Chelmsford had received already it's own (more direct) rail link to London in the 1840s, which more or less follows the line of the old Roman road between London and Colchester.  Not clear why Chelmsford businesses and travellers would have voted for an alternative less direct route via Ongar.

 * The old bridges over the Epping Ongar tracks suggest the possibility of a twin track was envisaged when they were built, but the necessary cuttings and banking never look to have been built/cut for more than one track's width.  In the 1860/70s/80s/90s there would have been no mass commuting from Ongar or even Chelmsford to London.   There was plenty of affordable accommodation for London workers very much nearer to their work places.

 * Road travel above foot speed only became a major feature of the UK economy with the advent of motor vehicles fueled by cheap fuel.  (Older readers may remember cheap fuel...)   Economic drivers of the nineteenth century railway building in the region would have involved in the first instance the need to move bulky merchandise such as the coal deliveries to this part of Essex (heat and power for homes and workshops....   and trains.) and delivery of rural produce - notably milk which till the 1960s was still produced in the area in some quantity - to London's hungry urban communities.   None of that would really make an economic case for extending the railway east beyond Ongar toward (say) Chelmsford, though I agree that if you simply look at a map it's an engaging idea.   And I'd love for someone to tell us there was a plan and what happened to it.....

 * Regards Charles01 (talk) 20:34, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

 * According to Epping Ongar Railway Ltd (EOR), the Eastern Counties Railway were considering a number of plans to extend the railway beyond Ongar station to a number of possible destinations. According to EOR, the residents of Ongar liked the idea of being a terminus station (why?) and deliberately built a cemetery immediately in the line of what would be the track's extension to prevent any such extension.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:13, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Blake Hall station platform
"Blake Hall was closed in 1981; it is said that it handled six customers a day. The station building still survives, without platform, as a private dwelling. Even after closure, it only required a kind word to the shuttle's driver for an unscheduled stop to be made. London Transport responded by removing the platform, rendering the unauthorised procedure impossible."

Blake Hall tube station, by contrast, has this:

"The line passing the station site is now privately owned and operated as a heritage railway by the Epping Ongar Railway, and although the platform was reinstated in May 2012 this is for aesthetic purposes only, and the station remains closed."

Is it just that this article is out of date? Harfarhs (talk) 17:02, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

Updating
Some dates (especially post 2012) would be useful - eg under Ongar 'The milk dock is being restored...' Jackiespeel (talk) 22:51, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

Epping link
Should '...via Epping...' link to the station rather than the place? Jackiespeel (talk) 09:38, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 18:41, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Sometimes there is a logic that is not obvious to those with a tangential interest in a topic - eg where 'the locality page' (in this case) has a subsection on the station. Jackiespeel (talk) 10:02, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Epping Ongar Railway


text:
User:Aklaviation

Logan Clarke

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title: User:Aklaviation


text:
støtte

Etymology 1
From, derived from the verb (see Etymology 2 below).

Noun

 * 1) support
 * 2) support
 * 3) support, grant
 * 4) pillar, statue

Etymology 2
From, from , from , cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to support
 * 2)  to support
 * 3)  to stand
 * 4)  to lean on

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) (a) support

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1) to support

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) (a) support

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1) to support

title: støtte


text:
Drosophila silvestris

Drosophila silvestris is a large species of fly in the family Drosophilidae that are primarily black with yellow spots. As a rare species of fruit fly endemic to Hawaii (“the Big Island”), the fly often experiences reproductive isolation. Despite barriers in nature, D. silvestris is able to breed with D. heteroneura to create hybrid flies in the laboratory.

Male D. silvestris demonstrate many elaborate courtship displays like wing waving and courtship songs to attract females to their territories. To defend these territories, males behave aggressively and fight with one another. This species demonstrates sexual selection through female choice, as indicated by an evolutionary enhancement of extra tibia bristles occurring in certain D. silvestris populations in the last 700,000 years.

Description

D. silvestris has a large body, long legs, and slim wings. This fly has a round head shape, which is typical for fruit flies. While females have a completely dark yellow or orange face, males have a black face with a horizontal yellow stripe between the frons and the clypeus. The antennae are black in males and yellow in females. The lateral part of the mesothorax varies from brown to black pigmentation, and yellow pigmentation can be found on the edge of the top side in some individuals.

Unlike females, males have two rows of long bristles along the upper sides of their forelegs. There is some variation in the number of male tibial bristles, as 20-30 extra bristles can be found in the middle of the two rows in north and east populations of Hawaii. These extra bristles create an irregular third row, which is related to the fly's courtship ritua l and may have arisen due to geographic isolation from ancestral south and west populations.

This species is tolerant to colder temperatures and vulnerable to heat stress due to higher temperatures, which affect sperm mobility and survival. This is consistent with the flies' preference for cooler environments found at higher elevations. There are three phylogenetically early chromosomal inversions in D. silvestris that are associated with elevation changes, possibly reflecting an adaptive shift to altitude that contributed to evolution in Hawaiian Drosophila.

Distribution and habitat
Currently there are about 1,000 Drosophila species native to the Hawaiian Islands, and, D. silvestris inhabits the Big Island.

Extensive lava flow from volcanoes fragments the geographical distribution of this species around the island. The flow of lava creates kipukas, isolated habitable patches of vegetated land, which can range from several square meters to several square kilometers in size. D. silvestris inhabits high-altitude, cool rainforests on the slopes of all five volcanoes in Hawaii (Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Kilauea, Hualalai and Kohala), specifically in altitudes ranging from 900 - 1500 m. The most ancestral populations of this fly species are found on Hualalai, the third youngest volcano on the island.

Evolution and taxonomy
A quarter of the world's Drosophilidae species are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands evolving from an ancestral continental species which arrived 26 million years ago due to Hawaii's extremely diverse ecosystem and vegetation causing speciation. D. silvestris only inhabits the Island of Hawaii (the Big Island), which is 400,000 years old.

D. silvestris is a member of the "picture-winged" group, which consists of 112 Hawaiian Drosophila species known for their unique light and dark wing patterns. This group consists of four subgroups; D. silvestris is a part of the planitibia, or idiomyia, subgroup, which is known for consisting of flies that produce courtship songs by vibrating their wings. D. silvestris and other recently evolved planitibia species emit less complicated and higher frequency courtship songs compared to this subgroup's more ancestral flies.

D. heteroneura, another member of the plantibia subgroup, is a close relative of D. silvestris. Both of these fly species are native to Hawaii, and genetic similarities such as the sharing of a unique inversion in Chromosome 3 provide evidence that these fly species are derived from the same ancestral Hualalai population despite being morphologically distinct. The close evolutionary relationship between these two species is supported by a lack of this inversion in D. planitibia and D. differens, the more ancestral members of the planitibia subgroup.

One of the most easily-visible differences between D. silvestris and D. heteroneura is in head shape: while D. silvestris heads are round, the D. heteroneura males have broad, hammer-shaped heads that reflect their head-butting fighting style. Polygenic inheritance may be responsible for this large between-species difference in male head morphology; it may have evolved to aid females in species-specific identification of mates. These species are mostly sympatric and broadly overlap in inhabiting geographic regions, though D. heteroneura prefers living in the understory of rainforests while D. silvestris typically selects areas of higher altitude. Field studies have shown males of both species sharing territories on a tree branch and females of both species laying eggs on the same host plant. These two species can produce fertile hybrids in the laboratory despite exhibiting reproductive isolation in the wild due to prezygotic barriers like species-specific mating behavior patterns.

Analysis of mtDNA restriction sites and phylogenies of males in Hawaiian fly populations found that D. silvestris with two rows of bristles have a closer genetic distance to D. heteroneura than D. silvestris with three rows of bristles. This close mtDNA lineage may be due to early hybridization between the two species in Hualalai or other areas in west Hawaii where the ancestral two-row population resides. West and east D. silvestris populations have distinct maternal lineages.

Lekking
This species follows a lek mating arrangement where the female will observe potential mates and select based on the attractiveness of their courtship displays. Due to this mating system, female mate choice may play a significant role in the reproductive success of males. Males behave aggressively towards one another by shoving or chasing opponents away to control territory. This occurs when rival flies extend their wings laterally and stick their legs out in a "stilt-walk" then advance towards each other head-on while bobbing their heads up and down. Once they are at a close distance, they will directly interact by shoving the other male backwards. They will also use their forelegs to aggressively slash at each other. The evolution of the large body size in this species may be due to strong selection pressures since male body size is correlated with fighting success.

Adult males signal their willingness to mate by creating their lek, which incorporates a small segment 15 - 60 cm long of a horizontal tree fern or bare plant stem. These easily-visible leks are found 1.2 - 2.4 m above their plant substrate, where females feed and oviposit on fermenting wood. To defend against damage from winds, these leks are often chosen to be underneath the canopy of large trees. The number of males per plant varies, as males are often alone in their territories but can also cluster in groups. Up to ten males can occupy a single shrub by establishing separate territories on their own fern or branch. While these adult males are visibly exposed, immature males are often hidden. Females will also be concealed unless they are in search of courtship and are enticed by the wing-waving display of an adult male.

A male D. silvestris will walk back and forth in his lek while waving his wings to entice females to enter his territory. The flies have sharp eyesight, allowing the female to be visually informed by the male's species-specific pigment patterns to identify whether they are the same species. The male behaves agonistically towards any insect that enters his lek, so when a female D. silvestris comes towards him, he will behave aggressively until he is able to establish her identity.

Courtship
In the first step of courtship, one of the sexes laterally extends their wings and repeatedly waves them in air in the shape of a circle; this is followed by the male standing in front of the female. Once they are facing each other, the female will use her legs to slash at him and he will transition by circling around her. He will eventually stand behind her and place his head underneath her wings for 1.2 seconds before creating sounds by vibrating his laterally extended wings. In addition to producing simple courtship songs by vibrating his wings, the male will create low-amplitude purring noises by bobbing his abdomen. Next, the male D. silvestris will stroke his bristled foreleg tibia against the abdomen of the female to stimulate her. He will then attempt to inseminate the female by moving the tip of his abdomen towards her genitalia.

The additional 20–30 tibial bristles found in D. silvestris males located in north and east Hawaii populations are a secondary sex characteristic and indicate the influence of sexual selection. Because the island of Hawaii is less than 500,000 years old, these extra bristles may represent a relatively new physical enhancement in courtship derived from the ancestral trait of only having two rows of bristles. Females from the derived populations (in the north and east) will mate with males from both the derived and ancestral populations. In contrast, females from the ancestral populations (in the south and west) will not mate with males from derived populations, instead only selecting males with only two rows of bristles.

Sperm from the male will be stored inside the female's spermatheca. A female can easily mate again if her supply of sperm decreases; this contrasts with the wide variability of male reproductive success, as many males rarely mate and some may even remain virgins.

Life cycle
D. silvestris females deposit their eggs on the decaying or fermenting bark of principal host plant Clermontia, a large, branched shrub scattered throughout the understory of Hawaiian rainforests.  Egg deposition also occurs on the fermenting bark of Cyanea and Cheirodendron.

For females, the pupal stage is when ovarian development starts. The ovaries do not fully mature until three weeks after eclosion. Neither sex is fully mature when it ecloses from the pupae. Males mature earlier: about one week after eclosion at which point their sperm is motile. Vitellogenesis, or the deposition of yolk into an oocyte, is necessary for ovarian maturation in a female. When an immature female is housed with sexually mature males, the female is behaviorally unreceptive to their sexual displays, yet vitellogenesis will occur about four days earlier than expected.

Food resources
Larvae and adults primarily feed on the fermenting bark of Clermontia due to its relatively large size compared to other Hawaiian lobelioids. The major ancestral host plant for members of plantibia subgroup is Clermontia, with derived species like D. silvestris evolving to feed on Cyanea and Cheirodendron, other flowering plants where females deposit their eggs. These plant substrates are often located in the dense understory of Hawaiian rainforests, underneath lekking sites.

Enemies
Vespula pensyIvanica, a species of yellowjacket, is invasive to Hawaii and preys on D. silvestris and other members of Drosophila, resulting in significant population decline. Other predators include insect-eating birds endemic to Hawaii, such as the Chasiempsis sandwichens.

Conservation
D. silvestris and other flies in Hawaiian rainforests are sensitive to habitat loss due to climate change. Habitat loss due to the loss of endemic fauna as temperatures steadily rise may impact the distribution and survivability of these flies, which are already rare and declining. Habitat loss can be further exacerbated by logging, agriculture, and other human practices that destroy natural terrain. Feral pigs, goats, and other mammals will eat host plants like Clermontia and trample on terrain, threatening the habitat and food sources for these flies. In addition, trampling on terrain creates favorable soil conditions for the proliferation of invasive plant species that can outcompete native species. D. silvestris and other "picture-winged" flies interact with host plants and other organisms in Hawaiian rainforests, making them helpful for measuring the health of the ecosystem.

title: Drosophila silvestris