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Serial Programming/RS-232 Connections

Introduction
RS-232 is a standard for serial data communication between computing equipment. This standard dates back to 1962 but has been substantially revised over the years to accommodate changes to communications technology. At a minimum, an RS-232 connection may consist of a single wire connected between two pieces of equipment. The simplest connection in common usage contains three wires: transmit (tx), receive (rx), and ground (gnd). However, a fully implemented connection can contain as many as 25 wires. Early RS-232 connections were commonly used to connect terminal equipment to modems, so these topics are often intertwined.

Data Terminal/Communications Equipment
In the world of serial communications, there are two different kinds of equipment:

 * DTE - Data Terminal Equipment
 * DCE - Data Communications Equipment

Straight Serial Connections
In practice, the distinction between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Communications Equipment (DCE) is simply a matter of function. This is an instance where the subjects of modems and serial communication equipment have been mixed together. Here, the modem can be thought of as the DCE and the terminal that faces a user is the DTE. Years ago, when the use of timeshare computing systems was common, the user would dial a telephone, place the telephone's handset against an acoustical modem, and that modem would be connected to a simple dumb terminal with an RS-232 cable. The typical connection speed was usually 50 baud or 110 baud, though very fast connections could reach 300 baud. As a side note, when the very first IMPs (Interconnection Message Processors) that formed the first nodes/routers of ARPAnet (the ancient predecessor of the Internet), this was exactly the connection system they were using. This later gave way to other communication systems, but this was the beginning of the Internet.

In a more modern setting, imagine a piece of equipment in a very dangerous place, like in a steel processing mill that measures the temperature of the rollers or other steel processing equipment. This would also be a form of what we now refer to as a piece of "Data Communication Equipment" that we would also want to be able to control remotely. The PC that is used in a control room of the mill would be the Data Terminal Equipment. There are many other similar kinds of devices, and RS-232 connections can be found on all kinds of equipment.

The reason this is called a "straight" connection is because when the cabling is put together, each wire on each end of the connection is connected to the same pin.

Null Modems
Often you don't always want to connect a piece of equipment to a computer, but you would also like to connect two computers together. Unfortunately, when connecting two computers with a "straight" serial connection, the two computers are fighting each other on the same wires.

One way to make this work is to connect the two computers to each other with a pair of modems. As explained earlier, this is a very common task, and in the 1980's and early 1990's it was common to have "Bulletin Board Systems" (BBS) where computers would call each other up with modems and exchange all sorts of information.

Now imagine if these two computers are in the very same room. Instead of going through the physical modems, they go through a "null modem", or a modem that really doesn't exist. In order to make this work you have to "cross" some of the wires so when you transmit some information on one end, the other computer is able to detect and receive that same information.

In addition to simply allowing a computer to communicate and transmit data to another computer, a null modem connection can be used to "simulate" the behavior of DCE equipment. This will be particularly important later on with some of the discussion in this series of articles, where you can experiment with writing some of your own serial communication software. In my own experience, I've had to write these "emulators" in many instances, either because the equipment that I was trying to communicate with wasn't finished, or it was difficult to obtain a sample of that equipment and all that I had available to me was the communication protocol specification.

Loopback Connectors
Sometimes instead of trying to communicate with another computer, you would like to be able to test the transmission equipment itself. One practical way of doing this is to add a "loopback" connector to the terminal device, like a PC with a serial data connection. This connector has no cable attached, but loops the transmit lines to the receive lines. By doing this, you can simulate both the transmission and receiving of data. Generally speaking, this is only done for actually testing the equipment, but can be used for testing software components as well. When this sort of connector is used, you will receive every byte that you transmit. If you separate out the transmission subroutines from the data capture subroutines, it can provide a controlled system for testing your application.

General
When it starts to get very difficult to examine the serial data being transmitted by the equipment, sometimes it is nice to be able to take a "snapshot" of the information being transmitted. This is done with a protocol analyzer of one kind or another.

What is done is a modification of the cabling that allows for a third computer to be able to simply read the data as it is being transmitted. Sometimes the communication protocol can get so complicated that you need to see the whole exchange, and it needs to be examined in "real-time" rather than going through some sort of software debugger. Another purpose of this is to examine the data exchange for purposes of doing some reverse engineering if you are trying to discover how a piece of equipment works. Often, despite written specifications, the actual implementation of what is occurring when transmitting data can be quite a bit different than what was originally planned. Basically, this is a powerful tool for development of serial communications protocols and software, and should not be ignored.

There are common ways to connect a protocol analyzer, which are discussed in the following.

One of the most convenient tool to monitor and analyze serial port data is RS232 Protocol Analyzer. This software allows to intercept all serial control codes and record detailed information about them. The data captured can be viewed in all 4 different views simultaneously that is, table, line, dump or terminal mode with each display providing a unique way of representing RS232 analyzer captured data.

Y "Cable"
A Y "Cable" is not just some cable, but also contains electronics - assuming it is not a low quality cable. It is supposed to be placed in between a serial line and it mirrors all signals on a third connector. This third connector can then be connected to a protocol analyzer (e.g. a PC with some display software):

+-+ serial  +-+  serial  +-+ | DTE |--| Y Cable |--| DCE | +-+         +-+          +-+                       |                       |                  +--+                  | Analyzer | +--+

It is recommended not to use a passive Y cable. Such a cable overloads the transmitters at the DTE and DCE, which might result in the destruction of the transmitters. The RS-233 standard requires that transmitters are short-circuit safe. However, modern, highly integrated equipment might no longer be compliant to that particular aspect of the standard.

Often, the line going to the analyzer is also just a serial line, and the analyzer is a PC with a serial interface and some display software. The disadvantage of such a simple Y cable solutions is that it only supports half-duplex communication. That is, only one site (DTE or DCE) can talk at any time. The reason for this is that the two TX lines from the DTE and DCE are combined into one TX line going to the analyzer. If the DTE and the DCE both send at the same time, their signals get mixed up on the third line going to the analyzer, and the analyzer probably doesn't see any decode-able signal at all.

See http://www.mmvisual.de/fbintermdspy.htm for an example of some simple circuitry for a Y cable.

More advanced Y cable solutions provide the TX data from the DTE and DCE separately to the analyzer. Such analyzers are capable of displaying full-duplex communication. Advanced professional systems not only display the decoded digital information, but also monitor the analog signal levels and timing.

Man-in-the-Middle
In this scenario the analyzer sits in the middle between the DTE and DCE. It is basically some device (e.g. a PC) with two serial interfaces. The analyzer mirrors each signal from one site to the other site, and also displays the traffic.

+-+ serial  +--+  serial  +-+ | DTE |--| Analyzer |--| DCE | +-+         +--+          +-+

In principle, a simple version of such an analyzer can be built with any PC with two serial interfaces. All that is needed is some software, which is not too difficult to write. Such a device will, however, lack a convenient feature. Professional analyzers are able to auto-sense the speed of the serial communication. A home made solution needs to be configured to match the speed of the serial communication. Professional devices are also optimized to ensure minimal delay in the circuitry. Also, a simple homegrown, PC-based analyzer can't be used to analyze faults due to signal voltage level problems. Nevertheless, any kind of protocol analyzer is much better than nothing at all. Even the most simple analyzer is very useful.

Others
See Setting up a Development Environment (for modem development) for some more information.

Breakout Box
An RS232 breakout box (a BOB) is a rather nifty piece of hardware which usually combines a number of functions into one. It basically consist of two RS232 connectors, and a patch field (or switches) which allows to change the wiring between the connectors. A patch field and small pieces of wires are preferable over (DIP) switches alone, since the patch field allows access to the signals for other purposes, too.

A breakout box is very useful if the pinout (DTE/DCE) of a particular device is not known. The patch field allows to quickly change the wiring from a straight connection to a null modem connection, or to set up a loopback connection.

Since the patch field provides access to all signals it also allows to use the breakout box to connect a protocol analyzer or an oscilloscope. Better breakout boxes also provide some signal level information on their own, by having LEDs who inform about the signal voltage. This information is useful when trying to identify an unknown pinout. High-end BOBs contain circuitry to measure ground potential difference and pulse traps circuitry to find signal glitches.

Commercial breakout boxes are available in many varieties. It is also possible to build a useful BOB from a handful of simple parts on a circuit board. The patch field can be made from DIL IC sockets, and the wiring of the LEDs is simple if 2-pin dual-color LEDs are used (3-pin LEDs will not work). Each signal line should be connected via such an LED and a 680 Ohm resistor in serial to GND (Signal Ground). The home-made breakout-box is completed with a couple of RS232 connectors, possibly also one to attach a protocol analyzer and some simple metal or plastic case.

Character Sequence Generator
Another nifty piece of hardware and/or software which is useful for developing and testing serial applications and equipment is a character sequence generator. Such a generator produces a repeated sequence of serial line data. For example such a generator might repeat the famous "The quick brown fox ..." sentence in an an endless loop. Another common test sequence is the generation of all 8-bit codes from 0x00 to 0xFF in a loop. Such a loop contains all 7-bit ASCII and 8-bit ISO Latin 1 characters, plus the first 32 non-printable control characters and can e.g. reveal decoding errors or transmission errors. Also very common is a modem test sequence, using generic modem commands (Serial Programming:Modems and AT Commands) to build up a modem connection, send some data and tear the modem connection down in a loop.

Commercial hardware character generators provide a heap of additional features, often combined with a protocol analyzer. As such they are rather expensive. However, just like with a BOB, it is possible to build a useful DIY character sequence generator for small cash. This can either happen with software on a normal computer (some simple endless software loop sending the same data again and again to a serial interface), or with a few pieces of cheap electronic components. Some small stand-alone hardware is often more convenient in the field and in development for quick tests than e.g. a PC or laptop with some software.

A simple classic hardware character generator basically consists of a baud-rate generator, a UART (Serial Programming:8250 UART Programming), an (E)EPROM, a binary counter and a line driver (Serial Programming:MAX232 Driver Receiver). Typically, each of these components is a simple single IC. The (E)EPROM is supposed to contain the character sequence(s). The baud-rate generator drives the UART and the binary counter. The binary counter drives the address lines of the (E)EPROM. The result is that the character sequence is produced at the data lines of the (E)EPROM. These data lines are feed into the UARTs input. The UARTs output is connected to the serial line driver. All this can be easily fitted on a small prototype board in a simple case.

A more modern hardware character generator can be build around one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR). This is particularly easy, since these micro controllers already contain serial interfaces, and just require a little bit of serial programming - which is the topic of this book.

Connection Types
If you wanted to do a general RS-232 connection, you could take a bunch of long wires and solder them directly to the electronic circuits of the equipment you are using, but this tends to make a big mess and often those solder connections tend to break and other problems can develop. To deal with these issues, and to make it easier to setup or take down equipment, some standard connectors have been developed that are commonly found on most equipment using the RS-232 standards.

These connectors come in two forms: A male and a female connector. The female connector has holes that allow the pins on the male end to be inserted into the connector.

EIA/TIA 574: DE9
This is a female DE9 (incorrectly known as "DB-9") connector (properly known as DE9F):

The female DE-9 connector is typically used as the "plug" that goes into a typical PC. If you see one of these on the back of your computer, it is likely not to be used for serial communication, but rather for things like early VGA or CGA monitors (not SVGA) or for some special control/joystick equipment.

And this is a male "DE-9" connector (properly known as DE9M):

This is the connector that you are more likely to see for serial communications on a "generic" PC. Often you will see two of them side by side (for COM1 and COM2). Special equipment that you might communicate with would have either connector, or even one of the DB-25 connectors listed below.

RS-232C: DB-25
This is a female DB-25 connector (also known as DB25S):

This DB25S is what you normally find on an IBM compatible PC used as the parallel (printer) port. It is also on the computer end of a modem cable in older PCs that have 25 pin serial port connectors. This connector type is also used frequently for equipment that conforms to RS-232 serial data communication as well, so don't always assume if you see one of these connectors that it is always parallel. When the original RS-232 specification was written, this was the kind of connector that was intended, but because many of the pins were seldom if ever used, IBM PC compatible serial ports were later switched to the DE-9 DE9S connectors carrying all the required signals as on the DB connectors in the original IBM-PC. (Yes, this is comparatively recent equipment for this standard).

This is a male DB-25P connector (also known as DB25P):

Male DB-25 connectors are usually used on one end of a PC printer cable for parallel data communication, which is beyond the scope of this series of articles. The DB25P is also used on the modem end of an external modem cable. You should be aware that this connector is also used for serial communications on many different types of equipment, using many different types of communications protocols. In fact, if you have a random piece of equipment that you are trying to see how it works, you can presume that it is a piece of serial equipment. Hacking random connectors is also beyond the scope of this document, but it can be an interesting hobby by itself.

mini-stereo plug connector
This is a male mini-stereo plug connector:

Some digital cameras and calculators come with a cable that has a mini-stereo plug connector on the end the plugs into the camera, and a DE-9 connector on the end that plugs into the PC.

It is a poor connector, as it short circuits segments while being plugged/unplugged.

The "PicAXE" systems use
 * 1: base ring: ground (pin 5 of DE9)
 * 2: middle ring: serial output from PicAXE to serial input of PC (pin 2 of DE9)
 * 3: tip of pin: serial output of PC to serial input of PicAXE (pin 3 of DE9)

The "LANC" systems often use a 2.5 mm stereo jack:
 * base ring: ground
 * middle ring: +5 to +8 VDC from the camera
 * tip: normally pulled high with a resistor to +5 V (idle; logical 1); pulled low (start bit and logical 0) to send commands or status. (open collector). Generally the remote control sends the first 2 byte command. The camera replies with 6 status bytes.

LANC uses 9600 bit/s serial.

RS-232D: RS232 on RJ45
RS-232D defines a standard connector much smaller than a DE-9 plug. .

(RS-232 on a RJ45 modular jack is also known as "EIA/TIA - 561")

RS232 on RJ11
Is there a standard for connecting the TX, RX, GND of RS-232 to the 4 pins of a RJ11 connector ?
 * Luhan Monat uses DE9-5 ---> RJ11-1; DE9-3 ---> RJ11-2; DE9-2 ---> RJ11-3. (RJ11-2 and RJ11-3 are the "inner pair").
 * Paul Campbell says "I wired the GND to the yellow line, TXD to the black line and RXD to the red line."
 * Russell McMahon mentions several different "standards" for wiring RS-232 to the 4 pins of a RJ11 connector or the 8 pins of a RJ45 connector.

Wiring Pins Explained
The wiring of RS-232 devices involves first identifying the actual pins that are being used.

Please note also that in the "PC COMx Port context" end of things some signals are 'inputs' while others are 'outputs' while in the "Modem context" those same signal names referred to now become as 'outputs' where they were just before 'inputs' and vice versa. That is where much confusion has arisen from over the years, as the 'Input' or 'Output' -sense- nature is not noted in most diagrams on the subject in general, yet in the real world two 'Out' pins seldom can ever work in harmony in RS-232 related ±[3–10] V stuff where the range from -3 V to +3 V is not a true high or low, except to possibly burden drivers towards their undesired burnout.

Here is how a female DE-9 connector is numbered (Note, the connector on a computer is usually a male connector, so it is mirrored compared to the following image):

If the numbers are hard to read, it starts at the top-right corner as "1", and goes left until the end of the row and then starts again as pin 6 on the next row until you get to pin 9 on the bottom-left pin. "Top" is defined as the row with 5 pins.

Here are what each pin is usually defined as on the PC COMx end of things:

One thing to keep in mind when discussing these pins and their meaning, is that they are very closely tied together with modems and modem protocols.

Whenever interconnecting any serial ports it will be well to note that whatever the case, it should always follow that only one should ever be tied to one or more generally speaking. Further, be it noted that signal names at the COMx end will generally be opposite of the - -sense- at the modem end of things, even though carrying the same mnemonic names.

Often you don't have a modem attached in the loop, but you still treat the equipment as if it were a modem on a theoretical level. At least such that you minimally have an going to every in some manner, with no two in conflict or without any 'floating' tied to no at all.

The following are more formal explanations regarding each signal function in the general sense of its use:

DCD (Data Carrier Detect)
This is a signal to indicate from the communications equipment (DCE) that the phone line is still "connected" and receiving a carrier signal from the modem at the other end. Presumably well-written software or serial equipment could detect from this logic state when the telephone has been "hung up" on the other end. Null-modems often tie DCD to DTR at each end since there is no carrier signal involved.

RX (Receive Data)
Input to receive the data from another transmitter.

TX (Transmit Data)
The reverse of RX, this is where the terminal equipment (DTE) is transmitting serial data, using the same format and protocol that the receiver is expecting. More on the exact protocol further below. Like RX, think along the lines of "Terminal Transmit" when designing equipment that will be using this pin.

DTR (Data Terminal Ready)
Basically a signal from the DTE that says "Hello!, I'm ready if you are". This is a general indicator to the DCE that the terminal is ready to start sending and receiving data. If there is some initialization that needs to happen in the communications equipment, this is a way for the terminal equipment to "boot" the receiving equipment. In a null modem setup this signal is often connected to DCD, so the device signals itself that an (imaginary) carrier has been detected, indication that the transmission line is up.

GND (Signal Ground)
This is an interesting pin to look at. What it does is try to make a common "ground" reference between the equipment that is being connected to compare the voltages for the other signals. Normally this is a good thing, because sometimes different pieces of equipment have different power supplies and are some distance away. The not so pleasant thing about this wire is that it usually is a physical piece of copper that can conduct electricity that is not normally supposed to go down the wire, like a short-circuit or worse yet a bolt of lightning (it happens far more often that you would normally think for this sort of equipment). That can fry both the DCE as well as the DTE. Things like fiber converters and ground isolators can help prevent this from happening, but can still be something to worry about. Over short distances this is generally not a problem.

DSR (Data Set Ready)
This is the counterpart to DTR with the communications equipment (or computer peripheral on the serial line). When the DTR is sent as a signal, the communications equipment should change this signal to logic "1" to indicate that it is ready to communicate as well. If the DCE goes through a "boot" sequence when the DTR gets signaled, it should not signal DSR until it is complete. But many connectors "hard wire" this pin to be directly connected to the DTR pin at each end to reduce the number of wires needed in the cable. This can be useful for connecting devices using existing telephone wires, but prevents applications from using the DTR and DSR for handshaking.

RTS (Request To Send)
Setting the RTS signal to logic "1" indicates to the DCE that the DTE wants to send it data. Resetting the RTS signal to logic "0" indicates to the DCE that the DTE has no more data to send.

CTS (Clear To Send)
This is the response signal from the DCE regarding if the terminal equipment should be transmitting any data. When this signal is at logical "1", the terminal is "permitted" to transmit data. Like the DTR/DSR pins, this one can be directly connected to the RTS pin to reduce the number of wires needed, but this eliminates the possibility of hardware flow control. Some software ignores this pin and the RTS pin, so other flow control systems are also used. That will be explained when we get to actual software.

RI (Ring Indicator)
Again, thinking back to a telephone modem, this is a signal that indicates that the telephone is "ringing". Generally, even on a real telephone modem, this is only occasionally set to -15 V for the signal. Basically, when you would normally be hearing a "ring" on your telephone, this pin would be signaled. On Null-modems, often this wire isn't even connected to anything. If you really are connected to a real modem, this does have some strong uses, although there are other ways to have the terminal equipment (like a PC connected to an external modem) be informed that there are ways to communicate this information through the data pins as well. This will be covered lightly in the software section.

Other RS-232 Pins
There are other pins that the DB-25 has implemented that the DE-9 doesn't normally use, such as a secondary transmit and receive pin, Secondary CTS/RTS for those alternate pins, a -15 V signal for power, a clock, and a couple of other good ideas as well. The problem with implementing all of these pins is that you also need to run separate wires, and a full set of DB-25 connectors would also mean having 25 physical wires going the full distance between the DTE and DCE. If this is more than a foot or so, it gets to be a big hassle, particularly if you are going through walls or in a more permanent setting. If the wrong wire gets clipped in the bundle, the whole thing must be restrung again, or you must go through wire testing like the old-fashioned telephone linemen used to have to do when fixing a phone distribution box. Often only three physical copper lines are used to connect the DTE to DCE, and that is simply RX, TX, and GND. The rest can be easily "faked" on the connector end in a manner sufficient for most software and hardware applications.

Baud Rates Explained
Baud and BPS (Bits Per Second) are usually not the same thing, although they are often used interchangeably, particularly in marketing literature. There are several ways to determine what the actual data rate of a particular piece of equipment is, but in popular marketing literature, or even general reference texts, they will almost always refer to "Baud Rate", even if they are referring to bits per second.

Baud means the number of changes to the transmission media per second in a modulated signal. If each transmission event contains more than one bit of information, then Baud and BPS are not the same. E.g. if each event contains two bits (two bits modulated in an event), then the BPS of such a transmission would be twice as large as the Baud rate. This is not a theoretical case. Typical "high speed" modems use sophisticated modulation on the telephone line, where the bit rate and Baud rate differ significantly on the line. It is important to know this when you build measurement equipment, decoders (demodulators), encoders (modulators), and all sorts of transmission equipment for a particular protocol.

However, software developers typically like to ignore the difference of bit rate and baud rate, because a bit can either have the value true or false - an "event" (a bit) always only has two possible states. They have no basic unit which can e.g. hold four different states. In other words, on the software side the modulation has already been flattened by the demodulator. If a modulation was used which can e.g. transmit 8 bits in an event, the software developer sees them already as a series of 8 consecutive bits, each either true or false. The demodulator took care of that. When it got an event it turned the single 8-bit event into eight single-bit events. Software developers don't see the original single entity with 256 different states (voltages, phases). Since the modulation has been flattened they don't experience the difference between Baud rate and bit rate any more. This is not the fault of the people who defined a Baud or a BPS. It is just a (welcome) limitation of digital computer hardware.

Baud is actually a shortened term named in honor of Émile Baudot, a French inventor of early teleprinter machines that replaced the telegraph key using Morse Code. Basically two typewriters that could be connected to each other with some wires. He came up with some of the first digital character encoding schemes, and the character codes were transmitted with a serial data connection. Keep in mind this was being done largely before computers were invented. Indeed, some of these early teleprinter devices were connected to the very first computers like the ENIAC or UNIVAC, simply because they were relatively cheap and mass-produced at that point.

In order for serial data communication to happen, you need to agree on a clock signal, or baud rate, in order to get everything to be both transmitted and received properly. This is where the language purists get into it, because it is this clock signal that actually drives the "baud rate". Let's start more at the beginning with Émile Baudot's teleprinters to explain baud rate.

Émile's early teleprinters used 5 data bits and 1 stop bit to transmit a character. We will go onto formatting issues in a second, but what is important is that six signals are sent through a wire in some fashion that would indicate that a character is transmitted. Typically the equipment was designed to run at 50 baud, or in other words the equipment would transmit or receive a "bit" of data 50 times per second. Not coincidentally, French power systems also ran on an alternating current system of 50 Hz, so this was an easy thing to grab to determine when a new character should be transmitted.

Teleprinters evolved, and eventually you have Western Union sending teleprinter "cablegrams" all around the world. If you hear of a TELEX number, this is the relic of this system, which is still in use at the present time, even with the Internet. By rapidly glossing over a whole bunch of interesting history, you end up with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) in a lawsuit with AT&T. Mind you this was an earlier anti-trust lawsuit prior to the famous/infamous 1982 settlement. The reason this is important is because the DOJ insisted that Western Union got all of the digital business (cable grams... and unfortunately this got to be read as computer equipment as well), and AT&T got modulated frequencies, or in other words, you could talk to your mother on Mother's Day on their equipment. When computers were being built in the 1950s, people wanted some way to connect different pieces of computer equipment together to "talk" to each other. This finally resulted in the RS-232 standard that we are discussing on this page.

While Western Union was permitted to carry digital traffic, often the connections weren't in or near computer centers. At this time AT&T found a loophole in the anti-trust settlement that could help get them into the business of being a "carrier" of computer data. They were also offering to transmit computer data at rates considerably cheaper than Western Union was going to charge. Hence, the modem was born.

Modems Explained
The long description of a modem is a "Modulator/Demodulator", and this description is important. Since AT&T could only carry "tones", like music from a radio network or the voice of your mother, they created a device that would electronically create "music" or "tones" that could be carried on their network. They would then take a computer "1" or "0" and "modulate" the bit to a frequency, like say 2600 Hz. (The exact tones varied based on baud rate and other factors, but there were exact frequency specs here.) A matching device would be able to look for that "note" or "tone" in the "music" and be able to convert that back to a computer "1" or "0", or in other words, demodulate the music. Since all you and your buddy on each end of the telephone are only playing music to each other, it was legal for AT&T to have that music on their network. That only computers could possibly understand this music is besides the point, and the DOJ turned a blind eye on the whole practice, despite objections from Western Union.

The original modems you could rent were AT&T Bell 103 modems. These were clunky boxes about the size of a shoe box that had a bunch of switches on the outside and an RS-232 cable that connected to the computer equipment you were using. These boxes were designed for the old-fashioned handset telephones and had pieces of rubber that would go around the "speaker" and "mic" portion of the telephone (no direct copper connection to the telephone equipment back then). If you wanted to dial the telephone, you had to use the rotary dial on the phone itself... the computer didn't have access to that sort of equipment. Keep in mind that the FCC regulated just about everything that happened with phone equipment, and AT&T owned everything related to telephones. You even had to "rent" the modem from AT&T, and that rental charge was on your monthly phone bill.

The Bell 103 was originally 110 baud, although it eventually had a switch to "move up" to 220 baud. 300 baud modems were also fairly common throughout the 1960's and 1970's. Keep in mind that AT&T (or your local phone company) was the only company you could even rent a modem from, whether you wanted one or not. By 1982, modems were so commonly used and the POTS telephone network so widespread that this same system of sending "music" over the telephone has been preserved, even though the legal reasons for doing it are no longer valid. With the advent of ISDN and DSL lines, this is no longer the case and the phone companies are now sending pure digital signals instead. This is also why DSL lines can carry much more data than an ordinary phone line, even though it is the same pair of copper wires going into your home.

When modems started going to very high speeds, they hit a brick wall of sorts. It was decided back in the 1950's that telephone equipment would only have to carry tone signals going to about 10kHz. For normal voice conversations this is sufficient, and you can even tell the difference between a man and a woman on the telephone. The problem comes in that this means the highest normal "baud rate" that you can send over a home telephone network is about 9600 baud, usually about 4800 baud, because the telephone equipment itself is going to be dropping "bits" as you switch from one tone to another. Without going into the heavy math, you need to have at least one full "sound wave" in order to be able to distinguish one tone or note from another. Modem manufacturers did think of something else that could be done to overcome this limitation, however. Instead of just sending one tone at a time, you could play a whole "chord", or several distinct tones at the same time. Finally back to baud vs. bits per second. With higher speeds, instead of simply sending only one bit, you are sending two or as many as sixteen bits at the same time with varying "chords" of "music". This is how you get a 56K BPS modem, even though it is still only transmitting at 9600 baud.

More about modems in Serial Programming:Modems and AT Commands.

Signal Bits
There are four sets of transmission bits that are used in the RS-232 standard. The positioning of these bits in the RS-232 data stream is all that distinguishes one bit from the other. This is also where serial communication really hits the "metal", because each bit follows in a sequence, or in a serial fashion. All of the other wires, pins, baud rate, and everything else is to make sure that these bits can be understood. Keep in mind that at this point the entire protocol is based on the transmission of a single character. Multiple characters can be sent, but they are a sequence of single character transmission events. How the characters relate is based on what the software does with the data on the next protocol "layer".

Start Bit
When a transmission line is not sending anything, it remains in a logical state of "1", or -15 V on the wire. When you want to send a character, you start by changing the voltage to +15 V, indicating a logical "0" state. Each subsequent bit is based on the baud rate that is established for communication between each device. This bit signals that the receiving device should start scanning for subsequent bits to form the character.

Data Bits
This is the primary purpose of serial communications, where the data actually gets sent. The number of bits here can vary quite a bit, although in current practice the number of bits typically transmitted is eight bits. Originally this was five bits, which was all that the early teleprinters really used to make the letters of the Alphabet and a few special characters. This has implications for Internet protocols as well, because early e-mail systems transmitted with only seven bits when they were connected over some RS-232 links. This worked because the early character encoding schemes, mainly ASCII, only used seven bits to encode all characters commonly used for the English language. Because computer components work best on powers of 2 (2,4,8,16,32, etc.), eight bits became more commonly used for data storage of individual characters. Unicode and other coding schemes have moved this concept forward for languages other than English, but eight bits still is a very common unit for transmitting data, and the most common setting for RS-232 devices today.

The least significant bit (LSB) is transmitted first in this sequence of bits to form a character.

Parity Bit
To help perform a limited error check on the characters being transmitted, the parity bit has been introduced. Parity can detect some transmission errors but not correct. The value of the parity bit depends on the number of bits set to "1" in the string of data bits.

There are four different kinds of parity configuration to consider:

Odd Parity
When the sum of bits ends up coming up with an odd number (like the sequence 01110101), this bit will be set to a logical state of "0".

Even Parity
This uses the formula of trying to determine if there are an even number of bits set to "1". In this regard, it is the exact opposite state of the Odd Parity. For e.g., for a frame with seven bits that has an odd number of ones, the parity bit will be set to one. So essentially, the entire byte, including parity must have an even number of ones for even parity.

Mark Parity
Using this concept, the transmission protocol is essentially ignoring the parity bit entirely. Instead, the transmission configuration is sending a logical "1" at the point that a parity bit should be sent, regardless of if the sequence should have an odd or even count. This configuration mode is useful for equipment that may want to be testing parity checking software or firmware in the receiving equipment.

Space Parity
The opposite of Mark parity, this sends a logical "0" for the parity checksum. Again, very useful for equipment diagnostics.

Parity None
This isn't really a parity formula, but rather an acknowledgment that parity really doesn't work, so the equipment doesn't even check for it. This means the parity bit isn't even used. This can cause, in some circumstances, a slight increase in the total data throughput. More on that below.

Stop Bits
This really isn't a bit at all, but an agreement that once the character is sent that the transmitting equipment will return to a logical "1" state. The RS-232 specification requires this logical state of "1" to remain for at least one whole clock cycle, indicating that the character transmission is complete. Sometimes the protocol will specify two stop bits. One reason that this might be done is because the clock frequencies being used by the equipment might have slightly different timing, and over the course of hundreds or thousands of characters being transmitted the difference between two clocks on the two different pieces of equipment will cause the expected bits to be shifted slightly, causing errors. By having two stop bits the transmission is slightly slower, but the clock signals between the two pieces of equipment can be coordinated better. Equipment expecting one stop bit can accept data transmitted by equipment sending two stop bits. It won't work the other way around, however. This is something to try if you are having problems trying to get two pieces of equipment to communicate at a given baud rate, to add the second stop bit to the transmitter.

Data Transmission Rates
We got into a discussion of baud rate vs. bits per second. Here is where baud as the number of bits being transmitted is still off, even if the nominal bits per second is also the same as the baud rate. By adding start bits, stop bits, and parity bits, that is going to add overhead to the transmission protocol. All digital transmission protocols have some sort of overhead on them, so this shouldn't be that much of a surprise. As we get more into data packets and other issues, the actual amount of data being transmitted will drop even further.

Keep in mind that if you are transmitting with 6 data bits, 2 Stop bits, and Even Parity, you are transmitting only six bits of data and four other bits of extra information. That means even with 9600 baud, you are only transmitting 5,760 bits of data per second. This really is a big difference, and that is still only raw bits once it gets through the actual serial communications channel. A more typical 8 data bits, 1 Stop Bit, No Parity will be a little bit better at 9600 baud, with eight bits of data and only two bits used for overhead. That gives a total throughput of 7,680 bits per second. A little bit better, but you can't simply presume that the baud rate indicates how much data is going to be transmitted.

Relationship of Baud Rate to Maximum Distance
There are physical limits to how far serial data communication can occur over a piece of wire. When you apply a voltage onto a wire it takes time for that voltage to traverse the wire, and there are other unstable conditions that happen when you send a "pulse" down the wire and change voltages too quickly. This problem is worse as wires become longer and the frequency (i.e. baud rate) increases. This distance can vary based on a number of factors, including the thickness of the wires involved, RF interference on the wires, quality of the wires during the manufacturing process, how well they were installed... e.g., are there any "kinks" in the wires that force it into a sharp bend, and finally the baud rate that you are transmitting the data.

This table presumes a fairly straight and uniform cable that is typical for most low-voltage applications (i.e., not a power circuit that uses 110 V to run your refrigerator, toaster, and television). Typically something like a CAT-5 cable (also used for local networks or phone lines) should be more than sufficient for this purpose.

The distance limitation can be mitigated. There are "short haul modems" that can extend this distance to several miles of cable. There are also telephone lines, or conventional modems, and other long-distance communications techniques. There are other ways to handle data in situations like this, and those signals can be converted to simple RS-232 data formats that a typical home computer can interpret. Distance still can be a limiting factor for communication, although when you are talking about distances like to Saturn for the Cassini mission, serial data communication has other issues involved than just data loss due to cable length. And yes, NASA/ESA is using serial data communication for transmitting those stunning images back to Earth.

External References

 * RS-232 wiring standards explained
 * RS-232 connection types explained
 * Wikipedia article on RS-232
 * RS-232 standards explained by HW-Server
 * Serial Pinouts (D25 and D9 Connectors) (also has more technical information about the UARTs used in PCs)
 * RS232 Connections, and wiring up serial device has several diagrams, including one showing how to let one PC monitor the serial communication between 2 other RS232 devices.
 * Lammert Bies, RS232 Specifications and standard Includes technical specs on RS-232 signals and more detailed information about parity checking.
 * Tronisoft's Printable ASCII Serial Port Crib Sheets
 * jSSC library (Java Simple Serial Connector). Work under Win32 and Win64

Other Serial Programming Articles
Typical RS232-Hardware Configuration

title: Serial Programming/RS-232 Connections


text:
Vornicu

Vornicu may refer to:

 * Valentin Vornicu (born 1983), Romanian poker player and mathematician
 * Vornicu River, river in Romania

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vornicu


text:
Talk:Running through fields of wheat

"Thatcher in the Rye" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Thatcher in the Rye. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 18:52, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Merge with "Theresa May" Main article
This was a briefly popular internet meme, and not of lasting cultural significance. It should be summarised and brought into the main article on Theresa May. PriscillaApostola (talk) 14:10, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Running through fields of wheat


text:
Maghreb de Fes (basketball)

Maghreb Association Sportive de Fès, commonly known as Maghreb de Fes or MAS Fes, is a Moroccan professional basketball team located in Fes. The team competes in the Division Excellence. Home games are played in the Salle 11 Janvier (11 January Hall), which was constructed in 2004 and holds 3,000 places.

The club has won five Moroccan championships, seven Moroccan cups and one African continental championship, in 1998.

Honours
'''FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup Division Excellence Moroccan Throne Cup
 * Champions (1): 1998
 * Champions (5): 1996, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2007
 * Runners-up (5): 2000, 2002, 2005, 2010, 2017
 * Champions (7): 1989, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2008
 * Runners-up (10): 1991, 1993, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2018

2023–2024 roster

 * 🇲🇦 El Houari Bassim
 * 🇲🇦 Masrouri Omar
 * 🇲🇦 Moujahid El Mehdi
 * 🇲🇦 Sekkat Hassan
 * 🇲🇦 Oumalek Hicham
 * 🇲🇦 Bouabid Ismail
 * 🇲🇦 Atik Youness
 * 🇲🇦 Filali Ayoub
 * 🇲🇦 Azouaw Otmane
 * 🇲🇦 Azzouzi Zakariae
 * 🇲🇦 Achouri Ayoub
 * 🇲🇦 Serrhini Zakariae

Notable players

 * Jimmy Williams
 * 🇺🇸 Kayode Ayeni

title: Maghreb de Fes (basketball)


text:
Teaching Assistant in France Survival Guide

Teaching assistants in France  are non-nationals granted temporary work visas to teach their native languages in French public schools. English, Spanish, Italian and German language assistants are the most common.

This guidebook serves current, potential, and past teaching assistants in France. (For those of us who have already served our terms, helping those who follow can be therapeutic.) It strives to assemble in one place, and improve upon, information useful to assistants — perhaps to any foreigner living in the Hexagon.

In this guidebook you will learn about being an assistant: the application and acceptance process, the paperwork, teaching and eventually leaving. You will also learn about traveling on a budget in Europe. If any of its information has fallen out of date or is lacking, please do contribute.

Currently, much of the information in this guide is geared towards American English assistants. Being a Wiki, we hope that it will grow to accommodate everyone in the program, eventually spanning languages.

Add your name and contact info to the Teaching Assistant Directory (for all languages) if you'd like to get in touch with other assistants in your académie, or perhaps e-mail former assistants for advice.

Some teaching assistants in the program do not go to metropolitan France at all; they go to overseas departments such as Guadeloupe. If you're one of them, you'll find this guide needs a whole new chapter: please write it!

A few good links for more information on the Teaching Assistantship program are:
 * Assistants in France Forums
 * FTAP Paperwork Guide - What To Do and When To Do It
 * Guide for English Language Assistants in France
 * Assistants Etrangers en France from CIEP
 * French Culture - Assistantship Program
 * The Assistants d'Anglais Program
 * Assistants Etrangers Webring


text:
Paul Finn

Paul Finn may refer to:

 * Paul Finn (hurler), Irish hurler
 * Paul Finn (judge), Australian federal court judge

title: Paul Finn


text:
Beverley Guildhall

The Guildhall is a municipal facility at Register Square in Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is a Grade I listed building.

History
The building, which dates back to 1320, was acquired from a householder, Edward Mynskyp, for use as a meeting place by the town officials in 1501. It was remodelled internally by William Middleton in 1762. It was remodelled again, both internally and externally in 1832, when the original arched entrance was removed and a large portico with four Doric order columns and a pediment above, designed by Charles Mountain the Younger, was installed on the front of the building.

The courtroom, located on the ground floor on the south side of the building, features a Rococo-style stucco ceiling, created by the stuccoist, Giuseppe Cortese (1704-1779), which was installed at the time of the remodelling by Middleton. The courtroom was used as the sole facility for dispensing justice in the town until the Sessions House at New Walk opened in 1814. At that time the quarter sessions moved to the new Sessions House, but the magistrates' courts continued to be held in the guildhall. In 1827, a public gallery was created in the courtroom using two Doric order columns which had been designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor for the galleries of Beverley Minster and which had been removed from the minister the previous year.

Also created by Middleton, as part of the remodelling, was the magistrates room, located on the first floor on the north side of the building: this functioned as the council chamber for the Borough of Beverley until 1832 when the mayor's parlour was created. The mayor's parlour, located on the first floor at the front of the building, was used as a council chamber for the Borough of Beverley from 1832 until council meetings moved to the courtroom in 1896. Although council offices were established at Lairgate in 1911, council meetings including the annual mayor choosing ceremony continued to be held at the guildhall. In the late 19th century, along with the Sessions House, the guildhall was also used as the meeting place for the East Riding County Council until County Hall was completed in 1891. The guildhall also ceased to be the local seat of government for the town when the new unitary authority, the East Riding of Yorkshire Council, was formed in 1996.

The guildhall now operates as a community museum which exhibits objects from Beverley's history. Works of art in the guildhall include paintings by Fred Elwell and his wife, Mary Elwell, and a collection of 15th century minstrels' chains. Staff at the guildhall also arrange local interest exhibitions.

title: Beverley Guildhall


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/to do

This list is strictly article-related; please do not add DYK or ITN candidates here. Please list the articles alphabetically, and italicize those entries which are for films. All suggestions are welcome, but they could ideally be discussed upon in the above portion before placing here.

{|width="100%" style="background-color:; border:0px solid "
 * style="width:33%; border:0px solid ; background-color:; vertical-align:top"|
 * style="width:33%; border:0px solid ; background-color:; vertical-align:top"|
 * style="width:33%; border:0px solid ; background-color:; vertical-align:top"|


text:
Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings

Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings is an album by pianist/bandleader Count Basie and vocalist Joe Williams recorded in 1955 and originally released on the Clef label.

Reception
AllMusic awarded the album 5 stars stating "Joe Williams' debut as the featured vocalist in Count Basie's band was one of those landmark moments that even savvy observers don't fully appreciate when it occurs, then realize years later how momentous an event they witnessed. Williams brought a different presence to the great Basie orchestra than the one Jimmy Rushing provided; he couldn't shout like Rushing, but he was more effective on romantic and sentimental material, while he was almost as spectacular on surging blues, up-tempo wailers, and stomping standards".

Track listing
Recorded at Fine Sound in New York City on May 17, 1955 (tracks 1–4), July 26, 1955 (tracks 5–9), June 27, 1956 (track 12) and at Universal Recording Corp, Chicago on January 23, 1956 (tracks 10 & 11)
 * 1) "Every Day I Have the Blues" (Peter Chapman, Mayall York) – 5:29
 * 2) "The Come Back" (Memphis Slim) – 5:28
 * 3) "Alright, Okay, You Win" (Sidney Wyche) – 3:05
 * 4) "In the Evening (When the Sun Goes Down)" (Leroy Carr, Don Raye) – 3:38
 * 5) "Roll 'Em Pete" (Pete Johnson, Big Joe Turner) – 3:12
 * 6) "Teach Me Tonight" (Sammy Cahn, Gene DePaul) – 3:04
 * 7) "My Baby Upsets Me" (Joe Williams) – 2:58
 * 8) "Please Send Me Someone to Love" (Percy Mayfield) – 3:33
 * 9) "Ev'ry Day" (Sammy Fain, Irving Kahal) – 3:48
 * 10) "As Long as I Love You" (Bernie Moten, Henri Woode) – 3:06 Bonus track on CD reissue
 * 11) "Stop! Don't!" (George Ronald Brown) – 2:36 Bonus track on CD reissue
 * 12) "Too Close for Comfort" (Jerry Bock, Larry Holofcener, George David Weiss) – 2:53 Bonus track on CD reissue

Personnel

 * Joe Williams - vocals
 * Count Basie - piano
 * Wendell Culley, Reunald Jones, Thad Jones, Joe Newman - trumpet
 * Henry Coker, Bill Hughes, Benny Powell - trombone
 * Marshall Royal - alto saxophone, clarinet
 * Bill Graham - alto saxophone
 * Frank Wess - alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, flute
 * Frank Foster - tenor saxophone
 * Charlie Fowlkes - baritone saxophone, bass clarinet
 * Freddie Green - guitar
 * Eddie Jones - bass
 * Sonny Payne - drums
 * Frank Foster (tracks 2–9), Ernie Wilkins (tracks 1 & 6) - arranger

title: Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings


text:
Category talk:Subfields of zoology

I think this is where I put this, I just wondering if this is the best place for a link to cryptozoology, as a pseudoscience it does not abide by the scientific method and therefor is not officially recognized as a scientific branch. Would it not be more appropriete to have this article link from a pseudoscience page. --Stephen Deloney 01:13, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Cryptozoology runs the gamut from respectable science to complete crackpottery, and I don't consider a blanket condemnation as pseudoscience to be justified. However it seems to me that cryptozoology (and all the other subcategories) here would be better tied directly to Category:Zoology.Lavateraguy 01:19, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * On second thoughts maybe we'd be better off without this category at all (move members to zoology) and instead have a List of subfields of Zoology, or better List of subfields of Biology, as the Zoology/Botany dichotomy is going the way of the animal/plant dichotomy. Lavateraguy 10:54, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Subfields of zoology


text:
rubriche

Etymology
,, , from borrowed itself from.

Noun

 * 1) A heading, header, rubric a title of a section of text, especially one written in red.
 * 2)  A certain part or portion of a text.
 * 3)  A rubric instruction for the ritual actions of a liturgy.
 * 4)  Rubric, red ochre.

title: rubriche


text:
General surgery

Surgical specialty concerned with the surgical treatment of the whole patient and the broad range of surgical diseases that may afflict them. The specialty covers a wide range of diseases involving many body systems including those related to the breast, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, vascular, anorectal, skin and melanoma, oncologic/cancer surgery, hernia, trauma and critical care. General surgeons typically spend 4 years in medical school after college followed by 5 years of grueling, demanding specialty training including one year of internship and one year as chief resident.

Basic Topics

 * 1) Systemic and Metabolic Response to Injury
 * 2) Fluid and Electrolyte Management
 * 3) Hemostasis, Bleeding and Transfusion
 * 4) Shock
 * 5) Surgical İnfections
 * 6) Trauma
 * 7) Burns
 * 8) Wound Healing
 * 9) Oncology
 * 10) Transplantation
 * 11) Patient Safety, Errors and Complications in Surgery
 * 12) Physiologic Monitoring of the Surgical Patient
 * 13) Minimal Invasive Surgery
 * 14) Breast Cancer
 * 15) Sentinel Node and Surgical Oncology

title: General surgery


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 2000–01

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 2000–01 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
Talk:Haskell

EPub version?
In the past, there used to be a downloadable, .epub version. Would anybody be interested in producing such a rendering again? It's actually quite simple with e.g. pandoc, but I'm not sure what's involved in a multi-page document such as this Haskell book. I do know that I would REALLY love an updated version on my e-book reader. <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 16:03, 17 April 2015 (UTC)

As far as I know there was no epub version. There was and there is now again a pdf version that is optimized for ebook readers. I just updated this pdf with data for the current A4 pdf. The latex source code is attached to the A4 pdf. To generate the LaTeX source of the ebook reader optimized pdf version from it, you can use the following python code. Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 18:50, 26 April 2015 (UTC) import codecs g=codecs.open("./document/main/main.tex","r","utf8") t=g.read g.close

t=t.replace("\\begin{landscape}","") t=t.replace("\\end{landscape}","") t=t.replace("\\input{../headers/paper}","") t=t.replace("\\KOMAoptions{fontsize=9pt,DIV=90,BCOR=0pt}","") t=t.replace("\\begin{document}","""\lowertitleback{ {\\footnotesize On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page \\pageref{ListOfFigures}. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page \\pageref{Contributors}. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page \\pageref{Licenses}, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page \\pageref{ListOfFigures}.}}\\begin{document}\\setlength{\\paperwidth}{3.6in} \\setlength{\\paperheight}{4.8in} \\setlength{\\pdfpagewidth}{\\paperwidth} \\setlength{\\pdfpageheight}{\\paperheight} \\KOMAoptions{fontsize=11pt,DIV=50,BCOR=0mm}\\begin{landscape}""") t=t.replace("height=6.5in","height=2.0in") t=t.replace("\\pagestyle{scrheadings}","") t=t.replace("\\tableofcontents","{ \\small \\tableofcontents }") t=t.replace("\\end{document}","\end{landscape}\\end{document}") t=t.replace("\\end{document}","\end{landscape}\\end{document}") t=t.replace("\\LaTeXDoubleBoxTemplate","\\LaTeXDoubleBoxOpenTemplate")

g=codecs.open("./document/main/main.tex","w","utf8") g.write(t) g.close

Yet Another Haskell Tutorial
Why is Yet Another Haskell Tutorial a "subbook" of this book? Shouldn't it be a separate book as Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours? I.e., Haskell/YAHT should be moved to Yet Another Haskell Tutorial, Haskell/YAHT/Preamble should be moved to Yet Another Haskell Tutorial/Preamble etc. (It should also have it's own category.) --Cic (discuss • contribs) 22:32, 8 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Regardless of how the YAHT is used in that case, it actually should be *removed* from the Wikibooks entirely because its content has been absorbed and mixed into the Haskell Wikibook itself and also greatly improved in the process. Nobody should read YAHT independently now. Backfromquadrangle (discuss • contribs) 00:15, 22 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Cic has already moved the pages to a separate namespace. Given that deleting the leftover redirects would cause avoidable link rot, I guess all that is left for us to do is removing the link to YAHT from the front page (by the way, the header where it is currently under should not be named "Tutorials that have been incorporated into the Haskell Wikibook". It should be renamed "Other books about Haskell in Wikibooks" or merged with "Additional resources").--Duplode (discuss • contribs) 05:14, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

GHCi interactions are badly formatted in the pdf
In the pdf version, the lines entered at the GHCi prompt and their results are shown on a single line. There should be a line break between them as there is in the online version. Is this a bug in the pdf generator? Is it the fault of the page markup -- is there some formatting that could be added to the markup -- at least as a workaround -- that would fix the pdf version without breaking the online presentation? Pmartel60 (discuss • contribs) 02:39, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Use of term 'Variable'
I do feel quite uncomfortable, when 'Variable' is used in texts like this on Functional Programming (Language(s)). Most starters in this area do have some experience in other/'procedural' programming languages, where variable means something like 'an area of memory who's content may vary depending on program flow', which is strongly misleading when you try to map onto functional PLs. Maybe some early paragraph about meaning of 'Variable' would help. I hope, I did make my POV clear enough, as English's not my native language.
 * I think there is explanation about this. It's still a variable in that  is a function that has a *variable* x which can be substituted with any number. It varies. It just doesn't vary within the exact same scope. Once defined for a scope, it's defined. But it can be used elsewhere and defined differently there. Please feel free to read the introductory stuff and consider adding footnotes or clearer stuff, but we need to avoid getting in depth about explaining how it works in other languages, as that is not the focus here.Backfromquadrangle (discuss • contribs) 00:19, 22 September 2015 (UTC)
 * We have a brief digression about that difference in an early chapter. As Backfromquadrangle points out, it would be unwise to emphasise comparisons to other languages, as that would make the text less accessible to readers with no procedural programming experience.--Duplode (discuss • contribs) 05:21, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

PDF/printable version headers
There's a problem that topic header like "Haskell Basics" and all its pages (Getting set up, ...) appear on the same level of header (H1 in printable HTML). In PDF version this results in an empty "chapter" for "Haskel Basics" instead of some big section title that would be more expected. In PDF they are also both on the same numbering level, which clearly is not right. Haskel Basics either should be not numbered and promoted into some higher plane or all its content should have two level numbering already. I don't know reasons behind it (problems combining a lot of pages?) but when you look at the book from this perspective (all-in-one printable HTML, PDF, ...) it definitely doesn't feel right.

incorporating good compatible material
For example, this set of lectures from a class: https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/wi13/cse230-a/lectures.html are superb and really clearly presented. The content is all permissively licensed: https://github.com/UCSD-PL/230-web and I think adapting / mixing that material into the Wikibook would be great. There's probably other stuff too. I wasn't sure if there was a list around here of resources waiting to be incorporated. --Backfromquadrangle (discuss • contribs) 06:57, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

PDF version is over two years old
There are topics missing in the PDF version. How can we get an updated PDF version?

Hi, I made a first draft of a new PDF Version its here:

thumb|pdf version of english wikibook on haskell

Since I am quite busy at the moment I cannot say if or when I will be able to resolve the numerous remaining bugs in the above linked document. --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 17:31, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

Hi, I updated the PDF version on the main page of this book. If you find any bugs, please write them down here.--Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 10:47, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

Hi, I also updated the ebook reader version. Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 11:01, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi, Page 266 in the pdf has incorrect formatting for the phrase "In addition to the monad transformers themselves". Kindly look into fixing it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iambrj (talk • contribs) 02:24, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Target audience
"Our aim in this book is to introduce you to the Haskell programming language — from the very basics to advanced features — and to computer programming in general."

Who is the target audience for this book? Is it beginner programmers or people who never did programming? —Srid  🍁 23:35, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

 * If it is the former, I'd think that the beginning paragraphs of Haskell/Getting_set_up is unnecessarily verbose. What do you think? —Srid  🍁 23:39, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

 * A general observation. When a wikibook has multiple "tracks" (or some other similar terminology), it often means the book is meant to cater to multiple audiences.  Compare Conlang. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 04:34, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haskell


text:
Herod the Great (play)

The pageant of Magnus Herodes (Herod the Great) is the sixteenth of the pageants of the Towneley Cycle of medieval mystery plays. It occupies folios 55-60 of the unique manuscript of the cycle, Huntington MS HM 1. It is composed in the distinctive stanza-style rhyming associated by scholars with a putative poet known as the 'Wakefield Master'. In the assessment of A. C. Cawley, 'the Wakefield playwright's skill in characterisation is nowhere better shown than in this pageant'. Like other tyrant characters in medieval drama, the protagonist of Herod the Great fictionalises the audience as his own subjects, and this pageant 'presents one of the most extended displays of this figure's interactive antics'.

Summary
Herod the Great follows pageants depicting the visit of the Magi to the baby Jesus and the subsequent flight into Egypt of Mary, Joseph, and Jesus to avoid murder by King Herod the Great, who fears the prophecy that Jesus will become the King of the Jews. The play concerns the massacre of the innocents. After it comes the Purification of Mary, whose account of the presentation of Jesus at the Temple presents a scene of calm and joy in counterpoint to the action of Herod the Great.

Line numbering varies depending on whether editors edit the stanzas of the play as beginning with four long lines (giving a total stanza length of nine lines) or eight short lines (giving a total stanza length of thirteen lines).

Interpretations
Peter Ramey has inferred that performances of the play demanded extensive interaction between the audience and the actors, developing the fiction that the audience are themselves characters in the play: "Herod all but begs for vocal opposition from the crowd, repeatedly daring any who are present to challenge him". Yet, in his interpretation, even heckling or opposition from the audience ultimately underlines the fact that, "since Herod controls the terms of the drama", emphasising the powerfully hierarchical structures of medieval English society.

Several commentators have read Herod the Great as developing the theatrical and comical potential of Herod, possibly at the expense of religious or moral contemplation.

The resistance of the mothers in Herod the Great and similar plays has attracted considerable commentary. As the women switch between violent resistance and lamentation, their portrayal draws on stereotypes of unruly women (like Noah's ill-behaved wife in the mystery plays' depictions of the Flood) yet also foreshadows women's lamentations at the crucifixion of Jesus as well, perhaps, as Herod's own wailing in Hell, giving the female characters depth and moral weight. Through its female characters, the play questions patriarchy, power, violence, and tyranny, yet arguably ultimately accepts their naturalness rather than presenting alternative paradigms for understand the world.

Editions

 * Herod the Great, in Everyman and Medieval Miracle Plays, ed. by A. C. Cawley, Everyman's Library, 381 (London: Dent, 1922) [new edn 1974], pp. 105–23.
 * Herod the Great, in The Towneley Plays, ed. by Garrett P. J. Epp (Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2018).
 * Herod the Great, in The Towneley Plays, ed. by Martin Stevens and A. C. Cawley, Early English Text Society, s.s., 13–14, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 167–81.
 * https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/special/litsubs/drama/herod.html

title: Herod the Great (play)


text:
User:Msmasoodshamsi

Software design model is a elementary approach to fetch a design and development which got a project. First, for design a software, persons are involved analyzer of a particular fields, fields may be any related, who are you open a organization, organization is a software house. For software house, software is design and development by SDLC. SDLC is a software design life cycle, depend SDLC different components. Components are Requirement analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, testing, if a error return to may be first or second or third. These three areas may be mistake possible. After testing, evolution,  deploy a software which are design and development. Next area is sale a software which is design. Software which is design is a name by project. Project is passes through a data entry process. Data entry person is saved a record in data entry software. During running a project may be possible issue maintaince, if any open a software, data entry process not insert, save record and print process than need maintaince require. SDLC is a different types, 1. Sequential model 2. Waterfall model 3. Spiral model 4. V process model. Software house is a software design and develop, and test a software project, here optimize and ultimate design and developing a enterprise and small business softwares. In Business views, software house is launch a new copyright softwares, also fetch of different companies for design and develop a project. Project may be possible Database design, Desktop programming (Fornt end and back end programming) and object oriented programming and web design and development with configure a project.

title: User:Msmasoodshamsi


text:
Talk:Swadhin Kumar Sarkar

Swadhin Guha Musical Artist
Swadhin Guha is a Musical Artist. He was born on 26th Mar,2006 in Cumilla,Bangladesh. His nickname is Swadhin.He is an artist, entrepreneur, blogger, web designer, to name a few. Since childhood, he had keen interest in trying new things. His classmates recall that his thinking style was different than many other individuals in the class. He never hesitated in experimenting. Swadhin Guha (talk) 13:17, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swadhin Kumar Sarkar


text:
Talk:Shopko/Archives/2016

Untitled
Bay Park Square, a mall that has a ShopKo store in it. This may be the worst sentence on Wikipedia, or at least the worst excuse to link to something.

title: Talk:Shopko/Archives/2016


text:
Wikipedia:Featured list candidates/List of songs recorded by Led Zeppelin/archive1

 * The following is an archived discussion of a featured list nomination. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the article's talk page or in Wikipedia talk:Featured list candidates. No further edits should be made to this page.

The list was promoted by PresN via FACBot (talk) 23:34, 19 October 2017 (UTC).

List of songs recorded by Led Zeppelin

 * Nominator(s): BeatlesLedTV (talk) 17:21, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

I am nominating this for featured list because I've put a lot of work into this list, bringing it to where it is now, and believe it meets the criteria for it to become featured. BeatlesLedTV (talk) 17:21, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Support - don't think I can see any outstanding issues.... -- ChrisTheDude (talk) 08:01, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Support — Looks good. Jimknut (talk) 18:55, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Support It meets the six FL criteria – it is comprehensive with RSs that check out (including the lead), is well organized/formatted, follows MOS, and is stable. —Ojorojo (talk) 13:55, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you all so much for your help! BeatlesLedTV (talk) 18:15, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Support all done for me, this is good to go as far as I'm concerned. The Rambling Man (talk) 20:13, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

Source review passed; promoting. -- Pres N  18:01, 19 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:Mrillon/sandbox

Adobe Prelude is an ingest and logging tool that helps ensure your media is tagged with the right information and is easy to find, allowing for more efficient post-production workflows and improved lifecycle management of your footage. Adobe Prelude is also made to work closely with Adobe Premiere Pro. It is part of the Adobe Creative Cloud and is geared towards professional video editing by yourself or with a group. The software also offers features like speech transcription and rough cut creation.

History
Adobe announced that on April 23rd, 2012 Adobe OnLocation would be shut down and Adobe Prelude would launch on May 7th, 2012. Adobe stated OnLocation's production was stopping because of the growing trend in the industry toward tapeless, native workflows, Adobe stresses that Adobe Prelude is not a direct replacement for OnLocation. Adobe OnLocation was available in CS5 but not in CS6 and Adobe Prelude is only available in CS6. Adobe still offers technical support for OnLocation.

Features
Prelude is used to tag media, log data, create and export metadata and generate rough cuts that can be sent to Adobe Premiere Pro. A user can add a tag to a piece of media that will show up on Premiere Pro or if another user opens that media with Prelude. Prelude can ingest all kinds of file types. Once ingested, Prelude can duplicate, transcode and verify the files.
 * Ingest Footage

Prelude can log data only using the keyboard.
 * Log Footage

Prelude is able to generate Rough Cuts. Rough Cuts are a combination of sub clips that will hold any metadata a user feeds into it. Rough cuts can hold metadata such as markers and comments, and this metadata will stay on this footage.
 * Create Rough Cuts

Prelude is an XMP - based open platform that allows for custom integration into many video editing platforms.
 * Workflow Accessibility

Features From Adobe OnLocation
Many features from Adobe OnLocation went to Adobe Prelude or Adobe Premiere Pro. Adobe OnLocation thrived on tape - based cameras and setting up a shot before shooting it, with the change in the industry, this problem is irrelevant in post production. Adobe OnLocation also allowed the user to add tags and scripting metadata that would carry over to Premiere Pro. OnLocation also had a Media Browser pane, which is the standard for any Adobe program today, Prelude has this Media Browser as well.

title: User:Mrillon/sandbox


text:
User:Vuara/Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Dictionary

http://www.provalisresearch.com/wordstat/LIWC.html

LIWC Dictionary (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Dictionary)

The WordStat version of the LIWC Dictionary is currently distributed with the original LIWC 2001 software package. You can order the LIWC software directly from Lawrence Erlbaum Associates web site. The LIWC 2001 software is available in both Windows and Mac format. However, the WordStat version of the dictionary can only be used on a Windows compatible computer with the WordStat content analysis software.

Dictionary information

Description

The LIWC2001 Dictionary is composed of 2,290 words and word stems. Each word or word-stem defines one or more word categories or subdictionaries. For example, the word 'cried' is part of four word categories: sadness, negative emotion, overall affect, and a past tense verb. Hence, if it is found in the target text, each of these four subdictionary scale scores will be incremented. As in this example, many of the LIWC2001 categories are arranged hierarchically. All anger words, by definition, will be categorized as negative emotion and overall emotion words.

Each of the 74 preset LIWC2001 categories is composed of a list of dictionary words that define that scale. The table below provides a comprehensive list of the LIWC2001 dictionary categories with sample scale words, and relevant scale word counts.

The LIWC dictionary is also available Spanish and German. French, Italian and Dutch versions are currently under development. To obtain information about those versions of the LIWC, please contact James W. Pennebaker.

WordStat format

Of the 2,290 words and word stems included in the original LIWC dictionary, only one entry (e.g. LIKE) could not be included in the WordStat version because of specific disambiguation rules used. We are confident that this minor difference won't affect very much the numerical results or conclusions of a content analysis.

Selected References

Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.

Pennebaker, J.W., & Francis, M.E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 601-626.

Pennebaker, J.W., & King, L.A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1296-1312.

Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T., & Francis, M. E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 863-871.

Pennebaker, J.W. (2002). What our words can say about us: Toward a broader language psychology. Psychological Science Agenda, 15, 8-9.

Newman, M.L., Pennebaker, J.W., Berry, D.S., & Richards, J.M. (2001). Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles. Paper submitted for publication.

LIWC 2001 Dimensions and Sample Words

DIMENSION ABBREV. EXAMPLES
 * 1) WORDS

I. STANDARD LINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS

Total pronouns Pronoun I, our, they, you're 70 1st person singular I I, my, me 9 1st person plural We we, our, us 11 Total first person Self I, we, me 20 Total second person You you, you'll 14 Total third person Other she, their, them 22 Negations Negate no, never, not 31 Assents Assent yes, OK, mmhmm 18 Articles Article a, an, the 3 Prepositions Preps on, to, from 43 Numbers Number one, thirty, million 29

II. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Affective or Emotional Processes Affect happy, ugly, bitter 615     Positive Emotions Posemo happy, pretty, good 261          Positive feelings Posfeel happy, joy, love 43          Optimism and energy Optim certainty, pride, win 69     Negative Emotions Negemo hate, worthless, enemy 345          Anxiety or fear Anx nervous, afraid, tense 62          Anger Anger hate, kill, pissed 121          Sadness or depression Sad grief, cry, sad 72 Cognitive Processes Cogmech cause, know, ought 312     Causation Cause because, effect, hence 49     Insight Insight think, know, consider 116     Discrepancy Discrep should, would, could 32     Inhibition Inhib block, constrain 64     Tentative Tentat maybe, perhaps, guess 79     Certainty Certain always, never 30 Sensory and Perceptual Processes Senses see, touch, listen 111     Seeing See view, saw, look 31     Hearing Hear heard, listen, sound 36     Feeling Feel touch, hold, felt 30 Social Processes Social talk, us, friend 314     Communication  Comm  talk, share, converse 124      Other references to people  Othref  1st pl, 2nd, 3rd per prns 54      Friends  Friends  pal, buddy, coworker 28      Family  Family  mom, brother, cousin 43      Humans  Humans  boy, woman, group 43

III. RELATIVITY

Time Time  hour, day, oclock  113 Past tense verb Past  walked, were, had  144 Present tense verb Present  walk, is, be  256 Future tense verb Future  will, might, shall  14 Space Space  around, over, up  71 Up Up  up, above, over  12 Down Down  down, below, under  7 Inclusive Incl  with, and, include  16 Exclusive Excl  but, except, without  19 Motion Motion  walk, move, go  73

IV. PERSONAL CONCERNS

Occupation Occup  work, class, boss  213 School School  class, student, college  100 Job or work Job  employ, boss, career  62 Achievement Achieve  try, goal, win  60 Leisure activity Leisure  house, TV, music  102 Home Home  house, kitchen, lawn  26 Sports Sports  football, game, play  28 Television and movies TV  TV, sitcom, cinema  19 Music Music  tunes, song, cd  31 Money and financial issues Money  cash, taxes, income  75 Metaphysical issues Metaph  God, heaven, coffin  85 Religion Relig  God, church, rabbi  56 Death and dying Death  dead, burial, coffin  29 Physical states and functions Physcal  ache, breast, sleep  285 Body states, symptoms Body  ache, heart, cough 200 Sex and sexuality Sexual  lust, penis, fuck  49 Eating, drinking, dieting Eating  eat, swallow, taste  52 Sleeping, dreaming Sleep  asleep, bed, dreams  21 Grooming Groom  wash, bath, clean  15

APPENDIX: EXPERIMENTAL DIMENSIONS

Swear words Swear  damn, fuck, piss  29 Nonfluencies Nonfl  uh, rr*  6 Fillers Fillers  youknow, Imean  6


text:
Talk:Annalisa

Translated
Someone with a better understanding of Italians can perhaps look at the sourcing and ensure that parts are better translated. Referencing needs to be tidied up further especially in relation to chart positions. Karst (talk) 15:25, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Annalisa


text:
Thaumasesthes penicillus

Thaumasesthes penicillus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Thaumasesthes. It was described by Fairmaire in 1894.

title: Thaumasesthes penicillus


text:
Mikhaylovka, Kamensky District, Altai Krai

Mikhaylovka (Михайловка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Verkh-Allaksky Selsoviet, Kamensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 79 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Mikhaylovka is located 38 km northeast of Kamen-na-Obi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkh-Allak is the nearest rural locality.


text:
Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger

Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger (also: Johann(es) Hieronymus Kapsberger or Giovanni Geronimo Kapsperger; c. 1580 – Rome 17 January 1651) was an Austrian-Italian virtuoso performer and composer of the early Baroque period. A prolific and highly original composer, Kapsberger is chiefly remembered today for his lute and theorbo (chitarrone) music, which was seminal in the development of these as solo instruments.

His nickname was "the German of the theorbo", deriving from his fame as a virtuoso of the theorbo and of the other instruments belonging to the lute family.

Life
Nothing is known about Kapsberger's date and place of birth. His father Colonel Wilhelm (Guglielmo) von Kapsperger was a military official of the Imperial House of Austria, and may have settled in Venice, the city which may have been Kapsberger's birthplace.

After 1605 Kapsberger moved to Rome, where he quickly attained a reputation as a brilliant virtuoso. He cultivated connections with various powerful individuals and organizations and organized "academies" in his house, which were counted among the "wonders of Rome". Around 1609 Kapsberger married Gerolima di Rossi, with whom he had at least three children. He started publishing his music at around the same time, with more than a dozen collections of music appearing during the next ten years. These included the celebrated Libro I d'intavolatura di lauto (1611), Kapsberger's only surviving collection of music for lute.

In 1624 Kapsberger entered the service of Cardinal Francesco Barberini, where he worked with numerous important composers, such as Girolamo Frescobaldi and Stefano Landi, and poets which included Giulio Rospigliosi, the future Pope Clement IX. Kapsberger worked in Barberini's household until 1646. He died in 1651.

Works

Kapsberger is best remembered as a composer for lute and theorbo. At least six collections were published during his lifetime, two of which are currently lost. Kapsberger's writing is characterized, especially in toccatas, by spontaneous changes, sharp contrasts, unusual rhythmic groupings and, sometimes, passages that do not conform to the rules of counterpoint that were in use at the time. The vast majority of contemporary critics praised Kapsberger's compositional skill and innovations. Among them was Athanasius Kircher, who described Kapsberger as a "superb genius" and attested that he has "successfully penetrated the secrets of music." One notable exception was the critic Giovanni Battista Doni, who was initially supportive of the composer, but then turned against him for unclear reasons and criticised his music in print.

Some contemporaries, such as Stefano Landi, mentioned that Kapsberger was not as meticulous a composer as he was as a performer. The features listed above led some modern scholars to share this view and they tend to believe that Kapsberger was a composer of inferior ability. Prominent among these critics is lutenist Rolf Lislevand: in his words, "Kapsberger was as bad a composer as he was a fine instrumentalist [...] The ideas are often badly developed, and are freely associated with one another; no real musical discourse is built up [...] the rhythm—even after serious efforts at fathoming it—wavers between inspired cleverness and total confusion."

Regardless of how one regards his compositional prowess, Kapsberger was one of the principal composers of lute and theorbo music during the early Baroque era (together with Alessandro Piccinini) and greatly contributed towards advancing European plucked string instruments of the time. Also, Kapsberger's toccatas may have influenced those of Girolamo Frescobaldi, much like French lute music would, some years later, influence Johann Jakob Froberger's suites.

Kapsberger's other music includes two collections of instrumental ensemble dances, rare for the period, and a wealth of vocal music, which was widely performed during his lifetime, but which is now critically less acclaimed. Kapsberger also wrote stage music, almost all currently lost. The only surviving work of this kind is Apotheosis sive Consecratio SS Ignatii et Francisci Xaverii (1622).

List of works
This list only includes works published during the composer's lifetime. The few pieces that survive in manuscripts, as well as pieces of questionable attribution, are not included.

Lute and theorbo

 * Libro primo d'intavolatura di chitarrone (1604): 6 toccatas, 7 sets of variations, 12 gagliards, Tenore del Kapsberger
 * Libro primo d'intavolatura di lauto (1611): 8 toccatas, 12 gagliards, 12 correntes
 * Libro terzo d'intavolatura di chitarrone (1626), a recently rediscovered collection, now at Yale: 8 toccatas, 1 "gagliarda partita", 2 correntes; then an entire section as practical tutorial for chitarrone players including "passaggi diversi su le note per sonare sopra la parte", cadenzas in tablature, a «tavola per intavolare sopra il Chitarrone, alla Italiana et alla Francese,» a «tavola per sonare il chitarrone sopra il basso».
 * Libro quarto d'intavolatura di chitarrone (1640): 12 toccatas, 16 preludes, 10 passacaglias, 5 chaconnes, and numerous other pieces, including dances, variations, canzonas, etc.

Other instrumental

 * Libro primo de balli, gagliarde et correnti, a quattro voci (1615): 8 balli, 6 gagliards, 6 correntes
 * Libro primo di sinfonie, a quattro voci (1615): 18 sinfonies à 4 with basso continuo

Sacred vocal

 * Libro primo di mottetti passeggiati (1612), 20 motets for voice and basso continuo
 * Cantiones sacrae (1628), 21 pieces for 3–6 voices and basso continuo
 * Modulatus sacri diminutis voculis concinnati (1630), for voice and basso continuo
 * I pastori di Bettelemme (1630), for six voices and basso continuo
 * Missae urbanae (1631), three masses for 4, 5 and 8 voices with basso continuo
 * Litaniae deiparae virginis (1631), four litanies for 4, 6 and 8 voices with basso continuo

Villanellas

 * Libro primo di villanelle (1610), 20 villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo
 * Libro secundo di villanelle (1619), 21 villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo
 * Libro terzo di villanelle (1619), 20 villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo
 * Libro quarto di villanelle (1623), 23 villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo
 * Libro quinto di villanelle (1630), villanellas for 1–4 voices and basso continuo
 * Li fiori – Libro sesto di villanelle (1632), villanellas for 1–4 voices and basso continuo
 * Libro settimo di villanelle (1640), villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo

Arie passeggiate

 * Libro primo di arie passeggiate (1612), 22 arias for voice and theorbo basso continuo
 * Libro secundo di arie passeggiate (1623), 30 arias for 1–2 voices and basso continuo

Other works

 * Libro primo de madrigali (1609), madrigals for five voices and basso continuo
 * Poematia et carmina [...] liber I (1624), 10 settings of verses by Pope Urban VIII, for voice and basso continuo
 * Coro musicale (1627), wedding songs for voice and basso continuo

Stage

 * Apotheosis sive Consecratio SS Ignatii et Francisci Xaverii (1622)

Lost
Also, a compositional treatise by Kapsberger, Il Kapsperger della musica, was announced in 1640 in the preface to Libro quarto d'intavolatura di chitarrone, but is now lost.
 * Maggio Cantata nel Real Palazzo de Pitti (1612), secular cantata
 * Libro secundo d'intavolatura di chitarrone (1616)
 * Libro secundo d'intavolatura di lauto (1619)
 * Epitalamio [...] recitativo a piu voci (1628), secular vocal music
 * Libro terzo d'arie passeggiate (1630)
 * Poematia et carmina [...] liber II (1633), settings of verses by Pope Urban VIII
 * La vittoria del principe Vladislao in Valacchia (1625), opera
 * Fetonte (1630), dramma recitato

title: Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger


text:
Nicolae Ghiță

Nicolae Ghiţă (born 16 November 1967) is a Romanian former wrestler who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics, in the 1996 Summer Olympics, in the 2000 Summer Olympics, and in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

title: Nicolae Ghiță


text:
huckabuck

Noun

 * 1) A frozen dessert popular in Louisiana, consisting of a frozen sweet drink usually served in a paper cup.

title: huckabuck


text:
Women's union

Women's union may refer to:

 * Bulgarian Women's Union
 * Crittenton Women's Union, Boston
 * Murba Women's Union, Indonesia
 * Lithuanian Women's Union
 * Socialist Women's Union of Korea
 * Sudanese Women's Union
 * Ukrainian Women's Union
 * Union of Women of Wallonia, Belgian women's association, 1912–1955
 * Vietnam Women's Union
 * Women's Union to Defend Paris and Care for the Wounded, 1871 organization during the Paris Commune
 * Yemeni Women's Union

title: Women's union


text:
Talk:Diana Mocanu

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title: Talk:Diana Mocanu


text:
User:Gofornepal for Nepal/sandbox

Taas :
Taas a well-known dish in the Nepalese Restaurant industry and a great compliment snack for the drink and has been a favorite snack since ages. It is a meat item (lamb or chicken). It is marinated by mixing with Cumming powder, salt, coriander powder, green chili, meat spices mixture, turmeric, paste (garlic and ginger), and oil, overnights and cooked until it becomes red. Normally, served with a condiment, of radish as well as with rice. Also, it goes well with the third most popular drink in the world, beer.

title: User:Gofornepal for Nepal/sandbox


text:
List of ambassadors of the Republic of China to the Holy See

The Taiwanese Ambassador to the Holy See is the official representative of the Republic of China to the Holy See.


text:
User:Mystictim/Sub Learning blog

What I'm up to at Wikiversity and Why?
I'm looking through all the articles in the main name space to find examples of learning activities. The main reason I began this project was to find examples of good practice that could be shared with the rest of Wikiversity. However as the advert says "It's not ready yet!" so the project has ended up identifying mainly learning activities that need to be developed further. I feel this is still useful as it makes finding these pages for further development much easier. This journey through the Wikiversity is also providing me with a good over view of were we are up to. I've found a number of pages that have no or very little content. I've added the, and the  templates to these pages. This will make finding these pages in the future easier. This will be useful when there are clear policies in place about what to do with these types of pages. I'm not entirely clear when to use which template. I only use on pages with no content. I tend to use for pages that I think will become important to Wikiversity in the future and  for the rest. The majority of the pages I've seen either provide information on various topics or provide guides on how to do various things. I've not put these into any category as personally I think most of them would be better off as a Wikipedia or Wikibooks entries. There are quite a few pages that are project outlines I haven't added these to the learning activities category or those that provide lesson plans and other materials to help with planning learning.Mystictim 17:10, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

First entry 20:32, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
This is the first entry on my learning blog. I've done quite a bit of work today at Wikiversity. Most of it has been structural and not much to do with learning. I want to keep this blog as part of improving my own practice as both a learner and a learning facilitator. I'm going to use it as part of being a reflective practitioner. This will mean providing descriptive accounts of specific experiences from my point of view. The next step will be to write down how this experience made me feel and whether I'd want to repeat it. The next stage is to reflect and record why I had these feelings. The next stage is to record how I think I could modify this experience. The final stage is to record the outcome of repeating this modified experience.

title: User:Mystictim/Sub Learning blog


text:
Pillars of Game Development/Theme-Mechanic Balance

The balance between Theme and Mechanic can be thought of as a sliding scale on one axis. Games inevitably fall between the two extremes. Mechanical games entail more abstraction than thematic games, and games with strong theme tend towards simulation. A game that slides all the way to the theme extreme on the scale would be life itself: nothing is more realistic and immersive than reality. A game that represents the mechanical extreme might be Tic-Tac-Toe. It has absolutely no relation to reality: the objective and mode of play are unhinged from reality completely. Given these two extremes, how does a game designer construct the perfect balance for his/her game? The answer lies, in large part, in the question of what the game designer wishes to accomplish in the game design.

Another part of the answer lies in the connection between the mechanic and the theme - they are actually not so opposed as it might appear. For example, a trading game can rely on the "hard" mechanic of sell/buy and negotiation practices without losing intensity in its theme, and the same holds for sport games.


text:
Podborny

Podborny (Подборный) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Podborny Selsoviet, Krutikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 396 as of 2013. There are 4 streets.

Geography
Podborny is located 18 km northwest of Krutikha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Krasnoryazhsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Podborny