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World History/The Rise of Dictatorship and Totalitarianism/Quick Quiz

<< World History/The Rise of Dictatorship and Totalitarianism

The following multiple-choice quiz should help you to further understand the material in the related article. Following the quiz is a brief explanation of each answer.

1. Which of the following was NOT a major cause of the fall of the Weimar Republic? A. The polarization of German politics between left and right parties B. Economic woes attributed to the Great Depression C. The failure of coalition governments to control the Nazi Party D. President Hindenburg's repeated use of the "rule by decree" powers E. The inability of successive Chancellors to gain a majority in the Reichstag

2. Joseph Stalin supported which of the following policies toward agricultural development? A. That is took second priority to transportational development B. That the Five-Year Plan's quotas on agriculture should be expanded C. Soviet citizens were not working hard enough and needed to be taught a lesson D. The widespread adoption of collectivization among the agricultural districts E. An end to the state's control over the Soviet agricultural sector

3. Both the Nazi regime in Germany and the Soviet Union used all of the following arguments in propaganda EXCEPT A. The use of scapegoats to answer for their respective country's problems B. Advocacy for their policies of racial discrimination C. That their leader was the only person who could help change their situation D. That their respective territorial claims were justified E. The USSR and communism were antagonized in German propagand and vice versa in Soviet propaganda

4. All of the following nations' democratic governments were replaced by authoritarian dictatorships during the period between World War I and World War II EXCEPT A. Poland B. Czechoslovakia C. Spain D. Hungary E. Austria

Practice Essay topic (40 min. recommended writing time): During the period of 1918-1939, dictatorships came to power in many countries around the world. Select TWO of the following and discuss the causes and effects of these dictatorships during this period. Soviet Union Germany Italy Spain

1. C While the Nazi Party did help bring about the end of the Weimar Republic, the real problem was the inability of coalition governments to form, not their failure to control the Nazis.

2. D Remember that Joseph Stalin hoped to collectivize the entire agricultural sector of the Soviet Union as a means of increasing production (which, incidentally, had the complete opposite effect).

3. B Only Nazi Germany, as part of fascism, practiced a policy of racial discrimination, and therefore needed to convince their people that they were right to do so.

4. B Remember: Joeseph Piludaski in Poland, Francisco Franco in Spain, Richard Dreyfuss in Austria, and - in Hungary.

Essay: Soviet Union-discuss the policies of Lenin, but concentrate on Stalin and the five-year plans. Include information concerning Stalin's methods of pitting allies against each other and switching sides, and discuss her terror tactics and mass murder and imprisonment of Soviet citizens. Germany- discuss the Weimar Republic and the disatisfaction with its policies, the Great Depression, and the hatred caused by the Treaty of Versailles. Discuss Hitler's domestic policies, including remilitarization, racial policies, and political liberties. Make sure and discuss the how Hitler's dictatorship ignited World War II and/or appeasement. Italy- discuss Mussolini's radical agenda, the ineffective coalition governments (extra points if you mention proportional representation), and his Blackshirt's bullying techniques and how he played on the fear of communism. Also discuss domestic policies, especially the stress on having large families and expanding agricultural production to feed them. Relate this policy with Italy's military buildup and its invasions of Ethiopia (especially) and possibly Albania. Spain- discuss the weakness of the Republican government and support for Franco among the military and private business. Discuss his domestic changes, the cost of the civil war, and Spain's foreign policy. Good essays will mention Guernica by Picasso.


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2012 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)

2012 Kabaddi World Cup was the third edition of the circle style Kabaddi World Cup, organised by the Government of Punjab. It was played in Punjab, India in various cities of the province from 1 to 15 December 2012 with teams from 16 countries. The opening ceremony of the tournament was held in Bathinda and the closing ceremony in Ludhiana.

The prize money for the winners of the third edition was doubled to ₹ 2 crore, while the runners-up received ₹ 1 crore. The team finishing at third position received ₹ 51 lakhs.

The Deputy Chief Minister Sukhbir Singh Badal said that dope testing would be mandatory for each player.

Ekamjeet was declared the best stopper and Gagandeep Gaggi was chosen as the best raider of the tournament.

Participating nations
The 15-day-long tournament had sixteen participating nations: • 🇦🇫 Afghanistan

• 🇦🇷

• 🇨🇦

•

• 🏴

• 🇮🇳

• 🇮🇷

• 🇮🇹

• 🇰🇪

• 🇳🇿

• 🇳🇴

• 🇵🇰

•

• 🇸🇱

•

• 🇺🇸

Pools
The 16 teams were divided into four pools of four teams each. Hosts India were placed in Pool A.

Venues
The games was played at the following venues.
 * Yadvindra Public School Stadium, Patiala
 * Lajwanti Stadium, Hoshiarpur
 * Guru Nanak Stadium, Amritsar
 * Sports Stadium, Doda, Sri Muktsar Sahib
 * War Heroes Stadium, Sangrur
 * Nehru Stadium, Rupnagar
 * Sports Stadium, Chohla Sahib, Tarn Taran
 * Government College Stadium, mansa
 * N.M. Government College Stadium, Mansa
 * Sports Stadium, Bathinda
 * Guru Gobind Singh Stadium, Jalandhar
 * Guru Nanak Stadium, Ludhiana
 * M.R. Government College Stadium, Fazilka

Schedule
Note: All matches' timings are according to Indian Standard Time (UTC +5:30).

Pool A

 * Qualified for semifinals

Pool B

 * Qualified for semifinals

Pool C

 * Qualified for semifinals

Pool D

 * Qualified for semifinals

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2012 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)


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Peder Per Veggum

Peder Per Veggum (11 April 1768 – 15 April 1836) was a Norwegian artist associated with the decorative folk art of Rosemaling. He was primarily known as a skilled and prolific rose painter (norsk rosemaler), but he was also a cabinet carpenter and woodcarver.

Veggum was born at Nord-Fron in Oppland, Norway. He was the son of Ole Olsen Leine (1726-1801) and Lisbet Nilsdatter Bjorge (1736-1813). He grew up in Vågå and apprenticed at Roros in Sør-Trøndelag. From 1797 he settled at Sel in the traditional region of Gudbrandsdal, where he practiced cabinetmaking, wood carvings and floral paintings. He made and decorated cabinets, pantry, chests, and boxes.

Related reading

 * Blanck, Helen Elizabeth (1975) Rosemaling: the beautiful Norwegian art (Saint Paul, MN: Woodland Park Fine Arts) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>082
 * Edwards, Sybil (1994) Decorative folk art: exciting techniques to transform everyday objects (London: David & Charles) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>847
 * Miller, Margaret M.; Sigmund Aarseth (1974) Norwegian rosemaling : decorative painting on wood (New York City: Scribners) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>435
 * Ellingsgard, Nils (1999) Norsk rosemåling – Dekorativ måling i folkekunsten (Oslo, Det norske samlaget) ISBN 82-521-5522-7

title: Peder Per Veggum


text:
Talk:Jayne Brook

Birthyear
Was Jayne born in 1960 or 1962? Hotwine8 03:47, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Her IMDB page seems to claim 16 september 1962 as birthdate, but then again IMDB has been wrong in the past.... Evilbu 23:24, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jayne Brook


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Navarre, Florida

Welcome to WikiProject Navarre, Florida. Several Navarrians of Wikipeidia have formed this collaboration resource and group dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of Navarre, Florida and the organization of information and articles on this topic. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions and various resources; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians interested in the topic. If you would like to help, please add yourself as a participant in the project, inquire on the talk page, and see the to-do list, below.

Participants
Please feel free to add yourself here:
 * 1) Navarre0107 (talk) 2:39, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * 2) LoniKen (talk) 10:29, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

Articles
See the list of associated articles at: Category:Navarre, Florida

Wikipedians of Navarre Service Award
If you feel you know someone on Wikipedia, who has helped further Navarre, Florida and/or its coorosponding Wikipedia articles, put this on their user page.

In order to award this to a user, place this code in the desired location:

For more information visit the template's specific page: Template:Wikipedians of Navarre Service Award Also, please add the user you have awarded this to, to the list below:

Users who are known to have been awarded the Wikipedians of Navarre Service Award:

 * 1) User:Parmenio356
 * 2) User:Ki4moc
 * 3) User:Redrose64
 * 4) User:<IP_ADDRESS>
 * 5) User:Navarre0107
 * 6) User:Georgejdorner
 * 7) User:Aircorn

If you have been awarded this award, you may also use one of the following award ribbons:

Silver Class
If you know a user has created 1 to 2 pages relating to Navarre, give them this award. If you yourself have created a page, you are free to award this to yourself as well. There is no need to sign this award when presented to another user.

To award a user this award add the following to the user's talk page:

Also, please add the user you have awarded this to, to the list below:

Users know to have been awarded the Wikipedians of Navarre Creation Award, Silver Class
 * 1) User:Ki4moc
 * 2) User:<IP_ADDRESS> (2 Pages Created)
 * 3) User:Caltrop
 * 4) User:John85mh
 * 5) User:Warpflyght (2 Pages Created)
 * 6) User:Sox23
 * 7) User:Jjaquinta
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 * 9) User:Model Citizen
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 * 11) user:Curbon7

If you have been awarded this award, you may also use one of the following award ribbons:

Gold Class
If you know a user has created at least three pages relating to Navarre, give them this award. If you yourself have created three or more pages, you are free to award this to yourself as well. There is no need to sign this award when presented to another user.

If you wish to award this to a user, be sure that they have indeed created three or more articles related to Navarre, Florida, and then place this code into their talk page:

Also, please add the user you have awarded this to, to the list below:

Users known to have been awarded the Wikipedians of Navarre Creation Award, Gold Class
 * 1) User:Navarre0107 (20 Pages Created)

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Sister project links
Links to equivalent projects or other related pages on other-language Wikipedias and other Sister project; section can be removed if there are none. -->

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Navarre, Florida


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A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows

A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows is the title of The 77s' twelfth album, released in 2001 on the band's own Fools of the World label, with distribution through Galaxy21 Music.

Track listing

 * 1) "Genuine"
 * 2) "Down From You"
 * 3) "U R Trippin'"
 * 4) "One More Time"
 * 5) "Rise"
 * 6) "Leaving"
 * 7) "Mr. Magoo"
 * 8) "Related"
 * 9) "I've Got"
 * 10) "There Forever"
 * 11) "Mean Green Season"
 * 12) "Begin"

Personnel
The band Production
 * Mike Roe – guitars and lead vocals
 * Mark Harmon – bass guitars and background vocals
 * Bruce Spencer – drums, percussion and vocals
 * Scott Reams – additional production, inspiration, technical wizardry and percussion
 * Brian Heydn – art and design, art direction
 * The 77s – art direction
 * Chris Knight – photography
 * Ralph Stover – mixing and mastering

title: A Golden Field of Radioactive Crows


text:
Talk:Charles C. Pattillo

Same lifespan as Cuthbert A. Pattillo
This came up on Wikidata. Somehow the have the same lifespan and picture. --Jura1 (talk) 16:55, 19 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Oh .. twins. Missed that. Jura1 (talk) 19:19, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Charles C. Pattillo. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130310171619/http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=6700 to http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=6700

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:04, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles C. Pattillo


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Districts of the Belgian Congo

The Districts of the Belgian Congo were the primary administrative divisions when Belgium annexed the Congo Free State in 1908, each administered by a district commissioner. In 1914 they were distributed among four large provinces, with some boundary changes. In 1933 the provinces were restructured into six, again with boundary changes. The number of districts fluctuated between 12 and 26 through splits and consolidations, first rising, then falling, then rising again.

History
The Congo Free State was annexed by Belgium in 1908 to become the Belgian Congo. At first the structure of districts was retained. In 1910 the western districts of Banana, Boma, Matadi and Cataractes were consolidated into one administrative unit, Bas-Congo, reducing the number to twelve. Parts of the Stanley Falls and Lualaba districts were combined to form Katanga in 1910, which was called a vice-government general. Otherwise, the Free State districts were maintained until 28 March 1912. An arrêté royal of 28 March 1912 divided the Congo into 22 districts.

An arrêté royal of 28 July 1914 grouped the districts into the provinces of Congo-Kasaï, Équateur, Orientale Province and Katanga, with the objective of improving responsiveness through decentralization. The consolidation had in fact started in Katanga in 1912 and Orientale in 1913, but Congo-Kasai did not formally become a vice-government until 1919. Each of the new provinces was made up of several of the existing districts. The colonial administrators felt the need to assign the many diverse ethnic groups to defined territories, where before they had often been mobile. The districts were divided into territories, which in turn were divided into sectors, and many chiefdoms were recognized. Several of the smallest might be combined into one sector, while the largest chiefdoms were split across sectors.

The original four provinces had considerable autonomy, but in 1933 they were reorganized into six provinces, named after their capitals, and the central government assumed more control. The Congo-Kasaï and Orientale provinces were both split, and some other adjustments were made to form six provinces named after their capitals; Léopoldville, Lusambo (Kasai), Costermansville (Kivu), Elisabethville (Katanga), Stanleyville (Orientale) and Coquilhatville (Équateur). The number of districts was reduced to 15, with 102 territories. Provincial boundaries remained fairly stable until after independence in 1960. There continued to be frequent adjustments to district and territory boundaries, mostly to recognise sectional and tribal divisions. By 1956 there were 26 districts and 135 territories.

1910 districts
In 1910 there were 12 districts. Clockwise, starting from the mouth of the Congo River, they were:

 * Bas-Congo
 * Moyen-Congo
 * Lac Léopold II
 * Équateur
 * Bangala
 * Ubangi
 * Uele
 * Aruwimi
 * Stanleyville
 * Katanga
 * Kasai
 * Kwango

1912 districts
In 1912 there were 22 districts. Changes were: The districts in 1912 were:
 * Équateur had been divided into a smaller Équateur to the south, and Lulonga to the north.
 * Uele had been divided into Bas-Uele and Haut-Uele
 * Stanleyville had been divided into a smaller Stanleyville, and Lowa, Ituri, Maniema and Kivu
 * Kasai had been divided into Sankuru to the north and a smaller Kasai to the south. Part of the district had been reassigned to Katanga
 * Katanga had been made into a vice governorship general, and divided into Lomami (including part of the old Kasai), Tanganika-Moero, Haut-Luapula and Lulua (including part of the old Kasai)

 * Bas-Congo
 * Moyen-Congo
 * Lac Léopold II
 * Équateur
 * Lulonga
 * Bangala
 * Ubangi
 * Bas-Uele
 * Haut-Uele
 * Aruwimi
 * Stanleyville
 * Lowa
 * Ituri
 * Maniema
 * Kivu
 * Sankuru
 * Kasai
 * Kwango
 * Lomami
 * Tanganika-Moero
 * Haut-Luapula
 * Lulua

Districts in 1926
By 1926 the districts had been organized into four large provinces, with some boundary changes. Apart from boundary adjustments, the district-level changes were: The new organization was¨:
 * A new urban district of Léopoldville had been created around the capital city
 * Moyen-Congo had been merged into Bas-Congo (south) and Lac Léopold II (north)
 * Lowa and Maniema had been combined into a new Maniema, losing part of their territory to Kivu to the east.

 * Congo-Kasaï
 * Léopoldville
 * Bas-Congo
 * Kwango
 * Kasai
 * Sankuru
 * Équateur
 * Ubangi
 * Bangala
 * Lulonga
 * Équateur
 * Lac Léopold II
 * Orientale
 * Bas-Uele
 * Haut-Uele
 * Aruwimi
 * Stanleyville
 * Maniema
 * Ituri
 * Kivu
 * Katanga
 * Lomami
 * Tanganika-Moero
 * Haut-Luapula
 * Lulua

Districts in 1933
In 1933 the number of provinces was increased to six, while the number of districts was reduced to 16. This provincial breakdown would last until after the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) became independent in 1960. The new organization was:

 * Léopoldville
 * Léopoldville
 * Bas-Congo
 * Kwango
 * Lac Léopold II
 * Lusambo (Kasai)
 * Sankuru
 * Kasai
 * Coquilhatville (Équateur)
 * Congo-Ubangi
 * Tshuapa
 * Stanleyville (Orientale)
 * Stanleyville
 * Uele
 * Kibali-Ituri
 * Costermansville (Kivu)
 * Kivu
 * Maniema
 * Elisabethville (Katanga)
 * Tanganika
 * Lualaba
 * Haut-Katanga

Districts in 1954
The districts in 1954 were:

 * Léopoldville
 * Léopoldville
 * Lac Leopold II
 * Kwilu
 * Kwango
 * Bas-Congo
 * Cataractes
 * Kasai
 * Lulua
 * Sankuru
 * Kabinda
 * Kasai
 * Equateur
 * Equateur
 * Mongala
 * Ubangi
 * Tshuapa
 * Orientale
 * Stanleyville
 * Ituri
 * Bas-Uele
 * Haut-Uele
 * Kivu
 * Sud-Kivu
 * Nord-Kivu
 * Maniema
 * Katanga
 * Elisabethville
 * Tanganyika
 * Lualaba
 * Haut-Lomami
 * Luapula-Moero

Post-independence
Further changes were made after the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) became independent. As of 2008 the provinces and districts were:

 * Bandundu
 * Kwango
 * Kwilu
 * Mai-Ndombe
 * Plateaux
 * Bas-Congo
 * Bas-Fleuve
 * Cataractes
 * Lukaya
 * Kasai-Occidental
 * Kasaï
 * Lulua
 * Kasai-Oriental
 * Kabinda
 * Sankuru
 * Tshilenge
 * Équateur
 * Équateur
 * Mongala
 * Nord-Ubangi
 * Sud-Ubangi
 * Tshuapa
 * Orientale
 * Bas-Uele
 * Haut-Uele
 * Ituri
 * Tshopo
 * Nord-Kivu
 * Sud-Kivu
 * Maniema
 * Katanga
 * Haut-Katanga
 * Haut-Lomami
 * Kolwezi
 * Lualaba
 * Tanganyika

title: Districts of the Belgian Congo


text:
Modern Physics/Constants of Nature

This is a brief listing of some constant values that are used in this book. Constants are currently listed in no particular order.

Some values from the 2002 CODATA recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants. See Constants Information at NIST.

title: Modern Physics/Constants of Nature


text:
Tahmidur Rahman

Tahmidur Rahman (born 7 November 1963) is a Bangladeshi chess FIDE Master, Bangladeshi Chess Championship winner (1990), Chess Olympiad individual gold medalist (1988).

Biography
From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Tahmidur Rahman was one of Bangladesh's leading chess players. In 1990, he won Bangladeshi Chess Championship.

Tahmidur Rahman played for Bangladesh in the Chess Olympiads:
 * In 1986, at fourth board in the 27th Chess Olympiad in Dubai (+6, =3, -3),
 * In 1988, at second reserve board in the 28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki (+5, =2, -0) and won individual gold medal,
 * In 1990, at third board in the 29th Chess Olympiad in Novi Sad (+5, =2, -5),
 * In 1992, at fourth board in the 30th Chess Olympiad in Manila (+4, =4, -1),
 * In 1994, at first reserve board in the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow (+2, =0, -5).

Tahmidur Rahman played for Bangladesh in the Men's Asian Team Chess Championships:
 * In 1987, at second board in the 7th Asian Team Chess Championship in Singapore (+1, =2, -4).

Since the early 2000s, he rarely participated in chess tournaments.

title: Tahmidur Rahman


text:
HMS Firefly

At least seven vessels of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Firefly:

 * HMS Firefly (1801), was a vessel built in Bermuda that the Royal Navy purchased there in 1801. She was the former John Gordon, which probably had been a privateer. British Admiralty records list an armed ship built in Bermuda in 1801, and purchased in 1803.
 * HMS Firefly (1803) was the French privateer schooner Poisson Volant, of 130 tons (bm), which the Royal Navy captured in 1803. She was wrecked on 17 November 1807 off Curacao; no survivors.
 * HMS Firefly (1808) was a 14-gun schooner, the ex-Spanish prize Antelope captured in February 1808 and purchased. She was renamed HMS Antelope in 1812, or possibly in 1809, and was broken up in 1814.
 * HMS Firefly (1828), a schooner wrecked on 27 February 1835 on the Northern Triangles, off Belize with the loss of thirteen of her 23 crew.
 * HMS Firefly (1832), a Firefly-class gunboat, re-engined in 1844 with the engine from HMS Phoenix (1832) and became a survey ship. She was broken up at Malta in 1866.
 * HMS Firefly (1877), a British Forester-class gunboat.
 * HMS Firefly (1915), a British Fly-class gunboat that the Ottomans captured but that the British recaptured at the Battle of Nahr-al-Kalek in February 1917.
 * HMT Firefly, a British trawler that operated between 1930 and 1961, and that between September 1939 to October 1945 served as a minesweeper.

title: HMS Firefly


text:
Cyclone Preparedness Programme

Cyclone Preparedness Programme is a disaster management program of the Government and Bangladesh Red Crescent Society in Bangladesh and is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The program is under the management of the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief.

History
The program was developed to work as an early warning system in coastal Bangladesh in 1973 by President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The program has been credited with saving thousands of lives. The Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, called it "Global Best Practice". It has 55 thousand volunteers.

title: Cyclone Preparedness Programme


text:
File:MEMBERS OF CREW MORRO CASTLE.JPG

Sixth photo copy: Members of the crew from Morro Castle disaster at Spring Lake police station N.J.1934. From photo copies owned by Lew Norris, deceased and now owned by C.V.Norris who has copyright privileges. All of the copies of the (original photos), that will be submitted to Wikipedia for use on their Morro Castle information, are at the New York, Maritime Industry Museum of Fort Schyler, donated by C.V.Norris.

(Tagged as GFDL-self by User:JesseW due to the name of the uploader and the clear intent to make the photos available on Wikipedia.)

title: File:MEMBERS OF CREW MORRO CASTLE.JPG


text:
Introduction the the Psychomotor Domain

What is the Psychomotor Domain?
The Psychomotor Domain is based upon learning physical skills. Psychical skills involve actives that requires action, muscle movement, and/or manual manipulation. It can be used for all situations and all levels of education. This domain is characterized by different stages in the development of the psychomotor skills.

Verbs often applied to the psychomotor domain include, but are not limited to the following: Bend, Grasp, Handle, operate, each, stretch, write, express (facially), perform (skillfully).

title: Introduction the the Psychomotor Domain


text:
Cookbook talk:Kohlrabi

* (cur) (last). . 08:45, 14 Mar 2004. . Secretlondon * (cur) (last). . 09:27, 24 Feb 2004. . Imc (internal link) * (cur) (last). . 09:26, 25 Nov 2003. . Rmhermen * (cur) (last). . 09:24, 25 Nov 2003. . Rmhermen * (cur) (last). . 09:23, 25 Nov 2003. . Rmhermen (missed a ') * (cur) (last). . 09:22, 25 Nov 2003. . Rmhermen * (cur) (last). . m 15:28, 17 Sep 2003. . Menchi (food for cattle) * (cur) (last). . m 04:15, 1 Jun 2003. . Hofoen (lat. author) * (cur) (last). . m 06:24, 5 Nov 2002. . Tarquin * (cur) (last). . m 21:46, 14 Oct 2002. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . m 21:45, 14 Oct 2002. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . m 23:31, 8 Sep 2002. . Ben-Zin (de: ) * (cur) (last). . 09:41, 5 Jun 2002. . <IP_ADDRESS>   * (cur) (last). . m 05:51, 25 Feb 2002. . Conversion script (Automated conversion) * (cur) (last). . m 04:33, 16 Oct 2001. . Malcolm Farmer (MS Word `smart' quotes removed for non-Micrososft browsers)
 * (cur) (last) . . 08:57, 14 Mar 2004 . . Bevo (added external link)

title: Cookbook talk:Kohlrabi


text:
World History/Prologue

For the Readers
There are several things that should be noted. First, you may want to just learn history and if so, still consider reading this page, as it will cover a great number of frequently asked questions and provide a good basis for the study of history. Secondly, is the standard on which this project was and is being developed. The AP World History Standard provides an outline of history as well as stipulations concerning the structure of any such project. As such, the text should be sufficient, if one knew most of it, to provide the reader with a strong possibility of getting at least a 3 on his or her AP World History Exam. However, the addition of sections relating to the writing of historical essays is not included. Multiple-choice type tests are planned for each section dealing with the kinds of analytical and "big-picture" questions likely to appear on an AP World History Exam. So without further ado, let the quest for knowledge begin!

Structure
The structure of this project is meant to divide the scope of world history into manageable chunks. However, the number of chapters may expand in the future. In addition to the chapters, some special sections exist to make history more interesting.

 * [[Image:Bulbgraph.png|20px]] This image denotes a section of special interest which would be nice to delve deeper into.  It's probably something you're already familiar with, like the pyramids in Egypt.
 * [[Image:Lautsprecher3.png|15px]] This image indicates a first-person narrative or commentary that we have.  It puts issues in some context, and helps you understand how the people actually felt.
 * [[Image:Open_book_01.svg|20px]] This image shows a link to a non-fiction text on an event or period by an author who says it particularly well, such as Spielvogel might.  Might also contain essays written by contributors on possible points of interest.

The Big Picture
We define history as the study of the past. In order to study the past it is imperative to keep the big picture in mind. Don't let one thing completely capture your focus, for example, try not to become overly euro-centric. This will hurt your viewpoint and contaminate your understanding of history. Since one of our primary concerns was keeping the text in manageable portions, we couldn't put everything in so the layout of this text doesn't help to keep the big picture in mind. So, what can you do to keep the big picture in mind? Start with these tips:
 * Note the dates, don't just read them. They will tell you what cultures existed at the same time.  Then comparing cultures will become much easier.
 * Make sure to know events outside of the Western Hemisphere. Try to become interested in civilizations, events or movements which occurred outside of Europe and the United States.  Then you'll at least know something that doesn't have Western culture stamped all over it.
 * Note the changes in a time period not only in a culture or civilization, but across the world as a whole. How did things change and how did they stay the same?

Important Terms
A few important terms will appear every now and then that you should know. Instead of going alphabetically, these are listed in sets of like terms.

 * Writing systems
 * Pictogram- The simplest form of writing, consists of picture symbols representing a word or phrase.
 * Ideogram- A symbol that depicts a thing or an idea, without expressing sound, e.g. @ or &.
 * Phonetic alphabet- A phonetic alphabet consists of a finite set of letters with each representing a sound.
 * Languages
 * Indo-European- Comprises the languages of Europe, and much of Iran, Pakistan and the Indian sub-continent.
 * Romance- Languages that are derived from Latin e.g. Spanish, Romanian
 * Germanic- Languages based on languages that developed near modern-day Germany, examples include German, English, and Dutch
 * Balto-Slavic- The languages of Eastern Europe and Russia that share Slavic sounds. Examples are Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish.
 * Albanian- A language that is spoken in Albania as well as Kosovo and far northwestern Greece.
 * Greek- The language of the Greeks
 * Uralic- A language group comprising of over 38 languages that are predominantly based in northern Eurasia. They include Hungarian ("Magyarian"), Finnish and Estonian.
 * Altaic- A controversial language grouping that is not accepted by all historical linguists
 * Turkish, Tatar, Azerbaijani, borrows from both Western and Eastern (primarily Arabic) sources
 * Culture words
 * Occidental- Another name for Western culture
 * Oriental- Another name for Eastern culture
 * Region words
 * Turkey (the nation today)
 * Asia Minor- What the Romans called this peninsula, used commonly in Roman times and the Middle Ages
 * Anatolia- What the Greeks called it, used predominantly in ancient times
 * Mesoamerica- Meaning middle-America, consisting of the Panama isthmus north to the area of Mexico just south of the Yucatán peninsula
 * Latin America- Central and South American nations, called because Spanish and Portuguese languages are heavily based on Latin
 * West Indies- A region of the Caribbean that includes Islands and the surrounding waters
 * East Indies- The groups of islands located in the Pacific Ocean in the southeast Asia region including Indonesia, Micronesia, Malaysia, and others.

Dates
The AP World History Standard has adopted the date system of using the terms C.E. for Common Era and B.C.E. for Before Common Era, which are respectively identical to the terms A.D. (anno domini, Latin for "In the year of our Lord") and B.C. (before Christ). In addition, if dates are given as "800 A.D" or "1950 B.C." then they are often a guess or approximation. These dates are almost universally preceded by the words "about" or "around", or "circa".

Also, the Julian calendar was in use throughout the Western world for much of history, until it was discovered that it had become over a week inaccurate. So, we switched to Gregorian calendar to correct the problem. Actually, in Russia it wasn't even introduced until Lenin took power; the October Revolution actually happened in November on the Gregorian calendar. So dates in the chapter The Russian Revolution might be a bit hazy before 1918.

For the "Historians"
Some people might question our setup, layout, or the choice of included facts or they might find something wrong or in dispute. Great, we welcome suggestions and comments. And there's a place for it, on the World History discussion page. As for factual inaccuracies, etc., put them on the offending page's talk page, and we'll get to it as soon as we can (or see it). However, don't just criticize us, it's not constructive, and we don't care how you'd do it all that much, and this is the way we did it. So please don't just say the whole thing's stupid and we don't know what we're talking about. We'll probably have a few choice words to say back to you. Or maybe we'll just openly laugh and make fun of you. Either way you lose, and we win. So follow our Golden Rule, assume good faith and play nice. And now, on to World History...

The AP World History Exam
Advanced Placement World History is a course offered by many high schools within the United States of America. The curriculum and course structure are determined by the College Board, a non-profit organization which develops all Advanced Placement (AP) exams. The course structure is in the area marked AP World History Standard.

The AP World History exam is comprised of 4 parts- 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B. Refer to the AP World History Exam Format for this information. The multiple choice section will be graded by computer and the free- response questions will be graded by various teachers. The grade of the multiple choice section and the free response sections will be weighted and combined to give you an AP Exam score of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5

1A- Multiple Choice
The multiple choice section consists of similarly themed questions that will appear in sets of 2-5. These questions may be accompanied by primary or secondary sources, images, graphs, or maps. You will have 55 minutes to complete 55 questions. This will account for 40% of your exam score.

Note: As of the 2011 exam, no points are deducted for incorrect answers.

Strategies for this section:
 * Be definite- if you feel that an answer is wrong, assume it is and move on with the other answers: remember, your first, gut instinct is often correct.
 * Don't change answers often. Unless you come across information elsewhere in the test that indicates you were wrong in choosing your original answer, your first reaction is more likely to be correct than that given at second thought (such as in the previous strategy's situation).
 * Oftentimes there will be 2 answer choices that can be eliminated immediately leaving you will 2 possible choice, and thus a 50/50 chance.
 * Many answers are logical, and can be deduced even without prior knowledge the question's topic. Remember that the College Board exam writers want to write as logical a test as possible, it's in their natures to craft questions that may be guessed by attentive students.
 * Be mindful of your time. You may not finish all the questions.  Hopefully your proctor will provide you with time updates, or better yet, a stop clock which lists remaining time.  Don't spend too much time on a single question (a trite strategy, but still true).

1B- Short Answer
The short answer section consists of questions that will be answered by writing a paragraph. These will be accompanied by texts, images, graphs or maps. You will have 50 minutes to answer 4 questions. This will account for 20% of your exam score.

Strategies for this section:
 * Keep track of time- you want to finish all the questions before going back and revising them
 * Take a minute to plan your answers- if you write you answer without planning it, you might have to go back and revise it which will waste your time

2A- Document Based
The document based section consists of questions that will be answered by analyzing written texts, graphs or pictures. You will have 55 minutes (includes a 15-minute reading period) to answer 1 question. This will account for 25% of your exam score.

Strategies for this section:
 * Plan your essay- you don't want to waste more time by going back to revise it
 * Use evidence from the media given to you (texts, graphs, pictures) to support your answer

2B- Long Essay
The long essay section consists of two questions. In this section you will have to pick one of these questions to answer and develop an argument using historical evidence. You will have 35 minutes to answer 1 question. This will account for 15% of your exam score.

Strategies for this section:
 * Plan your essay- this strategy is useful for all questions that include writing a response
 * Have a topic sentence and stay focused on it- don't stray off topic
 * Back up your topic sentence with historical evidence and specific events- e.g. supporting how government support of religion can help social order with the Hindu caste system and dharma
 * Elaborate on evidence- when giving evidence say why it supports your thesis

Resources
Below are some resources that you can use to learn more about how the test is formatted, graded or take. There are also some links to some helpful resources that you can use to practice.

Learn more about the exam
Course details

Exam details

Exam Details PDF

Practice
Exam practice

title: World History/Prologue


text:
George Champlin Mason Sr.

George Champlin Mason Sr. (1820-1894) was an American architect who built a number of mansions in Newport, Rhode Island, during the Gilded Age. He helped to found the Newport Historical Society as well.

Early life and education
George Champlin Mason was born to George Champlin Mason and Abigail Mumford Mason in Newport, Rhode Island in 1820. The Masons were a prominent New England family; his great-uncle Christopher G. Champlin was a U.S. Senator, and his aunt Elizabeth was married to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. After his early schooling in Newport, he moved to New York at the age of 15, where he worked in a dry goods establishment for six years. He left because of poor health and not long afterwards went to Europe to study art in Rome, Paris, and Florence, specializing in landscape paintings. He returned to the United States in 1846 and two years later married Frances Elizabeth Dean. Their son, George Champlin Mason Jr. (who would also become an architect), was born in 1849.

Mason spent the 1840s trying unsuccessfully to make a living as landscape painter in a Romantic pastoral style derived from the Hudson River School. During this period, he published Newport and Its Environs, a collection of 11 engravings of his landscape views of Newport that is one of the earliest books about Newport to showcase its potential as a vacation destination. It was noted as volume 1, but no further volumes ever materialized.

Architectural writings

In 1851, Mason switched professions and became part owner and editor of the Newport Mercury newspaper. He often wrote about architectural subjects, and he worked with fellow citizens on developing the then-expanding plat of Newport. Beginning a few years later, he would occasionally write articles for the Providence Journal, the New York Evening Post, and other newspapers, sometimes using the pen names 'Aquidneck' and 'Champlin'. In 1854 he published Newport Illustrated, a guidebook that emphasizes the history of Newport buildings and places, and in 1884 he published a compendium of his occasional pieces under the title Reminiscences of Newport. Both were illustrated with black-and-white line drawings or engravings of Newport buildings, many of which are now long gone or substantially changed. Mason was also influential in the establishment of the Newport Historical Society (originally a branch of the Rhode Island Historical Society), and he was active in the Redwood Library and Athenaeum and other local organizations.

Solo practice
Around 1858, Mason resigned his editorship and began to study architecture in earnest. Two years later set himself up as an architect, opening the first professional architectural firm in Newport, where many of his 150 buildings are located. This was a period when Gilded Age New Yorkers of extreme wealth were building large summer homes in Newport, and Mason became a dominant architect of these residences in the 1860s. In 1860, Mason was commissioned to build the financier August Belmont's summer mansion "By-the-Sea". The commission came to him through Belmont's wife Caroline, who was a daughter of Commodore Matthew C. Perry, a relation of Mason's. "By-the-Sea" was an Italianate villa with many of the features that would become hallmarks of Mason's style: a formal, squarish building giving an impression of solidity; a modified French mansard roof; a three-bay entrance portico; and extensive use of bracketed trim. Mason's style owes something to that of the Providence architect Thomas Alexander Tefft, who died in 1859.

Also in 1860, Mason designed another large Italianate villa as a Newport summer home for Edmund Schermerhorn. Named "Chepstow", it was bequeathed with most of its furnishings intact to the Preservation Society of Newport County in 1986 and is now open to the public, one of a handful of buildings featured on the preservation society's website alongside more famous buildings like The Breakers. Chepstow includes features such as an interior staircase that pay deliberate homage to American pre-Revolutionary architecture, prefiguring the Colonial Revival period of the 1890s.

George C. Mason & Son
In 1867, Mason's son began working with him, and in 1871, he brought his son into partnership and renamed his firm George C. Mason & Son. In 1873, the firm designed the commanding officer's quarters (today known as the "Eisenhower House") at Fort Adams in Newport, which President Dwight D. Eisenhower used as his summer residence during his administration. "Woodbine Cottage," which Mason built for himself in 1873 in collaboration with his son, was a 23-room mansion in an ornate Swiss chalet style. Like the slightly earlier "Edgewater" (1869–70), it features the elaborate kinds of wooden trim that increasingly crept into Mason's later work. It has since been turned into a hotel, the Architect's Inn. Possibly the most stylistically adventurous of Mason's mature work is the "Loring Andrews House", which expresses the Modern Gothic style through facades that are almost completely covered in stick work.

Sometime between 1881 and 1887, Mason was elected as an honorary member New York Society of the Cincinnati. Prior to 1887 Mason transferred to the recently reorganized Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati. This was probably in recognition of his interest in preserving historical records and his family connection to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry.

Mason died in 1894 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was buried in the Island Cemetery of Newport. He was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame in 2006.

Many of Mason's buildings have been demolished to make way for residential subdivisions; however, seven of his residences still stand along the north side of Narragansett Avenue in Newport.

Partial list of buildings
Source:

 * "Elm Court" (1853, for Boston merchant Andrew Robeson)
 * "Cliffs" (1859, for Newport mayor Daniel B. Fearing; since demolished)
 * "By-the-Sea" (1860, for August Belmont; demolished 1946)
 * "F. Sheldon House" (ca. 1860? since demolished)
 * "Chepstow" (1860–61, for Edmund Schermerhorn)
 * "Henry Ledyard House" (1863–64)
 * "Harbourview" (1865, for Ayres P. Merrill; demolished ca. 1950)
 * "W. W. Tucker House" (1869; demolished 1938)
 * "Edgewater" (for J. Frederick Kernochan, 1869–70; demolished 1888)
 * "Loring Andrews House" (1871–72)
 * "Eisenhower House" (1873)
 * "Woodbine Cottage" (1873; also known as the "George Champlin Mason House"; now the Architect's Inn)

Publications

 * Newport and Its Environs, Illustrated by a Series of Views. Newport, R.I.: Chas. E. Hammett, 1848.
 * Newport Illustrated in a Series of Pen & Pencil Sketches. New York: Appleton, 1854.
 * Newport and Its Cottages. J. R. Osgood, 1875.
 * The Old House Altered. New York: G.P. Putnam's, 1878.
 * The Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart. New York: Scribner's, 1879.
 * Reminiscences of Newport. Newport, R.I.: Charles E. Hammett, 1884.
 * Annals of Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island 1698-1821. Philadelphia: Evans Printing, 1889.

title: George Champlin Mason Sr.


text:
Talk:Dolores Balderamos-García

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title: Talk:Dolores Balderamos-García


text:
List of shipwrecks in September 1858

The list of shipwrecks in September 1858 includes ships sunk, foundered, wrecked, grounded, or otherwise lost during September 1858.

title: List of shipwrecks in September 1858


text:
Developing Scripts and Case Studies for cisLunarFreighter/Radio Communications/STC/sample radio dialogues/Dialogue 1

 * 1) STC

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Control, This Sierra Foxtrot request launch window"

 * Control Voice:
 * "Flight Sierra Foxtrot, hold on pad at this time"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot; Hold on Pad - Acknowledge"
 * "Sierra Foxtrot; Holding"

 * Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot you are clear now for launch, you have a ten minute window"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Serria Foxtrot; Accept window"

 * Control Voice:
 * "Roger Sierra I am starting window timer and monitoriing status of local airspace for intruders"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot, Firing engines Standby"

 * Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot please advise on final ten count"

 * Ship Voice
 * "Sierra Foxtrot, in 10 .."
 * "9; 8;"

 * Control Voice:
 * "Sierra go for ignition"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "7; 6; 5; 4; 3; 2; 1;"
 * "Serria Foxtrot; Igniton of main"

 * Engine roars and rumbles in background, maybe use a visual transition clip here of rocket takeoff from Control's video feed

 * Ship voice:
 * "Serria Fxotrot - have liftoff"

 * Control voice:
 * "Sierra be advised local airspace is clear all the way to orbital control"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Serria Foxtrot- Request Orbit entry"

 * Control Voice:

 * "Siera Foxtrot STC handing off to Orbital Control at this time
 * Ship Voice:
 * Sierra - Acknowledge Orbital Control - Have a good day
 * Sieria Foxtrot - Control handover Orbital Control

 * Orbital Control Voice:
 * Sierra Foxtrot this is orbital control.  We have you entering on a vector of x y z; interogative of status

 * Ship Voice
 * Serria Foxtrot - Confirm Vector x y z, advise Tower Control of departure from near ground space

 * Orbital Control Voice:
 * "Sierra this is Orbital Control.  Say again your status.

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Orbital Control - Confrim vector X Y Z, Advise tower of Depature."

 * Orbital Tower Voice:
 * "Sierra this is Orbital Control. We confirm you have a clean entry into scheduled orbit on 	vector x, y, z.

 * Ship Voice
 * "Serria Foxtrot to Orbital Control - Confrim Vector X Y Z.  Confim entry to orbit.

 * Orbital Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot be advised we show you on track for scheduled orbit."

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Serria Foxtrot : Confirm Scheduled orbit - Advise on locals."

 * Orbital Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot, be advised you are solo local traffic. Empty vacuum and thrusters clear."

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Confirm Scheduled orbit, will fire for orbit on your mark."

 * Orbital Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot be advised we have an incoming meteor shower headed your way."

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot; Confirm meteor shower.  ETA?"

 * Ship Voice
 * "Serria Foxtrot - Query meteor shower ETA ?"
 * "Serria Foxtrot - Query meteor shower ETA ?"

 * Orbital Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot, it is ice particles from old Gemini mision, arriving in your vicinity in 5 minutes."

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Not a problem.  "Thanks!"

 * pause
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Please Advise for Orbital Insertion Burn, Will fire for orbit on your mark."

 * Orbital Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot you are clear for burn at your dicretion."

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Roger, Orbital Control. Preparing for burn now."

 * Orbital Control:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot you are nearing exit threshold be advised we are handing you to Solar Control 	Authority ... have a nice day sir!

 * Ship Voice
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Accept threshold handover, switching frequencies now."

 * pause

 * Ship Voice
 * "Serria Foxtrot - Good Morning Solar Control"

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot.  Good morning.  We have you on scope and on track for a final burn."

 * Ship Voice:
 * Sierra Foxtrot - Burn in 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, ignition!

 * Background roar of main engineers.
 * 2D scope view of asteroid style ship icon burning, transition from LEO to high cisLunar Space

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Serria Foxtrot : Good day Orbital Control, Good morning Solar Control - Successful burn 	firing"

 * Background engine roar is still heard.

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Shutdown in 10 seconds. 9, 8, 7, 6,"

 * Loud boom is heard in background

 * Ship Voice:
 * "5, 4, 3, 2, 1"

 * Engine roar cuts out

 * Solar Control Voice
 * "Good Morning Sierra Foxtrot, looks like a standard day ahead no obstacle in your zone."

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Serria Foxtrot - Burn shutdown success - What was that bump?"

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "Bad actuation, blown hydraulics?"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot: Confirm clear run - Solar Control can you advise regarding boom heard during burn?" Checking local status..."

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot be advised we shown you diverging from filed obital course."

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Serria Foxtrot - Advise Correction"

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "Advise run diagnostic, divergence is quite large."

 * Ship Voice
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Boom in burn may have put Serria Foxtrot off course
 * "Serria Foxtrort - Running Diagnostic"
 * "Serria Foxtrot- Drat!

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot can you advise whether your main engine assemby is firing and tracking 	correclty?"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Exhaust fault has placed off course, can you provide escort to Corolis Alpha 	space station?"

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "System Orbital Control calling Sierra Foxtrot can you read me... over."

 * Ship Voice:
 * Serria Foxtrot - Orbital Control - Can hear you. Exhaust Fault has placed Serria off course.. 	Please advise correctional burn.

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot have received your declared emergency and notifying the Space Patrol now."

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Solar Control I Acknowledge Receipt of in flight emergency status"

 * Solar Control Voice
 * "Sierra Foxtrot be advised that the Space Patrol Cruiser U.S.S. Jimmy Carter is in your area 	and on it way to rendezvous for escort"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Serria Foxtrot - Be Advised emergency is NOT critical.  Acknoweldge cruiser is in area.

Can you advise on correctional burn?"

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot what is the nature of your problem causing divergence from filed flight plan?"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Serria Foxtrot - Exhaust fault during burn. We will attempt correction on auxillary engine if 	advised."

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "Roger Sierra Foxtrot, we are loading local Grid Computing elements to get you a new orbital 	course and burn plan .... standby"

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Can you advise on cruiser ETA?

 * Solar Control:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot, We are sending new orbital plan now please synchronzie parabolic reciever to 	Ceres Base now."

 * Ship Voice:
 * Sierra Foxtrot - Acknowledged. Reciever adjustment complete.

 * Foley Effects

 * Ship Voice
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Receiving carrier signal with new burn plan strong and clear."

 * Solar Control Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot be advised that USS Jimmy Carter will achieve escort formatoin in 23 minutes."

 * Ship Vioce:
 * "Serria Foxtrot - Thank you - Acknoweldge ETA Of escort in 23 mins

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot - Have received new orbital course plan. Will fire with auxillary on the mark."

 * Ship Voice:
 * Sierra Foxtrot - Awaitng confirmation clear for corection burn..."

 * Solar Control:
 * "Sierra Foxtrot you are advised that Combat Space Patrol fighters from USS Jimmy Carter are n escort formation and you are cleared for burns as designated in revised orbital course plan."

 * Ship Voice:
 * Sierra Foxtrot - Burn in 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Ignition!
 * Serria Foxtrot - Confirm acknowledge of fighter in formation
 * Serria Foxtrot- Advise escort callsign..

 * Ship Voice:
 * "Serria Foxtrot - Burn shutdown in 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,
 * Sierra Foxtrot - Burn Shutdown succesful."


text:
Guitar/Alternate Picking

Alternate picking is an important skill, because it allows you to play more than twice as fast than with just down picking. The basic idea is that if you are picking just on down strokes, every time you bring the pick back up to stroke down again, you are missing an opportunity to hit the string again. Essentially alternate picking is more efficient, because you have to move you hand less distance to hit the next note, and it can be an important difference between hitting the note on time or struggling to reach it.

As with other guitar skills, it doesn't sound even a little difficult until you actually try and do it. It will take some time to master it and get really fast. After doing it for a long time, you will begin to notice that you are subconsciously deciding whether to alternate pick or not, depending on the underlying rhythm. Ultimately alternate picking allows you to play more efficiently, and thus faster.

Hold the pick in whichever method feels best for you. Only the top of your pick should be seen and touch the string, because when you pick you cover less distance and use less energy. Your movement should only come from your wrist, not from your whole arm, and it should be precise. There are many ways to practice alternate picking, but really it is something that you have to merge into all of your guitar playing. Being able to alternate pick at the right time is a very important step, and it is one of the barriers that separate good guitar players and people who just play guitar.

Lesson 1
To introduce yourself to alternate picking, start with a simple exercise beginning on the low E string. e|-1--2--3--4| B|--1--2--3--4---| G|---1--2--3--4--| D|1--2--3--4-| A|--1--2--3--4---| E|-1--2--3--4|

e|---| B|-4--3--2--1| G|4--3--2--1-| D|4--3--2--1-| A|---4--3--2--1--| E|--4--3--2--1--2--3--4--5---|

Play this pattern up and down the strings, and then up and down the whole neck. When you hit each note, you should make sure that you are always picking in the opposite direction of the previous note. Try playing faster, but always make sure you are fretting and picking each note clean to develop good habits. A metronome is a good item to help you with these sorts of exercises, because it helps you keep a steady pace. Always spend time practicing at your maximum speed, but not for the whole time; playing at an even pace is more important and builds your internal sense of rhythm.

Once you are comfortable alternate picking, try fingering some chords and pick through them, using alternate picking where appropriate. You can stumble onto some famous songs completely by accident like this.

Lesson 2
This pattern is a little more complicated, as it is a walk, where you play a repeating pattern that always starts on the next highest note. e|--| B|--| G|--| D|-1---1-2-1-2-3---1-2-3-4--| A|-1---1-2-1-2-3---1-2-3-4---2-3-4-3-4---4--| E|-1-2-3-4---2-3-4-3-4---4--|

Continue the pattern up the strings, and make sure you are always alternate picking. You will start to notice when sometimes it is better to pick up or down twice in order to make the picking more efficient overall.

Lesson 3
This riff combines palm muting and alternate picking. e|| B|| G|-2---2---2---2--3---| D|-2---2---2---2--3---| A|-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0| E|| The open notes should be muted, and you should be using alternate picking. This riff is very similar to a riff from Metallica's One.

Additional Lessons
If you want more exercises, please see other sections of this book, and perform the exercises there, except add in the alternate picking. Alternatively, you could take a song you already know, and then pick the chords using alternate picking. You will soon see how you can apply alternate picking into every part of your guitar playing.

title: Guitar/Alternate Picking


text:
Poperechnoye

Poperechnoye (Поперечное) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Poperechensky Selsoviet, Kamensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 783 as of 2013. There are 11 streets.

Geography
Poperechnoye is located 49 km southwest of Kamen-na-Obi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoyarki is the nearest rural locality.

title: Poperechnoye


text:
victus

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) living, way of life, lifestyle
 * 2) * c. 30 , Cicero, Dē Lēgibus 3.14.32:
 * Ego autem nōbilium vītā vīctūque mūtātō mōrēs mūtārī cīvitātum putō.
 * But I consider that the way of life of cities can be changed by changing the life and living of the noble.
 * 1) nourishment, provision, diet, that which sustains life
 * 2)  necessaries of life
 * 3) *  530 – 533, Justinian I, Dīgesta seu Pandectae 50.16.43–44:
 * Verbō vīctus continentur, quae ēsuī pōtuīque cultuīque corporis quaeque ad vīvendum hominī necessāria sunt. Vestem quoque vīctūs habēre vicem Labeō ait. Et cētera, quibus tuendī cūrandīve corporis nostrī grātiā ūtimur, eā appellātiōne sīgnificantur.
 * By the word vīctus is meant that which is necessary for the feeding and hydration and care of the body and for the life of a human. Labeo includes clothing under this term. And the other things which we use for keeping and caring for our bodies are meant by that term.
 * 1) *  530 – 533, Justinian I, Dīgesta seu Pandectae 50.16.43–44:
 * Verbō vīctus continentur, quae ēsuī pōtuīque cultuīque corporis quaeque ad vīvendum hominī necessāria sunt. Vestem quoque vīctūs habēre vicem Labeō ait. Et cētera, quibus tuendī cūrandīve corporis nostrī grātiā ūtimur, eā appellātiōne sīgnificantur.
 * By the word vīctus is meant that which is necessary for the feeding and hydration and care of the body and for the life of a human. Labeo includes clothing under this term. And the other things which we use for keeping and caring for our bodies are meant by that term.

Usage notes
As seen above in the first quotation, this word is often alliteratively in apposition with.

Etymology 2
Perfect passive participle of.

Participle

 * 1) conquered, vanquished, subdued, defeated, having been conquered, vanquished, etc.

title: victus


text:
Jerry Agada

Professor Jerry Agada (born Jerry Anthony Agada  on 11 November 1952) was a Nigerian educationist, scholar, author, Chairman Benue State Civil Service Commission, former president of the Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA), the first Fellow of the Association of Nigerian Authors, ANA, in Central Nigeria, the vice-chairman of Fidei Polytechnic, Gboko and former minister of state for Education of the Federal republic of Nigeria. He is known for writings with the publication of his first book, The Magic year – poetry in prose and rhymes in 1996 and has since followed that book up with another one in 1998, The Secret Deal, which is a collection of stories, Rage and Tears, Orokam: A Roadmap for Socio-Economic & Political Advancement, Holy Land: Encounters and Symbolism and Web of Convictions. He's a multi award-winning writer, he bagged the award of the Academic Person of the year 2016 by Idoma Governor Support Group and the best author by Association of Nigerian Authors.

Early life and education
Born on 11 November 1952 at Orokam in Ogbadibo Local Government Area of Benue State, Jerry Agada started his educational journey at Joseph's Primary School, Orokam, Benue State from 1959 to 1965 and to St. Francis Secondary School, Otukpo Benue State between 1966 and 1970. He proceeded to Kaduna Polytechnic, C.A.B.S Kaduna State in 1971 and after graduating from there in 1973 he attended the National Technical Teachers College, Yaba, Lagos State between 1973 and 1974 for the Technical Teacher's Certificate in Commerce. He was also at the University of Exeter (MARJONS), Plymouth, United Kingdom between 1979 and 1981 where he obtained a Bachelor of Education (English). He also grabbed a Master of Commerce in Marketing from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland in 1984 and a Doctor of Philosophy in Public Sector Management from the Post Graduate School, Staton University, Tampa, Florida, United States in 2003. He was also at the University of Birmingham, School of Public Policy in October 2003 for the Certificate in Management Contracting & Partnership for Service Delivery.

Career
He started his career in 1974 as classroom teacher in charge of Business Education subjects in Government College, Keffi. He was there until 1977 when he relocated to Government College, Makurdi in 1977 following the creation of Benue State. He served as Commissionaire with the Nigerian High Commission, London between 1982 and 1983. Upon his return to Nigeria, he was posted to Army Day Secondary School, Abakpa, Enugu for the National Youth Service Corps. He returned to Government College, Makurdi in 1985 as Head, Business Studies. By 1987, he had become Vice Principal (Administration) of the college. He also acted as the Principal of the college between 1987 and 1988 when he was formally appointed Principal of the college. He was in that position until 1992 when he was elevated to the position of Guidance Counselor and Principal Special Grade at the Headquarters of the Benue State Teaching Service Board. He was transferred to Government College, Utonkon in 1993 as Principal Special Grade. He held that position until 1996 when he was appointed the Executive Secretary, Benue State Examinations Board.

By 1999, Jerry Anthony Agada was again elevated to the position of Permanent Secretary, Benue State Ministry of Information, Youth, Sports and Culture. He also served in the same capacity in the Ministry of Education, Benue State Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs and the Benue State Bureau of Political Affairs. Upon his retirement from the Civil Service of Benue State, he joined the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and sought election to the office of the Governor of Benue State. He lost the bid however, he later emerged as the Minister of State for Education, Federal Republic of Nigeria in July 2007. He left the Ministerial position in October 2008 but by March 2009, he was appointed as the chairman, Governing Board of the National Commission for Colleges of Education, (NCCE) Abuja.

In 2013, the European American University, Commonwealth of Dominica now an affiliate of the Western Orthodox University, appointed him as a Visiting Professor in Education. He has also been the chairman, Advisory Board, Presidential Schools Debate, Nigeria since 2013, Vice-chairman, Advisory Board of the Nigeria Prize for Literature of the Nigeria LNG NLNG since 2009 and chairman, Governing Council, Eastern Polytechnic, Port Harcourt since August 2015. In 2016 he was appointed Member Governing Council, Fidei Polytechnic Gboko, Benue State. In November 2016, he was appointed Chairman of the Benue State Civil Service Commission.

Jerry Anthony Agada is a Fellow, British Society of Commerce, Member, Institute of Marketing and Member, Nigeria Association of Business Educators, Member, Nigeria Association of Educational Administration and Planning. He is also a Fellow, Association of Nigerian Authors, Member, Nigeria Institute of Management and Member, Institute of Industrialist and Corporate Administration. In February 2012, he was selected as one of fifty men of integrity in Nigeria by the editorial board of the Guardian Newspaper of Nigeria. On 17 August 2017, he was honoured with the title of Africa's Patriotic Personality of the Year by the African Students Union Parliament, (ASUP).

Jerry Anthony Agada has held several other positions in government and associations. He was the Chairman of the Benue State Petroleum Monitoring Committee between 1999 and 2000 and Member of the Benue State Reform Team between 2001 and 2006. He was also the Secretary General, National Orokam-Aroji Summit from 1992 to 1999 and chairman of the boardof Zion Micro-Finance Bank, Makurdi between 2006 and 2008. He is a past National President of the Association of Nigerian Authors, (ANA) and patron of its branch in Benue State. In November 2015, his Orokam Community in Ogbadibo LGA, honoured him with the Chieftaincy title of the Oyalobu 1 of Orokam – meaning "The Pacesetter'’ within the Community. He was also conferred with the title of "Omachi Onu Egume of Egume by the Igala Area Traditional council in 2008.

Selected books

 * The Secret Deal and Other Stories (1998)
 * Rage and Tears (2002)
 * The Soothsayer (2003)
 * The Secret Deal (2003)
 * The Honourable Chairman (2003)
 * The Magic Year: (a Poetry in Prose and Rhymes)
 * The Successors (2007)

Death
He died on December 22, 2020, after a brief illness

title: Jerry Agada


text:
Bilgadi

Bilgadi (Бильгади; Билһәди, Bilhədi) is a rural locality (a selo) in Chinarsky Selsoviet, Derbentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 635 as of 2010. The village has an Azerbaijani-majority.

Geography
Bilgadi is located 17 km northwest of Derbent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Chinar and Zidyan-Kazmalyar are the nearest rural localities.

title: Bilgadi


text:
Robotics/Design Basics/Basic Programming

Microcontrollers
These days using programmable components is easy. In the early days you had to write code in assembly, burn it in an EPROM, plug the EPROM in its socket and hope you didn't make any mistake. Because if you did, you had to hunt down the error in hundreds of lines of cryptic assembly code and had to use a new EPROM. These days you've got flash memory which can be reprogrammed in circuit. You've got C and Basic compilers to write your code. Most µcontrollers have a whole lot of hardware on chip (UART, Watchdog, Real Time Clock, RAM, ROM, EEPROM,...) and libraries are available for different programming languages which make coding LC-displays or Servos very easy. Not to mention you've got emulators (A special connector plugged into the MICROcontroller socket which allows a PC to pretend to be the µcontroller) and simulators (simulates the µcontroller on a PC and allows to run its code) to hunt down the bugs.

AVR
A good µcontroller to start with is the Atmel AVR ATtiny2313 (previously: AT90S2313) or ATMEGA8535 (previously: AT90S8535) (Atmel). It's cheap, has all the essentials on chip and has a whole lot of websites dedicated to it. The 8535 is more expensive, but has more memory and has an on board ADC. An AVR combined with Bascom-AVR is pretty much the easiest way to start with µcontrollers.

See Atmel AVR for details.

See Robotics/Computer Control/The Interface/Microcontrollers for other popular microcontrollers.

See General Engineering Introduction/Arduino and Motors/Arduino Introduction for one way to do AVR development.

PC
The PC has many advantages over µcontrollers when it comes to controlling a robot. However it has 2 flaws that make it nearly impossible to use in small robot-projects: This means that PCs are limited to tethered or large robots. If power isn't a problem the PC offers enormous amounts of RAM and HD space and plenty of CPU power. Plus a very handy user interface. Also network capabilities can be very useful for some applications. Providing your robot with a wireless connection (IR, radio, WiFi, bluetooth,...) and a similar interface on the PC reduces the wire-problem to a limited-distance (or in the case of IR a line-of-sight) problem.
 * First: it's large and heavy.
 * Secondly: A modern pc consumes enormous amounts of power.

If you intend to use a PC in your project, you might want to use one of the flavors of linux as the OS, as it allows easy access to any of the parts of the computer. Another choice for an OS is the older MS-DOS, although MS-DOS lacks multithreading (but those can be added in your software) and has ugly memory management (remember the 640Kb limit?).

Laptop
The laptop has only its size against it. A laptop provides the benefits of a PC without the enormous power consumption. The downside to laptops is their limited battery life. limited battery life.html

PDA
The PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) is nothing more than a hand held PC (Personal Computer). Most of the time these units used scaled down RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Chip) processors to allow for fast execution times and also allow the unit to remain smaller and lighter than your average laptop. Some PDA's even have built-in GPS which makes it very interesting for outdoor robot applications. The downside is their price. The PDA is useful for play, but also serves as a great business tool especially when they are equipped with a stylus.

Gameboy
The Gameboy (the classic, advance, color and DS) can be a very powerful device. These have been used in many projects (see google). The only drawback is constructing the special PCB to act as a connector.

Gameboy Advance (GBA)
The Gameboy Advance is also excellent as a robotics platform. There are a few complete open-source development suites available (GCC based C/C++ plus ARM assembler). There is also a good kit (Charmed Labs) available to interface Lego robotics motors/sensors and give much more control compared to the Lego RCX. With 4MB of FLASH and a few hundred K of RAM the kit has huge potential. The kit is not really for the complete beginner though as setting up the GNU tools can be quite complicated although the development environment is consequently very rich.

See GBA Development for tips on writing software for the Game Boy Advance.

Programmable Logic Controllers
Programmable logic controllers, PLCs, are special purpose industrial computers, made to be easy to interface with electrical circuits. Most PLC are expandable but there are some compact "all-in-one" solutions as well. They have excellent bit-manipulating possibilities, and add-on-cards for several special signals as high-speed counters, analog I/O, networks and fieldbuses (RS-232, RS422, RS-485, Ethernet, DeviceNet, Profibus...), pulse output, servo control, etc. Increasingly, special inputs are included in the PLC CPU unit. PLCs are traditionally used to control automated factories, possibly several machines per PLC. They normally use special-purpose programming languages, most commonly ladder or SFC.

PLCs are available in sizes from approximately 5x5x5 cm (there is a PLC IC available as well, but for the purposes of this book we choose to ignore that fact). The smallest ones are very limited though, with only a few I/Os and very limited memory, and also very limited instruction set with regards to data processing and calculations. PLCs are especially suitable if you have a lot of experience of electric systems, but feel intimidated by designing and soldering PCBs and programming computers (i.e., you are an electrician). They also shine in very large system with many special purpose sensors and outputs, as mostly there will be a standard solution from the manufacturer that is possible to use.

The downside with PLCs are their price - They can be quite costly, normally at least an order of magnitude higher than microcontrollers. They also draw more current than a microcontroller, however less than a computer. On the other hand, compared to a computer, they are computationally weak. They aren't suited for heavy signal-processing work.

PLC:s are best suited for large robots, but could be usable in medium-sized projects as well.

Combinations
It's common to use both a computer/laptop/PDA and (a) microcontroller(s) as those 2 complement each others limitations. e.g. The first has the advantage of large amounts of memory and processing power, however lacks specific outputs that are very handy in robotics, like PWM. Microcontrollers commonly have PWM channels that operate independently of the rest of the microcontroller, but are limited in their processing speed and memory. Linking those 2 devices provides the best of both worlds.

Programming languages
This page discusses some of the available programming languages and provides links to download compilers for those languages.

Which language to pick?
The choice of language depends on a few points:

 * previous experience. If you're already comfortable with a particular programming language, you'll probably want to use that language for programming your robot.

 * How much time and effort you intend to invest. Not every language is equally hard/easy to use. Most of the complexity of a language comes from allowing more low-level access. Basically the more control a language gives to the user, the harder it is to use, but also the more powerful it is. In theory Assembly would allow a programmer to write the fastest and smallest code. However this is only true for an experienced programmer. Modern compilers can generate code that comes near to hand written Assembly. In most cases, using Assembly needlessly complicates a program, with the exception of using inline assembly in a C or Basic program. Usually these are a few lines of code which work directly with memory, or have to execute in a known time. For many if not most projects, a language such as Basic or C suffices. Only if you intend to push a microcontroller or PC to the limits of its capabilities is it worth the trouble of writing Assembly code.
 * your goals. If you want a simple robot, you wouldn't need Assembly code at all. With modern microcontroller you can easily write sloppy Basic code and still have sufficient speed and memory. If you intend to build a cutting edge robot with a few dozen sensors, image recognition and speech recognition you'll need to write perfect code and will need Assembly for some of the components in order to have enough speed and be able to fit the code in the limited memory of the microcontroller(s). Most projects will fall in between these two extremes and good written Basic or C code would be more than sufficient. Knowing (some) Assembly can be useful as it'll give some insight on how processors work. Such insights make you a better programmer.
 * Availability. Not all languages are available for all microcontrollers. Urbi is open source, C and Basic and Forth are common, often as freeware, other languages might be available commercially, or not at all.

Writing your software
This section doesn't intend to teach the basics of programming, just those points that aren't addressed in most programming tutorials and beginners books.

 * Style. "Style" is how you indent your lines, how you pick your variable and function names. Pick one and stick with it throughout your program. Especially for functions and variables you should decide when to use capital letters, underscores and when to stick words together. Doing this the same everywhere makes it easier not to miss-spell names.
 * Use informative names. Functions, procedures and variables should have informative names. Their purpose should be clear.
 * Plan before coding. In software development there are two important steps before coding: requirement analysis and software architecture. The first is about finding out what the program is expected to do, what inputs to expect, which output it should generate and what the limitations of its environment are going to be. The latter involves working out how the program is going to be structured, which data types to use, which algorithms, how the input is going to enter the program and how to make sure it's valid and how to format the output. Using a lite version of these steps will make it much easier to write a decent program. If you intend to build a more complicated robot, you'll going to need to invest more time in planning out your software. Have all your software requirements written out first. Then pick a few of the most critical requirements and refine them. Implement those first. After you're done with those (this includes throughfully testing them), pick a new set and refine and implement those. By doing it in small steps you avoid having to write out everything at the start (and making many assumptions) and get to use the insights you get by coding parts of it.
 * Use PDL (Program Development Language) PDL is a method to write functions. It involves writing down the individual steps of a function in plain English without referring to language-specific things, then refining these steps into smaller steps, until it's easier to write the code than to split the steps further. Afterward leave the PDL lines in as comments.
 * Simulation and Debugging Learn to use the simulator. It's easier to find errors there than in the hardware. Also learn to use the debugger. It's your best friend for finding errors.
 * If your software runs on a PC a log-file can be useful. But be picky with what you let the software log. If you intend to run it for a long time those log-files can become massive. If you want to log sensor data over time, know that these can be imported in Excel by saving the data with spaces between them to separate columns and newlines to separate rows. See Comma-separated values.


text:
put aside

Verb

 * 1)  To save or keep (something) to be used at a later time.
 * 2)  To ignore or intentionally disregard (something), temporarily or permanently, so that more important things can occupy one's attention.
 * 1)  To ignore or intentionally disregard (something), temporarily or permanently, so that more important things can occupy one's attention.
 * 1)  To ignore or intentionally disregard (something), temporarily or permanently, so that more important things can occupy one's attention.
 * 1)  To ignore or intentionally disregard (something), temporarily or permanently, so that more important things can occupy one's attention.

Synonyms

 * , ; see also Thesaurus:ignore; see also Thesaurus:set apart
 * , ; see also Thesaurus:ignore; see also Thesaurus:set apart

Translations

 * Azerbaijani: qırağa atmaq, dala atmaq, saldırmaq
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Dutch:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:, , ,
 * Italian: mettere da parte,, mettere via

 * Hungarian:, , , , ad acta tesz
 * Italian: mettere da parte, ,
 * Latin: sēpōnō
 * Maori: tīkape
 * Polish:

title: put aside


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lachlan Taylor

The result was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:55, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Lachlan Taylor
Not Notable and completely false. There never was a Lachlan Taylor in Slipknot nor was there a Lachlan Taylor in Papa Roach, without these Lachlan here has no claim to fame. The article was made at the same time and by the same user as David Willet, which was deleted for the same reason I'm listing this one. Wildnox 15:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. NawlinWiki 16:38, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, likely hoax, no sources backing up those claims. Recury 18:03, 11 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Mozart Savings

Mozart Savings or Mozart Savings Association was an American bank founded in 1892 and based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

It merged 31 October 1981 with Parkvale Savings Bank and ceased to be its own concern. Parkvale merged into First National Bank of Pennsylvania in 2012.

In popular culture
In early establishing shots of its 1957 Pittsburgh setting, Fences (2016) featured a large Mozart Savings advertisement painted on the side of a brick building.

title: Mozart Savings


text:
Bulgarian

Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic languages. Bulgarian is spoken by approximately 10 million people in 70 countries around the world. The Bulgarian language is the official language of the Republic of Bulgaria. Bulgarian became an official language of the European Union in 2007 when Bulgaria joined the EU. The code for the Bulgarian language and Bulgaria is BG. This book is an attempt to provide some useful words, expressions and other information from different fields to facilitate the learning of the Bulgarian language. Please see also the Bulgarian language article in Wikipedia that provides a lot of additional useful information such as the alphabet, grammar, tenses, genders, cases, and so forth. Take a peek at the Bulgarian Wikipedia for advanced level information.

Basics

 * /Numbers/
 * /Colors/
 * /Time/
 * /Expressions/
 * /Questions/
 * /Verbs/

Lessons

 * /Lesson One/

Vocabulary

 * /Emergencies/
 * /Restaurants/
 * /Market/
 * /Post Office/
 * /Transportation/
 * /Tourism/
 * /Places/
 * /Directions/

Other sister projects

 * Bulgarian language article in Wikipedia
 * Bulgarian Wikipedia
 * Bulgarian phrasebook on Wikivoyage
 * Bulgarian Wiktionary - multilingual dictionary
 * Bulgarian Wikiquote - quotes in Bulgarian
 * Bulgarian Wikinews - news in Bulgarian
 * Bulgarian Wikimedia Commons

title: Bulgarian


text:
Conhistory

Our history has determined almost every aspect of lives. It has influenced where we live, our religious beliefs, the languages we speak, how we govern ourselves, relations with others around the world, and many other things. Just as Earth has thousands of years of human history shaping the modern world, so would a conworld have its own ConHistory, whether it is longer or shorter. The information in this wikibook will help you develop your own conworld's history and to shape its present.

Table of Contents

 * The Basics of ConHistory
 * How Geography Affects History
 * Prehistory
 * /Prehistory/
 * Rise of Agriculture
 * The First States
 * The Ancient World
 * Warfare
 * Cultural Interaction
 * Advancements Made in the Ancient Age
 * Migration
 * Barbarians
 * Push and Pull Factors
 * Exploration
 * Colonialism
 * Rise and Fall of Empires
 * How Empires Work
 * The Rise of an Empire
 * The Fall of an Empire
 * Ups and Downs of Cultures
 * Cultures
 * How Science Develops
 * How Economies Develop
 * How Art Develops
 * How Thought Develops
 * Industrialization
 * Industrialized Nations
 * Tides of Ideology
 * Cultural Interaction
 * Industrial Warfare
 * The Modern World
 * The Modern World
 * Modern Warfare
 * Cultural Interaction
 * Making the Third Leap
 * The Future World
 * Some What Ifs to get your mind working
 * Examples of ConHistories

title: Conhistory


text:
syntinen

Adjective

 * 1) sinful characterized by sin
 * 2) sinful of or relating to sin

Noun

 * 1) A sinner person who has committed sin.

title: syntinen


text:
User:Oscarfan

I am an American retail sales clerk. I like to browse Wikipedia in my off-hours, and occasionally find myself moved to make a change or two. You know how it is. I plan to make a series of improvements to the entry for Cornell College, my alma mater. I'll probably do some work on the Coe College entry too, even though Coe sucks, because I'm pretty sure there are few Coe students or alums who are capable of doing it themselves.

My web journal, such as it is, is Blue Armadillo.

title: User:Oscarfan


text:
rissa

Etymology
<

Noun

 * 1) sketch

Verb

 * 1) to sketch

Etymology 1
., which was inherited.

Noun

 * 1) a fight, scuffle or brawl

title: rissa


text:
Talk:Nan Rendong

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:06, 30 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Nan Rendong.jpg

CGTN reference
Please can you provide the direct link to the RfC that deprecated CGTN as a source, and explain what is wrong with the article referenced here, please? Thanks. Mike Peel (talk) 18:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

 * The RfC is here. That said, since the source is presumed unreliable, if you want to use it then the burden is on you to establish a consensus that it is uniquely reliable in these circumstances. Sunrise (talk) 21:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nan Rendong


text:
TKS 49ers

TKS 49ers (Teltow-Kleinmachnow-Stahnsdorf) is a German professional basketball team located at the southwest border of Berlin. The team competes in Germany's ProB league. Because of its proximity to Berlin, the club has cooperations with the Berlin clubs Tus Lichterfelde and DBV Charlottenburg.

Head coaches
•  Denis Toroman: 2019

•  🇩🇪 Kai Buchmannn: 2019

•  🇺🇦 Vladimir Pastushenko: 2019

•  🇲🇩 Nicolai Coputerco: 2019-present

Notable players
- Set a club record or won an individual award as a professional player. - Played at least one official international match for his senior national team at any time.
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Boyanov
 * Karolis Babkauskas
 * 🇺🇸 Kenneth Cooper
 * 🇺🇸 Terry Evans
 * 🇺🇸 Jeff Harper
 * 🇺🇸 Mike Holton Jr.

title: TKS 49ers


text:
User:Ungoye

Ubumbano LwabaNguni(Ubumbano LwamaQwabe)

“Kwakungephutha ukuthi isiqu somuntu wokuqala owakhiwa umdali abe umNguni ogama lakhe kwakuwuNtu…idlozi likaMayandela owazala uQwabe kanye noZulu,” kubeka uIsrael Gumede enkulumweni yakhe yokuvula.“It was by no mistake that the first human creation by the creator was a Nguni by the name of Ntu…the ancestor of Mayandela whose offspring was Qwabe and Zulu,” stated Israel Gumede in the opening of his speech.

UBumbano LwabaNguni is a non-profit organization focused on (re)discovering the origins of the Qwabe kinship group and Qwabe himself. The aims of the organisation include uniting the Qwabe people as a ‘nation’ and (re)discovering its correct history, rekindling the dignity of the Qwabe and uniting the amaQwabe in celebration of their ceremonies and their identity. The Qwabe kinship group also seeks to correct the mistakes related to the izithakazelo of the royal house of Qwabe as ‘Mpangazitha’, not ‘Ndabezitha’.

UBumbano LwaBanguni is made up of two segments, i.e. a think tank and a task team. The findings of the task team assert that the history of Qwabe can be traced back beyond the Stone Age while Zulu identity began in the 1800s during King Shaka’s reign. That means that Zulu identity is not (authentically) the entire Nguni nation’s. It was enforced on groups that were defeated by Shaka’s regime. The Qwabe are therefore Nguni not Zulu. Qwabe was the heir of Mayandeya:“Ngisho neNkosi uZwelithini ukhuleka emaqhugwaneni amabili amele imikhosi emibili ehlukene njalo uma ezothatha uhamba olubalulekile, i.e. uQwabe kanye noZulu. Zibuze ukuthi kungani…” kusho uIsrael Gumede. “Even King Zwelithini prays to two different huts resembling two different kinship groups, i.e. Qwabe and Zulu, every time he has to embark on an important journey. Ask yourself why…” said Israel Gumede. There are many different surnames under Qwabe. While it is true that the Qwabe and the Zulu family acknowledged each other as descending from Mayandeya, some Qwabe people resided under Zulu and Mpande, and some resided under Khondlo and Phakathwayo of the Qwabe. Nguni identity has therefore never diminished. There are other Qwabe people who were deserted at Nongoma and they ended up being sheltered by Zulu, Qwabe’s brother.

ITshe lamaBele is an important historical site for the Qwabe. Inkosi Mzimela is looking after the land of the Qwabe because this is where the Qwabe ancestors dwell. Other places that belong(ed) to the amaQwabe include Thongathi, Ballito (otherwise known as Ogqoyweni) and the place where the King Shaka International Airport is erected. This in the near future will need to be redressed. The overall long term goal is to ascertain the correct history, terminology and cultural practices of black Zulu speakers in South Africa as Ngunis not Zulus

title: User:Ungoye


text:
David Jackson (golfer)

David Alan Jackson (born June 3, 1964) is an American professional golfer and former PGA Tour member.

Jackson was born in Valdosta, Georgia. He attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for the Florida Gators men's golf team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1983 to 1986. During his college career, he was a two-time individual medalist, the Gators won the Southeastern Conference (SEC) team championship in 1985, and he was a first-team All-SEC selection three times (1984, 1985, 1986). Jackson also received All-American honors four times. He graduated from the university with a bachelor's degree in exercise and sport science in 1986.

Jackson played on the PGA Tour and its development tour, the Ben Hogan Tour/Nike Tour (now Web.com Tour), from 1989 to 1998. On the PGA Tour (1989, 1993), his best finish was T-14 at the 1986 Tallahassee Open. On the Ben Hogan/Nike Tour (1990–92, 1994–98), his best finish was a win at the 1992 Ben Hogan Cleveland Open.

Ben Hogan Tour wins (1)
Ben Hogan Tour playoff record (0–1)

Results in major championships
CUT = missed the halfway cut Note: Jackson only played in the U.S. Open.

title: David Jackson (golfer)


text:
Novorossiysky

Novorossiysky (Новороссийский) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Novorossiysky Selsoviet, Rubtsovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 631 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Novorossiysky is located 49 km north of Rubtsovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Aksyonovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Novorossiysky


text:
List of tourist attractions in Kuala Lumpur

This is the list of tourist attractions in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Community

 * Brickfields
 * Petaling Street

Convention centres

 * Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre
 * Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre (MITEC)
 * MATRADE Exhibition and Convention Centre
 * Putra World Trade Centre (WTC KL)

Galleries

 * National Visual Arts Gallery
 * Petronas Gallery

Historical buildings

 * DBKL City Theatre
 * Lee Rubber Building
 * Sultan Abdul Samad Building

Libraries

 * National Library of Malaysia
 * Muthamizh Padippagam Library

Memorials

 * Heroes' Mausoleum
 * National Monument

Museums

 * Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia
 * Maybank Numismatic Museum
 * National History Museum
 * National Museum
 * National Textile Museum
 * Royal Malaysian Police Museum
 * Royal Museum

Nature

 * ASEAN Sculpture Garden
 * KLCC Park
 * Lake Gardens
 * Padang Balang
 * Nanas Hill
 * Rimba Ilmu Botanical Gardens

Palace

 * Istana Negara (National Palace)

Performing centres

 * Coliseum Theatre
 * Istana Budaya
 * Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre
 * Petronas Philharmonic Hall

Public squares

 * Merdeka Square
 * Medan Pasar Kuala Lumpur 3.jpg Pasar

Buddhist temples

 * Buddhist Maha Vihara
 * Sri Lanka Buddhist Temple, Sentul

Chinese temples

 * Sin Sze Si Ya Temple
 * Thean Hou Temple

Churches

 * St. John's Cathedral
 * St. Mary's Cathedral

Hindu temples

 * Sri Kandaswamy Kovil
 * Sri Mahamariamman Temple

Mosques

 * Federal Territory Mosque
 * Jamek Mosque
 * National Mosque of Malaysia

Science centres

 * National Planetarium
 * National Science Centre

Shopping centres

 * AEON-Maluri
 * Berjaya Times Square
 * Bukit Bintang
 * Central Market
 * Fahrenheit 88
 * LaLaport Bukit Bintang City Centre
 * Lot 10
 * Low Yat Plaza
 * Sunway Putra Mall
 * Mid Valley Megamall
 * Pavilion Kuala Lumpur
 * Quill City Mall
 * Starhill Gallery
 * Sungei Wang Plaza
 * Sunway Velocity Mall
 * Suria KLCC
 * The Gardens Mall

Skyscrapers

 * Petronas Twin Towers
 * Merdeka 118
 * The Exchange 106

Sport centres

 * National Sports Complex
 * Stadium Merdeka
 * Chin Woo Stadium
 * Axiata Arena

Theme parks

 * Berjaya Times Square Theme Park

Towers

 * Kuala Lumpur Tower

Transportation

 * Kuala Lumpur Railway Station

Zoo

 * Aquaria KLCC
 * Kuala Lumpur Bird Park
 * Kuala Lumpur Butterfly Park


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Talk:David Geiser

FFD Notice
Hello! There's a discussion at concerning the images used on this page. Any input would be much appreciated. Ajpolino (talk) 18:00, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Geiser


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Selecta (band)

The result was   delete. Missvain (talk) 05:29, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Selecta (band)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Appears to fail WP:NBAND. Can't find any coverage. ceradon ( talk  •  contribs ) 21:18, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * speedy delete: no indication of importance. ubiquity (talk) 21:31, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Belgium-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:54, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:55, 11 February 2015 (UTC)


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Talk:Communion: Live at the Union Chapel

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. Community Tech bot (talk) 19:52, 29 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Therapycommunion.jpg


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2019–20 North Alabama Lions men's basketball team

The 2019–20 North Alabama Lions men's basketball team represented the University of North Alabama in the 2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Lions, led by second-year head coach Tony Pujol, played their home games at Flowers Hall in Florence, Alabama as members of the Atlantic Sun Conference (ASUN). They finished the season 13–17, 8–8 in ASUN play, to finish in fifth place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the ASUN tournament to Stetson.

This season will mark North Alabama's second of a four-year transition period from Division II to Division I As a result, the Lions are not eligible for NCAA postseason play but can participate in the ASUN tournament. They could have also played in the CIT or CBI, if invited.

Previous season
The Lions finished the 2018–19 season 10–22 overall, 7–9 in ASUN play, to finish in a tie for sixth place. In the ASUN tournament, they were defeated by North Florida in the quarterfinals.

Schedule and results
!colspan=9 style=| Non-conference regular season

!colspan=9 style=| Atlantic Sun Conference regular season

!colspan=12 style=| Atlantic Sun tournament

Source:


text:
Siyaruwa

Siyaruwa is a village in the Jagdishpur block of Bhojpur district in Bihar, India. In 2011 its population was 3,146 in 488 households. It is southeast of the city of Jagdishpur.

title: Siyaruwa


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User:Tbravo850/sandbox

Goroba Kangule

Goroba Kangule (born 14 October 1990) is an Indian author, columnist,  All rounder personality and motivational speaker, known for his Marathi -English-language novels about poetry.

Early life: Goroba was born on 14 october in Palam Taluka of Maharashtra.His father is a teacher and mother is a politician.He has two brothers,one is Doctor and other is Engineer.He completed his school from Palam, and moved to Ahmedpur for his 10+2.Goroba completed his degree from Government college of engineering Karad in 2012.

Career: Goroba is author since childwood,he has written many poem on various topics.After degree he started his career in Banking industry.

title: User:Tbravo850/sandbox


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Liquid V (2nd nomination)

The result was delete. RL0919 (talk) 22:26, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Liquid V
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Not convinced this meets WP:NCORP; its parent label, V Recordings, was WP:A7d by in 2015. Laun chba ller 19:47, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Music-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 19:48, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 19:48, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of United Kingdom-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 19:48, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete. In the fourteen years this article has been here nobody has managed to add evidence of notability. — RHaworth (talk · contribs) 02:40, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete - Search for reliable sources was futile. Non-notable as a corporation, non-notable as a record label.   78.26  (spin me / revolutions) 13:55, 24 September 2019 (UTC)


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Francis Holland

Francis Holland may refer to:

 * François Hollande (born 1954), French politician, former President of France
 * Francis James Holland (1828–1907), Church of England priest

title: Francis Holland


text:
Talk:Matt Marga

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:4B00:8056:A100:B581:40A8:226C:63C4 (talk) 10:45, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matt Marga


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1966 Nebraska gubernatorial election

The 1966 Nebraska gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1966, and featured former Wausa Mayor Norbert Tiemann, a Republican, defeating Democratic nominee, Lieutenant Governor Philip C. Sorensen. This was the first gubernatorial election in Nebraska in which the term in office was extended from two to four years, with a limit of two consecutive terms.

Candidates

 * Julius W. Burbach, member of the Nebraska Legislature
 * Henry E. Ley, CEO of State National Bank
 * Philip C. Sorensen, Lieutenant Governor

Candidates

 * Bruce Hagemeister
 * Albert E. Hahn
 * Henry E. Kuhlmann
 * Val Peterson, former Governor and U.S. Ambassador to Denmark
 * Norbert Tiemann, former Mayor of Wausa

title: 1966 Nebraska gubernatorial election


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Veeramakaliamman Temple, Perambur

Veeramakaliamman Temple is situated at Perambur in Kulathur taluk of Pudukkottai district in Tamil Nadu, India.

Location
This temple is located at Pudukottai-Sengipatti road, at a distance of 26 km. from Pudukottai.

Presiding deity
The Veeramakaliamman is the presiding deity.

Specialities
The temple is found in an open space. So many devotees from Thanjavur and Trichy districts come to this temple to have the darshan of the deity. In order to fulfil their vows they come over here and offer their offerings here. Goats are sacrificed and a festival in connection with this sacrifice is held every year. At that time large number goats are offered to the deity. Just before the offering people from Gandharvakottai and nearby areas came and halt here. After their offerings, the family members in groups cook the non vegetarian food and ate them in the temple campus.

Festivals
During the Tamil month of Chithirai one day festival and during the Tamil month of Vaikasi three day festival are held in a grand manner in this temple. During the last Fridays of the Tamil month of Aadi special pujas are conducted.

Worship time
The temple is opened for worship from 6.00 a.m. to 7.30 p.m.

title: Veeramakaliamman Temple, Perambur