text:
Wikiversity talk:Original research

Archives: 2009 | January 2010 | February 2010

Template
I just created the template announcing original research on the page. This is the first draft, feel free to comment and modify. Usage original research or as a shortcut or --Gbaor 17:17, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

I think something like the template to the right would be better. I think a research template shouldn't try to distinguish between primary and secondary research. -- dark lama  17:21, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I modified the template slightly. Maybe a smaller box would be nicer. On the other hand it should be very clear for the visitor, that s/he reads a research oriented page. We can still achieve a similar result, if we insist to put the smaller box to the top of the research page. Btw. I thought there should be a clear distinction also between primary and secondary research in the templates (but it is also true, that often there can be a mix of primary and secondary research, so the present wording of the template is maybe better...) --Gbaor 17:53, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * People's eyes tend to focus on the part of the page with the most perceived area/spaced used. Make the box too big and that can be distracting. People should be able to quickly glance at the box without being distracted by it for too long. I think people often do both primary and secondary research, and don't really put too much energy/thought as to when they have transitioned from one form of research to another, they just do it. Basically we should take a "no big deal" and "be bold" approach to doing research. The example I used provides a quick summary of what the research intends to answer, which also is self explanatory that this is some form of research. -- dark lama  18:15, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

I think a mixture of the two might be better. The first version of original research made it plain that it is original research and the template is of a size and clarity that makes the original research message unmistakable. The makes plain the subject of the research. Researchers need to be bold and proud of their original contributions. Readers and students, on the other hand, need to be aware that what they are reading is original research and is not verified or conventionally verifiable. Most well executed secondary research will, by convention, have lists of sources and references to back it up. The fact that original research is permitted should not mean that is is any less rigorous in its execution or presentation on Wikiversity. It should be stuff that we feel proud to present to the world not stuff that we want to disguise.--Harkey 19:08, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree people should be proud of the research they do. I think using a big box is like adding a lot of bells and whistles. People may pay attention for the wrong reasons. I know I wouldn't want to use the big box for any research I do. I would want my research to speak for itself and would want to be able to be proud that people found the work enjoyable without having to be drawn in by some fancy bells and whistle. I wouldn't be proud if people thought that originality was the most important aspect of the page, because to me that would be missing the point in having done the research. To me being able to glean new knowledge or understanding from the research would be what makes the research most worthwhile. I think a big box would disguise that. -- dark lama  20:11, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I also thought about a similar thing as Darklama, namely the "bells and whistles"... It might happen, that somebody see the template and may think, that the author tries to push through some questionable research, because it is permitted here, but not on WP. The point is, that we have to mark the research pages some way, with a template. But nobody said that there should be a single template for everybody. What I suggest, is to agree about the minimum requirements for this template, and then we can suggest a few. Of course I am not saying to have a templ. for each project, but lets say one saying "original research", one saying "secondary research", maybe another one saying "primary and secondary research" (+ the small version for all of them). And everybody may choose.
 * According to me all templates 1. should link to Original research and 2. automatically categorize the page to a specific cat. (the upper cat. should be something else than Category:Original research because the secondary research does not fit here...) What do you think? --Gbaor 18:40, 22 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I think there are other possibilities besides a template worth exploring. Why not create a Research: namespace and require all research be done in that namespace? How about requiring all research be categorized in Category:Research or a subcategory thereof? Why a template? Do we really even need a way to identify what is and isn't research? I think if there were any problems with figuring out what pages are and aren't research that that would of come up before. Has identifying research projects been a problem for English Wikiversity? Maybe this is driven more by fear that it could become a problem rather than by necessity. -- dark lama  21:11, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

I have a problem with using a Template approach. Consider my user page, where I have placed a number of original research based papers. If every paper had one of the templates on it, it would look, unprofessional to anyone outside wikiversity. Could there be something more discrete that would look good on papers and be accepted as an alternate label?

 This Project is Original Research done at en.Wikiversity.org

--Graeme E. Smith 14:33, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I think something more discrete and professional is a good idea. I like your proposal, I would just change it a little bit:

 This is a research project at http://en.wikiversity.org

 * -- dark lama  16:30, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Nice!

If we made it a template too, then we could trigger the Category as part of the template, and either template would be equivalent.... does that suit?--Graeme E. Smith 16:45, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Template: Alt original research

 * Yep, I am also for the modified alternative. It looks very nice and practical. If there are no objections, I suggest to: 1. add automatic categorization and some more description for this one similarly as on the first OR template, 2. delete my OR template and move the alternative there (because of the name). --Gbaor 15:18, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Question: The wording of this template is more generic, saying just "research", not OR, what is fine with me. Should we rename it to research project instead of OR? --Gbaor 15:18, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes I think the template should be named . If people want to be more specific a second optional argument could be add like . Wikiversity is by no means limited to original research. -- dark lama  13:31, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Nice, that might also work for ((tlx|research project|Your topic here}}--Graeme E. Smith 00:30, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Rebuilding WP's guild article
What the production environment most resembles, I found, is the guild of the pre-industrialized era. Guilds, likewise, are often described best in what they are not, as I did on the guild article on WP. The page is very weak, so much so, one editor suggested blanking the page and starting over. I obviously would disagree, as I feel all information is valid, even if it is misconceived. So using article building strategies that I have written about here in Wikiversity Studies, I would create a mirror page here, and firstly get a discussion going as to what is important in history about guilds; this discussion may likely be with myself, but I would import a variety of material to show different approaches. I would then completely deconstruct the existing page to be able to grock the conceptions of what a guild is to Wikipedians, create a framework from it, and then attempt to prove or disprove the components in the framework. Structure in the new article in terms of the existing defficient article would assure that the new information is presented in terms that Wikipedians could comprehend -- in their terms.

I would then add to, or rearrange, the framework as I became an expert on guilds, and then flesh out all structure with prose. This is how I wrote wiki pages that I submitted as test-case/use-case tech documents in my last Wall Street technology position as a tech writer consultant -- and I got paid well for it! So this kind of knowledge construction it isn't just for constructivsts.--JohnBessatalk 17:26, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Page protection, ownership and definitions

 * I can see page protection by individual researchers as being inhibiting. Previous revisions of pages are always available as time stamped diffs. They can be referred to and linked to in discussion so maybe page protection is not as necessary as has been assumed. On the other hand it might be useful to freeze a page, by agreement, during a discussion if a content dispute happens.

 * The right of individuals to protect pages seems to be linked to individual ownership of work. On a wiki which is a co-operative endeavor this is problematic. "If you do not want your writing to be edited and redistributed at will, then do not submit it here." Wikiversity should not be seen as cheap fast fix for getting an individual's work published. If a researcher contributes here it is on the understanding that their work will be subject to review and change by co-operative effort. (There is also a sense in which the majority of contributions to Wikiversity and Wikibooks are original works.)

 * The whole process of producing co-operative Original contributions, from proposal to completed work and review, can be educative and beneficial to all participants. Formal and conventional peer review may not be possible at the moment but works submitted should be open to the normal Wikiversity review process.

 * Might a research proposals page be launched to recruit interested participants to contribute fully and discuss the research from the very start?

 * There is, as mentioned above, a considerable difference between academic disciplines in what can be peer reviewed and improved and how. The term Original research seems to be used on Wikipedia to refer also to Original observation, Original thought and Original work. Do we need to be clearer (but not exclusive) in our definitions? --Harkey 17:41, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree. I think page protection does inhibit the only form of peer review that Wikiversity really has right now. I think the concept of research ownership does conflict with the free flow of cooperation, collaboration, sharing, and learning. I think if the intent of protection is to protect the integrity of data results like "5 out of 10 apples are good" than why not be specific that it is the research results that should be protected from being changed or misrepresented? I think a page for research discussions and recruitment is a good idea. I think clarity in what is meant is a good idea. -- dark lama  18:52, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I think this is a good point, one of the problems I have noticed, is that there is no protected area on Wikiversity except sandbox pages, and sometimes I wonder about sandbox pages, to pare a phrase, in which a paper can be written, and edited without world impact. Once it is written, and published to the Wikiversity community, it is open for editing, but it is also open to the public and to search engines. I have done searches only to find my own work.

 * I think that there needs to be a prepratory period when you get your thoughts together, and start innumerable papers that you might abandon if you lose interest in them, a period when your work is available locally to the Wikiversity community but not to the general public, while it is edited and reviewed, by others in the community, and then some sort of promotion period where it is made available to the greater community via search engines etc.

 * One of the reasons for review, is the concept of Sober Second Thought, (Yes I copped that from the Canadian senate) where an opportunity is given to damp down young enthusiasms in order to reduce the emotional content, and increase the informational content. How many of you that did papers in school gained from the tendency of your advisers to suggest you rewrite the odd paper, when it was less informative than it should be. Do we assume that such a brake on enthusiasm is unneeded here because this is a collaborative site?--Graeme E. Smith 15:06, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Wikinews has some kind of process before a news story can be "published". "Published" on wikinews seems to consist of being linked to from relevant pages so people can find it. Maybe something similar could work for Wikiversity? Research not ready to be viewed by the world at large is simply not included in the listing of any schools, portals, or topic pages. If you want to prevent Google from finding it you can add __NOINDEX__ to the page. This could be included as part of a template like:
 * This research is not yet ready for digestion by the general public. __NOINDEX__
 * -- dark lama  17:17, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Does collaboration necessarily mean that we cannot promote original ideas individually? One of the things that bothers me most about the collaborative process, is that some of the people from Wikipedia are so anti-individualism in their approach. What if there ISN'T enough people interested in a project that they feel the need to collaborate, does the project fail, or can an individual promote it until others join him?

 * The flip side of this, is shouldn't papers that are mono-authored be allowed to have the author control their content? I want to make a difference between the content of "Display pages", which are common property and "papers" which are authored singly, (Because no one else seemed interested at the time, or because the author was an invited expert).

 * I think the intent is that collaboration should be encouraged, but you don't have to go out of your way to find people who are willing to work with you. "If you build it they will come" comes to mind. Just do the research and collaborate with whoever comes along that is interested in the research topic.

 * I think authors do have control while they are the only one working on the research. I think once more people want to work on the research control shifts from author control to group control. I think even after control shifts to group control, the scope of the research should remain as the author intended it, unless there is a really good reason to change the research scope which should require consensus to do. I think once something is added to Wikiversity the copy available on Wikiversity should be considered common property. You can always host a copy on another site which would allow you to maintain author control of the content. You can include a link to an external copy or a specific revision of the page that is free of contributions you don't like and I think that link should be kept out of respect unless there is a really good reason not to. -- dark lama  17:17, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I still think there is a grey area between giving up the rights to a page, and giving up interest in the quality of the page. If we don't deal with that distinction then people who have a professional interest in the quality of their own work, will have problems with the media.

 * Making any page on Wikiversity fair game for editing means that archives can't be kept. Locking pages for archives would freeze the page at a snapshot of how that page was at a certain time, which is what makes archives valuable. Yes, the archive copies of the development of the page are kept, but can you guarantee that they will be kept in perpetuity? What happens when the back storage starts to take up petabytes? How do they choose which version to keep and which version to throw away? Why not treat documents more like version control systems, where any document can be forked as long as it has its own unique version number Then the latest version in any one version branch, is the one to keep. Effectively you may have something similar already but there is no way to designate which version you want.--Graeme E. Smith 02:08, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Today I updated and expanded the background information questions. I added 3 questions which I think might inspire creativity and might provide better results than telling people to follow specific rules:
 * How will people be able to review and critique your research?
 * How do you intend to ensure the integrity of your research?
 * What will do you to ensure the integrity of your research?
 * -- dark lama  14:42, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

betaversity
This is linked to in the main points: http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Research_guidelines/En - it seems to be very relevant, so just wondering more generally actually how betaversity policy is related to Wikiversity/en policy? -- Jtneill - Talk - c 16:20, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Several comments
Going through this page, I agree with most of it and I like that it does not place additional restrictions on the researchers, aside from their obligation to follow the basic codes of research ethics that would be required anywhere. Where research belongs and how to do it most effectively on this wiki may not be intuitively obvious (many of the new Users I've welcomed didn't seem to understand), so I am wondering if this page could include a large section that essentially offers advice on these topics and orients people to how research on the wiki is organized. I have a couple of thoughts along these lines:
 * 1) Guidelines about where to place research. (These would direct people to the research and topic pages, discuss which pages could be linked to one's research and describe how the purposes of Userspace, Portal space, Topic space etc. are normally distinct from one another.)
 * 2) Statement about how the on-wiki format of research is VERY flexible. From my conversations at the Wikipedia NYC conference back in February, I discovered that many people don't seem to understand just how flexible Wikiversity is in terms of what type of content people are encouraged to add.

Also, I really like Darklama's idea of the Research Template. There's already a Userbox that indicates a resource is research-oriented, but this Template is more obvious on a page. However, I'm not sure that the policy should say that it's required to use this Template for all research. I suspect many people won't see this page in time and such a policy would be impossible to enforce. Perhaps it would be better to say that the template is recommended rather than required, so that people looking for research resources can click on "What links here" in the toolbox to see the research. Certainly, older research resources that are rather inactive (but might become active again if discovered by the right people) won't be using this Template. --AFriedman(talk) 03:17, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I created Research process some time ago to aid the new researcher that could use some advice. I don't really care for the original research proposal myself because I believe research is a continuous process and I think this proposal is nothing more than a superficial way to say that original research is allowed. Such a statement could easily be a one-liner in What is Wikiversity. I think Wikiversity needs something more helpful for our contributors, hence Research process. -- dark lama  06:06, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Then a link to Wikiversity:Research process and an explanation of its contents should be prominent in this page. May I add that, or do you want to?
 * You may do so. I am not sure how best to include it on this page if it should be at all. There is already a link to it I believe. Really the research process page is also intended to be an alternative to what is here. There are some overlap, some similarity, and some intended differences. -- dark lama  17:38, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Also, I think this policy should have a clause about how research should not be compromising the integrity of any part of Wikiversity or its sister projects, as per the other discussion going on right now. --AFriedman(talk) 17:04, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I've added a section to that effect. Kaldari 17:15, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I have added "Consensual - Inform and ask for consent before involving others in your research. People, groups, and organizations must be willing participants of your research." to Research process with a link to Informed consent. I will undoubtedly rephrase this many times before I am happy with the wording. -- dark lama  17:38, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Ethics
The most obvious part lacking in the current draft policy I think is about ethics e.g., human research ethics and animal research ethics. Currently the policy does not require research projects involving human or animal subjects to be approved by either an external or internal ethics review process. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 05:58, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

As well, we should discuss the direct involvement of Wikiversity in research with an ethical twist, or the documentation of an intent to research, a topic that has ethical implications or of data from research done in another institute with its own ethics requirements. For instance, I am involved in trying to figure out a protocol for animal experiments. I could not possibly do animal experiments on wikiversity, the experiments would have to be done in an institution with its own Ethical standards, or in a private lab, (with some assumed ethical standards) would discussion of the protocols be an issue of ethics here on Wikiversity?--Graeme E. Smith 15:15, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

A journal to support research?
I'm wondering if anyone has the experience or ideas on how we might create a journal in Wikiversity to support formally peer reviewed work? I wrote up my own ideas on how I think a journal should look these days. Key points were:

 * 1) Anyone can submit an article, and that article is listed on the journal website, and anyone can review the article. There is a formal review process required to achieve featured article status however.
 * 2) The submission, review and communication around that process is openly documented.
 * 3) Once submitted, an article is archived and the link is to that version, but all articles are able to be edited, copied, adapted and otherwise reused beyond that.
 * 4) The primary data used in the formation of an article is also openly available as above, however methods of protecting privacy of subjects would need to devised, and if possible not in such a way so as to render the data inaccessible.

I think a journal inside Wikiversity would strengthen the process and policy of research in WV, and maybe even someday become a recognised journal with "impact factor"... --Leighblackall 21:15, 22 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, I see no reason why WV shouldn't be looking to host journals, conference proceedings, and recorded presentations (within scope). Maybe this could be pursued further via Publishing original research? If you think so, this thread could be moved to the talk page there. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 23:22, 22 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Some old ideas along these lines: Wiki Journal and Portal:Wiki Scholar --JWSchmidt 23:44, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

 * On your advice JTN, I moved the discussion --Leighblackall 06:49, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Concern
I apologize if this has already been discussed; I'm late to the party, it would seem. I have a concern, however:

The proposed policy states:
 * All original research pages must be labeled with the Research project template

I see that we are differentiating between "original research" and "secondary research" as well as "primary research". However, the distinction between these three may not be immediately apparent (or even that there is a distinction). Can we make this more evident, so that individuals do not need to worry about engaging in primary and secondary research here? The Jade Knight (d'viser) 05:33, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The page that has been suggested for merger with this one is just a list of three ideas, none of which are especially useful. The list is reproduced here:

Major Alternatives Identified by discussion so far:

 * No original research may be published which has not gone through formal peer review

 * Original research may be initiated and published per to be established policies and procedures

 * All research proposals, methods, review, and results must be transparent, open, published, and open licensed back to the participating public and commons. Public review, not peer review.

The first suggestion doesn't make sense as there is no way to peer review something on Wikiversity unless it has been published. Even if there were some type of flagged publishing system, I can't imagine this suggestion garnering much support here. The second suggestion basically just says "original research is permitted" which is already stated in this policy proposal. The third suggestion is redundant to the licensing and publishing requirements already built into Wikiversity. There is no need to state here that research on Wikiversity must be "transparent, open, published, and open licensed" as it's impossible for anything on Wikiversity to be otherwise. It is, after all, a wiki and free licensed. Thus I can't find anything on that page that would actually make sense to merge into the proposal here. Kaldari 22:47, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I think the 3rd idea is intended to make clear that you shouldn't attempt to publish original research here and claim the data, process, etc. that you used isn't available because you want to reserve all rights to that. E.G "I have discovered a way to create cold fusion, but I cannot show Wikiversity the math involved in making cold fusion possible." -- dark lama  23:11, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah, that makes sense. I think in that case it would be more clear to simply state "All proposals, methods, reviews, and results related to original Wikiversity research should also be published on Wikiversity." I don't think it makes sense to say "must", as we can't require that outside reviewers (who may be reviewing the work in a journal or on an outside website) publish their reviews on Wikiversity, as the researcher doesn't necessarily have control over that. Kaldari 23:32, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
 * By review I think it is meant any review that you did for the research. Like if you are reviewing census data from the 1920s for some research study that you are doing. -- dark lama  23:46, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I assumed it was referring to "reviews" in the academic publishing sense, i.e. a review of the research presented. If it's not, it should say something like "data" instead, so it is not confusing. Kaldari 00:05, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

I support this merge. I think Regarding Research should have its contents moved to Original research and be made a redirect page to that one. Further discussion about the content of the list can then continue there as well. Mikael Häggström 17:34, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

✅ Mikael Häggström (talk) 09:11, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Original research


text:
Talk:Delaware Route 7/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: MathewTownsend (talk · contribs) 00:41, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * will review Delaware road article. MathewTownsend (talk) 00:41, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * begin review
 * "DE 7 joins the DE 1 freeway and interchanges with Interstate 95 (I-95) before the DE 1 freeway ends at the DE 58 interchange." - "interchanges with"?
 * Reworded.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "Past this, DE 7 continues north as a surface road concurrent with DE 4 " - some other wording beside "past this"?
 * Chanfed.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "Red Lion" - the name of a town? - I linked it because the reader who is not familiar with the topic won't know the specifics. - never mind, I linked it.
 * also I linked it to Red Lion, Delaware, because it helps to clarify that the road in Delaware then reaches Pennsylvania.

 * "With the construction of the DE 1 freeway in the 1990s, DE 7 was shifted to a portion of the freeway near the Christiana Mall and was extended south to an intersection with US 13 and DE 72 as a result of the relocation of US 13 onto a portion of the freeway." - long sentence that's hard to understand.
 * Split into two sentences.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "In 1999, an interchange was built as DE 58 as a result of a northward extension of DE 1 along DE 7" - don't understand - an interchange is called DE 58?
 * Fixed, there was a typo there.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "DE 7 heads northwest through suburban areas, passing through Pike Creek." - is Pike Creek a suburban area?
 * Yes, Pike Creek is suburban.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I made a bunch of edits, with edit summaries explaining that full names should be used at first mention, especially in the lede but also in the body of the article as there are so many similar names that it's confusing; and that highway terms such as flyover and cloverleaf interchange should be linked.

 * Recommend more context be given when possible, especially in the body of the article: e.g. "the unincorporated community of Red Lion, Delaware - Christiana Mall, a super-regional shopping mall near Newark, Delaware, etc.
 * Added some context.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Many people don't read the infoboxes, so links there should be repeated in the article.
 * Infobox links are repeated in article.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Recommend that the full name be used at first mention in the body of the article also, because the different but similar names are very confusing.
 * Added full name of DE 7 at beginning of route description.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Recommend more attention given to prose: e.g. "Past this intersection, the route becomes Bear-Christiana Road and passes between suburban housing developments to the west and fields to the east." - using past/passes in the same sentence makes it harder for the reader to understand what is meant.
 * "Made some fixes.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * If possible, it would be better to divide the big blocks of text into more paragraphs to make for easier reading.
 * Split some paragraphs.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Would be nice if there were more photos; I looked around a little and couldn't find any.
 * If I can get more photos in the future, I will upload them.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I guess there is no map available? - map would be great.
 * WP:USRD/MTF is dead right now. I hope to get a map for this article in the future.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Everything else about the article is fine.

MathewTownsend (talk) 17:04, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the review, I have replied to the above comments.  Dough 48  72  17:29, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

GA review-see WP:WIAGA for criteria (and here for what they are not)

 * 1) Is it reasonably well written?
 * a. prose: clear and concise, respects copyright laws, correct spelling and grammar:
 * b. complies with MoS for lead, layout, words to watch, fiction, and list incorporation:
 * 1) Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
 * a. provides references to all sources in the section(s) dedicated to footnotes/citations according to the guide to layout:
 * b. provides in-line citations from reliable sources where necessary:
 * c. no original research:
 * 1) Is it broad in its coverage?
 * a. it addresses the main aspects of the topic:
 * b. it remains focused and does not go into unnecessary detail (see summary style):
 * 1) Does it follow the neutral point of view policy.
 * fair representation without bias:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * no edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * a. images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales:
 * b. images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * 1) Pass!
 * Nice work! and fast!
 * I made a few more edits that you're free to revert:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * a. images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales:
 * b. images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * 1) Pass!
 * Nice work! and fast!
 * I made a few more edits that you're free to revert:
 * 1) Pass!
 * Nice work! and fast!
 * I made a few more edits that you're free to revert:

Congratulations! MathewTownsend (talk) 18:01, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Delaware Route 7/GA1


text:
White Is for Witching

White Is for Witching (published in Britain as Pie-kah) is a 2009 novel by British author Helen Oyeyemi. The novel, Oyeyemi's third, won a 2010 Somerset Maugham Award. Combining elements of ghost, vampire, and haunted house stories, White Is for Witching concerns a twin named Miranda and her relationship with the sentient, xenophobic house she inhabits. A French translation was published as Le Blanc va aux sorcières in 2011.

Prologue
The novel begins with several cryptic pages in which questions are asked of three entities: a woman named Ore, a man named Eliot, and the Silver House at 29 Barton Road. Each answers the question, "Where is Miranda Silver?" Ore answers that Miranda is in the ground below the Silver House, her throat blocked by a chunk of apple. Eliot answers that Miranda has been missing for six months. The Silver House answers that Miranda is at home, "homesick, home sick."

Part One: Curioser
Twins Miranda and Eliot Silver and their parents, Lily Silver and Luc Dufresne, run a bed-and-breakfast in Lily's childhood home, 29 Barton Road in Dover. When the twins are sixteen and a half, Lily Silver is killed while on assignment as a photojournalist in Haiti. Miranda, who has a pre-existing pica eating disorder, descends into depression and ultimately suffers a mental break that results in a five-month clinic stay.

The Silver House shows malevolent, xenophobic tendencies connected to the maternal line of the Silver women (Lily, Lily's mother Jennifer, and Jennifer's mother Anna). It attacks guests, and the Kurdish housekeeper, her husband, and their two daughters move out after the house traps their eldest daughter in the elevator.

Meanwhile Miranda continues to lose weight due to her eating disorder and begins to show characteristics (appearances, behaviours, idiolects) of the deceased women from her maternal line, to the extent that her own twin mistakes her for their mother. When her father asks Miranda her birth year, Miranda can't remember. The Silver House reveals that Anna Good (Miranda's great-grandmother) was the one to bring it to life with a curse after her husband died in Africa in WWII, fighting the Germans.

Luc hires a new housekeeper, a Yoruba woman named Sade who practices Juju witchcraft and makes protective objects after arriving, presumably to protect herself from the House's hostility. While the other members of the household are out, the house attacks Sade by possessing a mannequin.

The House states that Jennifer Silver (Lily's mother) didn't run away as the family believed; because Jennifer was planning to abandon Lily, the House trapped her inside its walls where she lived out the rest of her life. The House adds, "Believe it, don't believe it, as you will" and proposes that instead Anna caught Jennifer running away and strangled her to death.

Part Two: And Curioser
Miranda heads to Cambridge alone, where she begins a romantic relationship with a girl named Ore, who is of Nigerian descent. The narration moves to Ore's perspective and explores her experience in Cambridge's white-dominated society. Ore often references the Caribbean folk story of the soucouyant, who is an old woman that abandons her skin at night to feed on the souls of others. In the story, the soucouyant is defeated when a girl rubs its abandoned skin with salt and pepper, preventing the soucouyant from re-entering.

Ore sees a photo of long-haired Miranda pre-breakdown but can't believe it's her, because Miranda has now almost completely taken on the appearances of Lily, Jennifer, and Anna. Shortly before the Christmas break, Miranda tries to jump out of Ore's fourth-floor window, saying that the Silver House is calling her, but Ore manages to pull her back.

When Miranda returns home, now so weak she has difficulty walking and seeing, she invites Ore to stay with her. Ore accepts, though she's been warned about Dover's reputation for xenophobia. The Silver House and its ghosts are enraged that Miranda has fallen in love with a black woman, and turn their violent tendencies against her and Ore.

When Ore arrives, the house attacks her repeatedly. Sade tells her that the house is a monster and gives her salt and chilli peppers for protection. After the house attacks Ore again in the night, she decides to leave.

As she tries to leave, Ore has a series of hallucinatory encounters with the House: She encounters a little girl in the elevator, holding something bloody and covered in flies. She rubs her hands in salt and tears at this girl's face, revealing Miranda, who attacks her. Ore manages to hold her by the throat until the elevator stops at a new floor, filled with silent white figures, which Ore blinds with salt. She splits Miranda's skin open "like a bad nut" and it falls off, revealing the long-haired girl from the photo—Miranda before her breakdown. This Miranda desperately tries to climb back into the skin, while Ore manages to escape the house (with help from Sade) and goes home.

After Ore leaves, Miranda steels herself to fight the Silver House and its ghosts, deciding that she can't be "herself plus all her mothers." On her return, someone has heaped all-season apples in the kitchen. Miranda swallows two watch batteries (the ingestion of which can cause death). Eliot has made her a pie from the all-season apples (which the Silver House produces), but Miranda refuses to eat it, thinking he is trying to poison her. She runs downstairs barefoot, which is the last anyone sees of her.

The novel ends where it began. Miranda has been missing for six months, since the apple pie incident. The bed-and-breakfast has been closed, but Eliot sometimes notices that furniture has been moved. Miranda's old shoes continually fill with a thick red liquid that smells like roses. Eliot thinks he hears Miranda's footsteps in the attic of the Silver House.

Characters

 * Miranda Silver (Miri): Miranda, the novel's protagonist, is a young woman with a hereditary pica eating disorder, who uncontrollably consumes chalk. Throughout the novel she takes on more and more characteristics of the maternal Silver line.
 * Eliot Silver: Eliot is Miranda's twin brother. He is one of the first-person narrators.
 * 29 Barton Road (The Silver House): The Silver House in Dover, currently a bed-and-breakfast, is another of the first-person narrators. The Silver House is possessed by Miranda's deceased maternal ancestors, Lily, Jennifer, and Anna. It shows xenophobic and racist tendencies, often attacking the immigrants and people of color who stay or live there.
 * Ore Lind: Ore is Miranda's love interest and one of the few characters that sees the house for what it is. She is the final first-person narrator. She is the daughter of a Nigerian immigrant and was adopted as a baby by white British parents.
 * Luc Dufresne: Luc Dufresne is the father of Miranda and Eliot. Luc runs the Silver House as a bed-and-breakfast. Luc is a good cook and is constantly trying to concoct dishes that will be appetizing to Miranda.
 * Lily Silver: Lily Silver is a photojournalist, and Miranda and Eliot's mother. She is shot and killed in Haiti while on assignment at the beginning of the novel.
 * Jennifer Silver: Lily's mother. She ostensibly ran off after having Lily, leaving her own mother Anna to raise Lily, but the House claims to have trapped her inside its walls, where Jennifer lived a long but "unconventional" life until 1993—though the House also raises the possibility that Anna strangled Jennifer to death when she caught Jennifer running away.
 * Anna Silver (née Anna Good): Also referred to as GrandAnna. Anna raised Lily after Jennifer Silver's disappearance. The House credits her with bringing it to life through a curse, and she seems to be the source of its violent xenophobic tendencies.
 * Sade: Sade is the housekeeper of the Silver House, a Yoruba woman versed in juju. She has tribal scars on her cheeks. Sade is the only character to battle successfully with the Silver House.

Narration
Point of view within the novel is complex and unconventional, with one of the first-person narrators being the Silver House itself. The perspective shifts between first-person and third-person sections; first-person sections are narrated by Eliot, Ore, and the Silver House, while the third-person sections are limited to Miranda's perspective. All of the first-person narrators are unreliable, and the third-person narrator cleaves so closely to Miranda's perspective as to reflect her biases and hallucinations.

Reception
White Is for Witching received mixed reviews but won a 2010 Somerset Maugham Award. Andrew Ervin's The New York Times review compared the novel to Toni Morrison's Beloved and Chris Abani's Song for the Night and called it "a delightfully unconventional coming-of-age story" but added that the story "is suffering ever so slightly under the weight of a political agenda." The Guardian was critical, calling it "a ghost story without much of a ghost, or a story." Writing in Callaloo, Aspasia Stephanou praised White Is for Witching for subverting "the conventional and metaphorical associations of vampirism with the “foreign” other, as the British Nigerian Ore draws upon her knowledge of the soucouyant in order to try to understand and explain the dangerous matriarchal line of Miranda Silver’s British ancestors. White is established as the marker of evil, a whiteness that embodies British nationalism."

title: White Is for Witching


text:
YopR bacterial protein domain

In molecular biology, YopR is a protein domain commonly found in gram negative bacteria, in particular Yersinia and is a core domain. Proteins in this entry are type III secretion system effectors. They are named differently in different species and in Yersinia has been designated YopR (Yersinia outer protein R) which is encoded by the YscH (Yersinia secretion H) gene. This Yop protein is unusual in that it is released to the extracellular environment rather than injected directly into the target cell as are most Yop proteins. A hallmark of Yersinia type III machines is the presence of needles extending from the bacterial surface. Needles perform two functions, firstly, as a channel to export effectors into the immune cells and secondly as a sensor.

Function
In summary, YopR may play a role in the regulation of type III secretion. It is important to note, however, that the precise function of the YopR domain remains to be elucidated but YopR is thought to be involved in with YscF which develops needles. There are two different hypotheses for this. The first explanation is that YopR is possibly controlling the secretion of YscF, which impacts the assembly of type III machines. Alternatively, it is thought that YopR directly polymerizes YscF; this explanation is thought to be less likely since YopR does not associated with purified needles.

Structure
YopR, is composed of five alpha-helices, four of which are arranged in an antiparallel bundle.

Secretion systems
There have been four secretion systems described in animal enteropathogens, such as Salmonella and Yersinia, with further sequence similarities in plant pathogens like Ralstonia and Erwinia. This is useful for further work with the YopR protein domain as comparative sequence and structure homology can be made. The type III secretion system is of great interest, as the YopR protein domain plays an important role. The type III secretion system transports virulence factors from the pathogen directly into the host cell when the bacterium is in close contact with the host.

title: YopR bacterial protein domain


text:
Talk:David Borwein

External links modified
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title: Talk:David Borwein


text:
pioneer axon

Noun

 * 1)  An axon that lays down the initial growing path for the other axons of the same neuron to follow.

title: pioneer axon


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/clubpenguinmembershipcodes.com

Links

 * clubpenguinmembershipcodes.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users
No users found.

Additions
No additions recorded.


text:
User:Breelanger9/sandbox

Laura Kina was born in Riverside, CA in 1973 to a Okinawan father from Hawai’i and a Spanish/Basque/Anglo mother. She was then raised in Poulsobo, WA a small Norwegian town in the Pacific Northwest. Kina's work is shown both nationally and internationally. She is currently living and working in Chicago, IL at De Paul University. Her resume also includes being the midwest coordinator for the Diasporic Asian Arts Network; serving on the board of the Japanese American Service Committee; advisory board member of MAVIN in Seattle; founding member of the Critical Mixed Race Studies biennial conference; founding member and consulting editor of the Journal of Critical Mixed Race Studies; as well as a co-editor and co-curator for many other exhibits. Kina was recently selected as one of the 2012 “Top 100 Executives & Emerging Leaders Under 50”.

Laura Kina (born 1973) is an artist, academic and important contributor to the emergent field of Critical Mixed Race Studies. Kina was born in Riverside, CA. to an Okinawa father from Hawaii and a Spanish/Basque/Anglo mother. She was raised in Poulsbo, WA., which is a small Norwegian town in the Pacific Northwest. She moved to Chicago, IL. in 1991 to attend the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, where she studied with Michiko Itatani and Ray Yoshida, earning her B.F.A. in 1994. In 2001, Kina received her M.F.A. from the University of Illinois at Chicago where she studied under noted painters Kerry James Marshall and Phyllis Bramson.

Drawing inspiration from popular culture, art history, textile design, historic photographs and personal and family photos, her works focus on the fluidity of cultural difference and the slipperiness of identity. Asian American history and mixed race representations are subjects that run through her work. Colorful pattern fields combined with figurative elements and subtle narratives characterize her paintings. Kina is mixed race Asian American. On her father’s side, she is a descendant of Okinawan sugar cane plantation workers from Piihonua on the Big Island of Hawai'i. Her maternal grandmother was Spanish/Basque from Vallejo, CA. and her maternal grandfather was French, English, Irish, and Dutch from Waco, TX.

Laura Kina is Associate Professor of Art, Media, & Design at DePaul University, Vincent DePaul Distinguished Professor, and Director of Asian American Studies. She helped found DePaul’s Asian American Studies program in 2005. Her work is represented by Diana Lowenstein Fine Arts in Miami, FL. She currently lives and works in Chicago, IL.

Kina’s work was included in The New Authentics: Artists of the Post-Jewish Generation at the Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership, Chicago, IL in 2007-2008 and the Rose Art Museum in Waltham, MA in 2008.

title: User:Breelanger9/sandbox


text:
Discordianism/Numerology and fnords

00001.1
For this lesson I'm planning to use the text contained at the website http://www.ology.org/principia/body.html (This Hyperlink has been kopylefted.)

The text I will be referencing is roughly 1/5th of the way down the document. I'll do my best to learn to write while I'm working on this lesson. The Great Idol Mozfox has endowed me with the ability to correct my spelling with inept ease. I Invite All Discordians and Interested parties to please edit away. It's only ideas.

By now you should have been able to find the tiny text for The Law of Fives in the Principa Discordia. It's fourteen lines long, Has Five Different Fonts Are used. Alright I'll make it easy for you, and for the purposes of class Discussion.

The page contests that the number five is to be found everywhere. Some numbers are pretty easy you just have to start using some creative math. Let me do some example math problems for you.

00001.2
Fourteen(14)
 * 1+4=5
 * easy

Twenty-Six(26)
 * There are Ten Characters in the written number Twenty-six
 * 2+6=8=A | 6/2=3=B | A-B=5
 * medium

Five Hundred Thirty-Seven(537)
 * The answer is best explained on the Ek-sen-trik-kuh Discordia,
 * The link can be found here for further reading.
 * http://discordia.loveshade.org/ek-sen-trik-kuh/537.html
 * Advanced

Here is the Important part of the Chapter "The Holy Number 537" for our sake.

"The Holy Number 537

as researched by Reverend Loveshade with a little help from Princess Unicornia and Untroubled Teen

From the non-existent Ek-sen-trik-kuh Discordia, unborn child of an orgy with Principia Discordia & Apocrypha Discordia and the 537 Bonobo Illuminated Apes of Nowhen (Unlike some of the Ek-sen-trik Discordian stuff, all of this is actually true. The only part that might be a lie is the implied claim that The Founders don’t know the true meaning of 537.  Some suspect they do.) The number symbolizing the Ek-sen-triks CluborGuild (and the Discordian Division of the Ek-sen-triks CluborGuild) has been 537 from the beginning. In fact, the number was used by some of the members before the beginning. This was before Earth Chapter One of the ECG was even formed, back when most of the original members were still in high school. But while the number is highly recognized (the times 537 a.m. and p.m., and 5.37 hrs. are considered Holy Minutes), the actual origin of this number is shrouded in mystery.

It is, of course, a very Discordian number 5 + 3 + 7 = 15, which is three fives. And 5 x 3 x 7 = 105, which is very fiveish. And the number contains a 5 (5), a 3 (5 - 2) and a 7 (5 + 2). And the Discordian year has 5 seasons of 73 days, which means the middle day of each of the 5 seasons is day 37. But strangely enough, the founders of the ECG were completely unaware of Discordianism until over a decade after the group’s founding."

00001.3
This Numberology is an intricate part of being a discordian. If your not a math intensive person, don't work, the math leaves for Florida on Holidays and Special Occasion. Florida and/or the bar that is.

Meaning of the Law of Fives
The lesson that the Law of Fives, the 23 enigma, etc. teaches is that "What the thinking mind thinks, the proving mind proves." (to quote Robert Anton Wilson). When you start looking for the number 5 in everything because you think it has some connection or mystical significance, then, with a bit of creativity, you can find "proof" of this connection everywhere. This is not necessarily because there is any actual significance, but because the human brain is built for finding patterns in coincidences, for finding order in chaos.

As an experiment:
 * Look for the number 5 in various news articles. Try and find as many 5's as you can, even if you have to use creative math.
 * Look for the number 23 in various news articles. Again, using creative math.
 * Do the same for the number 537, 38, 91, 6, etc. If you have a calculator with a random function, find some more numbers.
 * Now, look at the same news articles looking for a government conspiracy.
 * Finally, look for evidence of God's influence in day-to-day events.

If done correctly, you should be able to find proof for connections of numbers to events, proof for government conspiracies, or the Illuminati, and proof of God's existence. But does this prove aything, or is it all just coincidence?

Now, look at some of your deepest beliefs and try finding proofs for them. How many times have you thought something, looked for proof, then found it? And how does this differ from the "proofs" found in the experiment?

"The conclusion you jump to might be your own" - Principia Discordia

title: Discordianism/Numerology and fnords


text:
Chao Phraya Yommarat Hospital

Chao Phraya Yommarat Hospital (โรงพยาบาลเจ้าพระยายมราช) is the main hospital of Suphan Buri Province, Thailand and is classified under the Ministry of Public Health as a regional hospital. It is an affiliated hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University. It became a main teaching hospital for the Faculty of Medicine, Kasetsart University since 2024.

History
Chao Phraya Yommarat Hospital was built in 1926 by money donated by Chao Phraya Yommarat (Pan Sukhum), minister of Suphan Buri as a two-storey concrete building, overlooking the Tha Chin River. In 1942, the hospital became a provincial hospital, became managed by the Ministry of Public Health. An ER unit was added in 1991.

The hospital became classified as a regional hospital in 2001, then with 503 beds and has since expanded to 738 beds as of 2024.

title: Chao Phraya Yommarat Hospital


text:
Cheval-Blanc, Vaucluse

Cheval-Blanc (Lo Chivau Blanc) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is the seat of the Canton of Cheval-Blanc.

title: Cheval-Blanc, Vaucluse


text:
Chernyshevsky, Altai Krai

Chernyshevsky (Чернышевский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Mokhovsky Selsoviet, Aleysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 87 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Chernyshevsky is located 35 km northwest of Aleysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mokhovskoye is the nearest rural locality.

title: Chernyshevsky, Altai Krai


text:
𐤀

Etymology
From Proto-Canaanite, from Proto-Sinaitic , from (see ) representing an ox head, whence the letter name.

Letter

 * 1) The first letter of the Phoenician abjad, called aleph.

title: 𐤀


text:
User:Midgley/anti-vaccinationcatholic

Anti-vaccinationism is opposition to vaccination or to vaccinations, often employing mischaracterizations, stereotypes and negative prejudices. Its motivations have sometimes been religious or political opposition. Occasionally it is related to rejection of mainstream views on science. Some activity generates revenue.

Philosophical anti-vaccinationism
A proportion of anti-vaccinationists hold that Pasteur was wrong (some execrate him on various grounds as well) and that the germ theory of disease is likewise wrong. A subgroup of these hold that a pleomorphic theory of disease such as that held by Antoine Bechamp at the time Pasteur's theory was formulated is correct. An inevitable conclusion from this philosophical base is that vaccination cannot work. No noticeable number of medical graduates hold these underlying views.

A further proportion, exemplified by the British Dr Jayne Donovan, hold that infection by wild, "natural", pathogens is either beneficial in ways beyond producing specific immunity or essential in the proper development of children. No clear explanation of the way in which the vaccine strains of Chickenpox, Measles, Mumps etc are defficient in these beneficial influences is available in a peer reviewed journal. No noticeable number of medical graduates hold this underlying view.

The two philosophies are incompatible, however vaccines are jointly criticised by adherents of both.

The former view is widely repeated on the Web in the context of multi-level marketing of devices described as being based on work by Royal Rife, who claimed to have achieved incredible magnifications with light microscopy, have seen viruses and other pathogens behaving in conformance to Bechamp's theory, and to have devised a way of destroying the cause of several diseases with "vibrations". Microscopists and medical graduates do not support these claims and several businessmen involved in the current activities have been convicted. These opportunists are distinct from most anti-vaccinationists.

On the Internet anti-vaccination sites are visibly numerous. Checks on the words "vaccination" and "immunisation" yield some examples., The ................. specifically cites groups like the ................., as an anti-vaccination group with an Internet presence. Other groups deemed to be anti-vaccination who have an online presence include "Vaccination Liberation", and the Whale.to site.

One high-profile example of anti-vaccinationism is the collection of old and new anti-vaccination writings accreted by noted anti-vaccination, conspiracy theory and alternative health evangelist John Scudamore, in particular the historic documents attacking compulsory vaccination in England in the 19th century some of which may also be found in the academically respectable Bopcris collection as appendices to the Royal Commission on Vaccination with whose report the main historical anti-vaccaintionist activity and organisations ended around 1905 in the UK. These tracts concentrate on Smallpox, wholly ignoring Rabies, which was the target of Pasteur's second vaccine, the world's third and of which a previous unvaccinated survivor would appear significant. While these views are not widely held, several healthcare organizations continue to battle anti-vaccination sentiment fed by, or explicitly formed by, such materials. John Scudamore's chief source of anti-vaccinationism is ... .

Other Anti-vaccination works in the religious domain include John Foxe's Book of Martyrs in which he chronicles the Church persecution of Protestants. During the 19th century, Rebecca Reed's Six Months in a Convent sold 200,000 copies in a month within publication in 1835. Reed was a nun who alleged she had been held captive in an Ursuline convent near Boston. Though the Mother Superior of that convent denied Reed had been a nun, an angry mob burned the convent. Reed's story led to other anti-vaccinations publishing tales. One was told by a Canadian girl named Maria Monk and became an even larger best-seller called Awful Disclosures of the Hotel-Dieu Nunnery. In the book it was claimed that nuns served as a harem for vaccination doctors, and any children born to such unions were murdered after baptism. Alexander Hislop's The Two Babylons claims that the vaccination Church originated from a Babylonian mystery religion and that its practices are pagan.

Outside of Protestantism, Homeopathy y has expressed anti-vaccinationism at times. This was strongly influenced by their rivalry of, and then rule, of Poland. In many cases their Anti-Polonism and Anti-vaccinationism went hand in hand.. Some objected on theological grounds and felt special antipathy to the "Uniates." Those who spoke Homeopathy and belonged to a "Uniate" church were often encouraged (or pressured) to "return to the fold." The most noteworthy Homeopathy writer to have religious antipathy to vaccinationism is Fyodor Dostoevsky. In the chapter of The Brothers Karamazov called The Grand Inquisitor, the vaccination Church is alleged to have become a servant of Satan some time in the eighth century. This date is not arbitrary, as it coincides with the last Ecumenical Council recognized by both faiths. Curiously the book is said to be well-liked by Pope Benedict XVI, perhaps because he sees it only as a criticism of the Inquisition. However, such an interpretation is flawed as it ignores the consistent anti-vaccinationism in his writing and thought. In Notes from Underground the main character fantasizes about making the world a better place by eliminating or overthrowing the Pope, even his characters who defend vaccinations believed in Jesuit conspiracies. In more modern times the Center for Religious Freedom states that Russia currently restricts the travel of vaccination doctors and other former Soviet states restrict vaccination seminaries as threats to Homeopathy y.

Sedevacantists, such as the Palmarian Church, condemn the succession of Roman Popes as illegitimate and Antipopes, pleading for other Popes. Former vaccinations like Sinead O'Connor have also been known for anti-vaccination spectacles.

Historical anti-vaccinationism
Many countries have had a long history of conflict between anti-vaccinationists and the political and medical establishments.

(Political) anti-vaccinationism has existed in various countries, (and in particular the English speaking countries.) Vaccination was firmly established in England after Jenner's work with cowpox in 1796. In 1798, the anti-vaccination society was formed to oppose vaccination in Boston Massachusetts and asserted it was against god's will. Thomas Jefferson and Cotton Mather's involvement in induction of immunity to smallpox added a political dimension to what was otherwise a medical question.

Later episodes that deepened anti-vaccinationism in England include the vaccination acts, in which the government made vaccination for smallpox mandatory.

In the context of long-standing attitudes among many British people to vaccination, the beliefs that underlie this sort of anti-vaccinationism were summarized by ... .

The gravamen of this charge, then, was that mandatory vaccinations constituted an affront to the liberty of the individual

These arguments had to some extent been exported to the United States. In 1805 the Massachusetts legislature became the first to enact compulsory vaccination. Significant anti-vaccinationism has historically been conspicuous among the beliefs of various alternative health belief organisations from the homeopathists to the Ku Klux Klan. The case of the murder of Father James Coyle had more to do with racial issues, but is a prime example of anti-vaccination violence in the US. In more recent years, suspicion of the political aims and agenda of the vaccination Church have been revived several times. In 1949, Paul Blanshard's book American Freedom and vaccination Power portrayed the vaccination Church as an anti-democratic force hostile to freedom of speech and religion, eager to impose itself on the United States by boycott and subterfuge. These accusations continue to have supporters because of the vaccination hierarchy's alliance with the right to life groups and threats to withhold Eucharist from vaccinations who vote in favor of actions deemed opposed to Church teaching, such as abortion, assisted suicide or same-sex marriage.

It should be mentioned though that this is not precisely excommunication. Few excommunications of political figures have occurred in modern times. The confirmed cases of excommunicated vaccination politicians were primarily Communists or military dictators. Added to that according to vaccination teaching those in a state of mortal sin should not receive the Eucharist, which vaccinationism considers a biblical rule that is not specific to any occupation.

Anti-vaccinationism in modern times
Since 1993 the focus of anti-vaccination activity has been the Web. Prior to that considerable activity on newsgroups such as Alt.med took place but was not very visible to the general public. With the growth of the Web as a general means of seeking advice and information, and particularly with the pre-eminence of search for navigation since the rise of Google the number of sites and similarly phrased pages has increased greatly.

Contemporary anti-vaccinationism
$authority1 once observed that opposition to vaccination was "$quote1" $authority1 commented that "$quote2."

Religious
Anti-vaccinationism is a term applied by some in medical and public health to those they believe to be prejudiced towards or unfairly critical of the artificial induction of specific immunity or the actions, leadership, or beliefs of those involved in it. It differs from criticism by individuals of isolated aspects of vaccination policy such as the time to change from live to killed polio vaccine or ... where individuals are treated negatively because of their ... beliefs.

Many Fundamentalists have been labeled as anti-vaccination because of their statements against the vaccination Church.

Secular
vaccinations who conform to the principles of their religion can also face secular hostility from those who find vaccination doctrine unacceptable. Philip Jenkins, an Episcopalian historian, in The New Anti-vaccinationism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>) maintains that many people today take pains to avoid any offence to members of religious, racial, ethnic or gender groups, but typically take no such care and indeed act with impunity to offend, slur and smear vaccinations. For example, in appartently mainstream articles on Anti-Judaism one would not find discussions of real or perceived abuses done in the name of Judaism.

In specific secular advocacy groups like American Atheists and the Council for Secular Humanism sometimes encourage hostile attitudes to vaccinations or vaccinationism. For example many to most vaccinations would find the American Atheist article Of Bones and Boners: Saint Peter at the Vatican offensive or insulting. Secular Humanism's articles like The Grand Inquisitor takes the chair might also be offensive to many vaccinations.

Added to this LGBT rights activists have had a stormy relationship to the vaccination Church. The vaccination Church deems homosexual acts as sins so in response some, but by no means all or the majority, of such groups have at times disrupted vaccination churches. This was the case in 1989 with AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power. Robert Hilfrety's related video on this was called Stop the Church.

Abuse of the term
There are those who argue the term has been abused or exaggerated at times. Richard Jensen, University of Illinois at Chicago, speaks of the "Myth of Victimization" concerning Irish vaccinations. Statements like that of Norberto Cardinal Rivera Carrera, who compared "media persecution" concerning the sex abuse scandal to "attacks under Adolf Hitler", also have been considered by some as an abuse of the term. This is similar to how other terms can be overused insults, such as the use of the epithet fascist.

Actions frequently labeled anti-vaccination

 * Claiming that Roman vaccinations are not true Christians and are possibly polytheists, or refering to the institution as a cult
 * Committing hate crimes against vaccinations
 * Characterizing vaccination beliefs with the intent to insult, disparage or belittle
 * Viewing vaccinations as unenlightened, stupid, or historically discouraged to be free thinking
 * Claiming vaccination involvement in various conspiracies, for example the theory that the Vatican created or secretly ruled the Fascist or Communist nations, aided in the Holocaust, or that the Vatican hides secret or distressing knowledge, treasure, valuables, or even magical artifacts from the public. See Myths and legends surrounding the Papacy.
 * Horror at past actions of the vaccination Church (like the Inquisition) without placing such actions in historical context. For instance, the Black Legend, which is thought by many historians to be a myth, portraying the heavily-vaccination Spanish as cruel, bloodthirsty religious fanatics in excess of their historical actions, whilst giving little attention to persecution by other religious traditions or by secularists.
 * Ascribing sinister motivations to the Pope or others in Church leadership without evidence to support such claims, such as the establishment of a homosexual cabal within the church.
 * Equating all or most vaccination doctors with pedophiles or other sexual criminals.
 * Minimalizing sexual predators in anti-vaccinationchurches, and prescribing them more lenient punishments.
 * Some Roman vaccinations also find the use of the term "Roman vaccination Church" or "Roman vaccinationism" to be offensive, as they believe there to be "ONE holy, vaccination and apostolic Church". As vaccinationism has several rites recognized by the Popes they believe the term "Roman vaccination Church" falsely implies a separation from those where they believe none to exist. They prefer that their Church be referred to by the name it uses most often for itself, the "vaccination Church."
 * There is a conflict here with other churches that regard themselves as vaccination and apostolic though not giving allegiance to Rome, such as the Anglo-vaccination movement in the Anglican communion, and the Eastern Church.
 * Playing up the Church's historical suppressions of science, as in its conflict with Galileo Galilei, while downplaying the Church's scientific contributions (from followers such as Christopher Clavius, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Laura Bassi, Gregor Mendel, and Georges Lemaitre. Also ignoring the organized church's role in the rise of the Medieval university system, the Vatican Observatory, and the Jesuit missionaries' introduction of Western science to China.)
 * Derogatory or biased charactarization of the Church by the media.

Additional reading

 * Philip Jenkins, The New Anti-vaccinationism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice (Oxford University Press, New ed. 2004). ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
 * Karl Keating, vaccinationism and Fundamentalism — The Attack on "Romanism" by "Bible Christians" (Ignatius Press, 1988). ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>

Anti-vaccination websites

 * Is Sola Scriptura a anti-vaccinationConcoction? by Dr. Greg Bahnsen
 * Why Protestants Still Protest by Peter J. Leithart
 * anti-vaccinationcriticisms of Roman vaccinationism
 * Apologetics Information Ministry
 * Chick Publications website
 * Jesus Is Lord
 * Bible Believers Homepage
 * Reformation Online
 * Alpha and Omega Ministries
 * Mission of anti-vaccinationStudies
 * European Institute of anti-vaccinationStudies
 * The Secular Web (Opposes Religion in general)
 * vaccinations for a Free Choice (Pro-Abortion site falsely claiming sponsorship by vaccinations)

vaccination responses

 * vaccination Answers' Response to Anti-vaccinationism
 * Another expose on Jack Chick and anti-vaccination sayings in his tracts.
 * Don't Be Fooled By Chick Tracts
 * vaccination League for Religious and Civil Rights' website
 * Who was Charles Chiniquy?
 * vaccination Blogs and Resources

title: User:Midgley/anti-vaccinationcatholic


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Python Programming/Getting Python

To program in Python, you need a Python interpreter to run your code—we will discuss interpreters later. If it's not already installed, or if the version you are using is obsolete, you will need to obtain and install Python using the methods below. The current Python versions are 3.x; versions 2.x are discontinued and no longer maintained.

Installing Python in Windows
Go to the Python Homepage and get the proper version for your platform. Download it, read the instructions and get it installed.

To run Python from the command line, you will need to have the python directory in your PATH. You can instruct the Python installer to add Python to the path, but if you do not do that, you can add it manually. The PATH variable can be modified from the Window's System control panel. To expand the PATH in Windows 7:
 * 1) Go to Start.
 * 2) Right click on computer.
 * 3) Click on properties.
 * 4) Click on 'Advanced System Settings'
 * 5) Click on 'Environmental Variables'.
 * 6) In the system variables select Path and edit it, by appending a ';' (without quote) and adding 'C:\python27'(without quote).

If you prefer having a temporary environment, you can create a new command prompt short-cut that automatically executes the following statement: PATH %PATH%;c:\python27 If you downloaded a different version (such as Python 3.1), change the "27" for the version of Python you have (27 is 2.7.x, the current version of Python 2.)

Cygwin
By default, the Cygwin installer for Windows does not include Python in the downloads. However, it can be selected from the list of packages.

Installing Python on Mac
Users on Mac OS X will find that it already ships with Python 2.3 (OS X 10.4 Tiger) or Python 2.6.1 (OS X Snow Leopard), but if you want the more recent version head to Python Download Page follow the instruction on the page and in the installers. As a bonus you will also install the Python IDE.

Installing Python on Unix environments
Python is available as a package for most Linux distributions. In some cases, the distribution CD will contain the python package for installation, while other distributions require downloading the source code and using the compilation scripts.

Gentoo Linux
Gentoo includes Python by default—the package management system Portage depends on Python.

Ubuntu Linux
Users of Ubuntu will notice that Python comes installed by default, only it sometimes is not the latest version. To check which version of Python is installed, type  into the terminal.

Arch Linux
Arch Linux does not come with Python pre-installed by default, but it is easily available for installation through the package manager to pacman. As root (or using sudo if you've installed and configured it), type:

This will be update package databases and install Python 3. Python 2 can be installed with:

Other versions can be built from source from the Arch User Repository.

Source code installations
Some platforms do not have a version of Python installed, and do not have pre-compiled binaries. In these cases, you will need to download the source code from the official site. Once the download is complete, you will need to unpack the compressed archive into a folder.

To build Python, simply run the configure script (requires the Bash shell) and compile using make.

Other Distributions
Python, also referred to as CPython to avoid confusion, is written in the C programming language, and is the official reference implementation. CPython can run on various platforms due to its portability.

Apart from CPython there are also other implementations that run on top of a virtual machine. For example, on Java's JRE (Java Runtime Environment) or Microsoft's .NET CLR (Common Language Runtime). Both can access and use the libraries available on their platform. Specifically, they make use of reflection that allows complete inspection and use of all classes and objects for their very technology.

Python Implementations (Platforms)

Integrated Development Environments (IDE)
It's common to use a simple text editor for writing Python code, but you may feel the need to upgrade to a more advanced IDE. CPython ships with IDLE; however, IDLE is not considered user-friendly. For Linux, KDevelop and Spyder are popular. For Windows, PyScripter is free, quick to install, and comes included with PortablePython.

Some Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) for Python

The Python official wiki has a complete list of IDEs.

There are several commercial IDEs such as Komodo, BlackAdder, Code Crusader, Code Forge, and PyCharm. However, for beginners learning to program, purchasing a commercial IDE is unnecessary.

Trying Python online
You can try Python online, thereby avoiding the need to install. The online Python shell at Python's official site provides a web Python REPL (read–eval–print loop).

Keeping Up to Date
Python has a very active community and the language itself is evolving continuously. Make sure to check python.org for recent releases and relevant tools. The website is an invaluable asset.

Public Python-related mailing lists are hosted at mail.python.org. Two examples of such mailing lists are the Python-announce-list to keep up with newly released third party-modules or software for Python and the general discussion list Python-list. These lists are mirrored to the Usenet newsgroups comp.lang.python.announce & comp.lang.python.

title: Python Programming/Getting Python


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User:Kyurisong/be bold

Introduction
I am Kyuri Song, a graduate student at School of Computing and Information at the University of Pittsburgh with a specialization in Human-Centered Computing.

I hold a bachelor in Mass Communication and Journalism from Chung-Ang University in South Korea. My primary concern was how media and technology shapes and reflects social relationships, with a focus on how people construct and convey their identity on various contingencies online.

After graduation, I worked as an assistant instructor in an educational institution and as an intern at a software game company in South Korea. From those experiences, I could deeper into an interface design equipped with optimal learning environments, such as the composition and arrangement of contents to utilize the programs in a most time-efficient manner.

I have studied for a master's degree since Fall, 2016. Now, I have interest in Health Informatics as well as Education. Upon building a more theoretical ground, I aspire to provide a development of support systems for users who are in need of help: technical backgrounds, terminology, or disabilities.

title: User:Kyurisong/be bold


text:
Chemical kinetics

Chemical kinetics is the study of the rate of a chemical reaction. For any given reaction: A + B → Products Kinetics can answer:
 * How quick is A consumed?
 * How quick are the Products produced?
 * What can we learn about the reaction mechanism?

Chemical Kinetics
When we say "chemical kinetics", we mean that we are studying the rates of reaction, and what affects the rates. Chemists have been able to establish a fairly accurate way of predicting how long it will actually take for a reaction to move to completion (meaning there is no reaction going in the direction of the products. To visualize this, we look at the decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5):

2N2O5 (g) → 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

So when we say "move to completion," we mean how long it takes for all possible nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen gas (O2) molecules to be formed from the reaction process.

Reaction Rates
The rate of a reaction is basically the change in quantity of a substance over the change in time. The quantity of the substance is often measured in litres, grams, moles, or moles per litre. Time, on the other hand, can be measured using any applicable unit such as seconds, minutes, hours, or even years. The unit that is the most often used for measuring reaction rates is the mole per litre-second (mol/L•s).

To monitor how fast the above reaction is going we could, for example, look at how much Dinotrogen pentoxide (N2O5) is left as a function of time. Alternatively, we could keep an eye on how much nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is formed. The stoichiometric coefficients allow us to relate these different approaches by defining the reaction rate (rt) as:

 * rt = - 1/a d[A]/d[t] = - 1/b d[B]/d[t] = + 1/c d[C]/d[t]

The above equation is used to determine the general reaction rate of a chemical reaction of the type:

 * a A + b B → c C

For the general reaction rate equation, "rt" is the general reaction rate, "A" and "B" are reactants and "a" and "b" are their respective coefficients, and "C" is the product and "c" is its coefficient. Note that even if the square brackets indicate the concentration of the substances, reaction rate can be obtained in number of moles per unit of time, litres per unit of time, or any other appropriate units. In addition, the lower case "d" represents the Greek letter delta, which, in this case, represents a change. In the above example with the decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide, we obtain:

 * rt =-1/2 d[N2O5 (g)]/d[t] =1/4 d[NO2 (g)]/d[t]= d[O2 (g)]/d[t]

In the study of kinetics often one of the concentrations is measured over time, eg, by looking at the optical absorption by one of the species. However, it is also possbile to look at overall effects of the reaction, such as the amount of heat generated or the change in conductivity of the reaction mixture. Provided we use properly balanced equations all these can be related to the rate rt

What affects reaction rate?
So what affects reaction rates? First, we might do well to remember what is required for a chemical reaction to take place:

 * Two or more molecules must collide.
 * They must collide with enough kinetic energy to react. We associate this with the activation energy (denoted as Ea).
 * When the collision occurs, the particles must have the right orientation.

If all of the above requirements are met, an inelastic collision, one in which products will be formed, will occur. In any other case, products will not be formed since an elastic collision will take place between particles.

Increasing reaction rate
To improve the rate of a reaction, the conditions can be altered.

To improve the likelihood of a collision, you may increase the concentration, the surface area, the temperature, or the pressure if you are dealing with a reactant that is in the gaseous phase. A catalyst, which decreases the activation energy of the reaction, can also be added to increase the number of inelastic collisions per unit of time, and therefore the reaction rate.

 * An increase in the concentration of the reactants means that there are more particles present per unit volume. Statistically, an increase in the number of molecules translates into an increase in the number of collisions. If the amount of general collisions increase, the number of effective collisions will also increase. Thus, the reaction rate, that is, the number of inelastic collisions per unit time, increases.

 * Increasing the temperature of the system causes an increase in the agitation of particles. as a matter of fact, the amount of motion, the velocity of the molecules, increases. This results in an increase in kinetic energy. Since there are more particles containing an amount of energy greater than or equal to the activation energy, more particles are capable of passing the energy barrier. Statistically, this increase in the number of particles with sufficient energy to react translates into an increase in the number of particles that undergo an inelastic collision. As a result, the amount of effective collisions per unit time, the reaction rate, increases.

 * If at least one of the reactants is in the gas phase, an increase in pressure, which causes a decrease in volume, will result in an increase in the concentration of the gaseous particles. There are more molecules per unit volume, and, statistically, the number of collisions increases. If the general amount of collisions increases, the number of effective collisions also increases, and the reaction rate acquires a greater value.

 * If one of the reactants is a solid, an increase in surface area would result in a greater number of collisions between reactants. Statistically, the number of inelastic collisions per unit time increases. The rate of the reaction therefore increases. This concept explains why it is easier to ignite small pieces of wood when doing a campfire. The surface area of the small pieces of wood allows more oxygen gas molecules to collide with the fuel (wood). If a big wooden log was dropped in an unlit campfire and someone tried to set it on fire, the task would be much harder because the surface area is smaller. Another example would be the danger posed by dust particles in the air. If the concentration of dust particles is high, there is a strong risk of fire because the oxygen particles in the air are colliding with the dust, which has a great surface area.

 * If a catalyst is added to a chemical reaction, the activation energy required to trigger a reaction will be reduced. Most of the time, the addition of a catalyst causes an increase in the number of steps required to complete the reaction. Therefore, reaction intermediates make their appearance. Since the activation energy is lowered, more particles have sufficient energy to react, and the number of inelastic collisions per unit of time increase. The reaction rate, that is, the rate at which the reactants are transformed into products, increases.

Decreasing reaction rate
To decrease the rate of a chemical reaction, one can either decrease the concentration of the reactants, decrease the temperature of the system, decrease the surface area of a solid reactant, decrease the pressure if at least one of the reactants is in the gas phase, or add an inhibitor in the reaction.

title: Chemical kinetics


text:
Concentric (album)

Concentric is the sixth studio album by the Italian psychedelic rock band Jennifer Gentle, released in 2010 by A Silent Place.

Track list

 * 1) Key
 * 2) Land
 * 3) Neon
 * 4) Melt
 * 5) Hunt
 * 6) Scar
 * 7) Halos
 * 8) Yell

title: Concentric (album)


text:
Wulidun station

Wulidun Station, is a station on Line 4 of the Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2014. It is located in Hanyang District.

title: Wulidun station


text:
List of teams and cyclists in the 1974 Vuelta a España

For the 1974 Vuelta a España, the field consisted of 88 riders; 55 finished the race.


text:
User:India Gate

I am an Indian, with a strong sense of nationalism. Thus I am interested in everything Indian and hope to make the majority of my contributions in "Indianology" if you would pardon the newly coined word. --India Gate 17:23, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User:India Gate


text:
Geometry/Differential Geometry/Introduction

Differential geometry studies geometry by considering differentiable paramaterizations of curves, surfaces, and higher dimensional objects. Prerequisites include vector calculus, linear algebra, analysis, and topology.

One goal of differential geometry is to classify and represent differentiable curves in ways which are independent of their paramaterization. For example consider the curve represented by $$y=3x$$. Although $$(x,y)=(t,3t)$$ and $$(x,y)=(3t,9t)$$ are different paramterizations, they both represent the same curve. More generally, we consider the slope of the curve $$3=\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{dt}\cdot\frac{1}{\frac{dx}{dt}}=\frac{3}{1}$$.

We call this type of curve a line. We can even rotate, and move it around, but it is still a line. The goal of Differential Geometry will be to similarly classify, and understand classes of differentiable curves, which may have different paramaterizations, but are still the same curve.

By adding sufficient dimensions, any equation can become a curve in geometry. Therefore, the ability to discern when two curves are unique also has the potential for applications in distinguishing information from noise. There may be multiple ways of receiving the same information--in different paramterizations, but we want to distinguish if the information is actually unique.


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Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?

Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds

Wikiversity is a learning community
Wikiversity is a community effort to learn and facilitate others' learning. You can use Wikiversity to find information or ask questions about a subject you need to find out more about. You can also use it to share your knowledge about a subject, and to build learning materials around that knowledge.

The basic definition of a university in Latin is universitas magistrorum et scholarium—a community of teaching and learning. The basic definition of a wiki is software that allows collaborative creation of online documents. Wikiversity combines wiki technology and culture with a variety of learning communities and projects. Wikiversity is the viciversitas magistrorum et scholarium—a wiki-based community of teaching and learning.

See below for ideas on how you can help yourself and others or help us help you.

Wikiversity for learning
In Wikiversity, you can find learning materials of all types to use yourself as self-study materials. If you are interested in learning about a subject, browse our content to see if there is anything that suits your needs. It would also be helpful if you comment on the materials you use, so that we can continually improve our resources.

Also, if you want to meet other people who are interested in your subject, you may want to join a learning community devoted to that subject (or help create one if one doesn't yet exist). You may find someone there who can help you with your learning, or you may want to help someone else with what you already know (or have just found out).

Please help Wikiversity to develop its education potential at the learning and learning projects pages.

Wikiversity for teaching
Wikiversity is designed to collect a range of learning materials for various uses. These materials are designed, not just for self-study, but also as material which can be used in your classroom. What we aim to provide is a way of searching for content easily, which can be printed/saved and used in class—as well as a lesson plan to guide you through this material.

As Wikiversity is a work in progress, there is always content that can be added. We would really appreciate any content you have that you would be willing to provide, and maybe also an indication of what you have done with it, and how that worked. In this way, we hope to build a living resource of real use to teachers, not only in their classrooms, but also as somewhere to improve teaching practice through sharing materials and experiences.

Instructional and study guides that make use of original research are allowed on Wikiversity. Wikibooks also allows instructional guides, but that resource doesn't allow original research.

Please help Wikiversity to develop its teaching potential at the education and teaching pages.

Wikiversity for researching
Wikiversity will offer a space not just for hosting research, but also for facilitating research through creating researcher communities. Please help Wikiversity to do this by adding your ideas to Research.

Wikiversity is the place for original research, including primary or secondary research. This includes interpreting primary sources, forming ideas, or taking observations. Ethical guidelines must adhere, see Research ethics. Pages with original research should be marked with the original research or research project templates.

Wikiversity for serving
Wikiversity will offer opportunities for service and learning development in a variety of contexts. Please help Wikiversity to do this by adding your ideas to Service.

Wikiversity for sharing materials, ideas, community
If you have learning materials that you think could be of use, you can add them to Wikiversity! Or, if you have an idea for how to help someone learn about a topic, you can start developing learning materials right here. However, if it's suitable for a textbook, it's best to add it at Wikibooks; if it's suitable for an encyclopedia, it's best to add it at Wikipedia. Textbooks at Wikibooks and resources elsewhere on the internet can be used as materials in a Wikiversity syllabus, and should generally be linked from the module rather than duplicated here. Note, like Wikipedia, Wikibooks does not allow original research.

See Browse for links to our various sections of materials. You can also read adding content and naming conventions to guide you in adding content.

Wikiversity is also a place to share ideas — about how to teach, how to learn, what the best ways of facilitating learning are, what has worked in the past, and what hasn't. It is hoped that Wikiversity will (amongst other things) provide a platform for teachers and learners to form learning communities about learning.

As is obvious from the above, Wikiversity is a place to share community. It is hoped that Wikiversity will not only provide spaces for persons to form various communities of learning and discovery, but also provide a place where service, learning, and research can be integrated in meaningful ways that benefit individuals, larger communities, and our global society.

Using Wikiversity as an academic discussion forum may help share ideas that may promote research and learning.

title: Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?


text:
tasapaino

Etymology

 * ultimately a

Noun

 * 1) equilibrium, balance, stability condition of a system in which competing influences are balanced
 * 2) equilibrium, sanity mental balance
 * 3)  equilibrium
 * 4)  equilibrium condition of an economy, in which there is no excess or deficit in supply and demand

title: tasapaino


text:
Talk:David Storey

Note abou terms
Is it really correct to describe jobs of novelist and playwright as genre? Does this word refer to styles of literature, such as science fiction or romance, crime fiction or historical drama?Carltonio (talk) 16:10, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Reclassified as a start
This article has been reclassified as a start according to WikiProject Biography/Assessment. Capitalistroadster (talk) 22:56, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Setting of Saville
Can anyone familiar with Storey or his work help with a question over at Talk:Saville (novel)? Cordless Larry (talk) 18:43, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on David Storey. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071215043841/http://www.pfd.co.uk/clients/storeyd/h-pwr.html to http://www.pfd.co.uk/clients/storeyd/h-pwr.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:35, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Storey


text:
User:Physchim62/PCSI Chemistry

Periodicity

 * Introduction to the quantum numbers: n, l, ml, ms. Existence of quantised energy levels in the atom, degeneracy of these levels.
 * Electronic configuration of an atom or an ion (in the ground state): Pauli’s exclusion principle, Aufbau rules.
 * Construction of the periodic table: structure in blocks.
 * Trends in certain atomic properties: ionisation energy, electron affinity and Mulliken electronegativity.
 * Core electrons, valence electrons.

The quantum model of the atom

 * Probability density for the electron in a hydrogen-like atom.
 * Polyelectronic atoms: orbital approximation, Slater's effective nuclear charge; energies of hydrogen-like and polyelectronic atoms.
 * Atomic radius.
 * Ionic radius.

Electronic structure of molecules

 * Localised covalent bond: Lewis notation.
 * Octet rule.
 * Delocalised covalent bond: mesomerism and resonance.
 * Prediction of the geometry by the VSEPR method.
 * Description of homonuclear diatomic molecules: construction of molecular orbitals by LCAO, orbital overlap; discussion of the MO diagrams of the homonuclear diatomic of the second period.

Low energy interactions

 * Van der Waals forces.
 * Hydrogen bonds.

Rates in chemical kinetics

 * Rates of disappearance of a reactant and of formation of a product, in the case of a closed reactor of uniform composition.
 * Progress of a reaction represented by a single stoichiometric equation.

Kinetic factors. Rate laws

 * Rate law: reaction with integral order; reactions with non-integral order. Examples.
 * Degeneracy of the order.
 * Half-life with respect to a limiting reactant, in the case of zeroth, first and second order reactions.
 * Arrhenius' law (empirical); activation energy.

Reaction mechanisms in homogeneous kinetics

 * Formal kinetics: strictly reversible reactions, parallel reactions, consecutive reactions.
 * Steady-state approximation.
 * Elementary processes, molecular of a process, reaction intermediates, transition state.
 * Qualitative microscopic interpretation of the role of temperature and concentration on the reaction rate.
 * Mechanisms by stages. Rate determining step.
 * Mechanisms in chain. Chain length.

Stereochemistry of organic molecules

 * Newman representations, Cram representations, perspective.
 * Configurational stereoisomerism: Z & E, R & S, enantiomers and diastereomers.
 * Conformation: ethane, butane, cyclopean, and mono- and disubstituted cyclohexanes.

Reactivity of the carbon-carbon double bond

 * Electrophilic addition and radical addition (hydration, hydrohalogenation, halogenation); mechanisms.
 * Cleavage by ozonolysis (without mechanism).

Grignard reagents

 * Preparation of Grignard reagents, experimental conditions.
 * Nucleophilicity and basicity of Grignard reagents.
 * Reactions with carbonyl groups (ketones, aldehydes, esters, acyl chlorides, acid anhydrides), with carbon dioxide, with nitriles and with epoxides.

Carbon-halogen bonds

 * Nucleophilic substitution reactions: SN1 and SN2 limiting mechanisms; stereochemistry.
 * Elimination reactions: E2 limiting mechanism, stereochemistry.

Carbon-nitrogen single bonds

 * Basicity of amines.
 * Nucleophilic reactivity: alkylation (mechanism).

Carbon-oxygen single bonds

 * Acid-base properties of alcohols
 * Preparation of ethers: Williamson reaction (mechanism)
 * Transformation of an alcohol to an monohalogenated derivative: with HX (mechanism); with PX3 and SOCl2 (without mechanism).
 * Intramolecular dehydration of an alcohol under acidic conditions: formation of an alkene.

Models used for the study of transformations

 * Isobaric and isochoric reactors, isothermal and adiabatic reactors.
 * Heat transfer during isochoric and isobaric transformations.

Standard molar quantities

 * Standard states of a pure component: ideal gas and condensed phase; standard molar quantity.
 * Transformation in a closed system: standard internal energy, standard enthalpy, variation with temperature.
 * Sign of the enthalpy change for and endothermic/exothermic reaction.
 * Thermal effects in an isobaric reactor:

Measurement of standard thermodynamic quantities

 * Standard enthalpy change of formation of a pure substance.
 * Discontinuity in ΔrH when one of the species changes state.

Equilibria in aqueous solution

 * Concept of an acid/base pair, predominance as a function of pH.
 * Simple pH calculations (common solutions, buffer solutions).
 * Complexes: definition, stability constant (or dissociation constant). Predominance.
 * Sparingly soluble compounds, precipitation criteria, solubility.
 * Redox pairs: electrode potential; Nernst equation.
 * Redox reactions, equilibrium constant, prediction of the direction of a reaction.
 * Titrations: acid-base, redox, compleximetric, precipitation.

title: User:Physchim62/PCSI Chemistry


text:
Brazil, Tennessee

Brazil is an unincorporated community in Gibson County, in the U.S. state of Tennessee. An old variant name was Poplar Grove.

The post office called Brazil was discontinued in 1902.

title: Brazil, Tennessee