text:
Talk:Lincoln, Illinois

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on Lincoln, Illinois. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034521/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table to http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080921104810/http://www.illinoisbeautiful.com/central-illinois-tourism/lincoln-college-museum-lincoln-illinois.html to http://www.illinoisbeautiful.com/central-illinois-tourism/lincoln-college-museum-lincoln-illinois.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100901073005/http://www.cityoflincoln-il.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=68 to http://www.cityoflincoln-il.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=68
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121017115107/http://www.equipforequality.org/publications/aiu_lincoln.pdf to http://www.equipforequality.org/publications/aiu_lincoln.pdf
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140522161634/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120821004923/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/lincoln-102-s-mclean-st-lincoln-il-1370491 to http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/lincoln-102-s-mclean-st-lincoln-il-1370491
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://geocities.com/findinglincolnillinois/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:55, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lincoln, Illinois


text:
WCW All Nighter

WCW All Nighter is a series of late night specials that aired on TBS.

WCW All Nighter (March 6, 1994)
Originally aired March 6, 1994 from midnight until 6am. All matches except for one on this broadcast were from previous editions of Clash of the Champions.

The event was hosted by Tony Schiavone, Bobby Heenan, Gene Okerlund, Chris Cruise, Gordon Solie, Eric Bischoff, and Larry Zbyszko, from Schiavone's house.

Matches showcased were:
 * Ric Flair (c) vs. Sting for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from Clash of the Champions I
 * Ric Flair (c) vs. Ricky Steamboat in a two-out-of-three falls match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from Clash of the Champions VI
 * Lex Luger (c) vs. Ric Flair for the NWA United States Championship from Clash of the Champions XII
 * Ric Flair vs. Terry Funk in an "I Quit" match from Clash of the Champions IX
 * Ric Flair and Sting vs. The Great Muta and Terry Funk in a Thunderdome match from Halloween Havoc (1989)
 * Ric Flair and Barry Windham vs. The Midnight Express (Bobby Eaton and Stan Lane) from Clash of the Champions IV
 * Shane Douglas and Ricky Steamboat (c) vs. Brian Pillman and Steve Austin for the NWA World Tag Team Championship and WCW World Tag Team Championship from Clash of the Champions XXII
 * Steve Austin vs. Brian Pillman from Clash of the Champions XXV
 * The Road Warriors (Hawk and Animal) vs. The Samoan Swat Team (Samu and Fatu) from Clash of the Champions VIII
 * Enforcers (Arn Anderson and Larry Zbyszko) (c) vs. Dustin Rhodes and Ricky Steamboat for the WCW World Tag Team Championship from Clash of the Champions XVII
 * Cactus Jack vs. Van Hammer from Clash of the Champions XVII

Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer reviewed the first special favorably, writing, "all the announcers were pretty funny and the matches, most shown in their entirety, were mainly classics". According to Meltzer, the Nielsen rating for the special was 1.2 and impressed TBS enough to consider making it an annual event.

WCW All Night 2
Originally aired at midnight on Saturday morning January 21, 1995. In June 2010, the show became available as part of WWE Classics on Demand. The show was added to the WWE Network September 12, 2019 as a Hidden Gem.

The show opened with Tony Schiavone, Bobby Heenan, Larry Zbyszko, Gene Okerlund, Gordon Solie and Dusty Rhodes in the Omni Hotel in Atlanta.

During the broadcast, they counted down the 10 best Clash of the Champions matches:
 * 10 - Steve Austin (c) vs. Ricky Steamboat for the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship from Clash of the Champions XXVIII
 * 9 - Big Van Vader (c) vs. Davey Boy Smith for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship from Clash of the Champions XXIV
 * 8 - Big Van Vader vs. Dustin Rhodes from Clash of the Champions XXIX
 * 7 - Hulk Hogan (c) vs. Ric Flair for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship from Clash of the Champions XXVIII
 * 6 - Steve Austin vs. Brian Pillman from Clash of the Champions XXV
 * 5 - Enforcers (Arn Anderson and Larry Zbyszko) (c) vs. Dustin Rhodes and Ricky Steamboat for the WCW World Tag Team Championship from Clash of the Champions XVII
 * 4 - Ricky Steamboat (c) vs. Ric Flair in a Two-out-of-three falls match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from Clash of the Champions VI
 * 3 - Arn Anderson and Tully Blanchard (c) vs. Sting and Dusty Rhodes for the NWA World Tag Team Championship from Clash of the Champions II
 * 2 - Ric Flair vs. Terry Funk in an "I Quit" match from Clash of the Champions IX
 * 1 - Ric Flair (c) vs. Sting for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from Clash of the Champions I

In between matches 9 and 8, a match between The Gladiators vs. The Mulkeys was shown from World Championship Wrestling, March 30, 1987. They then showed Hulk Hogan (c) vs. Ric Flair for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship in a steel cage match from Halloween Havoc (1994).

In between matches 5 and 4, Ric Flair & Barry Windham vs. Eddie Gilbert & Ricky Steamboat was shown from World Championship Wrestling January 21, 1989. This was followed by Ric Flair vs. Ricky Steamboat from WCW Main Event July 24, 1994.

In between matches 3 and 2, The Road Warriors (Animal and Hawk) vs. The Steiner Brothers (Rick Steiner and Scott Steiner) from Starrcade 1989 was shown.

In between matches 2 and 1, Sting vs. Lex Luger for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship from SuperBrawl II was shown.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WCW All Nighter


text:
User:Abbyjuhls

My name is Abby and I grew up in Jacksonville, North Carolina. I am now attending North Carolina State University where I plan on majoring in Elementary Education to later become a teacher.

title: User:Abbyjuhls


text:
User:Natasha Palmaer

Hi,

I am an academic researcher & writer. I have my Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications and Public Relations. I earned my Master's in Psychology and Mythology. I am an avid reader of History, Science, Sociology and Behavioral Psychology. Throughout my academic career I've used wikipedia to begin my research on various topics for my papers. I look forward to writing articles and editing as best I can with accuracy and an objective voice.

title: User:Natasha Palmaer


text:
Talk:HP ProBook

HP 350 G1 (2014) and 350 G2 (2015)
Please add info about HP 350 G1 (2014) and 350 G2 (2015) lines.-<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:48, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

HP ProBook 640 G1 Resolution Size
This laptop has multiple resolution sizes, not just 1366x768. I found an official HP website here with the specs.

(Sorry if this talk page topic kinda sucks, it's my first one writing one using the laptop mentioned.) WikiWikiEngine (talk) 16:21, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:HP ProBook


text:
Puzzles/Easy Sequence 5/Solution

< Number sequences

Problem 3 2 4 1 4 ?

Solution

Alternate subtracting and multiplying, starting with 1 and increasing by 1 each time.

3,2,4,1,4,-1,-6,...

title: Puzzles/Easy Sequence 5/Solution


text:
orange stick

Noun

 * 1) A thin stick used in manicuring, with one tapered and one pointed end.
 * 2) * 1957, J. D. Salinger, "Zooey", in, 1961, Franny and Zooey, 1991 LB Books edition, page 114,
 * Zooey suddenly turned around, opened the medicine cabinet, replaced his nail file, and took down a remarkably stubby-looking orange stick.

Translations

 * Italian: scalzapelli

title: orange stick


text:
Främmestads IK

Främmestads IK is a sports club in Främmestad, Sweden, established 1941. The women's soccer team played in the Swedish top division between 1980 and 1987.

title: Främmestads IK


text:
Chernitsk

Chernitsk (Черницк) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 822 as of 2013. There are 12 streets.

Geography
Chernitsk is located 25 km southwest of Barnaul by road. Mokhnatushka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Chernitsk


text:
Berezovka, Barnaul, Altai Krai

Berezovka (Берёзовка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 537 as of 2013. There are 12 streets.

Geography
Berezovka is located 33 km west of Barnaul by road. Novomikhaylovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Berezovka, Barnaul, Altai Krai


text:
Nicole Paggi

Nicole Collier Paggi (born August 15, 1983) is an American actress. She is best known her role of Jennie Bradbury in the critically acclaimed FOX television series Pasadena, which was directed by Diane Keaton and created by Mike White. She also had additional series regular roles, such as Sydney Shanowski on the television sitcom Hope & Faith alongside Kelly Ripa and Faith Ford, and as Sara Crawford in One on One.

Early life
Paggi was born in Travis County, Texas, and grew up in Austin, Texas. She spent two years studying in Los Angeles and New York focusing on becoming an actress.

Career
Paggi made her television debut in 2001 when she received the series regular role of Jennie Bradbury in the FOX television critically acclaimed drama Pasadena. Following her role on Pasadena, she played the recurring role of Britney in the Emmy Award winning NBC series Providence. Paggi continued to appear in guest roles on television series such as Glory Days, Fastlane, Judging Amy, CSI: Miami and the CBS pilot Expert Witness. In 2003, Paggi appeared in the television film Frozen Impact, playing the daughter of Ted McGinley's character, who would later play his daughter in the television series Hope & Faith.

In 2003, Paggi received the role of Sydney Shanowski on the ABC sitcom Hope & Faith, alongside Faith Ford and Kelly Ripa. She appeared throughout the series' first season, before being replaced by Megan Fox for its second and third seasons. Paggi received another television series regular role, as Sara Crawford in the UPN television sitcom One on One, during the show's fifth and final season. Her other television credits include guest appearances in Quintuplets, Jake in Progress, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, for which she appeared in 2002 and again in 2008, Mad Love and 90210, as well as the television films Campus Confidential and Undercover Bridesmaid. In 2007, Paggi played a leading role in the feature film Cielito Lindo, opposite Alejandro Alcondez, who also directed, produced and wrote the film.

In 2011, she starred in Girls Talk, a play written by Roger Kumble, alongside Brooke Shields and Constance Zimmer, and was nominated for an Ovation Award.

Personal life
After giving birth to her first daughter, Nicole stepped away from acting to focus on her family and being a mother. She had a second child with her husband and they moved away from Los Angeles. She has since returned to acting and has appeared in guest roles such as 9-1-1 on FOX, The Rookie: Feds (2022), and The Sterling Affairs on FX (2023), playing Kristen Rivers (Doc Rivers' wife).

Awards and nominations
Ovation Awards
 * 2011: Nominated for Featured Actress in a Play for the role of Scarlett in "Girls Talk"

title: Nicole Paggi


text:
Talk:Half Moon Hotel

untitled
The hotel was the tallest in Coney Island. Small illustration - link: http://www.art.com/asp/sp-asp/_/pd--10393844/sp--A/Crowded_Beach_Half_Moon_Hotel_Coney_Island_New_York_City.htm

This, from the New York Times, September 1, 1991, gives some perspective on the Half Moon Hotel:

"The Half Moon was built in the 1920's to help Coney Island compete with Atlantic City, but it is remembered today as the site of Abe (Kid Twist) Reles's mysterious fatal six-story fall, despite a police guard, on the eve of his scheduled testimony in 1941 against Murder Inc."

Reles's death signified the reach that organized crime had into the police department - he was guarded by six police dectectives. There was little doubt that Reles was defenestrated. Link to photo - http://www.nyu.edu/greyart/exhibits/police/html/abe.html

Teneriff 02:44, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Half Moon Hotel


text:
Christian views on lying

Lying is strongly discouraged and forbidden by most interpretations of Christianity. Arguments for this are based on various biblical passages, especially "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour", one of the Ten Commandments. Christian theologians disagree as to the exact definition of "lie" and whether it is ever acceptable.

Biblical passages
One of the Ten Commandments is "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour"; for this reason, lying is generally considered as a sin in Christianity. The story of Naboth in 1 Kings 21 provides an example where false witness leads to an unjust outcome. The exact interpretation of the commandment is disputed: "Does the commandment  pertain  only  to court  or  does  it  prohibit  lying  in  general?  Is  it  only  a  prohibition  (not  to  lie  in  court,  not  ever  to  lie)   or  does  it  imply  a  positive  injunction   (truth-telling  in  court,   truth-telling  in  general)? If  positive,  is  one  enjoined  only  to  truth-telling  or  to  veracity  and  honesty  also?" Other statements in the Bible express a negative view of lying, such as "You shall not steal, nor deal falsely, nor lie to one another" (Leviticus 19:11) and "Cursed is he who does the work of the Lord deceitfully" (Jeremiah 48:10).

In the Hebrew Bible, those who practice lying and deceit are seemingly rewarded for their actions, posing problems for an exegesis that upholds a categorical prohibition. Examples include the Hebrew midwives who lie after Pharaoh commands them to kill all newborn boys (Exodus 1:17–21), and Rahab (Joshua 2:1–7; cf. Hebrews 11:31), an innkeeper who lies to soldiers while hiding spies in her inn. The midwives appear to be rewarded for their actions (God "dealt well with the midwives” and "gave them families"). James 2:25 appears to praise Rahab as an example of good works: "And in the same way was not also Rahab the prostitute justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way?" In the Book of Judith, Judith deceives Holofernes in order to assassinate him. Both Abraham and Isaac claimed that their wives were their sisters.

Early Christian views
Among early Christian writers, there existed differing viewpoints regarding the ethics of deception and dishonesty in certain circumstances. Some argued that lying and dissimulation could be justified for reasons such as saving souls, convincing reluctant candidates to accept ordination, or demonstrating humility by refraining from boasting about one's virtues. Supporters of this position often referred to Paul's statement about becoming all things to all men in order to win them over as a basis for their arguments.

Patristic views
Augustine devoted much attention to lying, which he contended was always wrong. He discussed the topic in four works (De magistro, De doctrina christiana, De trinitate, and Enchiridion) and wrote two treatises, De mendacio and Contra mendacium, specifically on the subject of lies. According to Augustine, only four types of falsehood were not lies, because there was no desire to deceive: explanation of someone else's viewpoint, repetition of memorized words, a slip of the tongue, or misspeaking. Augustine distinguished different situations of lying by blameworthiness, but argued that every lie was a sin. The consensus among scholars is that Augustine did not accept any lies as necessary or justified, even to save an innocent life.

However, there was an equally strong patristic tradition that defended lying for a worthwhile cause and considered it necessary or even righteous in some cases. Exponents of this view include Pseudo-Maximus, Clement of Alexandria,  Origen, Hilary of Poitiers,  John Cassian,  John Chrysostom,  Dorotheus of Gaza,  Palladius of Antioch,  John Climacus,  and  Paulinus of Nola. This second patristic tradition was summarized by Ambrose of Milan, whose argument, based on scripture, held that Judith's action was meritorious because "she undertook for religion, not love... she  served  religion... and  the  fatherland".

Later views
Notable Christian theologians who argued that lying was never permissible for Christians include Thomas Aquinas and John Calvin. Both Augustine and Aquinas held that it was always possible to take a correct and blameless action in any circumstance. Some Waldensians weren't strongly opposed to lying if necessary for survival. Defenders of lying in some cases, such as Cassian and H. Tristram Engelhardt, tended to hold the opposite view: that sometimes true moral dilemmas arise.

Martin Luther argued that it is permissible to go as far as swearing an Oath in a lie in his commentary on Matthew. where taking an oath of any sort, even if followed through is deemed impermissible, possibly using Paul's oath (1 Cor. 9:20), or unhonored oaths from the Crusades for his reasoning. "So that some have stretched their conscience so tightly, that one doubts whether one ought to take a solemn oath not to avenge himself when he is set free from prison, or whether we are by an oath to make peace and a treaty with the Turks... As, if it should come to pass, that we would make a treaty and concord with our enemies or the Turks."

In the twentieth century, Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Reinhold Niebuhr also took a non-absolutist position. In Ethics, Bonhoeffer discusses Kantian ethics and contests the Kantian view of lying, because "Treating truthfulness as a principle leads Kant to the grotesque conclusion that if asked by a murderer whether my friend, whom he was pursuing, had sought refuge in my house, I would have to answer honestly in the affirmative." Although he maintained that one should lie to save his friend in that situation, Bonhoeffer argued that either option incurred guilt. In a later essay, “What Does It Mean to Tell the Truth?”, Bonhoeffer argued that "Lying … is and ought to be understood as something plainly condemnable" and that it did not always incur guilt.

Professor Allen Verhey argued that lying is not always wrong, because "We live the truth not for its own sake, but for God's sake and for the neighbor's sake." The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that lying is always wrong. Different definitions of lying exist, such that Christians do not agree that all deception counts as "lying". Catholic writer and new natural law philosopher Christopher Tollefsen has also argued that lying is never permissible for Christians. In a review of Tollefsen's book, John Skalko stated that this is an unpopular and widely criticized view.

Public opinion
According to a 2016 Pew Research Center survey, 67% of Christians in the United States, including 81% of those who defined themselves as "highly religious", agreed that "Being honest at all times" was "essential" to their Christian identity. According to the 2014 Pew Religious Landscape study in the US, the Christian group that had the highest rate of telling white lies were Black Protestants.

title: Christian views on lying


text:
CACS/Glossary/ISOC

Internet Society (ISOC) (Organization) The ISOC (pronounced eye-sok) is a cooperative of commercial, professional and governmental organizations that promotes internet technologies. It was founded in 1991 as a corporate umbrella for the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and other ad-hoc activities ISOC now sponsors an annual conference and other events. It is headquartered in Virginia and Geneva, and its web address is www.isoc.org.

title: CACS/Glossary/ISOC


text:
mistr

Noun

 * 1) master expert at something
 * 2) master tradesman who is qualified to teach apprentices
 * 3) champion someone who has been winner in a contest

title: mistr


text:
User:Metalrobot

I just noticed this on the front page today and I'm very excited about it. Now I can finally put my bad German to use. I do think that integrating user accounts from the Wikipedia with the Wikiversity would be a good idea, especially while it's still small. = Qualifications =
 * Native speaker of American English with some knowledge of British English
 * Modest knowledge of German language
 * Literature student
 * Pretty damn good writer
 * Anarchist
 * Antitheist
 * Kickasspanic

title: User:Metalrobot


text:
Indoor athletics at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games

Indoor athletics competition at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games was held from 18–20 September 2017, at the Indoor Athletics Arena. 25 medal events were contested over three days - 13 for men, 12 for women in the absence of a women's pole vault.

Kazakhstan won most titles, with six golds, and were denied a seventh after winning the women's 4x400m relay by being disqualified for a lane violation. This elevated Turkmenistan to bronze, earning the host nation their first ever athletics medal at any version of the Asian Indoor Games, and only their fifth medal at any senior Asian Championships or Asian Games, indoor or outdoor. Kazakhstan's haul of 10 medals was matched by Thailand.

Indoor Athletics was on the Asian Indoor Games programme between 2005 and 2009, and returned at the Ashgabat 2017 5th Asian Indoor & Martial Arts Games after being skipped in 2013.

60 m
19 September

Round 1
18 September

Semifinals
18 September

Final
19 September

Round 1
18 September

Semifinals
19 September

Final
20 September

Round 1
19 September

Final
20 September

Round 1
18 September

Final
19 September

60 m hurdles
18 September

4 × 400 m relay
20 September

High jump
20 September

Pole vault
18 September

Long jump
19 September

Triple jump
20 September

Shot put
18 September

Heptathlon
19–20 September

60 m
19 September

Round 1
18 September

Semifinals
18 September

Final
19 September

Round 1
18 September

Final
20 September

1500 m
19 September

3000 m
18 September

60 m hurdles
18 September

4 × 400 m relay
20 September

High jump
18 September

Long jump
18 September

Triple jump
19 September

Shot put
20 September

Pentathlon
18 September


text:
Talk:David Di Michele

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on David Di Michele. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20070927222510/http://www.ilpalermocalcio.it/it/0607/news_scheda.jsp?id=7270 to http://www.ilpalermocalcio.it/it/0607/news_scheda.jsp?id=7270

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:13, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on David Di Michele. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.uefa.com/competitions/euro/players/player=95854/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151029033413/http://www.rsssf.com:80/tablesi/italcuptops.html to http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/italcuptops.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:33, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on David Di Michele. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.uefa.com/competitions/euro/players/player%3D95854/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120312070839/http://www.torinofc.it/content/view/1474/61/ to http://www.torinofc.it/content/view/1474/61/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.whufc.com/page/News/0%2C%2C12562~1392286%2C00.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/italcuptops.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:54, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on David Di Michele. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121110173843/http://www.chievoverona.it/en/users/31/david-di-michele to http://www.chievoverona.it/en/users/31/david-di-michele
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080905040311/http://www.torinofc.it/content/view/3377/61/ to http://www.torinofc.it/content/view/3377/61/
 * Added tag to http://chievocalcio.tv/it/news/ufficiale-di-michele-firma-con-il-chievo

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:28, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Di Michele


text:
C Programming/Variables

Like most programming languages, C uses and processes variables. In C, variables are human-readable names for the computer's memory addresses used by a running program. Variables make it easier to store, read and change the data within the computer's memory by allowing you to associate easy-to-remember labels for the memory addresses that store your program's data. The memory addresses associated with variables aren't determined until after the program is compiled and running on the computer.

At first, it's easiest to imagine variables as placeholders for values, much like in mathematics. You can think of a variable as being equivalent to its assigned value. So, if you have a variable i that is initialized (set equal) to 4, then it follows that i + 1 will equal 5. However, a skilled C programmer is more mindful of the invisible layer of abstraction going on just under the hood: that a variable is a stand-in for the memory address where the data can be found, not the data itself. You will gain more clarity on this point when you learn about pointers.

Since C is a relatively low-level programming language, before a C program can utilize memory to store a variable it must claim the memory needed to store the values for a variable. This is done by declaring variables. Declaring variables is the way in which a C program shows the number of variables it needs, what they are going to be named, and how much memory they will need.

Within the C programming language, when managing and working with variables, it is important to know the type of variables and the size of these types. A type’s size is the amount of computer memory required to store one value of this type. Since C is a fairly low-level programming language, the size of types can be specific to the hardware and compiler used – that is, how the language is made to work on one type of machine can be different from how it is made to work on another.

All variables in C are typed. That is, every variable declared must be assigned as a certain type of variable.

Declaring, Initializing, and Assigning Variables
Here is an example of declaring an integer, which we've called some_number. (Note the semicolon at the end of the line; that is how your compiler separates one program statement from another.)

This statement tells the compiler to create a variable called  and associate it with a memory location on the computer. We also tell the compiler the type of data that will be stored at that address, in this case an integer. Note that in C we must specify the type of data that a variable will store. This lets the compiler know how much total memory to set aside for the data (on most modern machines an  is 4 bytes in length). We'll look at other data types in the next section.

Multiple variables can be declared with one statement, like this:

In early versions of C, variables had to be declared at the beginning of a block. In C99 it is allowed to mix declarations and statements arbitrarily – but doing so is not usual, because it is rarely necessary, some compilers still don’t support C99 (portability), and it may, because it is uncommon yet, irritate fellow programmers (maintainability).

After declaring variables, you can assign a value to a variable later on using a statement like this: The assignment of a value to a variable is called initialization. The above statement directs the compiler to insert an integer representation of the number "3" into the memory address associated with. We can save a bit of typing by declaring and assigning data to a memory address at the same time:

You can also assign variables to the value of other variable, like so: Or assign multiple variables the same value with one statement: This is because the assignment x = y returns the value of the assignment, y. For example, some_number = 4 returns 4. That said, x = y = z  is really a shorthand for x = (y = z).

Naming Variables
Variable names in C are made up of letters (upper and lower case) and digits. The underscore character ("_") is also permitted. Names must not begin with a digit. Unlike some languages (such as Perl and some BASIC dialects), C does not use any special prefix characters on variable names.

Some examples of valid (but not very descriptive) C variable names: Some examples of invalid C variable names: As the last example suggests, certain words are reserved as keywords in the language, and these cannot be used as variable names.

It is not allowed to use the same name for multiple variables in the same scope. When working with other developers, you should therefore take steps to avoid using the same name for global variables or function names. Some large projects adhere to naming guidelines to avoid duplicate names and for consistency.

In addition there are certain sets of names that, while not language keywords, are reserved for one reason or another. For example, a C compiler might use certain names "behind the scenes", and this might cause problems for a program that attempts to use them. Also, some names are reserved for possible future use in the C standard library. The rules for determining exactly what names are reserved (and in what contexts they are reserved) are too complicated to describe here, and as a beginner you don't need to worry about them much anyway. For now, just avoid using names that begin with an underscore character.

The naming rules for C variables also apply to naming other language constructs such as function names, struct tags, and macros, all of which will be covered later.

Literals
Anytime within a program in which you specify a value explicitly instead of referring to a variable or some other form of data, that value is referred to as a literal. In the initialization example above, 3 is a literal. Literals can either take a form defined by their type (more on that soon), or one can use hexadecimal (hex) notation to directly insert data into a variable regardless of its type. Hex numbers are always preceded with 0x. For now, though, you probably shouldn't be too concerned with hex.

The Four Basic Data Types
In Standard C there are four basic data types. They are,  ,  , and.

The type
The int type stores integers in the form of "whole numbers". An integer is typically the size of one machine word, which on most modern home PCs is 32 bits (4 octets). Examples of literals are whole numbers (integers) such as 1, 2, 3, 10, 100... When int is 32 bits (4 octets), it can store any whole number (integer) between -2147483648 and<PHONE_NUMBER>. A 32 bit word (number) has the possibility of representing any one number out of<PHONE_NUMBER> possibilities (2 to the power of 32).

If you want to declare a new int variable, use the <tt>int</tt> keyword. For example:

In this declaration we declare 3 variables, numberOfStudents, i and j, j here is assigned the literal 5.

The type
The  type is capable of holding any member of the execution character set. It stores the same kind of data as an  (i.e. integers), but typically has a size of one byte. The size of a byte is specified by the macro  which specifies the number of bits in a char (byte). In standard C it never can be less than 8 bits. A variable of type  is most often used to store character data, hence its name. Most implementations use the ASCII character set as the execution character set, but it's best not to know or care about that unless the actual values are important.

Examples of character literals are 'a', 'b', '1', etc., as well as some special characters such as ' ' (the null character) and ' ' (newline, recall "Hello, World"). Note that the  value must be enclosed within single quotations.

When we initialize a character variable, we can do it two ways. One is preferred, the other way is bad programming practice.

The first way is to write:

This is good programming practice in that it allows a person reading your code to understand that letter1 is being initialized with the letter 'a' to start off with.

The second way, which should not be used when you are coding letter characters, is to write:

This is considered by some to be extremely bad practice, if we are using it to store a character, not a small number, in that if someone reads your code, most readers are forced to look up what character corresponds with the number 97 in the encoding scheme. In the end,  and   store both the same thing – the letter 'a', but the first method is clearer, easier to debug, and much more straightforward.

One important thing to mention is that characters for numerals are represented differently from their corresponding number, i.e. '1' is not equal to 1. In short, any single entry that is enclosed within 'single quotes'.

There is one more kind of literal that needs to be explained in connection with chars: the string literal. A string is a series of characters, usually intended to be displayed. They are surrounded by double quotations (" ", not ' '). An example of a string literal is the "Hello, World!\n" in the "Hello, World" example.

The string literal is assigned to a character array, arrays are described later. Example:

The type
is short for floating point. It stores inexact representations of real numbers, both integer and non-integer values. It can be used with numbers that are much greater than the greatest possible. literals must be suffixed with F or f. Examples are: 3.1415926f, 4.0f, 6.022e+23f.

It is important to note that floating-point numbers are inexact. Some numbers like 0.1f cannot be represented exactly as s but will have a small error. Very large and very small numbers will have less precision and arithmetic operations are sometimes not associative or distributive because of a lack of precision. Nonetheless, floating-point numbers are most commonly used for approximating real numbers and operations on them are efficient on modern microprocessors. Floating-point arithmetic is explained in more detail on Wikipedia.

variables can be declared using the <tt>float</tt> keyword. A  is only one machine word in size. Therefore, it is used when less precision than a double provides is required.

The type
The <tt>double</tt> and <tt>float</tt> types are very similar. The <tt>float</tt> type allows you to store single-precision floating point numbers, while the <tt>double</tt> keyword allows you to store double-precision floating point numbers – real numbers, in other words. Its size is typically two machine words, or 8 bytes on most machines. Examples of <tt>double</tt> literals are 3.1415926535897932, 4.0, 6.022e+23 (scientific notation). If you use 4 instead of 4.0, the 4 will be interpreted as an <tt>int</tt>.

The distinction between floats and doubles was made because of the differing sizes of the two types. When C was first used, space was at a minimum and so the judicious use of a float instead of a double saved some memory. Nowadays, with memory more freely available, you rarely need to conserve memory like this – it may be better to use doubles consistently. Indeed, some C implementations use doubles instead of floats when you declare a float variable.

If you want to use a double variable, use the <tt>double</tt> keyword.

<tt>sizeof</tt>
If you have any doubts as to the amount of memory actually used by any variable (and this goes for types we'll discuss later, also), you can use the <tt>sizeof</tt> operator to find out for sure. (For completeness, it is important to mention that <tt>sizeof</tt> is a unary operator, not a function.) Its syntax is:

The two expressions above return the size of the object and type specified, in bytes. The return type is <tt>size_t</tt> (defined in the header <tt><stddef.h></tt>) which is an unsigned value. Here's an example usage:

<tt>size</tt> will be set to 4, assuming <tt>CHAR_BIT</tt> is defined as 8, and an integer is 32 bits wide. The value of <tt>sizeof</tt>'s result is the number of bytes.

Note that when <tt>sizeof</tt> is applied to a <tt>char</tt>, the result is 1; that is:

always returns 1.

Data type modifiers
One can alter the data storage of any data type by preceding it with certain modifiers.

<tt>long</tt> and <tt>short</tt> are modifiers that make it possible for a data type to use either more or less memory. The <tt>int</tt> keyword need not follow the <tt>short</tt> and <tt>long</tt> keywords. This is most commonly the case. A <tt>short</tt> can be used where the values fall within a lesser range than that of an <tt>int</tt>, typically -32768 to 32767. A <tt>long</tt> can be used to contain an extended range of values. It is not guaranteed that a <tt>short</tt> uses less memory than an <tt>int</tt>, nor is it guaranteed that a <tt>long</tt> takes up more memory than an <tt>int</tt>. It is only guaranteed that sizeof(short) <= sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long). Typically a <tt>short</tt> is 2 bytes, an <tt>int</tt> is 4 bytes, and a <tt>long</tt> either 4 or 8 bytes. Modern C compilers also provide <tt>long long</tt> which is typically an 8 byte integer.

In all of the types described above, one bit is used to indicate the sign (positive or negative) of a value. If you decide that a variable will never hold a negative value, you may use the <tt>unsigned</tt> modifier to use that one bit for storing other data, effectively doubling the range of values while mandating that those values be positive. The <tt>unsigned</tt> specifier also may be used without a trailing <tt>int</tt>, in which case the size defaults to that of an <tt>int</tt>. There is also a <tt>signed</tt> modifier which is the opposite, but it is not necessary, except for certain uses of <tt>char</tt>, and seldom used since all types (except <tt>char</tt>) are signed by default.

The <tt>long</tt> modifier can also be used with <tt>double</tt> to create a <tt>long double</tt> type. This floating-point type may (but is not required to) have greater precision than the <tt>double</tt> type.

To use a modifier, just declare a variable with the data type and relevant modifiers:

<tt>const</tt> qualifier
When the <tt>const</tt> qualifier is used, the declared variable must be initialized at declaration. It is then not allowed to be changed.

While the idea of a variable that never changes may not seem useful, there are good reasons to use <tt>const</tt>. For one thing, many compilers can perform some small optimizations on data when it knows that data will never change. For example, if you need the value of π in your calculations, you can declare a const variable of <tt>pi</tt>, so a program or another function written by someone else cannot change the value of <tt>pi</tt>.

Note that a Standard conforming compiler must issue a warning if an attempt is made to change a <tt>const</tt> variable - but after doing so the compiler is free to ignore the <tt>const</tt> qualifier.

Magic numbers
When you write C programs, you may be tempted to write code that will depend on certain numbers. For example, you may be writing a program for a grocery store. This complex program has thousands upon thousands of lines of code. The programmer decides to represent the cost of a can of corn, currently 99 cents, as a literal throughout the code. Now, assume the cost of a can of corn changes to 89 cents. The programmer must now go in and manually change each entry of 99 cents to 89. While this is not that big a problem, considering the "global find-replace" function of many text editors, consider another problem: the cost of a can of green beans is also initially 99 cents. To reliably change the price, you have to look at every occurrence of the number 99.

C possesses certain functionality to avoid this. This functionality is approximately equivalent, though one method can be useful in one circumstance, over another.

Using the <tt>const</tt> keyword
The <tt>const</tt> keyword helps eradicate magic numbers. By declaring a variable <tt>const corn</tt> at the beginning of a block, a programmer can simply change that const and not have to worry about setting the value elsewhere.

There is also another method for avoiding magic numbers. It is much more flexible than <tt>const</tt>, and also much more problematic in many ways. It also involves the preprocessor, as opposed to the compiler. Behold...

<tt>#define</tt>
When you write programs, you can create what is known as a macro, so when the computer is reading your code, it will replace all instances of a word with the specified expression.

Here's an example. If you write when you want to, for example, print the price of corn, you use the word  instead of the number 0.99 – the preprocessor will replace all instances of   with 0.99, which the compiler will interpret as the literal   0.99. The preprocessor performs substitution, that is,  is replaced by 0.99 so this means there is no need for a semicolon.

It is important to note that  has basically the same functionality as the "find-and-replace" function in a lot of text editors/word processors.

For some purposes,  can be harmfully used, and it is usually preferable to use   if   is unnecessary. It is possible, for instance, to, say, a macro   as the number 3, but if you try to print the macro, thinking that   represents a string that you can show on the screen, the program will have an error. also has no regard for type. It disregards the structure of your program, replacing the text everywhere (in effect, disregarding scope), which could be advantageous in some circumstances, but can be the source of problematic bugs.

You will see further instances of the  directive later in the text. It is good convention to write d words in all capitals, so a programmer will know that this is not a variable that you have declared but a  d macro. It is not necessary to end a preprocessor directive such as  with a semicolon; in fact, some compilers may warn you about unnecessary tokens in your code if you do.

Scope
In the Basic Concepts section, the concept of scope was introduced. It is important to revisit the distinction between local types and global types, and how to declare variables of each. To declare a local variable, you place the declaration at the beginning (i.e. before any non-declarative statements) of the block to which the variable is deemed to be local. To declare a global variable, declare the variable outside of any block. If a variable is global, it can be read, and written, from anywhere in your program.

Global variables are not considered good programming practice, and should be avoided whenever possible. They inhibit code readability, create naming conflicts, waste memory, and can create difficult-to-trace bugs. Excessive usage of globals is usually a sign of laziness or poor design. However, if there is a situation where local variables may create more obtuse and unreadable code, there's no shame in using globals.

Other Modifiers
Included here, for completeness, are more of the modifiers that standard C provides. For the beginning programmer, static and extern may be useful. volatile is more of interest to advanced programmers. register and auto are largely deprecated and are generally not of interest to either beginning or advanced programmers.

static
<tt>static</tt> is sometimes a useful keyword. It is a common misbelief that the only purpose is to make a variable stay in memory.

When you declare a function or global variable as static, you cannot access the function or variable through the extern (see below) keyword from other files in your project. This is called static linkage.

When you declare a local variable as static, it is created just like any other variable. However, when the variable goes out of scope (i.e. the block it was local to is finished) the variable stays in memory, retaining its value. The variable stays in memory until the program ends. While this behaviour resembles that of global variables, static variables still obey scope rules and therefore cannot be accessed outside of their scope. This is called static storage duration.

Variables declared static are initialized to zero (or for pointers, NULL ) by default. They can be initialized explicitly on declaration to any constant value. The initialization is made just once, at compile time.

You can use static in (at least) two different ways. Consider this code, and imagine it is in a file called jfile.c:

The  variable is accessible by both up and down and retains its value. The  variables also retain their value, but they are two different variables, one in each of their scopes. Static variables are a good way to implement encapsulation, a term from the object-oriented way of thinking that effectively means not allowing changes to be made to a variable except through function calls.

Running the program above will produce the following output:

Features of  variables : 1. Keyword used       - static 2. Storage            - Memory 3. Default value      - Zero 4. Scope              - Local to the block in which it is declared 5. Lifetime           - Value persists between different function calls 6. Keyword optionality - Mandatory to use the keyword

extern
<tt>extern</tt> is used when a file needs to access a variable in another file that it may not have <tt>#include</tt>d directly. Therefore, extern does not allocate memory for the new variable, it just provides the compiler with sufficient information to access a variable declared in another file.

Features of  variable : 1. Keyword used       - extern 2. Storage            - Memory 3. Default value      - Zero 4. Scope              - Global (all over the program) 5. Lifetime           - Value persists till the program's execution comes to an end 6. Keyword optionality - Optional if declared outside all the functions

volatile
<tt>volatile</tt> is a special type of modifier which informs the compiler that the value of the variable may be changed by external entities other than the program itself. This is necessary for certain programs compiled with optimizations – if a variable were not defined <tt>volatile</tt> then the compiler may assume that certain operations involving the variable are safe to optimize away when in fact they aren't. volatile is particularly relevant when working with embedded systems (where a program may not have complete control of a variable) and multi-threaded applications.

auto
<tt>auto</tt> is a modifier which specifies an "automatic" variable that is automatically created when in scope and destroyed when out of scope. If you think this sounds like pretty much what you've been doing all along when you declare a variable, you're right: all declared items within a block are implicitly "automatic". For this reason, the auto keyword is more like the answer to a trivia question than a useful modifier, and there are lots of very competent programmers that are unaware of its existence.

Features of  variables : 1. Keyword used       - auto 2. Storage            - Memory 3. Default value      - Garbage value (random value) 4. Scope              - Local to the block in which it is defined 5. Lifetime           - Value persists while the control remains within the block 6. Keyword optionality - Optional

register
<tt>register</tt> is a hint to the compiler to attempt to optimize the storage of the given variable by storing it in a register of the computer's CPU when the program is run. Most optimizing compilers do this anyway, so use of this keyword is often unnecessary. In fact, ANSI C states that a compiler can ignore this keyword if it so desires – and many do. Microsoft Visual C++ is an example of an implementation that completely ignores the register keyword.

Features of  variables : 1. Keyword used       - register 2. Storage            - CPU registers (values can be retrieved faster than from memory) 3. Default value      - Garbage value 4. Scope              - Local to the block in which it is defined 5. Lifetime           - Value persists while the control remains within the block 6. Keyword optionality - Mandatory to use the keyword

Concepts

 * Variables
 * Types
 * Data Structures
 * Arrays

In this section

 * C variables
 * C arrays

title: C Programming/Variables


text:
Talk:Actuarial science

So, is there going to be any actual 'stuff' about actuarial science in here? Fephisto 22:38, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm starting to wonder how stating that actuarial sciences is hard would aid in learning. I have several friends who've (unofficially) taken the actuarial tests, and most have stated that they're not hard until the fifth one. Mo Anabre 20:17, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Intersection with the department of statistics
When the subject is mathematical foundation, 90% of the topics studied wil be both in the Actuaries Course and in the Statistics Course. How we are going to deal with that?

Ah, forget it, this thing looks dead. --Lucas Gallindo 16:37, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

well... we can try to add what know so far.....

title: Talk:Actuarial science


text:
Zoneton, Kentucky

A recent inquiry regarding the naming of the Zoneton community of Bullitt County led us to pull out an article written by Jeri Pitts and published in The Postboy on 4 Apr 1974.

We quote the following from that article.

"In 1875 this area consisted of scattered farms, a blacksmith shop, two schools, grist mills, general store, churches and a post office. Dr. J. R. Holsclaw was appointed postmaster and told to select a name (at that time the area had none). He had given considerable thought and was still undecided as to a name.

"One cold night returning from a house call, while walking along Preston Highway, back then called 'The Pike,' he was thinking about what to name the post office and the community. Ase he rode on horseback his attention was drawn to the ribbons of light made on Tanyard Branch by the moon shining though the bare tree limbs and the pike. This reminded him of something but what? He stopped and looked closer at these patterns. Oh, yes, it looked like zones on a map, he had his name, Zoneton...

"Even back then good things happened that deserve our remembrance today, he was completely unselfish in his selection of the name. It would have been normal for him to have used a name such as Holsclawburg or Holsclawville, thereby making his own name remembered after he was gone. But, he chose Zoneton, it was original and romantic in the way it was chosen."

Zoneton is an unincorporated community located in Bullitt County, Kentucky, United States.

It is served by the Zoneton Fire Protection District.

title: Zoneton, Kentucky


text:
Talk:David Rainey

Puck?
Has he ever given an explanation as to why he's called "Puck"? Is this a reference to the character from Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream," or perhaps to a hockey puck? (Didn't log in, but my Wikipedia name is PatrickLMT.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:31, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Date of Birth
Date of birth = 1965? That can't be right!!

 * I'm not sure... the article used to say 1968. It's in the 1968 category. Here's the edit details for the change to 1965: Revision as of 20:13, 31 August 2006 (edit)<IP_ADDRESS> (Talk). IMDB has him down as 1968: . Let's go with that for a while... -- Ben 22:58, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

The SF season was filmed in 1994 - if he was born in '65, that would make him, at 28 or 29, too old to be a cast member. 1968 sounds a lot more plausible.

Labcoat 02:04, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

More Information
I added a whole bunch of information, about like his People Magazine story and such!

RS22 23:52, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Children? What is the source for his having had "four more children with lesbian women"? That doesn't sound like a valid bit of information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1012:B103:B0B3:505E:ADE4:9EE:7058 (talk) 16:32, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

Unsourced material
Nightscream, there was a post near the information you deleted for not being cited. Please review the edit in question. I think it should have stayed as all the information in that section should be cited so that citation needed referred to all of it. For these reasons, I think it's best to keep the information with the citation needed so this can all be cited <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:37, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Please see WP:V and WP:BLP. Unsourced material is to be removed, unless it is supported by reliable sources cited in the text. Nightscream (talk) 22:42, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Just so you know... Nightscream isn't alone. A "citation needed" tag isn't enough. That material (unless thoroughly sourced) doesn't belong in the article. The other part (the part with the People source) cites a broken link. -- Swerdnaneb 23:29, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. All the sources I could find cited Wikipedia! Hopefully we can find an actual reliable source. Plastikspork (talk) 23:43, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

I could not find a citation for this which is why I am dropping this debate as it's useless but the arguments made above by Nightscream and the editor who didn't separate his comment from Nightscream's were entirely baseless as Citation needed would cover not having a citation as the information is questionable as to whether or not he is doing that. The only thing I found in WP:BLP related to moving uncited material, is something about removing uncited material that is contentious about the person or libelous. Be that as it may, I am dropping this debate as I simply couldn't find a citation and haven't the time to link to rules and sources. I appreciate you at least doing the search Plastikspork. Cheers! :) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:39, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Citation tags do not cover the need for sources, as I mentioned in one of my prior Edit Summaries. Any unsourced information in BLP articles must be removed immediately, as indicated here. In any event, cheers to you as well, and Happy Holidays. Nightscream (talk) 01:47, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

I see! Thank you for pointing me to that link! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:43, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
 * IP was correct here. The edict applies contentious material. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 17:00, 25 April 2016 (UTC).

When Pedro died
On the The Real World: San Francisco Reunion, Judd accused Puck of saying "Good riddance" when Pedro died (of AIDS). If that's worth adding to the article, here's the footage, plus here's a citation from GoogleNews. Softlavender (talk) 03:55, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

 * It was the The Real World Reunion, not the The Real World: San Francisco Reunion, as there was no reunion show devoted solely to the San Francisco season. The reunion show in question united the casts of the first four seasons. (This serves to demonstrate that YouTube accounts are not the most reliable or desirable source.)

 * The second link is not to Google News, but to something called SFist, and I don't know whether or not that's a reliable source, or a blog of some sort. One clue is that they claim that Judd Winick and Pam Ling married "two days before 9/11", but the New York Times story that piece links to (which is what's cited in the Judd Winick article for their marriage date, incidentally), indicates they married on August 26, which is 16 days before 9/11, not 2.

 * I added the material, but I'm not going to cite either of those two sources. I'll just cite the reunion special itself, since I saw it when it originally aired, even if I don't recall the exact date. Nightscream (talk) 04:52, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I found the citation using GoogleNews; that's why I labeled it as such. GoogleNews isn't a news source, it's a search engine. Anyway, thanks for adding the material. Softlavender (talk) 06:18, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 January 2014
Puck was born in Oakland, Ca. As noted by Puck himself on the Howard stern show in 2000, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utWetL7JgZw --- at 5:15 mark

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:08, 18 January 2014 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks.  Ethically  Yours! 17:33, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Rainey


text:
Henry Mollenhauer

Henry Mollenhauer (1876–19??) was an American tennis player and musician. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. His family were musicians and Henry played the violin. He ran the Henry Mollenhauer Conservatory of Music (set up by his father Henry senior). The highlight of his tennis career was when he reached the semifinals of the 1907 U.S. Championships singles. The semi final between Mollenhauer and Robert LeRoy was marred with controversy when a questionable call went against Mollenhauer. Mollenhauer led two sets to one, 5–2 and had two match points when LeRoy hit a shot that looked out but was called good. Then Mollenhauer suffered from cramps in his arm and legs and lost in five sets. Mollenhauer was nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman" and played with "dash and vim", according to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. That was Henry's only appearance in the U. S. championships singles. Henry died some time after 1942.

title: Henry Mollenhauer


text:
Wikiversity talk:Main Page

To request an edit to the protected Main Page, add editprotected to your request. Such requests should either be obvious or uncontroversial, or be discussed to show consensus, so please do not make vague requests here. If possible, describe exactly what changes should be made so that any custodian can quickly satisfy the request. To raise general topics about Wikiversity, make general suggestions about Wikiversity, to ask questions, or to talk about anything else of a general nature, use the Colloquium. To discuss the structure, appearance, etc. of the Main Page, go to the Main page learning project and the talk page for the main page learning project.

'If you wish to post something below, go ahead. It's a talk page. But you are more likely to get a response by going to the Colloquium, which is where the main talking at Wikiversity goes on! See you there.'

The Wikiversity:Main page learning project
The Main page learning project was launched after the redesign of the main page in December 2007. The Main page learning project has as its goal "the promotion of responsible involvement of the Wikiversity community in an efficient, productive, open and inclusive maintenance of the Wikiversity main page as a flagship of the activity and values of the Wikiversity community". If you would like to get involved in the design of the main page, this is where to go.

If you have general comments about the main page, but you don't especially want to get involved in the main page project, then you can also leave comments on the talk page for the main page learning project.

 * I've suggested that it might be time to retire the "quote of the day" project and remove the quotes from the Main Page. See: Wikiversity talk:Main page learning project/QOTD. It might also be appropriate to deprecate the inactive Main page learning project and archive it. Thoughts? --mikeu talk 23:37, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

add new language university
Now that Chinese Wikiversity is created, please add a cross-wiki link to it. --WQL (discuss • contribs) 12:52, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

 * ✅ -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 14:29, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

Edit request from <IP_ADDRESS>, 14 February 2019
<IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 21:17, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

 * ❌ Empty request -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 01:11, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

Georgian (ka) wikiversity
PLEASE

Help me to make Georgian (ka) wikiversity--ჯეო (discuss • contribs) 17:23, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

 * See https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Main_Page. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 23:00, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

დიდი მადლობა (Didi Madloba-Thank You)!--ჯეო (discuss • contribs) 08:44, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Please see betawikiversity:Category:KA. That is the appropriate place to create learning pages in this language. --mikeu talk 14:11, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

new langueages
we should admit crosing of languajes to have a better understanding--<IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 19:34, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

 * This is the English Wikiversity. See Wikiversidad for Wikiversity in Spanish. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 22:39, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

How to change an username?
How to change an username? --Josephina Phoebe White (discuss • contribs) 07:27, 28 August 2019 (UTC) Thanks. --Josephina Phoebe White (discuss • contribs) 07:45, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
 * You can request at Special:GlobalRenameRequest --94rain (discuss • contribs) 07:29, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

Religious user names allowed in Wikiversity?
https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Username

Names of religious figures such as "God", "Jehovah","Buddha","Jainism","Bonadea",Hinduism or "Allah", which user names prohibited

Please answer for my question. This Wikiversity user name policy still alive? Religious user names are prohibited?

 * It isn't a policy, but it's a guideline for people who are wanting to register an account are recommended to follow (as per the page, which could be changed with community consensus). I see no reason for this statement to be "dead". —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 00:15, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes: Religious user names are under hedding "Inflammatory usernames", will be blocked and not allowed.

LinkedIn
I insist that a Wikiversity page should be added on LinkedIn. Wikimedia has its LinkedIn page; Wikipedia, too. But not Wikiversity. I tried to show my Swedish studies but could not choose Wikiversity as the Institution. Why not? Even when it is not a "granting degree" Institution, is is still an Institution, right? When I contacted LinkedIn about this, they sent me the link so that I can create myself the Wikiversity page. But then there is box I must tick: " I confirm I am an approved authority of this Institution to create this page", which is not the case. But I think there are many Wikiversity experts on here that woud qualify as Wikiversity Linkedin page creators. I can create the page if someone here approves, but I would need some info: # of employees, etc. --Leonardo T. Cardillo (discuss • contribs) 23:34, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The information would go here Wikiversity institution but it probably should have a bureaucrat or someone from the WMF tick "I verify that I am an authorized representative of this organization and have the right to act on its behalf in the creation and management of this page. The organization and I agree to the additional terms for Pages." The number of employees (volunteers is not an option but we are unpaid) for our Wikiversity I guess could be the number of active users 201-500. The current logo is File:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg. The website can be https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page.--Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 00:16, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

Wikiversity is a community. None of us gets to insist that anything happen on behalf of the community unless there is consensus to do so. This requires a discussion in the Colloquium and a vote for support or lack thereof. Because this request involves an outside organization, it may also require support from the WMF.

I have some concerns at this point that your passion regarding this issue far exceeds your demonstrated commitment to either Wikiversity or the wider Wikimedia community. It might be better to let this rest for a bit and learn more about how Wikiversity functions before insisting that this be discussed. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 03:29, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I apologize for the use of the word "insist", I have taken note to not use it anymore here to avoid distractions from the main topic of conversation. Also, I do not like you judge how much my passions should go against my level of contributions. With that being said, and for my personal learning on this environment, can someone please guide me on the very first step I should take to have a Wikiversity page created on LinkedIn? I think you mentioned something like a "poll", how do I do that? --Leonardo T. Cardillo (discuss • contribs) 04:38, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I have already guided you on the next step to take. Please read my response carefully. Then slow down and learn more about Wikiversity. We often have people come in with high passions and quick fixes that Wikiversity must make in order to improve. They're typically gone within a month and we're left having to clean up after them. That's not to suggest that this is or isn't a good idea. It is simply to point out that this is a community. You must first learn to work with the community before you try to change it. We look forward to working with you as you figure this out. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 15:31, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks so much for your inputs. I have created this: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium#LinkedIn. Please indicate if that is the next step that was intended to be created. Also, please guide on the following ones. Best regards, --Leonardo T. Cardillo (discuss • contribs) 16:27, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

Add New Language
Why not bn.wikiversity? But there is Hindi! Make it, please. I am ready to cooperate if needed. Hirok Raja (discuss • contribs) 03:07, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Hirok Raja: please see Wikiversity Beta. —Hasley talk  13:04, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Also see Wikiversity. We are the English Wikiversity. We have no role in setting up new Wikiversity languages. When bn.wikiversity is added, please let us know, and we will add it to our main page. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 13:59, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

I'm learning Turkish🤩
Hi(to the person reading this)! I'm learning Turkish and I would like someone(native Turkish speaker) to teach how to pronounce Turkish. I do know some words,alphabets and number☺ and I'm still learning and I hope someone is willing to help me🥺.

@JinahJady! JanehJody (discuss • contribs) 18:14, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi. Welcome to Wikiversity! Please see our resources relating to the study of the Turkish language. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 19:41, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi,@JanehJody can i help you ::) MexmetW (discuss • contribs) 07:47, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi,@JanehJody I would love to help you to learning turkish :) <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 07:31, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

Is it Wikipedia remodeled or a copy of wikipedia?
I am confused--Noukden (discuss • contribs) 20:45, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

 * None of the above. See What is Wikiversity? and What Wikiversity is not. Wikiversity is learning projects. Link to Wikipedia rather than duplicating it and then add hands-on activities so users can learn by doing. See IT Fundamentals for one approach. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 00:15, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

Action in the earliest?
I want to know much more of all action that happend in the earliest centuries. Dilbkhay (discuss • contribs) 14:57, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Depending upon what you mean by "earliest", have a look at Paleanthropology or Philosophy/Sciences. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 21:07, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

rape
How do you think victims of rape feel after being raped? How can you help the victim of rape? Fifi motshwane (discuss • contribs) 21:01, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Depending on your interests there are several entries under Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Rape motivation and later Book sections that may be helpful. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 21:10, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Also see RAINN: About the National Sexual Assault Telephone Hotline. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 21:56, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

Biology
What are the basic principles of ecology Aludriyo Dominic (discuss • contribs) 18:25, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Welcome! See Ecology. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 00:17, 26 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I invite you to read User:Atcovi/Science/Ecology if you're interested in learning about the basics of Ecology. Also check out the wikipedia link above and this category. Thanks and weclome! —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 03:44, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

I will try to study Aludriyo Dominic (discuss • contribs) 05:41, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

Physics
Physics Can Be defined as A Pure Science Subject That deals with the Measurement Of Matter In relation to energy. --

 * Welcome to Wikiversity! Here is a landing page that may be helpful: Physics. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 16:42, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

Popularize
Can someone popularize California or the State of Washington on the Main Page? 2604:3D08:6286:7500:B441:2710:77A4:1304 (discuss) 03:33, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

 * No, sorry, promotion isn't part of the Mission. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 12:06, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

Armistice of WWI, Paris Peace Conference and Aftermath
The best time to feature this on the main page was last week or yesterday; the second best time is today.

Jaredscribe (discuss • contribs) 10:22, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * w:Template:First_World_War_treaties (this template should get transcluded or copied to wikiversity, since this doesn't work:  although I wish it would)
 * Colloquium our course on WWI is woefully inadequate, but this is a good time to start improving it!

title: Wikiversity talk:Main Page


text:
Ralph (EP)

Ralph is the self-titled debut EP by Canadian singer-songwriter Ralph. It was released on March 3, 2017 by 604 Records. The EP spawned four singles, "Cold to the Touch", "Something More", "Busy Man" and "Tease".

Background and release
In 2015, Ralph self-released her debut single "Trouble", which got her noticed by and signed to label 604 Records. She then decided to discard her previous songs and started working on a new project from scratch: "I realized I had been emotionally disconnected to my other tracks because I wasn't really writing them, I was just top lining. This moment fully changed the project and I ditched all my old songs and amicably parted ways with the guy I had been working with."

After releasing four consecutive singles, she finally announced her self-titled debut EP Ralph, which was released on March 3, 2017.

Singles
The first single "Cold to the Touch" was released on May 25, 2016. The singer had shared a self-made video for the song, which was later removed, due to it receiving an official music video directed by Gemma Warren, almost a year later on May 17, 2017.

"Something More" was released on August 3, 2016 as the second single from the EP. The song, which was inspired by Aziz Ansari's Netflix show Master of None, had its music video premiered on October 7, becoming her first official video to be released on Vevo.

On October 24, 2016, the third single "Busy Man" was released.

"Tease", the fourth and final single from the EP, was announced on February 14, 2017, through her official Facebook page. The next day, on February 15, the single was released alongside a music video, also directed by Gemma Warren.

Promotion
On March 22, 2017, Ralph held a launch party at Drake Underground in Toronto, where she performed a few songs from her EP to a sold out crowd.

Reception
Despite not entering any official charts, the EP had a positive reception on streaming services. As of September 2017, the songs "Cold to the Touch" and "Something More" had gathered over five million streams on Spotify.

Track listing
All songs produced by Derek Hoffman and Mike Wise.

title: Ralph (EP)


text:
User:Martha Forsyth/sandbox

Suggestion Hi, I saw you create this page -- nice work! Just a word of caution, I'd urge you not to use the "submit your draft" button above. You're an experienced Wikipedia editor, it's much better to just "move" an article to the main space when it's ready, rather than submitting it for an unnecessary review. Check with me when you're ready to do that? (And feel free to delete this note once you've seen it) -Pete Forsyth (talk) 18:57, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

where my old sandbox stuff is

Pretty Loud (original draft)
Pretty Loud is a Roma rap group based in Zemun, Serbia advocating for women's empowerment in the Romani community. The group began to form in 2014, when the all-female members started singing together as part of the NGO social program GRUBB (Gypsy Roman Urban Balkan Beats). GRUBB's goal is to help young Roma women take their futures into their own hands, get an education, avoid the child marriages that are the fate of many young Roma girls, and get the same rights as Roma men. Now an independent group, Pretty Loud has been getting attention, especially in the European press. ,, and. Another interview appeared in the Albanian press

In 2021 an article about them was published in a spate of newspapers in the US and Canada, including the Washington Post (June 22), the San Francisco Chronicle (June 24) , the Greensboro News and Record (June 24) , and AP News (June 24). An article in The Toronto Star (June 22) gives a lengthier introduction to the group's dozen members. The group has done a collaborative unit with the London College of Fashion, and in 2020 they participated in the Women of the World festival in London.

The dozen members of Pretty Loud include a 19-year-old law student, a single mom forced into a child marriage but now raising her child on her own, a family of sisters whose father lives in Germany with his new family, and whose mother abandoned them (they now live happily with their grandparents, who "gave them the freedom to make their own life choices".

title: User:Martha Forsyth/sandbox


text:
Garrett Brown Jr.

Garrett E. Brown Jr. (born March 20, 1943) is a former United States District Judge and later the Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.

Education and career
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Brown received an Bachelor of Arts degree from Lafayette College in 1965 and a Juris Doctor from Duke University School of Law in 1968. He was a law clerk to Vincent S. Haneman of the Supreme Court of New Jersey from 1968 to 1969. After clerking, Brown became an Assistant United States Attorney at the United States Attorney's Office for the District of New Jersey (1969–1973) before leaving to work in private practice. He worked in private practice in Newark, New Jersey from 1973 to 1981. He left private practice in 1981 to be Chief Counsel for the United States Government Printing Office. He served in that role until 1983, when he became the Chief Counsel for the United States Maritime Administration for the next two years. From 1985 to 1986, Brown served as the Acting Deputy Maritime Administrator in the United States Maritime Administration.

Federal judicial service
On October 23, 1985, President Ronald Reagan nominated Brown to a new seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey created by 98 Stat. 333. Brown was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 16, 1985, and received his commission on December 17, 1985. He was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 2005 to 2008. He became Chief Judge in 2005 and served in that capacity until he assumed senior status on January 2, 2012. He retired on January 26, 2012.

title: Garrett Brown Jr.


text:
Talk:Dave Broda

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dave Broda. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024650/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/legislaturecentennial/pdf/membersBooklet.pdf to https://www.assembly.ab.ca/legislaturecentennial/pdf/membersBooklet.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:42, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Broda


text:
User:Arindamchatterjees

{{infobox musical artist | name = Arindam Chatterjee | image_size = | alt = | image = | caption = | native_name = অরিন্দম চ্যাটার্জী | native_name_lang = bn | birth_date = 28th April 1997 | birth_place = Raghunathpur West Bengal,

title: User:Arindamchatterjees


text:
Fort Machault

Fort Machault was a fort built by the French in 1754 near the confluence of French Creek with the Allegheny River, in northwest Pennsylvania. (Present-day Franklin developed here later.) The fort helped the French control these waterways, part of what was known as the Venango Path from Lake Erie to the Ohio River. It was one of four forts designed to protect French access to the Ohio Country and connections between its northern and southern colonies. From north to south the forts were Fort Presque Isle (at Lake Erie), Fort Le Boeuf (at the south end of the portage leading to the head of French Creek), Fort Machault (at the confluence noted), and Fort Duquesne. In January 1759 the British launched an expedition to attack Fort Machault, but had to turn back after encountering resistance from French-Allied Native Americans. The fort was abandoned by the French in August 1759, and burned so that the British could not use it. It was replaced by the British in 1760 with Fort Venango.

Description
Fort Machault was built on a hill, 60 yards west of the Allegheny River. The fort was in the form of a parallelogram, about 75 by 105 ft. The curtain was made of hewed timber, stacked lengthwise. The four corners had bastions in the form of polygons. The bastions were built of saplings, eight inches (203 mm) thick, and 13 ft in height. The gate fronted the river. Inside the fort were a gunpowder magazine and several officer's barracks, built in two stories with stone chimneys. The soldiers' barracks consisted of 45 buildings outside the fort.

Establishment
In 1753, Governor General Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville ordered construction of a fortified trading post at the confluence of the Allegheny River and French Creek at Venango, a Lenape village. Originally, Paul Marin de la Malgue had planned to build a fortified blockhouse and trading post named Fort D'Anjou, but Governor Duquesne put the plan on hold. In August 1753, Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire was sent up the Allegheny River by canoe to explore the area, and found activity by English traders with local Native American communities. The French felt that they would lose influence in the area and decided to build a chain of fortresses from Lake Erie south. Mauchault was the last of four forts intended to protect French access to waterways connecting the Great Lakes and Ohio River, and ultimately the Mississippi River.

Prior to the arrival of the French in 1753, John Fraser, a Scots immigrant, blacksmith, and trader from Pennsylvania, had set up shop on this site. He supplied Native Americans in the region with trade goods and repaired their guns and other metal wares in exchange for furs. His business was an example of the western expansion of Pennsylvania's fur trade that prompted the French to fortify the Ohio Country, for fear of losing their trade and influence among the Indians there. In August 1753, the French decided to occupy Fraser's trading post, from which Fraser was absent at the time. The Lenape chief Custaloga assisted the French by capturing and handing over two traders who had just arrived at the trading post. Fraser and his employee William were forced to flee, and 75 French soldiers took over Fraser's cabin, allowing Custaloga to confiscate Fraser's trade goods. Fraser's cabin was occupied by Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire.

Visit by George Washington, 1753
In December 1753, Major George Washington of the Virginia militia used the Venango Path to reach Fort Machault during his first expedition into the Ohio Country. Washington, with an escort of seven men, including Christopher Gist, Guyasuta and Tanacharison, carried a letter from Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia, protesting the French invasion of lands claimed by Great Britain and demanding their immediate withdrawal. Washington wrote:
 * "We found the French Colours hoisted at a House which they drove Mr. John Fraser, an English Subject, from; I immediately repaired to it, to know where the Commander resided: There were three Officers, one of whom, Capt. Joncaire, inform'd me, that he had the Command of the Ohio, But that there was a General Officer at the near Fort, which he advised me to for an Answer. He invited us to sup with them, and treated us with the greatest Complaisance."

Joncaire provided Washington's men with wine and brandy, and when intoxicated, Washington's Native American companions declared their loyalty to the French. It took Washington three days to persuade them to move on to Fort Le Boeuf, where they met the French commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre. The French refused to withdraw, and Washington returned to Williamsburg on January 16.

Construction
By the next year Fraser's cabin and his forge had been incorporated by the French into the new fort. Initially, Fraser's buildings were simply enclosed in a crude stockade during the early months of 1754, but the structure was improved over time, so that by April 1755 Governor General Vaudreuil described it as "a little stockaded fort at the mouth of the Rivière au Boeuf, merely to surround the storehouses which we are using as a supply post."

Joncaire was replaced in 1754 by Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie as the officer in charge of constructing the fort, which eventually was named Fort Machault, in honor of prominent financier, Jean-Baptiste Machault d'Arnouville, the French Minister of the Marine at the time of its construction. It was also known as "Venango," from "Weningo," the name of the nearby Delaware (Lenape) village. Captain Pierre Pouchot, chief engineer of the forces in Canada, wrote: "At the mouth of Rivière Le Boeuf, called in English Venango, the French have a very poor, mean fort, called Fort Machault." The French intended to build a larger fort nearby, but La Chauvignerie's construction efforts were set back by shortages of manpower and wood, resulting in sporadic construction.

Attempted rebuilding
In 1755, plans were made to rebuild Fort Machault at another nearby location. An escaped prisoner, John Adam Long, reported that a number of square logs had been "got together at that place sufficient to build a large fort on a pretty, rising ground in the Forks of Ohio and French creek." Captain Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu was assigned to supervise the construction, but a letter from another officer indicates that the work was interrupted by the Braddock Expedition:
 * "He continued on his way to...Camp Machaut, at the mouth of this river, where...he had orders to have a fort constructed, which they were not able to do; having learned that the English were marching on Fort Duquesne, they were content to leave carpenters to prepare the necessary wood and went on to the aid of that place."

However in June, La Chauvignerie reported being unable to locate trees large enough for the construction: "Beginning tomorrow, Sir, I am going to send all my men to search the surrounding woods for places where we can find an abundance of construction wood for the above-mentioned fort." By mid-July, he had not succeeded, writing, "I searched carefully through all the surrounding woods and I found almost no wood suitable for constructing the fort according to the plan which was set up and the kind of wood that was to be used. This will force us perhaps to go about it differently or to decide to obtain wood from a great distance." He eventually managed to find trees, but did not have enough men or horses, and the project was again delayed. La Chauvignerie then requested that Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry, an engineer, take over the construction, but de Léry found that tools and other supplies were insufficient, and felt that the location selected for the fort was "disadvantageous." Although the land had been cleared and a large quantity of wood cut and transported to the site, the new fort was never built.

Renovations continued on the existing fort. As late as March, 1758, a French deserter reported in Philadelphia that "they are now working at Fort Machaull in great numbers & propose to make it as strong as Fort Duquesne." In November 1758, La Chauvignerie was replaced by François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery.

Capture of Michel Joseph Maray de La Chauvignerie
On October 12, 1757, a French officer appeared at Fort Henry asking to surrender. Under questioning, he identified himself as Enseigne en second Michel Joseph Maray de La Chauvignerie, 15-year-old son of Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie, commander of Fort Machault. He had left the fort on October 1 with a raiding party of Native American warriors, had become separated from them after five days, and had lost his way. He wandered in the forest for a week before reaching Fort Henry. In reference to Fort Machault, he reported: "the Fort there is very strong, pallisadoed round, has a Glacis with a dry Ditch three Foot deep." He described the fort as "A Fort of wood, filled up with earth. It has Bastions and 6 Wall-Pieces, or Swivel Guns; and the whole Works take up about 2 Acres of Grounds. [The garrison consists of] Fifty regulars & forty Canadians." He was detained in Philadelphia and released in a prisoner exchange in April 1759.

Garrison
John Adam Long, who had escaped from French captivity in April 1756, reported that, at "Venango...resided an officer in a small stockade fort with a command of forty men." In 1756, William Johnson, a deserter from Fort Cumberland whose real name was William Marshall, had escaped from captivity among Native Americans and reported that there was "at Venango a Captain's command of about 50 men; the Fort of Stockades, very weak, and scarce of provisions..." He described Fort Machault as "a small fort made of logs and stockades...mounted with nine cannon of a pretty large bore, and was generally garrisoned with a company of sixty soldiers, besides Indians, who to the number of about two hundred are lodged in cabins that have been built for them near the fort...The Garrison...hath been for some time employed in Collecting and preparing Materials for building a Strong Fort there next Spring." Jacob Hochstetler, who was captured by Lenape warriors in September 1757, was brought to Fort Machault and then sold to a Seneca family in a nearby community. He escaped in 1758 and made his way to Fort Augusta, where he reported that the garrison at Fort Machault was only 25 men. Christian Frederick Post visited the fort in August 1758 with several Lenape guides, including the Lenape leader Pisquetomen. Post did not enter the fort for fear of being taken prisoner, but described it in his journal:
 * "7th. We came in sight of fort Venango, belonging to the French, situate between two mountains, in a fork of the Ohio river...By what I could learn of Pisquetumen, and the Indians who went into the fort, the garrison consisted of only six men, and an officer blind of one eye." (La Chauvignerie was blind in one eye.)

After abandoning Fort Duquesne in November 1758, the French fell back to Fort Machault. The British expected them to launch a counterattack from there in the following campaign season. In 1758, Colonel Hugh Mercer stated that there were about 100 soldiers at Fort Machault, where the French had 11 flat-bottomed boats called batteaux, "and one great gun of the size of a quart pot which they fire off by a train of powder." In March 1759, Mercer reported that a Native American spy named Bull had entered the fort and observed that the garrison consisted of two officers and forty men.

Assault on Fort Machault
Once the British took Fort Duquesne, Fort Machault became the primary French stronghold on the frontier with British territory. In January 1759, Colonel Hugh Mercer wrote this description of Fort Machault, which the French were strengthening in anticipation of an assault:
 * "The Soldiers [are] employed in Repairing the Fort. It is a Square with four Bastions. The Barracks form three of the Curtains and tall Stockades enclose the Bastions. No Ditch and but one Swivel pointing down the River. The fort stands about 200 Yds from the Ohio, a little below the Junction of French Creek. The Curtain opposite the Gate which fronts the River is taken down And New Loggs prepared and the Trench dug for planting them."

Governor Vaudreuil, however, felt that the fort was neither strong enough nor properly positioned to withstand an assault. He wrote in January 1759:
 * "The Machault post is, to be exact, only a supply post. At most, it can only be put in shape to resist musketry-fire. It is too weak to be able to sustain a siege; cannon would quickly demolish it. It is, moreover, so poorly located that from the top of the mountains, which are very near, everything happening inside can be seen."

On March 25, 1759, Colonel Hugh Mercer, the British commander at Fort Pitt (which was still under construction), launched an assault on Fort Machault. Two hundred men marched on land while fifty men escorted ten bateaux of supplies on the river. The troops were slowed by heavy rains and a river swollen with snowmelt, however, and by March 28 they had advanced only twenty miles when Shawnee and Lenape warriors attacked them, killing the men in one boat and causing the other men on the river to turn back. The troops on land also retreated, and the assault was abandoned.

Abandonment, 1759
In July 1759, the French began a campaign to capture Mercer's Fort, a temporary fort at the construction site where Fort Pitt was being built. Nearly a thousand French and Canadiens and a thousand Native Americans mustered at Fort Machault. The British, however, began a siege of the French Fort Niagara, forcing the French to abandon their assault on Fort Pitt as all available forces were sent to attempt to relieve Fort Niagara. On July 25 1759, following their defeat, the French surrendered Fort Niagara. De Lignery and La Chauvignerie were both captured, and it is unclear who was in command at Fort Machault.

In August 1759, Governor Vaudreuil, expecting a British military assault, ordered his troops to "fall back successively upon Forts Le Boeuf and Presqu' Isle, and so completely destroy the works as to leave nothing behind that would be available to the enemy." Trade goods were given away to Native Americans, other goods and property were loaded onto wagons, and the fort's swivel guns were spiked and buried. On August 6, before retreating to Canada, the French burned Fort Machault to the ground to prevent its use by the British. Two British officers arrived at the site of the fort on October 9 1759, and reported: "Venango furnished us with nothing but the Remains of a Reduced Fort, and about 44 Houses, with one Swivel and a Quantity of Broken Gun Barrels and Old Iron." Colonel Henry Bouquet later reported that "The stockadoe Fort here is burnt to the ground, and the few Huts round it pulled down."

In 1760, the British built Fort Venango near the site of former Fort Machault. The present-day city of Franklin, Pennsylvania developed here.

Archaeological investigations
In 2007, an archaeological survey was conducted to locate Fort Machault and to determine the potential for a full excavation. A bucket auger survey was implemented, and samples revealed cultural features and possible French and Indian War-era artifacts on the west side of Elk Street and south of an old stream channel. Residents of Franklin have found both English and French coins dating to the 18th century, as well as a cannon, which was refurbished and used to fire blank charges on the fourth of July.

Memorialization
A historical marker was placed in Franklin, Pennsylvania in 1969 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. A site marker at 616 Elk Street in Franklin indicates where the fort stood.

title: Fort Machault


text:
Talk:CACS/Hardware Introduction

I've posted one part of this module early, and I'm still working in it. The reason to do this is to promote dicussion and editing. The outline by decade, and the names assigned for each decade are NOT traditional or widespread. They are New material for this book.

Because they are new, I'd really like comments or suggestions from others. I need to find out if this structure (by decade) makes any sense, and welcome any ideas about better ways to summarize each decade. LouI 21:53, 3 Sep 2003 (UTC)

The trouble with decades is they are exactly 10 years long :-( You could try naming them eras or ages instead then you can divide things more natuarally. Theresa knott 08:02, 4 Sep 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:CACS/Hardware Introduction


text:
User:Mubeenshaikh

Username :Mubeenshaikh City     :Mumbai Country  :India Education :BSc.Computer Science Skills   :Animation,hacking Interests :Cricket,gymnasium.

title: User:Mubeenshaikh


text:
Dhaka Stock Exchange

The Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) (ঢাকা স্টক এক্সচেঞ্জ Dhaka stôk ekschenj), located in Nikunja, Dhaka, is one of the two stock exchanges of Bangladesh, the other being the Chittagong Stock Exchange. In January 2023, DSE and Nasdaq announced their partnership with trading technology.

History
It was first incorporated as East Pakistan Stock Exchange Association Ltd on 28 April 1954 and started formal trading in 1956. It was renamed as East Pakistan Stock Exchange Ltd on 23 June 1962. It was again renamed as Dacca Stock Exchange Ltd on 13 May 1964. After the liberation war in 1971 the trading was discontinued for five years. In 1976 trading restarted in Bangladesh, and DSE was started on 16 September 1986. The formula for calculating DSE all share price index was changed according to IFC on 1 November 1993. The automated trading was initiated on 10 August 1998 and started on 1 January 2001. A central securities depository system was initiated on 24 January 2004.

As of 16 November 2009, the benchmark index of the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) crossed 4000 points for the first time, setting another new high at 4148 points. In 2010, the index crossed 8500 points and finally crashed in the first quarter of 2011. Millions of investors lost their money and came out onto the street blaming the speculators and regulators for the bubble that finally burst in what became known as the 2011 Bangladesh share market scam. Currently, there are 22 industrial sectors in DSE which accommodate 625 listed companies.

Formation
Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) is a public limited company. It is formed and managed under Company Act 1994, Security and Exchange Commission Act 1993, Security and Exchange Commission Regulation 1994, and Security Exchange (Inside Trading) regulation 1994. The issued capital of this company is Tk. 500,000, which is divided up to 250 shares each pricing Tk. 2000. No individual or firm can buy more than one share. According to the stock market rule, only members can participate on the floor and buy shares for themselves or their clients. At present, it has 238 members. The market capitalization of the Dhaka Stock Exchange reached nearly $9 billion in September 2007 and $27.4  billion on 9 December 2009.

Management
The management and operation of Dhaka Stock Exchange is entrusted on a 25 members board of directors. Among them 12 are elected from DSE members, another 12 are selected from different trade bodies and relevant organisations. The CEO is the 25th ex officio member of the board. The government has appointed Professor Shibli Rubayat Ul Islam, who teaches banking and insurance at Dhaka University, as the chairman of Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission, reports bdnews24.com.

The following organisations are currently holding positions in DSE Board:
 * Bangladesh Bank
 * ICB – Investment Corporation of Bangladesh
 * President of Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh
 * President of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI)
 * President of Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dhaka and Industries
 * Professor of Finance Department of Dhaka University
 * President of Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry (DCCI).

Trading
The Dhaka Stock Exchange is open for trading Sunday through Thursday between 10:00am – 2:30pm BST, with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance. In the month of Ramadan, the exchange is open for trading between 10:00am – 2:00pm BST.

There are a total of 651 Securities and 397 companies listed on this Stock exchange. The listing provides an exclusive privilege to securities in the stock exchange. Only listed shares are quoted on the stock exchange. A stock exchange facilitates transparency in transactions of listed securities in perfect equality and competitive conditions. Listing is beneficial to the company, to the investor, and to the public at large.

The trading indices are DSE Broad Index (DSEX), DSEX Shariah Index (DSES), DSE 30 Index (DS30), CDSET.

2010–11 crash
The bullish market turned bearish during November 2010, with the exchange losing 1,800 points between December 2010 and January 2011. Millions of investors have been rendered bankrupt as a result of the market crash. The crash is believed to be caused artificially to benefit a handful of players at the expense of the big players.

title: Dhaka Stock Exchange