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Observational astronomy/Planning

This is the planning page for the Observational astronomy learning project. The content that you see here was originally written as part of mikeu's learning blog but it has been copied here to encourage others to participate in the development of this project. This page is also something of an experiment in collaborative authoring. The intent is that all content on this page should be modified and expanded. As a first step we need to strip out the first person references in the text below, and reformat the sections so that it is more readable. Please incorporate your ideas directly into the sections, rather than following a talk page format of indented comments. Avoid signing text that you include here, as that discourages others from editing the text and expanding on the ideas that are contributed. Be Bold!

Virtual observatory

The basic idea is to learn astronomy by participating in a sort of virtual observatory. There are other virtual observatory learning activities (for example: the Hubble FITS Liberator.) One thing that will distinguish this learning project from others is that it is hosted on a wiki which will allow the students to interact in creating the lessons. It is not clear how that will play out or where it will lead, but the results will likely be interesting.

Observations
Eventually, it would be desirable to allow students to do "real" astronomy. Students usually learn by solving "toy problems" where the only goal is to learn, and the results of solving the problem are then only given to the teacher for the purpose of getting a grade. In contrast, this project proposes giving the participants original data to analyze such that their results are of some use to professional astronomers. This approach is similar to ongoing projects such as the American Association of Variable Star Observers in which amateur astronomers who own a telescope contribute observations which are then analyzed by professionals. (The National Science Foundation refers to people who do this as "citizen scientists.") However, most of these amateurs are working individually, or in small groups of people who have reached a level of experience and knowledge with which to make a contribution. In this learning project, the goal is to create an environment in which someone with no background can get involved and be assisted through that first, steep, part of the learning curve.

Citizen science projects

One example of a citizen science project is Stardust@home. It has a low threshold for getting involved and uses a slick tutorial and interface to train participants and get them started. However, this project provides more of a busy work engagement than a learning experience. Although the results make a valuable contribution to processing the science data, the only thing gained by the person involved is a sense of satisfaction at being a part of the project; participants don't really  learn much about interstellar dust. The Astronomy Project here at Wikiversity is an experiment to determine how to create a more meaningful learning experience while doing real science.

A better example is the Systemic research collaboration which involves the public in analyzing radial velocity for stars to discover extrasolar planets. This involves using software to find a planetary orbit that best fits the data and then uploading the results to the systemic backend. There is also a blog where new discoveries are discussed. The Observational astronomy/Extrasolar planet activity has just been started to form a learning group here at Wikiversity to participate in the systemic collaboration.

Research
Wikiversity does not yet have a policy for conducting Research. There are, however, Research guidelines. Anyone creating content involving research should follow the discussions as these policies are drafted.

Data analysis

The learning curve for doing astronomical data analysis is very steep for the uninitiated. For example, the short tutorial on astrometric calibration with Aladin demonstrates the steps involved in processing a raw telescope image. Is it reasonable to expect someone with no background to go through a complicated process like this as part of a lesson?

Software
There are a number of different software packages for manipulating and analyzing astronomical images. The first activity uses the Aladin Sky Atlas. It is a rather easy program to learn, it has a good search feature for retrieving images and allows for some basic analysis of the data. It is also free to use and runs on any computer with Java installed. Some of the more advanced activities planned for this learning project might require the use of other software. New users may find this process complicated.

Lessons
To begin with, some simple lessons will be created to show how to use the software tools that astronomers use to analyze data. The main focus, at first, will be on learning basic concepts in astronomy while getting familiar with these tools. The Wikiversity community is invited to help implement the ideas described above.

title: Observational astronomy/Planning


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Jacqueline Baker

Jacqueline Baker is a Canadian writer. Originally from the Sand Hills region of southwestern Saskatchewan, she studied creative writing at the University of Victoria and the University of Alberta.

Her debut short story collection, A Hard Witching, was published in 2003. It was shortlisted for that year's Writers' Trust Fiction Prize, and won the Danuta Gleed Literary Award and the Alberta Book Award for short fiction.

Her first novel, The Horseman's Graves, was published in 2007. Her most recent novel is The Broken Hours, a ghost story about the final days of H. P. Lovecraft's life, in 2014.

She teaches creative writing at MacEwan University in Edmonton, Alberta.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jacqueline Baker


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Beyond Brotherhood

Beyond Brotherhood (Más que hermanos) is a 2017 Panamanian drama film directed by Arianne Benedetti. It was selected as the Panamanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

Plot
Two siblings, Joshua and Mia, are orphaned when their parents are killed in a domestic accident. Before she dies, their mother asks Joshua to promise always to take care of Mia, but the two of them are sent to separate orphanages. They escape, and grow up together on the streets. When they are older, they discover that their parents' insurance company failed to contact them after the accident, and the money they receive enables them to open a restaurant. Mia also wins a scholarship to study psychology and falls in love with her professor, Chris Vianni. This creates tension between her and Joshua. Despite their differences, he steps in to protect her when he sees her being harassed by a man in a bar, and this sets into motion a tragic train of events.

Cast

 * Drew Fuller as Chris Vianni
 * Eric Roberts as Buelo Chino
 * Valerie Domínguez as Mia Bedi
 * Robin Duran as Joshua Bedi
 * Maria Conchita Alonso as Puchy
 * Juana Viale as Mama
 * Arianne Benedetti as Mani Rombo

title: Beyond Brotherhood


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Wikipedia:PC2012/Wnt

Reviewer rights

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 * The point of reviewing edits is to be a valuable, but imperfect screen against bad content. Wikipedia and the WMF shall strive to ensure that reviewer activities are protected under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act - that they are treated as moderators of content, not as speakers or publishers of the content they approve.

 * Nonetheless, the administrative penalties for deliberately approving bad edits, or for deliberately rejecting valid edits, shall be the same as if an editor made or removed the text by normal editing. Admins will WP:assume good faith in considering whether the editor was misled or mistaken in evaluating the text.  Such evaluations shall be made at the existing noticeboards.

 * Reviewers are not required to be competent, knowledgeable, or to verify offline sources; their responsibility is merely to make a reasonable effort to spot bad edits.

 * If a reviewer cannot find a reason that an edit violates Wikipedia policy or guidelines, he should pass it. If the edit strikes him as untrue, but cites an offline source, he may note this in the edit summary or on the talk page, but he should not reject the edit.  However, reviewers rejecting additions should only actually be subjected to administrative sanctions when they are found to have rejected valid material for bad faith reasons (such as POV censorship); thus, if a reviewer is absolutely sure that a ridiculous cited claim is a hoax or vandalism, it is still safe for him to reject it.  Rejecting an apparently sourced edit because "I don't know if it is true" is not a good faith reason.

 * Likewise, reviewers are expected to reject deletions that improperly violate WP:PRESERVE, a policy which the relevant help pages should be sure to point out, and a reviewer deliberately approving improper deletions of sourced material should likewise be treated as if the reviewer had made the deletion himself.

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Articles subjected to Pending Changes

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 * Pending Changes shall be applied to articles for limited terms of up to one year. When Pending Changes expires, it should be evaluated whether it found and stopped significant abuse during its term, in which case it may be renewed.  Technical mechanisms should be developed to make it easy to determine how many edits to an article have been rejected under Pending Changes during a specified period.
 * To protect very low traffic articles from abuse by IPs and non-reviewer accounts, it is desirable to devise some method of listing edits by these users to articles that have otherwise been unedited for some time, permitting those interested in examining them (whether or not they possess the reviewer right) to undo any vandalism and propose the targeted articles for Pending Changes. However, such a feature must be independent of Pending Changes, and should not deny these users the chance to make the change and see it applied immediately - i.e. articles shall not be subjected to Pending Changes "by default" or "preemptively".

title: Wikipedia:PC2012/Wnt


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2019 in primate paleontology

This article records new taxa of fossil primates of every kind are scheduled to be described during the year 2019, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of primates that are scheduled to occur in the year 2019.

General research

 * A study on frequency of insectivory in primates, its possible causes and its implications for the hypotheses of primate evolution from an insectivorous ancestor is published by Scott (2019).
 * A study on the evolution of the talus bone in primates, and on its implications for the knowledge of the adaptive origins of crown primates, is published by Yapuncich et al. (2019).
 * A study on the expansion in brain mass throughout primate evolution, based on data from extant and fossil taxa, is published online by Melchionna et al. (2019).
 * A study comparing mobility and home ranges of members of living and extinct lemur genera is published by Crowley & Godfrey (2019).
 * A study on the variability of adapiform humeral elements from Quercy collections will be published by Marigó, Verrière & Godinot (2019).
 * A study on the turbinal morphology of Rooneyia viejaensis is published by Lundeen & Kirk (2019).
 * A study on the evolutionary history of the New World monkeys (especially on the evolution of their body mass, changes of the mean latitude of their geographic range, and species diversification rates), based on data from extant and fossil species, will be published by Silvestro et al. (2019).
 * A study on the relationship between brain size and skull morphology in extant New World monkeys, and on its implications for identifying relatives of howler monkeys in the fossil record, is published by Halenar-Price & Tallman (2019).
 * Putative stem platyrrhine Dolichocebus gaimanensis is reinterpreted as a cebine closely related to living squirrel monkeys by Rosenberger (2019), who also considers D. gaimanensis and Laventiana annectens to be congeners.
 * A study on the cerebral morphology of Chilecebus carrascoensis is published by Ni et al. (2019).
 * A study on the variation in skull and braincase shape of extant and fossil members of the family Atelidae is published by Aristide et al. (2019).
 * A study on the catarrhine capitates from the Tinderet Miocene sequence of Kenya, and on their implications for inferring locomotor diversity of Miocene catarrhines from the Tinderet sample, is published by Wuthrich, MacLatchy & Nengo (2019).
 * A study on the evolution of the catarrhine hip complex since the Oligocene, based on data from a new femur of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis from the Jebel Qatrani Formation (Egypt), is published by Almécija et al. (2019).
 * A revision of fossils of Mesopithecus from the late Turolian Dytiko localities (Axios Valley, Greece) is published by Koufos (2019).
 * A study on phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of macaques, as indicated by mitochondrial genome and fossil data, is published by Roos et al. (2019).
 * A study on the inner anatomy of a skull and teeth of a fossil baboon from the early Pleistocene deposits of the Australopithecus sediba-bearing site of Malapa (South Africa), which might represent the earliest fossil record of Papio angusticeps and consequently, of the modern baboon reported so far, is published by Bouchet et al. (2019).
 * Two teeth of a primate belonging or related to the genus Paradolichopithecus are described from the Villafranchian of the Ridjake site (Serbia) by Radović et al. (2019).
 * New hominoid canine and incisor specimens, including probable teeth of Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni and teeth of a second taxon, likely related to Nyanzapithecus pickfordi, are described from the Oligocene site of Losodok (Turkana Basin, northwestern Kenya) by Hammond, Foecke & Kelley (2019).
 * Description of new fossil material of apes from the early Miocene site of Moroto II (Uganda) and study on the implications of these fossil for the taxonomic attribution of ape fossil material from this site is published by MacLatchy et al. (2019).
 * Previously undescribed petrosal bone of Nacholapithecus kerioi from the earliest Middle Miocene of Kenya is reported by Kunimatsu et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their finding for the knowledge of the phylogenetic placement of Nacholapithecus and of the evolution of positional behavior of apes.
 * A study on the diversification of skull size and shape in hominid (especially hominin) evolutionary radiations, based on data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Rocatti & Perez (2019).
 * A study comparing the prevalence of tertiary dentine in extant gorillas and chimpanzees and in fossil hominins Australopithecus africanus, Homo naledi and Paranthropus robustus is published by Towle (2019).
 * A study comparing the trabecular structure in the first metatarsal bone in extant large apes and humans and in fossil hominins from Swartkrans (South Africa), and evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the locomotor behavior of fossil hominins, is published by Komza & Skinner (2019).
 * A study on the variation of shape of the third metacarpal bone of apes performing different locomotor behaviors and on its implications for the knuckle-walking hypothesis for human evolution, based on data from extant apes and Australopithecus afarensis, is published by Rein (2019).
 * A study on the ontogenetic variation in the thoracolumbar transition in the skeletons of juvenile and adult great apes, humans and fossil hominins is published by Nalley et al. (2019).
 * A study on brain blood flow rates in extant great apes, aiming to determine brain blood flow rates in australopithecine human relatives, is published by Seymour et al. (2019).
 * A study on the femoral neck cortical bone distribution in Dryopithecus fontani, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the locomotor behavior of this species, is published by Pina et al. 2019).
 * Agustí et al. (2019) report fossil evidence from the Udabno site in eastern Georgia, which they interpret as indicating the survival of Dryopithecus garedziensis (=Udabnopithecus garedziensis) in Caucasus for almost 2 million years after the extinction of the dryopithecines in Western Europe.
 * A study on the anatomy of the face and maxilla of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis is published by Ioannidou et al. (2019).
 * New maxilla of a member or a relative of the genus Khoratpithecus is described from the late Miocene sediments in Nakhon Ratchasima Province (Thailand) by Chaimanee et al. (2019).
 * A molar attributable to Sivapithecus is described from the Miocene of the Ramnagar area (Jammu and Kashmir) by Gilbert et al. (2019), who also study the metric variation of ape molars and premolars from the Ramnagar area and from the Pothohar Plateau Chinji Formation, and attempt to determine the taxonomic diversity of known Ramnagar and Chinji hominoid specimens.
 * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of Gigantopithecus, based on data from proteome sequences retrieved from tooth enamel, is published by Welker et al. (2019).
 * Isolated fossil orangutan teeth are described from the Late Pleistocene Tham Prakai Phet site (Thailand) by Filoux & Wattanapituksakul (2019).
 * A study on the affinities of the hominid fossils from the Early to Middle Pleistocene deposits of Java, Indonesia is published by Zanolli et al. (2019).
 * A study on a possible diagnostic tooth pattern of orangutans, evaluating its implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated hominid teeth from the Pleistocene of Asia, is published by Ortiz et al. (2019).
 * A study on tooth enamel thickness and development of teeth in juvenile individuals of Rudapithecus hungaricus is published by Smith et al. (2019).
 * Description of a partial pelvis from Rudabánya (Hungary), attributed to Rudapithecus hungaricus, and a study on the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the body posture of R. hungaricus and for the knowledge of the ancestral anatomy of the hominin pelvis, is published by Ward et al. (2019).
 * A digital reconstruction of the skull of Rudapithecus hungaricus is presented by Gunz et al. (2019).
 * A study on the pelvic and lumbar anatomy of Oreopithecus bambolii is published online by Hammond et al. (2019).
 * A study on genomes of extant bonobo and chimpanzee populations, presenting evidence for an ancient admixture event between bonobos and an extinct great ape population, is published by Kuhlwilm et al. (2019).
 * A study on thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of living humans and chimpanzees and fossil hominins, evaluating the implications of their anatomy for the hypothesis that human individuals whose vertebrae are more similar in shape to the vertebrae of the extinct hominins have a greater propensity to develop the intervertebral disc herniation, is published by Plomp et al. (2019).

General paleoanthropology

 * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of fossil hominins is published by Parins-Fukuchi et al. (2019), who find support for directly ancestral relationships in multiple hominin lineages.
 * A review of anatomical differences between extant ape and human foot bones, as well as a review of the hominin foot fossil record, is published by DeSilva et al. (2019), who also conduct a cladistics analysis on hominin foot fossils.
 * A study on modern and fossil mammal herbivore communities from eastern Africa spanning the last ~7 million years, aiming to determine whether modern herbivore communities are suitable analogs for the ancient ecosystems in which early hominins evolved, is published by Faith, Rowan & Du (2019).
 * A study on the geographic distribution pattern of early hominin fossil occurrences over time, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the relevance of the coastal forest in eastern Africa along the Indian Ocean for early hominin evolution, is published by Joordens et al. (2019).
 * A study on the behavioral evolution in Plio-Pleistocene hominins, as inferred from archaeological data and comparison with extant hamadryas baboons, is published by Swedell & Plummer (2019).
 * A study on a child tooth found in Wezmeh Cave, Iranian Zagros by Zanolli et al. (2019) revealed that it belongs to a Neanderthal.
 * A study on the diversity and the environments of hominins in the early Pleistocene of the Omo-Turkana Basin (East Africa) is published by Bobe & Carvalho (2019).
 * A study comparing ages at death of hominin specimens from the early Pleistocene sites of Drimolen and Swartkrans, and on their implications for inferring mechanisms of hominin skeletal accumulation at these sites, is published by Riga et al. (2019).
 * A revision of Middle Pleistocene faunal record from archeological sites in Africa, and a study on its implications for inferring potential links between hominin subsistence behavior and the Early Stone Age/Middle Stone Age technological turnover, is published by Smith et al. (2019).
 * A study on Acheulean and Middle Stone Age sites from the Eastern Desert (Sudan), preserving stone artifacts, is published by Masojć et al. (2019), who interpret these sites as evidence of green corridor or corridors across Sahara which made early hominin dispersal possible.
 * A study aiming to determine skull morphology of the last common ancestor of all modern humans, and comparing it with skulls of Late Middle Pleistocene African hominins, is published by Mounier & Mirazón Lahr (2019).
 * Description of new fossil material of Ardipithecus ramidus from the Gona Project study area (Ethiopia), providing new information on the locomotor pattern and the anatomy of the hand of this species, is published by Simpson et al. (2019).
 * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of Ardipithecus ramidus is published by Mongle, Strait & Grine (2019).
 * A study on the morphology and morphometric affinities of the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of likely anatomy of the foot of the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, is published by Prang (2019).
 * A study on the age of hominin fossils representing the genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo from the Cradle of Humankind in South Africa is published by Pickering et al. (2019); the study is subsequently criticized by Hopley et al. (2021).
 * A study on calcium isotopic patterns in tooth enamel of Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus and early members of the genus Homo from South Africa, evaluating their implications for the knowledge of nursing behavior of these hominins, is published by Tacail et al. (2019).
 * A study on cross-sectional geometric properties of three humeri of specimens of Paranthropus boisei, and on their implications for inferring the function of upper limbs of P. boisei, is published by Lague et al. (2019).
 * A study on the surface modifications of the postcranial remains of the Paranthropus boisei specimen OH80 from the Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) is published by Aramendi et al. (2019), who consider it most likely that this specimen was consumed by carnivores (probably felids).
 * A study on defects in the teeth of specimens of Paranthropus robustus, interpreted as possible evidence that members of this species were affected by amelogenesis imperfecta, is published by Towle & Irish (2019).
 * A study on the anatomy of the inner ear of the Paranthropus specimen DNH 22 from Drimolen (South Africa) is published by Beaudet (2019).
 * A study on the cortical bone distribution along the entire femoral neck compartment of Paranthropus robustus is published by Cazenave et al. (2019).
 * A study on the anatomy of the braincase of the Australopithecus specimen Stw 573 ("Little Foot"), and on its significance for inferring the course of the evolution of the hominin brain, is published by Beaudet et al. (2019).
 * A study on the anatomy of the bony labyrinth of the Australopithecus specimen Stw 573 is published by Beaudet et al. (2019).
 * Description of upper and lower long limb bones of the Australopithecus specimen Stw 573 is published by Heaton et al. (2019).
 * Description of the anatomy of the skull of the Australopithecus specimen Stw 573 is published by Clarke & Kuman (2019).
 * A study on the diet of Australopithecus anamensis is published by Quinn (2019).
 * Fossils of Australopithecus anamensis constituting the oldest known axial remains of Australopithecus are described from the Assa Issie locality (Middle Awash, Ethiopia) by Meyer & Williams (2019).
 * A nearly complete hominin cranium assigned to the species Australopithecus anamensis is described from Woranso-Mille (Ethiopia) by Yohannes Haile-Selassie et al. (2019); a study on the age of this specimen and on the environment it lived in is published by Saylor et al. (2019).
 * Perspectives on the validity of the species name Australopithecus prometheus and its availability for use are published by Berger & Hawks (2019) and Clarke (2019).
 * A study on the postnatal brain growth in Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus is published by Cofran (2019).
 * Two mandibles of juvenile hominins belonging to the species Australopithecus afarensis are described from the Pliocene Woranso-Mille site (Ethiopia) by Yohannes Haile-Selassie and Timothy Ryan (2019).
 * A study on the origination and extinction dates of members of the Australopithecus anamensis–afarensis lineage from eastern Africa, aiming to determine whether these hominins overlapped temporally with Ardipithecus ramidus and/or earliest members of the genus Homo, is published online by Du et al. (2019).
 * A study on hominin fossils from Sterkfontein attributed to Australopithecus africanus, aiming to determine whether this fossil material is more likely to represent one or several species, is published by Grine (2019).
 * Trace-element analysis of two specimens of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa) is conducted by Joannes-Boyau et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the dietary cycles and ecological behaviours of members of this species.
 * A study comparing temporal ranges of Australopithecus sediba and early members of the genus Homo and evaluating whether A. sediba is likely to be the ancestor of members of the genus Homo is published by Andrew Du and Zeresenay Alemseged (2019).
 * A study on pneumatization of temporal bone in the holotype specimen of Australopithecus sediba, comparing it with temporal bones of other African hominins and evaluating whether it can be considered a Homo-like feature of the skeleton of A. sediba, is published by Balzeau (2019).
 * A study on the anatomy of the birth canal and the birth process of Australopithecus sediba is published by Laudicina, Rodriguez & DeSilva (2019).
 * An assemblage of systematically flaked stone tools dated to between 2.61 and 2.58 Ma, interpreted as the earliest Oldowan tools discovered so far, is reported from Ledi-Geraru (Ethiopia) by Braun et al. (2019); the study is subsequently criticized by Sahle & Gossa (2019).
 * A nearly complete set of permanent mandibular teeth of an early member of the genus Homo is described from the upper Burgi Member of the Koobi Fora Formation (Ileret, Kenya) by Grine et al. (2019).
 * A study on a dietary shift in early members of the genus Homo from East Turkana in northern Kenya, as indicated by carbon and oxygen isotopic data, is published by Patterson et al. (2019).
 * A study comparing the mandibular molar root morphology of Homo naledi with those of African and Eurasian Plio-Pleistocene fossil hominins is published by Kupczik, Delezene & Skinner (2019).
 * Description skull remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber of the Rising Star Cave system (South Africa) that preserve diagnostic morphology is published by de Ruiter et al. (2019).
 * A study on the neck and shaft cross-sectional structure of the femoral fossils of Homo naledi recovered in the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star Cave system is published by Friedl et al. (2019).
 * Description of three new femoral specimens of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber of the Rising Star Cave system is published by Walker et al. (2019).
 * A study on the anatomy of upper limb fossils of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber of the Rising Star Cave system is published by Feuerriegel et al. (2019).
 * A study comparing the deciduous teeth of Homo naledi and other hominins is published by Bailey et al. (2019).
 * A study on the relative fibular/tibial strength of Turkana Boy and of Olduvai Hominid number 35 (an individual belonging to the species Homo habilis or Paranthropus boisei), comparing them with modern humans and apes, and evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the locomotor behavior of these hominins, is published by Marchi et al. (2019).
 * A study on hominin footprints discovered near Ileret (Kenya) and on their implications for the knowledge of sexual dimorphism in Homo erectus is published by Villmoare, Hatala & Jungers (2019).
 * A study reexamining the body mass estimates for the Homo erectus specimen KNM-ER 5428 is published by Cunningham et al. (2019).
 * A study aiming to determine the developmental stage of the hominin individual KNM-ER 42700 from Ileret, based on comparisons with modern humans, chimpanzees and individuals classified as Homo erectus sensu lato, is published by Mori & Harvati (2019).
 * A study on the evidence of fire at the FxJj20 Site complex in Koobi Fora dated to 1.5 Ma, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the use of fire by early hominins, is published by Hlubik et al. (2019).
 * A study on the age of the artifacts from the Dawqara Formation in the Zarqa Valley (Jordan), and on its implications for the knowledge of timing of the earliest hominin dispersal out of Africa, is published by Scardia et al. (2019).
 * A study comparing variation of anatomical traits in Dmanisi hominins with that in fossil hominins and modern Homo sapiens from Africa, and aiming to evaluate the number of hominin taxa present in Dmanisi, is published by Rightmire, Margvelashvili & Lordkipanidze (2019).
 * A study on bone surface modifications of Pleistocene bird fossils from Mata Menge site (Flores, Indonesia) is published by Meijer et al. (2019), who report no unambiguous evidence for exploitation of birds from Mata Menge by early hominins.
 * A study on the evolution of body size on islands, focusing on the evolution of Homo floresiensis, is published by Diniz-Filho et al. (2019).
 * A study on the age of hominin fossils from the Yiyuan fossil site (Shandong, China) is published by Guo et al. (2019).
 * A study on the growth and development of teeth of archaic hominins from the Pleistocene site of Xujiayao (China) is published by Xing et al. (2019).
 * ~300,000-y-old remains of archaic humans, dubbed the Hualongdong people,  including a largely complete skull, are described from Hualongdong (China) by Wu et al. (2019).
 * A study on the morphology and affinities of the hominin teeth from the late Middle Pleistocene of the Yanhui Cave (Tongzi, China) is published by Xing, Martinón-Torres & Castro (2019).
 * A study on the variation of shape of premolar roots in Middle Pleistocene hominins from East Asia is published by Pan et al. (2019).
 * Cut marks and evidence of breakage of animal bones by hominins are reported from the Barranco León and Fuente Nueva-3 localities (Spain) by Espigares et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the subsistence strategies of hominins inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula during the Early Pleistocene.
 * A study on the morphology of hominin teeth from the Middle Pleistocene sites of Arago (southeast France) and Sima de los Huesos (northern Spain), as well as on their implications for inferring how the settlement of Europe by hominins in the Middle Pleistocene occurred, is published by Bermúdez de Castro et al. (2019).
 * A study on the variation of anatomical traits related to brain size and organization in the sample of hominin endocasts from Sima de los Huesos is published by Poza-Rey, Gómez-Robles & Arsuaga (2019).
 * A study on the age of the hominin fossils from Sima de los Huesos is published by Demuro et al. (2019).
 * A study on the anatomy of the cochlea of hominins from Sima de los Huesos, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of cochlear evolution in the genus Homo, is published by Conde-Valverde et al. (2019).
 * A study on the climate in the areas of the Iberian Peninsula inhabited by hominins during the Early Pleistocene, as indicated by data from macroflora and pollen assemblages, will be published by Altolaguirre et al. (2019).
 * A study evaluating the importance of the fifth digit in four technologically distinct Lower Paleolithic stone tool production behaviours is published by Key, Dunmore & Marzke (2019).
 * Evidence from the Lusakert Cave 1 site in the Armenian Highlands indicative of control of fire by Middle Paleolithic hominins is presented by Brittingham et al. (2019).
 * A study on the shape variation of the dental arcades in Middle Pleistocene hominin fossils will be published by Stelzer et al. (2019).
 * A study on the external ballistics of replicas of Schöningen Spear II is published by Milks, Parker & Pope (2019).
 * A study on unpublished hominin dental remains from the late Early Pleistocene Gran Dolina-TD6.2 level of the Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain), evaluating their implications for assessing the taxonomic validity of Homo antecessor, is published by Martinón-Torres et al. (2019).
 * A study on hominin fossils from the TD6.2 unit of the Gran Dolina site (Spain) which represent the oldest known hominin remains with unquestionable signs of cannibalism, comparing them with other mammal fossils from this site with evidence of human consumption, and evaluating their implications for the knowledge of causes of early hominin cannibalism, is published by Rodríguez, Guillermo & Ana (2019).
 * A study on the animal remains from the Villafranchian of the Pirro Nord site (Italy), and on their implications for the knowledge of the exploitation of animal resources by early European hominins, is published by Cheheb et al. (2019).
 * A study on the taxonomical affinities of hominin teeth from the Mousterian level of Portel-Ouest (Ariège, France), dated to 44,000 ka, and on the paleobiology of the hominin group from this site, will be published by Becam & Chevalier (2019).
 * Evidence of Levallois technology from the lithic assemblage of the Guanyindong Cave site in southwest China, dated to approximately 170,000–80,000 years ago, is presented by Hu et al. (2019); the study is subsequently criticized by Li et al. (2019).
 * A study on the age of fossils of Homo erectus from Ngandong (central Java, Indonesia) is published online by Rizal et al. (2019).
 * Studies on the age of the hominin-associated material from the Denisova Cave (Russia) are published by Jacobs et al. (2019) and Douka et al. (2019).
 * A study on the morphology of a fifth finger phalanx from the Denisova Cave is published by Bennett et al. (2019).
 * The Denisovan Xiahe mandible is described from the Baishiya Karst Cave (Tibetan Plateau, China) by Chen et al. (2019), representing the first record of these hominins outside the Altai Mountains; subsequently, a study evaluating this fossil as possible evidence of acquisition of 3-rooted lower molars by modern human populations from Asia by the way of introgression from Denisovans is published by Bailey, Hublin & Antón (2019).
 * A reconstruction of Denisovan anatomy, inferred from data from Denisovan DNA, is presented by Gokhman et al. (2019).
 * A study on microscopic traces of hominin and animal activities in the Denisova Cave, providing the information on the use of this cave over the last 300,000 years, is published by Morley et al. (2019).
 * The study on the Cerutti Mastodon site published by Holen et al. (2017), reporting possible evidence of an unidentified species of the genus Homo living in California 130,000 years ago, is criticized by Ferrell (2019) and by Sutton, Parkinson & Rosen (2019).
 * A study on external auditory exostoses (dense bony growths protruding into the external auditory canal) in the skeletons of late Middle and Late Pleistocene archaic and early modern humans from western Eurasia is published by Trinkaus, Samsel & Villotte (2019).
 * The discovery of new archaeological assemblage from the Moulin Quignon site (France), representing the earliest occurrence of the Acheulian technology (probably associated with the occurrence of Homo heidelbergensis) in northwest Europe above 50°N recorded so far, is reported by Antoine et al. (2019).
 * A study on bifaces from the Notarchirico site (Basilicata, Italy), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the timing and characterization of the earliest Acheulean in Western Europe, is published by Moncel et al. (2019).
 * A study on the origin and evolutionary mode of the Neanderthal lineage, as indicated by data from fossil mandibles, is published by Rosas, Bastir & Alarcón (2019).
 * A study on the nuclear genomes of two Neanderthal individuals (from Hohlenstein-Stadel cave in Germany and from Scladina cave in Belgium) dated to approximately 120 ka ago is published by Peyrégne et al. (2019).
 * A study on demographic models that could explain presence and variations of Neanderthal portions of the genome carried by non-African individuals today is published by Villanea & Schraiber (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of multiple episodes of interbreeding between Neanderthal and modern humans.
 * A review of evidence for recovery from serious illness and injury by Neanderthals is published by Spikins et al. (2019), who argue that Neanderthal healthcare was widespread, knowledgeable and effective in reducing mortality risk, and that healthcare can be seen as part of several adaptations which allowed Neanderthals to survive in unique environments where they lived, rather than simply a cultural trait.
 * A study aiming to find an explanation for the highly muscular Neanderthal body form, based on paleoecological and genetic data, is published by Stewart et al. (2019), who hypothesise that Neanderthal body reflects an adaptation to hunting conditions rather than cold.
 * A study on the anomalies of Neanderthal skeletons from the Sidrón Cave (Spain), interpreted as evidence for the presence of inbreeding and low biological variability in the Neanderthal group from this site, is published by Ríos et al. (2019).
 * The first anatomical reconstruction of the Eustachian tube of Neanderthals is published by Pagano, Márquez & Laitman (2019).
 * A study on the diet of Neanderthals, as indicated by data from compound-specific isotope analyses of Neanderthal remains from Les Cottés cave and Grotte du Renne (France), is published by Jaouen et al. (2019).
 * A study on the posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Neanderthal individual is published by Haeusler et al. (2019).
 * A study on Neanderthal land use patterns and mobility, as indicated by data from the Payre site (the Rhone Valley, France), is published by Moncel et al. (2019).
 * Description of new fossil material of the Regourdou 1 Neanderthal skeleton, providing new information on the anatomy of Neanderthal thorax, is published by Gómez-Olivencia et al. (2019).
 * A study on the diet and cultural behavior of the Regourdou 1 Neanderthal individual, as indicated by data from tooth wear, is published by Fiorenza et al. (2019).
 * A study exploring the possible cause of the Neanderthal population demise in terms of demographic changes is published by Degioanni et al. (2019).
 * A study on introgressed Neanderthal DNA in modern humans, reevaluating the validity of the claims that Neanderthal DNA was subjected to negative selection in modern humans, is published by Petr et al. (2019).
 * A study comparing Neanderthal introgression in contemporary Levantine and southern Arabian populations is published by Vyas & Mulligan (2019).
 * A study on diet and mobility of the late Neanderthals and Upper Pleistocene modern humans, as indicated by stable isotopic data from individuals from the cave sites of the Troisième caverne of Goyet and Spy in Belgium, is published by Wißing et al. (2019).
 * A taphonomic study on two Neanderthal individuals from the Spy Cave, aiming to determine their cause of death and whether they were buried, is published by Fernández-Jalvo & Andrews (2019).
 * A study on the diet of the Spy I Neanderthal individual is published by Williams et al. (2019).
 * A Neanderthal molar is described from the Pešturina Cave by Radović et al. (2019), representing the first Neanderthal specimen reported from Serbia.
 * A study on the timing, intensity and environmental context of the occupation of the Middle Paleolithic El Salt site (Province of Alicante, Spain) by Neanderthals is published by Leierer et al. (2019).
 * A study on the dietary patterns and the ecological niches occupied by ungulates from the Mousterian of the Covalejos Cave (Cantabria, Spain), as inferred from analyses of teeth wear and dental cementum, is published by Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the environmental conditions of this region, the knowledge of the age and season at the time of death these ungulates, and the knowledge of the seasonality and duration of Neanderthal occupations of the Covalejos Cave and the seasonality of their hunting activities.
 * A study aiming to identify adhesive used by Neanderthals for hafting on a variety of stone tools from Middle Paleolithic Fossellone and Sant'Agostino caves (Latium, Italy) is published by Degano et al. (2019).
 * A study on manganese-rich lumps recovered from the lower rockshelter at Le Moustier site (France), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of processing of manganese-rich rocks by Neanderthals, is published by Pitarch Martí et al. (2019).
 * A study on the geological and cultural stratigraphy of the Ein Qashish site (Israel), and on its implications for the knowledge of Neanderthal occupation of this site, is published by Ekshtain et al. (2019).
 * Evidence from Neanderthal-associated sites in Europe indicating that Neanderthals practiced catching the golden eagles is presented by Finlayson et al. (2019).
 * Evidence of Châtelperronian Neanderthals using pedal phalanges of imperial eagles for symbolic practices is reported from the Cova Foradà site (Spain) by Rodríguez-Hidalgo et al. (2019).
 * A study on the strategies, methods and butchery practices adopted by Neanderthals in the exploitation of the steppe bison and the aurochs, based on data from the Fumane Cave, San Bernardino Cave and De Nadale Cave (Italy), is published by Terlato et al. (2019).
 * A study evaluating whether climatic changes caused depopulation of the Ach Valley (Germany) by Neanderthals during the Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 is published by Rhodes, Starkovich & Conard (2019).
 * A study on the impact of the climate change during the last interglacial period on the behavior of Neanderthals living in Western Europe, based on data from Baume Moula-Guercy (France), is published by Defleur & Desclaux (2019).
 * A study on DNA isolated from Neanderthal remains found in Gibraltar is published by Bokelmann et al. (2019).
 * A previously unknown way to produce birch tar is presented by Schmidt et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for a determination of whether birch tar production by Neanderthals is a proof of the presence of modern cognition and/or cultural behaviors in Neanderthals.
 * Niekus et al. (2019) describe a 50,000-y-old birch tar-hafted flint tool found off the coastline of The Netherlands, likely produced by Neanderthals.
 * Duveau et al. (2019) report the discovery of 257 footprints of Neanderthals from the Paleolithic site at Le Rozel (France), and investigate the size and composition of the trackmaker group.
 * A study aiming to determine the reason of the delay of the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans after their initial contact in the Levant is published by Greenbaum et al. (2019).
 * A study on the dynamics of Neanderthal populations, evaluating factors which could have resulted in Neanderthal extinction, is published by Vaesen et al. (2019).
 * A study aiming to infer the time at which Neanderthals and modern humans diverged, based on quantitative analyses of dental evolutionary rates in hominins and analyses of hominin phylogenetic relationships, is published by Gómez-Robles (2019).
 * A study comparing tooth-use behaviors of early modern humans and Neanderthals is published by Krueger et al. (2019).
 * A study on the archaeological sequence from Cova Foradà on the Mediterranean coast of Catalonia, representing the southernmost episode of Châtelperronian and Early Aurignacian documented to date in western Europe, is published by Morales et al. (2019).
 * Evidence of a third introgression from an archaic human population in all Asian and Oceanian modern human populations, in addition to known Neanderthal and Denisovan introgressions, is presented by Mondal, Bertranpetit & Lao (2019).
 * A study on the sequence and timing of early human migrations out of Africa and across the rest of the world, as inferred from evidence of introgression events preserved in the genomes of modern-day human populations, is published by Teixeira & Cooper (2019).
 * A study on genetic differences between modern humans and archaic hominins is published by Kuhlwilm & Boeckx (2019).
 * Colbran et al. (2019) present a method to identify divergent gene regulation between archaic hominin and anatomically modern human sequences, and study differences in gene regulatory architecture between the two groups.
 * A study on the biological foundations of modern human endocranial shape, as indicated by paleoanthropological data from Neanderthal fossils and neuroimaging and genomic data from present-day humans, is published by Gunz et al. (2019).
 * Neanderthal-like traits are reported in the occipital bones of recent Homo sapiens individuals from Australia by Nowaczewska et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the study of human evolution.
 * Two fossilized human crania, of which one is dated to more than 170,000 years ago and has a Neanderthal-like morphology and the other one is dated to more than 210,000 years ago and presents a mixture of modern human and primitive features, are described from Apidima Cave (southern Greece) by Harvati et al. (2019).
 * A CT-based virtual reconstruction of the Apidima 2 fossil cranium is presented by Bräuer et al. (2019).
 * A study on the timing of the earliest occupation of Stelida archaeological site (Naxos, Greece) by Greece, reporting possible first evidence for Neanderthals in the region, is published by Carter et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of this site for the knowledge of possible routes of hominin dispersal into Southeast Europe.
 * A study on the evolutionary history of the modern human face is published by Lacruz et al. (2019).
 * A study aiming to determine the advantages of heat treating of toolstone by early humans is published by Mraz et al. (2019).
 * A study on the mitochondrial DNA of contemporary southern Africans is published by Chan et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as evidence of a southern African origin of anatomically modern humans and their sustained occupation of the homeland before their first migrations out of southern Africa, likely caused by regional climate shifts.
 * A study on Pleistocene artifacts from Aduma (Middle Awash, Ethiopia) and their implications for the knowledge of the origin of complex projectiles is published by Sahle & Brooks (2019).
 * A study on the phylogeography of human mtDNA L0 lineages in southern Africa and the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, and on its implications for the knowledge of early gene flow between continental regions in the Middle Stone Age, is published by Rito et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of human dispersal from southern to eastern Africa immediately preceding the out-of-Africa expansions.
 * A Middle Stone Age lithic assemblage and human-accumulated animal remains, representing the oldest evidence of human settlement and adaptation to areas above 4000-meter elevation in Africa reported so far, are described from the Fincha Habera rock shelter (Bale Mountains, Ethiopia) by Ossendorf et al. (2019).
 * A study on the hominin-bearing Plovers Lake site (South Africa), previously interpreted as a Middle Stone Age site, is published by Lombard et al. (2019), who reinterpret the sampled human and bovid remains as more likely to represent a Bantu-speaking Iron Age population and their cattle.
 * Kumbani et al. (2019) describe possible sound-producing artefacts from Later Stone Age deposits in the southern Cape, South Africa.
 * Humphrey et al. (2019) report on the burials of six infants from Later Stone Age levels at Taforalt (Morocco).
 * Two assemblages of flint retouchers are described from the Middle Paleolithic sites Nesher Ramla (Israel) and Quneitra (Golan Heights) by Centi et al. (2019).
 * Description of bird remains from the Qesem cave (Israel) dated to between 420 and 200 ka, and a study on their implications for the knowledge of interactions of birds and humans occupying the site, is published by Blasco et al. (2019).
 * The earliest evidence for storage and delayed consumption of bone marrow by humans occupying the Qesem cave ~420 to 200 ka is presented by Blasco et al. (2019).
 * A study investigating possible routes of human dispersals between Central and eastern Asia between Marine Isotope Stage 5 and Marine Isotope Stage 3 is published by Li et al. (2019).
 * A study on the Tolbor-16 archaeological site located in the Northern Hangai Mountains, documenting the early occurrence of the Upper Paleolithic in Mongolia, is published by Zwyns et al. (2019).
 * A study on the subsistence strategies of humans occupying the Les Cottés site (France) during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition is published by Rendu et al. (2019).
 * Replacement of late Mousterian industries by Aurignacian ones at the site of Bajondillo Cave (Málaga, southern Spain) is reported by Cortés-Sánchez et al. (2019), who also evaluate when this event took place; the study is subsequently criticized by de la Peña (2019) and Anderson, Reynolds & Teyssandier (2019).
 * A study aiming to estimate hunter-gatherer population sizes and densities for the Aurignacian techno-complex in Europe is published by Schmidt & Zimmermann (2019).
 * A study on the age of human and animal skeletal remains associated with the purported Aurignacian lithic assemblage from the Fontana Nuova site (Sicily, Italy) is published by Di Maida et al. (2019), who report that these remains date to Holocene rather than Aurignacian.
 * A study on lithic pieces from the Uluzzian technocomplex (45–40 thousand years ago) at Grotta del Cavallo (Italy), interpreted as mechanically delivered projectile weapons produced by anatomically modern humans, is published by Sano et al. (2019).
 * A study on the skeletal trauma of the human calvaria from Cioclovina (Romania), dated to approximately 33,000 calendar years before present, is published by Kranioti, Grigorescu & Harvati (2019), who interpret this finding as evidence of fatal interpersonal violence among early Upper Paleolithic modern humans of Europe.
 * A study on the assemblage of ornaments from the Gravettian settlement of Poiana Cireșului (Romania), and on its implications for the knowledge of the mobility and connections of the Gravettian communities living in the area of present-day Romania with Mediterranean ones, is published by Nițu et al. (2019).
 * A study on human mobility strategies during the Last Glacial Maximum in southern Italy, as indicated by strontium and stable isotope data from human remains from the Paglicci Cave, is published by Lugli et al. (2019).
 * A study on the impact of environmental constraints on the size, distribution and structure of human populations living in Western Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum is published by Wren & Burke (2019).
 * A study on human footprints, handprints and other traces from the Upper Paleolithic of the Bàsura Cave (Italy), and on their implications for the knowledge of the behavior and social structure of the human group inhabiting this cave, is published by Romano et al. (2019).
 * A study aiming to determine whether changes over the past 38,000 years in European height predicted using ancient DNA from ancient Europeans are consistent with changes observed in skeletal remains from comparable populations is published by Cox et al. (2019).
 * A study on the age of the Pleistocene skullcap found in the Salkhit Valley in northeast Mongolia is published by Devièse et al. (2019), who also reconstruct the complete mitochondrial genome of this specimen.
 * A study on human skeletal remains from Pleistocene and Holocene sites in East Asia, and on their implications for inferring the history of the colonization of East Asia by anatomically modern humans, is published by Matsumura et al. (2019).
 * A study on the evolution of the microblade technology in East Asia, as indicated by data from the Upper Paleolithic site Shizitan 29 (Shanxi, China), is published by Song et al. (2019).
 * A study on the age Fa-Hien Lena archeological site (Sri Lanka) and on the faunal assemblage from this site is published by Wedage et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as evidence of specialized, sophisticated hunting of semi-arboreal and arboreal prey animals by humans living ca. 45,000 years ago.
 * A study on a Late Pleistocene lithic assemblage from the Fa Hien Cave (Sri Lanka), representing the earliest known microlith assemblage from South Asia in firm association with evidence for the procurement of small to medium size arboreal prey and rainforest plants, is published by Wedage et al. (2019).
 * A 15,000 years-old individual belonging to the species Homo sapiens, preserving an unusual number of primitive anatomical features of teeth, is described from the Dushan Cave (China) by Liao et al. (2019).
 * A study on the late Pleistocene population history of northeastern Siberia, based on data from 34 ancient genomes, is published by Sikora et al. (2019).
 * An elaborate rock art panel portraying hunting scenes, dated to at least 43.9 ka, is described from the limestone cave of Leang Bulu' Sipong 4 (Sulawesi, Indonesia) by Aubert et al. (2019).
 * A study evaluating the probability of successful accidental crossing of early humans from Asia to Sahul through Wallacea is published by Bird et al. (2019).
 * Late Pleistocene human remains, representing the first anatomically modern human remains recovered in Wallacea dated to this period, are described from two rockshelters from Alor Island (Indonesia) by Samper Carro et al. (2019).
 * A study aiming to determine the resilience and minimum population size required to avoid extinction of first people colonizing Sahul is published by Bradshaw et al. (2019).
 * A review of evidence for Pleistocene symbolic behaviour in Sahul, Sunda and Wallacea is published by Langley, Clarkson & Ulm (2019).
 * A study aiming to determine the relationships between extinctions of megafauna, climatic changes and patterns of human appearance in south-eastern Australia over the last 120,000 years is published by Saltré et al. (2019).
 * A study on the history of dispersal of people into and within the Americas, as indicated by data from Native American Y chromosomes, is published by Pinotti et al. (2019).
 * A review of research advances from the preceding years concerning the settlement of the Americas by modern humans is published by Waters (2019).
 * A study on the timing of the earliest occupation of the Cooper's Ferry archaeological site (Idaho, United States) by humans is published by Davis et al. (2019).
 * A study on teeth and diet of Late Pleistocene woman "Naia" from the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) is published by Cucina, Atoche & Chatters (2019).
 * A late Pleistocene human footprint is described from the Pilauco Bajo site (Chile) by Moreno et al. (2019).
 * A study on stone tools from the Tzibte Yux and Mayahak Cab Pek rockshelters (Belize) and their implications for the knowledge of changes in stone tool technology in North America and tropical Central and South America during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene is published by Prufer et al. (2019).
 * A study on the foraging behavior, landscape management, and resource utilization strategies of early tropical hunter-gatherers in southwestern Amazonia, as indicated by data from archaeological sites from three forest islands in the Llanos de Moxos, is published by Capriles et al. (2019).
 * A study on the timing of the human settlement of Madagascar is published by Douglass et al. (2019).
 * New genome-wide data from eight prehistoric humans, including 15,000-year-old Anatolian hunter-gatherer, is presented by Feldman et al. (2019).
 * A study on a broken tool from the Hilazon Tachtit cave (Israel), interpreted as evidence for intentional breakage associated with ritual activity 12,000 years ago, is published by Dubreuil et al. (2019).
 * A study on the processing sequence involved in the manufacture of a skull-cup and the manipulation of human bones from the Early Neolithic of Cueva de El Toro (Málaga, Spain), and on its implications for inferring the character of cannibalistic practices in Early Neolithic communities living in southern Iberia, is published by Santana et al. (2019).
 * New genome-wide data from individuals from sites in the Iberian Peninsula ranging from ~13,000–6,000 calibrated years BP is presented by Villalba-Mouco et al. (2019), who report evidence of Iberian hunter-gatherers carrying dual ancestry from both Villabruna and the Magdalenian-related individuals, and of these two lineages of Late Pleistocene ancestry surviving into Holocene in the Iberian Peninsula.
 * A study on the changes of the human population size in the Iberian Peninsula during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition is published by Fernández-López de Pablo et al. (2019).
 * A study evaluating how hunter-gatherers living along the southern North Sea coast adapted to climatic and environmental changes at the beginning of the Holocene, based on data on variability of stone arrowheads and barbs from this area, is published by Crombé (2019).
 * Mitochondrial genomes from two ~7000-year-old individuals from Takarkori rock shelter (Libya), representing the earliest and first genetic data for the Sahara region, are presented by Vai et al. (2019).
 * A study on early human evolution in Africa, based on analysis of the genomic variation in a collection of whole-genome samples from 15 different African populations, is published by Lorente-Galdos et al. (2019).
 * A study comparing North African genomes with extant and ancient genome data, and using this data to determine the demographic impact of Neolithization and later migration waves in North Africa, is published by Serra-Vidal et al. (2019).
 * González-Fortes et al. (2019) sequence whole genomes from four human remains from northern Portugal and southern Spain dated around 4000 years BP, and report that one of them carried the sub-Saharan mitochondrial haplogroup L2a1, potentially representing the first record of this haplogroup in ancient human remains outside Africa reported so far, and interpret their findings as evidence of an early migration process from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula through a western route.
 * Genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians living over the past 8000 years is presented by Olalde et al. (2019).
 * A study on human migrations and admixture events in South and Central Asia, based on ancient DNA data from 523 individuals spanning the last 8000 years, is published by Narasimhan et al. (2019).
 * A study on the history of Holocene peopling events of Chukotka and North America, based on genomic data from 48 ancient individuals from Chukotka, East Siberia, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and the Canadian Arctic, is published by Flegontov et al. (2019).
 * A study on the impact of the transition from prehistoric foragers to contemporary societies on the human speech apparatus is published by Blasi et al. (2019).
 * A study on human land use worldwide from 10,000 years before the present to 1850 CE, indicating that Earth was to a large extent transformed by human activity by 3000 years ago, is published by Stephens et al. (2019).
 * Evidence for synchronous cyclical changes in monsoon climate, human activity and prehistoric cultural development in the area of northeast China throughout the Holocene is presented by Xu et al. (2019).
 * Evidence of presence of managed aquaculture of the common carp by around 6000 BC is reported from the Early Neolithic Jiahu site (China) by Nakajima et al. (2019).

title: 2019 in primate paleontology


text:
Learning Java/Decision Structures

Intro
Control flow blocks are basically blocks of code that control the way data flows, or else which statements are executed when. This can be useful if you only want certain areas of your code to be executed under a given condition.

There are two major types of decision structures: conditionals and loops. Code contained in a conditional block may or may not be executed; the decision is made at runtime based on a given condition. Code contained in a loop is repeated; how many times is also decided at runtime.

The Primitive
Java has a specific kind of variable for determining whether something is true or false, called a. A  type can be defined with a boolean literal (  or  ), or by evaluating an expression with a boolean operator.

Boolean Operators
These can be used to check if something is true or false. Most take numeric variables (, ,  ,  ,  , or  ) and evaluate to a. Note that booleans are variables. Here is a list of all boolean operators:

As you can see above, and, or, and not are the only operators that work on booleans. These, essentially, create new booleans. For example, if you said: In this example, b3 would be true (because one of b1 and b2 are true) and b4 would be false (because b1 and b2 are not both true).

Finally, you can do:

Expressions within parenthesis are always evaluated first, from inside to outside. Ample use of parentheses can greatly clarify your intent. For example, consider the following code:

What value is stored in ? If the or is evaluated first, then the result is, because the code would evalute to

a || b && c true || true && false true && false false

If the and is evaluated first, though, the result is :

a || b && c true || true && false true || false true

There are rules governing which operators are evaluated first. You could remember that logical and has a higher precedence than logical or (that is, and is evaluated first), you could look it up, or you could just use parentheses! Then you don't have to bother memorizing operator precedence, or waste time checking a table.

Besides, what if you wanted the or evaluated first? You're sunk... or you could add parentheses to ensure that the or is first:

This will force the or to evaluate first, and be sure that anyone reading your code will know what you mean.

You will learn below how these boolean operators can be used inside control flow blocks.

If/Else
You have seen this statement used in the previous section: "ourShip.speed<10" is a boolean. If it is true, then it will do what comes after. Note that ourShip.speed and "10" are not booleans. The < makes a boolean if the speed is less than 10. If you did the following: Guess what - it would automatically go to the preceding statement. Note that this can only be used for one statement. If you want to execute multiple statement for a given condition you can do: Everything within { and } is executed if CONDITION is true. Now, suppose you want multiple if statements. You could have separate if statements, however if the conditions are exclusive (meaning that one or the other can be true but never more than one) then you can do: To execute a block of code when the condition of the if statement is false the following code can be used:

Back to our ship. Lets make an if/else block that does: "If the ship's speed is less than 10, fire 2 pulses. If it is less than 15, fire one. Otherwise, lower the speed by firing backwards (-1)"

Answer:

Some examples of the usage of else/if: If you compile this, the result should be:

Step 1 - Not Equal

Step 2 - Equal #2

Note that any code for the "Ship" cannot be executed because that class does not exist and neither does the value "speed". You can make it a class, though, when you learn about Classes and Objects.

Switch
There are times in which you wish to check for a number of conditions, and to execute different code depending on the condition. One way to do this is with if/else logic, such as the example below:

This works, however another structure exists which allows us to do the same thing. Switch statements allow the programmer to execute certain blocks of code depending on exclusive conditions. The example below shows how a switch statement can be used: Switch takes a single parameter, which can be either an integer or a char. In this case the switch statement is evaluating SOME_INT, which is presumably an integer. When the switch statement is encountered SOME_INT is evaluated, and when it is equal to x or y, method1 and method2 are executed, respectively. The default case executes if SOME_INT does not equal x or y, in this case method3 is executed. You may have as many case statements as you wish within a switch statement.

Notice in the example above that "break" is listed after each case. This keyword ensures that execution of the switch statement stops immediately, rather than continuing to the next case. Were the break statement were not included "fall-through" would occur and the next case would be evaluated (and possibly executed if it meets the conditions).

While Loops
Loops will execute a block of code while a given condition is true. Basically, that block of code is executed until the condition is false. The condition is checked before the block of code is executed each time. The basic syntax: So, you can guess that: will execute the code within the while loop forever. The statement within the ( and ) is always a boolean condition.

Do..While Loops
A do..while loop is similar to a while loop with one major difference, which is that the condition is checked after the loop executes. This means that the block of code in the body of the do..while loop will always execute at least one time. The code below is an example of a do..while loop:

Exercise 1: Design a while block that executes the if/else if/else code for the ship in the If/Else Statements section forever.

Exercise 2: Change the above so that it stops after 10 times. You will need to know the < operator: using the if statment, "if(SOMETHING < SOMETHING2) {...}" is valid. Basically, if s is less than s2 the next part will execute. You should use int variables for this exercise.

Answer to exercise 2:

For Loop
A for loop is a neat package for executing some statements a set number of times. The syntax is fairly simple: The code below is an example of a for loop: In this example, we declare an integer named i and initialize it to 0 in the initialization step. In the conditional test, we check to see that the value of i is strictly less than 10. Finally, the increment step says i++, which is a shorthand for i=i+1, or add 1 to i. Similar to the while loop the condition is checked every time before the body of the loop is executed. Think about this code and try to determine what the output will be. Will this execute when the value of i equals 10? The output is shown below: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Notice that "10" is not included in the output. This is because the conditional check is i < 10. When i equals 10 the condition is no longer true, and the loop will not execute.

Foreach Loops
There is another for known as a foreach loop which has been more recently introduced to Java made for iteration over a collection. It uses any type of list structure as its base, including arrays and certain types of Collections. Collections are data structures with certain properties that make manipulating large amounts of data easy. In the example below we use an ArrayList which is similar to a normal array, except that it can grow dynamically and it has a number of methods (such as add, remove, get, etc) to make it easier to work with than a normal array. See the example below:

In this example we are iterating an array of integers named integerArray. The for loop will run 4 times, each time with "i" equaling a different value in the array. When the items in the list structure (see the example above) are primitive values (byte, int, long, float, double, boolean, char...) the value of "i" will just be a copy. This is why the values inside of integerArray are not changed even though "i" is changed inside the loop.

If, however, the values in the list are references, they will be directly under the influence of any changes occurring inside the loop as in this example: In this example we start out with a list named listOfShips holding three "ships" all of different colors. The for loop iterated through the list and changed each ships's color to black, then it added the ship to another list called newListOfShips. Since shipToChange is a reference to a variable instead of a variable itself, changes to it affect the items in listOfShips.

title: Learning Java/Decision Structures


text:
Wen Yi-jen

Wen Yi-jen is a Taiwanese classical conductor. He was the Principal Guest Conductor of the National Theatre Belgrade.

Early studies
Born in Taipei, Taiwan, Wen Yi-jen had his first piano lessons at age six with his mother. He attended the National Taiwan University of Arts, where he studied percussion and piano. He continued his studies at the Konservatorium der Stadt Wien and was awarded that institution's prestigious diploma in operatic, orchestral and choral conducting. His concert performance of excerpts from Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier for his diploma concert elicited praise. He later undertook post-graduate conducting studies at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna. His professors included Reinhard Schwarz, Georg Mark, Kurt Richter and Uros Lajovic.

In Taipei, Wen worked as an assistant conductor with the tenor, Nicola Martinucci, and the Taipei Symphony Orchestra in a 1995 production of Aida. During his student years in Vienna from 1998 to 2003, he performed in productions of Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Così fan tutte, Die Zauberflöte, Don Giovanni, Der Freischütz, Fidelio, Die Fledermaus, Madame Butterfly, Turandot, Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, et al.

As an assistant, his talent was recognized when he was chosen for the final concert at the inaugural “Leif Segerstam Conducting Masterclass” in Germany in 2004. Maestro Leif Segerstam invited Mr. Wen to be his assistant for the premieres of Segerstam's symphonies with the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra and the Bruckner Orchestra Linz.

National Theatre of Belgrade
After Wen's successful debut of La bohème with the renowned vocal artists Boiko Zvetanov (as Rodolfo) and Zvetelina Vassileva (as Mimì) at the National Theatre in Belgrade, he was immediately appointed Principal Guest Conductor. The operas he was scheduled to conduct during his tenure include: Salome, Tosca, La traviata, Don Carlo, Il trovatore, Rigoletto and Carmen. In November 2006, he was invited to guest conduct the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra and work with the soloist Emmanuel Pahud, Principal Flautist of Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. For the 2007/08 season, Mr. Wen was invited as a guest conductor for the Saint Petersburg Academic Symphony Orchestra (St. Petersburg Shostakovich Philharmonic Orchestra).

Conducted orchestras

 * The National Theatre Belgrade (Serbia & Montenegro)
 * Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra (ORF, Austria)
 * Bruckner Symphony Orchestra (Linz, Austria)
 * Wuppertal Symphony Orchestra (Germany)
 * St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra (Russia)
 * Saint Petersburg Academic Symphony Orchestra (Russia)
 * New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra (Japan)
 * Evergreen Symphony Orchestra (Taipei, Taiwan)
 * Arnold Schoenberg Chor (Vienna, Austria)

title: Wen Yi-jen


text:
Sarita Singh

Sarita Singh is an Indian politician, who is the incumbent president of Chhatra Yuva Sangharsh Samiti,( CYSS ) the student's wing of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). She was a member of the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi and represented Rohtas Nagar (Assembly constituency) of Delhi. Singh is also a social worker.

Personal life and education
Sarita Singh is the daughter of Awadesh Kumar Singh. After completing her Master of Arts (M. A.) in Sociology from the Delhi University (DU), Sarita Singh focussed on social work. She was aged 28 years in February 2015. Singh is a resident of Ram nagar, which is part of the Rohtas Nagar assembly constituency she represents. She is a Purvanchali, belonging to the Purvanchal area, which comprises Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Political career
Sarita Singh is the president of Chhatra Yuva Sangharsh Samiti, the student's wing of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP).

Singh was one of the six female M.L.A.s elected to Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi by winning the February 2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections. All of them were from the AAP. AAP won 67 of 70 seats in the assembly. Singh won from the Rohtas Nagar (Assembly constituency), securing 62,209 votes. She defeated the sitting M.L.A. Jitender Mahajan (Jitender Kumar) of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) by a margin of 7,874 votes. Mahajan had defeated Mukesh Hooda of the AAP by a margin of more than 14,000 votes in the previous Delhi Legislative Assembly elections in 2013.

During the election campaign, Singh's car was attacked and damaged with iron rods and wooden clubs by a group of unidentified miscreants in North east Delhi, in the night while she was on the way home. The Hindu noted that she was fielded by the AAP to appease the large migrant population from Purvanchal.

title: Sarita Singh


text:
Eric Cunningham (American football)

Eric Allan Cunningham (March 16, 1957 – January 22, 1995) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) who played for the New York Jets. He played college football at Penn State University.

Early life
Cunningham attended at South High School in Akron, Ohio.

College career
Cunningham attended and played college football at the Penn State from 1975 to 1978.

Professional career
Cunningham was selected in the fourth round (#96 overall) of the 1979 NFL Draft by the New York Jets.

Personal life
Cunningham died at the age of 37 on January 22, 1995, in New Haven, Connecticut.

title: Eric Cunningham (American football)


text:
Talk:The True Believer

Is there copyright infringement here? The bulk of the text reproduces pages from the book. Yakushima 14:10, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The True Believer (book).jpg
Image:The True Believer (book).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:35, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Incorrect Link
The link to mass movements links to the geological term Mass Movement. This should probably be fixed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:32, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

True-Believer Syndrome
It may or may not be related, but since every attempt of adding a citation needed gets removed, I'm going to remove the See-also, unless somebody can come up with a source that claims they are related. --OpenFuture (talk) 14:39, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

 * OpenFuture and a ClosedAndSmallMind, I take it. On your user page, assuming everyone is prejudiced, just results in a fait accompli, as indicated by the prior sentence. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:08, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

 * There is no need to be insulting. I have restored the wikilink, but left out the explanation. It is found in the other article. The subject is tangentially related, which is good enough for inclusion. -- Brangifer (talk) 03:52, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

 * There's no explanation on how they are related in the other article either. There are no connections from the book The True Believer to True-believer syndrome, that's for sure. --OpenFuture (talk) 07:25, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

 * There doesn't have to be an explanation. Where you may not see a connection, others may. The immediate connection is the words themselves. Another way to do this, and a more common one, would be to add a disambiguation link at the top immediately under the title. Maybe that will solve the problem? -- Brangifer (talk) 15:06, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

 * It looks like there already is one, and that should suffice. I'm backing you on removing this one, but on different grounds. -- Brangifer (talk) 15:08, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, that's the point, there already is a disambiguation, and the earlier see also claimed there was similarities, and I'm not convinced. If there is, I'd love to find a source that claims it. I find both types of people seriously annoying. :-) --OpenFuture (talk) 15:41, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Apparently there is (a need to be insulting). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:13, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

 * You're going to end up getting blocked for violating NPA and not AGF, so just stop it. It's not helping anything. -- Brangifer (talk) 15:06, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111114143910/http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/second-term/documents/1051.cfm to http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/second-term/documents/1051.cfm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:39, 24 December 2017 (UTC)

Original research
I have removed the original research tag.

It was added without explanation, either on the talk page or with possible examples of original research singled out in the body of the article.

This article is simply a detailed summary of The True Believer, which I have read several times. To my reading, this article contains no original research.

If someone wants to add the original research tag AND explain why they think it's justified, please do so.

ZeppoShemp (talk)

Bias
As is quite apparent from the quotation re FDR, Luther, Hitler and Calvin, Hoffer, whose full-time occupation was as a longshoreman, wasn't much of a conservative, and neither, apparently, is the author who chose to highlight it :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:16, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The True Believer


text:
Talk:Charles E. Palm

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100722091657/http://www.news.cornell.edu:80/chronicle/96/3.7.96/obit-palm.html to http://www.news.cornell.edu/Chronicle/96/3.7.96/obit-palm.html

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title: Talk:Charles E. Palm


text:
anteposition

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  The placing of something in front of something else, especially of words in a sentence.

Translations

 * Portuguese: anteposição

title: anteposition


text:
Malu Trevejo

María Luisa "Malú" Trevejo (, born October 15, 2002) is a Cuban-American social media personality and singer. She became famous for her videos on the video sharing app Musical.ly. She is also an Instagram personality with more than 10 million followers. On September 22, 2017, she released her debut single, "Luna Llena" with In-Tu Linea and Universal Music Latin. It has acquired over 130 million views on her YouTube channel as of August 2023. Shortly after she released another single "En Mi Mente" which has surpassed 10 million views.

Early life and career beginnings
María Luisa Trevejo was born on October 15, 2002, in Havana, Cuba, to a Cuban mother and Spanish father. She moved to Madrid, Spain with her mother when she was still a baby and lived there along with her father for 12 years. During her time in Spain, Trevejo showed a lot of interest in acting especially with skit videos she did with her friends, recorded by her parents. She began belly dancing at an early age, and uploaded videos of her engaging in this activity to the Internet, which garnered her first public attention. She stayed in Spain until she was 13 then moved to Miami, Florida with her mother.

Shortly after, she opened a Musical.ly (today known as TikTok) account, and gathered a following the eventually numbered in the millions. She posted lip-syncing videos and then became a verified user.

Trevejo signed a recording agreement and co-management agreement with In-Tu Linea and Universal Music Latin at age 14. On September 22, 2017, she released her debut single "Luna Llena" which accumulated over 129 million views on YouTube.

Career
On September 22, 2017, Trevejo's debut single "Luna Llena", which was produced by the Fliptones, was released. It reached 33 million YouTube views within seven weeks of release. Trevejo was recognized as one of Pandora Radio's 2018 Latin Artists to Watch. Trevejo indicated that her album would be in Spanglish, including both English and Spanish-language songs. In June 2017, she signed with In-Tu Linea and Universal Music Latin. "Luna Llena" debuted on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart at number 27 and sold over 2,000 downloads at the time. A re-make of the song called "Luna Llena (English Version)" was released for non-Spanish speakers.

On August 2, 2019, Trevejo released a four-track EP called Una Vez Más. Her single "Luna Llena" peaked at number 18 on the Hot Latin Songs chart for two consecutive weeks, and was certified gold and platinum within a month.

In October 2020, Trevejo signed with new management and relocated to the Los Angeles area. On her 18th birthday, she created an OnlyFans account, accumulating over 37,000 subscribers in the first week.

In October 2021, she reported on social media that she had signed to rapper Travis Scott's record label Cactus Jack Records and Atlantic Records. Later that month, she released her new song "Complicado" featuring Luar La L. The song was released under Cactus Jack and Atlantic. In November 2021, she parted ways with Cactus Jack records.

title: Malu Trevejo


text:
User:MakiyahA

I'm a bit unsure of the sources you've listed. The formatting is off and it took me a bit to figure out what you were referencing. The first source is a report from the 1970s that may or may not be helpful to you, but it is fully in French. The fire dancing source you're going to have to look at and see. Anything with an unknown publisher is iffy.

If you are having difficulty on finding sources just on the Bassari, then you have to start looking more broadly. Do searches for Art and Senegal. Or West Africa, etc. Look at the comprehensive books on African art, and see what they say and what sources they've used. For example, our textbook, or the other one on reserve at the library.

Please go back and add to the list of references you plan on using. Redo the search with broader terms.

If you are having trouble finding sources, come see me.

Barro1r (talk) 08:21, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Also, why are you working on the Bassari???? You had signed up for the Songye, and you'll find a LOT of sources out there on the Songye. What happened? Come see me. Barro1r (talk) 08:37, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User:MakiyahA


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/nianp.res.in

Links

 * nianp.res.in resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
2010 Brent London Borough Council election

The 2010 Brent London Borough Council election took place on 6 May 2010 to elect members of Brent London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour Party gained overall control of the council from no overall control.

Background
After the last election in 2006 the Liberal Democrats were the largest party with 27 councillors, compared to 21 for Labour and 15 for the Conservatives. However between 2006 and 2010 there were a number of changes in the party composition, with firstly in 2007 a councillor for Kensal Green, Berth Joseph defecting from Labour to the Conservatives. Joseph, after having been suspended from the council for 6 months in 2009, would go to contest the 2010 election as an independent.

Meanwhile, in 2009 a second Labour councillor, Francis Eniola of Welsh Harp ward, also defected to the Conservatives. The Conservatives meanwhile had lost 2 councillors in 2008 when Queensbury councillors Robert Dunwell and Atiq Malik left the party to form their own Democratic Conservative Group.

Labour aimed to regain control of the council in 2010 and targeted the wards of Dollis Hill, Kilburn, Queensbury, Tokyngton and Willesden, while also fighting to hold Fryent ward. Since 2006 the council had been controlled by a coalition between the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives.

Election result
Labour gained control of the council after making a net gain of 19 seats from both the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives. This took Labour to 40 seats, while the Liberal Democrats dropped to 17 seats and the Conservatives were reduced to 6 seats.

 * }