text:
Glossary of string theory

This page is a glossary of terms in string theory, including related areas such as supergravity, supersymmetry, and high energy physics.

Conventions
-bein: A suffix indicating a frame, where the first part is a German word indicating the dimension (as in zweibein, vierbein, and so on).

-ino: The superpartners of bosons are often denoted by the suffix -ino; for example, photon/photino.

s-: The superpartners of fermions are often denoted by adding s- at the beginning; for example, quark/squark.

αβγ
α: Fine-structure constant Regge slope, or inverse of the string tension How are these related? There is only one dimensional constant in string theory, and that is the inverse string tension $$\alpha^{\prime}$$ with units of area. Sometimes $$\alpha^{\prime}$$ is therefore replaced by a length $$l_s=\sqrt{\alpha^{\prime}}$$. The string tension is mostly defined as the fraction
 * $$\frac{1}{2\pi\alpha^{\prime}}.$$

Tension is energy or work per unit length. In natural units $$c=1$$ and $$\hbar=1$$, and hence $$\alpha^{\prime}$$ has dimension of length/energy or length/mass. Since $$\hbar$$ has the dimension of action, i.e. momentum times length, it follows that in natural units mass =1/length, and so $$\alpha^{\prime}$$ has the unit of area. The slope $$\alpha^{\prime}$$ of a Regge trajectory $$\alpha(M^2)$$ in Regge theory is the derivative of spin $$S$$ or angular momentum with respect to mass-squared, i.e.
 * $$\frac{dS}{dM^2}.$$

Since angular momentum is moment of momentum $$p$$, i.e. length times mass with $$c=1$$, $$S$$ is dimensionless in natural units, and $$\alpha^{\prime}$$ has units of $$1/M^2$$ or area like the inverse string tension.

A Fourier coefficient of a spacetime coordinate. αs is the strong coupling constant

β: One of the two conformal superghost fields β, γ used in the BRST quantization of the superstring Euler beta function Beta function describing the change of coupling constant under the renormalization group flow

γ: Dirac matrix One of the two conformal superghost fields β, γ used in the BRST quantization of the superstring World-sheet metric γab(σ,τ) Photon Euler constant .57721...

Γ: Lattice Euler Gamma function Dirac matrix Width of some scattering process

δ: Kronecker delta function An infinitesimal change in something; for example δL is an infinitesimal change in L

Δ: Propagator Delta baryon, a baryon with 3 light quarks and isospin 3/2 Laplace operator in Euclidean space or more generally a Riemannian manifold

ε: Small positive real number Antisymmetric tensor

η: Flat Lorentzian metric on spacetime Dedekind eta function, a weight 1/2 modular form Eta meson, a neutral flavor meson with PC = –+

θ: Theta function θc is the Cabbibo angle θw is the Weinberg angle, also called the weak mixing angle

Λ: Cosmological constant Large energy or large mass cutoff in regularization Lambda baryon, a baryon with 2 light quarks and isospin 0

μ: Renormalization scale, with the dimensions of mass Muon

ν: Neutrino

Ξ: Xi baryon, a baryon with 1 light quark

π: 3.14159... Pion

Π: The momentum density conjugate to X

ρ: Rho meson, a light meson with PC = ––

σ: Spacelike coordinate on the world-sheet Scattering cross section Pauli matrix See

Σ: Sigma baryon, a baryon with 2 light quarks and isospin 1

τ: Timelike coordinate on the world-sheet Element of the upper half plane Tauon

Υ: Upsilon meson (b$\overline{b}$)

φ: Scalar field

χ: Neutral-flavor heavy meson with PC = ++

ψ: Spinor field Psi meson (c$\overline{c}$)

Ω: Density of something in the universe; for example, Ων is the neutrino density Omega baryon, a baryon with no light quarks

!$@
' (prime): X′ means ∂X/∂σ.

dot above letter: Ẋ means ∂X/∂τ

∇: A covariant derivative The del operator.

□: The D'Alembert operator, or non-Euclidean Laplacian.

[,]: A commutator: [A,B] = AB–BA.

{,}: An anticommutator: {A,B} = AB+BA.

A
A: A connection 1-form Short for antiperiodic, a boundary condition on strings. Short for axial vector An asymmetry

action: A function S on the space of fields given (formally) by the integral of the Lagrangian density over spacetime, whose stationary points are the solutions of the equations of motion.

ADE: Refers to the ADE classification (An,Dn, E6, E7, E8) of simply laced Dynkin diagrams, and to several related classifications of Lie algebras, singularities and so on.

ADHM: Initials of Atiyah, Drinfeld, Hitchin, and Manin, as in the ADHM construction of instantons.

ADM: Initials of Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner, as in ADM energy, a way of defining the global energy in an asymptotically flat spacetime, or ADM decomposition of a metric, or ADM formalism.

AdS: Anti-de Sitter, as in anti-de Sitter space, a Lorentzian analogue of hyperbolic space

AdS/CFT: Anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory, especially the AdS/CFT correspondence.

ALE: Asymptotically locally Euclidean

ALEPH: ALEPH experiment at LEP

AMSB: Anomaly mediation supersymmetry breaking

ASD: Anti self-dual (connection)

ATLAS: The ATLAS experiment at CERN, a particle detector.

axino: A hypothetical supersymmetric partner of an axion.

axion: A hypothetical scalar particle whose mass arises from a coupling rather than from a mass term in the Lagrangian, used to resolve the strong CP problem.

B
b: One of the two conformal ghost fields b, c used in the BRST quantization of the bosonic string. A bottom quark.

B: Baryon number Short for boson. Short for baryon. Short for backward;for example, σB is the cross section for backward scattering. a bottom meson.

BAO: Baryon acoustic oscillation

BB: Big Bang

BBN: Big Bang nucleosynthesis

bino: A hypothetical supersymmetric partner of the gauge field corresponding to weak hypercharge.

BIon: A BPS solution representing an infinite string ending on a D-brane. Named after the Born–Infeld action.

BPS: A state related to the Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound.

BR: Branching ratio

BRS: BRST quantization: Short for Becchi, Rouet, Stora and Tyutin, who introduced the BRST quantization of gauge theories.

brane: Short for membrane. a higher-dimensional manifold moving in spacetime. See also p-brane, D-brane.

BTZ: Initials of Bañados–Teitelboim–Zanelli, as in BTZ black hole, a black hole in 2+1-dimensional gravity.

BV: Batalin–Vilkovisky, as in Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism.

C
c: The speed of light, when not using units where this is 1. A central charge of the Virasoro algebra or similar algebra. One of the two conformal ghost fields b, c used in the BRST quantization of the bosonic string. A Chern class. A charm quark.

C: Charge, especially the charge symmetry.

Calabi–Yau: A Kähler manifold with vanishing Ricci curvature, used for compactifying string theories.

CAR: Canonical anticommutation relations

CBR: Cosmic background radiation

CC: Charged current (weak interaction). Complex conjugate Compatibility condition

CCR: Canonical commutation relation CCR and CAR algebras

CDF: Collider Detector at Fermilab

CDM: Cold dark matter

CERN: Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire

chargino: A hypothetical charged supersymmetric partner of a gauge boson.

Chern–Simons:

chiral: Not invariant under the parity symmetry. The word comes from the Greek χειρ meaning "hand"; the terms "left-handed" and "right-handed" are often used to describe chiral objects. A chiral multiplet is a type of supermutliplet of a supersymmetry algebra.

CIPT: Contour improved perturbation theory

CKG: Short for conformal Killing group.

CKM: The Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix.

CKS: Short for conformal Killing spinor.

CKV: Short for conformal Killing vector.

CFT: Conformal field theory

Chan–Paton: A Chan–Paton charge is a degree of freedom carried by an open string on its endpoints.

cl: Short for classical (for example, Scl is the classical action). CL is short for confidence limit.

closed: A closed string is one with no ends.

CM: Center of mass (frame)

CMB: CMBR: Cosmic microwave background radiation

CMS: The Compact Muon Solenoid at CERN, a particle detector. Short for the Center-of-Momentum System, a coordinate system where the total momentum is 0.

compactification: A method for reducing the apparent dimension of spacetime by wrapping the string around a compact manifold.

cosmological constant: The constant term of the Lagrangian, inducing a term in the action proportional to the volume of spacetime

CP: Short for Charge–Parity, as in CP symmetry.

CPC: Short for Charge–Parity conservation.

CPT: Short for Charge–Parity–Time, as in CPT symmetry or CPT theorem.

CPV: Short for Charge–Parity violation.

critical: The critical dimension is the spacetime dimension in which a string or superstring theory is consistent; usually 26 for string theories and 10 for superstring theories.

CVC: Conserved vector current.

CY: Short for Calabi–Yau, as in Calabi–Yau manifold, a Ricci-flat Kähler manifold, often used for compactifying superstring theories.

D
d: The exterior derivative of a form. A down quark. The dimension of spacetime.

D: Short for Dirichlet, as in D-brane The dimension of spacetime A connection or differential operator A Dynkin diagram of an orthogonal group in even dimensions. A charmed meson.

D0:

D-brane: Dp-brane: Short for Dirichlet (mem)brane, a submanifold (of dimension p+1) on which the ends of strings are constrained to lie, so that the strings satisfy Dirichlet boundary conditions.

D-string: A D1-brane

DBI: Short for Dirac–Born–Infeld, as in the DBI action, an action based on the Born–Infeld action, a modification of the Maxwell action of electrodynamics.

DDF: Initials of Del Guidice, Di Vecchia, and Fubini, as in Del Guidice–Di Vecchia–Fubini operator, operators generating an oscillator algebra.

DELPHI: DELPHI experiment at LEP.

DESY: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron

DGLAP: Initials of Dokshitzer–Gribov–Lipatov–Altarelli–Parisi who introduced the DGLAP evolution equation in QCD.

Diff: Diffeomorphism or diffeomorphism group.

dilatino: A supersymmetric partner of the dilaton.

dilaton: A massless scalar particle, related to dilations of spacetime.

Dirichlet: Dirichlet boundary conditions on an open string say that the ends of the string are fixed (often lying on a D-brane).

DIS: Deep inelastic scattering

DLCQ: Discrete light-cone quantization

DM: Dark matter

DØ:

Dp-brane: Short for Dirichlet (mem)brane, a submanifold (of dimension p+1) on which the ends of strings are constrained to lie, so that the strings satisfy Dirichlet boundary conditions.

DR: Short for dimensional regularization. Short for dimensional reduction, a way of constructing theories from simpler theories in higher dimensions, sometimes by making fields invariant under some spacelike translations.

dS: de Sitter, as in de Sitter space, a Lorentzian analogue of a sphere

dS/CFT: de Sitter/conformal field theory, especially the dS/CFT correspondence.

dual resonance model: An early precursor of string theory.

duality: A hidden connection between two different theories, such as S-duality, T-duality, U-duality, mysterious duality.

DY: Initials of Drell–Yan, as in DY process.

dyon: A hypothetical particle with both electrical and magnetic charge.

E
e: Euler's constant A frame An electron

E: Energy

E6: E6 is the exceptional Lie algebra of rank 6 and dimension 78.

E7: E7 the exceptional Lie algebra of rank 7 and dimension 133.

E8: E8 the exceptional Lie algebra of rank 8 and dimension 248.

eff: Short for effective (field theory).

EFT: Effective field theory, a low-energy approximation to a theory.

einbein: A frame in 1 dimension

elfbein: A frame in 11 dimensions

energy–momentum tensor: A symmetric tensor T (also called the stress-energy tensor) describing the variation of the action under changes in the metric, whose components give the local energy, momentum and stress densities. In flat spacetimes it can also be given by combining the Noether currents of the translation symmetries.

EWSB: Electro-weak symmetry breaking.

F
F: A curvature form of a connection The world-sheet fermion number. Short for fermion Short for forward;for example, σF is the cross section for backward scattering.

F4: F4 is the exceptional Lie algebra of rank 4 and dimension 52.

FCNC: Flavor-changing neutral current.

field: A section of a fiber bundle

FOPT: Fixed-order perturbation theory.

F-string: Fundamental string

F-theory: Possibly an abbreviation of father theory. A 12-dimensional string theory introduced by Vafa.

FRW: Friedman–Robertson–Walker metric on spacetime

G
g: A metric A coupling constant The genus of a Riemann surface. A gluon.

G: Newton's gravitational constant, sometimes written GN. The Fermi coupling constant for weak interactions, sometimes written GF. Gn is an odd element of the Ramond or Neveu–Schwarz superalgebra.

G2: The exceptional Lie algebra of rank 2 and dimension 14, or a G2 manifold with G2 holonomy.

gaugino: A spin 1/2 supersymmetric partner of a gauge boson.

gh: Abbreviation for ghost; for example, Sgh is the ghost action.

ghost: A vector of negative norm.

GKO: Short for Goddard–Kent–Olive. The GKO construction, also called the coset construction, is a way of constructing unitary discrete series representations of the Virasoro algebra.

GL: A general linear group.

gluino: A hypothetical supersymmetric partner of a gluon.

gluon: A gauge boson associated with the strong force.

GMSB: Gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking.

goldstino: A massless spin 1/2 particle associated with spontaneous breakdown of supersymmetry, analogous to the Goldstone boson.

GR: General relativity

graviton: A conjectural spin 2 massless particle responsible for gravity.

gravitino: A supersymmetric partner of the graviton.

Green: Named for Michael Green.

GS: Green–Schwarz formalism, a way of incorporating supersymmetry into string theory that is supersymmetric in 10-dimensional spacetime.

GSO: Short for Ferdinando Gliozzi, Joël Scherk, and David A. Olive, as in the GSO projection, a projection in superstring theory that eliminates tachyons.

GSW: The 2-volume work on superstring theory by Green, Schwarz, and Witten.

GUT: Grand unified theory, a hypothetical theory unifying the strong and electroweak forces.

GWS: Glashow–Weinberg–Salem theory of the electroweak force.

GZK: The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit on the energy of cosmic background radiation from distant sources.

H
h: The weight of a field (for example, its eigenvalue for L0). Hermitian; for example, h.c. stands form hermitian conjugate.

H: The Hamiltonian. The Higgs boson. The Hubble constant.

Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem: A theorem describing the possible supersymmetries of a quantum field theory, generalizing the Coleman–Mandula theorem.

Hagedorn temperature: The temperature above which the partition function diverges due to the exponentially increasing number of string states.

h.c.: hc: Hermitian conjugate

HCMS: Hadronic center of mass (frame)

HDM: Higgs doublet model

HE: Short for heterotic-E$2 8$, a heterotic string theory based on the group E$2 8$.

helicity: The projection of the spin of a massless particle in the direction of its momentum.

HERA: Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage

heterotic: Named after the Greek word heterosis, meaning hybrid vigour. A hybrid of bosonic string theory and superstring theory, introduced by David Gross, Jeffrey Harvey, Emil Martinec, and Ryan Rohm in 1985.

Higgs boson: A massive scalar particle related to the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism in the electroweak theory.

Higgsino: A hypothetical supersymmetric partner of a Higgs boson.

HO: Short for heterotic-orthogonal, a heterotic string theory based on the orthogonal group O32(R).

holographic principle:

HQET:

Hyperkähler: Hyperkaehler: A Riemannian manifold with holonomy contained in the compact form of the symplectic group.

Hypermultiplet: A type of supermultiplet (representation) of an extended supersymmetry algebra.

I
i: $\sqrt{–1}$

I: Isospin.

IGM: Intergalactic medium

inflation: A hypothetical very rapid increase in the size of the very early universe.

instanton: A self-dual or anti-self-dual connection in a principal bundle over a four-dimensional Riemannian manifold.

int: Short for interaction; for example, Hint might be an interaction Hamiltonian.

inv: Short for invisible; for example, Γinv is the width for invisible decays (those unobseverd by an experiment).

J
J: A current A source Spin.

K
k: A momentum

K: A kaon (a strange meson).

K3: A simply connected compact complex surface of Kodaira dimension 0

K-theory: A cohomology theory based on vector bundles.

Kac–Moody algebra: A central extension of a loop algebra.

Kähler: Kaehler: Named after Erich Kähler A Kähler manifold is a complex manifold with a compatible Riemannian metric. A Kähler metric is the metric on a Kähler manifold. A Kähler potential is a function of superfields used to construct a Lagrangian.

Kalb–Ramond field:

KK: Kaluza–Klein

KM: The Kobayashi–Maskawa mechanism for CP violation. Kac–Moody algebra.

KZ: Initials of Knizhnik and Zamolodchikov, as in KZ equation, a differential equation related to the primary fields of a current algebra.

L
L: A Lagrangian Ln is an element of the Virasoro algebra. An abbreviation for left (moving modes). Lepton number Short for lepton

L3: L3 experiment at LEP.

Lagrangian (field theory): A function on the jet space of a fiber bundle.

landscape: The (conjectural) moduli space of all (vacuums of) string theories.

LEP: The Large Electron–Positron Collider at CERN.

lepton: An elementary particle of spin 1/2 that is unaffected by the strong force.

LH: Left-handed

LHC: The large hadron collider at CERN.

little string theory:

LL: Double logarithmic

LO: Leading order (term)

LQG: Loop quantum gravity

LQC: Loop quantum cosmology

LSP: Abbreviation for lightest supersymmetric particle.

LSS: Large scale structure (of the universe).

M
m: A mass of a fermion. For example, mt is the mass of the top quark t.

M: The mass of a boson; for example, MZ is the mass of the Z-boson.

Majorana fermion: Majorana spinor: A fermion or spinor with a reality condition, in spacetimes of dimension 2, 3, 4 mod 8.

Majorana–Weyl fermion: Majorana–Weyl spinor: A half-spinor with a reality condition, in spacetimes of dimension 2 mod 8.

Mandelstam variable: A sum or difference of two of the four incoming or outgoing momenta of a 2-particle interaction.

matrix theory: M(atrix) theory: One of several non-perturbative formulations of string theory or M-theory using infinite matrices.

M-brane: membrane: A higher dimensional analogue of a string.

MC: Monte Carlo integration

MCG:

minimal model: Certain solvable conformal field theories.

Mirror symmetry (string theory): A partly conjectural relation between a type IIA superstring theory compactified on a Calabi–Yau manifold and a type IIB superstring theory compactified on a different "mirror" Calabi–Yau manifold.

MLLA: Modified leading logarithm approximation.

MNS: Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix for neutrino mixing

monopole: A hypothetical particle similar to a "magnet with only one pole".

Montonen–Olive duality: An early case of S-duality.

MS: minimal subtraction (a renormalization scheme). $\overline{MS}$ is the modified minimal subtraction scheme.

MSM: Abbreviation for minimal standard model.

MSSM: Abbreviation for minimal supersymmetric standard model.

mSUGRA: Minimal model of supergravity.

M-theory: An 11-dimensional theory introduced in the second string theory revolution to unify the 5 known superstring theories. The letter M has been said to stand for membrane, matrix, magic, mystery, monster, and so on.

MSW: Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect concerning neutrino oscillations in matter.

multiplet: A linear representation of a Lie algebra or group. A collection of elementary particles corresponding to a basis of a representation.

N
N: The number of times each irreducible real spinor representation appears in the fermionic part of a supersymmetry algebra or super Minkowski space. It is often used in the description of an extended supersymmetry algebra, as in N=2 superconformal algebra and so on. A nucleon, a baryon with 3 light quarks and isospin 1/2 (such as a proton or neutron). The number of some type of particle.

Nambu–Goto action: An action for strings, proportional to the area of the worldsheet.

NC: Neutral current (weak interaction).

Neumann: Neumann boundary conditions on an open string say that the momentum normal to the boundary of the world-sheet is zero.

neutralino: A hypothetical supersymmetric partner of a gauge boson with zero charge.

Neveu: Named for André Neveu.

Neveu–Schwarz algebra: A supersymmetric extension of the Virasoro algebra, similar to the Ramond algebra.

NG: Short for Nambu–Goto, as in Nambu–Goto action. Short for Nambu–Goldstone, as in Nambu–Goldstone boson.

NLL: Next to leading logarithmic (term).

NLO: Next to leading order (term).

NLSP: next-to-lightest sypersymmetric particle

NMSSM: Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model.

NNLL: Next to next to leading logarithmic (term).

NNLO: Next to next to leading order (term).

NNNLL: Next to next to next to leading logarithmic (term).

no-ghost theorem: A theorem stating that some hermitian form is positive semidefinite, in other words has no ghosts (negative norm vectors). The name is a word-play on no-go theorem.

NR: Non-relativistic

NRQCD: Non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics

NS: Neveu–Schwarz, especially the Neveu–Schwarz algebra

NS–NS: A sector with Neveu–Schwarz conditions on left and right moving modes.

NS–R: A sector with Neveu–Schwarz conditions on left moving modes and Ramond conditions on right moving modes.

NUT: The initials of E. Newman, L. Tamburino, and T. Unti, mainly used in Taub–NUT vacuum, a solution to Einsteins' equations.

O
O: An orthogonal group

OCQ: Short for old covariant quantization

OPAL: The OPAL detector at LEP.

open: An open string is one with two ends.

OPE: operator product expansion: A description of short-distance singularities of fields.

orbifold: Something that looks locally like a manifold quotiented by the action of a finite group.

OSp: A Lie superalgebra.

P
p: A momentum

P: Parity, especially the parity symmetry. Short for periodic, a boundary condition on strings (as opposed to A for antiperiodic). Pseudoscalar (current) Momentum One of the bosonic elements of a supersymmetry algebra.

p-brane: A p+1 dimensional membrane, where p is a non-negative integer. The dimension of membranes is often given by their space dimension, which is 1 less than their full spacetime dimension.

PCAC: partially conserved axial vector current

PDF: Parton distribution function.

PDG: Particle Data Group.

photino: A hypothetical supersymmetric partner of the photon.

photon: The neutral spin 1 gauge boson of the electromagnetic field.

PMNS: Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix for neutrino mixing

Polyakov action: A modification of the Nambu–Goto action for strings that eliminates the square root.

PQ: Peccei–Quinn, as in Peccei–Quinn theory.

pQCD: PQCD: Perturbative quantum chromodynamics.

prepotential: A function used to construct the vector superfield in supersymmetric gauge theory and Seiberg–Witten theory.

primary field: A field killed by the positive weight operators of the Virasoro algebra (or similar algebra); in other words, a lowest weight vector.

Princeton string quartet: David Gross, Jeffrey Harvey, Emil Martinec, and Ryan Rohm, who introduced the heterotic string in 1985.

PSL: Projective special linear group.

Q
q: A quark.

Q: The BRST operator. A charge One of the fermionic generators of a supersymmetry algebra.

quark: A strongly interacting elementary particle of spin 1/2.

QCD:

QED:

R
R: Short for Ramond, as in Ramond sector. A curvature tensor An abbreviation for right (moving modes). A radius R-symmetry is a symmetry of extended supersymmetry algebras.

Ramond: Named for Pierre Ramond.

Ramond algebra: A supersymmetric extension of the Virasoro algebra, similar to the Neveu–Schwarz algebra.

Rarita–Schwinger: Refers to spin 3/2 fermions.

Regge: Physicist Tullio Regge. Regge trajectory: the squared mass of a hadronic resonance is roughly linear in the spin, with the constant of proportionality called the Regge slope.

revolution: Any new idea in string theory. In particular the first superstring revolution refers to the discoveries in the mid 1980s such as the cancellation of gravitational anomalies and the heterotic string, and the second superstring revolution refers to the discoveries in the mid 1990s, such as D-branes, M-theory, and matrix theory and the AdS/CFT correspondence.

RG: Renormalization group.

RGE: Renormalization group equation.

RH: Right-handed

R–NS: A sector with Ramond conditions on left moving modes and Neveu–Schwarz conditions on right moving modes.

RNS: Ramond–Neveu–Schwarz, as in RNS formalism, a way of incorporating supersymmetry into string theory that is supersymmetric on the world sheet.

R-parity: A Z2 symmetry of supersymmetric models.

R-R: Short for Ramond–Ramond sector

S
s: A strange quark. A Mandelstam variable

S: An action A scattering matrix. The transformation τ → –1/τ of the upper half plane Scalar (current) Short for super or supersymmetric

S-brane: A brane similar to a D-brane, with Dirichlet boundary conditions in the time direction.

S-duality: Strong–weak duality, a string duality relating theories with a large coupling constant to theories with a small coupling constant

SBB: Standard Big Bang model of the universe

SCFT: Superconformal field theory, a supersymmetric extension of conformal field theory

Schwarz: Named for John Henry Schwarz

Seiberg duality:

SGA: Abbreviation for Spectrum-generating algebra

short supermultiplet: A supermultiplet (representation) related to BPS states

sigma model: A classical or quantum model based on the maps from a base manifold to a target manifold.

SL: Special linear group

SLAC: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

SLC: Stanford Linear Collider

slepton: Hypothetical supersymmetric partner of a lepton

SM:

sneutrino: Hypothetical supersymmetric partner of a neutrino

SO: Special orthogonal group

Sp: Symplectic group

sphaleron: Static solution to the electroweak field equations

squark: Supersymmetric partner of a quark.

SSB: Spontaneous symmetry breaking

SSM: Standard solar model

stress–energy tensor: Alternative name for the.

string field theory:

SU: Special unitary group

SUGRA: Short for supergravity

superconformal algebra: A supersymmetric analogue of the Virasoro algebra of conformal symmetries in 2 dimensions

superfield: A supersymmetric analogue of a quantum or classical field

supergravity: A supersymmetric extension of general relativity

supermultiplet: A representation of a supersymmetry algebra

superpotential: A function of chiral superfield not depending on their superderivatives or spacetime derivatives, used to form a Lagrangian.

superspace: A supersymmetric analogue of spacetime

superstring: A supersymmetric analogue of a string

supersymmetry: A generalization of a Lie superalgebra, where the Lie bracket [a,b] is sometimes given by ab+ba rather than ab–ba.

SUSY: An abbreviation for supersymmetry.

SYM: Supersymmetric Yang–Mills

T
t: A top quark. A Mandelstam variable. Time.

T: The energy–momentum tensor. Time, especially the time symmetry. The transformation τ → τ+1 of the upper half plane. A torus. The string tension. Temperature. Tensor (current)

T-duality: A string duality relating theories on a large spacetime to theories on a small spacetime. In particular it exchanges type IIA and IIB superstring theory.

tachyon: A particle of imaginary mass moving faster than light.

ToE: TOE: Theory of everything

type I: type II: type IIA: type IIB: A type of superstring or the corresponding low-energy supergravity theory. The Roman numeral I or II refers to the number of d=10 supersymmetries, and types IIA or IIB are distinguished by whether the supersymmetries of left and right movers have opposite or identical chiralities.

U
u: An up quark. A Mandelstam variable.

U: A unitary group.

U-duality: Short for "unified duality". A string duality relating two different string theories.

UED: Universal extra dimensions

UV: Short for ultra-violet, often referring to short-distance singularities.

V
V: A vertex operator. Vector (current)

V-A: Vector-Axial vector

vector superfield: A type of superfield related to vector supermultiplets.

VEV: Vacuum expectation value of an operator.

vielbein: A frame

vierbein: A frame in 4 dimensions. Sometimes used for a frame in an arbitrary number of dimension by authors who do not care that "vier" means four in German.

Veneziano amplitude: The Euler beta function interpreted as a scattering amplitude.

vertex operator:

Virasoro algebra: A central extension of the Witt algebra of polynomial vector fields on a circle.

W
w: A complex number

W: A W-boson

W-algebra: A sort of generalization of the Virasoro algebra

Weyl: Named after Hermann Weyl A Weyl transformation is a rescaling of the world-sheet metric. Weyl spinor, an element of a half-spin representation in even spacetime dimensions.

WIMP: Weakly interacting massive particle

wino: A hypothetical supersymmetric partner of the W-boson.

Witten: Named for Edward Witten.

WMAP: Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

world sheet: The 2-dimensional subset of spacetime swept out by a moving string.

world-volume: The p+1-dimensional spacetime volume swept out by a p-brane, as in world-volume action.

WZNW: WZW: Initials of Wess, Zumino, (Novikov), and Witten, as in the WZW model, a σ-model with a group as the target space.

XYZ
x: A real number

X: Used for coordinates in Minkowski space.

y: A real number

YBE: Yang–Baxter equation

YM: Yang–Mills

z: A complex number

Z: A partition function The Z boson. An element of the center of an extended supersymmetry algebra.

ZEUS:

zino: A hypothetical supersymmetric partner of the Z-boson.

zweibein: A frame in 2 dimensions

title: Glossary of string theory


text:
Talk:The Jungle Book (Game Gear)

This article specifically deals with the Game Gear version of The Jungle Book. The game has been released on three different platforms, and we have an article (with all the same content) covering the three platforms. Since all the content is found on the other article, this is redundant and should be deleted. The reason why I am nominating this for deletion is because this is specifically called "Jungle Book (Game Gear)" whereas the other says "Jungle Book (Video Game)." -berenlazarus
 * I've set this article as a redirect to The Jungle Book (video game). —Quarl (talk) 2006-03-22 08:49Z

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Jungle Book (Game Gear)


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Genencor

Genencor is a biotechnology company based in Palo Alto, CA and a subsidiary of IFF. Genencor is a producer of Industrial enzymes and low-priced bulk protein. The name Genencor originates with Genencor, Inc., the original joint venture between Genentech and Corning Incorporated, which was founded in 1982. It is considered to have pioneered the field of industrial biotechnology, as distinct from traditional applications of biotechnology to health care and agriculture.

In 2005 Genencor was acquired by Danisco.

In 2008 Genencor entered a joint venture with DuPont, called DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC, to develop and commercialize low cost technology for the production of cellulosic ethanol. In 2008, Genencor and Goodyear announced they were working to develop BioIsoprene.

In 2011, DuPont acquired Danisco for $6.3 billion.

In 2021, portions of DuPont including the Genencor division were acquired by International Flavors & Fragrances.

Awards
Genencor achieved the following awards:
 * Named No. 2 Best Medium-Sized Company to Work for in America by the Great Place to Work® Institute, Inc. (2004)
 * Named No. 1 Best Medium-Sized Company to Work for in America by the Great Place to Work® Institute, Inc. (2005)
 * Named No. 1 Best Place to Work in the Bay Area by the San Francisco Chronicle (2005)
 * Named No. 11 Best Medium-Sized Company to Work for in America by the Great Place to Work® Institute, Inc. (2011)

title: Genencor


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Ukraine men's national under-18 basketball team

The Ukraine men's national under-18 basketball team is a national basketball team of Ukraine, administered by the Basketball Federation of Ukraine. It represents the country in men's international under-18 basketball competitions.


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Cookbook:Chard

Chard or acelga is a leafy vegetable closely related to beets.

Characteristics
Chard grows as long stalks with a broad leafy section at the top resembling beet greens. While the leaves are always medium-to-dark green, the stalks and veins can come in a wide variety of colors, which has led to the term "rainbow chard". Flavor-wise, chard is similar to other leafy greens like spinach, with a slight bitterness that mellows when cooking. Both the stem and leaves are edible, though typically cooked separately.

Seasonality
Although you can often purchase chard year-round, it reaches peak season in the summer.

Selection and storage
When selecting chard, look for good coloration and shiny leaves, with no wilting or slimy spots. Avoid brown or discolored stalks. Chard will keep for a few days in the refrigerator if stored in plastic with a damp towel. Avoid storing them with excess moisture, which can speed decay.

Preparation
Because the leaves and stems cook at different rates, first cut the leafy tops away from the stalks. If cooking the stalk, trim off the tougher bottoms.

Use
The leaves are generally treated in the same way as spinach and the stems like asparagus or celery. Fresh young chard can be used raw in salads, while older (and more bitter) chards are better off cooked to mellow them. Additionally, acid and salt will help cut any bitterness. Do note that the leaves will shrink significantly when cooked, so plan accordingly.

Substitution
If you can't access chard, various other leafy greens will work as a substitute. Beet greens are particularly similar, but collard greens and spinach will also work well. Kale is tougher and more bitter but will easily work in a pinch.

title: Cookbook:Chard


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Indonesian/Lesson 0 Exercise

< Indonesian/Lesson 0

Okay, so now you at least know how to read Indonesian. That's a great start!

Indonesian/Malay has a rhymic quality akin to Italian. And for long, native poets, scribes, and orators have had a penchant of creating sentences that rhyme with each other. Just like in English poetry, the rhyming makes extensive use of the many similar final-sounds of words. To prove my point, let me bring you the Rhyme Game.

Rhyme Game
Objective:
 * 1) To practice your pronunciation of Indonesian through the rhyming pattern in the words
 * 2) To build up your vocabulary, obviously!

Kuku-kukuku kaku (My nails are stiff)
-ku (pronounced -COO) is not very common, but it does contain some important words!

Now that I've established the pattern, can you guess how to pronounce these words?

Cinta itu buta (Love is blind)
Words ending with -ta (-TUH) are often related to love, and to umm... many other things!

(*)the vowel sound in ren- is essentially a schwa, in contrast to gEn- in genta

Can you guess, based on what you've learned?

Tangkap ikan kakap! (Catch the Barramundi fish!)
When you catch and hold onto something, you say -kap (-CUP)! And when you let something be known, you should also say -kap!

Here we go again!

Other Tongue Twisters
If you're feeling especially game after your Indonesian phonetics lesson, have a go at the following tongue twisters:

title: Indonesian/Lesson 0 Exercise


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cyborg (video game)

The result was speedy keep. Nomination withdrawn. (non-admin closure) BlacknoseDace(say something. I'm lonely!)[I'm not a reference!] 16:47, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Cyborg (video game)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

The only source is a review in a magazine, and there is clearly no significant coverage. BlacknoseDace(say something. I'm lonely!)[I'm not a reference!] 14:17, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Video games-related deletion discussions. BlacknoseDace(say something. I'm lonely!)[I'm not a reference!]  14:17, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Comment: I found a second review: https://archive.org/details/80-U.S._Volume_VI_Number_01_1983-01_80-Northwest_Publishing_US/page/n79/mode/2up?q=cyborg and there is a note there about the Guinness Book. I will see what else can be found. BOZ (talk) 14:47, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Seems to be mentioned in Byte, and a longer review in Microcomputing. Haven't looked for others yet. --Izno (talk) 15:28, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * KEEP Notable achievement, as Bilby just added: It is listed by Guinness World Records as the first cyberpunk video game. And it got reviews so passes the general notability guideline.   D r e a m Focus  15:48, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep Enough reviews to satisfy notability. Donaldd23 (talk) 15:58, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm seeing the rationale for keep now. I'll probably withdrawal if the Keeps continue to come in at this rate. BlacknoseDace(say something. I'm lonely!)[I'm not a reference!] 16:20, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Two people, at this rate? What?!  You know evidence has now been found its notable, then just withdrawal.  No sense dragging this out and wasting everyone's time.   D r e a m Focus  16:24, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry if I offended you. I'll withdrawal now. BlacknoseDace(say something. I'm lonely!)[I'm not a reference!] 16:47, 16 August 2020 (UTC)


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Talk:Odious debt

Examples?
This article really could use some examples of allegedly odious debt, as of now the definition is fine but without any examples the article is vague. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:58, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

Loan
I can't give you loan because stolen the PTI mendate 2404:3100:1047:B2D8:1:0:EBB1:A0C3 (talk) 04:22, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Odious debt


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Talk:Tornado outbreak of November 21–23, 1992

Untitled
The header mentions an F4 tornado that tracked through Switzerland County, Indiana. The list of tornadoes that follows has no row describing this tornado, nor any F4 in Indiana on 22-Nov-1992. Can someone please add the appropriate description for the Switzerland County event? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:28, 22 November 2017 (UTC)Ron C


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Battle of Sanaa (2014)

The Battle of Sanaa in 2014 marked the advance of the Houthis into Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, and heralded the beginning of the armed takeover of the government that unfolded over the following months. Fighting began on 9 September 2014, when pro-Houthi protesters under the command of Abdul-Malik al-Houthi marched on the cabinet office and were fired upon by security forces, leaving seven dead. The clashes escalated on 18 September, when 40 were killed in an armed confrontation between the Houthis led by military commander Mohammed Ali al-Houthi and supporters of the Sunni hardliner Islah Party when the Houthis tried to seize Yemen TV, and 19 September, with more than 60 killed in clashes between Houthi fighters and the military and police in northern Sanaa. By 21 September, the Houthis captured the government headquarters, marking the fall of Sanaa.

Background
Zaydi Muslims loyal to Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, a powerful tribal leader from the northern Saada Governorate, participated in the Yemeni Revolution in 2011 and 2012. However, the Houthis also clashed with Islamists from Yemen's Islah party, with sporadic and sometimes intense fighting in the northern village of Dammaj, as well as several neighboring governorates. In January 2014, the Yemeni government began evacuating Wahhabi residents from Saada Governorate, handing victory in the region to the Houthis. The Houthi insurgents pressed their advantage, seizing control of 'Amran in a bloody battle with Islah Party-aligned jihadists loyal to General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar  and entering the Sana'a Governorate by July.

In August, the Houthis began holding mass demonstrations in Sana'a, pressuring President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi to reverse a cut to fuel subsidies and calling on the government to step down. Representatives of the group met with government officials in an attempt to find a solution to the standoff, but the Houthis rejected the government's concessions as insufficient.

On 9 September, Houthi protesters in northwest Sana'a were fired upon by security forces as they marched on the cabinet office. Seven were killed.

Houthis storm Sana'a
Fighting broke out between the Houthis and army units in northwest Sana'a on 16 September and continued into the following day.

On 18 September, fighting claimed 40 lives in the district where Yemen TV, the state broadcast station, is located in northern Sana'a. The Houthis and loyalists of the Islah Party, both heavily armed, fought over the neighbourhood. The Houthis also reportedly attacked an army position, escalating the conflict further. Flights into and out of Sana'a International Airport were suspended.

Houthi fighters attacked Sana'a in earnest on 19 September, shelling the state television station and clashing with both government forces and Sunni militias. The Houthis took Saddeq Hill, overlooking Al-Iman University and the military headquarters of General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar. They also fired on a military aircraft, although it was unclear if they succeeded in forcing it down. More than 60 were killed in clashes on 19 September. President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi met with the ambassadors of G10 states and called the Houthi attack an "attempted coup" against his government. UN envoy Jamal Benomar urged a peaceful end to the fighting.

Government bows to pressure
Yemen TV continued to burn on 20 September as the Houthis advanced deeper into Sana'a. That evening, Benomar announced an agreement that would end the crisis.

By 21 September, the Houthis declared themselves in control of Sana'a, having taken over the offices of the prime minister, the state television building, and military headquarters. Al-Ahmar's forces reportedly surrendered to the Houthis after fighting, although the general himself was believed to have escaped capture. The rebels signed a deal with the government, prompting Prime Minister Mohammed Basindawa to resign. However, they refused to sign an annex to the agreement under which security forces would resume control of areas seized by the Houthis and confiscate the Houthis' weapons. Nonetheless, Hadi declared an immediate ceasefire and urged all factions to respect the agreement. Basindawa criticised Hadi in his resignation, saying "autocratic measures" shut him out of the political process and kept his government "in the dark" with regard to Yemen's deteriorating security situation.

Sana'a was widely regarded as having fallen to the Houthis in just a handful of days. Several Arab publications described the events as "shocking" and suggested they marked a major turning point for the country, which had been labouring through a protracted political crisis since the 2011 uprising that dislodged longtime president Ali Abdullah Saleh.

Aftermath
While the Houthis gained control of the capital and used the threat of force as leverage to wring concessions out of the government, including Basindawa's resignation, more subsidies on fuel, and a pledge to form a "unity government", they refrained from an immediate coup d'état. However, the group maintained control of key points in the city, despite the government's call for the Houthis to turn them over to security forces, and it kept a firm grip on the government. In October, when Hadi moved to appoint his chief of staff, Ahmed Awad bin Mubarak, as prime minister to replace Basindawa, the Houthis effectively vetoed the choice.

Al Jazeera later claimed to have received taped phone conversations between Ali Abdullah Saleh, the former president, and Houthi officials indicating that Saleh aided the Houthis in their takeover of Sana'a. Saleh's party, the General People's Congress, joined the Houthis in announcing an eleventh-hour boycott of the unity government led by Hadi and Prime Minister Khaled Bahah in November.

The Houthis continued to apply pressure on the weakened unity government, kidnapping bin Mubarak for several days in January 2015 in an attempt to gain more control over the drafting of a new constitution. They stepped up their efforts by shelling Hadi's residence and capturing the presidential palace on 20 January, actions from which they had refrained in September 2014. These attacks prompted Hadi, Bahah, and the entire cabinet to resign. The Houthis then took control of the House of Representatives, declared it dissolved, and installed a Revolutionary Committee to administer the country in February 2015.

title: Battle of Sanaa (2014)


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User:DaviesBridge

Throughout my stay in school, have been using Wikipedia to write homeworks and it really helped me to a great extent. I joined Wikipedia to contribute to the community at large.

Statistics
 * AfD participation
 * Xtools

title: User:DaviesBridge


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Talk:Graphic Design/Drawing

looks like the link is a bit of advertizing for the contributer, but lets leave it alone for a bit and see what comes of it. --Karl Wick

title: Talk:Graphic Design/Drawing


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Norbert Schuler

Norbert Schuler (born 4 November 1938) is a German field hockey player. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics.

title: Norbert Schuler


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka

The result was   keep and improve. There is broad agreement that this article is deeply flawed and written from a particular perspective. In fact the primary author's comments right here in this discussion show their own prejudices on the topic. However, the topic is broader than just the civil war, having been demonstrably present both before and after it. There is no agreement on if or how it could be merged, but that discussion can continue on the talk page if needed. Beeblebrox (talk) 04:28, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

unsourced, no real point to the article, includes myths and legends to a present day situation. Sri Lankan Civil War article already exists. Blackknight12 (talk) 15:23, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete as an apparent WP:POVFORK, all of which is covered under other articles. Sleddog116 (talk) 18:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sri Lanka-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:32, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of History-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 01:34, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * This is not the final version of the article. Currently I am adding references to this article. I will complete finding and referencing things within a month. Also I want to add more details than this first version which is more towards the structure. It is some tedious work which can't done in few hours. This is not a WP:POVFORK since no other Wikipedia page is created to discuss the history, tension situations, civil wars erupted. Sri Lankan Civil War is only a stage of the ethnic conflict. So it's scope is limited only to the civil war. Also history of Sri Lanka/any other country is a huge ,"non categorized" topic. In this article only subjective events were concerned. --Himesh84 (talk) 06:02, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi, There should be an opening paragraph (the socalled lead) where a short description about the topic is given. Also, the article must reflect both sides of the conflict. If myths and legends are to be mentioned at all, they should not be presented as facts, and myths and legends of both sides and the role and significance of these myths in the ethnic conflict should be presented. Otherwise you are absolutely right that the ethnic conflict should have an article on its own, where the article focuses on contributing factors to the ethnic conflict, how it developed and evolved. --SriSuren (talk) 15:35, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the feedback. I will update according to your feedback.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Himesh84 (talk • contribs) 17:30, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Civil war is in Sri Lanka is over. Not the Conflict. Still some popular topics are spreading through the world. eg : Tamils are the Natives to Sri Lanka. There should be no Sinhalese colonies in so called "Tamil Home Lands". From this article I want bring the complete picture of the ethnic conflict. That means History, civil war, ethnic conflicts after the war (homeland,traditional land, natives,...) --Himesh84 (talk) 17:26, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
 * KEEP This article is certainly not a POVFORK and should most certainly not be deleted. The ethnic conflict and the civil war are not the same. Let me explain it in a simple way - the ethnic conflict predates the civil war by several decades and it continue to exists even after the civil war ended. The civil war was just one result of the ethnic conflict. The present article is very one sided and has some irrelevant myths etc and therefore needs to be rewritten and improved, but it must not be deleted. It amazes me that there has not been an article on the topic until now. --SriSuren (talk) 15:04, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Potential keep -- I am not clear what else exists, but this looks adequate to me. There are conflicting views between the Tamils and "natives" as to history.  This is probably too raw a subject for a NPOV consenus to arise on the history of the issue.  If necessary, it should be userified, so that the main editors can bring the article to a more finished state.  Peterkingiron (talk) 13:24, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete Definitely a WP:POVFORK. The user who created this article believes that the information in other established articles to be fake and so they have created this article to put across their POV. Without a lead it's difficult to say what the point of this article is. If it's about the "Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka" then there are plenty of other articles which deal with this: Sri Lankan Civil War, Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war, Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism etc. But as it stands now the article is actually about the entire history of Sri Lanka, going back tens of thousands of years. Again, there are plenty of articles dealing with Sri Lanka's history - History of Sri Lanka, Prehistory of Sri Lanka, Ancient history of Sri Lanka, Medieval history of Sri Lanka, Colonial history of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka in the twentieth century, Post conflict history of Sri Lanka. Most of the article has been copied from other articles, most of it is unreferenced, it contains original research, it contradicts itself and it's full of factual errors.-- obi2canibe talk contr 15:19, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, The Bushranger One ping only 03:21, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

- Keep. We should keep articles which give interesting information about countries. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 14:47, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Redirect to History of Sri Lanka or Sri Lankan Civil War. Stuartyeates (talk) 00:38, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Potential keep-I agree with Peterkingiron, this article clearly has some POV material, however it is a notable conflict that does predate the civil war. It needs to be copy edited/cleaned by multiple editors, but it is a notable subject.CouchSurfer222 (talk) 17:57, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Crisco 1492 (talk) 05:30, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete and redirect to Sri Lankan Civil War, as it is an unnecessary fork. —Lowellian (reply) 20:43, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It is stated that Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka is a combination of Sri Lankan Civil war + History of Sri Lanka. Logically it is correct. But it is not practical. History of Sri Lanka is a huge subject. Also it is very much brief description about all the history which can't be written in details within a small wiki page. For me it is very much difficult to find specific details about ethnic details from the history of Sri lanka page. We must implements detailed specific things in derived pages for a subject like history. Also "Sri Lankan Civil War" only contains about things happened after 1900 and the last battle between two groups. But ethnic conflict containing more details. More battles (Magha invation, Parakramabahu VI's Jaffna invasion, ... ) and relationships (king Senerat and Cankii) agreements, how intermediate parties settled tension in past (Portuguese, Dutch, English) .... Those things can't be talked from "Sri Lankan Civil war" wiki page. It is out side the Topic (which target the last battle) and scope.--Himesh84 (talk) 14:20, 29 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I find that I have one supporter. I am not qualified to undertake the necessary restructuring of the articles.  This probably needs a multiple merge to otehr articles on the history of Sri Lanka, undertaken by a NPOV expert.  If no one will come forward to do this, the aritcle will have to be deleted, as it is undesirable to have multiple articles all covering the same subject, unless they form a tree with a general article pointing to more detaield main articles, which may in turn have main sub-articles.  Peterkingiron (talk) 18:41, 28 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Is it possible to merge this page to "History of Sri Lanka" or other way around ? I believe it is not a good idea since History should be brief. Also this article contain some extra details which hasn't not covered in any articles. I think Ethnic crisis in Sri Lanka is huge subject and there should be a wiki page for that. Also recent civil war is huge subject, there should be another wiki page for that. There are lot of wiki articles which talk history about particular subject from that page without merging into the history of that country or continent. Logically we can merge every wiki-page into History except what is still going on but practically not. So we have to merge all the kingdoms into history of that country,no wikipages about kings that belongs to the history. Battles, empires, rebels,Olympic games, football games,elections,famous presidents,famous persons also into history. More than 75% wikipages are logically belongs to History. That will be not good.--Himesh84 (talk) 14:20, 29 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I am suggesting a multiple merge to the histories by period. If I knew about the subject, I might do it, but I do not.  Or perhasp what I am saying is that much of the content needs to be merged to those articles, leaving a much shorter summary, covering the main points.  Lowellian is wrong, becasue most of the article is not about the recent civil war, but about the source of the tensions that lay behind it.  Peterkingiron (talk) 12:29, 1 August 2012 (UTC)


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Talk:The Magic Flute (2006 film)

2009 comments
Can anyone explain why this film has not been more widely released? It does not seem to have been released in America, even on DVD. Boxter1977 (talk) 04:43, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

I know. I'm pretty p***ed off about that too. It's only available on a Region 2 DVD. I don't understand it either; maybe times have drastically changed. I remember that in the 1980's, Francesco Rosi's "Carmen" (1984) and Zeffirelli's "La Traviata" (1982) and "Otello"(1986), all of them opera films and all three starring Placido Domingo, were released to movie theatres in the U.S. with no problem. AlbertSM (talk) 02:55, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

Editorializing in the Reviews
I notice that the article interjects some comments with regards to some of the critical reviews. For example, one reviewer is referred to as damaging his credibility by confusing characters (I had a quick glance at said review and found there didn't seem to be such a mix-up).<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:40, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on The Magic Flute (2006 film). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110726164332/http://mobile.salon.com/ent/movies/feature/2000/06/09/branagh/index1.html to http://mobile.salon.com/ent/movies/feature/2000/06/09/branagh/index1.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:50, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

WW1 or not?
The article says: "The story, which has been updated to a World War I setting..." and "...a new film version of The Magic Flute, set during World War I..."

The box cover says its WW1 but there is an interview on the CD with a manager who says it is not WW1. Having seen the film I would say that it was based on a WW1 type conflict, but it clearly is not a historically correct WW1. One can easily conclude this because the uniforms and some equipment are clearly the product of creative fantasy.

I think the wording of the article needs to be changed to: "The story, which has been updated to a fantasy conflict is based on a World War One trench warfare setting..."

2A02:C7D:A8BF:4100:A52C:EFD4:C9EA:C9C7 (talk) 18:26, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Magic Flute (2006 film)


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Hydrolycus armatus

Hydrolycus armatus is a species of dogtooth characin found in freshwater of tropical South America. It is sometimes known as harm, or payara,  a name it shares with the related H. scomberoides.

This predatory fish occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade, but it requires a very large tank. In its native range it is considered a major gamefish.

Distribution and habitat
This species of fish is found in the Amazon, Orinoco and Essequibo basins in tropical South America. They are found in several different freshwater habitats, but often in fast-flowing water. They are typically found in deeper waters during the day. The species is locally common; in a major study of a Venezuelan floodplain river, 1⁄3 of the collected fish were H. armatus, and the species was particularly common in creeks and lagoons. At least some populations are migratory.

Description
Hydrolycus armatus are overall silvery. In adults the base of the tail and anal fin is pale yellowish, and the distal part is blackish, contrasting with a narrow white edge at the very tip (unique among Hydrolycus species).

A typically reported maximum total length of this fish is 89 cm, but records show specimens up to 95 cm in Venezuela and more than 100 cm in Brazil. It typically weighs up to 8.5 kg, but can reach almost 40 lbs. It has frequently been confused with the generally smaller H. scomberoides. H. armatus reaches maturity when at least 30 cm long. Like other dogtooth characins, it has very long pointed canine teeth. In H. armatus these can surpass 5 cm in length in large individuals. These are used for spearing their prey, usually other fish.

title: Hydrolycus armatus


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Donato (footballer)

Donato Gama da Silva (born 30 December 1962), known simply as Donato, is a Spanish-Brazilian football manager and former player who played from the 1980s to early 2000s.

He spent most of his professional career in Spain – 15 years and more than 500 official games – most notably with Deportivo de La Coruña, being part of the Super Depor squads that won several major titles, including the 2000 La Liga championship. Having started his career as a central midfielder, he finished it as a central defender at almost 41. He also held the record for the most appearances in La Liga by a player born outside of Spain, with 466. He was a strong but technical player, who was able both to destroy the opposition's attacks and to help generate his own team's.

Born in Brazil, Donato represented the Spain national team at Euro 1996.

Club career
Born in Rio de Janeiro, Donato began his 20-year professional career with America Football Club in his hometown, switching to neighbours CR Vasco da Gama in 1984 and playing there for the following four years, after which he joined Spain's Atlético Madrid as one of the first signings of elusive chairman Jesús Gil. With the Colchoneros, he won back-to-back Copa del Rey trophies.

Donato moved to Deportivo de La Coruña in 1993: alongside players like Bebeto, Mauro Silva, Miroslav Đukić and Fran, he was crucial to the team's firm establishment in both La Liga and European competitions, as he scored an impressive 18 league goals in his first two seasons combined, often from free kicks, one of his main assets. He continued to feature heavily for the Galicians in the following years, helping the club win two domestic cups and the historical 1999–2000 national championship (netting three times in 29 games).

On 19 January 2003, Donato scored a 50th-minute header in a 2–1 league win against Athletic Bilbao, and in doing so at the age of 40 years and 20 days, he became the first-ever player to score a La Liga goal after his 40th birthday, thus becoming the oldest goalscorer in Spain's top-flight history by breaking a 43-year-old record held by the former FC Barcelona player César Rodríguez, who had scored with Elche in the 1959–60 season at the age of 39 years and 277 days. Donato then extended this record four months later, when he scored an equalizer against Valencia in an eventual 1–2 loss on 17 May, at the age of 40 years and 138 days, a mark that has not yet been surpassed by any other player in La Liga.

Donato began his coaching career in Greece, as assistant manager at Aris Thessaloniki FC. In 2008, he was appointed youth team manager at lowly Montañeros CF in the A Coruña region.

On 5 November 2015, it was announced that Donato would take over as manager of Viveiro CF in the Galician regional championships.

International career
After becoming a citizen of Spain in 1990, Donato was called to the national team, and earned 12 caps in a two-year span. His debut arrived on 16 November 1994, starting and scoring in a 3–0 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifier win against Denmark at the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium.

Subsequently, Donato was called up for the squad at the final stages in England, making a substitute appearance in their opening draw with Bulgaria at Elland Road.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Donato goal.

Honours
Atlético Madrid
 * Copa del Rey: 1990–91, 1991–92

Deportivo
 * La Liga: 1999–2000
 * Copa del Rey: 1994–95, 2001–02
 * Supercopa de España: 1995, 2000, 2002

title: Donato (footballer)


text:
Yeruchom Levovitz

Rav Yeruchom Levovitz (ירוחם ליוואוויץ; ca. 1875-1936), also known by his hundreds of students simply as The Mashgiach, was a famous mashgiach ruchani and baal mussar (Jewish Ethics) at the Mir Yeshiva in Belarus.

Early life
Maran Yeruchom Levovitz was born in 1875 (5635 in the Jewish calendar) in Lyuban, in present-day Minsk Region, Belarus (near Slutsk) to Avraham and Chasya Levovitz. He received his education in the yeshivas of Slobodka and Kelm.

He was a disciple of Rav Nosson Tzvi Finkel, and Rav Simcha Zissel Ziv of Kelm.

Mir Yeshiva
R' Yeruchom was the spiritual leader of the Mir Yeshiva in Belarus from 1910 until the outbreak of World War I and then again from 1924 until his death in 1936. His disciples were said to have followed his every word, never doing anything that they "felt" he would not want them to do. Most of the leaders of the yeshivas of inter-war Poland were Levovits's disciples. They would come on occasion to visit him and seek his advice.

After World War II, much of orthodox Jewry in Europe was wiped out, along with their many yeshivas (Jewish schools of higher learning). One of the only yeshivas to survive as a whole body was the Mir Yeshiva, which managed to escape to Shanghai, China, and then on to America.

Disciples
Some of R' Yeruchom's better known disciples include Simcha Zissel Halevi Levovitz, Avrohom Levovitz, Chaim Shmulevitz, Dovid Povarsky, Isser Yehuda Malin, Aryeh Leib Malin, Abba Berman, Zelik Epstein, Shimon Schwab, Shlomo Wolbe, Zeidel Smiatcky, Aryeh Leib Bakst, Chaim Wysoker, Binyomin Zeilberger, Nachum Patrovitz.

His many discourses and lectures are preserved for posterity in the following sefarim: "Daas Torah," "Daas Chochma U'Mussar," "Shvivai Daas," and "Sifsai Daas on Pirkei Avos" which are a staple of many yeshiva libraries today, as well as many Orthodox Jewish households.

He died on the 18th of Sivan in the year 1936 at the age of sixty-three. He is buried in the town of Mir, Belarus. His grave site (recently rebuilt by his family) is a common destination for the many Jewish tourists who visit the decimated cities of pre-war eastern Europe.

Rebuilding in America
Most of R' Yeruchom's family escaped the Nazis and made it to America where they were pioneers of the rebuilding of Orthodox Jewry in the United States. His son, Rav Simcha Zissel Halevi Levovitz, was the founder of a yeshiva in Boro Park, Brooklyn, and was responsible for publishing the writings of his father, as well as publishing the writings of Rav Simcha Zissel Ziv, the Alter of Kelm. His son-in-law Rav Yisroel Chaim Kaplan, former rosh yeshiva in Brisk, Lithuania, came to America and served as rosh yeshiva in Beth Medrash Elyon in Monsey, NY. Ten of his talmidim convened to open Yeshivas Beis HaTalmud. Rav Leib Malin served as the rosh yeshiva until his death, when the leadership of the yeshiva passed to Rav Chaim Wysoker.

Works
His shmuessen (discoursed on ethics and improving character) were published posthumously by his students, in Daas Chochma U’mussar, Daas Torah and other sefarim.

Rav Yeruchom - the Light of the Torah World
"The Light of the Torah World" is a biography available for purchase online.

title: Yeruchom Levovitz


text:
Ex parte Wood

Ex parte Wood, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 603 (1824), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a patent could not be repealed based on summary proceedings without the opportunity for a jury trial. The case exemplifies a tradition in early 19th century United States patent caselaw in which patents were regarded specifically as an absolute property right to exclusive use of the invention, rather than requiring a balancing between public and private interests.

Background

In 1819, Jethro Wood patented a cast-iron moldboard plow with replaceable parts, which revolutionized American agriculture and laid the foundation for the later John Deere plow. His patent issued on September 1, 1819. But despite his invention's success, and although he was born to a wealthy Quaker family, he would die impoverished in 1834, having exhausted his funds on patent infringement suits.

Among those suits was the action at issue here, in which Wood brought suit against Charles Wood and Gilbert Brundage in the Southern District of New York to invalidate their later patent on a similar plow, which had been issued on November 9, 1820. (Because of the Patent Office fire of 1836, the actual patents at issue here are not extant.) The Patent Act of 1793 allowed a suit for invalidity to be brought within three years of the contested patent being issued.

The district court issued a rule nisi, ordering Charles Wood and Gilbert Brundage to appear and show cause why their patent should not be invalidated. They did so, but their arguments were not satisfactory to the court, which ordered the patent repealed immediately by a rule absolute. They moved for a scire facias proceeding, to have a jury trial on the validity of their patent, but the judge denied their motion.

Charles Wood and Gilbert Brundage then petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus to require the district court to issue a scire facias and try the question by jury.

Opinion of the Court
The principal language at issue was section 10 of the Patent Act of 1793: "That upon oath or affirmation being made, before the judge of the district court, where the patentee, his executors, administrators or assigns reside, that any patent, which shall be issued in pursuance of this act, was obtained surreptitiously,  or  upon  false  suggestion,  and  motion  made  to  the  said  court,  within  three  years  after issuing the said patent, but not afterwards, it shall and may be lawful for the judge of the said district court, if the matter alleged shall appear to him to be sufficient, to grant a rule, that the patentee, or his executor, administrator or assign show cause, why process should not issue against him to repeal such patent. And if sufficient cause shall not be shown to the contrary, the rule shall be made absolute, and thereupon the said judge shall order process to be issued against such patentee, or his executors, administrators or assigns, with costs of suit. And in case no sufficient cause shall be shown to the contrary, or if it shall appear that the patentee was not the true inventor or discoverer, judgment shall be rendered by such court for the repeal of such patent; and if the party, at whose complaint, the process issued, shall have judgment given against him, he shall pay all such costs, as the defendant shall be put to, in defending the suit, to be taxed by the court, and recovered in due course of law."

The issue before the Supreme Court was whether the "process" that the statute described being issued after the summary proceedings was simply a process to repeal the patent, or a process for a jury trial (or bench trial if the issue was a question of law rather than fact). Justice Story held that the process had to be for a jury trial. In so doing, he relied heavily on the importance of the patent as a property right, requiring due process of law before it can be taken away, and on the importance of jury trials in the Anglo-American system. He reasoned that even if it might be constitutional for Congress to allow patents to be revoked by summary proceedings, that could not be assumed to be the case unless it was spelled out in the statute.

Wrote Justice Story:

"The securing to inventors of an exclusive right to their inventions, was deemed of so much importance, as a means of promoting the progress of science and the useful arts, that the constitution has expressly delegated to Congress the power to secure such rights to them for a limited period. The inventor has, during this period, a property in his inventions; a property which is often of very great value, and of which the law intended to give him the absolute enjoyment and possession. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy exceeds 20 dollars, the constitution has secured to the citizens a trial by jury. [....] It is not lightly to be presumed, therefore, that Congress, in a class of cases placed peculiarly within its patronage and protection, involving some of the dearest and most valuable rights which society acknowledges, and the constitution itself means to favour, would institute a new and summary process, which should finally adjudge upon those rights, without a trial by jury, without a right of appeal, and without any of those guards with which, in equity suits, it has fenced round the general administration of justice."

Even if the statute was ambiguous, therefore, that ambiguity could not support eliminating the jury trial right on questions of patent validity. However, on close reading of the statute Justice Story found it was not ambiguous, because the phrase regarding the "process" was followed by another about a subsequent judgment: "in case no sufficient cause shall be shown to the contrary, or if it shall appear that the patentee was not the true inventor or discoverer, judgment shall be rendered by such Court for the repeal of the patent." Thus, Justice Story reasoned, Congress could not have intended the initial show-cause proceedings to allow for the summary invalidation of the patent; this invalidation could take place only after a proper trial.

The Supreme Court therefore granted Wood and Brundage's petition, and ordered the trial court to issue a scire facias for a trial on whether their patent was valid.

Subsequent developments
The specific statutory interpretation performed by Justice Story became obsolete when the Patent Act of 1836 took effect, Ex parte Wood has never been cited in a Supreme Court opinion. It has however resurfaced in recent debates over the jury trial right in patent cases. In the 1995 case of In re Lockwood, the Federal Circuit used it to distinguish invalidity proceedings from inequitable conduct proceedings, arguing that the proceedings under section 10 of the Patent Act of 1793 were more similar to proceedings of the inequitable conduct kind, and therefore the jury-trial right did not extend to modern invalidity proceedings.

In 2005, the case was cited in Judge Pauline Newman's dissent in the Federal Circuit case of In re Tech. Licensing Corp., where the court eliminated the right to a jury trial when the validity of patent claims is at issue. She also cited it in 2006 in her dissent on a similar issue in Agfa Corp. v. Creo Products Inc.

title: Ex parte Wood


text:
Phulo Jhano Medical College and Hospital, Dumka

Phulo Jhano Medical College and Hospital is a tertiary referral Government Medical college. The college is affiliated to Sido Kanhu Murmu University and is recognized by Medical Council of India. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the Dumka district.

History
It was established in 2019

Curriculum
Phulo Jhano Medical College and Hospital, Jharkhand undertakes education and training of students in MBBS courses.

Admissions
Admission is based on merit through the National Eligibility and Entrance Test. Yearly undergraduate intake was 100 students for 2019.


text:
Opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primary in New Hampshire

This article contains opinion polling in New Hampshire for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries. The shading for each poll indicates the candidate(s) which are within one margin of error of the poll's leader.

Polling

 * Winner: America Symbol.svg Donald Trump

 * Primary date: February 9, 2016


text:
Talk:David Wilcox (American musician)

Looking at article
This article really needs more references from good sources. There should be a picture also.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 21:47, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Added references; added infobox; still needs a picture; got good references from Rolling Stone, NY times. Put in critical commentary. Still need references where the "citation needed" tags are. How come DW doesn't have a picture? If anybody knows DW's agent, please have them upload a public domain picture to Wikimedia Commons, properly labeled.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 00:54, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

The paranormal prophesy D. Wilcox?
Is this the guy into scattered prophesies and interconnections? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nR-klTa1y54 Here's another D. Wilcox. Same guy?: http://davidwilcox.com/index.php?page=reviews&category=02--CURRENT_PRESS&display=2739 We need a picture of the person to tell whether its the person in this video. The guy in the video looks like he could have been born in 1958.Dogru144 (talk) 17:00, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * It is not the same person, that person's name is David Wilcock, and his appearance shows he is clearly someone else.
 * There is something fundamentally wrong with someone who would ask whether singer/songwriter David Wilcox is the same person as new age crackpot David Wilcock. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:35, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

would like to see disambiguation info
I'd like to see the line about disambiguation on this page and on other pages that tell about any Dave or David Wilcox. Those that know this individual from music are bound to occasionally look for him under the name "Dave Wilcox", and there we find an NFL football player but no "disambiguation" instructions. Is that not done for commonly shortened first names -- David/Dave, Johnathon/John, Richard/Dick, etc. ? I suppose we wouldn't expect a page under "Dick Nixon"... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ralphcook (talk • contribs) 04:44, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Does anybody looking for this David Wilcox (American musician) search for him by typing "Dave Wilcox"? Possibly; but my guess is this would not happen often; if they did type 'Dave Wilcox' then they'd go to the Dave Wilcox page. If they type "David Wilcox" without specifying which one, they will go to this disambiguation page. Only thing I can think of is a hatnote on the Dave Wilcox page, which points to the David Wilcox disambiguation page, as a navigation aid.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 14:00, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I added hatnote navigation links from the Dave Wilcox to the David Wilcox disambiguation page, and on the David Wilcox (Canadian musician) page to the David Wilcox (American musician) page. Hopefully that will improve navigation.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 14:09, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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I have just modified 3 external links on David Wilcox (American musician). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060321210041/http://www.davidwilcox.com/dw/index.php?page=reviews&display=373&from=0 to http://www.davidwilcox.com/dw/index.php?page=reviews&display=373&from=0

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title: Talk:David Wilcox (American musician)


text:
尽くす

Etymology
From. Found in the ', completed some time after 759, spelled phonetically in ' as 都久須.

Verb

 * 1) To exhaust; deplete; use up.
 * 2) serve, assist
 * 1) serve, assist

Suffix

 * 1) to do to exhaustion, to do something completely

Usage notes
Attach after the of a verb.

title: 尽くす


text:
Talk:Euoplocephalus

Early discussions
The silhouette of Euoplocephalus compared to the human is off. The mounted adult skeleton at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology is about 1.25 m tall. Like most ankylosaurs, it is considerably longer than tall. Anky-man 02:07, 14 April 2007 (UTC)Anky-man

 * Anky-man, I have good hopes that at last your admonition will be heeded.--MWAK (talk) 19:34, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

I seem to recall reading that Euoplocephalus had something really weird going on with its nasal passages. What could the purpose of this have been? To give it a better smell? Just part of a trend of weird nasal passages shared with other late Cretaceous dinosaurs (lambeosaurs, chasmosaurs, etc.)? Something else? I'm surprised this isn't even mentioned in the article. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:46, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * It actually is, in the Paleobiology section. ArthurWeasley (talk) 20:08, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Size
The article says it is exceeded in size by only Ankylosaurus and another ankylosaur (cant remember the name) It lists euplocephalus at 6m long but Saichania is listed at 7m but is not the one that is said to be bigger than euplocephalus. Something is ammis here.Spinodontosaurus (talk) 18:34, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Saichania was in 2010 by Gregory S. Paul estimated to be 5.2 metres long.--MWAK (talk) 06:55, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

Tail image
That's a tail bone? It looks like a human-made tool. Please replace it with a real euoplocephalus tail!

Thanks, Collin237

 * Hi Collin, that is indeed a Euoplocephalus tail and not a human tool, so there is no need to replace the image.--Kevmin (talk) 22:30, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, technically that's the type specimen of Scolosaurus cutleri, if I'm not mistaken, so if Scolosaurus was ever removed from Euoplocephalus it would indeed need to be replaced here, but not because it's artificial. J. Spencer (talk) 23:05, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It has a different specimen number, and is not attached to the Scolosaurus, so it it probably Euoplocephalus after all. FunkMonk (talk) 12:24, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The specimen number only applies to that cast apparently, the actual fossil (AMNH 5245) has been reassigned to Anodontosaurus. No complete tail clubs are known for Euoplocephalus now. FunkMonk (talk) 01:11, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

Regarding "No complete tail clubs are known from Euoplocephalus," Arbour and Currie (2013) list the specimen AMNH 5405 as including "skull, right mandible including predentary, handle vertebrae, humerus, ulna, osteoderms, first cervical half ring, tail club knob." Unfortunately, that specimen's club is not illustrated in the paper, but there is a figure showing several tail clubs from the various formations in question. Perhaps one of those clubs could be used for the illustration?
 * Whch figure? FunkMonk (talk) 21:23, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Figure 14 in the paper, where clubs A-E are from the Horseshoe Canyon (and thus would represent Anodontosaurus), N-P are Dyoplosaurus, and M is Scolosaurus. The rest (from the Dinosaur Park) are most likely Euoplocephalus, but may potentially belong to Scolosaurus since the clubs of both are similar and there is some overlap between the two in the Dinosaur Park Formation. Of course, given Scolosaurus is much rarer in the Dinosaur Park with only one specimen known (the rest are all from the Two Medicine), it's probably safe to use one of them to illustrate a Euoplocephalus club.
 * Hmm, but I think it would be "original research" for us to determine what any of those belong to, since they are regarded undetermined in recent papers? FunkMonk (talk) 12:20, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

Close paraphrasing
I am concerned that the recent additions are too closely paraphrased from their sources. J. Spencer (talk) 23:15, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. J. Spencer (talk) 00:32, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Scolosaurus
As expected based on the conclusions of the earlier paper on Dyoplosaurus, Scolosaurus has been split from Euoplocephalus. This will be a little more problematic since Scolosaurus is known from several good specimens. It may be a big project to try and untangle it from this article and determine which mounts and life restorations can be attributed to which animal (many if not most are probably now chimeras of the two). MMartyniuk (talk) 20:12, 10 January 2013 (UTC)
 * We do have one image that could unquestionably go in a new article, this one of the holotype. The paper itself might shed more light on which parts go where? Does it even mention specimens other than the holotype? This image may be a guide for tail clubs at least: The article has now been split in any case: Scolosaurus One thing that seems to be inconsistent across mounts and restorations is the two longer spikes over the shoulders. FunkMonk (talk) 20:38, 10 January 2013 (UTC)
 * It seems Anodontosaurus should perhaps be split as well? FunkMonk (talk) 13:43, 11 January 2013 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, we should split Anodontosaurus too. According to an abstract in the 70th Anniversary SVP Meeting, by Victoria Arbour, Anodontosaurus is valid and it is the only known ankylosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (she also suggested that Scolosaurus and another unnamed ankylosaurid are not referable to Euoplocephalus as well). However it's only an abstract and not everyone will approve the separation on its basis...Rnnsh (talk) 14:19, 11 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah, then it might be too early. Should probably wait until we have something more tangible to cite. FunkMonk (talk) 16:21, 12 January 2013 (UTC)
 * What shell we do now? Paul Penkalski referred all diagnosable ankylosaurid specimens from the upper Two Medicine Formation to Oohkotokia horneri. According to previous studies, as he mentioned, the Judith River Formation and the Dinosaur Park Formation represent lowland, near-shore environments, whereas the Two Medicine Formation represents a more upland environment. It suggests that the Judith River Formation specimens probably don't represent Oohkotokia (possibly represent Euoplocephalus, Dyoplosaurus or Scolosaurus). Furthermore, the holotypes of Dyoplosaurus and Scolosaurus and specimens possibly referred to one of them (see his phylogeny) are from the bottom 10 m of the Dinosaur Park and possibly even from the underlying Oldman Formation. Euoplocephalus is restricted to its holotype and UALVP 31, TMP 1991.127.1, and AMNH 5406, all from the lower 40 m of the Dinosaur Park (the stratigraphic range of the holotype is uncertain). He agrees with Arbour (2010), about the validity of Anodontosaurus, and suggest that other Horseshoe Canyon specimens are distinct from Euoplocephalus stratigraphically. From Arbour (2010), "...examination of more than 60 specimens, including 13 skulls, shows that these variations are stratigraphically segregated. Ankylosaurids from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation are found to be distinct from Euoplocephalus, which is restricted to the Dinosaur Park Formation." His small phylogenetic analysis finds Anodontosaurus (only holotype) and Euoplocephalus (holotype + 2 referred) in polytomy with NHMUK R4947 (from Dinosaur Park) and Oohkotokia that is basal to a clade that includes Dyoplosaurus holotype + many other specimens that are thought to represent either Dyoplosaurus or Scolosaurus (whose holotype was not included). Rnnsh (talk) 10:13, 5 February 2013 (UTC)
 * In that case, we have a published suggestion for Anodontosaurus being valid, so I think it could be split. As things are going, I doubt anyone will disagree with the split in the immediate future. FunkMonk (talk) 10:49, 5 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Note that Penkalski uses "Anodontosaurus" in scare quotes, apparently only because a "formal" argument for validity is still in press, though this doesn't really have any taxonomic significance in any code (resurrecting an invalid species doesn't necessarily require a revised diagnosis etc. as far as I know, and Penkalski basically provides one anyway). MMartyniuk (talk) 17:05, 5 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I concur, we should split Anodontosaurus, but should we call it valid or junior synonym (the only options)? And I also think we should correct the formation articles. I think that the Two Medicine page should include only Oohkotokia, Horseshoe Canyon only "Anodontosaurus" (with a note), Dinosaur Park should include all three taxa (with a note about Oldman) and the rest of the Dinosaur Park and Judith River specimens should be considered Ankylosaurinae indet. or something like that... Is it OK? Rnnsh (talk) 19:19, 5 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Seems like it is valid, no? FunkMonk (talk) 10:01, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * On this note, I have an image which I'm not sure what is. These are casts of a skull roof and tail of "Euoplocephalus" from the Royal Tyrrell Museum (on display in Denmark), but perhaps they are now classified as something else? FunkMonk (talk) 12:19, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Seems the tail was TMP 1983.36.120, which has been deemed indeterminable. FunkMonk (talk) 01:33, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

Specimens reshuffled
This new free paper makes a good job of sorting out the specimens: http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062421 Luckily, it seems most images we have are still Euoplocephalus, and most skulls of mounted specimens are based on ROM 1930. FunkMonk (talk) 21:56, 8 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Now even more former Euoplocephalus specimens have been spun off to other genera, so it seems this article needs a major overhaul, both text and image-wise. FunkMonk (talk) 21:57, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

"hoplo-/ὁπλο"
"Greek: eu-/ευ- meaning 'well', hoplo-/ὁπλο- meaning 'armed' and kephale/κεφαλη meaning 'head')"

i added the rough breathing diacritic to the original "oπλο" (oπλο --> ὁπλο) based on my very limited understanding of ancient greek, being that,
 * o = o, and ὁ = ho.

i also checked the article for Hoplite, which has this to say:

"The word 'hoplite' (Greek: ὁπλίτης hoplitēs; pl. ὁπλίται hoplitai) derives from 'hoplon' (ὅπλον, plural hopla ὅπλα), the type of the shield used by the soldiers, although, as a word, 'hopla' could also denote the weapons held or even full armament."

although, i don't understand the difference between hoplite and hoplon when transliterated (or transcripted?) into ὁπλίτης and ὅπλον, respectively. i don't understand the difference between ὁ and ὅ. so please change it if i am incorrect. ≈Sensorsweep (talk) 17:05, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The difference is merely that a sign is added indicating the stress. You were of course quite right that we shouldn't have "dropped the h" ;o). BTW, the article is wrong: to hoplon simply meant "equipment" and a hoplitès was a "man-at-arms". That his shield became to be known as a hoplon is a later development.--MWAK (talk) 06:52, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Euplocephalus height
Can anyone add some realiable information on how tall euoplocephalus is estimated to be into the article? I have seen figures of 1.8m, 2m, and even 2.5m on the internet but I have no idea which is correct if any.

 * None of these are correct. The body is about four feet tall, as stated by the article. Higher estimates are based on old misconceptions about the build of the animal.--MWAK (talk) 06:37, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Armor sections
I just noticed this article has two sections on armor. Surely one is redundant? FunkMonk (talk) 10:46, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Euoplocephalus


text:
Wikipedia talk:19th Amendment Virtual Edit-a-thon

More articles to create
State chapters of the US League of Women Voters. More info via Wikidata: < https://w.wiki/ZZU >. -- M2545 (talk) 13:10, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * League of Women Voters of Alabama
 * League of Women Voters of Alaska
 * League of Women Voters of Arizona
 * League of Women Voters of Arkansas
 * League of Women Voters of California
 * League of Women Voters of Colorado
 * League of Women Voters of Connecticut
 * League of Women Voters of Delaware
 * League of Women Voters of the District of Columbia
 * League of Women Voters of Georgia
 * League of Women Voters of Hawaii
 * League of Women Voters of Idaho
 * League of Women Voters of Illinois
 * League of Women Voters of Indiana
 * League of Women Voters of Iowa
 * League of Women Voters of Kansas
 * League of Women Voters of Kentucky
 * League of Women Voters of Louisiana
 * League of Women Voters of Maine
 * League of Women Voters of Maryland
 * League of Women Voters of Massachusetts (Wikidata)
 * League of Women Voters of Michigan
 * League of Women Voters of Minnesota
 * League of Women Voters of Mississippi
 * League of Women Voters of Montana
 * League of Women Voters of Nebraska
 * League of Women Voters of Nevada
 * League of Women Voters of New Hampshire
 * League of Women Voters of New Jersey
 * League of Women Voters of New Mexico
 * League of Women Voters of New York
 * League of Women Voters of North Carolina
 * League of Women Voters of North Dakota
 * League of Women Voters of Ohio
 * League of Women Voters of Oklahoma
 * League of Women Voters of Oregon
 * League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania
 * League of Women Voters of Rhode Island
 * League of Women Voters of South Carolina
 * League of Women Voters of South Dakota
 * League of Women Voters of Tennessee
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Connor Wood (basketball)

Connor John Wood (born May 29, 1993) is a Canadian professional basketball player. Wood plays the guard position.

College career
During his college career, he won five straight CIS championships with the Carleton Ravens. Wood was the recipient of the Mike Moser Memorial Trophy as the CIS Outstanding Player in 2016-17 and also earned All-Canada First Team as well as OUA Player of the Year and CIS Tournament All-Star Team honours that year. As a fifth-year player, Wood averaged 19.2 points a game in 2016-17, while nailing 50.8 per cent of his shots from the floor and 50.3 percent from beyond the arc.

Professional career
In November 2017, he signed his first contract as a professional basketball player, joining the Niagara River Lions of the National Basketball League of Canada (NBL Canada). He made 44 appearances for the River Lions in his rookie season, averaging 9.3 points, 2.9 rebounds and 2.1 assists per contest.

On July 30, 2018, Wood signed with Paderborn Baskets of the ProA, the second-tier league in Germany. He saw action in 28 ProA games during the 2018-19 campaign, averaging 12.7 points, 2.9 assists, 2.7 rebounds per contest. Draining 43.3% of his shots taken from beyond the arc (71-of-164), he was Paderborn's leading three-point shooter. Wood moved to UJAP Quimper of the French ProB in April 2019. He finished the 2018-19 season with the French second-division club, averaging 8.9 points and 1.9 rebounds per contest (seven games played). Later in 2019, he played for the Guelph Nighthawks in the Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL), scoring a team-high 16.1 points per game, while dishing out 3.7 assists a contest. He subsequently joined Rio Ourense of the Spanish second division LEB Oro for the 2019-20 season. He shot 45.9% on 133 threes in 24 games during the 2019-20 season, scoring 9.0 points per contest, along with 2,7 rebounds and 1.0 assist per game.

National team career
He competed for Canada at the 2017 World University Games in Taiwan.

Posting 14 points, 2.3 rebounds and 2.2 assists a contest, Wood helped Team Canada capture the 2017 William Jones Cup title.

title: Connor Wood (basketball)