text:
Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge (1890)

The Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge was a crossing of the Anacostia River in Washington, DC at the site of the present John Philip Sousa Bridge. It was constructed in 1890 and demolished around 1939.

Description
The 1890 Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge was slightly upstream from the location of an earlier 1815 bridge. It had two northwestern abutments made of stone, both of which rose 38 ft above the low-water mark. The single southwestern abutment was made of compacted earth covered with stone slabs. There were nine piers in the river itself, each made of brownstone masonry and rising 10 ft above the low-water mark. Because bedrock could not be located in the riverbed, the piers rested on pilings and grillage. The substructure of the bridge consisted of iron Pegram trusses. On the northwestern side of the bridge, the trusses from the shore to the first and second abutments were above the bridge, so as not to interfere with the passage of the B&PR trains below the bridge. The other trusses were all slung below the bridge. Each of the 10 trusses over the piers was 112 ft long and painted dark red. They had a clearance of just 2 to 3 ft over the high-water mark. The roadway was just 24 ft wide, and consisted of oak planks over iron beams. Unlike the previous bridges, there was no draw span.

A watchman's hut was constructed near the northwestern terminus. Because of the concern that pedestrians might interfere with vehicular traffic, causing carriages to drive off the bridge and land on the railway tracks below, a 5 ft wooden fence was erected on the first two city-side spans to separate the carriageway and pedestrian walkway. For the rest of the bridge, a timber curb separated the two paths. The edges of the bridge had a 5 ft ornamental iron fence to keep people or carriages from falling into the river. Coal gas-lit lampposts providing lighting along the bridge. Fences lined the side of the roadway on the southwestern abutment to prevent carriages from driving off the embankment.

The bridge was served on its city-side by Pennsylvania Avenue. Although the avenue was paved only to within 0.25 mi of the bridge, cement sidewalks on both sides of the avenue provided improved pedestrian access to the bridge. Kentucky Avenue SE, which met Pennsylvania Avenue SE just before the bridge, was graded prior to the bridge's dedication. East of the river, the state of Maryland constructed a new road along the old Upper Marlboro Turnpike to link to Pennsylvania Avenue SE. To many observers, however, the bridge seemed isolated. There were no homes close to either end of the structure, and the area on east side was mostly goat pasture, farms, and clay bottom land. The nearest streetcar line was more than 0.5 mi away, although area streetcar companies were hoping to build a rail line over the new Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge to serve the area.

History
No bridge connected the east and west ends of Pennsylvania Avenue SE over the Anacostia River between 1845 and 1890. Benning Bridge, erected upstream in 1805, and the 11th Street Bridges, built downstream in 1820, also carried vehicular and foot traffic over the Ancostia. But the Uniontown "suburb" was platted in the Anacostia area in 1854, and development slowly began to turn the agricultural land into businesses and residences. The destruction of the Eastern Branch Bridge in 1846, however, significantly slowed growth in the area for five decades.

The first push for a new bridge connecting the two sides of Pennsylvania Avenue occurred in 1870. The effort was led by John S. Gallaher, an auditor for the Commissioner of Pensions in the United States Department of the Interior. He had the support of Lieutenant R.M. Hall, assistant quartermaster in the U.S. Army, and Army Colonel Henry Naylor. Hall's idea was for a large and beautiful bridge, one which would also carry large pipes of fresh water to the eastern part of the city. The area of the city east of the Anacostia suffered extensively from lack of fresh water, and Hall called for extending the Washington Aqueduct east of the river. A large reservoir would be constructed atop the Washington Heights (near what is now the intersection of Good Hope Road SE and Alabama Avenue SE) to receive this water, and the flow of gravity would inexpensively deliver it to homes throughout the area. But Hall's idea was opposed by the citizens of Uniontown, who feared the loss of retail and carriage trade. Hall abandoned the proposal, and moved away in 1872.

Formation of the East Washington Citizen's Association
About 1871, a real estate development known as "East Washington Heights" began. Intended to be a "suburb" of "the city" catering to wealthy individuals, it never took off. Nevertheless, citizens in the areas that would later become Dupont Park, Fairfax Village, Fort Davis, Hillcrest, Penn Branch, and Randle Highlands wanted a bridge to reconnect "their" Pennsylvania Avenue (which ran through the center of their neighborhoods) with the Pennsylvania Avenue "in the city".

Initially, the citizens of "East Washington" were primarily interested in issues like more clean water, better roads, and improved sewers. On January 31, 1879, they formed the East Washington Citizen's Association (EWCA) to lobby for action. But building a new bridge over the Anacostia River only slowly became an issue for them, and it was not until 1875 that the EWCA began agitating for one. A new bridge, the EWCA pointed out, would save residents of East Washington 4 to 5 mi in travel every time they visited the city center on the other side of the river.

Legislative efforts to authorize a bridge
On February 19, 1886, the EWCA formed a committee to lobby the Commissioners of the District of Columbia (the city government) and Congress on the issue. Later that year, Representative Barnes Compton (D-Maryland) introduced legislation in Congress to build a $60,000 bridge of wood on wooden piers. The bill was co-sponsored in the House of Representatives by Representative Jonathan H. Rowell (R-Illinois), and received significant political support from key representatives such as William W. Morrow (R-California), Philip S. Post (R-Illinois), Archibald M. Bliss (D-New York), and Louis E. McComas (R-Maryland). Companion legislation was introduced in the Senate by Senator John James Ingalls (R-Kansas) and Senator Joseph C.S. Blackburn, and strongly supported by influential Senators Preston B. Plumb (R-Kansas) and Isham G. Harris (D-Tennessee). But the Compton bill was strongly opposed by the D.C. Commissioners. The legislation required that the city pay half the cost of the structure, and Commissioner Samuel E. Wheatley led the city government in adamantly refusing to support the bill. Some time prior to May 27, 1886, Captain F.A. Mahan, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers assistant to the Commissioners, drew up new plans for the bridge.

The unanimity of the D.C. Commissioners was broken on April 1, 1886, when Colonel William Ludlow replaced Major Garrett J. Lydecker in city government. A group of EWCA members now began personally lobbying Congress for the bridge. This group consisted of George Francis Dawson, newspaperman; A.F. Sperry, as former newspaperman and now a United States Department of War clerk; M.I. Weller, owner of Weller & Repetti realtors; J.W. Babson, editor of the gazette of the U.S. Patent Office; and Duncan Thompson, resident of the area. The EWCA lobbyists met personally with the D.C. Commissioners on December 5, 1886, to urge their support for the project. Most of the congressional lobbying was done by Weller, who personally testified before the House Committee on the District of Columbia and the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia. Samuel Taylor Suit, a state senator in the Maryland legislature, won passage of a resolution by that state supporting the bridge. These efforts proved highly successful. Senator Blackburn and Representative Rowell won a $40,000 increase in the amount appropriated for the bridge, and inserted language into the bill requiring that it be constructed of iron and be set on stone piers. This legislation passed both chambers of Congress unanimously on February 23, 1887.

Construction and dedication of the bridge
Construction of the new bridge began in November 1887. Complications arose when the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad (B&PR), whose tracks ran along the north/eastern shore of the Anacostia River, sued the federal government. The B&PR argued that the bridge abutment encroached on its right-of-way, and that the bridge was too low over its tracks. The case dragged through the courts for a year, until finally a court ruling resolved the issue: The railroad agreed to move its tracks closer to the riverbank, and the federal government paid for the move. However, this required that a second overland span be created on the northwestern side of the bridge at an additional cost. Colonel Peter Conover Hains of the Army Corps of Engineers asked for an additional sum of $50,000 in 1888. Legislation sponsored by Representative Rowell increased this amount to $60,000, and the legislation passed both houses of Congress unanimously on May 14, 1888. But yet more construction delays occurred. Due to the heavily silted bottom of the river, the Army Corps of Engineers could not find solid ground on which to build the bridge's piers and abutments. A cofferdam was constructed and extensive excavation and investigation of the riverbed occurred before the second abutment on the northwestern side could be sited. The riverbottom also played havoc with siting and sinking of the piers for the bridge. A major flood in 1888 damaged some of the work, and caused further delays. On May 21, 1889, President Benjamin Harrison appointed John Watkinson Douglass and Lemon Galpin Hine to the D.C. Commission to replace Wheatley and William Benning Webb, whose terms had expired. The new commissioners and their new assistant engineer, Captain Thomas W. Symons, were highly enthusiastic about the new bridge.

The new Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge, as it became known, was complete in June 1890. The EWCA decided, however, to delay the bridge's formal dedication and opening until August 25, which was the anniversary of the 1805 bridge's destruction in the War of 1812. The new bridge's dedication was a major event in the history of Washington, D.C. Some 8,000 to 10,000 people attended the event, which included a half-hour artillery salute from the U.S. Army's Light Battery A, a parade from Capitol Hill to the bridge's northwestern terminus, a regatta, and fireworks. The United States Marine Band, conducted by John Philip Sousa, provided music throughout the afternoon and evening. The EWCA also hosted a barbecue, in which three ox were roasted and 4,000 loaves of bread used to feed the crowd roast ox sandwiches.

The total cost of the bridge was $170,000.

Economic effects of the 1890 bridge
Construction of the 1890 bridge led to extensive new development east of the river. As the bridge was being built in 1889, a consortium known as the Bliss-Havemeyer Syndicate (which included Representative Archibald Bliss, New York state bed manufacturer Erwin C. Carpenter, Representative Thomas J. Clunie, Senator and railroad attorney Chauncey Depew, Senator George Hearst, and sugar refining magnate John W. Havemeyer) purchased 800 acre of land in the former East Washington Heights development. They built a number of roads in the area, and landscaped the plots along Pennsylvania Avenue SE, Alabama Avenue SE, and Branch Avenue SE with gardens, orchards, pavilions, and shade trees. Bliss constructed the Overlook Inn at 31st Street SE and Pennsylvania Avenue SE, a hotel and supper club that became very popular with city residents. On June 18, 1898, Congress chartered the East Washington Heights Traction Company to provide streetcar service in the new development. The company was authorized to build a new railroad bridge over the Anacostia River parallel to the Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge. Congress required is streetcars to run from Barney Circle across the bridge to Pennsylvania Avenue SE, down Pennsylvania Avenue SE to the District border with Maryland. A branch line would travel south from Pennsylvania Avenue SE along Branch Avenue, and then southwest at Bowen Road (now Alabama Avenue SE) to the intersection with Harrison Street (now Good Hope Road SE), where a neighborhood called "Good Hope" was growing. Another branch line left Pennsylvania Avenue SE at Minnesota Avenue SE, and traveled along Minnesota Avenue to Harrison Street. A third branch line left Pennsylvania Avenue SE at 28th Street SE, traveled north to Anacostia Road SE, and the followed Anacostia Road SE to the neighborhood of East Washington Park (now the neighborhoods of Greenway and Fort Dupont). The firm incorporated on August 13, 1898.

The Bliss-Havemeyer Syndicate collapsed, however, when Havemeyer and Hearst died, and Bliss became seriously ill. The Overlook Inn lost its popular appeal, and only a few homes were built.

However, in 1903, Colonel Arthur E. Randle formed the United States Realty Company, bought out the Bliss-Havemeyer Syndicate properties and East Washington Heights Traction Company, and founded the settlement of Randle Highlands. Randle, who only arrived in Washington in 1885, founded the development of Congress Heights in 1890. The development was wildly successful, and he invested heavily in the Belt Railway, a local streetcar company. In 1895, the Capital Railway Company extended its streetcar lines over the 11th Street Bridges and down Nicholls Avenue to Congress Heights. Randle sold his interest in the Capital Railway in 1899, and used this fortune to buy out the Bliss-Havemeyer Syndicate.

In 1902, Randle won approval from Congress to lay streetcar tracks across the Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge. By 1905, he had extended his line 0.75 mi down Pennsylvania Avenue SE into the new Randle Highlands.

The streetcar line over the bridge spurred extensive new development east of the river. Randle began selling lots in Randle Highlands at a brisk pace in 1903. He made so much money that by 1905 he formed the development of "North Randle Highlands" (now the neighborhoods of Dupont Park, Penn Branch, and the lower portion of Greenway), which extended to Massachusetts Avenue SE. Lots in North Randle Highlands sold even more swiftly than in Randle Highlands. In October 1906, The Washington Post called Randle's developments "among the largest real estate enterprises ever successfully carried through in the District."

title: Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge (1890)


text:
gasman

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A worker for a company that supplies gas (in the sense of the gaseous fuel), especially one who visits premises to read the meter, test appliances etc.
 * 2) A man employed in the manufacture of gas.
 * 3) The man who controls the lights of the stage.
 * 4)  A worthless person (male)
 * 1)  A worthless person (male)

Translations

 * French:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Irish: fear an gháis
 * Russian:

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: gasman


text:
Talk:Do You Believe in Us

Las coristas de do you beleive in us
quienes son las coristas del vídeo oficial 2803:1800:11C6:ABE9:1:2:790A:5B2 (talk) 05:12, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Do You Believe in Us


text:
User:AJona1992/Tejano music

Tejano music (commonly referred to as Tex-Mex music) is a music genre that originated near the Texas-Mexico border.

Etymology
The term "Tejanos" referred to individuals of Mexican descent who were born and raised in the state of Texas. The term was inclusive to Mexican Americans, although not all Mexican Americans are "Tejanos". Tejano music was created by Tejanos "to meet the musical sensibilities of other Tejanos." Tejano music is a type of border music that originated near the Rio Grande border by individuals from northern Mexican states such as Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon and the South Texan counties near the Texas-Mexico border.

The genre originated on both sides of the borders; although the genre is more commonly associated with South Texas, each region developed its own distinctive ways that aided in the development of Tejano music in the 20th century. The lower border regions became Tejano music's "historical breeding ground." and produced Bruno Villareal, Narciso Martinez, and Valerio Longoria, who originated the conjunto ensemble and corridos that were popular in Tejano communities.

It is unclear by musicologists on what constitutes Tejano music: whether the genre is accordion-based music with urbanized sounds with influences from rock and country music or an extension of Mexican music containing a mixture of conjunto derived from country music and westernized sounds. Others, such as scholar Manuel Pena, characterized Tejano as a "synthesizer-driven" genre. Author of Tejano Proud, Guadalupe San Miguel distinguishes Tejano music as a complex multifaced genre that can be characterized with "five distinct essential elements".

Precursors
Tejano music emerged from Mexican music, which itself emerged from music of Spain as well as music from Indigenous communities. The genre is also closely related to norteno music.

The introduction of the accordion (in Conjunto music) was by German and Czech settlers in South Texas in the middle of the 1800s.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, polkas, huapangos, waltzes, schottisches, and mazurkas accompanied the music of Tejanos. Since the 1940s, Tejano music drew influences from boleros, mambos, danzones, fox-trots, rhythm and blues, soul, funk, rock, country, pop, and cumbia music. While these influences were diverse, the music of the Tejanos were mostly constructed under a polka beat.

An emerging style of music called corridos, a narrative ballad that tells a story of a hero sung in a simplistic way, was instrumental in expressing and reflecting the constant conflicts of the indigenous Tejanos and the Anglo communities in South Texas. The style emerged and was developed during a time of violent change in South Texas from 1836 to the 1930s. A representative of this style was El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez, a man who single-handily fought the Anglo law and won. After the 1930s, corridos faded in popularity, it changed from having a victor mentality to being a helpless victim. The lyrics sought the sympathy for the victim from the audience and inspired the Texas-Mexican communities to fend together for the benefit of everyone instead of the older corridos where an individual became a hero to their community. In the 19th century, canciones, or traditional Mexican songs, reflected the change of Mexican culture in Texas. Much of the 19th century was dominated by canciones tipica and corridos, the former was traditionally folk music with simplistic lyrics and instruments. By the late 19th century canciones romanticas emerged as a popular subgenre for Tejanos, its compositions was a reflection of an urbanized Latin America and its attraction to European music that was imported to the country, especially Italian music. At the turn of the 20th century, canciones rancheras replaced these types of styles and became the dominant style of music enjoyed by the Tejano community. The style borrowed canciones tipica and were less political than corridos, they often reflected lovesick men and played on the "treacherous women" narrative that Mexican women were unfaithful.

As early as the 1920s, the music of the Tejanos was accordion-heavy and reflected a sensibility that was identifiable with other Tejanos, separating from the identities of traditional Mexican music. This type of genre was commonly enjoyed by the lower and middle class, at its early form it was an instrumental and danceable genre. The orquestas and grupos Tejana were enjoyed by the working class, while conjunto and Chicano country music reflected the dominance of the working class. During the post-World War II era, the music of the Tejanos began adapting to Mexican music with vocal and female duet singing. Early lyrics reflected the social clashes faced by the indigenous population and were based on a rural economy, a traditionally patriarchal culture, and the constant clashes with the Anglo population. The genre, which had now moved away from being an instrumental work, began incorporating the bajo sexto, saxophones, and trumpets to their basic accordion sounds, which became known as orquesta Tejana. Later developments of the genre included the incorporation of the organs, brass instruments, electric guitars, and keyboards. In The second half of the 20th century, the Tejano community assimilated; they were more urbanized, acculturated, held diverse occupations, were less patriarchal, and had better relations with the Anglo community, which was reflected in their lyrics.

Modern Tejano music can be traced back to styles popularized by orquestas and grupos Tejanos of the 1960s and 1970s.

Origins
Tejano as music and culture formed during the 1960s in South Texan counties. San Antonio became the epicenter of promotion for the genre, according to archivist Sam Sungia, the region included the highest per capita of composers and songwriters in Texas. The creative aspect of Tejano music was contributed to Corpus Christi and Alice; Ideal Records, which was one of the most influential recording companies in the area, was erected in Alice, while Corpus Christi expanded on the Tejano music recording industry. Corpus Christi was home to Freddie Records and Hacienda Records, both of which were instrumental in the development of Tejano music during the 1970s and 1980s.

Artists who recorded with the aforementioned record labels during its early period included Lydia Mendoza, sister-duo Carmen y Laura, Beto Villa, Isidro Lopez, Tony de la Rosa, Conjunto Bernal, Los Relampagos del Norte, Ramon Ayala, Los Fabulosos Cuatro, Carlos Guzman, Laura Canales, Sunny Ozuna, record producer Freddie Martinez, and Agustin Ramirez.

Isidro Lopez created a musical fusion between mariachi and Tejano music, which he called "Texachi". In the 1960s and 1970s, Conjunto Bernal, the Royal Jesters, and Los Dinos incorporated three and four-part harmony. In the 1970s, Roberto Pulido created a musical blend of orquesta and conjunto, creating a subgenre called progressive conjunto. In 1989, Emilio Navaira added synthesizers into progressive conjunto. Chicano country was created by Country Roland in the 1970s when he combined American country with Mexican music.

La Mafia and La Sombra recorded and performed Tejano music in Chicago and Houston, respectively. They were no longer living in South Texas.

Introduction of instruments
Beto Villa and Isidro Lopez incorporated the use of saxophones and trumpets into their repertoire as well as other instruments associated with orquestas of America and Latin America. In the 1960s and 1970s, other performers such as Little Joe, Sunny Ozuna, and Freddie Martinez also included the saxophones and trumpets but added organs and electric guitars to their basic sound. Their introduction of these instruments was not influenced by orquestas of the time as was the case with Villa and Lopez, but instead were associated with rock and soul performers. The use of violins, steel drums, and vocal singing that resembles country music, were incorporated by a few groups in the 1960s including Country Roland and his son Country Roland, Jr. While these mixtures became a music stable in Tejano, other performers such as Mazz, Selena, and La Mafia incorporated the use of keyboards during the 1980s. Despite the vast diversity of these instruments, Tejano performers continued to record traditional Mexican music.

Diversifcation and innovation
Performers of Tejano music are noted for their diversity in terms of incorporating other music styles into their basic sound. These performers often recorded a diverse collection of songs that closely resembled other communities, such as rock and roll and American pop, but retained the sensibilities of Tejano music so that it would appeal to Tejanos. Other performers often "Tejanoized" popular recordings for their followers. One such example includes Esteban Jordan's recording of country singer Buck Owens' 1964 single "Together Again", in which Jordan added the accordion so that it would be played in Tejano nightclubs. Mingo Saldivar reinvented Johnny Cash's 1963 single "Ring of Fire" into a bilingual ranchera song, while Priscila y Sus Balas de Plata transformed the disco song "I Will Survive" into a cumbia recording. Mexican music has also been "Tejanoized", including La Diferencia's rearrangement of Juan Gabriel's single "Querida" into a ranchera.

1985–1995: Golden age Tejano music
Tejano music's "golden age" (or "the Tejano explosion") is a name given to a period in mainstream Tejano music, produced between 1985 and 1995. Other dates for the genre's golden age include the 1990s, 1990–1995, etc. Bob Grever's Cara Records, called the "motown of Tejano", Freddie Martinez's Freddie Records,, and Manny Guerra's GP Productions, were early templates of Tejano music's mainstream era. The golden age of Tejano music began with the interest from beer companies and major recording labels such as Sony Discos, BMG, and EMI Latin spending millions on recording contracts and endorsement deals in the mid-1980s, or in 1990. Beginning in 1990, Tejano music's growth exploded, as journalist Ramiro Burr put it as "a subborn brushfire spread over the horizon", the genre coverted radio stations into playing Tejano music. This garnered the attention of record labels across the United States who were eager to expand their current rosters. In 1991, Warner Nashville created Warner Discos specifically for Tejano artists crossing over into country music while Arista Nashville erected Artista Texas with the same objective. Other labels such as PolyGram Latino and WEA Latino began deliberations on opening operations to exclusively sign Tejano acts, while Fonovisa began signing Tejano performers. These incentives helped expanded performers' fanbases beyond Texas and the southwest, it also brought the genre to territories unfamiliar with the genre. The golden age is generally considered to have ended on March 31, 1995, when Selena was shot and killed by her friend and former manager of her boutiques.

In the mid-1980s, La Mafia, a sextet group headed by Oscar de la Rosa, expanded the touring availabilities of Tejano performers into Miami, Florida and New York City. The band reimagined their basic sounds; they incorporated slower tempos and changed their style to cumbia, ballads, and techno adding synthesizer and heavy basslines to their music. La Mafia were reluctant to record Tejano music they replicated, they found it to be repetitive and added keyboards that were unheard of in the industry. This shift in style was featured in their 1990 album Enter the Future. The group continued experimenting with other genres on their followup Estas Tocando Fuego (1991), which led them to tour Mexico, a market that historically has been unsuccessful for Tejano performers. The album led the US Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart for 20 consecutive weeks, and sold over a million copies. Sales for Tejano albums were generally limited to 50,000 units, and after 1990, this threshold was expanded to 400-500,000 units. La Mafia continued to break attendance records, while their shows included attractions similar to performances shown on MTV.

Accordionist David Lee Garza received a gold certification for the first time for his 1992 album 1392. In 1989, Emilio Navaira parted with David Lee Garza's band and began performing progressive conjunto and quickly became a dominating artist in Tejano music. Navaira recorded traditional compositions of polkas and rancheras, though he recorded other genres such as country music. Later in his career, Navaira recorded more rock-influenced tracks. In 1991, Stuart Dill signed Navaira as one of his company's roster of country singers. Navaira became the first Tejano artist to headline the San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo in 1994 and performed at two sold-out concerts at the San Antonio Freeman Coliseum that same year. In 1994, the singer signed with Nashville's Liberty Records and along with Rick Trevino signed booking deals with William Morris's Nashville office in an effort to maximize the potential of bookings for Tejano artists in the city. Around this time, Navaira dropped his last name and became only known as Emilio. He was referred to as "the King of Tejano" and was promoted in Nashville as the Tejano George Strait, while his dance moves were called "The Emilio Shuffle". Emilio's country debut album, Life is Good (1995), sold 500,000 copies in the United States. One of its singles, "It's Not the End of the World", peaked at number 27 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Navaira became mainstream country music's possible introduction into the Hispanic music market, CMT heavily promoted Navaira as part of its expansion into Latin America. Aside from music, Navaira introduced and popularized country music attire into the Tejano music scene; Navaira's country attire appeared more modern than his predecessors who wore "old-fashioned" versions of this style.

Starting in 1982, 10-year-old Selena began performing professionally with her Los Dinos band which consisted of her brother and songwriter-producer A.B. Quintanilla and her sister and drummer of the group Suzette Quintanilla. The group was often dismissed by promoters because of the members' ages and were told that they would not amount to any success in the Tejano market because they were fronted by a woman. Historically, women were unsuccessful and were not considered heavyweights in the genre that has been dominated by men, Selena was often denied access to venues because of this long-standing belief. In 1989, Selena signed with EMI Latin with hopes of recording an English-language album in the future. Her self-titled debut album outperformed Selena's female contemporaries, her Ven Conmigo (1990) album became the first recording by a woman in the Tejano market to receive a gold certification, while her followup Entre a Mi Mundo (1992) became her "breakthrough album". Entre a Mi Mundo and its single "Como la Flor" allowed Selena to tour Mexico, the album became the first recording by a female Tejano act to sell over 300,000 units. It dethroned La Mafia's Estas Tocando Fuego and remained atop the US Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart for eight consecutive months. After becoming the first Tejano woman to receive a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/American Album for her Live! (1993) album, Selena signed a crossover deal with SBK Records. In 1994, Selena released Amor Prohibido, the album peaked at number one on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and displaced Gloria Estefan from the top spot and entered the Billboard 200 chart, becoming the first Tejano album to do so. Amor Prohibido is credited with catapulting Tejano music into mainstream success resulting in sales to listeners previously unfamiliar with the genre and popularized Tejano music among a younger and wider audience than at any other time in the genre's history. After the album's release, Selena was considered "bigger than Tejano itself", and was credited for tearing down barriers in the Latin music market. The album spawned four number-one singles, "Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Mas", and "Fotos y Recuerdos". Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News wrote that the singles from Amor Prohibido elevated Selena to success on Latin radio whose promoters had not previously taken the singer seriously.

By 1994, Tejano acts were effortless selling 100,000 units of their albums, while La Mafia and Selena were the two most-commercially successful Tejano artists. Selena's music led the genre's 1990s revival and made it marketable for the first time. Tejano music is believed by Jose Behar to have hit Mexico "like an atomic bomb" by 1994.

1995–2000: Decline in popularity
The album was considered one of the first Latin recordings that were enjoyed in the United States during the 1990s Latin explosion, a period known as the golden age of Latin music which was fueled by the singer's death in 1995.

At the time of Selena's death, 52% of all Latin music sales were generated by regional Mexican music; most of this was Tejano, which had become one of the most popular Latin music genres.

In 1996, EMI Latin is the leader in sales of Tejano albums. At least 10 artists are selling platinum records (100,000). Newcomers in this era include, Pete Astudillo, Jennifer Pena, Bobby Pulido, etc.

Staganat forecasters, still one of the "most robust subgenres" on the market.

Oversaturation of promoters, and lack of new artists breaking into the market in favor of veterans.

The live market is dead by August 1996, imprint labels begin suffering.

title: User:AJona1992/Tejano music


text:
User:Penugin/sandbox

    Penugins

Penugins are black and white birds known for their incapability of flight. They are typically found in Antarctica and are known for their great swimming. Along with this comes the ability to fish. A penugin's diet consists mainly of krill, squid, other small fish and foxes. Their favorite type of fox to eat is the Red Fox. Penugins have discovered- among other things- the sound that the fox makes, which is a crunch in their mouth. Foxes are very crunchy. Foxes and penugins are constant rivals, in that they both require a balanced diet of fish and each other. One example is the Nine-tailed fox, most commonly known as "Kyu-Bi." "Kyu-Bi," the penugins quote, "is nine different kinds of tasty." Foxes and penugins- we love them both, but vote for Penugin today!

title: User:Penugin/sandbox


text:
User:Zayn1254/Choose an Article

Article Selection
Please list articles that you're considering for your Wikipedia assignment below. Begin to critique these articles and find relevant sources.

Option 1

 * Federal Investigation Bureau
 * Article Evaluation
 * The first line is a concise definition of what the agency does.The sources are heavily cited. It seems to be broken up into sections that refer to the prominent role of the FBI in American history. However, there seems to be inaccurate and poorly cited source material when it comes to the media portrayal of the FBI. There also seems to lack information about a topic called "FBI Police". The article is written in a neutral tone overall. All the sources are from databases and different website articles.
 * The first line is a concise definition of what the agency does.The sources are heavily cited. It seems to be broken up into sections that refer to the prominent role of the FBI in American history. However, there seems to be inaccurate and poorly cited source material when it comes to the media portrayal of the FBI. There also seems to lack information about a topic called "FBI Police". The article is written in a neutral tone overall. All the sources are from databases and different website articles.

 * Sources
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0363811197900035 (FBI PR)
 * https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901939?casa_token=nLsDooEsxJgAAAAA:z4Z3JBhHL3AwJRufujmMbCXeqJczKNOYZG1VrisWkTMRARIpfMNqMIExKryLz9VxV2ZVvOBnlcyW0g_0rX0-zQtTBDxvRIYJbbNSHxUVP-UFL4wrvUrN&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
 * https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20110427_R41780_16e68e4d0b3b8e4359d92334e9c8521ecef0e22a.pdf

Option 2

 * Affirmative Action in the United States
 * Article Evaluation
 * The tone is not neutral. It shows bias favoring affirmative action. Some sections are more fleshed out than others such as the fact that there is very little information about affirmative action during the Reagan administration. Furthermore, it seems as though the article is missing some citations. There are a significant number of claims without any citations. Furthermore, the sections are not organized as well as they could be.
 * The tone is not neutral. It shows bias favoring affirmative action. Some sections are more fleshed out than others such as the fact that there is very little information about affirmative action during the Reagan administration. Furthermore, it seems as though the article is missing some citations. There are a significant number of claims without any citations. Furthermore, the sections are not organized as well as they could be.

 * Sources
 * https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2117558.pdf?casa_token=6SGVfI2GnK8AAAAA:5ZWahzjLjf_lj6XJ2cTt342J6eyB4Fzrlj3VYfgIxhHDzZ_4WgcKvL4Oo1xHvRnf6xxDNyA5yf_j0HjJwBrXrqjHTOs9SUZN_1XoYRg0912ZUNYKvpI2
 * https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ylr107&div=22&id=&page=
 * https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vanlr43&div=19&id=&page=

Option 3

 * Anti-Literacy Laws in the United States
 * Article Evaluation
 * The article is not broken up into sections and needs to be further fleshed out. There are no specifics about anti-literacy laws in the United States. There are spelling errors and the first sentence does not accurately reflect what anti-literacy laws are. Some sources are improperly cited in the references section. The tone of this article also does not seem very neutral.
 * Sources
 * https://www.mlajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1632/pmla.2<IP_ADDRESS>?journalCode=pmla
 * https://search.proquest.com/docview/1305087666?pq-origsite=gscholar
 * http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol2no5/2.5_Self_Emancipation.pdf
 * https://search.proquest.com/docview/1305087666?pq-origsite=gscholar
 * http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol2no5/2.5_Self_Emancipation.pdf

title: User:Zayn1254/Choose an Article


text:
campesino

Noun

 * 1) An agricultural worker in Latin America.

Adjective

 * 1) rural relating to non-urban areas

Noun

 * 1) countryman person who lives in a rural area

Etymology
From. Compare.

Adjective

 * 1) rural

Noun

 * 1) farmer
 * 2) peasant

title: campesino


text:
No Vaya a Ser

"No Vaya a Ser" is a song by Spanish singer-songwriter Pablo Alborán from his fourth studio album, Prometo (2017). It was written by Alborán and produced by Julio Reyes Copello. The song was released by Warner Music Spain on 8 September 2017.

title: No Vaya a Ser


text:
GTK+ By Example

This book aims to be an accessible introduction into creating applications with GTK+ widget toolkit. We introduce widgets and give examples on how to use them.

Why a Wikibook on GTK+?
A wikibook is an undertaking similar to an open-source software project: A contributor creates content for the project to help others, for personal enrichment, or to accomplish something for the contributor's own work (e.g., lecture preparation).

An open book, just like an open program, requires time to complete, but it can benefit greatly from even modest contributions from readers. For example you can fix "bugs" in the text (where the bug might be typographic, expository, technical, aesthetic or otherwise) in order to make a better book. If you find an opportunity to fix a bug, simply click on "edit", make your changes, and click on save. Other contributors may review your changes to be sure they are appropriate for the book. If you are unsure, you can visit the discussion page and ask there. Use common sense.

If you would like to make bigger contributions, you can take a look at the sections or chapters that are too short or otherwise need more work and start writing! Be sure to skim the rest of the book first in order to avoid duplication of content. Additionally, you should read the Guidelines for Contributors page for consistency tips and advice.

Note that you don't need to contribute everything at once. You can mark sections as "TODO," with a description of what remains to be done, and perhaps someone else will finish those parts for you. Once all TODO items are finished, we'll have reached our First Edition!

Examples in this book should be written in C as that is the language GTK+ is written in most. Additionally, implementations of the algorithms as an appendix are welcome.

Contributors

 * See also the sources list for contributions used with permission.

 * Tim-Philipp Müller wrote the original tutorial on the GtkTreeView widget, this was already extensive in 2005 when he stopped working on it.

GTK+ GTK+

title: GTK+ By Example


text:
Talk:Fariana

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:52, 14 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Farina Nueva Vida.jpg

title: Talk:Fariana


text:
Cookbook:Classic Vanilla Milkshake

| Beverages | Dessert

Milkshakes are beverages made by blending cream and milk with other ingredients added for color and flavor.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups (480 ml) vanilla ice cream
 * 1 cup (240 ml) whole milk
 * ¼ cup (60 ml) half & half
 * 2 ½ tablespoons (35 g) sugar
 * ⅛ teaspoon vanilla extract

Procedure

 * 1) Pour the milk, ice cream, and half & half in a blender and partially blend.
 * 2) Add the sugar and flavoring, and blend until thoroughly mixed.

title: Cookbook:Classic Vanilla Milkshake


text:
User:Ramjaw

A 1L in Law School wishing to contribute his knowledge while reviewing. Please contact me through wikiversity as Ramjaw.

Projects

 * Working on the School of Law
 * Specifically, Rules of Civil Procedure and attempting to organize the structure of the school

title: User:Ramjaw


text:
Guide to Unix/Files

/etc/fstab
The fstab (for file systems table) file is commonly found on Unix and Unix-like systems and is part of the system configuration. The fstab file typically lists all used disks and disk partitions, and indicates how they are to be used or otherwise integrated into the overall system's file system.

Traditionally, the fstab was only read by programs, and not written to. However, more modern system administration tools can automatically build and edit fstab, or act as graphical editors for it. It is the duty of the system administrator to properly create and maintain this file.

The file may have other names on a given Unix variant; for example, it is  on Solaris.

Example

The following is an example of a fstab file on a Red Hat Linux system:

LABEL=/                /                       ext3    defaults        1 1 none                   /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0 none                   /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0 none                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
 * 1) device name		mount point		fs-type	options		dump-freq pass-num

/dev/cdrom             /mnt/cdrom              udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0 /dev/fd0               /mnt/floppy             auto    noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0
 * 1) my removable media

/dev/hda1              /mnt/WinXP              ntfs    ro,defaults     0 0
 * 1) my NTFS Windows XP partition

/dev/hda6              swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

/dev/hda7              /mnt/shared             vfat    umask=000       0 0
 * 1) my files partition shared by windows and linux

( kudzu is an option specific to Red Hat and Fedora Core )

The first column indicates the device name or other means of locating the partition or data source. The second column indicates where the data is to be attached to the filesystem. The third column indicates the filesystem type, or algorithm to use to interpret the filesystem. The fourth column gives options, including if the filesystem should be mounted at boot. The fifth column adjusts the archiving schedule for the partition (used by dump). The sixth column indicates the order in which the fsck utility will scan the partitions for errors when the computer powers on. A value of zero in either of the last 2 columns disables the corresponding feature (http://www.humbug.org.au/talks/fstab/fstab_structure.html).

To get more information about the fstab file you can read the man page about it.

The Kfstab graphical configuration utility is available for KDE for editing fstab.

See also
 * mtab

/etc/group
/etc/group stores the definitive list of the users groups and their members.

A typical entry is:

root::0:root,alice

It has four sections which going from left to right are,

 * (root) The group name.
 *  The group password in a hashed form. Normally not. When it is, it allows any user knowing the password access to the group, as such it lessens security.  Group-passwords may be shadowed and stored in a separate file.
 * (0) The unique id assigned to the group. Group ids below 10 are reserved for system use. Some unixs such as HP-UX reserve other groups numbers as well.
 * (root,alice) The list of users who are members of that group.

/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd is the user authentication database, it contains a list of users and their associated internal user id numbers. Historically it also included passwords, however as this file needs to world readable (so all programs can use it to convert between username and user id) it is no longer considered secure to keep passwords in this file.

An entry in this file is of the form:

alice:*:134:20:Alice Monkey:/home/alice/:/bin/bash

It has seven sections which going from left to right are,

 * (alice) The username.
 * (*) The password in a hashed form. In modern systems a star indicates shadowing is in use and hence the password can be found in /etc/shadow/.
 * (134) The unique id assigned to the user. Some unique ids have special purposes. For example the user id 0 is used for the root user.
 * (20) The group that the user is assigned to upon login.
 * (Alice Monkey) The GCOS field, can be used for anything or left blank. Normally used for personal information abou the user such as full name.
 * (/home/alice/) The home directory of the user.
 * (/bin/bash) The users default shell.

/etc/profile
/etc/profile contains the system default settings for users who login using the Bourne shell, "/bin/sh". When these users login, the Bourne shell runs the commands in this file before giving the shell prompt to the user. Most of these commands are variable assignments which configure the behavior of the shell.

Some Bourne-compatible shells also use this file, but other shells, such as the C shell, do not.

/etc/shadow
/etc/shadow contains the passwords for users in systems which use shadowing.

alice:43SrweDe3F:621:5:30:10:100:900:

The sections are:

 * (alice) The username.
 * (43SrweDe3F) The password in hashed form.
 * (621) date of last password change.
 * (5) the mimimum number of days before the password may be changed.
 * (30) the maximum number of days before the user is forced to change their password.
 * (10) the number of days after which a user is advised to change their password.
 * (100) the maximum number of days an account can be inactive for before it is suspeneded.
 * (900) the date the account will expire, if left blank the account will remain indefinitely. Most often used for the purpose of temporary accounts.

/etc/sysctl.conf
/etc/sysctl.conf configures the behavior of the running Unix kernel. During system boot, the scripts read this file and use "sysctl" to set the parameters shown in the file. Changing the file has no effect before the next reboot.

Files to be merged in to the list

 * /etc/aliases - file containing aliases used by sendmail and other MTAs (mail transport agents). After updating this file, it is necessary to run the newaliases utility for the changes to be passed to sendmail.
 * /etc/bashrc - system-wide default functions and aliases for the bash shell
 * /etc/conf.modules - aliases and options for configurable modules
 * /etc/crontab - shell script to run different commands periodically (hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, etc.)
 * /etc/DIR_COLORS - used to store colors for different file types when using ls command. The dircolors command uses this file when there is not a .dir_colors file in the user's home directory. Used in conjunction with the eval command (see below).
 * /etc/exports - specifies hosts to which file systems can be exported using NFS. Man exports contains information on how to set up this file for remote users.
 * /etc/fstab - contains information on partitions and filesystems used by system to mount different partitions and devices on the directory tree
 * /etc/HOSTNAME - stores the name of the host computer
 * /etc/hosts - contains a list of host names and absolute IP addresses.
 * /etc/hosts.allow - hosts allowed (by the tcpd daemon) to access Internet services
 * /etc/hosts.deny - hosts forbidden (by the tcpd daemon) to access Internet services
 * /etc/group - similar to /etc/passwd but for groups
 * /etc/inetd.conf - configures the inetd daemon to tell it what TCP/IP services to provide (which daemons to load at boot time). A good start to securing a Linux box is to turn off these services unless they are necessary.
 * /etc/inittab - runs different programs and processes on startup. This is typically the program which is responsible for, among other things, setting the default runlevel, running the rc.sysinit script contained in /etc/rc.d, setting up virtual login terminals, bringing down the system in an orderly fashion in response to [Ctrl][Alt][Del], running the rc script in /etc/rc.d, and running xdm for a graphical login prompt (only if the default runlevel is set for a graphical login).
 * /etc/issue - pre-login message. This is often overwitten by the /etc/rc.d/rc.S script (in Slackware) or by the /etc/rc.d/rc.local script (in Mandrake and Red Hat, and perhaps other rpm-based distributions). The relevant lines should be commented out (or changed) in these scripts if a custom pre-login message is desired.
 * /etc/lilo.conf - configuration file for lilo boot loader
 * /etc/motd - message of the day file, printed immediately after login. This is often overwritten by /etc/rc.d/rc.S (Slackware) or /etc/rc.d/rc.local (Mandrake/Red Hat) on startup. See the remarks in connection with /etc/issue.
 * /etc/mtab - shows currently mounted devices and partitions and their status
 * /etc/passwd - contains passwords and other information concerning users who are registered to use the system. For obvious security reasons, this is readable only by root. It can be modified by root directly, but it is preferable to use a configuration utility such as passwd to make the changes. A corrupt /etc/passwd file can easily render a Linux box unusable.
 * /etc/printcap - shows the setup of printers
 * /etc/profile - sets system-wide defaults for bash shell. It is this file in Slackware that sets up the DIR_COLORS environment variable for the color ls command. Also sets up other system-wide environment variables.
 * /etc/resolv.conf - contains a list of domain name servers used by the local machine
 * /etc/securetty - contains a list of terminals on which root can login. For security reasons, this should not include dialup terminals.
 * /etc/termcap - ASCII database defining the capabilities and characteristics of different consoles, terminals, and printers
 * /etc/X11/XF86Config - X configuration file. The location in Slackware is /etc/XF86Config.

/proc/

 * /proc/cpuinfo - cpu information
 * /proc/filesystems - prints filesystems currently in use
 * /proc/interrupts - prints interrupts currently in use
 * /proc/ioports - contains a list of the i/o addresses used by various devices connected to the computer
 * /proc/kcore - The command ls -l /proc/kcore will give the amount of RAM on the computer. It's also possible to use the free command to get the same information (and more).
 * /proc/version - prints Linux version and other info

/var/

 * /var/log/messages - used by syslog daemon to store kernel boot-time messages
 * /var/log/lastlog - used by system to store information about last boot (can be read with lastlog)
 * /var/log/wtmp - contains binary data indicating login times and duration for each user on system (can be read with last)
 * /var/log/btmp - contains binary data indicating failed attempts to login (can be read with lastb)
 * /var/run/utmp - contains binary data indicating currently logged-in users (can be read with who)

/boot/

 * /boot/vmlinuz - the typical location and name of the Linux kernel. In the Slackware distribution, the kernel is located at /vmlinuz.
 * /boot/grub/menu.lst - has configuration settings for users of the GRUB bootloader for the available kernels and OS's which can continue the boot process.

/dev/cdrom
/dev/cdrom is not an actual device, but on many systems it is a symbolic link to the actual CD device. For example, a Linux system with /dev/hdb for its floppy drive is likely to have a link /dev/cdrom which redirects to /dev/hdb.

/dev/fd*
At Linux, /dev/fd0 is the first floppy disk drive at the system. Use /dev/fd0H1440  to operate the first floppy drive in high density mode. Generally, this is invoked when formatting a floppy drive for a particular density. Slackware comes with drivers that allow for formatting a 3.5" diskette with up to 1.7MB of space. Red Hat and Mandrake do not contain these device driver files by default.

Likewise, /dev/fd1 is the second floppy disk drive.

/dev/hd*
At Linux, /dev/hda is the first IDE hard drive. The second drive is either <tt>/dev/hdb</tt> or <tt>/dev/hdc</tt>, depending on the hardware configuration. Some IDE hardware allows up to four drives, including <tt>/dev/hdd</tt>.

Many machines have one hard drive (hda) and one cdrom drive (hdc on many machines, but hdb on some). Often, <tt>/dev/cdrom</tt> is a symbolic link to the cdrom drive.

Partitions are numbered from 1, like <tt>/dev/hda1</tt>, <tt>/dev/hda2</tt>, ...

/dev/null
/dev/null is a do-nothing device to use when one wants to ignore or delete program output. This file is useful when a program expects to save to a file, but you want not to save anything. This file can also be used as input to a program to represent an empty file.

There is no actual hardware associated with the <tt>/dev/null</tt> device.

Examples:

Deleting file called "x" (command rm x) sometimes causes an error, for example if the file does not exist:

$ rm x rm: x: No such file or directory

One can hide the error by redirecting it to a file. By using <tt>/dev/null</tt> as the file, the error never saves to an actual file.

Bourne shell: $ rm x > /dev/null 2>&1

In the Bourne shell, the "2>&1" redirects the standard error of "rm" (where the error appears) to standard output, then the ">" redirects the standard output to <tt>/dev/null</tt>.

One way to make an empty file called "y" is: $ cat /dev/null > y

The "cat" command copies the file "/dev/null" to standard output, and the shell operator ">" redirects this output to "y". The "/dev/null" file seems empty when read, so the file "y" appears, but is also empty. (Note that in this case, simply "> y" will do the same thing.)

Dot files
There is some redundancy across these programs. For example, the look and behavior of emacs can be customized by using the .emacs file, but also by adding the appropriate modifications to the .Xdefaults file. Default versions of these files are often installed in users' home directories when the software packages that use them are installed. If a program doesn't find its configuration file in the user's home directory, it will often fall back on a system-wide default configuration file installed in one of the subdirectories that the package lives in.

 * .bash_logout - file executed by bash shell on logout
 * .bash_profile - initialization of bash shell run only on login. Bash looks first for a .bash_profile file when started as a login shell or with the -login option. If it does not find .bash_profile, it looks for .bash_login. If it doesn't find that, it looks for .profile. System-wide functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc and default environment variables go in /etc/profile.
 * .bashrc - initialization command run when bash shell starts up as a non-login shell
 * .cshrc - initialization commands that are run automatically (like autoexec.bat) when C shell is initiated
 * .emacs - configuration file for emacs editor
 * .fvwmrc - configuration file for fvwm window manager
 * .fvwm2rc - configuration file for fvwm2 window manager
 * .jedrc - configuration file for the jed text editor
 * .lessrc - typically contains key bindings for cursor movement with the less command
 * .login - initialization file when user logs in
 * .logout - commands run when user logs out
 * .wm_style - gives choice of default window manager if one is not specified in startx
 * .Xdefaults - sets up X resources for individual user. The behavior of many different application programs can be changed by modifying this file.
 * .xinitrc - initialization file when running startx. Can be used to activate applications, run a given window manager, and modify the appearance of the root window.
 * .xsession - configuration file for xdm

Directories
Different distributions have different directory structures, despite attempts at standardization such as the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) organization.

 * /bin - essential UNIX commands such as ls, etc. Should contain all binaries needed to boot the system or run it in single-user mode
 * /boot - files used during booting and possibly the kernel itself are stored here
 * /dev - contains device files for various devices on system
 * /etc - files used by subsystems such as networking, NFS, and mail. Includes tables of disks to mount, processes to run on startup, etc.
 * /etc/profile.d - contains scripts that are run by /etc/profile upon login.
 * /etc/rc.d - contains a number of shell scripts that are run on bootup at different run levels. There is also typically an rc.inet1 script to set up networking (in Slackwar), an rc.modules script to load modular device drivers, and an rc.local script that can be edited to run commands desired by the administrator, along the lines of autoexec.bat in DOS.
 * /etc/rc.d/init.d - contains most of the initialization scripts themselves on an rpm-based system.
 * /etc/rc.d/rc*.d - where ``*'' is a number corresponding to the default run level. Contains files for services to be started and stopped at that run level. On rpm-based systems, these files are symbolic links to the initialization scripts themselves, which are in /etc/rc.d/init.d.
 * /etc/skel - directory containing several example or skeleton initialization shells. Often contains subdirectories and files used to populate a new user's home directory.
 * /etc/X11 - configuration files for the X Window system
 * /home - home directories of individual users
 * /lib - standard shared library files
 * /lib/modules - modular device driver files, most with .o extensions
 * /mnt - typical mount point for many user-mountable devices such as floppy drives, cd-rom readers, etc. Each device is mounted on a subdirectory of /mnt.
 * /proc - virtual file system that provides a number of system statistics
 * /root - home directory for root
 * /sbin - location of binaries used for system administration, configuration, and monitoring
 * /tmp - directory specifically designed for programs and users to store temporary files.
 * /usr - directory containing a number of subdirectory with programs, libraries, documentation, etc.
 * /usr/bin - contains most user commands. Should not contain binaries necessary for booting the system, which go in /bin. The /bin directory is generally located on the same disk partition as /, which is mounted in read-only mode during the boot process. Other filesystems are only mounted at a later stage during startup, so putting binaries essential for boot here is not a good idea.
 * /usr/bin/X11 - most often a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/bin, which contains executable binaries related to the X Window system
 * /usr/doc - location of miscellaneous documentation, and the main location of program documentation files under Slackware
 * /usr/include - standard location of include files used in C programs such as stdio.h
 * /usr/info - primary location of the GNU info system files
 * /usr/lib - standard library files such as libc.a. Searched by the linker when programs are compiled.
 * /usr/lib/X11 - X Window system distribution
 * /usr/local/bin - yet another place to look for comon executables
 * /usr/man - location of manual page files
 * /usr/sbin - other commands used by superuser for system administration
 * /usr/share - contains subdirectories where many installed programs have configuration, setup and auxiliary files
 * /usr/share/doc - location of program documentation files under Mandrake and Red Hat
 * /usr/src - location of source programs used to build system. Source code for programs of all types are often unpacked in this directory.
 * /usr/src/linux - often a symbolic link to a subdirectory whose name corresponds to the exact version of the Linux kernel that is running. Contains the kernel sources.
 * /var - administrative files such as log files, used by various utilities
 * /var/log/packages - contains files, each of which has detailed information on an installed package in Slackware. The same file can also be found at /var/adm/packages, since the adm subdirectory is a symbolic link to log. Each package file contains a short description plus a list of all installed files.
 * /var/log/scripts - package installation scripts in Slackware are stored here. You can inspect these scripts to see what special features are included in individual packages.
 * /var/spool - temporary storage for files being printed, mail that has not yet been picked up, etc.

External link: Modified Directory Structure

title: Guide to Unix/Files


text:
User:Artem Tiukov/sandbox

Denis Ouch is a Russian artist who is based in Brooklyn, New York. He has been living in NY for over 15 years. in 2011 Denis has graduated from City University of New York with a Bachelor of Economics. With no formal training in art, he is completely self-taught. As a teenager he did graffiti in St. Petersburg. Russia. Denis naturally has inherited a sense of color and composition. Creating art by taking an image or an idea and putting it into another context is Ouch’s approach. “Silk Screening gives me an opportunity to show how I feel. It’s just as fast as how our lives have become. I can put all my emotions into an art piece, almost instantly.” "Art Blossom Smarter Than You."

In 2018 has taken part in an HBO, World Of Wonder production documentary film.

Also in 2018 collaborated with DVF.

The Frame Hotel, Florence, Italy has purchased 23 artworks for hotel interior. www.theframehotel.com

In 2017, has collaborated with HERM STUDIO, London. Created digital files of watch straps with original artworks to be used on watches.

In 2016 Denis has donated several https://www.denisouch.com/about-meworks to a Miami charity exhibit, “Free And Fearless.” All of the works were sold and the proceeds were dedicated to the fight of human trafficking.

In 2014 together with a French photographer Augustin Doublet created social art installations around NYC called “Gold Finger NYC” ( artist painted trash bags and other found objects on New York streets.) “ The idea behind the project was to show how wasteful our society is. We create more than we use and need.”

In 2011, Occupy Wall St. San Diego. The experience inspired a series of politically charged artworks. Creating some street art pieces in Manhattan and Brooklyn.

title: User:Artem Tiukov/sandbox


text:
File:VectorIntro1.png

Taken from http://kestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/index.html a GNUFDL source

Copyright ©1998, 2000, 2001, 2003 David J. Raymond

/Images

title: File:VectorIntro1.png


text:
Imed Abdelnabbi

Imed Abdelnabbi (عماد عبد النبي, born 15 November 1957 ), is an Egyptian chess player who has received the title of International Master (IM) in 1985 and Trainer from FIDE. He bagged the gold medal in the individual rankings in the 1986 Chess Olympiad.

Chess Olympiads
Imed Abdelnabbi respresented Egypt in the Chess Olympiads 1982-2019
 * In 1982, at second reserve board in the 25th Chess Olympiad in Lucerne (+3, =3, -1)
 * In 1984, at second board in the 26th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki (+4, =4, -3)
 * In 1986, at second board in the 27th Chess Olympiad in Dubai (+7, =5, -0) and won an individual gold medal
 * In 1990, at second board in the 29th Chess Olympiad in Novi Sad (+3, =5, -2)
 * In 1992, at second board in the 30th Chess Olympiad in Manila (+1, =5, -4)
 * In 2002, at first board in the 35th Chess Olympiad in Bled (+4, =3, -4)
 * In 2006, at third board in the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin (+2, =3, -3)

Team Chess Championships
Imed Abdelnabbi played for Egypt and Africa (1989) teams in the World Team Chess Championship:
 * In 1989, at third board in the 2nd World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne (+0, =3, -3),
 * In 2010, at reserve board in the 7th World Team Chess Championship in Bursa (+0, =2, -2),
 * In 2017, at fourth board in the 11th World Team Chess Championship in Khanty-Mansiysk (+0, =2, -5),
 * In 2019, at reserve board in the 12th World Team Chess Championship in Astana (+0, =0, -3).

Also Imed Abdelnabbi two times played for Egypt in African Games team chess tournament (2003-2007), and in team competition won 2 gold medals (2003, 2007), and in individual competition won gold (2007) medal.

Other Major Tournaments
In 2003, in Damascus, Imed Abdelnabbi won the Club Chess Championship with Egyptian team Eastern Company Al-Sharkia. In 2005 he repeated this success.

In 2012, in United Arab Emirates Imed Abdelnabbi won 2nd place in International Chess Tournament Jebel Hafeet International Championship, but in 2013 he won there an International Chess Tournament Unified Home Festival.

Titles & Rating
In 1985, he was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title. In 2005, he became a FIDE Trainer.

title: Imed Abdelnabbi


text:
User:Illuminatih/sandbox

CHANDLER BING

Chandler Muriel Bing is a fictional character from the NBC sitcom Friends, portrayed by Matthew Perry. He was born on April 8. He is of Scottish and Swedish ancestry. He is an only child and is apparently from an affluent family. Chandler's parents Nora Tyler Bing (Morgan Fairchild), an erotic romance novelist, and Charles Bing (Kathleen Turner), a gay female impersonator and star of a Las Vegas drag show called "Viva Las Gay-gas" as Helena Handbasket, announced their divorce to him over Thanksgiving dinner when he was nine years old, an event which causes him to refuse to celebrate the holiday in his adulthood and develop his notorious sense of humour as a defence mechanism. It is revealed in season 1 that he went to an all-boys high school.

Relationships Ross and Chandler have been best friends since college, where they were roommates. They were in a band together.

Chandler shared an apartment with his friend Joey Tribbiani. Chandler and Joey's apartment is an important focal point for the series as one of the few meeting areas of the gang. The two form a close and enduring friendship, and get into many humorous situations.

Chandler is afraid of commitment and had the fewest relationships out of all the Friends. Despite all this, he is the first one to have a committed marriage that doesn't end in divorce. At Ross' wedding in London, Monica and Chandler sleep together and decide to begin dating. They try to keep their relationship secret, as they are unsure about how the others would react. Eventually, however, they all find out. Their wedding takes place during the finale of season 7. In the final episode of the series, Monica and Chandler adopt twins, due to their inability to conceive.

Chandler and Rachel originally did not like each other, but grew to become good friends. In "The One with All the Cheesecakes" Chandler and Rachel steal and share the cheesecake which originally belonged to their downstairs neighbor. Rachel, who works for Ralph Lauren, is also the one who helps Chandler pick out his wedding suit. Chandler and Phoebe are good friends. They sometimes are goofy and have fun with one another. In "The One with the Metaphorical Tunnel", Phoebe and Chandler play hide and seek. They also play games, like coming up with superhero names and reclining the Barcaloungers like cowboys.

Career Chandler works in statistical analysis and data reconfiguration, which he takes up as temporary work. Despite disliking his job, Chandler stays because they keep giving him promotions and raises, eventually becoming boss to his old workmates. His friends do not understand what he does; during the contest for Monica and Rachel's apartment, Rachel guesses "Transponster" for his job title. This results in Chandler and Joey winning the apartment.

In the episode "The One Where Emma Cries", Chandler falls asleep during a meeting and on waking, realizes that he had agreed to head the new division in Tulsa. Chandler quits his job on Christmas, so that he can fly home to New York to be with Monica. Monica helps Chandler secure a job in advertising through an old colleague of hers. Much to Chandler's dismay, he begins as an unpaid intern. However, his more mature approach eventually pays off, and he secures a full-time job in the business as a junior copywriter.

References: 1. Galindo, Brian (August 12, 2013). "25 Fascinating Facts You Might Not Know About "Friends"". Buzzfeed.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2013. 2."Friends - Fan Club Français de Friends". www.fanfr.com. Retrieved 2019-08-19. 3."The One Where the Stripper Cries". Friends. Season 10. February 5, 2004. NBC.

title: User:Illuminatih/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2020 August 18

Template:Tltt

The result of the discussion was redirect to Template:Tlx. No opposition. Primefac (talk) 00:07, 28 August 2020 (UTC) These Category:Internal template-link templates are placed within  tags. The intent is to have monospaced text with a "tooltip" (from the span name). The problem is that kbd signifies user input like keystrokes, and it is impossible that there are any uses of these templates that conform to that purpose. Rather,  should be used. Another problem is that tooltips are not accessible and contravene Manual of Style/Accessibility. Transclusions of these templates should be reviewed and changed to a different internal template-link template, and then the templates deleted. Bsherr (talk) 19:17, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Tltt
 * Tltt2
 * Redirect to Template:Tlx per Templates_for_discussion/Log/2020_March_28. * Pppery * it has begun... 19:57, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Sensors

The result of the discussion was merge to List of sensors. Primefac (talk) 00:23, 26 August 2020 (UTC) The template is too broad and useless. Either split it in specific templates or delete as it doesn't cover all sensors. Störm  (talk)  16:08, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sensors
 * Merge with List of sensors I agree with nom. A navbox the size of a page is not helping navigation, it is a list in template space. --Tom (LT) (talk) 23:01, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Merge with List of sensors per above. There's no doubt there's more specific templates that can be grouped into others. – The Grid  ( talk )  17:27, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Antivandalism

The result of the discussion was relisted on 2020 August 28. Primefac (talk) 00:21, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Antivandalism

Template:Zoey 101

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 15:28, 25 August 2020 (UTC) Unnecessary template for just one TV series that lists three links that are prominent in each article to the others in lead, infobox, or a major section. Geraldo Perez (talk) 14:41, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Zoey 101
 * Delete per nom. --Tom (LT) (talk) 23:01, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete Second the motion for deletion. Pahiy (talk) 23:17, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Strong delete Only three links which are the show itself, character, and episode guide. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:55, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Shared IP special

The result of the discussion was no consensus. Primefac (talk) 00:21, 28 August 2020 (UTC) Proposing to delete this template and replace each transclusion with the appropriate template from Category:Shared IP header templates. In each instance of use, a more specific shared IP header template would be better. Bsherr (talk) 22:44, 3 August 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Shared IP special
 * Delete after replacement, per nom. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 08:31, 4 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep. I had closed this as "delete", but while reviewing, I changed my mind. The purpose of this template is not to provide information to users of the IP, like Template:Shared IP & co. Rather, it is a wiki-political statement by Spectrum (the IP editor, not the cable company) about the value of IP editing. The other templates would not fulfill this purpose. If not kept, it should at least be moved back to User talk:2604:2000:8FC0:4:68BA:3B32:8613:8B6D/header, from which it was moved to its current location. —Mdaniels5757 (talk • contribs) 16:34, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think we've ever userfied to the user talk namespace. We also typically wait for a request, but I wouldn't mind an outcome of userfying to the user namespace. --Bsherr (talk) 21:34, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 10:28, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep This template has a very different message from the normal Template:Shared IP, and is more intended as a political Statement. Techie3 (talk) 00:09, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Anatomy navs

The result of the discussion was delete. No indication that this template is strictly necessary, and past precedent says that navigation between templates should not be done in article space. Primefac (talk) 00:03, 28 August 2020 (UTC) I think that most if not all of the transclusions of this nav relate to its use in Human systems and organs. To be honest, I don't think that the information contained within this list is worth preserving - that navbox does a good job of listing relevant articles within its scope. Most anatomy articles already also link to Anatomical terminology in text, in the see also sections, as well as via infoboxes. So I think this template could just be deleted. Tom (LT) (talk) 23:14, 16 July 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Anatomy navs
 * I fine either with a Delete or a convert to separate navbox for linking exclusively between the templates, per nom and per WP:XNR. --Izno (talk) 20:34, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 13:44, 31 July 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 10:25, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If needed then convert to a navigation template and place it on the documentation section of linked templates. --Gonnym (talk) 12:36, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes

The result of the discussion was no consensus. It's possible a demonstration of the merged templates will be more likely to result in informed opinions (i.e. sandboxing). NPASR if this is done. Primefac (talk) 00:01, 28 August 2020 (UTC) Propose merging Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes with Template:Nervous and musculoskeletal system symptoms and signs.
 * Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes
 * Nervous and musculoskeletal system symptoms and signs

Despite the name 'Cerebral palsy', this template is just ways of describing problems with movement, which can be due to lots of reasons, including upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron causes. Therefore, these templates have the same scope. I propose that they are merged and the final template is for clarity called Symptoms and signs related to movement, which is what both templates scopes are actually about. Tom (LT) (talk) 23:27, 16 July 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * I tend toward keep here. The one template is already large (really, 2nd-level subgroup?). --Izno (talk) 14:37, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 13:44, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * @ if there's consensus to merge, I will revise the template to be more symptom-centred - something along the lines of primary sections "Gait", "Involuntary movement", "Weakness" and "Other", rather than the current confusing layout. I hope and think you'll find this will remove a lot of the blue space and make a template that is much easier for readers. Based on my previous article and template work, any chance I can sway your opinion on this...? (In my opinion such a merge will result in a better reading experience :P). --Tom (LT) (talk) 04:45, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 10:25, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Inflammation

The result of the discussion was keep. Keep is the official result, but I find the discussion reflects a consensus to partially listify, specifically the template contents concerning inflammatory conditions in specific parts of the body. I won't put this in the holding cell for conversion, as I think that would suggest deletion after conversion is done. (non-admin closure) Bsherr (talk) 23:46, 18 August 2020 (UTC) I am proposing that MOST of the content from this template is deleted (sorry, again there is no option for this on Twinkle but this venue is called 'templates for discussion').
 * Inflammation

I do not think it is helpful for anyone to list in template for every '-itis' in the body, much as we do not list every cause of death on death or every form of infection on infection. What I propose is:
 * 1) The content about inflammation in specific locations is moved to a list called Inflammatory conditions by location Tom (LT) (talk) 04:22, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * I don't think it's possible for one template to list every '-itis' in the body . That being said, I didn't see any article/list for inflammatory conditions by type/location/etc, so I've added it to my (admittedly long and unfinished) list of to-dos. So, basically, delete, but if so, if this could be copied to my userspace (or someone's) as a reference for said article/list, I'd appreciate it. bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez (User/say hi!) 06:38, 27 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think this one needs TFD. You have not proposed to delete the template, just some amount of its content. I do think a general template on -itis would be overwhelming for navigational purposes. --Izno (talk) 14:34, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Copy/pasted reply for editors who haven't read my replies to these comments earlier - template work is very time-consuming and I don't want to put that work in only to have an editor revert it and then require discussion; here is a good central venue and quite active, and should be renamed "Templates for deletion" if discussion requests are to be considered inappropriate. Additionally this request involves deletion of most of the template's content. --Tom (LT) (talk) 00:56, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 13:43, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 10:24, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:IK Sirius squad

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 13:01, 25 August 2020 (UTC) A template for the sport of bandy with not a single notable player. A navbox is supposed to navigate between actual articles. Geschichte (talk) 09:40, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * IK Sirius squad
 * Delete per nom. --Tom (LT) (talk) 23:01, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Independence Media Holdings

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 15:27, 25 August 2020 (UTC) No longer a defining characteristic as company currently owns no stations. Raymie (t • c) 09:22, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Independence Media Holdings
 * Delete per nom. --Tom (LT) (talk) 23:01, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Eureka Broadcasting

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 20:07, 25 August 2020 (UTC) Owns four stations, all in the same market (Eureka Radio). Not enough links to justify a navbox. Raymie (t • c) 09:21, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Eureka Broadcasting
 * Delete. With no article for the topic, I am skeptical this is a notable connection between the constituents of the navigation box. --Bsherr (talk) 18:01, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Lost Coast Communications

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 20:07, 25 August 2020 (UTC) Owns four stations, all in the same market (Eureka Radio). No need for a navbox. Raymie (t • c) 09:20, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Lost Coast Communications
 * Delete. With no article for the topic, I am skeptical this is a notable connection between the constituents of the navigation box. --Bsherr (talk) 18:02, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Wolfhouse Radio

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 20:08, 25 August 2020 (UTC) Owns three radio stations, all in the same market (Santa Cruz Radio). Too few articles for a navbox. Raymie (t • c) 09:19, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Wolfhouse Radio
 * Delete. With no article for the topic, I am skeptical this is a notable connection between the constituents of the navigation box. --Bsherr (talk) 18:02, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Mean Green Radio Network

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 15:27, 25 August 2020 (UTC) There are too few affiliates to justify a navbox of this college sports radio network that does not even qualify for an article. Raymie (t • c) 09:17, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Mean Green Radio Network
 * Delete per nom. --Tom (LT) (talk) 23:01, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Nassau Broadcasting Partners Radio Stations

The result of the discussion was relisted on 2020 August 25. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 15:27, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Nassau_Broadcasting_Partners_Radio_Stations

Template:Northwest Broadcasting

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 15:26, 25 August 2020 (UTC) As a result of the sale of this entire media group to Cox Media Group, this template is no longer transcluded in any articles other than Northwest Broadcasting having been replaced by COXMG. Raymie (t • c) 09:11, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Northwest Broadcasting
 * Delete per nom. Csworldwide1 (talk) 15:14, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Dix Communications

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 15:26, 25 August 2020 (UTC) No longer enough articles to sustain an infobox. This group sold off most of its holdings to other broadcasters and newspaper owners in the years since the template was created. Raymie (t • c) 09:08, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Dix Communications
 * Delete: Only two articles, both radio stations in the same city as each other; both stations' articles also feature two market navboxes that contain both stations. That wouldn't be an issue if Dix still owned other stations in other markets (and its newspapers for that matter), but there's no longer any reason to keep this. -- WC  Quidditch  ☎   ✎  18:39, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Mapleton Communications

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 20:08, 25 August 2020 (UTC) No longer needed; company sold all its stations, mostly to Simmons Media Group, in 2019. Raymie (t • c) 09:05, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Mapleton Communications
 * Delete. Ceases to be defining characteristic of the stations. --Bsherr (talk) 19:53, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Waterman Broadcasting Corporation

The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) ProcrastinatingReader (talk) 12:57, 25 August 2020 (UTC) Too few stations owned to justify a template. Raymie (t • c) 09:02, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Waterman Broadcasting Corporation
 * Delete per nom. Csworldwide1 (talk) 15:26, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete: A company with only two stations — both in the same market at that — and only one actually being owned by the company proper (the other station is merely managed, but owned by a third party) does not require a navbox. -- WC  Quidditch  ☎   ✎  20:38, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --Tom (LT) (talk) 23:01, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Template:Mount Ida Mustangs football coach navbox

The result of the discussion was relisted on 2020 August 25. (non-admin closure) TheTVExpert (talk) 15:26, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Mount_Ida_Mustangs_football_coach_navbox


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Tween

How to use Tween in Macromedia Flash

1. Open up a blank document in Flash.

2. Draw or insert object onto the blank stage.

3. Highlight the image (Ctrl + A). You will know it’s highlighted because it becomes covered with gray dots.

4. Right-click on the image.

5. On the drop-down menu that appears, select ‘Convert to Symbol’.

6. After clicking that, a box will appear. Click on the circle next to Graphic and select OK.

7. Click-and-drag the image to the far-left side of the stage.

8. On the Timeline at the top of the screen, find the rectangle underneath the number 30.

This is Frame 30.

9. Right-click on Frame 30.

10. From the drop-down menu, select ‘Insert Key Frame’.

You'll know that you did this correctly if the space between Frame 1 and Frame 30 turns gray. 11. While still on Frame 30, click-and-drag object to the far-right side of the stage.

12. On the Timeline, right-click on Frame 15.

13. Select ‘Create Motion Tween’.

This will turn the gray area between Frame 1 and Frame 30 to purple and add a solid line that crosses through it. 14. To preview your movie, you can hit enter to view it on your stage, or you can hit Ctrl + Enter, which will bring up a different page for you to view it.

Nashp 18:16, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Tween


text:
Plague of Mohill

In 6th century Ireland, the population of Mohill was devastated by the Justinian plague, an early phenomenon of the. The Mohill plague occurred following the Extreme weather events of 535–536 and death of Manchán of Mohill.

Evidence
Evidence for the Justinian plague in Mohill barony is revealed by the names of three contiguous townlands south west of Mohill town—Tamlaght More, Tamlaght Beg, and Tamlaghtavally—all surrounding the former monastery of Mohill. Because Tamlaght (Taimhleacht) is a pagan name, all three townland names are ancient and pre-Christian in origin. Recognition that the word tamlacht signifies a plague burial site is widespread, but most communities are unaware of their ancient ancestors' experiences. Knowledge of the plague at Mohill emerged after 1975, when a local school teacher named Gaffney, wrote his account:

"townland: Taibhleacht a' Bhaile or Taibhleacht an Bhealaigh, the plague burial ground of the town or roadway. Taibhleacht is derived from tamh or taimh, an unnatural death as from plague, and leacht signifies a bed of grave, a place where people who died from a plague were buried, generally in a common grave. People who passed the way were accustomed to raise a 'cairn' of stones over the spot by placing single stones over the grave. Tamlaght-Beg and TamlaghMore are of the same origin. Some great plague or pestilence left its name on those three townlands."

Hanley (2002) also identifies Mohill barony with the Justinian plague. He noted nearly all 41 Tamlachta sites in the northern half of Ireland are associated with water - with the exception of Mohill. However, Mohill (Maothail "soft or spongy place") is connected to waterways — the nearby Lough Rinn feeds the Rinn river, itself a tributary of the Shannon river. Hanley believed the bordering Airgíalla kingdom was uniquely hard hit by pandemic.

Dooley believes another epidemic in A.D. 550, christened the croin Chonaill (redness of C.), or the buidhe Chonaill (yellowness of C.), suggests a fairly widespread outbreak focused on the Shannon area.

Causes

A sudden climate change in the decade after 538 can be observed from dendrochonology studies of Irish trees, and the arrival of the bubonic plague in Ireland c. A.D. 544, seems to correlate with the westward trajectory of the Justinianic plague, which had reached Gaul by A.D. 543. The Four Masters states: "543 AD, an extraordinary universal plague through the world, which swept away the noblest third part of the human race", and the Annals of Ulster christened the pandemic "bléfed". It is estimated 25–50 million, or 40% of European population, died over two centuries as the plague returned periodically up until the 8th century.

Heritage
Haley observed how

"the huge dying off in the 6th century, which is suggested by the number of tamlachta sites, would certainly have created fear if not widespread panic. This was a pandemic in which some people dropped dead in less than one day, some fell ill but recovered, and some remained unaffected. Such seemingly random results might have been interpreted by the populace, even preached by the clerics, as evidence of divine selection."

The presence and death of a Christian missionary during these events at Mohill is recorded. The conversion to Christianity and subsequent veneration of Manchan of Mohill (d. 538) as saint by the local populace is notable. This parish is named "Mohill-Manchan" to this day.

Hanly reported a great surge in ringfort-building after the plague of 545 AD, as the populace on the boundary of devastated regions, Airgíalla and Mohill (barony), sought security from mysterious and widespread death, riving, cattle-raids, enslavement, and worse. These forts (called Raths) were entrenchments the Irish built about their houses. Numerous remains of these forts are visible around ancient barony of Mohill.

title: Plague of Mohill


text:
Juniata, Philadelphia

Juniata (also known as Juniata Park) is a working class, predominantly Hispanic and Caucasian neighborhood in North Philadelphia, which is a section of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Juniata is located south of the Juniata Golf Club in Tacony Creek Park. It is bordered to the east by Frankford, to the west by Feltonville, and to the south by Harrowgate and Port Richmond. The neighborhood is bordered by G Street to the west, Juniata Park to the north, Tacony Creek to the east, and by SEPTA rail tracks to the south. Juniata shares the ZIP code of 19124 with the nearby neighborhood of Frankford.

History
Prior to the 1920s, Juniata Park was mostly farmland. Nicetown Lane ran generally west to east from near the line of B St. and Erie Avenue through to the present-day Pike Street and Frankford Avenue. Powder Mill Lane ran from the present-day Wingohocking Street in Frankford southwest to Nicetown Lane, near the intersection of L and Lycoming Sts. I Street, from Ramona Avenue west, was called Fisher's Lane and ran generally through the west side of the Tacony Creek to the intersection of Harrowgate Lane, near the present day H Street and Ramona Avenue. Harrowgate Lane ran generally south and southeast into Harrowgate to the present day Atlantic Street, ending at Frankford Avenue.

The first row homes were built in Juniata Park, near Castor Avenue and Luzerne Street, in the mid-1920s. The western area of Juniata, around I and Cayuga Sts., was developed in the 1950s.

Facilities and infrastructure
The Market–Frankford Line elevated train stops in the neighborhood at the Erie-Torresdale Station, located at the intersection of Erie, and Torresdale Avenues.

The Juniata News, the neighborhood's weekly community newspaper, was first published in July 1934.

Most of the neighborhood's retail and commercial establishments are situated along Castor, Hunting Park, and Erie Avenues.

In 1935, the Carl Mackley Houses (now Apartments) were constructed on the block bounded by Castor Avenue, Bristol, M, and Cayuga Streets.

Schools

 * One Bright Ray Community High School
 * Hopkinson Elementary School
 * Holy Innocents Area Catholic Elementary Catholic School
 * Juniata Park Academy
 * Saint Lucy Day School for Children with Visual Impairments
 * Archbishop Ryan Academy for the Deaf
 * Community Academy of Philadelphia CS

Churches

 * Bethel Chapel Church, K and Lycoming Sts.
 * Holy Innocents Roman Catholic Church 1337 E. Hunting Park Ave.
 * Holy Spirit United Methodist, 1441 E. Hunting Park Ave.
 * Nazareth Evangelical Lutheran Church, M and Luzerne Sts.
 * African Orthodox Church, 1326 E. Hunting Park Ave.
 * New Apostolic Church, K and Cayuga Sts.
 * Vietnamese Alliance Church, 931 E. Lycoming St.

Population
The population is 13,617.

When largely built in the 1920s and 1930s, Juniata Park had a mixed population, largely German-American, with German bakeries and delicatessen/grocery stores, and Jewish grocery and drug stores. The neighborhood was known as a heavily unionized area.

Since the 1990s, Juniata transitioned from a predominantly working class Irish American community to a largely working class Puerto Rican and Dominican community. As of 2010, the neighborhood was 59.6% Hispanic, 18.1% White, 14.5% Black, and 7.7% Asian and other.

title: Juniata, Philadelphia


text:
Portal:Chinese Finance

This page is intended as a portal to web pointers on Chinese Finance

Discussion on how this page are in the linkedin group for the Chinese Financial Association.

Study Guides

 * Current Topics in Chinese Finance

Researchers in Wikiversity
User:Roadrunner

Blogs

 * http://www.mpettis.com/
 * http://www.chinalawblog.com/
 * http://twofish.wordpress.com/
 * http://blogs.cfr.org/setser
 * http://chinesepolitics.blogspot.com/

Websites

 * http://www.ilib.cn/ - General Chinese journal database
 * http://www.tcfaglobal.org/ - The Chinese Financial Association
 * http://efinance.org.cn/ - E-finance
 * http://www.szse.cn/main/research/Default.aspx - Research bureau of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
 * http://www.hoover.org/publications/clm/ - Chinese Leadership Monitor

News Media

 * www.cs.com.cn - China Securities Journal

title: Portal:Chinese Finance