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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENTP

Recognizing an ENTP
ENTPs are typically friendly and often charming. They usually want to be seen as clever and may try to impress others with their quick wit and incisive humor. They are curious about the world around them, and want to know how things work. However, for the ENTP, the rules of the universe are made to be broken. They like to find the loopholes and figure out how they can work the system to their advantage. This is not to say the Visionary is malicious: they simply find rules limiting, and believe there is probably a better, faster, or more interesting way to do things that hasn’t been thought of before. The ENTP is characteristically entrepreneurial and may be quick to share a new business idea or invention. They are confident and creative, and typically excited to discuss their many ingenious ideas. The ENTP’s enthusiasm for innovation is infectious, and they are often good at getting other people on board with their schemes. However, they are fundamentally “big-picture” people, and may be at a loss when it comes to recalling or describing details. They are typically more excited about exploring a concept than they are about making it reality, and can seem unreliable if they don’t follow through with their many ideas.

ENTP following traits

 * Project-oriented
 * Enjoy generating ideas and theories
 * Creative and ingenious
 * Bright and capable
 * Flexible and Diverse
 * Excellent communication skills
 * Enjoy debating issues with other people
 * Excellent people skills
 * Natural leaders, but do not like to control people
 * Resist being controlled by people
 * Lively and energetic; able to motivate others
 * Highly value knowledge and competence
 * Logical, rational thinkers
 * Able to grasp difficult concepts and theories
 * Enjoy solving difficult problems
 * Dislike confining schedules and environments
 * Dislike routine, detailed tasks

Research on ENTP
Interesting facts about the ENTP:
 * On personality trait scales, scored as Enterprising, Friendly, Resourceful, Headstrong, Self-Centered, and Independent
 * Least likely of all types to suffer heart disease and hypertension
 * Least likely of all types to report stress associated with family and health
 * Scored among highest of all types in available resources for coping with stress
 * Overrepresented among those with Type A behavior
 * Among highest of all types on measures of creativity
 * One of two types most frequent among violators of college alcohol policy
 * Among types most dissatisfied with their work, despite being among the types with highest income
 * Commonly found in careers in science, management, technology, and the arts

ENTP Personality Type Development & Functional Stack
Ne also works receptively, gathering information from without. Unlike Se, it does not gather overt information, but goes beyond or looks behind sensory data. It is what allows ENTPs to discern otherwise hidden patterns, possibilities, and potentials. Ne is constantly scanning for new connections and patterns. They often employ this receptive side of their Ne in activities like reading, watching movies, and conversing with others. Because it is an extraverted function, Ne is more divergent, extensive, and open-ended than Introverted Intuition (Ni). Ni is more intensive and convergent, conferring a greater sense of conviction and closure. Once Ni has done its work, INJs are apt to feel there is a single correct solution. Ne, by contrast, is disposed to multiplying rather than reducing the number of possible options or solutions. Only through use of their auxiliary Ti can ENTPs move toward convergence. Ne also confers open-mindedness. It helps ENTPs see truth on both sides of an issue without forming unwarranted judgments or premature conclusions. It also contributes an openness to alternative or Bohemian lifestyles, allowing ENTPs to entertain options such as vegetarianism or joining a commune. Ne also resists excessive external structuring, which can feel like an imposition to ENTPs’ sense of personal freedom and autonomy. ENTPs scoff at what they see as unnecessary or overly rigid rules, regulations, or procedures. They also dislike unchanging or sterile surroundings. When the environment is too bland or sterile, they can quickly become bored and restless. Like other NPs, ENTPs can have a love-hate relationship with their Ne. They love the fact that it helps them remain open-minded, to see the bigger picture, and to appreciate different options and perspectives. They also enjoy its attendant sense of adventure, expectancy, and wonderment toward life’s mysteries. But Ne also has its challenges. It can make it difficult for ENTPs to feel calm and satisfied, to arrive at firm conclusions, or to feel confident in their decision-making.
 * Dominant Function: Extraverted Intuition (Ne): Extraverted Intuition (Ne) is a novelty-seeking function. At first glance, Se and Ne types may seem fairly similar (such conflation can be seen, for instance, in the Enneagram Seven), since both ESPs and ENPs can be outwardly active, energetic, and playful. Ne differs from Se, however, in that it is more concerned with ideas, connections, and possibilities than it is with novel sensations or material goods. Extraverted Intuition can function either perceptively or expressively. The verbal expression of Ne amounts to something like “brainstorming aloud.” Although typically not to the same extent as ENFPs, when orating aloud, ENTPs may not always seem to “have a point,” quickly bouncing from one idea to the next. In many cases, “the point” is for ENTPs to find their way to a judgment, but they must first explore the options by way of their Ne. While others may distrust the seemingly arbitrary or haphazard ways of Ne, ENTPs realize its value, recognizing that in time, truth or wisdom will reveal itself. ENTPs’ primary job then, is to employ and express their Ne, trusting that it will lead them in the right direction. With that said, some ENTPs are much more cogent and streamlined in their expressions than others. Many ENTPs learn to develop and express themselves via their tertiary function, Extraverted Feeling (Fe), which is not at all random, but more direct and coherent.

Ti involves the application of logic and reason for the sake of understanding a given situation, system, or problem. It also works to bring structure and order to the inner world. This inner structuring grants ENTPs a good sense of inner control. When engaging their Ti, ENTPs dig into the background of their thoughts to better understand their origins and to ensure their ideas are logical. Like INTPs, they can quickly find inconsistencies or logical shortcomings in a given theory or argument. They excel at identifying exceptions or imagining scenarios in which the proposed explanation might breakdown. They find it easier to identify logical shortcomings or inconsistencies —to assert what is not true—than to confidently assert what is true. The difference between Ti in ENTPs versus INTPs is its place in the functional stack. For INTPs, it comes first, which makes them quicker to inwardly judge. INTPs then use their auxiliary Ne to open up and further explore their initial judgments. In ENTPs, the order is reversed. Rather than starting with an initial judgment or presumption like INTPs, they approach things through the fresh eyes of Intuition. They then employ their Ti to analyze and enhance the logic and structuring of their Ne perceptions. In addition to the different ordering of their functional stacks, ENTPs, as dominant Perceivers, can more easily leave things open-ended or ambiguous than INTPs can. Their Ne dominance also makes them more open to “playing” than INTPs are. I once administered a values inventory and was surprised when a couple ENTPs marked “having fun” as one of their top priorities in life. To most INTPs, whose dominant Ti compels them to take life seriously, such a response smacks of hedonism and would likely be among their lowest ranked values. ENTPs’ dominant Ne may also confer a greater interest in the arts and culture than typically seen among INTPs The difference between Ti and Fi seems largely a matter of interests and emphases. Fi types (FPs) are more concerned and skilled with moral judgments (Fi) than logical ones (Ti). They judge in terms of good and bad, love and hate, like and dislike. TPs, in contrast, start out with a need for sound logic (Ti) and are generally less concerned with matters of taste or morality upfront. They think less in terms of love and hate than reasonable and unreasonable, logical and illogical. With that said, since T and F are adjacent in ENTPs’ functional stack, it can sometimes be a bit tricky, especially early in their development, to tease out their T-F preference.
 * Auxiliary Function: Introverted Thinking (Ti):As dominant Perceivers, ENTPs are disposed to taking a more passive approach to life, particularly with regard to the outside world. Like other EPs, they are content to remain in a mode of open Perceiving until they are prompted, whether inwardly or outwardly, to employ their auxiliary Judging function, Introverted Thinking (Ti). When ENTPs feel compelled to engage their Ti, they become more inwardly focused and intense, similar to the typical mode of operation for INTPs. But because Ti is introverted in its direction, onlookers may fail to notice this more rational side of the ENTP.

We can also approach ENTPs’ Fe more theoretically. Namely, since Fe is their preferred extraverted Judging function and falls lower in their functional stack, ENTPs are less comfortable extroverting judgments (Fe) than keeping them to themselves (Ti). This can lead ENTPs, along with other Perceiving types, to habitually defer to others’ wishes rather than asserting their own. And because ENTPs have strong minds, they may grow inwardly resentful of those they see as trying to control them. Granted, they are generally more self-assertive than IPs are, but their discomfort in deploying Fe can still get kindle problems in ENTPs’ relationships.
 * Tertiary Function: Extraverted Feeling (Fe): Fe is the most interpersonal of all the functions, striving for interpersonal peace, harmony, and understanding. This not only involves attending to what is said, but also how something is said. While ENTPs may be less disturbed by or sensitive to external disharmony than some other types, they still work, even if largely unwittingly, to cultivate good feelings in the environment.

When using Ne, ENTPs can be rather oblivious to details. They may fail to effectively attend to the concrete details of daily life, such as forgetting to the bills, being careless with their diet, or not taking enough exercise. When engrossed in a creative project, however, ENTPs can look like INTJs, becoming perfectionistic and obsessive over details. As N-dominants, it can be difficult for them to accept anything less than perfection when it comes to the physical embodiment (S) of their vision or ideas (N). A most overlooked feature of Si is its perception and awareness of internal bodily sensations—the body as felt and experienced from within. But since Si is ENTPs’ inferior function, they may feel out of touch with their inner body. To compensate, they may grant too much attention to certain physical sensations, making them more susceptible to hypochondriasis or psychosomatic illnesses, in which an increased focus on bodily sensations cultivates or heightens symptoms. N and S also have a temporal element. Si concerns itself with the past, while Ne is focused on future possibilities and potentials. ENTPs’ Si can confer an interest in the details of history. They also enjoy using their Ne to explore historical meanings, interpretations, and implications. This is why many ENTPs take up politics or journalism, careers that allow them to use their knowledge of history to analyze current events and speculate about the future. ENTPs also experience tension between the traditional (Si) and the novel or unconventional (Ne). This is especially common for ENTPs in Phases I and II of their type development. To some degree, they remain attached and drawn to their childhood traditions (Si). At the same time, however, their Ne and Ti may encourage them to deconstruct and even rebel against those traditions. This can engender identity confusion in ENTPs, unsure of the degree to which they should break from their childhood traditions versus reconceiving themselves. Such struggles can leave ENTPs with questions like: Should I opt for family life or an unconventional lifestyle? Should I pursue the security of a conventional career (Si) or something more creative and potentially risky (Ne)? In considering such questions, ENTPs, need to ensure they are leading with their dominant function rather than their inferior. As N-dominants, ENTPs’ best strengths involve creatively exploring ideas, theories, and connections. To best utilize these strengths, they need to ensure they are not allowing their inferior Si to impose undue limits or boundaries on their explorations. They are generally better off using their Ne, as well as the reasoning capacities of their Ti, to hash out truth, rather than deferring to Si traditions.
 * Inferior Function: Introverted Sensing (Si): As is true of other types, ENTPs can be easily blinded to the degree to which their inferior function impacts their decisions and behavior. ENTPs seeking self-knowledge and personal growth must work to understand the ways their inferior function, Introverted Sensing (Si), manifests in their personality. Introverted Sensing is best understood when juxtaposed with its functional opposite, Ne. Despite their oppositional nature, when considered together, Ne and Si constitute a meaningful whole. As we have seen, Ne explores new ideas and possibilities. Si, by contrast, is concerned with preserving the past. Ne knows no limits, seeing infinite options and possibilities, while Si sees clearly defined limits as determined by past precedent. Ne is liberal and unfettered, Si conservative and careful. What is fascinating is that all of these opposing forces can exist within the same personality type. ENTPs tend to consciously identify with the needs and values of their Ne, while their subconscious pushes for the interests of Si.

ENTP in the population
ENTP is one of the rarer types in the population. ENTPs make up:
 * 3% of the general population
 * 4% of men
 * 2% of women

Popular hobbies for ENTP
Popular hobbies for them include continuing education, writing, art appreciation, playing sports, computers and video games, travel, and cultural events.

What the experts say
- Isabel Briggs Myers, Gifts Differing - David Keirsey, Please Understand Me II - Otto Kroeger, Type Talk at Work
 * "ENTps tend to be independent, analytical, and impersonal in their relations with people, and they are more apt to consider how others may affect their projects than how their projects may affect others."
 * "ENTps are the most reluctant of all the types to do things in a particular manner just because that is the way things have always been done."
 * "Don't tell an ENTp that we can't fly a rocket to Mars, build a 200-story skyscraper, or communicate over two-way wrist radios. That will be an invitation for the ENTP to prove you wrong."

ENTps at work
ENTps have straightforward expectations in the workplace, but ones that aren't always easy to meet. Strong believers in meritocracy, people with the ENTp personality type expect their ideas to be heard by those above them, expect robust debate among their peers, and demand that those they manage offer up new solutions and ideas regardless of their positions. While this isn't always how things play out in reality, ENTPs know what to look for, and can avoid those strictly hierarchical institutions that they would otherwise struggle with.

ENTp Subordinates
This dynamic is clearest with ENTp subordinates, as they are comfortable challenging their managers' ideas and have a strong (and well-expressed) dislike for restrictive rules and guidelines. ENTPs back this unorthodox behavior with their keen minds and curiosity, and are as capable of adopting new methods as they are of suggesting others do so. If something can be done better, it's as simple as that, and ENTP personalities gladly take criticism, so long as it's logical and performance-oriented.

The biggest challenge for ENTp subordinates is that it is often the fate of the "lower" positions to implement the details, do the dirty work and follow through on plans set out by their managers. This couldn't be further from what ENTPs prefer to spend their time on – they can't stand simple, routine work, and monotonous tasks are the stuff of nightmares. Things go over much better if managers are able to properly utilize ENTPs' preference for tackling complex challenges and diverse projects.

ENTp Colleagues
It is as colleagues that ENTps prove most polarizing, as their passions for brainstorming, debate and over-analysis drive more practical, task-oriented colleagues crazy, but serve as stimulating inspiration for those who appreciate the innovation ENTps bring. Nothing bothers people with the ENTp personality type more than getting out of a meeting where everyone agreed with the first plan presented, only to hear everyone complain about how stupid the plan was ten minutes later – but they "didn't want to make waves". ENTps strive for honest, direct and objective assessments of these ideas, so much so that they often earn reputations for their insensitivity and condescension.

Luckily ENTps know how to relax too, and their witty wordplay, healthy sense of humor and outgoing nature win new friends quickly and easily. Always willing to draw on their repository of knowledge, conversations with ENTp personalities are informative and entertaining, which makes it easy for them to be the go-to person for tough problems that stump more rote approaches. Peer-to-peer relationships with ENTPs aren't always easy, but it's tough to argue that they don't work.

ENTp Managers

While not always their goal, management is often where ENTPs are most at home, allowing them the freedom to fiddle with different approaches and come up with innovative ways to tackle new challenges without having to handle the tedious step-by-step implementation of these plans. ENTps are open-minded and flexible managers, not just granting but also expecting the same freedom of thought that they themselves enjoy. This can lead to disorder, conflicting ideas and approaches being put forward, but ENTps are also great at accurately and objectively assessing which plan is likely to be most effective.

This doesn't always make friends, but being liked is less ENTps' goal than being respected and seen as intelligent and capable. And liked or no, people with this personality type hold firm ground in rational debates, making them fearsome advocates for their teams. The challenge for ENTps is focus, as they may find themselves jumping from project to project in a quest for challenge and excitement before their teams are able to wrap up the details of their existing goals and obligations.

ENTps in relationships
ENTp's love to be in relationships, and are very loyal and great at managing life, but will not just be in a relationship just to be in a relationship. ENTp's like to think they are the caretakers, and will do so for the most part, but for a true relationship with them, one needs to get past the strong exterior and nourish their underlying needs, which they may never tell you. Massage is a great way to get an ENTp comfortable. They are shy at first and never feel 100% accepted in social settings, although they tend to be the belle of the ball. They are interesting to talk to, and find the best friendship in those who have good conversation. ENTp friend are active, like going for walks, playing sports, going on adventures and trips. Love and relationships can be the best or the worst for an ENTp, as love can inspire and drive them, but can also drive them insane. Not feeling accepted can make an ENTp shy away and hide. Happy mediums can and should be found in relationships. ENTp's get very invested in their work, ideas or passions. If something is bothering them, it never leaves their mind. If you've found an ENTp who gets inspired by you, hold on for a wild ride, your ENTp will be wildly successful and needs a sexy partner to come home to and escape with.

Loyalty, support, emotional feedback – these are not what ENTps look for in their friendships. The last thing people with the ENTp personality type want to hear is "you're right", not unless they have absolutely earned the distinction in a heated round of intellectual debate. If they're wrong, ENTps want to be told so, and they want every detail of the faults in their logic to be laid bare, partly in their quest for oftentimes arbitrary truth, and partly just so they have to work to defend that logic with counterpoint and parry.

It's often easy for ENTps to test compatibility with a potential friend – they just need to test combatability. ENTp personalities are quick-witted, and their primary means of expressing this is in the form of arguments and discussions, where they will easily spend an entire evening debating an idea they may not even believe in.

These debates are never taken personally, no matter how heated they become or how striking the disagreement. Much as an athlete competes for the physical exertion and the spirit of competition itself, ENTps debate for the sake of intellectual stimulation and for the debate itself, and even in overwhelming victory or crushing defeat, it's never about dominance, only inspiration to try harder next time.

ENTp Strengths

 * Knowledgeable – ENTps rarely pass up a good opportunity to learn something new, especially abstract concepts. This information isn't usually absorbed for any planned purpose as with dedicated studying, people with the ENTP personality type just find it fascinating.
 * Quick Thinkers – ENTps have tremendously flexible minds, and are able to shift from idea to idea without effort, drawing on their accumulated knowledge to prove their points, or their opponents', as they see fit.
 * Original – Having little attachment to tradition, ENTp personalities are able to discard existing systems and methods and pull together disparate ideas from their extensive knowledge base, with a little raw creativity to hold them together, to formulate bold new ideas. If presented with chronic, systemic problems and given rein to solve them, ENTps respond with unabashed glee.
 * Excellent Brainstormers – Nothing is quite as enjoyable to ENTps as analyzing problems from every angle to find the best solutions. Combining their knowledge and originality to splay out every aspect of the subject at hand, rejecting without remorse options that don't work and presenting ever more possibilities, ENTPs are irreplaceable in brainstorming sessions.
 * Charismatic – People with the ENTp personality type have a way with words and wit that others find intriguing. Their confidence, quick thought and ability to connect disparate ideas in novel ways create a style of communication that is charming, even entertaining, and informative at the same time.
 * Energetic – When given a chance to combine these traits to examine an interesting problem, ENTps can be truly impressive in their enthusiasm and energy, having no qualms with putting in long days and nights to find a solution.

ENTp Weaknesses

 * Very Argumentative – If there's anything ENTps enjoy, it's the mental exercise of debating an idea, and nothing is sacred. More consensus-oriented personality types rarely appreciate the vigor with which ENTp personalities tear down their beliefs and methods, leading to a great deal of tension.
 * Insensitive – Being so rational, ENTps often misjudge others feelings and push their debates well past others' tolerance levels. People with this personality type don't really consider emotional points to be valid in such debates either, which magnifies the issue tremendously.
 * Intolerant – Unless people are able to back up their ideas in a round of mental sparring, ENTps are likely to dismiss not just the ideas but the people themselves. Either a suggestion can stand up to rational scrutiny or it's not worth bothering with.
 * Can Find It Difficult to Focus – The same flexibility that allows ENTps to come up with such original plans and ideas makes them readapt perfectly good ones far too often, or to even drop them entirely as the initial excitement wanes and newer thoughts come along. Boredom comes too easily for ENTps, and fresh thoughts are the solution, though not always a helpful one.
 * Dislike Practical Matters – ENTps are interested in what could be – malleable concepts like ideas and plans that can be adapted and debated. When it comes to hard details and day-to-day execution where creative flair isn't just unnecessary but actually counter-productive, ENTp personalities lose interest, often with the consequence of their plans never seeing the light of day.

Entertainment

 * George Carlin, comedian, author
 * Julia Child, TV personality, author, chef
 * Bruce Dickinson, musician (Iron Maiden)
 * Tom Hanks, actor (Forrest Gump)
 * Valerie Harper, actress (Rhoda)
 * Neil Patrick Harris, actor (How I Met Your Mother)
 * Bill Hicks, comedian
 * Jason Denny comedian"
 * Bill Nye, TV host, comedian, science educator, engineer
 * Mike Patton, musician (Faith No More, Mr. Bungle, Fantômas)
 * Suzanne Pleshette, actress (The Bob Newhart Show)
 * James Rolfe, internet personality (Angry Video Game Nerd), filmmaker
 * Adam Savage, TV personality (MythBusters), special effects coordinator
 * Sarah Silverman, comedian, actress, musician
 * Jon Stewart, TV host (The Daily Show)
 * Steve Vai, musician
 * Robert Downey Jr., actor
 * Flula Borg, (YouTube Personality)
 * Oscar Isaac, actor
 * Craig Ferguson, comedian, TV host (The Late Late Show)
 * Robert Carlyle, actor

Filmmakers

 * Federico Fellini (8½)
 * Peter Greenaway (The Draughtsman's Contract)
 * Billy Wilder (Sunset Boulevard)

Politicians and Leaders

 * John Adams, US President
 * Alexander the Great, conqueror
 * Benjamin Franklin, founding father, polymath
 * James A. Garfield, US President
 * Hatshepsut I, pharaoh of Egypt
 * Rutherford B. Hayes, US President
 * Mao Zedong, first Chairman of the Communist Party of China
 * Oda Nobunaga, Sengoku-period daimyo
 * Barack Obama, US President

Athletes

 * Luc Longley, first Australian to play in the NBA

Literature

 * Douglas Adams, author (The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy)
 * Lord Byron, poet
 * Lewis Caroll, author (Alice in Wonderland)
 * Samuel Taylor Coleridge, poet
 * Roald Dahl, author
 * Frank Herbert, author (Dune)
 * D.H. Lawrence, author, poet, playwright
 * George Bernard Shaw, dramatist
 * Jonathan Swift, satirist
 * Hunter S. Thompson, author (Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas')
 * Jules Verne, author

Fictional Characters

 * Tyler Durden (Fight Club)
 * Dr. Emmett 'Doc' Brown (Back to the Future)
 * Bugs Bunny (Looney Tunes)
 * Wile E. Coyote (Looney Tunes)
 * The Crypt Keeper (Tales from the Crypt)
 * Jack Skellington (Nightmare before Christmas)
 * Jadzia Dax (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
 * Ed (Cowboy Bebop)
 * Bojack Horseman
 * Professor Hubert Farnsworth (Futurama)
 * Shirley Feeney (Laverne & Shirley)
 * Professor Frink (The Simpsons)
 * Saul Goodman (Breaking Bad)
 * Xander Harris (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 * Pennywise the Clown (IT)
 * The Joker (Batman)
 * Cosmo Kramer (Seinfeld)
 * Col, Hans Landa (Inglorius bastards)
 * Tyrion Lannister (Game Of Thrones)
 * Lucca (Chrono Trigger)
 * Mercutio (Romeo and Juliet)
 * Morte (Planescape: Torment)
 * Odysseus
 * Kefka Palazzo (Final Fantasy VI)
 * Q (James Bond)
 * Dr. Ivo Robotnik (Sonic the Hedgehog)
 * Midna (Zelda: Twilight Princess)
 * Dr. Schultz (Django Unchained)
 * Dr. Strangelove
 * Captain Jack Sparrow (Pirates of the Caribbean)
 * Tony Stark (Iron Man)
 * Dr. Peter Venkman (Ghostbusters)
 * Dr. Vink (Are You Afraid of the Dark?)
 * Fred and George Weasley (Harry Potter)
 * Vanellope Von Schweetz (Wreck-It Ralph)
 * Nejire Hadou (My Hero Academia)
 * Yosuke Hanamura (Persona 4)
 * Sirius Black (Harry Potter)
 * Barney Stinson (How I Met Your Mother)
 * Dr. Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)
 * Robin Hood (Robin Hood [Disney])
 * Jim Moriarty (Sherlock)
 * Sherlock Holmes (Sherlock Holmes the Movie)
 * Felicity Megan Smoak (DC "Arrowverse", primarily "Arrow", Also "The Flash", "Legends of Tomorrow", and "Vixen")
 * Mieczyslaw 'Stiles' Stilinski (Teen Wolf)
 * Bill Cipher (Gravity Falls)
 * Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)
 * Jim Halpert (The Office)
 * R2-D2 (Star Wars)
 * Lord Henry "Harry" Wotton (The Picture of Dorian Gray)
 * Q ("Star Trek: The Next Generation")

Others

 * Wernher von Braun, rocket scientist
 * Satyajit Das, derivatives expert, financial commentator
 * Leonardo Da Vinci, inventor
 * Daniel Dennett, philosopher, cognitive scientist
 * David Deutsch, physicist
 * Walt Disney, animator, voice actor, entrepreneur
 * Patrick Dixon, business consultant, author, futurist
 * Thomas Edison, inventor
 * Niall Ferguson, economic historian
 * Richard Feynman, physicist
 * Michel Foucault, philosopher
 * Melissa Franklin, physicist
 * Buckminster Fuller, inventor
 * Werner Heisenberg, physicist
 * Grace Hopper, computer scientist
 * David Hume, philosopher
 * Hypatia, mathematician, philosopher
 * Ray Kurzweil, inventor, futurist
 * Niccolo Machiavelli, political theorist
 * Moses Maimonides, Torah scholar, physician, philosopher
 * Maria Montessori, educator, philosopher
 * John von Neumann, mathematician
 * Robert Nozick, political philosopher
 * Robert Oppenheimer, physicist
 * Camille Paglia, social critic
 * Sean Parker, entrepreneur
 * Steven Pinker, psychologist, cognitive scientist
 * Sir Walter Raleigh, explorer, writer
 * Sumner Redstone, entrepreneur
 * Sally Ride, physicist, astronaut, first American woman in space
 * Murray Rothbard, economist, anarcho-capitalist
 * Bertrand Russell, philosopher, mathematician, logician
 * Socrates, philosopher
 * Antoaneta Stefanova, chess grandmaster
 * Alexis de Tocqueville, political theorist, historian
 * Xenophanes, epistemologist
 * Slavoj Žižek, philosopher, critical theorist
 * Joshua Abraham Norton, Business man, Emperor of the United States

Resources
Classic Video Game Characters

ENTP Celebrities & Famous People

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENTP


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Talk:Education Endowment Foundation

I would like to update the following Education Endowment Foundation page with the following:

The Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) is an independent charity charity established in 2011 to improve the educational attainment of the poorest pupils in English schools

The EEF aims to support teachers and senior leaders by providing evidence-based resources designed to improve practice and boost learning.

On its creation, the EEF became the biggest funder of schools research in England.

History
The Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) was founded in 2011 by lead charity The Sutton Trust, in partnership with Impetus Trust (now part of Impetus–Private Equity Foundation), with a £125 million founding grant from the Department for Education.

The EEF was initiated in November 2010, when the Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, announced plans to establish an education endowment foundation intended to help raise standards in challenging schools, inspired by the Obama administration’s Race to the Top initiative in the USA.

The EEF was formally launched in July 2011, with Chairman Sir Peter Lampl declaring its aim would be to ‘develop initiatives to raise the attainment of the poorest pupils in the most challenging schools’. The EEF took over from the Sutton Trust the development of the Teaching and Learning Toolkit, and Sir Kevan Collins, former Chief Executive of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, was appointed the EEF’s first Chief Executive.

In 2012, the EEF was awarded a further £10 million by the Department for Education to identify and evaluate high-potential programmes focused on improving literacy for 10 and 11 year-olds at the transition from primary to secondary school.

Teaching and Learning Toolkit
The EEF Teaching and Learning Toolkit is an accessible summary of educational research which provides guidance for teachers and schools on how to use their resources to improve the attainment of disadvantaged pupils.

The Toolkit currently summarises the findings of more than 13,000 trials from around the world, rating initiatives on the basis of their average impact on attainment, the strength of the evidence supporting them and their cost.

The Toolkit was originally commissioned by the Sutton Trust and produced as the ‘Pupil Premium Toolkit’ by Durham University in May 2011. The Sutton Trust-EEF Teaching and Learning Toolkit has been developed from this initial analysis, since the launch of the Education Endowment Foundation.

Projects
In the autumn of 2012, the EEF announced trials of its first four grant-funded projects. Since 2012, the EEF has funded a total of 145 projects involving 9,400 schools, nurseries and colleges.

In 2014, the EEF published its first independent project evaluation. To date, 84 evaluations have been published, with the majority of these designed as Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs). The EEF have commissioned more than 10 per cent of all known trials in education around the world.

Families of Schools database
The EEF Families of Schools database, launched in 2015, is an interactive tool that puts schools into families of 50 based on factors including prior attainment, percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals and the number of children with English as an additional language. The attainment of pupils on a range of measures can then be compared with similar schools.

It allows schools to understand the size and nature of their attainment gap in relation to other similar institutions and provides new information, with the aim of helping schools to learn from the best performing school in each family.

Research Schools Network
The Research Schools Network is a collaboration between the EEF and the Institute for Effective Education (IEE) to create a network of schools to support the use of evidence to improve teaching practice.

Research Schools act as regional hubs for the Research Schools Network. Through the network, they attempt to share what they know about putting research into practice, and support schools to make better use of evidence to inform their teaching and learning.

Launched in 2016, the Network initially consisted of 11 schools. In 2017, Education Secretary Justine Greening announced plans to set up 12 new research schools in the government’s “opportunity areas” - identified as social mobility 'coldspots' – areas with both poor social mobility and schools that face challenges.

The Network currently numbers 23 schools.

International partnerships
In 2014, the EEF began working with school systems in Australia to develop an Australian version of the Teaching and Learning Toolkit, taking the global evidence base that underpins the Toolkit and contextualising it with recent examples of local research to enhance its relevance for Australian teachers.

The Australian work was joined in February 2017 by the work of Education Scotland, which has led to the development of a Scottish version of the Toolkit to strengthen the use of evidence underpinning the Scottish Attainment Challenge.

In July 2017, the EEF entered into a new partnership in Latin America and the Caribbean with SUMMA (the Laboratory of Education Research and Innovation for Latin America and the Caribbean).

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Education Endowment Foundation


text:
User:FMcCann

FMcCann
I am a student on the Reproductive Biology Hons. course at the University of Edinburgh.

My Example Citation
I read an interesting article on the BBC news site about Kit Harrington and Rose Leslie.

My Example List
Things I like:
 * Body attack
 * Chicken nuggets

title: User:FMcCann


text:
Talk:Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Wheels and Tires/Fixing a flat

Revision history

Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit

* (cur) (last). . 23:14, 4 Jan 2004. . Egil (Moved to Wikibooks) * (cur) (last). . 12:11, 4 Jan 2004. . Egil (Move to Wikibooks?) * (cur) (last). . 23:52, 12 Dec 2003. . Mrzach (added sandpaper) * (cur) (last). . 23:46, 12 Dec 2003. . Mrzach (added step 1 (the easy way)) * (cur) (last). . M 05:38, 27 Nov 2003. . Dori (dont -> do not) * (cur) (last). . 01:38, 28 Mar 2003. . Marj Tiefert (spelling, grammar, commas) * (cur) (last). . 21:03, 2 Mar 2003. . G-Man

I believe the word tire has been inadvertantly substituted for tube in many places in the following paragraph which is found at the end of the notes section under Flat Repair. I placed (TUBE) where there appears to be an error.

"Because tire(TUBE) prices have come down dramatically, it is generally suggested to replace the tire(TUBE) after one patch job, especially for high-pressure tires. You should still have a patch kit or spare tube with you on long rides. You can cut the old tire(TUBE) into strips of rubber and use it for a variety of things, including bungee-type straps."

Unfortunately, I disagree with this comment. While it may be less expensive to an individual to replace a tube after one patch, the cost to the environment is heavy in materials and energy for every tube produced. My experience is that a tube can be patched many times before it's ready to become a bungee cord.

Ontario fuel stations seem to go above 35 psi
Pumps at fuel station only inflate to 35 psi? In Ontario, the pumps at fuel stations seem to inflate quite well and, often better than the mini-pump that I carry with me. WbZurp 14:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

It is better to carry a small pump than to look around for a service station pump, unless you don't have a flat. The 35 lb. statement isn't correct. It's easy to (b o o m !) blow out a tyre with a high pressure pump. There is no standard: there may be no air at the service station. If it's there, it may cost or be free and its pressure can indeed be too low. So what's said is essentially correct: it might not be a good idea to count on the gas station.

Suggested amendment which may alter sentence sense
I was wondering whether the sentence "the material to repair a tube is tiny compared to the entire tube itself" should be changed to "the cost of the material to repair a tube is tiny compared to the cost of the entire tube itself"...? Or is this is the sense that the author intended. Forgive me for being pedantic but as a writer I know how annoying minor edits can be if they change the sense of your sentence!

Your instincts are correct. Don't feel shy about making such corrections yourself. Dmforcier (talk) 21:30, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Best structure for this topic?
There are several scenarios in which one might need to fix a flat: in the shop, on the road, with a road bike, with a MTB, using a patches or a whole tube, etc. The article was originally written for the type of bike with which the author was most familiar, and in a first-person style. So a couple of questions: Dmforcier (talk) 21:30, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) Do we want to keep the first-person style?
 * 2) Covering all options in one set of instructions can be confusing. Should there be different sets of instructions for each scenario?

Working on it
Started working on this page. If there are comments of interest, now is the time. Does anybody know about an outer tire rubber filler that will bond to the cladding for fixing tears? It seems like something that would sell! You can boot the inside but most would be happier fixing the outsides too. (Reduced water ingress.). Thanks all, Armchair (talk) 16:56, 13 September 2009 (UTC)


text:
History of Quebec and Canada/Study Guide/Module 7: Contemporary Quebec

Home | Module 1: | Module 2: | Module 3: | Module 4: | Module 5: | Module 6: | Module 7: Module 7:  Contemporary Quebec

Unit 1:   World War II (1939-1945)

Topic 1: Canada's War Work Topic 2: Women and World War II Topic 3: The Conscription Crisis

Unit 2:   Maurice Duplessis (1944-1959) Topic 1: Traditional Elements in Quebec Society Topic 2: Elements of Change in Quebec Society

Topic 3: Nationalist Policies Topic 4: Key Developments

Unit 3:   Jean Lesage and the Quiet Revolution Topic 1: The Quiet Revolution Topic 2: Government Involvement-Social Sector

Topic 3: Government Involvement-Economic Sector

Unit 4:   Major Issues 1970-1980 Topic 1: Political Domain Topic 2: Economic Domain Topic 3: Sociocultural Domain

Unit 5:   Major Issues Since 1981 Topic 1: Political Domain

Topic 2: Economic Domain Topic 3: Sociocultural Domain


text:
User:Makdan stones

My name is Makokha Daniel commonly known as makdan stones. Born 17/12/1997 in Kenya Western province Bungoma county Bokoli ward. The son of Fred Masafu and Eva Masafu. In 2004 I joined Bokoli primary school for my ECD

title: User:Makdan stones


text:
Wikiversity talk:Stream/Circle

I'm not sure what the original intention of this page was. I'd like to add some links from it to Wikiversity pages. This one page could be an entry point to all of human knowledge. --JWSurf 14:18, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Stream/Circle


text:
Wikiversity:Organizing Wikiversity

 This page is loosely based on an older page: Archive/Organizing Self-Management

This page is for brainstorming, discussing and detailing how Wikiversity is organised, both from a technical point of view (ie custodians) and its relationship with other projects and organisations.

Custodians and maintaining Wikiversity
See main article: the Wikiversity Maintenance Hub

The Wikiversity community appoints people to carry out administrative functions on Wikiversity, for example to delete obsolete pages. More detail can be found at Custodians and current requests at Candidates for Custodianship and Request custodian action.

Wikiversity and Wikimedia
Wikiversity is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. This means that it is bound within a general community, with a vision of providing the world with access to free information. It also means it has access to a range of people with various expertise, resources (eg. financial, technical), and organisational/community structures to support its ongoing development. Whether Wikiversity wants or needs to set up some sort of structure (such as a committee) to interface with Wikimedia's organisational structure is yet to be fully discussed.

Outreach
As exciting a project as Wikiversity is, it may be desired to enter into collaboration with other organisations/communities/projects. What could Wikiversity be good for and what kinds of projects would be fitting? Please see Wikiversity outreach for details (and A Letter to globaltext.org for an example).

Accreditation
Discussion continues as to whether Wikiversity is to pursue the option of becoming some sort of accredited institution, and how this would be done. See Wikihigh and Accreditation.

Note: The Wikimedia Board of Trustees directed the Wikiversity community not to include credentials and accreditation in the Wikiversity project (see Original proposal).

How you can help right now!

 * 1) De-orphan pages - "Orphaned pages" have no links to them from other pages. You can find appropriate and logical pages to allow others to access orphaned pages and create links to the orphaned pages at those pages.
 * 2) Categorize pages - Uncategorized pages need categories or need to be tagged as uncategorized.
 * 3) Put pages in the right namespace - You can make sure pages are in the proper namespace.
 * 4) Moving (renaming) pages so that they comply with naming conventions can help Wikiversity to be more organized.

Explanation of Structure
A highly visible link to a page explaining Wikiversity structure (Portal>School>Department, etc.) should be on every page somewhere, to help orient confused visitors; it can cause quite a bit of confusion when a user sees "Faculty" and thinks they're going to find a list of people, for example. See: Namespaces.

title: Wikiversity:Organizing Wikiversity


text:
Guarinos

Guarinos is a municipality in northern Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 2,411 (2007) in a total area of 595.8 km2.

Highway Connections
Connections are made from Goiânia by GO-080 / Nerópolis / São Francisco de Goiás / BR-153 / Jaraguá / Rianápolis / Rialma / GO-336 / Itapaci / GO-154 / Pilar de Goiás / GO-439. (18 km unpaved)

Neighboring municipalities are Pilar de Goiás, Itapaci, Crixás, Nova América, and Santa Terezinha de Goiás

Demographics

 * Population growth rate: -2.51% from 1996/2007
 * Urban population: 1174
 * Rural population: 1237.

The economy
The main economic activities were cattle raising, agriculture and services. There were 23 retail units in August 2007. There were only 35 automobiles in 2007, the lowest number in the state. In 2006 there were 363 farms with a total area of 33095 ha, of which only 350 hectares were cropland. The main agricultural activities were cattle raising (26,100 head in 2007), and cultivation of rice, beans, manioc, corn, and bananas.

Health and education
The literacy rate was 83.3% in 2000, while there were 5 schools with 594 students in 2006. There were no hospitals and only one doctor. The infant mortality rate was 33.15 in 1,000 live births while the score on the MHDI (Municipal Human Development Index was 0.694 The state ranking was 214 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000) and the national ranking was 3,096 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000). Data are from 2000.

title: Guarinos


text:
Cryptography/Breaking Caesar cipher

Breaking the Caesar cipher is trivial as it is vulnerable to most forms of attack. The system is so easily broken that it is often faster to perform a brute force attack to discover if this cipher is in use or not. An easy way for humans to decipher it is to examine the letter frequencies of the cipher text and see where they match those found in the underlying language.

Frequency analysis
By graphing the frequencies of letters in the ciphertext and those in the original language of the plaintext, a human can spot the value of the key by looking at the displacement of particular features of the graph. For example in the English language the frequencies of the letters Q,R,S,T have a particularly distinctive pattern.

Computers can also do this trivially by means of an auto-correlation function.

Brute force
As the system only has 25 non-trivial keys it is easy even for a human to cycle through all the possible keys until they find one which allows the ciphertext to be converted into plaintext.

Known plaintext attack
If you have a message in both ciphertext and in plaintext it is trivial to find the key by calculating the difference between them.

title: Cryptography/Breaking Caesar cipher


text:
Liu Guanchu

Liu Guanchu is a Chinese chess International Master.

Chess career
He played in the Chess World Cup 2017, being defeated by Shakhriyar Mamedyarov in the first round.

title: Liu Guanchu


text:
Holland station (SEPTA)

Holland station is a defunct railroad station in Holland, Pennsylvania. Located on Holland Road, it served the Reading Railroad and later SEPTA Regional Rail's Fox Chase/Newtown Line. SEPTA cancelled railroad service in 1983; buses continued to stop at the station in 1999, and the facility was subsequently demolished.

History
Holland station was a stop on the Reading Railroad's Newtown Line. It later became a part of SEPTA's Fox Chase Rapid Transit Line. The station, and all of those north of Fox Chase station, was closed on January 18, 1983, due to failing diesel train equipment.

In addition, a labor dispute began within the SEPTA organization when the transit operator inherited 1,700 displaced employees from Conrail. SEPTA insisted on utilizing transit operators from the Broad Street Subway to operate Fox Chase-Newtown diesel trains, while Conrail requested that railroad engineers run the service. When a federal court ruled that SEPTA had to use Conrail employees in order to offer job assurance, SEPTA cancelled Fox Chase-Newtown trains. Service in the diesel-only territory north of Fox Chase was cancelled at that time, and Holland station still appears in publicly posted tariffs.

Although rail service was initially replaced with a Fox Chase-Newtown shuttle bus, patronage remained light, and the Fox Chase-Newtown shuttle bus service ended in 1999. SEPTA constructed a metal shelter in the early 1980s shortly before train service ended. The shelter was demolished in the summer of 2000, shortly after bus service was terminated.

title: Holland station (SEPTA)


text:
School:Political science

Wikiversity School of Political Science The Faculty of Social Sciences "Man is by nature a political animal." Aristotle, Politics

 * Greetings and welcome to the School of Political Science a part of the Social Sciences Portal. You may notice that our page may look a little rough around the edges but be assured that it is being developed in a timely and well thought out manner.  If you would like to help out with the new Political Science Division main page, then please contact JaylanHaley.

Wikiversity is a unique platform that allows learners and scholars of all interests to connect on a simplistic yet powerful platform. The Political Science Division is chartered to provide unparalleled educational insight into the litany of political issues that face our world. Whether your interests are in theory, philosophy, applied political science or an admixture, the Political Science Division will help you achieve the level of intellectual stimulation that you can receive at any brick-and-mortar institution without leaving your comfort zone. Imagine, you can be sitting at a café in Paris, a bookstore in Hong Kong, or a dorm room in New York and learn about any subject you ever thought possible on your time and in your learning style.

Undergraduate Level
As you can see, the list of course offerings by the School of Political Science is quite extensive. Please refer to the undergraduate curriculum guide for assistance in choosing the classes that best fit your academic needs.

General

 * Introduction to Political Science
 * Introduction to Political Theory
 * Introduction to Government & Politics
 * Introduction to Comparative Politics
 * Introduction to International Relations
 * Introduction to Research Methods
 * 21st Century Research

Political Theory

 * Classic Political Theory
 * Modern Political Theory
 * Contemporary Western Political Theory
 * Contemporary Eastern Political Theory
 * Contemporary Middle Eastern Political Theory
 * Radical Political Theory
 * Socialism
 * Communism
 * Anarchism

Government & Politics

 * Modern Western Government & Politics
 * Modern Eastern Government & Politics
 * Government & Party Politics
 * Introduction to US Government
 * The US Congress
 * The US Executive
 * The US Supreme Court

Comparative Politics

 * Comparative Politics, Government Structures
 * Comparative Politics, Political Parties
 * Comparative Politics, Legal Norms
 * Comparative Politics, Domestic Economic Policy
 * Comparative Politics, The Role of the Military

International Relations

 * International Organizations
 * Regional Organizations, The EU and ASEAN
 * Just War in the 21st Century
 * The International Legal Regime
 * The International Economic Regime

Government & Politics Electives

 * Introduction to U.S. Foreign Policy
 * The Executive and U.S. Foreign Policy
 * Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy
 * The Supreme Court and U.S. Foreign Policy
 * The National Security Council and U.S. Foreign Policy
 * Extra-Governmental Influences on U.S. Foreign Policy
 * Political Communication and Social Media

Comparative Politics Electives

 * Study group on Conceptualizations of Negotiation

World Government

 * Introduction to American Civics
 * Introduction to Westminster Government

Department news

 * The School of Political Science was founded on August 6, 2004.

Wikibooks

 * Political Economy
 * International Relations

Learning resources

 * Indian Government

Recommended Reading List

 * 21st century challenges reexamining the base of the federal government.

Active participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed).

 * Since 17 July 2014 with Dominant group/Test of term --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 11:21, 10 May 2019 (UTC)

Inactive participants

 * JaylanHaley - U.S. Foreign Policy
 * Jimwitz - World Civics
 * Achilleous - student
 * SreetharanKing - student

Global Political News
Fachbereich Politikwissenschaft fr:Département:Science politique it:Facoltà:Scienze politiche Факультет политологии

title: School:Political science


text:
User:Witchinghour~enwikiversity

About witchinghour
I'm from Amman, Jordan. I'm a big supporter of Open Source

title: User:Witchinghour~enwikiversity


text:
Cookbook talk:Quesadilla

Page history from Quesadilla

 * 02:05, 1 Feb 2004 . . Gentgeen (squashing another interwiki redirect)
 * 20:19, 22 Jan 2004 . . Hyacinth
 * M 20:29, 8 Jan 2004 . . Mikkalai
 * M 13:37, 8 Jan 2003 . . Mzamora (sp guacamole (what about "sarza criolla" instead of "salsa criolla"?))
 * 20:55, 13 Nov 2002 . . <IP_ADDRESS>
 * 20:50, 13 Nov 2002 . . <IP_ADDRESS>
 * 15:18, 13 Nov 2002 . . Zoe
 * 13:41, 13 Nov 2002 . . Grimm Ripper (Removed recipie)
 * 13:38, 13 Nov 2002 . . Grimm Ripper (Reverted to old version(left in recipie))
 * 13:35, 13 Nov 2002 . . <IP_ADDRESS> (Added the recipe)
 * 13:31, 13 Nov 2002 . . <IP_ADDRESS>
 * M 13:24, 21 Sep 2002 . . Andre Engels
 * 12:59, 20 Sep 2002 . . <IP_ADDRESS> (Clarified definition and differences vs. the taco)
 * 11:37, 19 Sep 2002 . . Koyaanis Qatsi
 * 11:36, 19 Sep 2002 . . Vicki Rosenzweig (copyedit; sometimes a pair of tortillas)
 * M 11:34, 19 Sep 2002 . . -- April (header, copyedit)
 * 11:31, 19 Sep 2002 . . <IP_ADDRESS>
 * M 02:54, 29 Jul 2002 . . <IP_ADDRESS>
 * 02:52, 29 Jul 2002 . . <IP_ADDRESS> (New Article)

Discussion coppied from w:en:Talk:Quesadilla
I removed this recipie:

Preheat a frying pan, seasoned with an oil, to simmering heat.

Drop in a tortilla.

Drop on it shredded cheese (typically MontereyJackCheese), and any of the following:

* salsa * sarsa * chilies * meat * avocado or quacamole

Cover with another tortilla, simmer until the cheese binds the two tortillas together and the outside starts to brown, flip it over, simmer a little longer.

Slice into strips and serve with any of those optional ingredients on top, or with a dipping sauce."

from the main article. IMHO it seems out of place in an encyclopedia. --Grimm

I put it back in. There are recipes all over wikipedia. -- Zoe

End of copied discussion Gentgeen 10:47, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

For the sake of sanitiation and food saftey, I added "Cooked" to "meat or seafood". In the quick time required to melt the cheese and warm the remaining ingredients, raw meat or seafood will mostlikely not fully cook. I started writing the artical for Microwave Quesdillas. I barrowed some text from here, but feel they should match. -- Vanmankline ---

title: Cookbook talk:Quesadilla


text:
Rajiv Shekhar

Rajiv Shekhar (born 1960) is a professor at IIT Kanpur and he was the former director at IIT(ISM) Dhanbad. Prior to joining IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, he worked as a professor at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur. In recent times, he has been actively working towards research related to Solar thermal energy and applications.

Controversies
In 2018, Rajiv Shekhar along with 3 other professors from IIT Kanpur were alleged of making caste related remarks upon a newly appointed assistant professor at department of Aerospace engineering. As a consequence, the assistant professor logged an FIR against them of charges of harassment, mental torture and making caste remarks at local police.

The students and senior faculty members of the institute protested in front of IIT Kanpur director's residence for nearly two hours. The teachers threatened to boycott exams and tender collective resignation, while the students informed the authorities that they would start an agitation if the FIR was not expunged.

A high court judge found the four teachers guilty of flouting IIT Kanpur's conduct code and the SC/ST Preventions Atrocities Act and as a result the complaint was taken to the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC).

The IIT Kanpur Board of Governors (BOG) last year found all the four teachers guilty of caste-based discrimination and has taken steps against the other three. But it has not acted against Prof. Shekhar as he had already been appointed director of IIT Dhanbad with the approval of the Visitor, the President of India.

title: Rajiv Shekhar


text:
Adika Peter-McNeilly

Adika Peter-McNeilly (born April 17, 1993) is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Edmonton Stingers of the Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL).

College / University
Graduating from St. Mother Teresa Catholic Academy in Scarborough, Ontario, Peter-McNeilly took his game to the United States, where he spent the 2012–13 season at Clarendon College in the state of Texas.

In 2013, he transferred to Ryerson University and became a key contributor for the Rams and coach Roy Rana right away. After 73 career games played for Ryerson, the guard posted career game averages of 14.4 points, 5.2 rebounds, 3.4 assists and 1.6 steals. In four years, Peter-McNeilly shot 40.8 percent from three-point-land (150-of-368). He earned numerous honours at Ryerson, including 2017 All-Canada First Team accolades, CIS Tournament All-Star distinction in 2015, 2016 and 2017, All-OUA First Team recognition in 2016 and 2017 and the R.W. Pugh Fair Play Award in 2014–15. In 2015–16, he was a finalist for the D.H. Craighead Outstanding Contribution to Interuniversity Sport, Campus and Community Life award.

Professional career
Peter-McNeilly signed a deal with the MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg organization of the German top-flight Bundesliga in July 2017 to get his professional career underway. In July 2018, he was signed by fellow Bundesliga side Mitteldeutscher BC.

He played for the Edmonton Stingers in the 2020 CEBL season, winning the championship. Peter-McNeilly rejoined the team for the 2021 season. On December 27, 2021, he signed with ABC Athletic Constanța of the Romanian Liga Națională. He returned to Edmonton soon to join the team for their maiden campaign in the 2021–22 BCL Americas.

On June 27, 2023, Peter-McNeilly signed with Río Ourense Termal of the LEB Oro.

International career
He competed for Canada at the 2015 World University Games in Gwangju.

title: Adika Peter-McNeilly


text:
User:Relentlessly/DYK QPQ

 * Template:Did you know nominations/Marija Bursać
 * Template:Did you know nominations/Mattheus Le Maistre
 * Template:Did you know nominations/Sirima-Shastri Pact
 * Template:Did you know nominations/Hoosier cavefish
 * Template:Did you know nominations/Renovation of the nuclear weapon arsenal of the USA
 * Template:Did you know nominations/M15 Half-Track
 * Template:Did you know nominations/Mattheus Le Maistre
 * Template:Did you know nominations/Krishna Upanishad
 * Template:Did you know nominations/Recovery time (culinary)

title: User:Relentlessly/DYK QPQ


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Martin Boyle

The result was   delete. -Scottywong | confess _ 16:47, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Martin Boyle

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

Contested PROD. Concern was Fails WP:GNG and WP:NFOOTBALL. PROD was contested on the grounds that he is a talented youngster [has] represented his nation at youth levels and is ... much discussed. I see no evidence that this discussion has generated significant coverage, and WP:NSPORT explicitly excludes youth footballers, meaning both points are invalid. Sir Sputnik (talk) 10:45, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Boyle is not a youth player, he was the top scorer across the Scottish football league and spent the 2nd half of last season training with Aberdeen of the Scottish Premier League and won awards at the SFL Awards night for 2012 http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/news/article/irn-bru-sfl-end-of-season-awards-201112/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:54, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related deletions. Sir Sputnik (talk) 10:45, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete as original PRODder - this player fails both WP:GNG (due to lack of significant coverage) and WP:NFOOTBALL (he has not played in a fully-professional league). GiantSnowman 11:14, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. - Presidentman talk · contribs Random Picture of the Day (Talkback) 13:48, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete The SFL is semi professional so this player hasn't played in a fully pro league and the victory shield doesn't count for notability I'm afraid Seasider91 (talk) 14:16, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Possible keep Doesn't meet WP:NFOOTBALL as the bottom of the SFL is semi-pro, but he's got a lot of Scottish press coverage as well as the more routine stuff e.g. and a long article on the SFL website. If you decide to delete, I'd suggest incubation/userification, as based on some of those reports, he may well become notable soon. --Colapeninsula (talk) 15:17, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Football-related deletion discussions. ★☆  DUCK IS PEANUTBUTTER ☆★ 21:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sportspeople-related deletion discussions. ★☆  DUCK IS PEANUTBUTTER ☆★ 21:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Scotland-related deletion discussions. ★☆  DUCK IS PEANUTBUTTER ☆★ 21:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in Scottish task force's list of association football-related deletions. ★☆ DUCK IS PEANUTBUTTER ☆★ 21:59, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete - the article is about a footballer who fails WP:NFOOTBALL, and the links provided by Colapeninsula are from my point of view all routine transfer-coverage except the last one, but that isn't enough to pass WP:GNG. He might be notable soon, but it wouldn't be a problem to undelete/recreate the article once he is notable. Mentoz86 (talk) 23:22, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep - Except the last one ... which passes WP:GNG. Hirest scorer in SFL last year. Which explains the burst of media coverage. Hence meeting WP:GNG. Not sure why users are focusing on WP:NSPORT and WP:FOOTY when they are trumpted by WP:GNG. Nfitz (talk) 15:22, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete - To answer the previous editor's question: Because WP:GNG is a guideline, not a suicide pact. The general notability guideline was not created with the intent that everything that has ever received independent coverage, anywhere, ever, somehow automatically is encyclopedic. I concur with the nominator's appraisal. Trusilver  06:35, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete - per nom. There is nothing independent of his youth play that would raise him out of WP:NFOOTBALL.  Gtstricky Talk or C 14:03, 18 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
2005 Egyptian Super Cup

The 2005–06 Egyptian Super Cup was the fifth edition of the Egyptian Super Cup, an annual football match between the winners of the previous season's Egyptian Premier League and Egypt Cup. The match is usually contested by the winners of the Premier League and the Egypt Cup, Al Ahly won the 2004–05 Egyptian Premier League and ENPPI won the 2004–05 Egypt Cup. The match was played at the Osman Ahmed Osman Stadium in Cairo. Al Ahly won the match 1–0 at extra time, after the match finished 0–0 after 90 minutes.

title: 2005 Egyptian Super Cup


text:
filarial

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Of or pertaining to the microscopic parasitic worms known as filaria, or an infestation thereof.
 * 2) Straight, as if in a line.
 * 1) Straight, as if in a line.
 * 1) Straight, as if in a line.
 * 1) Straight, as if in a line.

Translations

 * French: filarial
 * Italian: filariale
 * Portuguese: filarial
 * Spanish: filarial

Adjective

 * 1)   pertaining to filaria

title: filarial


text:
Talk:Screensaver Project

Why is this project in the Category:Secondary research ?--Hillgentleman|User talk:hillgentleman 01:48, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Because it was established before we had firm definitions on what goes where. (Which is still true today)--Rayc 23:54, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Screensaver Project


text:
Talk:1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak

41 or 43?
I have previously corrected the count to 43 in the text based on the table and linked references. However, a user changed it back to 41. It now is conflicting: 41 in text, 43 in table. If it is believed the references are wrong, please note that somewhere. If not, I will change the text to 43 again. NetJohn (talk) 18:17, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

Inappropriate tone
A few phrases in this article caught my eye as inappropriate tone, so I tagged it as such. Here are a few examples: A cleanup of this and other problems with the tone would be appreciate. Cheers, --Rkitko (talk) 22:43, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * ...it was a half-mile (0.8 km) wide monster packing winds estimated at 300 mph (480 km). (Remove all references to "monster" - really not an encyclopedic description. Sounds more like a sensationalistic weather reporter.)
 * The town resembled a bombed-out battlefield in the aftermath, and those were the exact words coming from the National Weather Service damage surveyors. (On the verge of being unencyclopedic - reword to state the authority which said this first, such as "The National Weather Service damage surveyors assessed the damage as...")
 * What may have been (arguably) one of the most impressive tornadic events of the 20th century also occurred during this outbreak. (Who argues this? Impressive how? Quantitatively? Impressive to whom?)
 * Nothing could stop this monster tornado (Monster, again, unencyclopedic. Also not needed in the context - of course nothing could stop it. This sounds more like a high school essay.)
 * The sheer amount of debris being wrought by this tornado was incredible... (Which authority said it was incredible? No need to sensationalize. Smells like an essay, not an encyclopedia.)

 * Agreed. I've found and added a reference for one of these statements.  The others I'll see what I can do.Davidals 20:41, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Remerge the two articles?
Isn't the policy for a single system to have one article? Nature doesn't respect international borders. CrazyC83 (talk) 04:13, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

The article states that 95% of Wheatland's residential and industrial area was destroyed. This cannot be right. Much damage was done to the industrial area but the major plants all survived. The residentail area that was destroyed was the poorest area in Wheatland and the local government invoked an old ordinance to forbid any house damaged over 50% of its value being repaired and conveniently ruled that the whole area was damaged more than that. Instant urban renewal. I don't know what percentage of Wheatland's residential areas was thus wiped out but i am fairly sure it was less than 50%. Areas outside of the wrecked area was mostly undamaged. I was several miles north of Wheatland when it happened and saw it up close the next week. Radio Sharon (talk) 23:13, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

UTC times
The UTC times cited in the article for Ontario seems to be 2 hours ahead of the real times when compared to the local times mentionned in the text and with the Tornado History Project used in reference. The time in this area in May is Eastern Daylight saving time which is UTC - 4 not -6. Pierre cb (talk) 13:55, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Dead link

 * http://www.weather.com/newscenter/specialreports/sotc/honorable/1985.html
 * In 1985 United States – Canadian tornado outbreak on 2011-05-25 05:15:03, 404 Not Found
 * In 1985 United States – Canadian tornado outbreak on 2011-06-07 11:53:02, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 11:53, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Merge with 1985 Barrie tornado outbreak
I am currently looking into getting 1985 Barrie tornado outbreak merged into this article. The discussion has already started here. TornadoLGS (talk) 02:23, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

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Ridiculously small image
This image... can we not do this? Is there a larger image?

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VIS_SAT_1985_MAY_31_sm.gif

-<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:18, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

Put Canada first
Should the section discussing the Canadian tornadoes be listed before the U.S. section? Canada was impacted first in this event, and the only reason I than think of that the U.S. tornadoes are discussed first is the general U.S.-centric tendency of tornado articles. TornadoLGS (talk) 22:03, 24 November 2018 (UTC)

 * I would have done this today - I completely agree with your assessment of things - but I'm concerned about somehow interrupting the flow of the original article. Since I (unfortunately) don't have time to rewrite the whole article at the moment, this will have to wait a bit. Dym75 (talk) 21:30, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Damage totals are all over the place
First of all, the $750M damage total listed with the Niles-Wheatland part of the article is incredibly wrong.

Before 1996, codes of 0 to 9 were used with estimated damage totals on Storm Data, etc, reports. The numeric meaning of these codes ranged from unknown (0) to < $50 (1), $50-$500 (2), $500-$5K (3), $5K-$50K (4), $50K-$500K (5), $500K-$5M (6), $5M-$50M (7), $50M-$500M (8), and - finally - >$500M (9). When entered into the online database from the original reports, an "average" was used so each category from (2)-(8) became $250, $2.5K, $25K, $250K, $2.5M, $25M, $250M. That said, the $50M-$500M range was "averaged" out to $250M. The person who created this section of the article multiplied the $250M by three based on three different listings (separated by counties affected) in the NCDC database and cited them accordingly; however, while the OH listings both read $250M, the listing for the PA county shows $250K. This is only one problem. [BTW, if you need confirmation of how this works, refer to a document you can find online called "SPC_severe_database_description.pdf"]

Of note, the Wheatland page from NWS State College (weather.gov/cpt/Wheatland) shows that damage on the Ohio end of the tornado totaled $60M+ but there's no indication of the damage total in Pennsylvania. The Outbreak page on the NWS Cleveland website (weather.gov/cle/event_19850531_85outbreak) doesn't offer any information about damage amounts in either state.

At the top of the article, the damage total for the entire outbreak is listed as $1.27 billion in 2019 dollars. The correct format for these articles about tornadoes and outbreaks requires the original damage total for the year of the event - in this case, 1985 - then using the inflation coding to bring the amount to current. By using a reverse inflation calculator (data supplied by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), this $1.27 billion (2019) is actually about $510M in 1985 USD. I cannot find anything anywhere that would support this so I deleted that number.

In the last paragraph of the section titled "Storm Timeline and Aftermath," total U.S. damages for the entire outbreak are listed as $600M in 2010 dollars which conflicts with the 2019 total at the top of the article and makes the possible totals even more unclear. The article on the Outbreak from the NWS State College page (weather.gov/cpt/TornadoOutbreak_May311985) shows $600M but doesn't indicate this is 2010 USD. I also have no idea what the CAD damage totals are or how USD was calculated from that. As a result of this, I deleted that section of the paragraph.

I even checked the CDC since they did a MMWR on this outbreak the following year, but there was no indication of damage totals there (understandably).

Hopefully, someone knows where to find more accurate figures for these damage totals. Dym75 (talk) 21:28, 10 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
John Montgomery (art historian)

John Montgomery (1951–2005) was an American art historian, illustrator, and author specialising in Pre-Columbian art.

title: John Montgomery (art historian)


text:
Talk:Robot Aviation

Hello! I am new to Wikipedia. I created the article and there is the information that the article has to be reviewed by someone other than me. Only then the article can be accepted. Or maybe the article is accepted already? Thank you for your time! Your article has been reviewed. Abishe (talk) 15:07, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robot Aviation


text:
Wikibooks:Protected page

Wikibooks administrators have the ability to "protect" pages such that editing of those pages is restricted. This ability is only to be used in limited circumstances, as described in this policy.

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Admins should not protect pages when they have been involved in the edit war in question (either by actively editing the page or by holding strong opinions about the content). Administrative tools are not editor privileges - administrators act as servants to the user community at large. If you are an admin, and you want a page in an edit war in which you are somehow involved to be protected, you should contact another admin and ask them to protect the page for you.

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title: Wikibooks:Protected page


text:
Rue Laurier

Rue Laurier (Laurier Street) is a main street located in the heart of the City of Gatineau, Quebec. It starts at Rue Eddy and ends at Rue Dussault.

The street's main feature includes the Canadian Museum of Civilization, one of Gatineau's main tourist attractions. It is also the location of Gatineau City Hall connected by an overpass to the Four Points Hotel as well as the Gatineau Court House, the Holiday Inn, Best Western hotels, the Saint-Joseph private college (although a secondary school) for girls, and many office buildings of Place du Portage. The Scott tissue paper mill located in front of City Hall is an historic landmark and the city has adopted plans which will create green spaces when the mill will shut down at an unknown date. It was also the site of the Domtar mill which ceased all Gatineau and Ottawa operations in 2006-07 as part of the restructuring of the wood pulp and forest industries.

One of the region's oldest restaurants, Café Henry Burger, which had been there since 1922, shut down in 2006.

Right beside the museum, is Jacques Cartier Park which houses many important events such as Winterlude, the Canadian Tulip Festival and Canada Day festivities. The park also contains a marina and bike paths.

This street connects three of the five inter-provincial bridges heading to Ottawa: the Alexandra Bridge, the Chaudière Bridge and the Portage Bridge. It also crosses over the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge (Autoroute 5).

The street was part of Route 148 prior to the construction of the Aylmer by-pass Boulevard des Allumettières (formerly called Boulevard de l'Outaouais and Boulevard Saint-Laurent) that bypasses downtown Hull.

title: Rue Laurier


text:
Physics Study Guide/Work (Advanced)

Work is equal to the integral of force times velocity times displacement times time.

An integral, if the force isn't constant.

title: Physics Study Guide/Work (Advanced)


text:
User:DamienBlack

I like the idea of wikiversity, I don't know where some of you think this is going, and I am fairly new to the wiki world, but I am going to jump right in and you can tell me if I'm doing something wrong... DamienBlack 04:36, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User:DamienBlack


text:
Charity assessment

Charity assessment is the process of analysis of the goodness of a non-profit organization in financial terms. Historically, charity evaluators have focused on the question of how much of contributed funds are used for the purpose(s) claimed by the charity, while more recently some evaluators have placed an emphasis on the cost effectiveness (or impact) of charities.

Charity watchdogs
A charity watchdog is a type of nonprofit organization that provides ratings of charitable groups based on how an individual charity's money is spent, how it governs itself, and how the charity protects its donors' privacy, among other criteria. Charity evaluation from these organizations has typically focused on measuring administrative and fundraising costs, salaries, and assessing how large of a proportion of a charity's budget is directly spent on impactful activities.

In 2000, Ministry Watch, an evangelical Christian organization that reviews Protestant ministries for financial accountability and transparency, was founded. Charity Navigator was launched in 2001 by John P. Dugan, a wealthy pharmaceutical executive and philanthropist. Initially, Charity Navigator provided financial ratings for 1,100 charities, and has data on 8,000 as of mid-2016.

The Toronto Star has reported on some of the difficulties and revelations of auditing charities in Canada as described by Charity Intelligence Canada (Ci). The authors call it "concerning", for example, that one in five of "Canada's top 100 charities" refused to release their full audited financial statements to Ci. Moreover, one-quarter of the "top 100 charities" hold at least three years' worth of funding (that is, they have three times their annual budget in savings) and some store as much as eight years' worth. Of the "top 100 charities", 14% exceed the guidelines set by the Canada Revenue Agency by spending more than 35% of donations on fundraising – with some spending as much as 50% of donations on fundraising.

In 2015 the United Kingdom government announced the creation of a new government-run watchdog to regulate large charities.

Impact-based evaluation
In 2006, hedge fund employees Holden Karnofsky and Elie Hassenfeld formed an informal group with colleagues to evaluate charities based on data and performance metrics similar to those they used at the fund. The group was surprised to find the data often did not exist. The next year, Karnofsky and Hassenfeld formed GiveWell as a nonprofit to provide financial analyst services to donors. They eventually decided to rate charities based on the metric of how much money it cost to save a life.

GiveWell has focused primarily on the cost-effectiveness of the organizations that it evaluates, rather than traditional metrics such as the percentage of the organization's budget that is spent on overhead. In the first year, Karnofsky and Hassenfeld advocated that charities should generally spend more money on overhead, so that they could pay for staff and record keeping to track how effective their efforts were. This ran counter to standard ways of evaluating charities based on the ratio of overhead to funds deployed for the charity work itself.

Giving What We Can (GWWC), founded in 2009 by Toby Ord, also differed from other charity evaluators in terms of the importance given to metrics of charity performance, solely focusing on the cost-effectiveness of the charity's work. It has argued that the variance in cost-effectiveness of charities arises largely due to the variance in the nature of the causes that the charities operate in, and therefore has made evaluations across broad areas of work such as health, education, and emergency aid before comparing specific organizations. In practice, it recommends a selected few charities in the area of global health. Its work is similar to that of GiveWell. GWWC no longer evaluates charities but, like the National Philanthropic Trust, it accepts philanthropic members and helps them to donate to charities.

Charity Navigator's former CEO Ken Berger and consultant Robert M. Penna harshly criticized the idea of discriminating among cause areas for being moralistic and elitist "by weighing causes and beneficiaries against one another". Philosopher and effective altruism advocate William MacAskill defended the concept by comparing the choice to donate to an art gallery with the choice of saving a painting rather than saving people from a burning building.

In 2013 and 2014, GuideStar, BBB Wise Giving Alliance, and Charity Navigator wrote open letters urging nonprofits and donors to end the use of the overhead ratio as the sole or main indicator of a nonprofit's performance. Charity Navigator has also been working to expand its criteria to include results reporting. See Charity Navigator § Evaluation method.

Outcomes
In the United Kingdom, Charities Evaluation Services (CES), itself a charity, was established in 1990 to support the improved effectiveness of the voluntary sector. The services merged with the National Council for Voluntary Organisations in 2014. CES had a history of supporting charities in identifying their aims and objectives and the outcomes they wanted to achieve, as well as mapping how successful they were at achieving those outcomes. The "National Outcomes Programme" was delivered and delivered by CES with funding from the Big Lottery Fund between 2003 and 2009, developing a network of "outcomes champions" and supporting around 1,500 voluntary and community organisations. The programme was independently evaluated in 2006 by the Open University and in 2009 by Tribal Consulting. An "outcomes approach", focussing on the changes, benefits or other effects which happen as a result of an organisation's activities, was commended as an effective approach to performance measurement in the charity sector.

Searchable databases of United States Internal Revenue Service Form 990

 * ProPublica
 * Candid

Searchable databases of charities with scores, information and/or analysis

 * Animal Charity Evaluators
 * BBB Wise Giving Alliance
 * Candid
 * Charity Intelligence Canada
 * Charity Navigator
 * CharityWatch, formerly known as the American Institute of Philanthropy
 * GiveWell
 * GreatNonprofits
 * ImpactMatters
 * Ministry Watch

title: Charity assessment


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Help:Page name

For Wikiversity-specific information about page names see Naming conventions and Namespaces.

For additional information about page names see m:Help:Page name

title: Help:Page name


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1972–73

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1972–73 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
protestoida

Verb

 * 1)  to protest
 * 2)  to file an official complaint about unhonoured bill of exchange or other negotiable loan instrument in order not to lose the right to claim the payment from the original issuer.

title: protestoida


text:
Eglė Staišiūnaitė

Eglė Staišiūnaitė (born 30 September 1988 in Klaipeda ) is a Lithuanian athlete who specialises in the 400 m hurdles.

Career
Staišiūnaitė competed in the 2012 European Championships in Athletics and reached 15th place in the 400 m hurdles. She has competed for Lithuania in the Olympics (2012) and World Championships (2015).

title: Eglė Staišiūnaitė


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User:Iamfahadali

Fahad Ali Abbasi in Urdu (فحد على عباسى) his nick name is Mustafa in Urdu مصطفیٰ, He was born in | Islamabad, |  Pakistan on 29 September 1999, He is a Student at |  OPF Boys College Islamabad.

title: User:Iamfahadali


text:
profiloida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from and adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1)  To profile.

title: profiloida


text:
Congress of Lushnjë Museum

Congress of Lushnjë Museum is a museum in Lushnjë, Albania. The Congress of Lushnjë was held here in 1920. In 1970, the building was turned into a museum devoted to patriotism. It contains numerous photographs and original documents related to Albania's struggle against Fascism. The white building has 5 bays on the middle floor and 2 bays on the top floor.

title: Congress of Lushnjë Museum


text:
Game Theory

According to Cicero (Tusculan Disputations V, III, 9), when Pythagoras was once asked who philosophers were, he replied that life seemed to him to resemble the games in the Olympic festival: some men sought glory, others to buy and sell at the games, and some men had come neither for gain nor applause, but for the sake of the spectacle and to understand what was done and how it was done. In the same way, in life, some are slaves of ambition or money, but others are interested in understanding life itself. These give themselves the name of philosophers (lovers of wisdom), and they value the contemplation and discovery of nature beyond all other pursuits.

Game Theory is an approach to the study of agent behavior in a multi-agent environment. Game Theorists, either: - recommend a setup of incentives to guide the behavior to a desirable outcome, - or study a setup of incentives to predict the outcome.

It was created by Hungarian-American physicist, engineer and mathematician John von Neumann.

Agents decide their conduct mindful of their objectives. The most common objective is utility maximization.

Agents might decide simultaneously, which gives rise to "strategic games" or one after another, in a specific order, which gives rise to "extended games".

At decision time, agents might be certain or uncertain about the environment, as well as the incentives guiding other agents. Under the condition of perfect certainty, the game would be called a game of "perfect information," and a game of "imperfect information" otherwise.

title: Game Theory