text:
Hurricane Jerry (1989)

Hurricane Jerry caused minor damage in Texas and flash flooding in Kentucky and Virginia in October 1989. The fourteenth tropical cyclone, tenth named storm, and seventh hurricane of the season, Jerry developed from a tropical wave in the Bay of Campeche on October 12. Initially a tropical depression, the system moved north-northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico and strengthened into Tropical Storm Jerry early on the following day. Jerry continuously deepened until October 14 and then maintained intensity while curving northeastward and briefly decelerating. Later that day, the storm re-curved north-northwestward. Jerry began to intensify on October 15 and soon became a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Early on October 16, Jerry made landfall on Galveston Island, Texas with winds of 85 mph. Less than six hours later, Jerry weakened to a tropical storm and then a tropical depression shortly thereafter. Late on October 16, Jerry was absorbed by a frontal system while situated over southwestern Arkansas.

Storm surge and rough surf along the coast of Texas destroyed a 20 mi section of Texas State Highway 87, which was never repaired. Due to strong winds, about 52,000 homes and businesses were left without electricity, most of them in the Galveston area. Many homes, businesses, and buildings were inflicted damage because of strong winds and three tornadoes spawned by the storm. Despite the issuance of a hurricane warning just eight hours prior to landfall, Jerry caused only three fatalities in Texas, possibly due to the storm's small size; a car fell over the Galveston Seawall, killing its three occupants. Minor wind and coastal flood damage was reported in Louisiana. Jerry and its remnants brought flash flooding to portions of the Upland South, particularly in the states of Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia. In eastern Kentucky, hundreds of homes were flooded and many bridges, culverts, and roads were washed out; this left hundreds of residents stranded. Damage in Kentucky reached at least $5 million. Similar impact occurred in Virginia; with $3.4 million (1989 USD) in damage in Buchanan County. In West Virginia, overflowing rivers in the western portions of the state forced hundreds to evacuate. Throughout the United States, Jerry resulted in about $70 million in damage.

Meteorological history
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of northwest Africa on September 23. No additional signs of tropical cyclogenesis were observed as the tropical wave crossed the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea. The tropical wave decelerated upon reaching the Yucatán Peninsula, where it became a broad low pressure area, based on surface pressure fields and convective motions indicated in satellite imagery. While emerging into the Bay of Campeche on October 12, the intensity of the low was estimated via Dvorak technique. At 1900 UTC on October 12, a reconnaissance aircraft flight confirmed an atmospheric circulation, and the system was then classified as Tropical Depression Fourteen. However, post-analysis indicates that the depression developed seven hours earlier, while located about 230 mi east-northeast of Veracruz, Veracruz.

While moving north-northwestward, satellite and reconnaissance aircraft reports indicated the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Jerry early on October 13. Jerry then gradually intensified and moved northward between 5 and 10 mph. Early on October 14, the storm turned to the north-northeast and decelerated in response to an approaching mid- to upper-level trough. Increasing upper-level wind shear temporarily limited further intensification. However, after a mid- to upper-level cut-off low pressure area moved southward, the upper-level outflow pattern became more favorable, causing Jerry to resume strengthening. The cut-off low then forced Jerry to re-curve north-northwestward, while stronger steering currents and a high pressure ridge increased the storm's forward motion to more than 10 mph. While approaching the Gulf Coast of the United States, deep convection began to develop near the center, and by 1800 UTC on October 15, Jerry strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane.

After reaching hurricane status late on October 15, the storm continued to intensify while approaching the coast of Texas. At 2100 UTC, Jerry attained its minimum barometric pressure of 982 mbar. The storm strengthened slightly further before making landfall on Galveston Island near Jamaica Beach, Texas with winds of 85 mph at 0030 UTC on October 16. Jerry's landfall is among the latest dates in the satellite era that a hurricane struck the upper Texas coast. After moving inland, the storm then accelerated while turning toward the north and then north-northeastward. At 0600 UTC on October 16, Jerry weakened to a tropical storm and to a tropical depression about six hours later. Late on October 16, the cyclone was absorbed by a frontal system over southwestern Arkansas.

Preparations
Jerry was an unpredictable storm as the strengthening before landfall and the continuation to the northwest were not anticipated. Equipment failure meant that data was not readily available. The National Hurricane Center forecast model was also disabled, throwing the accuracy of Jerry's track off. Tropical cyclone warnings and watches began early on October 14, with a hurricane watch for Port Arthur, Texas to the mouth of the Mississippi River in Louisiana. At 2200 UTC later that day, a tropical storm watch was issued for the entire coast of Louisiana. Another tropical storm watch was posted from Port O'Connor, Texas to Morgan City, Louisiana at 1200 UTC on October 15.

Due to the unpredictability of the storm, a hurricane warning was issued from Freeport, Texas to Intracoastal City, Louisiana at 1600 UTC, only eight hours prior to landfall. Simultaneously, two separate tropical storm warnings were posted, from Matagorda to Freeport and Intracoastal City to Morgan City. Although the storm had already made landfall, a tropical storm warning was issued from Freeport to Intracoastal City at 0400 UTC on October 16. By six hours later, all tropical cyclone warnings and watches were discontinued.

About 4,000 oil company employees were evacuated off the rigs in the Gulf of Mexico, at least 1,300 of them by helicopter. In Louisiana, approximately 8,000 people evacuated – 1,000 from Grand Isle and 7,000 others from Cameron Parish.

Texas
Rainfall from Hurricane Jerry peaked at 6.4 in in Silsbee. Jerry caused light beach erosion along the Texas coast. The storm destroyed a 20 mi section of Texas State Highway 87, between High Island and Sabine Pass. As of 2018, the destroyed section of the highway has not been repaired, despite plans for it to be rebuilt. In Galveston County, abnormally high astronomical tides and rough surf from Jerry resulted in coastal flood damage. Beach erosion was reported, while some sand dunes were flattened. On the western end of Galveston Island, beachfront roads were inundated and covered with debris, glass, and boards. In Brazoria County, high tides caused minor road damage in Surfside Beach. Storm surge in Chambers County caused coastal flooding in Anahuac. Three people were killed when their car was either blown or washed off the Galveston Seawall during the storm. The eye of the Hurricane went directly over Kemah where waterfront businesses suffered considerable damage, including restaurants, boat docks, and bait stands. Property losses in the city of Kemah was estimated to have reached $2 million. In the upper end of Galveston Bay in Harris County, businesses in low-lying areas were affected by coastal flooding.

At Scholes Field, sustained winds of 75 mph and gusts up to 100 mph were observed, ripping doors off the hangars. A walkway and four boats were damaged at the Hanks Creek Marina, located on the eastern shore of Sam Rayburn Reservoir, while the marina itself was deroofed. Similar impact was reported at the nearby Shirley Creek Marina. Strong winds destroyed four high steel towers, which supported power lines that traversed the northern Galveston Bay near the Houston Ship Channel. Elsewhere in eastern Texas, wind damage was relatively minor, mainly limited to shattered windows, toppled trees and power lines, and generally light impact to houses, mobile homes, buildings, farm buildings, and businesses in several counties in eastern Texas. Falling trees blocked numerous roads and struck houses and power lines, leaving approximately 52,000 homes and businesses without electricity, most of them in the Galveston area. There were three tornadoes in the county, the first of which unroofed some buildings in Galveston. The second tornado, also touching down in Galveston, inflicted roof damage to many businesses, homes, and apartment complexes. The third tornado, spawned in League City, toppled several trees and a flag pole. In Chambers County a tornado near Kemah inflicted damage to a beach house. Another tornado in the county spawned in downtown Baytown shattered windows at a hospital, a mall, and store windows. In Polk County, a small tornado caused minor damage, totaling $10,000.

Elsewhere
In Louisiana, tides ranging from 2 to 3 ft above normal lashed the coast. However, coastal flooding damage was minimal. Gusty winds in the northwestern portion of the state downed some trees and power lines. Jerry and its remnants dropped rainfall in several other states, including Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia.

Similar rainfall was reported in Kentucky, ranging from 4 to 6 in. Flash flooding caused significant damage in several counties. Numerous roads and bridges were washed out. Hundreds of homes were damaged or destroyed, forcing hundreds to evacuate. Additionally, many cars were damaged or swept away. The Kentucky River overflowed at Hazard in Perry County, inundating a number of streets with up to 4 ft of water. About ten families were forced to evacuate. Damage in Perry County exceeded $1 million. In neighboring Letcher County, 100 bridges and culverts were washed out, while about 50 homes were impacted by flooding. Damage in the county reached $2 million. In Floyd County, over 750 students and teachers were stranded at a school in McDowell after the Frasure Creek overflowed, inundating several classrooms with over 2 ft of water. Over 200 homes were flooded and many bridges and roads washed in Pike County, with damage reaching $2 million. Many residents were left isolated in eastern Kentucky after flooding destroyed bridges and roads. According to state disaster assessment teams, hundreds of residents in eastern Kentucky and West Virginia had flood damage to their houses. Due to the impact from flooding in eastern Kentucky, President George H. W. Bush declared Clay, Floyd, Jackson, Knott, Knox, Leslie, Letcher, Magoffin, Owsley, Perry and Pike counties as disaster areas.

Heavy rains in West Virginia overflowed the Tug Fork and Guyandotte rivers. About 150 homes were evacuated in Matewan, where the Tug Fork River crested at 6 ft above its banks. Farther south in Williamson, the river overflowed its banks by about 3 ft. On October 19, Governor of West Virginia Gaston Caperton toured flood-ravaged areas of the state, including Mingo and Logan counties. Heavy rainfall extended eastward into extreme western Virginia. In northern Buchanan County, flash flooding destroyed or heavily damaged numerous businesses and homes. Additionally, many private bridges were swept away and more than 100 roads were inundated. Approximately 30 families were evacuated in the Hurley area, where up to 5 in of precipitation was observed. Damage in Buchanan County totaled $3.4 million. President Bush declared Buchanan County as a disaster area on November 8.

title: Hurricane Jerry (1989)


text:
ömür

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) life, lifetime, lifespan

Etymology
From

Noun

 * 1) life

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) life, lifespan
 * 2)  something that is very pleasant
 * 1)  something that is very pleasant

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ömür


text:
naismainen

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) effeminate, womanlike, womanish, feminine usually of a male, acting in ways stereotypically associated with women

title: naismainen


text:
Deterrence

part of the School of Strategic Studies

Deterrence, in military terms, is the dissuasion of hostile activity by working to make such activity appear unprofitable. This can be obtained by threatening the adversary either to suffer prohibitive costs if he tries to achieve his aims by force (deterrence "by punishment") or to deny him the ability to do so (deterrence "by denial").

The term is most often used since the Second World War in regards to nuclear weaponry, but deterrence as such may also be obtained by other weapons of mass destruction (biological or chemical weapons) or by armies organized for waging conventional war. That is why, following Patrick Morgan (1977, 2003), some scholars have made a distinction between "general deterrence", which rests on dissuading any potential agressor by implicit threats, and "immediate deterrence", backed by explicit conventional and/or nuclear threats.

The chief idea of deterrence by the threat of punishment is to guarantee that, in the event of an engagement in which nuclear devices are employed, the aggressor would be as thoroughly devastated as the conquered party.

Additional Resources
Robert Powell, Nuclear Deterrence: The search for Credibility
 * Kenneth Boulding, Conflict and Defense
 * Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile age
 * Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, The War Trap
 * Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and David Lalman, War and reason
 * Keith B. Payne (ed), Understanding Deterrence
 * Freedman, Lawrence, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy

title: Deterrence


text:
What You Should Know About Medicines/Tolerance

In medicine, tolerance is the process of the body needing more of a drug to gain the same result.

This effect is especially pronounced in opiate drugs, such as heroin, and indeed any drug which changes the brain.


text:
Jez Butterworth

Jeremy "Jez" Butterworth is an English playwright, screenwriter, and film director. He has written screenplays in collaboration with his brothers, John-Henry and Tom.

Life and career
In March 1969, Butterworth was born in London, England. He has three brothers: older brothers Tom (born 1966) and Steve (born 1968); and younger brother John-Henry (born 1976). He also has a sister, Joanna. He attended Verulam Comprehensive School, St Albans, and St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied the English tripos and graduated in 1991. All his brothers have been active in film and theatre: Steve is a producer, while Tom and John-Henry are writers.

Butterworth's play Mojo, which premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in 1995, won the 1996 Laurence Olivier, Evening Standard, The Writer's Guild, and the George Devine awards, and the Critic's Circle Award. Butterworth also wrote and directed the film adaptation of Mojo (1997). The film featured Harold Pinter.

Butterworth has said that Harold Pinter, 2005 Nobel Literature Laureate, has been a major influence on his work: "I know and admire Harold Pinter enormously. He has a ginormous influence on me. Conversations with him have inspired my work."

In 1999 Butterworth was one of the recipients of the V Europe Prize Theatrical Realities awarded to the Royal Court Theatre (with Sarah Kane, Mark Ravenhill, Conor McPherson, Martin McDonagh).

Butterworth co-wrote and directed the film Birthday Girl (2001), which was produced by his brother Steve and starred Nicole Kidman.

Butterworth received positive reviews of his play The Night Heron (2002), which premiered in the West End at the Royal Court Theatre. The Guardian reviewer wrote: "Can a play be simultaneously very good and very bad? I believe so." The Winterling also ran at the Royal Court in 2006. The British Theatre Guide wrote: "The Winterling can be a difficult play but contains rich veins of comedy."

In May 2007 Butterworth received the E. M. Forster Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

His play Parlour Song opened in New York to "rave reviews" at the Atlantic Theatre Company, Off-Broadway in March 2008. The Almeida Theatre presented its European première in March 2009.

Butterworth's fourth play for the Royal Court Theatre was Jerusalem, which premiered in July 2009 to positive reviews. Described as a "contemporary vision of life in [England's] green and pleasant land", Jerusalem was the second important Butterworth production in London in 2009. The production starred Mark Rylance as Johnny Byron, and featured Mackenzie Crook as Ginger in a supporting role. It was a sell-out at the Royal Court, won the Evening Standard Theatre Award and Critics' Circle Theatre Award for the best play of 2009 and, with the same cast, transferred to the Apollo Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue in January 2010.

Jerusalem opened on Broadway in April 2011, with many of the original UK cast. It returned to London later that year, again playing at the Apollo. In January 2014 Jerusalem opened at the San Francisco Playhouse, where it also received rave reviews. Jerusalem was nominated for the 2011 Tony Award, Play. Mark Rylance won the 2011 Tony Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Play.

Jez and John-Henry Butterworth were named recipients of the Writers Guild of America West's 2011 Paul Selvin Award for their screenplay for the film Fair Game (2010), directed by Doug Liman and starring Naomi Watts and Sean Penn.

On 26 October 2012, Butterworth's play The River opened at the Royal Court Theatre, starring Dominic West, Laura Donnelly and Miranda Raison, with an appearance by Gillian Saker. The River had its US premiere on Broadway at the Circle in the Square Theatre in a limited engagement in October 2014, starring Hugh Jackman and directed by Ian Rickson. Reception was positive, with London critics finding the work "lyrical", "beautifully written" and "suffuse[d] with wonder and beauty".

In July 2017, Butterworth revealed he had declined the offer of appointment as Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) due to the Conservative government's pledge to hold a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union.

The Ferryman
Butterworth's play The Ferryman opened at the Royal Court Theatre in April 2017. Directed by Sam Mendes, it became the fastest selling play in the Royal Court Theatre's history. Set in rural South Armagh in 1981 and focusing on the events surrounding the deaths of the IRA hunger strikers, it received 15 five-star reviews, including all the major UK papers. The Irish Times said, "Although Butterworth is English, The Ferryman feels like a thoroughly Irish play, not only because there is not a single false note in the dialogue." The Huffington Post said that it was "one of the two or three greatest plays of the decade". But, The Guardian's Sean O'Hagan wrote, "I'm from Northern Ireland and it doesn't ring true", and it was "so close to a cultural stereotype as to be offensive". Two weeks later The Irish Times printed an opinion piece by actor Gerard Lee (of Father Ted) entitled "In defence of The Ferryman". He challenged negative comments, calling the play "layered and powerful".

The Ferryman won the 2017 Evening Standard Award for Best Play, the 2018 Critics' Circle Award for Best New Play, the 2018 WhatsOnStage Award for Best New Play, and the 2018 Olivier Award for Best New Play. It has played for over 350 performances at the Gielgud Theatre and transferred to Broadway in October 2018. The play won the 2019 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play and Tony Award for Best Play.

Work
Plays

 * Mojo (1995) Royal Court Theatre
 * The Night Heron (2002)
 * The Winterling (2006)
 * Parlour Song (2008)
 * Jerusalem (2009) Royal Court Theatre
 * The River (2012)
 * The Ferryman (2017) Royal Court Theatre
 * The Hills of California (2024)

Television
 * Night of the Golden Brain (1993)
 * Christmas (1996)
 * Britannia (2018)
 * Mammals (2022)

Film

Uncredited
 * Cruella (2021) (script doctoring)

title: Jez Butterworth


text:
homographic

Etymology

 * alternatively,.

Adjective

 * 1) Spelled identically.
 * 2) Employing a single and separate character to represent each sound.
 * 3)  Having the same invariants.
 * 1)  Having the same invariants.

Translations

 * Hungarian: homográf
 * Italian: omografico
 * Romanian:
 * Spanish:

title: homographic


text:
User:RealFeelings

Welcome!
Hi RealFeelings! I noticed your contributions and wanted to welcome you to the Wikipedia community. I hope you like it here and decide to stay.

As you get started, you may find this short tutorial helpful:

Alternatively, the contributing to Wikipedia page covers the same topics.

If you have any questions, we have a friendly space where experienced editors can help you here:

If you are not sure where to help out, you can find a task here:

Happy editing! Jenhawk777 (talk) 19:20, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User:RealFeelings


text:
Cryptography/Random Quality

"The higher the entropy of a random source, the better the quality of the random data it generates."

Many cryptographic algorithms call for a random source, either in key-generation, or some other primitive. Implementors must be extremely cautious in selecting that random source, or they will open themselves up to attack. For example, the only formally proven encryption technique, the one time pad, requires a completely random and unbiased key-stream that is at least as long as the message itself, and is never reused. There are many implicit complications presented in this requirement, as the only sources of "true randomness" are in the physical world (silicon decay is an example), and are impossible to implement in software. Thus, it is often only feasible to obtain pseudo-randomness. Pseudo-Random Number Generators, or PRNGs, use multiple sources that are thought to be difficult to predict (mouse movement, least significant digits of the computer clock, network statistics, etc.) in order to generate an entropy pool, which is passed through assorted algorithms which attempt to remove any biases, and then used as a seed for a pre-determined static set of numbers. Even with all of the sources of entropy, a determined attacker can usually reduce the effective strength of an implementation by cutting out some of the factors—for instance making educated guesses on the time. PRNGs that are thought to be acceptable for cryptographic purposes are called Cryptographically-Secure Pseudo-Random Number Generators, or CSPRNGs.

Entropy
In terms of information theory, entropy is defined as the measure of the amount of information expressed in a string of bits. For example a traditional gender classification contains 1-bit of entropy as it can be represented using a 1 for males and a 0 for females. The quality of a random source is determined by just how much entropy it generates, if the entropy is less than the actual number of bits then there is some repetition of information. The more information that is repeated, or the shorter the period of some PRNG, the lower the entropy and the weaker and more predictable the source of randomness. Therefore in cryptography one seeks to get as close to perfect randomness as possible with the resources available - where a perfect random number generator creates a sequence of bits which are unpredictable no matter how large a sample of previously generated bits is obtained.

title: Cryptography/Random Quality


text:
The Mango People

The Mango People is a 2015 Malayalam satirical comedy-drama short film written and directed by Saketh Sreemohan starring Savithri Sreedharan, Vishal Kuja Prabhu, and Nithya Sri in the lead. The movie is about "the ordinary lives of three extraordinary characters" and the relationship between them. Mango People is the extraordinary, new-generation way of calling the ordinary people (or Aam Aadmi in Hindi. Aam also means Mango). This is the idea behind the title, The Mango People, which is an ordinary tale of some extraordinary people.

In meri hanikarak biwi Ira who pretended to be Amaya Kabir has use the team mango people.

Cast

 * Savithri Sreedharan as Sarojini Nair
 * Vishal Kuja Prabhu as Rajan
 * Nithya Sri as Latha
 * Amar Ramesh as Sarojini Nair's son
 * Rajasekharan as The Manager

Production
The story was conceived two years before the actual shooting for the movie began. Screenwriting started in October 2013 was completed in January 2014. The first draft of the script was actually meant for a two-hour-long feature film which was then cut-short to fit the 30 minute time frame. The lead actors were confirmed one month before the shooting. Savithri Sreedharan (acting as the title role, Sarojini Nair) is a drama-artist from Kozhikode, Kerala who has won many awards (including the State Award) for her performances. Vishal Kuja Prabhu is the director of short films such as Sharikal Mathram, Daivam, Oru Valiya Sathyam, and Puthiya Thudakkam

Principal photography began on 28 February 2014 in and around Kozhikode city and went on for 10 days. The number of people in the crew was kept to a minimum and the shoot was planned extensively to prevent delays. A promo song, made entirely of Jagathy Sreekumar’s dialogues was composed by Vishal Kuja Prabhu while shooting. Nithya Sri completed all her scenes in the first schedule which was wrapped up in four days. But one particular scene had to be re-shot and the climax was changed during the second schedule shoot which delayed the movie a little bit. Post-production started mid-March and was completed by April first week. The movie faced some serious technical troubles in the following months and had to undergo a second round of editing and colour correction which delayed the release. The official YouTube is scheduled for 2 May 2015. Posters and a Facebook page was launched on 10 February 2015. A teaser trailer was launched online on 12 April 2015.

Reception
The film was released on 2 May 2015 directly on YouTube and met with widespread critical acclaim. With over 40,000 views in two weeks it was featured in Mathrubhumi paper's "YouTubed" column as the "Most Watched Short Film Of The Week". The performances of the three lead actors and the screenplay of the movie were highly appreciated.

title: The Mango People


text:
varão

Etymology 1
From, from. .

Adjective

 * 1) male

Noun

 * 1) male, man

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) handrail, rail
 * 2) pole

title: varão


text:
User:CalifAngel

I made a few changes to the ROLM article. I worked there (ROLM, IBM, Siemens) from 1980 until 2001.

title: User:CalifAngel


text:
Financial Management Case Study

MARY AND ROBERT TRENTICOSTA CASE STUDY:Georgetown CFP:Booher, Perdue, Pryor, Shi, Waldron

27. What is the weighted Alpha of the entire stock portfolio?
First, we calculate the weighted average return from all stocks. In order to do this, we used the historical average return for the stocks in the brokerage account and the conservative “large company” 11% return given in the case for the High-Tech and Brown Foreman (easier, and probably more reliable than calculating returns). Beta for the High-Tech and Brown Foreman was calculated using a correlation of 1 and the 12% standard deviation given for the S&P 500 index—rough estimates indeed.

Using the assumption provided in the yield-curve for the risk-free rate of return as 3.70%, we apply the definition to solve for Jensen’s alpha, denoted by $$\alpha_j$$ or,

\begin{alignat}{2} \alpha_j & = r  -   R_f   -   \beta \times ( K_m - R_f )\\ & = 0.111-0.037 + 1.038\,(.12-.037) = -1.3\% \end{alignat} $$.

where $$r$$ is the fund's return rate, $$R_f$$ is the risk-free return rate, and $$K_m$$ is the return of the index (here we use the S&P 500). The same calculation for just the brokerage account is,

\alpha= .112-.037+(.12-.037)\,1.054= -1.2\% $$.

28. Assuming an income tax rate of 30%, what is the pretax equivalent yield to maturity for the Texas municipal bonds?
The yield to maturity (YTM) from today using the current market value is 7.56%. In order to calculate this, we first determine the YTM rate using the following formula: N=15, PV=55,232.58, PMT =(3000), FV=(50,000) which produces 5.29% as the YTM. In order to arrive at the pre-tax equivalent yield we use the following calculation,

\text{Taxable eqivalent yield}= \frac{0.0529}{(1-.3)} = 7.56\%. $$

29. How does the return on the municipal bond compare with other interest rates?
The municipal bond has a tax equivalent interest rate that is comparable to the other bonds. The return on the municipal bond is 7.56%, while the average coupon on their other bonds is around 8.67%.

30. On the basis of other prevailing interest rates, does the pretax return for the Texas municipal bond seem reasonable? Why?
Yes, it does seem reasonable. Higher than the federal government, but lower than the corporate bonds

31. Determine the holding period return for each of the stocks in the brokerage account. Ignore dividends for this purpose.
HPR is the percentage by which the value of a portfolio (or asset) has grown for a particular period. It is the sum of net income and capital gains divided by the initial period value (asset value at the beginning of the period). Mathematically,
 * $$\text{HPR}_n \ = \ \frac{\text{Income} + (P_{n+1} - P_n)}{P_n},$$

where $$P_n$$ is the return in period $$n$$. Performing this computation on the stocks in the portfolio produces the results shown below.

In order to compute the HPR for the portfolio we computed the difference between the aggregate basis and aggregate fair market value divided by the total basis,
 * $$\text{Portfolio Return} = \frac{\sum FMV - \sum Basis}{\sum Basis}.$$

32. What percentage of the change in the value of the brokerage account can be explained by changes in the stock market?
The exact correlation of portfolio returns requires equities' individual standard deviations as well as the complete covariance matrix. In this case, we were simply given a correlation coefficient between the portfolio and the market of 0.80. The correlation coefficient quantifies the extent of correlation between two sets of returns and $$R^2$$ represents the proportion of the total variance of portfolio return that is attributable to market movements but, unlike market risk, is a relative measure of risk.
 * $$R = 0.80 \implies R^2= 64\%$$

Therefore 64% of the portfolio’s movement is attributable to market movement.

== 33. On the basis of the Constant Dividend Growth Model, what must the Trenticostas’ required rate of return be for the high tech stock to be priced fairly? What are the implications of buying, selling or holding the stock? ==

Required rate of return be for the high tech stock to be priced fairly

r = \frac{D}{V}+g =\frac{.824}{20}+.03 =7.1\% $$

What are the implications of buying, selling or holding the stock?
Based on Mary and Robert's actual required rate of return of 9%, the High Tech stock is overpriced using a dividend model for valuation. The stock has more than doubled since it was purchased at the pit of the bear market, however, and tech stocks generally pay low dividends, so a dividend growth model may not be an appropriate valuation model for this stock. Buying more of this stock would be a bet that it will return to, or exceed, its previous high, but buying Tech also would not diversify the portfolio. Holding on to the stock avoids capital gains tax, but if the dividend model is an accurate predictor of future growth, it is likely to produce suboptimal returns. Selling it would generate a capital gain of $23,000, but this could be offset by loss sales in the bond portfolio and the proceeds could be reinvested in an index fund to diversify the portfolio.

What are the consequences to Mary?
Mary has given Dominic full rights over the account, including the right to withdraw funds for his own use. the account will not pass under her will, but will become fully owned by dominic at her death. As noted below, there may also be gift tax consequences.

When does this become a taxable gift from Mary to Dominic?
It becomes a taxable gift when Dominic writes checks for more than $12,000 more than he contributed into the account.

== 35. Crescent City publications used a cross-purchase life insurance program to protect themselves from early and untimely death of a principal shareholder. Mary owns 80%; two other individuals (A and C) own 10% each. Assume that Crescent City Publications is worth 700K. How many policies did they have and for what amounts? ==

Six policies are needed. Mary owns a $35,000 policy on the life of A and a similar policy on the life of C each. A and C each have a $280,000 policy on the life of Mary and $35,000 policies on each other's lives. Upon the death of any partner, the insurance would provide funds for each of the surviving partners to buy out the deceased partner's interest from his or her estate in equal shares.

If Mary wished only to keep her 80% interest upon the death of A or C, she would not need policies on their lives and wouldn't incurr the premium expense. If A or C died, the survivor would buy out the other's shares and become a 20% owner.

36. Determine the basis in Robert’s Brown Foreman stock.
His basis in Brown Forman is $3,600 or $18 per split share. Based on 100 shares priced at the average between the high and low prices on the day of his Aunt’s death.

37. If Robert were to sell the Brown Foreman stock today, what would be the income tax consequences?
$6,400 in long term capital gain (all inherited stock is long term), taxed at 15%= $960 in taxes due.

38. How much qualified residence interest can the Trenticostas deduct for income tax in 2007?
The mortgage interest on both the house and the condo is qualified residence interest. On the tax return the Trenticostas will file in 2007 for tax year 2006, the mortgage interest deduction for the personal residence is $15,920.98. This is equal to 9 monthly payments of $1,957.80 = $17,620.20 minus the reduction in the loan balance of (350,000 x 0.80) - 278,300.78 = $1,699.22.

For the condo, 12 monthly payments of principle and interest in 2006 totals $25,886.16. The current loan balance is $215,254.14. One year ago, after making 18 payments, the loan balance was 225,673.49 (N=18, i=7/12, PV=240,000, PMT=(2157.18), compute FV). Therefore, the principle reduction in 2006 was $10,419.35. Subtract from total payments of $25,886.15 yields 15,466.81 in qualified interest on the condo.

The Trenticostas can deduct $31,387.79 in qualified residence interest on their 2006 tax return.

39. By using the dividend growth model, determine the intrinsic value per share for each of the following stocks.
The intrinsic value of a security whose dividend is growing at a constant rate is V = D1/k-g, where D1 is the annual dividend expected in the next year, k is the required rate of return, and g is the annual rate of growth in dividends. For the Trenticosta's stocks, k = 0.09 and g = 0.03. Plugging these values and the dividend yield for each stock into the formula results in the following:

40. Since Mary has been diagnosed with cancer, she has been distracted by her health concerns and forgot to make her IRA contribution for 2006. Can she still make a 2006 contribution in 2007?
Yes. She can do so until April 15th 2007.

41a: What is the probability of a positive return for Big Company?
The probability of a return greater than zero for Big Company is 84%.

The mean return for Big Company is 12.5% and the standard deviation is also 12.5%. One standard deviation above and below the mean covers 68% of all returns in a normal distribution. At one standard deviation below the mean, the return is 0. Therefore, 34% of all returns lie between 0 and 12.5%, and 50% of all returns lie above 12.5%. Adding 50% and 34% equals 84%. (The actual percentage is 84.13%)

For this answer and parts b and c, a normal distribution of returns is assumed. In the real world, returns are skewed toward the "tails" of the curve. This is called leptokurtosis. It means that any prediction about the probability of future returns can't be taken as exact.

41b: What is the probability of a return above 30% for Auto Company?
There is a 2.5% probability of Auto Company earning 30% or more per year.

The mean return is 10% and one standard deviation is also 10%. A 30% return is therefore two standard deviation above the mean. Two standard deviations cover 95% of all returns. Divide the remaining 5% in half to obtain the percentage of all returns above 30%. (The actual figure is 2.27%).

41c: What is the probability of a return between 15% and 33% for Small Company?
There is a 34% probability that Small Company will earn between 15% and 33%.

The mean return for Small Company is 15% and the standard deviation is 18%. Returns of 15% to 33% are within one standard deviation above the mean. One standard deviation encompasses 68% of all returns above and below the mean, so 34% of all returns are within one standard deviation above the mean. (The actual percentage is 34.13%)

42. How much will be invested in Big Company and Small Company at a 40/60 ratio for Mary’s brokerage account after taxes and rebalancing?
Adjusting to purchase whole shares at current market values, Mary will own 3140 shares of Big Company worth $45530, and 5539 shares of Small Company worth $68296, with a cash balance of $8. Using whole numbers, the calculation is as follows:

Sale of Oil Company    FMV     $30300 Cost         22271 Gain           8029 Tax       (1204) Net Proceeds           29096

Sale of Auto Company   FMV     $32276 Cost         24249 Gain           8027 Tax       (1204) Net Proceeds           31072

Big Company current position       FMV     29000

Small Company current position     FMV     24666

Account total after sales and taxes                    113834

60% allocation to Small Company    $68300 (@ $12.33 per share = 5539 shares + $4)

40% allocation to Big Company      $45534 (@ $14.50 per share = 3140 shares + $4)

43. What is the expected return for the new portfolio?
The expected return for the reallocated portfolio is 14%.

Take the return for Small Company (15%) times its weight of 60%, and the return for Big Company (12.5%) times its weight of 40%. Added together they equal 14%.

44. What is the standard deviation of the new portfolio?
The standard deviation of this two-asset portfolio is 13.19%.

The formula for the standard deviation of a two-asset portfolio is:

 * $$ \sigma_p = \sqrt{w_1^2 \sigma_1^2  + w_2^2 \sigma_2^2 + 2\,w_1\,w_2  \rho_{12} \sigma_{1} \sigma_{2}} $$

where $$w_1$$ and $$w_2$$ are the weights of asset 1 and 2, $$s_1$$ and $$s_2$$ are the standard deviations of the assets, and $$\rho_{ij}$$ is the correlation coefficient between the returns of assets 1 and 2.

Plugging in values for Big Company as asset 1 and Small Company as asset 2:

.16 x .0156 + .36 x .0324 + 2 x .4 x .6 x 0.3 x .125 x .18 = 0.0174, the square root of which is .1319.

45. What is the tax treatment for the Condo income and expenses for 2006?
Because it was rented less than 15 days, the condo is a vacation property for which the rental income is excluded from income and the interest and taxes are itemized deductions. Depreciation and utilities are not deductible.

46. What part of Mary’s surgery expenses of $3200 is not covered by insurance?
Mary will pay $1440 out of pocket.

== 47. Crescent City Publication had earnings of $54,000 last year. How does the capitalized earning approach method of valuation compare with Mary’s guess of what Crescent City is worth? Use the Treticosta required rate of return. ==

Assuming no growth in earnings, the company’s value is $54,000/.09 = 600,000. Mary’s 80 percent share would be worth $480,000 (not including any control premium) as compared to the balance sheet value of $320,000.

If earnings are assumed to grow at the rate of inflation, the value is $54,000/.09 - .04 = $1,080,000, or $864,000 for Mary’s share.

== 48. Based on the earnings of $54,000, how does Mary’s guess of the value of Crescent City compare with using the PE Ratio of similar companies to determine the value of Crescent City? (Assume the PE ratio for similar companies is 12:1) ==

A PE ratio of 12:1 means the price (value) of the security (company) is 12 times earnings. Crescent City's earnings of $54,000 x 12 = $648,000. Mary's 80% interest would be worth $518,400--considerably more than the balance sheet value.

49. If Mary sold the ski condo and all the contents in 2007 for $320000. How much tax would she pay from this sale? (Assume a real estate commission of 6%
Mary will experience a loss of $17,600 on the sale of her condo and contents. This is a personal loss that is not deductible.

$300,000 (purchase price) + $18,400 (restoration cost) = $318,400 adjusted basis

$320,000 (sales cost) X .06 (commission rate) = $19,200 commission

$320,000 -$318,400 - $19,200 = $17,600 loss

Since the condo was rented less than 15 days a year, it’s considered personal, not investment, property. The transaction is a sale of the condo "and contents". The furniture is not a capital improvement to the condo, but the furniture was sold along with the condo and the furniture is a capital asset. Mary is selling improved real property with a basis of $311,400 and personal property (the furniture) with a basis of $7000 together in one transaction. The total basis of all property being sold--real and personal--is $318,400. The proceeds of all the property being sold is $300,800 net of the commission. The loss is $17,600.

== Use the following information to answer questions 50-55

Mary is concerned about the price of Big Company. During July 2007 she decides to buy a put option to protect her position in the stock. The price of the stock has dropped to $14. Per share. The put option has an expiration of January 2008, an exercise price of $13 and a premium of $2.00.

50. How many option contacts should she buy to fully hedge her long position in Big Company stock?
A put option contract covers 100 shares. To hedge all 2000 shares that Mary owns, she should buy 20 contracts (2000/100=20)

a. What is her gain or loss on the option contract?
The gain is the difference between the strike price ($13) and the market price of the stock ($10) less the cost of the put.

((13-10)- 2) x 2000 = $4000

b. How much gain or loss does she have to recognize for this put on her 2007 form 1040?
Since Mary did not exercise the option, there will be no tax consequences in 2007.

c. How much is the gain or loss on her long position in Big Company for the time she has held this option?
Big Company stock was worth $14 when Mary bought the option and $10 at the end of the year. Mary's unrealized loss for the period is $8000.

=== d. Based on your analysis, has Mary done an effective job of hedging Big company stock? If not, why? What alternative strategy might you suggest? Describe the pros. And cons of the put and your suggestions, if applicable. ===

She only hedged 25% of her loss. Not very effective. She might have been able to buy a put at a higher strike price, but probably only at a higher cost. She could have shorted a call on Big Company. She could have sold short the stock itself (shorting against the box) if there was an uptick in the stock. Whether these strategies would have worked better depends on the prices and terms she could get.

52. In January 2008, the option expires unexercised, the price of Big. Co. has increased to $15 per share. How should Mary treat this on her 2008 individual tax return from 1040?
Mary has a short term capital loss of $4000 computed as follows: $2 (premium) x 2000 (shares) = $4000.

Mary can write off $3000 against ordinary income even if she has no offsetting capital gains. She can write off the remaining $1000 against any ST or LT capital gain she incurrs in 2007, or carry it forward.

== 53. Because the price of Big Co. stock has rebounded and the entire market is doing well, Mary believes that the price of Big Co. will continue to increase above the $14.5 lever (current price). How do you advise her as her financial planner? ==

Mary can buy a short put, a long call, or simply hold the stock as a long position. Given that Mary and Robert describe themselves as only moderately aggressive investors, I would advise them to avoid speculating in the options market and just hold the stock.

a. Should she buy or sell contract?
If Mary believes the market will rise, she should buy the futures contract.

b. The S&P 500 contract has had the following price:
Upon entering into contract--$100 At 12/31/07--$110  Expiration--$125

How much gain or loss should Mary report for tax purposes in 2006 and 2007?
Since Mary did not own the futures contract in 2006 she has no gain or loss to report for tax year 2006. For 2007, however, under IRS code section 1256, Mary must "mark to market" any regulated futures contract she holds at the end of 2007. The cash value of an S&P 500 contract is 250 times the market price. Mary's contract had a value of $25,000 when entered into, and a value of $27,500 at 12/31/2007. Mary must report a gain of $2500 on the contract on her 2007 return.

What is the nature of this gain or loss?
The gain on a section 1256 asset is 60% long term and 40% short term capital gain regardless of when the futures contract was actually purchased. See IRS publication 550 p.40.

55. What are two methods Mary could use to value her option against the market values?
The two options Mary could use to value her option are (1) the intrinsic value, which is the difference between the strike price of the option and the market price of the underlying security, and (2) the Black-Scholes pricing model.

56. If Mary and Robert died, how should their beneficiary treat the inherited IRAs?
The answer depends on when they died.

Each spouse is the beneficiary of the other's IRA. A spouse who inherits an IRA can make it his or her own and defer distributions to his or her RBD.

If they both die simultaneously, their IRAs go to their estates and the 5 year rule applies.

If they die after distributions have begun, their heirs have two options: 1) continue taking distributions on the same schedule as the orginial owner or 2) stretch the distributions over their own life expectancy.

IRA assets do not receive a basis adjustment at the death of the owner, and when distributions are taken, the income will be Income in Respect of a Decedent to the recipient.

title: Financial Management Case Study


text:
Manisha

Manisha (मनीषा) is a Sanskrit term meaning intelligence and desire.

Usage
Manisha is used as a Hindu female name in India.

The Sanskrit term Manīṣā can be transliterated into English as Manisa or Manisha. The noun Manisha appears as early as the Rigveda Samhita and also in the Aitareya Upanishad, which is a part of the second book of Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda. And in the Rigveda Samhita, Manisha in most of the places is used to mean, ‘praise’.

However, both Adi Shankaracharya and Sayanacharya have stated that Manisha means "the independence of intellect (mati)’. Therefore, Manisha can be deciphered as "the intelligence which is capable of independent logical reasoning and rational analysis in determining truth or facts".

However, in Bengali, Manisha is reference given to goddess of wish.

While, according to Sanskrit-English dictionary, Manisha has several meanings, some of them are:
 * Desire, wish; यो दुर्जनं वशयितुं तनुते मनीषाम् (yo durjanam vashayitum tanute manisham)
 * Intelligence, wisdom, understanding; अतः साधोऽत्र यत् सारं मनुद्धृत्य मनीषया (atah sadhotra yat saaram manuddhartya manishya); प्रविभज्य पृथङ्मनीषया स्वगुणं यत्किल तत्करिष्यसि (pravibhajya prathamanishya svagunam yatkila tatkarishyasi)
 * In Rigveda as hymn, praise, prayer.
 * A thoughtfulness, reflection, idea, notion.

title: Manisha


text:
Charles Martin (poet)

Charles Martin (born 1942, New York City) is a poet, critic and translator. He grew up in the Bronx. He graduated from Fordham University and received his Ph.D. from the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. He now teaches at Queensborough Community College of the City University of New York, Syracuse University, and the Stonecoast MFA Program at the University of Southern Maine. Martin's specialty is Latin poetry. Martin is also a New Formalist, and was an original faculty member of the West Chester University Poetry Conference.

Honors and awards
He received the Poetry Foundation's Beth Hokin Prize in 1970. His poem, "Against a Certain Kind of Ardency," was in the 2001 Pushcart Prize collection, and in 2005 he won the American Academy of Arts and Letters' Award for Literature. Martin's Ovid literary translation won the 2004 Harold Landon Translation Award from the Academy of American Poets.

Published works
Full-length poetry collections

Critical works

Translations

title: Charles Martin (poet)


text:
Talk:Donovan Cech

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title: Talk:Donovan Cech


text:
Elementary Science K/5

Created: 2007 05 14 | Percent completed:

Objectives

 * Observe how senses are used.
 * Identify the five sense organs.

Materials
Popcorn popper, Popcorn kernels, butter, and salt Large bowl Cups and/or napkins for individual servings of popcorn

Background
This lesson merely introduces children to the five senses. Each sense will be investigated further in upcoming lessons.

Procedure
Ask students to wash their hands before beginning this activity. Review how washing hands to eliminate germs and dirt is especially important prior to eating.

Give each student one or two kernels of unpopped corn. (Warn children of the choking danger of putting a small kernel of corn in their mouths before it is popped.) Ask: How does the unpopped corn look? Allow several responses. Ask: How does the unpopped corn feel? Again allow for several responses. Ask: Does the unpopped corn have any smell? Ask children to throw away the unpopped corn they have been handling. Stress how proper food handling will eliminate germs and keep us healthy. Be sure all children are seated and safely away from popcorn popper before continuing.

Begin popping clean popcorn kernels. As the kernels are popping, discuss the sounds students hear and what they smell. When popping is complete, serve each child an individual serving of the popcorn. Before they eat it, compare the touch, sight, and smell of the popped corn to the unpopped kernels. Allow time for the children to eat the popcorn. Ask students to describe how the popcorn tastes. Ask: What did you learn about popcorn? Guide students to identify all five sense organs and tell how each sense organ helped them gain information about the popcorn.

Sample questions might be: How does the popcorn look before it is popped? (It's yellow. It's small.) What part of our body helped us to know? (our eyes) How does the popcorn smell after we popped it? (yummy, warm) What part of our body helped us to know? (our nose) How does the popcorn taste? (buttery, salty) What part of our body helped us to know? (our tongue - Accept mouth as a correct answer at this point.) How did the popcorn sound as it popped? (It was loud.) What part of our body helped us to know? (our ears) How did the unpopped corn feel in our hands? (smooth, hard, flat, cool) What about after it was popped? (soft, warm, bumpy) What part of our body helped us to know? (our skin; Accept hands or fingers as a correct response.)

Ask: Do you think anyone else in school knew we were popping popcorn today? How might they have known? (They could smell the popcorn. They could hear the corn popping.)

Tell children that our body helps us to learn about the world around us. Tell children they will be exploring and learning more about their eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin in science lessons to follow.

Activities
Read The Popcorn Book by Tomie dePaola (Holiday House, 1978) as a follow-up to the lesson. This is a wonderful book full of facts about how popcorn is made, how Native Americans used it, and how Americans today enjoy it.

title: Elementary Science K/5


text:
Garstang and Knot-End Railway

The Garstang and Knot-End Railway [sic] was a railway line, between Garstang and Pilling, across the Fylde of Lancashire, England. It was built by local agricultural interests to develop unproductive land. It had been intended to continue to Knott End but ran out of money. It eventually opened in 1870. In 1898 the Knott End Railway (KER) was authorised by the  (61 & 62 Vict. c. ccxliv) to continue to Knott End; it opened in 1908. The two companies were associated and the KER acquired the earlier company. The KER was still desperately short of money, and local people who were owed money bought rolling stock to keep the company going.

Salt extraction near Preesall became a dominant industry from 1890, and the railway conveyed some remarkable tonnages of salt (outward) and coal (inward, for power). The passenger service was discontinued in 1930 and the line closed completely in 1965.

Authorisation
In the mid-nineteenth century, the tract of land to the west of Garstang, in the Fylde area of Lancashire, was an unworked expanse of moss. Attempts were made over time to reclaim the land and put it to agricultural use. In 1863, local landowners led by Wilson F France, the Squire of Rawcliffe, promoted a branch line railway. They saw that transport links to market for agricultural produce were essential; their line was to connect Knott End, opposite Fleetwood on the estuary of the River Wyre, by way of Pilling, to Garstang station on the London and North Western Railway main line between Preston and Lancaster.

In December 1863, a prospectus was produced for the proposed Garstang and Knot-End Railway. Six directors were named: John Russell, Julian Augustus Tarner, Henry Gardner, Colonel James Bourne, Richard Bennett and James Overend. The prospectus explained that the object was to improve the outlets for agricultural produce by giving easy access to the markets at Preston and in the towns and cities of industrial Lancashire. The line, it claimed, would link up with Yorkshire, Humberside and Newcastle upon Tyne, and could become part of a main artery between the east and west coasts. A harbour might be built at Knott End to rival and even outgrow Fleetwood. Their scheme went to Parliament, where it was opposed by the London and North Western Railway and the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. Facing that danger, the promoters now asserted that their line was "a simple and unpretending line, proposed entirely for the accommodation of the local traffic of the district". Accordingly, the Garstang and Knot End Railway was authorised by Act of 30 June 1864. Authorised capital was £60,000; the line would be 11+1/2 mi.

Construction and opening
Immediately the company was in financial difficulty; the act of Parliament authorised £60,000 in share capital, but the company was unable to raise the subscriptions required. In December 1867, the only work accomplished had been the making of the formation for the first half mile, and it was decided to abandon plans to build beyond Pilling. Parliamentary approval for an extension of the time allowed for construction was obtained in 1867, and again in 1869, on the latter occasion also allowing a further £40,000 in authorised share capital. Progress was slow, but in 1870 it appeared possible to open the line as far as Pilling. An LNWR engine was hired in to test the track.

The company could not afford to purchase a locomotive, and train services were operated using a hired 0-4-2 saddle tank named Hebe. Four passenger coaches were procured by a group of debenture holders, who formed the Garstang Rolling Stock Company on 12 October 1870 for the purpose.

The permanent way consisted of 48 lb rails fastened to longitudinal sleepers, although a portion was laid with 56 lb bridge rails.

At last on 5 December 1870 the line was opened from Garstang & Catterall Junction (the main line station) to Pilling; there were intermediate stations at Garstang Town and Nateby. There was a celebratory dinner at the Royal Oak Hotel, Garstang, on 14 December 1870. The construction had cost £150,000.

Operation
The train service consisted of nine trains each way between Garstang Junction and Garstang Town, with two (three on market days) proceeding to and from Pilling. After 1875 this was altered to three each way throughout. In the early years, the trains would pick up and set down passengers anywhere on the route; moreover wagons would be left at a convenient place on the line for unloading, detached from the outward train. They would then be "collected" on the train's return journey, and propelled back to Garstang. "It was not uncommon to see a many as five wagons placed at the front of the train in this way."

Trains were mixed (passengers and goods); passengers could board at any point along the line by request. There was no reserve rolling stock, and when Hebe needed repairs in March 1872, the line was closed for two days. The company fell behind with the rental payments for Hebe, and the locomotive was seized by the owners. It was possible to run occasional goods trains afterwards using horse traction, but the passenger service was suspended on 11 March 1872, and goods trains ceased running two weeks later.

A fresh locomotive, an 0-4-0T named Union, was purchased by the debenture holders in 1875 and a goods service was resumed on 23 February 1875; passenger services followed on 17 May 1875. A replacement engine, Farmer's Friend, was acquired in December of that year. It became known locally as the Pilling Pig on account of the squeal made by its whistle. Subsequently, this name was given to all engines and was often used to refer to the railway itself. The company later acquired another engine, an 0-6-0 saddle tank name Farmer's Friend, which started work the following year.

Receivership
In 1878 the railway was placed in the hands of a receiver, as it was unable to meet its financial obligations. However it gradually made progress, and in 1890 it began to pay interest to debenture holders: by 1894 it had paid off its debts.

Knott End Railway
In 1894 the company harboured thoughts of continuing to Knott End once again. Eventually, on 12 August 1898, Parliamentary authority was obtained for the Knott End Railway' (KER) to extend the line from Pilling to Knott End. The KER had just as much difficulty in raising capital as its predecessor, and it took ten years to build $4 1/2$ miles of line.

Continuation of two separate companies was hardly practical, and as completion of the line to Knott End was near, on 1 July 1908 the Knott End Railway Company bought the original Garstang and Knot End Company, and the line opened throughout to passengers from Saturday 1 August 1908. The acquisition of the Garstang company had cost £44,690. The new line cost £19,065, and the transfer of the new locomotive, eight passenger carriages, six wagons and three brake vans, cost £110,000. With miscellaneous charges the complete line of 11 miles and 29 chains had cost £179,991. In 1913, 91,918 passengers were carried. In 1920 a steam railmotor was hired in from the London and North Western Railway; it operated the passenger service until that was withdrawn.

Personal view in 1908
T R Perkins visited the line in 1908, before the extension to Knot End was open. He observed that there was "a considerable haulage of goods and coal, together with that of military requirements for an artillery camp in the neighbourhood of Knot-End. Several guns for the camp, which had just arrived by train, were standing in the station yard at Pilling at the time of our visit." Perkins was told that receipts for the preceding half year were £2,117 and expenditure £1,208. The rolling stock, he found, consisted of two locomotives, six passenger carriages, and 41 goods vehicles. Two of the carriages had recently been purchased from the Mersey Railway and were not yet in service. The other four carriages had been in use on the line since the beginning. They were reported to be the first examples in Great Britain of the "corridor coach" (referred to nowadays as open saloon coaches). They were six wheelers, with the body carried very low, and entry was from end platforms, the seats being arranged either side of a central gangway. The automatic brake was not used.

Perkins explained the acquisition of the locomotive "Farmer's Friend":

"This engine was obtained by an association of residents near the railway, to whom the closing of the line had been a great inconvenience; having formed themselves into a limited liability company, 'The Garstang Engine Company', they ordered the engine from Messrs Hudswell, Clark & Co. of Leeds, and leased it to the railway for 14 years at 10 per cent. on cost price. Before the lease expired, however, the railway purchased the locomotive from the lessors, and it continued to work upon the line until 1900, when it was sold and replaced by a new engine, 'New Century'... In 1883 the 'Hope' was purchased by the same company and leased to the [railway] company on similar terms, but does not appear to have been taken over, as we find that, on the expiration of the lease, a new engine, the 'Jubilee Queen' was purchased by the railway... This locomotive was much more powerful than any previously used on the line... The 'New Century', purchased three years later, is precisely similar, but cost considerably more."

Traffic after completion of the extension
The extension to Knott End enabled a new traffic, moss litter, to be carried. Moss litter was extensively used as bedding for animals. In 1909 the company carried 55 tons of the traffic, but by 1916 this reached 6,854 tons. After that date the volume declined steeply, largely due to road motor competition. In 1909 beer was carried: 356 tons were conveyed, but that traffic too quickly declined.

A buoyant traffic that transformed the fortunes of the branch line was salt. The United Alkali Company built a large works near Preesall: in its early period, in 1909 55 tons of salt were carried by the railway. In April 1912 United Alkali opened a branch railway siding $1 1/2$ miles long from near Knott End. In 1913 there were 7,916 tons conveyed by rail. In 1920 the total was 53,416 tons. The United Alkali works required considerable volumes of coal, and 9,244 tons were brought in during the year 1911, rising to 24,135 tons in 1920. The Alkali works had a mineral railway system with a wharf on the river, and these tonnages may have had short transits by rail.

Preesall salt works
Extensive salt deposits near Preesall were discovered in 1872, and in time this led to industrial extraction from 1885 by the Fleetwood Salt Company, which sold to the Salt Union Limited in 1888, which sold to United Alakali Ltd in 1890. The salt was extracted in the form of brine (a saturated solution of salt in water). Due to the absence of any transport facilities capable of handling the volume of salt, an area on the west side of the river, at Burn Naze, south of Fleetwood, was selected as the location of a purifying works, operational from 1889. The brine was transported to Burn Naze by a ten-inch steel pipe. From about 1891 the system of extraction was changed to dry mining. Technical difficulties resulted in the mine closing in 1930.

Grouping of the railways
Compulsory grouping of the railways took place in 1922 - 1923 under the Railways Act 1921. A new London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) was established and the Knott End Railway was absorbed into the LMS; it was its smallest constituent in the grouping process. Four steam engines as well as the railmotor were carried into LMS stock. The settlement gave holders of 4% debenture stock an equivalent LMS stock that would give 3%; this may have been a recognition of the uncertain and now-declining commercial position of the Knott End company. Ordinary shares were cancelled, as were the arrears of interest on debenture stock.

In the last full year before the grouping, 1922, the line carried 77,579 passenger journeys and 69,535 tons of goods. The total revenue was £12,815 and the expenditure £11,583.

Some time after 1925 the Moss Litter Works near Cogie Hill crossing closed.

Closure
The line closed to passenger traffic from 31 March 1930.

The line continued to be used for goods for the time being, but the section from Knott End to Pilling was closed completely on 13 November 1950, followed by the Pilling to Garstang Town section, which closed on 31 July 1963, The short section to Garstang Town continued in use for two more years until closure came on 16 August 1965.

1 mi of the route near Knott End is now a footpath. Several crossing keepers' cottages along the line still stand as private residences.

Locomotives

 * 1870: Black, Hawthorn 0-4-2ST Hebe
 * 1874: Manning Wardle 0-4-0ST Union
 * 1875: Hudswell Clarke 0-6-0ST Farmer's Friend (alias "Pilling Pig")
 * 1885: Hudswell Clarke 0-6-0ST Hope
 * 1897: Hudswell Clarke 0-6-0ST Jubilee Queen
 * 1900: Hudswell Clarke 0-6-0ST New Century
 * 1908: Manning Wardle 0-6-0T Knott End
 * 1909: Manning Wardle 2-6-0T Blackpool (fitted with Isaacson's patent valve gear)

Station list

 * Garstang & Catterall; main line station opened 26 June 1840 as Garstang; renamed Garstang & Catterall 1881; alternative of Garstang Junction also used; closed 3 February 1969;
 * Garstang Town; opened 5 December 1870; opened 5 December 1870 as Garstang; closed 11 March 1872; reopened 17 May 1875; renamed Garstang Town 2 June 1924; closed 31 March 1930;
 * Winmarleigh; opened 5 December 1870; closed 11 March 1872; reopened 17 May 1875; renamed Nateby 1 January 1902; closed 31 March 1930;
 * Cogie Hill; opened 5 December 1870; closed 11 March 1872; reopened 17 May 1875; closed 31 March 1930;
 * Cockerham Cross; opened 5 December 1870; closed 11 March 1872; reopened 17 May 1875; closed 31 March 1930;
 * Garstang Road Halt; opened October 1923; closed 31 March 1930;
 * Pilling; opened 5 December 1870; closed 11 March 1872; reopened 17 May 1875; closed 31 March 1930; occasionally referred to locally as Stakepool in early days;
 * Carr Lane; opened July 1921; closed 31 March 1930;
 * Preesall; opened 3 August 1908; closed 31 March 1930;
 * Knott End; opened 3 August 1908; closed 31 March 1930.

title: Garstang and Knot-End Railway


text:
Povalikha

Povalikha (Повалиха) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Povalikhinsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 3,089 as of 2013. There are 37 streets.

Geography
Povalikha is located 26 km northwest of Novoaltaysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kazachy is the nearest rural locality.

title: Povalikha


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Federal monarchy

A federal monarchy, in the strict sense, is a federation of states with a single monarch as overall head of the federation, but retaining different monarchs, or having a non-monarchical system of government, in the various states joined to the federation.

As a term in political science
The term was introduced into English political and historical discourse by Edward Augustus Freeman, in his History of Federal Government (1863). Freeman himself thought a federal monarchy only possible in the abstract.

Historically
Historically, the most prominent example of a federal monarchy in the Western world was the German Empire (1871–1918) and, to a lesser extent, its predecessors (North German Confederation and German Confederation). The head of state of the federation was a monarch, the German Emperor, who was also head of state of the largest constituent part to the federation as King of Prussia; other constituent monarchies, such as the kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg and various grand duchies, duchies and principalities, retained their own monarchs and armies. Besides the 23 monarchies (22 constituent monarchies and the German emperor) there were also three republican city-states – Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck – and Alsace-Lorraine, a semi-autonomous republic since 1912.

In the Eastern Hemisphere, an example is the system of government in India in the 3rd century BCE Maurya Empire, where regional rulers appointed by the emperor headed the regional administration that governed the distant regions of the empire. It was revived in 16th century under the rule of Mughal Emperor Akbar, in which the subahs (other than Delhi) were controlled by subahdars appointed by the emperor and the regional kings. The emperor himself supervised the regional rulers and thus personally looked after the welfare of his people. The Sikh Empire of Punjab was also a federal monarchy in which misldars and rajas controlled their respective misls and kingdoms under the Maharaja of Punjab.

The concept played a role in political debates in Italy and Austria-Hungary in the nineteenth century and in Yugoslavia in the twentieth century, but it was not put into effect in any of the cases. For example, modern Italy had not unified until Risorgimento of the late 19th century, with the several smaller kingdoms, duchies, republics, etc., each headed by a different dynasty or ruling class, being disestablished in favor of a unitary monarchy under the house of Savoy.

Currently
Currently, the term can be applied in the fullest sense to the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia. In both, the head of state of the entire federation is selected from among the heads of states (Emir, Sultan or Raja, respectively) who rule the constituent states of the federation.

While not officially declared as such, Spain has been referred to as a federal monarchy, due to having many autonomous communities helmed by presidents who all answer to the Spanish crown. Officially, Spain is a unitary state displaying a high degree of devolution.

Several Communities, regions and language areas constitute the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state with a constitutional monarchy.

List of federal monarchies
There are currently only two countries which qualify as federal monarchies in the sense of this article, where the sovereign of the nation is different from the sovereign of the constituent states.

title: Federal monarchy


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stochastically

Etymology

.

Adverb

 * 1) In a stochastic manner; by means of a process involving a randomly determined sequence of events.

Translations

 * Finnish: stokastisesti
 * Galician: estocasticamente
 * Greek:
 * Italian:

title: stochastically


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Henry Plater-Zyberk (2nd nomination)

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 18:55, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Henry Plater-Zyberk

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

 * I think this page fails BLP notability guidelines. He is a lecturer. I do not see RS about him. He has a number of publications and citations, but they hardly qualify him as someone notable. Here is previous AfD. My very best wishes (talk) 23:42, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:12, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete. Citation record too low for WP:PROF and there seems to be nothing else. Note however that "senior lecturer" is a British academic job title more or less corresponding to "associate professor" in the US; unlike lecturers in the US, having this job title should not create a presumption of non-notability. —David Eppstein (talk) 18:24, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete. Citations on GS give h-index of 5. Not enough for WP:Prof. Nothing else. Xxanthippe (talk) 22:24, 22 September 2017 (UTC).
 * I agree, but just out of curiosity, which value of h-index would be sufficient? My very best wishes (talk) 00:01, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * That is a very significant question about which there has been vast debate in the archives of Wikipedia talk:Notability (academics). It depends on the subject. Judging by precedent, I would say that an index of at least 10 would be needed to be competitive here, i.e. WP:Too soon. Xxanthippe (talk) 00:11, 23 September 2017 (UTC).
 * After looking through this discussion, it seems the entire idea of using formal metrics is partly problematic. Yes, someone with low h-index is definitely not notable. However, even someone with a high h-index may not deserve a page if he is not significantly and in depth covered in secondary RS. My very best wishes (talk) 14:14, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * High h-index is always sufficient to pass PROF 1. Refereed publications qualify as RS, though primary, so they can be used to source minimal info to at least flesh-out a stub. However, low h-index does not necessarily imply non-notability, for obvious reasons. As Xxan said, this has been discussed for years here. Informal, though long-standing consensus seems to be that 10 to 15 is the borderline range, though in some high-citation fields, like most branches of the biomedical sciences, 20 or 25 might be more like the minimum. Anything below 10 is usually taken as TOOSOON when there are no other independent notability contributors. Agricola44 (talk) 15:37, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete does not meet the notability criteria for academics.John Pack Lambert (talk) 15:27, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not seem to pass any PROF criteria. Agricola44 (talk) 15:37, 25 September 2017 (UTC)


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Minister for Building and Construction (New Zealand)

The Minister for Building and Construction is a minister in the New Zealand Government with responsibility for the government's building, construction and housing programmes. The position was established in 2004 as the Minister for Building Issues.

The present Minister is Chris Penk, a member of the National Party.

Responsibilities and powers
The minister's responsibilities include the regulation of the building and construction sector, including setting the performance requirements for buildings and building products. The portfolio is administered by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.

The primary legislation for the portfolio is the Building Act 2004, which sets out the rules for the construction, alteration, demolition and maintenance of new and existing buildings in New Zealand. The minister also oversees the regulation of engineers, plumbers, gasfitters, drainlayers and architects.

History
In 2004, following its 2003 review of the housing sector amid the leaky homes crisis, the Fifth Labour Government announced plans to reconfigure government services related to building and housing. A new Department of Building and Housing was created by disestablishing the existing Ministry of Housing and transferring relevant functions from the Ministry of Economic Development, Department of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Social Development. The new agency was to report to two Ministers: the Minister of Housing (an existing role) and the new Minister of Building Issues.

It had been suggested that John Tamihere, an Associate Minister of Commerce who had overseen the passage of the Building Act 2004, would be named Building Minister; however, he resigned from Cabinet in October 2004 and Commerce Minister Margaret Wilson was named the inaugural Minister of Building Issues instead.

The portfolio was renamed Minister of Building and Construction in 2007. In 2014, it was amalgamated with the housing portfolio (as Minister of Building and Housing); this was reversed in 2016 with housing responsibility now sitting with the Minister for Social Housing.

List of ministers

 * Key

Table footnotes:


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Hamish Macdonald (rugby union)

Hamish Hugh Macdonald (born 11 January 1947) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. A lock, Macdonald represented Poverty Bay, Canterbury, and North Auckland at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1972 to 1976. He played 48 matches for the All Blacks including 12 internationals.

title: Hamish Macdonald (rugby union)


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Keisuke Uchida

Keisuke Uchida (内田 啓介) (born 22 February 1992 in Kyoto) is a Japanese rugby union player.

title: Keisuke Uchida


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invocate

Etymology
Borrowed from ;, past participle of. See.

Verb

 * 1) To implore or invoke.
 * 2) To conjure up or summon.
 * 1) To conjure up or summon.
 * 1) To conjure up or summon.
 * 1) To conjure up or summon.

title: invocate


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Talk:Operación Triunfo (Spanish TV series)

Just to point out that 'Gisela' link directs the surfer to an article about a person who has nothing to do with her.

I have added a new article about her it is just a translation from the spanish webpage, since it is my first article I would be interesting if someone with experience could check it out

Change separate article titles from 'series' to 'Spanish season'
Hello. I request that separate article titles get moved from series to Spanish season. The reason I made this request is because the only European countries that use series to describe a collection of television episodes are the United Kingdom and Ireland.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:22, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

Source for change: Sentences from this source:
 * The Spanish broadcaster has now announced that the auditions for the next season of Operación Triunfo will begin in October.
 * The broadcaster has not yet confirmed whether this season of Operación Triunfo will be used to select the next Spanish Eurovision act.

Second attempt change separate article titles from 'series' to 'Spanish season'
Hello. I request that separate article titles for each edition of Operación Triunfo get moved from series to Spanish season. I'm requesting this because series is a British term and Operación Triunfo is a TV show that originated in Spain.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:25, 28 August 2022 (UTC)


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Talk:Caroline King Duer

Year of birth and date of death?
The article lists 1865 as Duer's year of birth, but the linked New York Times reference says she died at the age of 89 in January 1956, which would put her year of birth closer to 1867 rather than 1865 (assuming that the New York Times have the correct age listed). Additionally the reference is dated Monday January 23, 1956 and states that "died Saturday at her home", which would indicate the date of death should be Saturday January 21, 1956 rather than what the Wikipedia article currently states as 23 January. Any thoughts? TubularWorld (talk) 10:39, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caroline King Duer


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Yao Yizhong

Yao Yizhong (280–352), posthumously honored as Emperor Jingyuan, was a Qiang military general of the Later Zhao dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Starting out as a refugee leader during the Disaster of Yongjia, Yizhong later submitted to Later Zhao in 329, where he became a favorite general of the state's third ruler, Shi Hu. As Zhao collapsed in 350, he sided with Shi Zhi against the Ran Wei breakaway state, becoming one of Shi Zhi's top commanders, but ultimately could not prevent the state’s demise. After his death in 352, his fifth son Yao Xiang led his family to join the Jin dynasty (266–420) before becoming a roving warlord in the Central Plains. Yizhong's twenty-fourth son, Yao Chang, would go on to establish the Later Qin dynasty and posthumously honor him as an emperor in 384.

Background and early career
Yao Yizhong was a Qiang chieftain from Chiting county, Nan'an commandery (赤亭, 南安郡; southeast of present-day Longxi County, Gansu). His family claimed to be descendants of Yu the Great and had a long conflicting history with the Han dynasty. His ancestor, Tianyu (填虞) harassed the western regions during the time of Emperor Guangwu of Han's reign between 57 and 58 AD but was eventually driven out by the general Ma Wu. Yizhong's great-great-great-grandfather was Qianna (遷那), who submitted to Han and moved in to what became Yizhong's birthplace. Yizhong's father Yao Kehui (姚柯回) served Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period as General Who Conquers The West, Colonel Who Organizes The Rong and Protector of the Western Qiang. In his youth, Yizhong was characterised as dutiful and well-respected all around.

In 312, a year after the Disaster of Yongjia, Yao Yizhong moved to Yumei (榆眉; east of present-day Qianyang County, Shaanxi) and set his base, where he opened himself to provide shelter to refugees from the east. He attracted thousands of both tribal and Han refugees wishing to escape the chaos. Soon, he proclaimed himself as the Duke of Fufeng, Inspector of Yongzhou and Colonel Who Protects the Qiang. After the emperor of Han-Zhao, Liu Yao defeated the rebel Chen An in 323, Liu Yao formally appointed him as General Who Pacifies the West and Duke of Pingxiang.

Service under Shi Le
After Han-Zhao was conquered by its rival state, Later Zhao, Yizhong submitted to the Later Zhao general Shi Hu. Yizhong advised Shi Hu to relocate the strong and influential families of Longshang (隴上; north of present-day Shaanxi and west of present-day Gansu) to the region surrounding their capital, Xiangguo. This, according to Yizhong, would keep the families in check while also strengthening the capital. Shi Hu considered his suggestion and persuaded his uncle, Zhao's ruler, Shi Le, to award Yizhong with the offices of General Who Maintains The West and Commander of the Left of the Six Tribes.

In 330, the Jin rebel Zu Yue involved in Su Jun's rebellion fled to Later Zhao, seeking their protection. Shi Le entertained him initially but deep down he was not fond of Zu Yue, and even his close advisor Cheng Xia urged him to execute him and his family, believing that they could not be trusted. Yao Yizhong supported Cheng Xia's idea, sending Shi Le a memorial that states, "Zu Yue was a rebellious thief in Jin who drove the Empress Dowager to death and was not loyal to his lord. Yet, Your Majesty continues to spoil him, and your ministers fear this will sprout into chaos. This is just the beginning." Shi Le took their advices and executed Zu Yue along with his family.

Service under Shi Hong and Shi Hu
Shi Le died in 333, leaving the throne to his son Shi Hong. However, not long after Shi Le's death, Shi Hu seized the government in a coup and made Shi Hong a puppet emperor. Shi Hu acted out Yizhong's early suggestion of moving the powerful families of Longshang to the capital region and appointed Yizhong Grand Commander of the Western Qiang, relocating him and thousands of families from the west to Shetou (灄頭; southeast of present-day Zaoqiang County, Hebei), Qinghe Commandery.

The following year, Shi Hu killed Shi Hong and declared himself "Regent Heavenly King". Yizhong was not pleased with what had happened, so he feigned illness to avoid needing to congratulate Shi Hu. He was eventually forced to in the end, and when the two finally met, Yizhong sternly criticised him for what he had done to Shi Hong. Shi Hu defended himself by saying that Shi Hong was too young for a ruler and would not be able to handle affairs. Yizhong was not satisfied with Shi Hu's answer, but at the same time, Shi Hu did not dare to punish Yizhong. Eventually, Yizhong came to accept Shi Hong's fate.

In 338, he served as the Champion General during the Later Zhao and Murong tribe's joint campaign on the Duan tribe in Liaoxi. During the campaign, he and Zhi Xiong commanded the vanguard with 70,000 troops to attack Duan Liao. In 345, he was made Credential Bearer and Grand Champion General and given command over ten commanderies and the Six Tribes.

Yizhong stood out in Shi Hu court for being both humble yet very blunt with his words, his most notable habit being that he referred to everyone, including Shi Hu, as "you (汝; rǔ)" rather than their respective titles when talking to them. Shi Hu greatly valued him and put aside any judgement when it came to him. On major discussions, Shi Hu always gave Yizhong the final say on what was to be carried out, and the ministers all feared him because of this. Despite Shi Hu's flattery, Yizhong remained stern and strict when it came to the law. On one occasion, the brother of Shi Hu's favorite concubine, Zuo Wei (左尉), trespassed into his camp and harassed the soldiers. Yizhong eventually caught him and, despite Zuo Wei's relations, was set to have him executed for his crimes. Zuo Wei was said to have kowtowed relentlessly until his head began to bleed. Yizhong's subordinate urged him to let him off, and so Yizhong did.

Liang Du's Rebellion
In 349, Shi Hu had chosen Shi Shi as his new heir and declared himself Heavenly King, but a crisis struck Zhao when Shi Hu was granting out amnesty. He had left out the guards of one of his sons, Shi Xuan (石宣), who were exiled to Liaodong after Xuan was executed for killing his younger brother, Shi Tao (石韜) and attempting to assassinate his father. The guards rallied under their captain Liang Du (梁犢) and marched south to capture Luoyang, defeating many generals in their way. The rebels' victories shocked Shi Hu so much that he was driven to illness.

As the rebels approached Luoyang, Shi Hu ordered his son, Shi Bin (石斌) to quell the rebellion together with Yizhong and Pu Hong. Before leaving to face them, Yizhong visited the capital to personally meet with Shi Hu. As Shi Hu was sick, he refused to come out and instead had Yizhong treated with food at the royal table. Yizhong was furious and demanded Shi Hu to meet him at once. After Shi Hu finally came out to see him, Yizhong said to him:

"Is your dead son [Shi Xuan] the source of your worries? It's even having you sick! When your children were young, you failed to get good people to teach them, so they grew up looking to kill each other. Your son had his faults, but punishing his subordinates was too far, and that's why they rebelled. You have been ill for a long time, and your heir is still a child. If something bad were to happen, the world will be thrown into chaos, so worry about this rather than those rebels. Their desire to return home had turned Liang Du and his men into treacherous thieves, and their wicked acts alone warrants their capture. This old Qiang requests a fervent vanguard to deal with them in one fell swoop."

Shi Hu immediately made Yizhong Commissioner Bearing Credentials, Palace Attendant, and General Who Conquers The West. He also gifted Yizhong an armoured horse without formality or ceremony as Yizhong disliked them. Before embarking, he said to Shi Hu, "Observe, do you think this Old Qiang will smash these rebels?" He wore his armour and mounted his new steed before leaving without any further say. Yizhong joined the Grand Commander Shi Bin at Xingyang, where he took Liang Du's head and destroyed the remaining rebel forces. With the rebellion crushed, Shi Hu awarded Yizhong with the title Duke of Xiping Commandery.

Reign of Shi Shi and Shi Zun
Despite the rebellion's demise, Shi Hu's body had taken a toll on him and he would die shortly after in 349. He was succeeded by his preteen son Shi Shi as expected but many including Yao Yizhong were angry that actual power was held by Empress Dowager Liu and the Prime Minister Zhang Chai in the court. This was made worse when Liu and Zhang sent an army to kill the Minister of Works, Li Nong. While returning from their campaign against Liang Du, Yizhong and other prominent generals such as Pu Hong and Shi Min conspired with Shi Shi's half-brother, Shi Zun at Licheng (李城; in present-day Wen County, Henan) to overthrow Shi Shi and his regents. Later, Shi Zun took the capital and executed Shi Shi, the Empress Dowager and Zhang Chai along with their followers, proclaiming himself as the new emperor.

Shi Zun did not last a year however, as he was executed following a coup by Shi Min, the adopted Han Chinese grandson of Shi Hu, who had found out of Zun's plans to kill him. Shi Min and his ally Li Nong installed Zun's brother Shi Jian as the new emperor, but power was virtually held by the duo. Shi Jian's brother, Shi Zhi, who was positioned in Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xingtai, Hebei) called for a coalition against Shi Min and Li Nong. Among those who joined the coalition was Yizhong, who rose in Shetou.

Wei-Zhao War
The following year, Yao Yizhong camped at Hunqiao (混橋) to campaign against Shi Min (now named Ran Min). His sons Yao Yi (姚益) and Yao Ruo (姚若) managed to escape Yecheng and joined their father. Yizhong and the Di general Pu Hong both wanted the strategic position of Guanyou (關右, west of present-day Tongguan County, Shaanxi). Yizhong sent his fifth son, Yao Xiang to capture it but Pu Hong routed him and occupied the area. Meanwhile, Shi Zhi formally declared himself as emperor after Shi Jian was killed by Ran Min, and Yizhong was appointed as his Prime Minister of the Right. Meanwhile, Yizhong chose Yao Xiang as his heir due to the popular support that Xiang was receiving.

Ran Min eventually besieged Xiangguo, and Shi Zhi desperately called Yizhong for help. Yizhong sent Yao Xiang to lift the siege, but not before asking him to swear that he would capture Ran Min, and contacted the state of Former Yan to send reinforcements. Former Yan sent Yue Wan and together with Yao Xiang and Shi Kun (石琨), they attacked Ran Min from three sides, dealing him a major defeat. However, Ran Min managed to escape, and after Yao Xiang's return, Yizhong had him flogged for not fulfilling his promise.

Shi Zhi and his ministers were later assassinated by a defector named Liu Xian, allowing Ran Min to occupy the city. With the emperor dead, Yao Yizhong decided to submit to the Jin dynasty. Jin received his surrender and appointed him Grand Chanyu.

Death and posthumous honours
In 352, Yao Yizhong grew deathly ill. He advised his sons to serve the Jin dynasty, as the Shi clan with the recent deaths of its last members under Shi Kun was no more. Yizhong died shortly after at the age of 72 and was succeeded by Yao Xiang, who marched with his followers south to formally join Jin. Although Yao Xiang served Jin for a while, he claimed independence after his ally Yin Hao grew suspicious of him and tried to kill him. Yao Xiang carried his father's coffin around until he was killed in battle in 357 when fighting Former Qin forces. Former Qin's emperor Fu Sheng ordered that Yizhong’s body be buried as a prince in Ji County (冀縣, present-day Gangu County, Gansu), Tianshui. When his 24th son, Yao Chang, became emperor of Later Qin in 386, Yizhong was posthumously named Emperor Jingyuan.

title: Yao Yizhong


text:
Botany/Plant reproduction laboratory seed

A monocot seedling
The photograph at the right shows two germinating seeds. These are seeds of the fan palm, Pritchardia remota, a species found naturally only on (endemic to) the remote island of Nihoa in the Hawaiian islands. The seed on the left is in the proper orientation in the planting medium (only a part of the fruit coat covering the seed is visible), while the one on the right (in a slightly earlier stage) has been laid on the surface in order to better reveal development of the root. The following structures are labeled:
 * co - coleoptile or shoot pole of plant axis; essentially a cap within which the plumule (first leaf) is developing, to eventually project through as in the seedling on the left.
 * ra - radicle; primordial root or root pole of axis (note tiny root cap), buried in the medium in the seedling on the left.
 * sc - scuttelum; that part of the cotyledon that remains inside the seed to absorb food stored in an endosperm.

([[media:Monocot_seedling.jpg|enlarge to examine]]).

<< Return to Chapter 5


text:
Talk:Mohini Bhasmasura

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Mohini Bhasmasura


text:
User:MathiasLorbeer

About Me
I am Mathias and study reproductive biology at the University of Edinburgh. My research focuses on the role of mRNA-binding proteins during pregnancy.

Things I like

 * Photography
 * Travel
 * Food

title: User:MathiasLorbeer


text:
Portuguese/Contents/Regular verbs

<< Portuguese:Contents

Regular verbs are verbs that have a normal pattern used in giving tense to the verbs. This is as apposed to irregular verbs, which have their own individual ways of adding tense.

Verb endings
Verbs in Portuguese end in 3 different suffixes. These suffixes are -ar, -er, and -ir. These suffixes determine how the verb's tenses are handled.

Tenses
The following are sections dedicated to the different tenses used for regular verbs:
 * Present tense regular verbs
 * Future tense regular verbs
 * Imperfect tense regular verbs
 * Preterite tense regular verbs (Simple Past)

Regular verbs
Here is a list of some common regular verbs, along with their meanings:

 * amar - to love
 * beber - to drink
 * cantar - to sing
 * chegar - to arrive
 * comer - to eat
 * comprar - to buy
 * conhecer - to know (as in being acquainted with)
 * correr - to run
 * dormir - to sleep
 * estudar - to study
 * falar - to speak
 * ficar - to become, to stay, or to remain
 * partir - to leave
 * vender - to sell
 * viver - to live

title: Portuguese/Contents/Regular verbs


text:
Talk:Denny Méndez

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 11:12, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Denny Méndez


text:
Amadeus

Etymology
. From +.

Translations

 * Faroese: Amadeus
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Latin: Amadeus
 * Malay: Imadiyat
 * Marathi: आमाडेअस
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: Amadeu
 * Sicilian: Amideu
 * Spanish:

Usage notes
Patronymics
 * son of Amadeus: Amadeusarson or Amadeusson
 * daughter of Amadeus: Amadeusardóttir or Amadeusdóttir

title: Amadeus