text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nigel Griggs

The result was keep. (non-admin closure)  Oxon Alex    - talk  14:08, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

Nigel Griggs

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Another former Split Enz member that fails WP:GNG and WP:NMUSIC. Stefka Bulgaria (talk) 12:38, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. Stefka Bulgaria (talk) 12:38, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of England-related deletion discussions. North America1000 13:07, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep. Member of several notable bands, satisfying WP:NMUSIC criterion 6. There are sources available, e.g., , , and no doubt quite a bit in the various books on Split Enz and Crowded House. --Michig (talk) 18:18, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep as per passing WP:NMUSIC together with the reliable sources book coverage identified above that means there is no valid reason for deletion imv, Atlantic306 (talk) 23:01, 27 September 2019 (UTC)


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User:MinorProphet/Draft subpages/Beethoven's funeral

Sources and list of attendees
Contemporary accounts of the funeral and some of the history of the list of attendees:
 * 1) First account I can find appeared in Der Sammler (Vienna), April 1827.
 * 2) An abridged version of the funeral and list of mourners appeared in the Harmonicon (London), May 1827, plus letters from Beethoven about the Philharmonic Society's gift of £100.
 * 3) Published with "corrections" in June 1829 in the intro to Seyfried's arrangement of the 3 Equals nos. 1 & 3 (settings of the Miserere), and No. 2 (the Grillparzer setting, performed at the 1st anniversary, 1828) pub. Haslinger. See also Allgemeine Musikalischer Anzeiger, March 1829, p. 45
 * 4) An abbreviated account similar to the Seyfried/Haslinger intro appeared in the Harmonicon, 1830 p. 444 plus the music for Nos. 1 & 3. with new English words
 * 5) Almost the full list appeared in Appendix XI of the 1841 English edition of Schindler's Life of Beethoven with Moscheles' name on the title page, and no mention of Schindler. Schindler was understandably less than happy. A revised German edition appeared soon after. Translated & published in New York, e.g.
 * 6) A very truncated list appeared in the 1921 Thayer/Krebhiel biography.
 * 7) The complete list from Der Sammler doesn't seem to have been collated and printed in full until 2000.

Death
Realising that Beethoven was dying, Anton Schindler commissioned a poem from the poet Franz Grillparzer, a friend of Schubert. "When Schindler had arrived at my apartment to commission the oration, I was shattered by the news he bore me. I hadn't even known the composer was ill. Scarcely had I begun to work on the second half when Schindler came back on the following day to collect what he had ordered, for Beethoven had died."

Beethoven's publisher Tobias Haslinger, who owned the MS of Beethoven's Three Equals for four trombones, WoO 30, asked Ignaz Seyfried for a chorale based on the music, which resulted in arrangements of Nos. 1 & 3. NB + copy & sources re arrangements from Equales.

Beethoven died on Monday, 26 March 1827, at the Schwarzspanierhaus, (now 15 Schwarzspanierstraße), in the Alsergrund. An autopsy was held the following morning by Dr. Johann Wagner. A death mask was made on 28 March, and the body was placed in an oak coffin.

Funeral
The funeral took place in the afternoon of 29th March 1827. The music was played in accordance with the regulations of the Catholic Church governing the use of music in churches. "For first-class funerals, the arrival of the clergy will be announced by a short mourning-music (Equale) played on trombones or other wind instruments. This will mark the beginning of the funeral service. After this, the funeral procession will set out, again suitably announced by mourning music by a wind band. During the procession, this shall be played alternately with a three- or four-voice choral Miserere until arrival at the entrance of the church or graveyard, where the benediction of the Requiem aeternam is sung. After the benediction and common prayer, a mourning motet is sung." These assorted rules were only gathered together the following year with the publication of Kirchenmusik-Ordnung (1828), ('Church music regulations') by Franz Xaver Glöggl, director of music in Linz and its cathedral (Stadt- und Domkapellmeister). Glöggl had commissioned some tower music for trombones from Beethoven in Linz in 1812, which has come down to us as the Three Equals for four trombones, WoO 30.

The coffin was placed under an awning in the courtyard at the back of the house, which opened onto a park. See map.

 * Zeller
 * Military assistance - barracks
 * Preparations - LvB.s body & coffin
 * Vast crowds - somewhat uncontrollable - perhaps 10,000 (or 20,000?) - approx 10% of the whole population of Vienna (100-200,000) c1825 - check
 * There were so many people that the gate into the courtyard at the rear was closed. See map.
 * Ceremonies began at 3pm.
 * 9 priests - prayers - B. A. Weber chorale by eight singers
 * Coffin brought out to the front of the house. Procession assembled. Full mourning attire - crepe flowers (roses? lilies?). Wax torches.
 * Richly decorated pall - provided by an infantry regiment? - tips or cords held by Kapellmeisters.
 * Some people, like LvB's brother Johann and Breuning only finding their place with difficulty because of the press of onlookers.
 * Procession moved off, with the trombones and choir alternating Nos. 1 & 3 of the Equals.

Funeral procession
The cross-bearer;

The brothers Böck, Weidl, and Tuschke;
 * Trombone players

The choirmaster/Kapellmeister, Ignaz Aßmayer and, under his direction, a choir of 16 singers:.
 * Choir

 * Tenors: 1 Tietze, 2 Schnitzer, 3 Gross, 4 Sikora, 5 Frühwald, 6 Geissler, 7 Rathmeyer, 8 Kokrement,
 * Basses: 9 Fuchs, 10 Nejebse, 11 Ziegler, 12 Perschl, 13 Leidl, 14 Weinkopf, 15 Pfeiffer, and 16 Seipelt;

The high clergy;

Eight principal singers of the Royal and Imperial Court Opera carried the coffin: 1. Eichberger, 2. Schuster, 3. Cramolini, 4. A. Müller, 5. Hoffmann, 6. Rupprecht, 7. Borschitzky, and 8. Anton Wranitzky (fils)
 * Coffin-bearers

Eight Kapellmeisters held the white cords attached to the pall.
 * Pall-cord holders
 * l1. Weigl   *r1. Eybler
 * l2. Gyrowetz   *r2. Hummel
 * l3. Gänsbacher    *r3. Seyfried
 * l4. Würfel   *r4. Kreutzer;

(in alphabetical order): 1. Anschütz, 2. Bernard, 3. Blahetka, 4. Jos. Böhm, 5. Castelli, 6. Karl Czerny, 7. Signore David [or possibly Giovanni David, his "roulade-monger" son], 8. Konrad Graf, 9. Grillparzer, 10. Grünbaum, 11. Haslinger, 12. Hildebrand, 13. Holz, 14. Katter, 15. Krall, 16. Sig. Lablache, 17. Baron Lannoy, 18. Linke, 19. Mayseder, 20. Mechetti, 21. Meier, 22, Mr. Meric (Gatte der Mad. Lalande), 23. Merk, 24. Signore Pacini, 25. Piringer,  26. Radichi, 27. Raimund, 28. Riotte, 29. Schickh, 30. Schmiedl, 31. Schoberlechner, 32. Schubert, 33. Schuppanzigh, 34. Steiner, 35. Streicher, 36. Weidman, 37. Weiss, 38. Wolfmeyer;
 * Torch-bearers

In the 1894 obituary of Benedict Randhartinger, the following phrase appears: "He had a brother, Joseph, of whom nothing is known except that he was one of the torchbearers at Beethoven's funeral."
 * Claimed torch-bearer
 * Joseph Randhartinger

According to the following account, Joseph R. was at the funeral in Währing, for he retired afterwards to a de:Weinstube with Schubert and Franz Lachner for a drink:
 * "Schubert accompagna Beethoven à sa dernière demeure, au cimetière de Währing. Au retour, entrant avec deux amis, Franz Lachner et Joseph Randhartiger dans une « weinstube », il fit remplir trois verres ; il but une première fois à la mémoire du grand homme auquel les derniers honneurs venaient d'être rendus ; puis, versant une seconde rasade, il but à celui des trois 	amis qui mourrait le premier. Une année à peine s'était écoulée que Schubert s'endormait de son dernier sommeil. Conformément à son plus cher désir, il fut inhumé au cimetière de Währing, près de la tombe de Beethoven."

According to another source, however, their companion was Benedict Randhartiger, Joseph's brother.

 * Benedict Randhartiger
 * Benedict Randhartiger was the teacher of Liszt. He went to the Konvictschule like Schubert, then the pupil of Salieri. Studied law, then secretary to Count Szechenyi, an officer of the Imperial Court. <!- No, that was Alberto Randegger

 * The obituary says that in 1823, BR was in the room with Schubert, who was looking at BR's volume of poems by W. Mueller. BR was called out of the room, and when he returned FS was gone with the pomes (penyeach). The next day he went back to FS's for his book, which was returned to him along with the manuscript of Die Schöne Müllerin which Schubert had composed overnight.

 * According to the obituary, Benedict Randhartiger was Schubert's only real friend to visit Schubert "in the terrible loneliness of the great musician's illness." This may be one of those fanciful agglomerations which encrust the histories of great musicians.

 * He sang tenor in the kk Hofopera from 1836. Then vice Kapellmeister in 1844, and succeeded Ignaz Aßmayer (who was only a lowly organist when he conducted the choir at the funeral in 1827) as Kapellmeister in 1862.

illustrious and enlightened amateurs, count Moriz von Dietrichstein, Moritz, Prince of Dietrichstein and the Privy Counsellors (Geheimer Rat) von Mosel and Brauning (LvB's childhood friend and executor); Beethoven's brother; the pupils of the Conservatory; the students of the thoroughbass teacher at St. Anna's, Herr Kapellmeister Drechsler, etc. Freiherr von Schlechta de:Franz Xaver Schlechta von Wschehrd
 * Other mourners

Service and burial

 * Arrived at the church - bier placed at the high altar. Prayers said. Seyfried's Libera me was sung. (NB Printed in appendix to B's General Bass.)

 * Coffin placed on a four-in-hand ceremonial hearse, and drove off to the Hoffried Währing Cemetery. Many carriages followed it out across the custom-line.
 * Picnic drama at the Währing brook.
 * At the gates of the cemetery, Heinrich Anschütz, kk Court Actor, recited a funeral oration written by Grillparzer in B's memory.
 * Some accounts say only a few select mourners were allowed in. Other accounts say it was crowded.
 * Interment
 * Haslinger handed three laurel wreaths to Hummel, Court Kapellmeister of the Grand-Duchy of Weimar, who lowered them on to the coffin. B's close friends remained until the earth was levelled off.
 * Watch placed on the grave after suspicions of grave-robbing were brought to light.

Aftermath
Johann Baptist Krall, aged c23 when he carried one of the torches in the procession, became a member of the board of directors of the Wiener Singverein in 1858. In 1863, at the instigation of Krall and Joseph Hellmesberger, Sr., the board of directors of the Gesellschaft der Musik decided to exhume the graves of Schubert and Beethoven, in order to prevent further decomposition and at the same time to establish their resting places in a “worthy manner”. On Friday morning, 23 October 1863, the remains of both composers were reburied in newly constructed vaults in the Währing Cemetery.

"En 1888, les restes de Schubert furent transportés de Währing au cimetière central à Vienne dans le monument que nous reproduisons on p. 118."

Music played

 * In the courtyard:
 * B. A. Weber (Bernhard Anselm Weber) - a chorale from his incidental music for Schiller's play William Tell (play).
 * From LvB's house to the church
 * Seyfried's arrangement for trombones of the funeral march from Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 17,Op. 26. It was later published as Beethoven's Begräbniss, setting words by Alois Jeitteles, who furnished the words for ''An die ferne Geliebte.
 * Nos. 1 & 3 from Three Equals for four trombones, WoO 30, played by the trombones, alternating with arrangements by Seyfried for 4-part men's chorus, setting verses 1 and 3 from the Miserere.
 * In the church
 * Ignaz von Seyfried - arrangement for unaccompanied 4-part men's chorus of Libera Me, originally written for performance with organ during Mozart's Requiem.

Contemporary accounts

 * Volume 1·Volume 2
 * Two fewer pages than the 1841 Colburn ed.
 * Volume I·Volume II·Volume III
 * The German edition of Thayer's book, edited and expanded by Hugo Riemann, doesn't expand on Thayer's very selective list of mourners, but contains the full text of Grillparzer's oration, hastily scribbled down for Haslinger?
 * Volume 1·Volume 2
 * Two fewer pages than the 1841 Colburn ed.
 * Volume I·Volume II·Volume III
 * The German edition of Thayer's book, edited and expanded by Hugo Riemann, doesn't expand on Thayer's very selective list of mourners, but contains the full text of Grillparzer's oration, hastily scribbled down for Haslinger?
 * The German edition of Thayer's book, edited and expanded by Hugo Riemann, doesn't expand on Thayer's very selective list of mourners, but contains the full text of Grillparzer's oration, hastily scribbled down for Haslinger?

 * The funeral itself, pp 493-6
 * The funeral itself, pp 493-6

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Spit cake

A spit cake is a European-styled cake made with layers of dough or batter deposited, one at a time, onto a tapered cylindrical rotating spit. The dough is baked by an open fire or a special oven, rotisserie-style. Generally, spit cakes are associated with celebrations such as weddings and Christmas. The spit can be dipped in a thin dough, or the dough can be poured or rolled on the spit.

This cake group may have originated in the classical era, around 400 BC, when similar large cakes were prepared on spits for Dionysiac feasts. In the Deipnosophistae, the Ancient Greek writer Athenaeus (c. 170 – c. 230) describes some of the bread, cakes, and pastries available in classical times. Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes, honey-and-oil bread, mushroom-shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds, and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit.

Preparation techniques
The cooking process is similar for all the spit cakes: they all consist of a dough applied on a spit which is slowly rotated over an open fire or other heat source. One way of doing this is when the spit is dipped several times in a bowl with liquid dough or the thin dough is poured on a spit. Depending on the dough's consistency and the spit's speed, it will form a layer on the spit, and when very runny, it will drop, thus producing small spikes, giving the cake a coral-like appearance. The resulting cake consists of many layers of cooked dough, and when cut is shown to consist of rings – hence another name, "tree cake".

Alternatively, the dough is wrapped around the spit as spiral threads. In some varieties of the cake, while they maintain the shape of the spit cake, the rings are actually baked separately and attached to each other with icing. Some spit cakes have a smooth surface. Others, like spettekaka and šakotis, have an irregular shape.

Varieties
Variations on the basic process are found in many countries and cultures; what they have in common is that the laborious and time-consuming process produces a cake suitable for special occasions, such as weddings or Christmas feasts. Some varieties are made with a dough with flowing paste while others use a more solid dough. In Austria, spit cakes are known as Prügelkrapfen; in Germany there are two varieties called Baumkuchen and Baumstriezel; in Hungary kürtőskalács; in Romania Kürtőskalács (also known as Colac/Cozonac secuiesc, or Baumstriezel); in the Czech Republic and Slovakia trdelník; in Sweden spettekaka; in Lithuania šakotis, bankuchenas or baumkuchenas; and in Poland sękacz.

Baumkuchen and Baumstriezel are German varieties of spit cake. Baumkuchen is prepared in the shape of a tree and is served sliced in rings that resemble tree rings, and thus gave the cake its German name, Baumkuchen, which translates as "tree cake". Baumstriezel is made of a batter made with yeast, and has a caramel crust while the Baumkuchen is not baked with yeast but with baking powder, and has no crust of caramelized sugar. Baumkuchen has as its ingredients eggs, marzipan, sugar, butter and flour. Baumkuchen is served plain or with white sugar icing or covered with chocolate. This type of cake is known in Austria as Prügelkrapfen and in Luxembourg called Baamkuch, traditionally served on special occasions, such as weddings. The Austrian Prügelkrapfen or Prügeltorte is a variety of spit cake with a liquid base dough poured on the spit.

Kürtőskalács is made of a dough made of wheat flour, egg, yeast, often extra egg yolks, milk, and butter, iced with sugar. The sugar will be caramelised, creating a hard, crisp brown layer on the cake's surface.

Its Slovak version is called trdelník or Skalický trdelník , and it was registered in December 2007 as PGI (protected geographical indication) in the European Union. The registration application with the detailed description of the product was published in April 2007 in the Official Journal of the European Union. It is made from rolled dough that is wrapped around a stick, then grilled and topped with sugar and walnut mix.

Šakotis is the Lithuanian traditional spit cake, It is a cake made with a loose dough of butter, eggs, flour, sugar, and cream, poured on the spit, forming  "stalactites" when dropping from the spit. In Lithuanian means "peaked" or "branchy" or "branched tree" due to its conical shape resembling a pine tree, and with the drips looking like the tree branches. It is baked in a time- and labor-intensive process, by pouring layers of dough onto a rotating spit in a special open oven or over an open fire.

Spettekaka is a traditional dessert of a Southern part of Sweden, mostly of Scania region and is an important part of culinary heritage. Spettekaka is different in that the dough is made of potato flour. The ingredients are potato starch flour, sugar and eggs. The rest of the process is similar, the thin dough forming layers when it is slowly poured onto a rotating cone shaped spit. The final layer of pink or white icing can be applied at the end of baking. The Spettekaka is a brittle and dry variety of this dessert, somewhat similar in consistency to meringue; it is light, airy and crisp. Those cakes range in size anywhere from a few inches to several feet in height and over a foot in diameter. Cutting Spettekaka with a regular knife is nearly impossible due to crumbling, therefore a special saw-like knife is used. During celebrations there is a tradition to cut out small rectangle windows from the sides of the cake, keeping the whole shape intact as long as possible.

title: Spit cake


text:
User:Tuj81082/sandbox

READY FOR GRADING/NO FEEDBACK GIVEN

"The media tends to popularize videos and social media posts to inform the country of the rising trouble, which may create a popular appeal to the young and immature minds of teenagers. Social media could provide higher risks with the promotion of different kinds of pro-suicidal sites, message boards, chat rooms, and forums. Also, the Internet not only reports suicide incidents but documents suicide methods (for example, suicide pacts, an agreement between two or more people to commit suicide at a particular time and often by the same lethal means). The role the Internet plays, particularly social media, in suicide-related behavior is a topic of growing interest."

''- This is the final paragraph if the intro. I added hyperlinks to some of the external topics.''

Social Media’s Influence on Suicide
Oftentimes, the media may portray suicidal behavior or language which can potentially influence people to act on these suicidal tendencies. Such examples may include news reports of actual suicides that have occured, television shows and films that reenact suicides or such behavior, suicidal readings, etcetera. Although this may affect all ages, younger individuals are more commonly impacted or influenced by this. An additional problem that the media fails to include regarding suicide is that they often extenuate the causes leading up to suicide. The main cause of suicide, mental illness, is the most untouched subject in the media. This is a vital issue that raised the discussion of how to fix it.

There lies the proposal to present guidelines for media that restrict what can be produced about suicide. Suggestions include refraining from disposing any dramatic displays of suicide, as well as promoting facts and emphasizing suicide’s main cause: mental health. Some concerns from the media regarding such ideas include a possible violation of freedom of speech, which is something to take into consideration. The most desirable approach to ensuring proper suicide prevention on social media would be to adequately train people with media professions about what to and what not to publish regarding this topic.

- This is an additional section I would add to the live page.

Social media has been a part of the internet that has expanded throughout the years. There are a variety of sources that are accessible to the public in various forms. Sites include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Youtube, Google+, Snapchat, TikTok, VSCO, and more. While these platforms intend to allow people to virtually connect with others, it has created a toxic environment that leads to cyberbullying, insecurity, emotional distress, and ultimately suicide.

- This paragraph will go in the first paragraph of the article that helps to give an introduction to the topic by including examples of social media platforms.

The social cognitive theory plays a vital role in suicide attempts influenced through social media. This theory is demonstrated when one is influenced by what they see through various processes that form into modeled behaviors. This can be shown when people post their suicide attempts online or promote suicidal behavior in general.

- The mention of social cognitive theory will go in the 'Impact of pro-suicidal sites, message boards, chat rooms and forums' section to give readers a better understanding of why suicide online is so impactful.

Social Media Risks
Social media is a relatively new phenomenon that has swept the world during the past decade. There is substantial evidence that the Internet and social media can influence suicide-related behavior. Such evidence includes an increase of exposure to graphic content as well as the opportunity for cyberbullying to occur. Over the past ten years, cyberbullying has increasingly led to self-harm and suicide. An April 2020 study done by The National Center for Health Statistics (NPHC) revealed that suicide is the second leading cause of death of US citizens ages 10-34. Although this study does not directly state the cause of these suicides, it can be alluded that cyberbullying was a potential cause. NPHC had previously done a study in 2018 that showed how adolescents under the age of 25 that were victims of cyberbullying became twice as likely to commit suicide or cause various forms of self harm. They even showed that younger males were more likely than females to commit suicide. Overall, teen suicide rates have increased within the past decade. This is a highly considerable public health problem, having over 40,000 suicide deaths in the United States and nearly one million suicide deaths worldwide occur yearly.

One risk that has been more prevalent over the years has been suicide challenges from different "games" such as the Momo Challenge, The Blue Whale Challenge, and others that trick the individuals into committing suicide after performing various acts.

Further social media platforms have additionally impacted suicides around the world as well as self harm habits.

title: User:Tuj81082/sandbox


text:
куст

Etymology
. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) bush, shrub

Etymology
. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) bush, shrub

title: куст


text:
Obstetrics and Gynecology/Case 1

Case 1
25 years old, 38 weeks gestation, in her 2nd pregnancy, presented in spontaneous labour, cephalic, the cervix was 5 cm dilated, CTG was normal, molding grad "2" patient was severely distressed and unable to coop with pain>*What is the most likely diagnosis? malposition "OP" .... Malpreserntation ... CPD and obstructed labour reevaluation and assessment of maternal conditions reassessment of the presentation, fetal attitude, fetal size, pelvic configuration use of partogram senior obstetrician to be informed analgesia .... epidural!! continuous fetal monitoring be ready to do cesarean section ... necessary investigation CBC, X match... anti acid... inform the anesthesia, pediatrician, operation theater staff to be ready any time moral support
 * Presentation
 * What further evaluation and management are appropriate?

Normal Labor

 * Discussion
 * Phases
 * Latent Phase
 * Active Phase
 * Descent
 * Expulsion
 * Methods of Pain management
 * Questions
 * Answers

title: Obstetrics and Gynecology/Case 1


text:
Guntaseema

Guntaseema is a village in Alluri Sitharama Raju district, Andhra Pradesh, India with a population of about 3,000. This village belongs to the Mandal of Dumbriguda, with a pincode of 531151.

title: Guntaseema


text:
Final Burning in Budokan

Final Burning in Budokan was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by Pro Wrestling Noah, which took place on May 11, 2013, at Nippon Budokan in Tokyo, Japan. Headlined by the retirement match of Kenta Kobashi, all in all, the event featured seven matches and wrestlers from not only Noah, but also All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), Diamond Ring, New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Tenryu Project. Due to Kobashi's high-profile status in the history of Japanese professional wrestling, the event gained mainstream attention in the country. Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter called the event the "end of an era in Japanese pro wrestling", drawing parallels to Pelé's 1977 retirement from football.

Background
On December 3, 2012, the Tokyo Sports newspaper reported that Pro Wrestling Noah had decided to terminate the contract of veteran wrestler Kenta Kobashi due to financial issues. Kobashi had been with Noah since its inception in 2000 and had been the reigning All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion, when he left AJPW to follow Mitsuharu Misawa to the newly-created promotion. Kobashi then became the catalyst in a period, where Noah enjoyed great success with Nippon Budokan sellouts and classic matches. At a time when mixed martial arts was doing strong business in Japan and professional wrestling was seen as the "old fake version", Kobashi's drawing power kept Noah the most popular professional wrestling promotion in the country. However, while the promotion had once been considered one of the best in the world, it had recently fallen on hard times. First Kobashi started suffering from various injuries, which quickly took a toll on Noah's popularity. Kobashi's hard hitting style meant that by the age of 24, his knees were described as being "thrashed" and by the age of 33, he had had more than a dozen operations. Kobashi also battled kidney cancer, which sidelined him for 17 months in early 2006. None of the wrestlers designed to replace Kobashi at the top of Noah had his charisma or drawing power and eventually the promotion lost its network television contract. Following Misawa's death in the ring in 2009, the promotion started to unravel with financial issues and dissension in the front office. Despite not having wrestled in almost a year, Kobashi was the highest paid worker in Noah and by December 2012 the company simply could no longer afford him.

Noah's decision to cut Kobashi led to an immediate backlash from wrestlers loyal to him with Atsushi Aoki, Go Shiozaki, Jun Akiyama, Kotaro Suzuki and Yoshinobu Kanemaru announcing their resignation from the promotion. The five ended up joining AJPW after their contracts with Noah expired at the end of the year, forming a new version of the Burning stable, which had originally been formed by Kobashi and Akiyama in 1998.

On December 9, 2012, Kobashi appeared at Noah's Ryōgoku Kokugikan event, announcing his retirement from professional wrestling, having deemed it impossible to fully recover from the accumulation of his injuries. Stating that he wanted to wrestle one final match, Kobashi added that he was not being forced to retire. Originally Kobashi planned to have his retirement match on February 26, 2013, which would have been the 25th anniversary of his debut, but quickly realized he needed more time to get into ring shape, which led to the date being pushed back to May 11, 2013. The date was confirmed on January 23, and on March 31, it was announced that Kobashi's retirement match would be an eight-man tag team match, where he, Jun Akiyama, Keiji Mutoh and Kensuke Sasaki would take on Go Shiozaki, Kenta, Maybach Taniguchi and Yoshinobu Kanemaru. Out of his partners, Kobashi was particularly close to Akiyama, with the history between the two dating back 20 years to their junior days in AJPW. The entire team opposing Kobashi was made up of his protégés. Tokyo's Nippon Budokan was chosen as the arena for the show. Despite Noah's recent difficulties, it was considered a "given" that the promotion could sell out Nippon Budokan for the show, while Tokyo Dome was deemed "too big of a risk". Kobashi also had significant history with Nippon Budokan. Big matches in his early career as well as his tag team tournament and Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship wins had taken place in the arena and during his two-year run as the GHC Heavyweight Champion, Noah held its big shows in the arena.

Kobashi's retirement event received significant coverage in mainstream media in Japan. Several magazines ran special editions dedicated entirely to Kobashi. The event was streamed into movie theaters across Japan. Every theater in Tokyo was sold out, most well ahead of time. Japan's former prime minister Yoshihiko Noda, who had stated that Kobashi was his favorite wrestler, announced that he would attend the event.

Kobashi trained for the match at the Pro Wrestling Noah dojo, where he had trained since the promotion's founding in 2000. He would enter his final match weighing 105 kg. This would mark his first match in 455 days.

Event
The show was opened by an appearance by Hayabusa, who had been paralyzed in the ring in 2001. With help from crutches, he walked to the ring and talked about taking a lariat from Kobashi in Nippon Budokan.

In the opening match of the show, Masanobu Fuchi defeated Hitoshi Kumano with the backdrop. Fuchi was one of Kobashi's original trainers and the match was designed to show him now, a generation later, training the recently debuted Kumano.

In the second match, Atsushi Kotoge and Taiji Ishimori took on Genba Hirayanagi and Suwa. During the match, former prime minister Yoshihiko Noda, who was seated in the front row, took part in a spot, where Hirayanagi recreated a spit spot made famous by Haruka Eigen. During the match, Suwa suffered a spinal injury and was stretchered out of the arena, after Ishimori pinned Hirayanagi with the 450° splash to end the match.

The third match featured Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki facing Kentaro Shiga and Tamon Honda. Aoki and Suzuki had quit Noah in protest over Kobashi's treatment and were now representing AJPW. Honda was Kobashi's training partner for years and at one point his regular tag team partner. The match was billed as "Burning vs. Burning", with Aoki and Suzuki being part of the new Burning stable in AJPW, while Shiga and Honda had been part of the earlier version of the group. Aoki and Suzuki won the match with Suzuki pinning Shiga for the win with the Endless Waltz.

After the third match, Kobashi came out to the ring for his retirement ceremony, which was also attended by wrestlers Akira Taue, Hiroshi Hase, Masahiro Chono, Masanobu Fuchi, Mitsuo Momota, Takeshi Rikio and Toshiaki Kawada as well as Asuka Kuramochi from AKB48 and Yoshihiko Noda among others. The ceremony also included a written statement from John Laurinaitis, Kobashi's on-and-off tag team partner in the 90s, and a pre-taped promo from Stan Hansen.

The fourth match of the show saw Genichiro Tenryu and Yoshinari Ogawa defeat Masao Inoue and Takeshi Morishima.

The fifth match featured the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) trio of Hiroshi Tanahashi, Satoshi Kojima and Yuji Nagata taking on the Noah trio of Akitoshi Saito, Muhammad Yone and Takashi Sugiura. The NJPW wrestlers, Tanahashi in particular, were booed by the Noah crowd. Tanahashi won the match for his team by pinning Saito with the High Fly Flow.

The sixth match featured the reunion of No Fear as Takao Omori and Yoshihiro Takayama, who had teamed together in both AJPW and Noah, took on Minoru Suzuki and Naomichi Marufuji. No Fear won the match with Takayama pinning Marufuji with the Everest German Suplex Hold. The main event of the show was the retirement match of Kenta Kobashi, where he teamed with Jun Akiyama, Keiji Mutoh and Kensuke Sasaki to take on Go Shiozaki, Kenta, Maybach Taniguchi and Yoshinobu Kanemaru. Kobashi came to the ring wearing an old version of the GHC Heavyweight Championship belt. He had not actually held the title since 2005, but was considered both the greatest champion in the title's history as well as the man most synonymous with the title, nicknamed the "Absolute Champion" (絶対王者). The match featured Kobashi doing several of his signature moves, including the Cobra Twist, half nelson suplex, rolling cradle and 187 chops. At the end, he hit Kanemaru with a superplex and a lariat, but his pin attempt was broken up by Kanemaru's partners. Akiyama then hit Taniguchi with an exploder suplex and Sasaki hit a German suplex on Kenta, while Mutoh hit a backbreaker and a moonsault on Kanemaru. Akiyama, Mutoh and Sasaki then all signaled for Kobashi, who hit a body slam on Kanemaru and then climbed the ropes for the final moonsault of his career, which won the match for his team.

After the conclusion of the match, the ring and ringside area were filled with wrestlers. Kobashi's wife and mother also came to the ring for his retirement speech. After a ten-bell salute to signal the end of Kobashi's career, his greatest accomplishments were read out loud after which the event concluded with his theme song "Grand Sword" being played in Nippon Budokan.

Aftermath
In June 2014, Kobashi started producing his own independent events under the banner of "Fortune Dream". In addition to putting together the cards, featuring wrestlers from multiple promotions, Kobashi would participate in the shows in sit-down interview segments with fellow veteran wrestlers, including Genichiro Tenryu and Riki Choshu.

By the end of 2015, Go Shiozaki, Kotaro Suzuki and Yoshinobu Kanemaru, three of the five wrestlers who had quit Noah in protest, had quit AJPW. Shiozaki and Kanemaru quickly returned to Noah, with Shiozaki re-signing with the promotion in June 2016. Akiyama and Aoki remain in AJPW, with Akiyama having taken over as the promotion's president in July 2014.

Kensuke Sasaki, one of the veteran wrestlers who had teamed with Kobashi in the main event of the show, announced his retirement on February 13, 2014. Unlike Kobashi, Sasaki decided against doing a retirement match, with his final match having already taken place two days earlier.

title: Final Burning in Budokan


text:
The March of Fools

The March of Fools is a 1975 South Korean comedy film directed by Ha Gil-jong.

Plot
Philosophy university students, Byeong-tae and Yeong-cheol, make friends with French Literature female students, Yeong-ja and Sun-ja, from a nearby university. They often hang out, sharing their troubles and drinking together. They talk about their dreams for the future but the future is bleak.

Cast

 * Yun Mun-seop as Byeong-tae
 * Ha Jae-young as Yeong-cheol
 * Lee Young-ok as Yeong-ja
 * Kim Yeong-suk as Sun-ja
 * Hah Myung-joong
 * Park Am

title: The March of Fools


text:
Union Pacific Athletic Club

The Union Pacific Athletic Club in Laramie, Wyoming, was built in 1928. Also known as Gray's Gables and as the Quadra Dangle Square Dance Clubhouse, it was built in log cabin style by Mads Justesen and Jack Haugum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

title: Union Pacific Athletic Club


text:
Leucostoma engeddense

Leucostoma engeddense is an Asian species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

Distribution
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, Iran, Israel, Algeria, Canary Islands, Egypt, South Africa, United Arab Emirates.

title: Leucostoma engeddense


text:
omia

Etymology 1
From.

Verb

 * 1) to hog, appropriate to intend to take control or possession of something arbitrarily, to use something as if it were one's own

title: omia


text:
Bahá'í Faith/Compilations/Qualities of a True Seeker

The Step of Search
But, O my brother, when a true seeker determineth to take the step of search in the path leading to the knowledge of the Ancient of Days, he must, before all else, cleanse and purify his heart, which is the seat of the revelation of the inner mysteries of God, from the obscuring dust of all acquired knowledge, and the allusions of the embodiments of satanic fancy. He must purge his breast, which is the sanctuary of the abiding love of the Beloved, of every defilement, and sanctify his soul from all that pertaineth to water and clay, from all shadowy and ephemeral attachments. He must so cleanse his heart that no remnant of either love or hate may linger therein, lest that love blindly incline him to error, or that hate repel him away from the truth. Even as thou dost witness in this day how most of the people, because of such love and hate, are bereft of the immortal Face, have strayed far from the Embodiments of the divine mysteries, and, shepherdless, are roaming through the wilderness of oblivion and error. That seeker must at all times put his trust in God, must renounce the peoples of the earth, detach himself from the world of dust, and cleave unto Him Who is the Lord of Lords. He must never seek to exalt himself above any one, must wash away from the tablet of his heart every trace of pride and vainglory, must cling unto patience and resignation, observe silence, and refrain from idle talk. For the tongue is a smouldering fire, and excess of speech a deadly poison. Material fire consumeth the body, whereas the fire of the tongue devoureth both heart and soul. The force of the former lasteth but for a time, whilst the effects of the latter endure a century.

That seeker should also regard backbiting as grievous error, and keep himself aloof from its dominion, inasmuch as backbiting quencheth the light of the heart, and extinguisheth the life of the soul. He should be content with little, and be freed from all inordinate desire. He should treasure the companionship of those that have renounced the world, and regard avoidance of boastful and worldly people a precious benefit. At the dawn of every day he should commune with God, and with all his soul persevere in the quest of his Beloved. He should consume every wayward thought with the flame of His loving mention, and, with the swiftness of lightning, pass by all else save Him. He should succour the dispossessed, and never withhold his favour from the destitute. He should show kindness to animals, how much more unto his fellow-man, to him who is endowed with the power of utterance. He should not hesitate to offer up his life for his Beloved, nor allow the censure of the people to turn him away from the Truth. He should not wish for others that which he doth not wish for himself, nor promise that which he doth not fulfil. With all his heart should the seeker avoid fellowship with evil doers, and pray for the remission of their sins. He should forgive the sinful, and never despise his low estate, for none knoweth what his own end shall be. How often hath a sinner, at the hour of death, attained to the essence of faith, and, quaffing the immortal draught, hath taken his flight unto the celestial Concourse. And how often hath a devout believer, at the hour of his soul's ascension, been so changed as to fall into the nethermost fire. Our purpose in revealing these convincing and weighty utterances is to impress upon the seeker that he should regard all else beside God as transient, and count all things save Him, Who is the Object of all adoration, as utter nothingness.

These are among the attributes of the exalted, and constitute the hall-mark of the spiritually-minded. They have already been mentioned in connection with the requirements of the wayfarers that tread the Path of Positive Knowledge. When the detached wayfarer and sincere seeker hath fulfilled these essential conditions, then and only then can he be called a true seeker. Whensoever he hath fulfilled the conditions implied in the verse: "Whoso maketh efforts for Us,"[1] he shall enjoy the blessing conferred by the words: "In Our ways shall We assuredly guide him."[2]

Baha'u'llah, Kitab-i-Iqan

No Desire Save Union with His Beloved
The true seeker hunteth naught but the object of his quest, and the lover hath no desire save union with his beloved. Nor shall the seeker reach his goal unless he sacrifice all things. That is, whatever he hath seen, and heard, and understood, all must he set at naught, that he may enter the realm of the spirit, which is the City of God. Labor is needed, if we are to seek Him; ardor is needed, if we are to drink of the honey of reunion with Him; and if we taste of this cup, we shall cast away the world.

On this journey the traveler abideth in every land and dwelleth in every region. In every face, he seeketh the beauty of the Friend; in every country he looketh for the Beloved. He joineth every company, and seeketh fellowship with every soul, that haply in some mind he may uncover the secret of the Friend, or in some face he may behold the beauty of the Loved One.

And if, by the help of God, he findeth on this journey a trace of the traceless Friend, and inhaleth the fragrance of the long-lost Joseph from the heavenly messenger, [1] he shall straightway step into THE VALLEY OF LOVE and be dissolved in the fire of love. In this city the heaven of ecstasy is upraised and the world-illuming sun of yearning shineth, and the fire of love is ablaze; and when the fire of love is ablaze, it burneth to ashes the harvest of reason.

[1 Refer to the story of Joesph in the Qur'an and the Old Testament.]

Baha'u'llah, The Seven Valleys

Attachments to the Material
On the morning of the third day, a Canon of the Anglican Church met him at breakfast. The conversation turned on the reluctance of the rich to part with their possessions, Abdu'l-Baha, quoting the saying of Jesus, "How hardly shall they that have riches enter into the Kingdom of Heaven." He remarked that only when the true seeker finds that attachments to the material are keeping him from his spiritual heritage, will he gladly enter the way of renunciation. Then will the rich man joyfully share his worldly possessions with the needy. Abdu'l-Baha contrasted the unpretentious hospitality before him with the costly banquets of the wealthy, who too often sit at their feasts forgetting the hungry multitudes.

He urged his hearers to spread the light in their own homes so that finally it would illuminate the whole community.

'Abdu'l-Baha, 'Abdu'l-Baha in London


text:
Portal:Internal medicine

Welcome to the Department of Internal Medicine, a subdivision of the School of Medicine.

This branch of medicine deals with study and nonsurgical management of diseases or disorders involving internal organs in adults.

If you are a physician in the real world you are especially encouraged to contribute to this department and our mother school. We are interested in developing online learning resources related to all areas of internal medicine.

Articles for Development
Can be included into "coursepaks" later.
 * Stroke (Framework and some content exist)
 * Hypertension (framework begun, no content yet)
 * Diabetes mellitus (Framework begun, no content yet)
 * Acute coronary syndrome
 * Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Framework, and some content exist)
 * Type I diabetes (Framework begun, no content yet)
 * Type II diabetes
 * Chest pain
 * Urinary tract infection
 * Low back pain
 * Coronary artery disease

Courses

 * Neurology for the Internist
 * Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertension
 * Evaluation and Treatment of Headache
 * Screening and Prevention
 * Evaluation and Treatment of Depression

Learning projects

 * Internal Medicine interactive learning: Online, scheduled or otherwise, interactive sessions, with or without video, to go over cases, clinical problems, etc.
 * http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:OSCE

Help Desk
Portal:Internal medicine/Help Desk

title: Portal:Internal medicine


text:
Goes TV Tower

The Goes TV Tower (Televisietoren Goes) is a broadcast tower near Goes, Netherlands. The tower was the first TV tower in the Netherlands, and is currently owned by Alticom, but the area around the tower is owned by KPN, whilst the antenna is owned by NOVEC. In 2007 a new antenna was installed, which is 11 m shorter than the previous antenna. Together with the mast, the Goes telecommunication tower is 137 metres high. The tower is used not only for television, but also for radio and telephone. The construction of the tower in Gus was even given priority because of the possibility of using it for telephone connections. During the floods of 1953 many telephone cables were destroyed and people noticed how important it was to have other equipment for that. Construction of the tower began in 1955. A new technological process was used. Liquid concrete was poured layer by layer on the hardened concrete. The transmission tower was then placed on top of the concrete tower.

title: Goes TV Tower


text:
George School station

George School station is a defunct railroad station at George School, a private Quaker boarding and day high school in Middletown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The original station was built by the Philadelphia, Newtown and New York Railroad in 1893 and burned in 1905. It was replaced with a station that was moved from Huntingdon Valley, further down the Newtown Branch. That station was demolished in 1971. A cinder 'platform' was used as a flagstop by both the Reading Railroad and SEPTA Regional Rail. SEPTA closed the station and several others in 1983 when train service was suspended.

History
George School station was a stop on the Reading Railroad's Newtown Line. The Philadelphia, Newtown & New York Railroad (PN&NY) constructed the station as an inducement for the George School founders to choose this site (originally the Worth Farm) over three others in final consideration. The PN&NY also offered to haul all building materials for the Main building at their cost, as an additional incentive. There was also a passing siding and a coal trestle at the site. The stone piers for the trestle still remain, although the tracks and steel supports were removed during the 1960s. The PN&NY was later absorbed into the Reading Railroad system. It later became a part of SEPTA's Fox Chase Rapid Transit Line. The station, and all of those north of Fox Chase, was closed on January 18, 1983, due to failing diesel train equipment.

In addition, a labor dispute began within the SEPTA organization when the transit operator inherited 1,700 displaced employees from Conrail. SEPTA insisted on utilizing transit operators from the Broad Street Subway to operate Fox Chase-Newtown diesel trains, while Conrail requested that railroad engineers continue to run the service. When a federal court ruled that SEPTA had to use Conrail employees in order to offer job assurance, SEPTA cancelled Fox Chase-Newtown trains. Service in the diesel-only territory north of Fox Chase was "temporarily suspended" at that time, and George School station still appears in publicly posted tariffs.

Although rail service was initially replaced with a Fox Chase-Newtown shuttle bus, patronage remained light, and the Fox Chase-Newtown shuttle bus service ended in 1999.

title: George School station


text:
Bahá'í Faith/Prophecy/Buddhism

Prophecy of the Buddhism

Another Buddha will Arise

 * The Gospel of Buddha I am not the first Buddha who came upon earth, nor shall I be the last. In due time another Buddha will arise in the world, a Holy One... He will reveal to you the same eternal truths which I have taught you... He will proclaim a religious life, wholly perfect and pure; such as I now proclaim

There will be Maitreya

 * Anagata-vamsa ...the venerable Sariputta questioned the Lord about the future Conqueror, The Hero that shall follow you, The Buddha--of what sort will he be? I want to hear of him in full. Let the Visioned One describe him. When he heard the elder's speech the Lord spoke thus, I will tell you, Sariputta; listen to my speech. In this auspicious aeon Three leaders there have been: Kakusandha, Konagamana, and the leader Kassapa too. I am now the perfect Buddha; and there will be Maitreya too before this same auspicious aeon runs to the end of its years.

An Exalted One named Metteya

 * Digha Nikaya iii.76, Chakkavatti Sihanada Suttanta In those days, brethren, there will arise in the world an Exalted One named Metteya. He will be an Arahant, Fully Awakened, abounding in wisdom and goodness, happy, with knowledge of the worlds, unsurpassed as a guide to mortals willing to be led, a teacher for gods and men, an Exalted One, a Buddha, even as I am now... The Law, lovely in its origin, lovely in its progress, lovely in its consummation, will he proclaim, both in the spirit and in the letter; the higher life will he make known, in all its fullness and in all its purity, even as I do now. He will be accompanied by a congregation of some thousands of brethren, even as I am now accompanied by a congregation of some hundreds of brethren.

A Man Whose Virtue Excels Everyone

 * Sutra of the Great Accomplishment of the Maitreya Listen attentively with one heart. A man whose spirit shines brightly, a man whose mind is completely unified, a man whose virtue excels everyone--such a man will truly appear in this world. When he preaches precious laws, all the people will totally be satisfied as if the thirsty drink sweet drops of rain from heaven. And each and every one will attain the path of liberation from struggles.

title: Bahá'í Faith/Prophecy/Buddhism


text:
Cookbook:Crotopo Soup

Crotopo soup aka croute au pot (Fr.)

Ingredients

 * Clear soup
 * ½ pound (230 g) lean veal
 * 3 ounces (85 g) cooked ham
 * 1 egg yolk
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * 1 pinch of nutmeg
 * French bread rolls
 * Broth

Procedure

 * 1) Pound the veal in a mortar.
 * 2) Add ham with some fat in it, the egg yolk, salt, pepper, and very little nutmeg, and pound some more.
 * 3) Pass through a sieve.
 * 4) Cut the rolls into slices and spread them with the meat mixture.
 * 5) Place them in the oven and bake until colored.
 * 6) Cut the rolls in halves or quarters, and place them in a tureen.
 * 7) Just before serving, pour a very good clear broth over them.

title: Cookbook:Crotopo Soup


text:
Talk:Cons

Misleading image
The image at the start of the section "List" is (somewhat) misleading. The cdr of the last cons pair is not a pointer to NIL, but the value NIL. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:01, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

Not fundamental
Could somebody check those definitions? They don't look right and they don't seem to work. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:26, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * They look fine to me. Tried them out under guile and they worked as expected. (Named them mycons, mycar, and mycdr because I didn’t want to clobber the built-in functions.) --Malirath (talk) 17:40, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not clear on how you could think they aren't right or how they might "seem" not to work, unless you simply don't understand the notation or the subject matter -- in which case you should just say so. cons returns a closure that applies a function to the two values. car invokes the closure with a function that returns the first value, and cdr invokes the closure with a function that returns the second value -- it couldn't be much simpler or more straightforward. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:25, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm new to scheme, but just trying the cons definition in common music (a scheme) did not do the same thing as cons. specifically:
 * (define (mycons x y)
 * (lambda (m) (m x y)))
 * and then (mycons 3 5) returns #. How is this returned function supposed to be called?
 * this is not the same as (cons 3 5), which returns the dotted pair (3 . 5). At any rate some clarification or reference would be helpful to those new to thinking functionally such as myself — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sebfumaster (talk • contribs) 05:42, 16 September 2014 (UTC)

snoc
I'm tempted to remove the recent addition of Cons. is a primitve operation, but  is not. is a cute name for what Lisp would refer to as (with args reversed)  or. It is not a common operation and seems to have little merit. Append is a clearer name, and real code might use a trailing pointer. If snoc needs to be explained, then it can be explained there instead of redirecting here. Glrx (talk) 00:46, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Why does that mean you should remove it? This article is not bloated. Crasshopper (talk) 11:52, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Anon here, Am working on a research language, and the need for a snoc-like function came up because it would eliminate a copy. I don't think I should have had to come to the Talk section to see the idea discussed.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:24, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

 * snoc is a common term in functional programing and it should have a subsection in this article. In general it would be good to write the article such that it abstracts away from Lisp, since Nil/Cons representation of lists is a functional programing concept not restricted to Lisp. --Tobias (Talk) 13:24, 14 May 2019 (UTC)

"ordered pairs of simplex data"
Which of the many definitions does simplex (disambiguation) mean in this article? Crasshopper (talk) 11:47, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100331083602/http://www.st.cs.ru.nl/papers/2006/janj2006-TFP06-EfficientInterpretation.pdf to http://www.st.cs.ru.nl/papers/2006/janj2006-TFP06-EfficientInterpretation.pdf

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title: Talk:Cons


text:
Ruhleben internment camp

Ruhleben internment camp was a civilian detention camp in Germany during World War I. It was located in Ruhleben, a former Vorwerk manor 10 km to the west of Berlin. This area is now split between the districts of Spandau and Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. The camp was developed on the site of a harness racing track laid out in 1908 north of the Berlin-Hamburg Railway line.

Detainees
The camp detainees included male citizens of the Allied Powers who were living, studying, working or on holiday in Germany at the outbreak of World War I. They also included the crews of several civilian ships stranded in German harbours or captured at sea. There were numerous fishermen captured from trawlers which had been sunk in the North Sea in the first days of the war: they were mainly men from Hull, Yorkshire; and Grimsby and Boston, Lincolnshire. Numbers in the camp varied between 4,000 and 5,500 prisoners, most of them British.

Life in the camp was described in several books and essays subsequently written by detainees. They included To Ruhleben – And Back (1916) by Geoffrey Pyke, who had successfully escaped from the camp in 1915; and Life in Ruhleben, 1914–1918 (1920) by Frederick Keel. Quarters were cramped: the stable blocks averaged 27 stalls, each housing six men, and the stable block lofts each housed about 200 men.

The German authorities adhered to the Geneva Convention and allowed the camp detainees to administer their own internal affairs. Gradually, a mini-society evolved. Letters, books, sports equipment and a printing press were all allowed into the camp, and the detainees organised their own police force, magazine, library and postal service. The latter, known as the Ruhleben Express Delivery, was organised by Albert Kamps and began operating in July 1915. Soon it was handling over 6,000 pieces of mail per month, and 16 different postage stamps were issued which have since become collectors items. In April 1916, however, the German postal authorities declared the service illegal and it ceased operating.

Prisoners grew flowers beside their barracks to give a bit beauty; this later evolved into the Ruhleben Horticultural Society, which became a formal affiliate in October 1916 of the Royal Horticultural Society in London (subscription fee waived). Later they grew their own vegetables in the centre of the race track as fresh produce became harder to acquire. In addition, a number of independent businesses developed within the camp, including a casino.

Arts and culture
The detainees arranged their own entertainment. Among them were several musicians, including Ernest MacMillan, later to become a conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. Other British musicians included Edgar Bainton, Edward Clark and the Australian-born Arthur Benjamin. MacMillan was a prominent member of the Ruhleben Musical Society, formed in 1915, and directed performances of The Mikado (with orchestra and costumes) and a pantomime version of Cinderella. MacMillan transcribed the music for the former from memory with the help of four other musicians, including Benjamin Dale. Among those who attended these performances were James W. Gerard, the United States ambassador. The detainees also presented Trial by Jury, The Pirates of Penzance, The Yeomen of the Guard and The Gondoliers. MacMillan gave lectures on each of Beethoven's symphonies, which were followed by piano duet performances played by him together with Benjamin Dale. MacMillan was also a member of the Ruhleben Drama Society and acted in productions of Othello, Twelfth Night, Lady Windermere's Fan and The Importance of Being Earnest.

The artist Charles Freegrove Winzer was interned at the camp, and provided illustrations for the camp magazine. His detention was contested, because he worked for the French Red Cross, and had been visiting his sister in Germany with permission of the military authorities there. Some of his lithographs, depicting life in the camp, are now in the Australian War Memorial collection.

Education
The British Government provided internees with books for educational purposes for free. A wooden hall erected by the YMCA, which housed the library of about 5000 volumes sent over from Britain, served as a place for reading.

Detainees also arranged their own school and ′college′. A Ruhleben Camp School offered elementary and high school education to younger internees. Within the Arts and Science Union, organised by the British chemist and inventor Henry Stafford Hatfield, scholars from different fields gave lectures of university standard, organised in the open air. Among the lecturers were the physicists James Chadwick, Charles D. Ellis and Henry Brose, and the historian and author John Cecil Masterman.

Sports
Sports also played a major role in the lives of the detainees. Among them were several former professional footballers, including three former England internationals, Fred Pentland, Samuel Wolstenholme and Steve Bloomer; a Scotland international, John Cameron; a German international, Edwin Dutton; and John Brearley, once of Everton and Tottenham Hotspur. The Ruhleben Football Association was formed with Pentland as chairman and Cameron as secretary. Cup and league competitions were organised with teams representing the individual camp barracks. Around 500 prisoners played in the football competitions. Several thousand spectators attended the bigger games. A series of exhibition and "international" matches were also organised. On 2 May 1915 an "England XI" featuring Pentland, Wolstenholme, Brearley and Bloomer played a "World XI" captained by Cameron. Towards the end of the war an international triangular tournament called the Coupe de Allies, featuring a "British XI", a "French XI" and a "Belgium XI", was organised.

Other sports such as cricket, rugby, tennis and golf were also popular within the camp. In May 1915 a "Ruhleben XI", featuring Bloomer and Brearley, played a "Varsities XI" in the Ruhleben Cricket League. In July 1916 a "Lancashire XI", featuring Bloomer, beat a "Yorkshire XI" that included Wolstenholme.

Notable detainees

 * F. Charles Adler
 * Edgar Bainton
 * John Balfour
 * Winthrop Pickard Bell
 * Arthur Benjamin
 * Steve Bloomer
 * Roland Bocquet
 * John Brearley
 * Henry Brose
 * John Cameron
 * Sir James Chadwick
 * Edward Clark
 * Israel Cohen
 * Benjamin Dale
 * Sefton Delmer
 * Dr Arthur Henry Douthwaite
 * William Huntley Drummond, 6th Earl of Perth
 * Edwin Dutton
 * Harry Edward, first British black Olympian and medalist (1920)
 * Sir Charles D. Ellis
 * Charles Fryatt
 * Francis Gribble
 * Percy Hartley
 * Percy Hull
 * Nico Jungmann
 * Frederick Keel
 * John D. Ketchum
 * Peter Carl Mackay, alias Prince Monolulu
 * Ernest MacMillan
 * Thomas Humphrey Marshall
 * John Cecil Masterman
 * George Merritt
 * Michael Pease
 * Fred Pentland
 * Matthew Stewart Prichard
 * Geoffrey Pyke
 * R. M. Smyllie
 * Fred Spiksley
 * Jascha Spivakovsky
 * Tom Sullivan
 * Samuel Wolstenholme

title: Ruhleben internment camp


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Balistreri

The result was keep. RL0919 (talk) 00:48, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

John Balistreri

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Stub article with no sources that suggest subject meets WP:NPROF or WP:ARTIST. Curt内蒙 22:27, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions.  Curt内蒙  22:27, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Artists-related deletion discussions.  Curt内蒙  22:27, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete absolutely no indepdent sources at all.John Pack Lambert (talk) 07:14, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * With minimal effort, I found two independent sources: https://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/visual-arts/article691800.html and https://www4.toledoblade.com/Art/2017/11/17/BGSU-professors-inspire-in-and-out-of-the-classroom.html Vexations (talk)
 * Keep. More coverage: . Some additional non-independent coverage that doesn't really help for notability but provides depth:  . And he's in at least two museum permanent collections:  . —David Eppstein (talk) 06:21, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep - Meets notability criteria for WP:ARTIST. The article needs considerable development but that is not a reason to delete. There is also coverage of his work in journals and books. Netherzone (talk) 14:41, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep, The coverage and biography should be added to the article but passes WP:GNG. Alex-h (talk) 07:10, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment This AfD seems to be headed for keep. It would demonstrate good faith on behalf of the nominator and the supporter of deletion if they expanded the article with the provided sources. Vexations (talk) 11:11, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅  Curt  内蒙  16:13, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep, meets WP:NARTIST, in addition to above, his work is also in collection of Canton Museum of Art - see here. Coolabahapple (talk) 14:36, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep There is some independent coverage of the artist (though not a lot), and his work is in the permanent collection of a number of galleries and museums (most appear to be minor, but a couple could be considered notable), therefore he just about satisfies WP:ARTIST. Hzh (talk) 22:26, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep I think we have found sufficient evidence that the subject meets the notability requirement outlined in WP:ARTIST, specifically 4(d) Vexations (talk) 23:46, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep: I find the arguments in favor of keep very compelling. Indeed we are nearing consenus. - Ret.Prof (talk) 15:07, 27 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Jeremy McClure

Jeremy McClure (born 25 May 1987) is an Australian swimmer, triathlete and motivational speaker. He competed at four Paralympics - 2004 Athens, 2008 Beijing, 2012 London and 2016 Rio.

Personal
McClure was born on 25 May 1987 in Perth, Western Australia and is from Bull Creek, Western Australia. He was diagnosed with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy when he was fifteen years old and lost most of his sight. He uses a guide dog named Nina as he only has about two percent of available vision. In 2006, he participated in the Commonwealth Games torch relay. In 2010, he won a Pride of Australia award. He works as a motivational speaker, and given a speeches to schools in Western Australia and to the West Coast Eagles. , he also works as a part-time remedial massage therapist.

Swimming
McClure is an S11 classified swimmer, and is a member of South Shore Swimming Club. He started swimming in 2002 and competitively in May 2003.

McClure competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, finishing sixth in the 100 metre backstroke. He competed at his second Paralympics in 2008, finishing seventh in the 100 metre backstroke. He was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in swimming. Going into the 2012 Games, he was ranked fifth in the 100 metre backstroke event, fourth in the 50 metre breaststroke and third in the 50 metre backstroke event. He did not medal at the 2012 Games and his best result was eighth in 100 metre backstroke

At the 2016 Australian Swimming Championships in Adelaide, he set a new world record of 32.22 in the Men's S11 50m backstroke.

At the 2016 Rio Paralympic Games, McClure placed fifth in the Men's 100m Backstroke S11. He also competed in Men's 50m Freestyle S11 and Men's 100m Freestyle S11. In preparation for Rio, McClure stated: “I’m definitely confident I can drop that time but breaking the record all depends how much I can drop it by. The ultimate goal is to win gold and break the record but I’d love to just get any medal at this point really.”

In early 2022 he became the first person to swim from Dirk Hartog Island to the town of Denham and he became the first person to swim the 60 km from the Abrolhos Islands to the city of Geraldton in September 2022.

Paratriathlon
In 2011, McClure competed in his first triathlon when he took part in the Ironman 70.3 Busselton, finishing the event in 5:03:43. He required sighted guides to assist him on the course. They were Stewart Collingwood for the 1.9 km swim, Frans Buissink for 90 km cycle component and Craig Andrew for the 21 km run. He participated in the event in order to raise money for Guide Dogs Western Australia. His performance in the race earned him Triathlon Western Australia's Paul Goodwin Award. He has also raced in a number of other triathlons, including Busselton 70.3 in 2012.

He qualified to represent Australia in the sprint-distance 2013 ITU Paratriathlon World Championships in London, where he placed 8th in the TRI6a classification for blind athletes. In January 2014, he won the TRI6a class at the 2014 OTU Oceania Championships in Penrith. Reclassified TRI6b, he placed second in the Elwood ITU World Paratriathlon event.

title: Jeremy McClure


text:
Talk:High School Mathematics Extensions/Primes/Solutions

In the Division and Inverses section exercise 3 I don't know how to explain properly that 5n can never be divided by 3 without using the gcd. I hope somebody else can find a good explanation for this.Mmartin

 * Actually it can be done. 1/3 = 3-1 = 4, as 3 * 4 = 12 = 1. Xiaodai 00:13, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * But shouldn't it be 3-1 instead of 1\3. Because If I just calculate the value the outcome is<PHONE_NUMBER>63484856909638312798434267580915957296383567154407501220703125/3 which can't be reduced modulo because it's not a whole number. Mmartin 08:04, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you may have been confused. as you know 1/3 does not exist mod n, only 0,1,2,3...,n-1 does, 1/3 It is used to denote 3-1 (the inverse of 3). We can't really do that ("190904339063484856909638312798434267580915957296383567154407501220703125/3") because we are in mod modular arithmetic and when we make the jump to real number arithmetic, we can't just carry the 1/3 across. Xiaodai 11:58, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I understand that but you said in the text "From now on, we will use x-1 to denote the inverse of x if it exists." And I am still used to the fact that you can't really do division in modular arithmetic which was taught to me in a cryptography class. Although the inverse of a number exists as long as gcd(number,modulo)=1. Mmartin 13:54, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Andrews Run (Brokenstraw Creek tributary)

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Nice work!.

Hughesdarren (talk) 10:42, 23 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Bill Keenan

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title: Talk:Bill Keenan


text:
Death of Me (film)

Death of Me is a 2020 American horror film directed by Darren Lynn Bousman, from a screenplay by Ari Margolis, James Morley III, and David Tish. It stars Maggie Q, Alex Essoe, and Luke Hemsworth.

It was released on October 2, 2020, by Saban Films.

Premise
An American couple vacationing on a remote island in Thailand must uncover why they have woken up with no recollection of recent events. The first major clue they find is a strange and disturbing video of the previous night, showing one of them killing the other.

Cast

 * Maggie Q as Christine
 * Luke Hemsworth as Neil
 * Alex Essoe as Samantha
 * Kat Ingkarat as Madee
 * Kelly B. Jones as Kanda

Production
In July 2018, it was announced that Maggie Q and Luke Hemsworth had been set to star in the film, with Darren Lynn Bousman directing from a screenplay by Ari Margolis, James Morley III and David Tish. In August 2018, Alex Essoe also joined the cast.

Release
In August 2019, Saban Films acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on October 2, 2020.

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of, based on reviews, with an average rating of. The website's consensus reads, "Despite a handful of decent jolts and Maggie Q's committed performance, Death of Me's intriguing premise is undone by its listless and largely scare-free execution." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

title: Death of Me (film)


text:
Nikola Dobrović

Nikola Dobrović (Никола Добровић, ; 12 February 1897 – 11 January 1967) was a Serbian architect, teacher, and urban planner. Dobrović designed a number of buildings including the Yugoslav Ministry of Defence building, later destroyed during the Kosovar War by NATO bombings.

Biography
Dobrović was born in the Hungarian city of Pécs, 1897. He got his degree in architecture in 1923 from the High Technical School in Prague. After gaining experience in prominent Prague architectural offices and in his own practice, he moved to Dubrovnik in the early nineteen-thirties with the radical, programmatic mission of bringing modern architecture to this small but historically very important city on the Dalmatian coast. He was invited in 1930 by Dubrovnik municipal conservator Kosta Strajnić, well known as the author of the first monographs on Jože Plečnik and the sculptor Ivan Meštrović, to explain to the authorities what modern architecture actually was. To depict in the local press the exemplary architecture that would be suited to the so-called new, modern Dubrovnik, Strajnić put forward Dobrović’s radical project for hotel-Kursalon on Pile, in close proximity to the most monumental part of the medieval city walls, as an alternative to the eclectic project by the Viennese architect Alfred Keller. As for Dobrović, although his project was never to be realized, his entrance to Dubrovnik was truly grand.

title: Nikola Dobrović


text:
Sara Ramírez (disambiguation)

Sara Ramirez (born 1975) is a Mexican-American singer, songwriter, and actor.

Sara Ramírez may also refer to:

 * Sara Ramirez (EP), their 2011 debut extended play
 * Sara Estela Ramírez (1881–1910), Mexican teacher, writer and activist
 * Sara Ramírez (table tennis) (born 1987), Spanish table tennis player

title: Sara Ramírez (disambiguation)


text:
Smaznevo

Smaznevo (Смазнево) is a rural locality (a station) and the administrative center of Smaznevsky Selsoviet, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,193 as of 2013. There are 22 streets.

Geography
Smaznevo is located 38 km northeast of Zarinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road.

title: Smaznevo


text:
Omicron Delta Kappa

Omicron Delta Kappa (ΟΔΚ), also known as The Circle and ODK, is an honor society located in the United States with chapters at more than 300 college campuses. It was founded on December 3, 1914, at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, by fifteen student and faculty leaders. The society recognizes achievement in five areas: scholarship; athletics; campus and community service, social or religious activities, and campus government; journalism, speech, and the mass media; and creative and performing arts. Some circles of ΟΔΚ are quasi-secret, in that newly selected members remain undisclosed for some time.

Membership in the Omicron Delta Kappa Society is regarded as an honor in the tradition of Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Beta Kappa and Tau Beta Pi. To be selected as a member of ΟΔΚ, students must be among the top 35 percent of all students at that particular institution and hold a leadership role in one of the society's five areas of recognition.

Founding
On December 3, 1914, the Omicron Delta Kappa Society was founded by fifteen men who met in an office on the third floor of Reid Hall at Washington and Lee University. J. Carl Fisher first introduced the idea of creating such a society to a close friend, Rupert Latture. The two soon included mutual friend William Brown in the discussion, and thus these three are referred to as the principal founders of the society. Together with the president of the University, the dean of engineering, and another faculty member, the founders selected nine others to join them. A complete list of the fifteen founders follows:

 * James Edwin Bear, ΒΘΠ, editor of the student magazine
 * William Moseley Brown, ΔΚΕ, ΦΒΚ, debater and president of the YMCA
 * Carl Shaffer Davidson, ΚΣ, student instructor in civil engineering
 * Edward Parks Davis, ΚΣ, athlete
 * Edward A. Donahue, ΦΚΣ, captain of football and baseball teams
 * De la Warr Benjamin Easter, PhD, ΚΣ, ΦΒΚ, professor and the founding president of ΟΔΚ
 * James Carl Fisher, business manager of the student magazine and founder of the campus radio station
 * Philip Pendleton Gibson, ΠΚΑ, president of student government and editor of the student newspaper
 * Thomas McPheeters Glasgow, ΦΔΘ, orator and athlete
 * David Carlisle Humphreys, FIJI, professor and dean of the School of Applied Science
 * Rupert Nelson Latture, ΔΥ, ΦΒΚ, a president of the YMCA
 * John Eppes Martin, ΑΧΡ, business manager of the yearbook
 * William Caulfield Raftery, ΦΚΣ, athlete
 * John Purver Richardson Jr., ΣΧ, instructor in biology
 * Henry Louis Smith, PhD, ΦΔΘ, ΦΒΚ, president of Washington and Lee University

All fifteen men were prominent leaders on campus. The rallied around the idea that all-around leadership in college should be recognized, that representative men in all phases of college life should cooperate in worthwhile endeavors and that outstanding students and faculty should affiliate in the spirit of mutual interest and understanding. The founders intended that ΟΔΚ not be yet another society in which members would simply earn a societal key. Instead, members of ΟΔΚ would remain active as leaders, upholding spiritual and moral values and providing service to the campus and community.

The founders decided that the organization would be kept a complete secret until keys could be designed and produced. The keys arrived shortly past the winter holiday. The student newspaper, Ring-Tum Phi, broke the news on d January 12, 1915, of a new society to be known as "The Circle," with the secret significance of its three Greek letters known only to its members. The members first wore their keys on January 15, 1915.

Women in ODK
Only men could become members of Omicron Delta Kappa in the first sixty years of its existence. At the 1970 and 1972 National Conventions, the University of Alabama Circle introduced an amendment to the national constitution to admit women into the society. In June 1972, Title IX of the "Education Amendments Act of 1972" prohibited sex discrimination in federally assisted educational programs and amended parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Professional and honor fraternities were included in Title IX. The society's special committee on the possible role of women met in January 1973 and recommended changes to the national constitution that would abolish segregation based on gender within the Society. On March 12, 1974, the national convention convened in New Orleans and approved the initiation of women into the society. The first women members were initiated that day, including Carolyn Julia Kucinski, and Diane Christine Ragosa of the Newark College of Engineering Circle and Robbie Lynn Cooney, Maria Dolores Delvalle, Roxane R. Dow, Catherine Ann Rohrbacher, Karen Diane Janzer, Linda Ann Touten, Martha Gwyn Van Deman, and Cathy Sue Welch of the University of South Florida Circle.

Cheryl Hogle was elected as the first woman national president at the convention in Knoxville, Tennessee on February 25, 1998.

Affiliations and memberships
A similar honorary society, for exceptionally outstanding women leaders, known as Mortar Board, was established in 1918, with many similar ideals and purposes of Omicron Delta Kappa. With the passage of Title IX in 1972, each of those two societies was then required to accept candidates of either gender into its membership. As a result, the two organizations found themselves competing to tap many of the same distinguished students, and those formerly complementary societies became rivals at many institutions, perhaps fiercely so during membership selection, while more congenially so during the rest of the year, as the two rivaled one another in service, athletics, or other campus activities.

On March 22, 1992, the national convention passed a resolution authorizing the incorporation of the society. On July 1, 1992, the Omicron Delta Kappa Society was merged into the corporation, The Omicron Delta Kappa Society, Inc.

Omicron Delta Kappa became a member of the Association of College Honor Societies since 1930-03-30. It resigned that membership in 2005. Today, the society participates in a more loosely coordinated lobbying association called the Honor Society Caucus. Its members include Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, Sigma Xi, and Omicron Delta Kappa.

Membership
Unlike some honor societies that accept all potential members who meet the selection criteria and pay the required fees, ΟΔΚ chooses a highly select group from a pool of potential and qualified students through a process known as tapping. Eligibility for membership in ΟΔΚ requires at least sophomore academic standing. ΟΔΚ accepts candidates from every field of study who distinguish themselves as outstanding leaders in at least one of the five areas celebrated by the society: scholarship; athletics; campus and community service, social or religious activities, and campus government; journalism, speech, and the mass media; and creative and performing arts. Members may be chosen annually or semi-annually depending on the tradition of each circle. The number of candidates tapped each year is limited to 35 percent of the undergraduate population, but most circles limit membership to fewer than the top one-quarter of one percent of the students on their respective campuses.

Once a circle votes on who will be tapped for membership, it keeps that secret from all but those few chosen for initiation. Once tapped, each candidate must maintain the secret until the circle reveals it to the campus and community in a public ceremony, only after the circle has initiated the new members into the bonds of the society through its private ritual. At some institutions, such as the University of Missouri, with several such elite societies that tap new members, the public revelations are all held in conjunction, with an annual ceremonial Tap Day celebration on campus.

Circles
Omicron Delta Kappa uses the term circle to indicate chapters. As of May 4, 2023, 431 circles have been chartered. The practice of automatically designating circles with Greek letter names was abandoned in 1949, although some circles have adopted Greek letter nicknames in later years. Members who have died are said to have entered the Eternal Circle.

title: Omicron Delta Kappa


text:
User:Vuara/Cyclopedia Cryptologia

http://www.disappearing-inc.com/

Cyclopedia Cryptologia

Welcome to Cyclopedia Cryptologia. This is an online encyclopedia of cryptographic protocols. There will be coverage of a few related topics such as encryption/decryption algorithms and a few historical references, but for the most part, the intent here is to be a reference on cryptographic protocols. Although my intent is to be as exhaustive as possible, the literature is increasingly broad and deep; the coverage I give it here will probably never be truly exhaustive.

+++

Foreword

This work is a cyclopedia, or a collection of articles relating to a particular field. In this case, the field is cryptographic protocols and protocol design.

There are many thousands of papers in the field that have been published in recent years. Each of these has been developed by a single author or small group of authors, and generally each has evolved its own terminology and notation. They are published at academic conferences held at various intervals and by various organizations, or as thesis papers by various graduate students or academic researchers from different universities.

A lot of the mental effort of reading these papers is devoted to learning the different notations and terminology preferred by each different team of writers, and a lot of the information is hard to collect and publish directly because of the diversity of the sources and of course the conflicts of copyright. The publication formats themselves range from plain text, to TeX, to HTML, to PostScript, to mere ink on paper.

The purpose of a cyclopedia such as this is to collect as much of this information as possible together, with a unified notation, in a single electronic format, and under a single copyright. Of course, I will try to concentrate on that which is most useful, since there will necessarily be omissions.

For now this cyclopedia is a work in progress. At some point in the future, when I am reasonably satisfied with it, I will probably publish it as a printed book. Regardless, the HTML version of it will remain available on the web, and work on it will most likely continue.

My purpose in writing such a work is simply this: I want people to have in their hands the means of protecting themselves from eavesdroppers, blackmailers, extortionists, embezzlers, thieves, and worse. Now that information is mainly digital and electronic, the only meaningful protection from such entities is a working knowledge of cryptographic protocols.

+++

Introduction

Cyclopedia Cryptologia is a work in progress. There are a lot of articles that need to be written, and I've written only some of them. Twice a week or so, I sit down, review the last ten "404 not found" errors the site has generated, and pick one of them to write an article about, so that that particular URL will quit generating 404 errors. So far, the articles aren't very broadly researched -- They are mainly placeholders to be replaced by later versions as I bring the whole up to professional standards.

Protocols are the heart and soul of applied cryptography. Protocols are the methods by which cryptography is used to get things done.

For many centuries, cryptography was mainly involved only in the very simplest protocol -- sending secret messages. But the fact of the matter is, cryptography is also useful for many other types of transactions. Cryptography is a general tool for the management of information. There are a lot of things that can be done with cryptography, and this site is about how to do them.

While encryption and decryption algorithms provide some of the materials of which useful structures are made, the materials have to be organized in a useful way to make useful structures. And that is what protocol designers do. We're going to cover a few encryption/decryption algorithms, but this cyclopedia is about protocols. Everyone can figure out how to make a mud hut; similarly, everyone can find the "secret message" protocol -- it's the simplest protocol in the universe. But just as a good building architect/engineer can develop a workable plan for a cathedral, a good protocol architect/engineer can develop incredibly useful complex cryptographic protocols, with surprising and subtle properties.

+++

Notation and Terminology If someone has to spend a full second thinking about what notation means, then the author has clearly made a mistake. With that simple but exacting criterion in mind, here is the complete vocabulary of mathematical primitives that this work will use.

Parentheses denote a subexpression. Calculations inside a subexpression are to be done before the calculations outside of it. For example (2 * 3) + 5 = 11 but 2 * (3 + 5) = 16 Parentheses also enclose the arguments of a function. A, AB, A1 etc. Identifiers starting with a capital letter and including only capital letters or numbers represent strings or numbers. In this work, we do not differentiate between strings and numbers. Alice, Bob, etc. Capitalized identifiers represent actors in various protocols. Traditionally, these are alphabetic and alternate in gender, starting with Alice and Bob. Also, certain roles are traditionally associated with certain names: Trent is the trusted authority, Eve is the eavesdropper, Mallory is the active attacker, etc. These "special" names are outside and additional to the alphabetic run of names representing ordinary participants. asterisk, slash, the plus sign, the minus sign, and the percent sign are infix operators for multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, and the modulo operator, respectively. The minus sign may also be used as a unary prefix operator for negation (subtraction from zero). , Comma is used as an infix operator for concatenation. &, |, !, << >> The Ampersand, vertical bar, exclamation point, double left-angle, and double right-angle are the infix operators for binary and, binary or, binary inversion, leftward shift, and rightward shift. trunc, frac, time, pubkey, hash, etc. identifiers in lower case, followed by parentheses, are functions. Functions are always followed by an open-paren, their arguments if any, and a close paren. For now some of these just have to stand, but when I'm pulling together all the loose ends before publication I'll try to provide definitions for them all.

+++

Acknowledgements First of all, I need to give thanks to the many people who've contributed knowledge which I present here.

Probably first among these is Bruce Schneier of Counterpane Security Systems, who wrote a book called Applied Cryptography, which serves as a one-volume introduction to the field. But there is a sharp limit to what can really be covered in one volume, and Mr. Schneier recognized this. In order that the inevitable shortcomings of a single volume would not hinder his readers from future research, his book has an extensive bibliography. He also maintains at his website an extensive bibliography of cryptographic papers available online, which has been a great help. I cannot state often enough how great a service to a researcher a good bibliography is, particularly in a field like Cryptography. Cryptography, until the last few decades, has not been much studied in the private sector, and publications about it have tended to be rare and secret. Since the revolution in studying cryptography that started to happen in the 1970's, where it's been coming out into the open and mathematicians have been getting to sink their teeth into it and shake, there's been a fever of scholarly articles, published in small journals and circulated to a few thousand people. These articles have covered huge amounts of ground, come out with truly breathtaking insights and mathematical techniques. But these articles were mostly unknown and inaccessible to the public -- until Schneier enumerated them in his bibliography. Since Schneier's book came out, it's been ten times easier to do research in the field of cryptography than it was before. Schneier has continued to contribute to the field with his company, Counterpane Systems, and with his email newsletter, the Crypto-gram.

The second name I want to mention here is David Kahn, for his earlier work, The Code Breakers. This book purports to be a history of cryptography and cryptology throughout history, and in fact about half of it is devoted to that purpose. But the other half is mainly a history of cryptography and cryptology in the second world war. Prior to its publication in 1967, there had been nothing but a vast deep silence concerning cryptography, disturbed by the natterings of sunday-paper puzzle ciphers and occasional scandals of traitors divulging secrets and being quickly discredited and hushed up.

Kahn had a daunting task before him in researching and reporting the cryptographic history of the world, and he did an admirable job. And like Schneier did after him, he compensated for his book being just one book by including a fantastically complete bibliography, to drag all the obscure sources that people would otherwise never have heard of out into the light. It is not too much to say that Kahn's book, by bringing knowledge of ciphers to a broader audience, may be one of the primary forces (the other being the seminal paper new directions in cryptography by Diffie and Hellman in 1976) which set off the astounding revolution in the study of cryptography that Schneier had before him when he started to write his book.

The third major source of information I want to mention is not so well known as the other two: It is a book titled Advances in Cryptology 1981-1997, edited by Kevin McCurley and Claus Dieter Zeigler. The book is primarily an index to every paper published at these two conferences for 16 years, and is accompanied by a CD-ROM containing PDF copies of all the publications. While the publications of these conferences have been necessarily made in small runs and are therefore expensive and rare, this electronic document collecting sixteen highly eventful years of these publications has been a font of knowledge unsurpassed by any other single resource I have available to me and has saved me much effort in tracking down copies of publications long out of print and gathering dust in someone's attic. It turns the bibliography question on its head, taking the large data storage capacity available in an electronic format and simply putting all the papers there for perusal. And of course each paper has its own bibliography, so taken as a whole the bibliography given in this work eclipses either of the two above.

Fourth, there is a team of three authors: Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot, and Scott A. Vanstone. These gentlemen are responsible for a book called the Handbook of Applied Cryptography. This is a book strictly about the mathematics and implementation of cryptography - while there is an entire chapter on the oft-overlooked problem of key management and other trust issues, it does not concern itself much with protocols and history. It is strictly a book about engineering, implementation and analysis, and for that purpose, it excels.

I want to make a special thanks to Ronald Rivest, both for having a lot of truly neat ideas, and for taking the time and energy to make his publications available on the World Wide Web. People like Rivest realize that the march of progress is not just about ideas. It's also about access to ideas, and the general public benefits from ideas as well as the few peers in the field that receive the specialized publications in which these papers come out. So, to Rivest and other researchers like him, who take care to make their ideas available to more than just the specialists in their own disciplines, I'd like to extend a sincere and heartfelt thanks.

title: User:Vuara/Cyclopedia Cryptologia