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Restless Development

Restless Development (formerly known as Students Partnership Worldwide) is a non-governmental organization which organizes volunteer placements for young people in the areas of civic participation, livelihoods and employment, sexual rights, and leadership. It operates in 74 countries in Africa and Asia, as well as the United States and United Kingdom.

History
Restless Development was founded as Students Partnership Worldwide in 1985 by Jim Cogan, the Deputy Head of Westminster School. It was originally a gap year programme for school leavers from Westminster School to work as teachers in India or Zimbabwe. Former volunteers include British filmmaker Louis Theroux and Jamie Drummond, co-founder of One Campaign.

In 1992, SPW started recruiting local volunteers, which subsequently became a significant focus of SPW's operating model. Between 1991-2000 SPW expanded its work to Nepal, Tanzania, Uganda and South Africa, and its work took an increasing focus on the HIV/AIDS epidemic. From 2000 onwards SPW began to use only local volunteers to deliver programmes and between 2000-2006, SPW expanded to Zambia and Sierra Leone.

In 2010, SPW re-branded as Restless Development, and in 2011 joined the consortium of organizations for the International Citizen Service, a program funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), providing overseas volunteer placements for young people to work alongside national volunteers.

From 2011-2016, Restless Development led a 'Youth Consortium' involving Warchild and Youth Business International that held a Programme Partnership Arrangement (PPA) with DFID.

Policy and advocacy
Restless Development is a member of the Stop AIDS Campaign, with responsibility for coordinating the campaign Youth Stop AIDS! (formerly known as the Student Stop AIDS Campaign.

Since 2012, Restless Development has been in consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

From 2014-2016, Restless Development was Organising Partner of the United Nations Major Group for Children and Youth (MGCY).

Awards

 * 2017
 * Transparency Award (Winner) from Bond for NGO effectiveness and accountability.
 * Campaign Award (Finalist) from Bond for the Youth Stop AIDS! Missing Medicines campaign.
 * 2018
 * Outstanding International NGO of the Year - Sierra Leone NGO Awards

title: Restless Development


text:
Madamigella di Maupin

Madamigella di Maupin is a 1966 Italian adventure film directed by Mauro Bolognini. It is loosely based on the life of Mademoiselle de Maupin and the novel with the same name by Théophile Gautier.

Cast

 * Catherine Spaak as Magdeleine de Maupin
 * Robert Hossein as Capitain Alcibiade
 * Tomas Milian as Cavaliere d'Albert
 * Mikaela as Rosetta Durand
 * Angel Alvarez as Monsieur de Maupin
 * Ottavia Piccolo as Princess Ninon
 * Manolo Zarzo as The Sergeant

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Madamigella di Maupin


text:
Azanus isis

Azanus isis, the white-banded babul blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae which is native to the tropics and subtropics of sub-Saharan Africa.

Range and habitat
It is found in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, southern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the DRC, Uganda, Ethiopia, north-western Tanzania and northern Zambia. The habitat consists of forest edges and clearings, woodland and moist savanna.

Habits and food plants
Adult males mud-puddle, visit carcasses and excrement and settle on sweaty clothing and skin. They are attracted to traps baited with rotting shrimp. The larvae feed on Dichrostachys cinerea africana and Dichrostachys glomerata.

title: Azanus isis


text:
ABP Ganga

ABP Ganga is a 24-hour Indian regional Hindi-language news channel for Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It is owned by ABP Group. The channel was launched on 15 April 2019.

ABP brings the curtains down on its regional TV channel ABP Ganga. ABP Network officially announces closing of broadcast of ABP Ganga and transition from linear to digital-led format only.

title: ABP Ganga


text:
3rd Delhi Assembly

The Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi was constituted in 2003 after Delhi Legislative Assembly election held on 1 December 2003.

Election and Government formation
Total six national parties, twelve state parties, forty-five registered (unrecognized) parties and other independent candidates contested for 70 assembly seats. With 47 seats, INC emerged as the single largest party and formed the Government with Sheila Dikshit as the Chief Minister. BJP won 20 seats and secured second position. JD(S), NCP and Independent contestant each won one seat.

List of members
Default sort, in ascending order of constituency

title: 3rd Delhi Assembly


text:
User:Vulgus Veritas

My name is Vulgus and I am in hiding. Like many of you, my family had been slaughtered by the Carthenogens under the guise of survival of the greater good.

Let me clarify some more before I begin. Vulgus is my pen-name, which means "the common people" or "the masses."

I must take every precaution to guard my identity.

title: User:Vulgus Veritas


text:
Brunelleschi Crucifix

The Brunelleschi Crucifix is a polychrome painted wooden sculpture by the Italian artist Filippo Brunelleschi, made from pearwood around 1410-1415, and displayed since 1572 in the Gondi Chapel at the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. This idealised depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus measures around 170 x. It is the only surviving wooden sculpture by Brunelleschi: the only other known example, a wooden sculpture of Mary Magdalene at the church of Santo Spirito, was destroyed in a fire in 1471. In his 2002 book, Masaccio e le origini del Rinascimento, the art historian Luciano Bellosi described Brunelleschi's crucifix as "probably the first Renaissance work in the history of art" ("probabilmente, la prima opera rinascimentale della storia dell'arte"), representing a definitive turn away from the stylised postures of Gothic sculpture and a return to the naturalism of classical sculpture.

According to Giorgio Vasari, the sculpture was Brunelleschi's response to a similar polychrome wooden crucifix made by Donatello for the church of Santa Croce, also in Florence, c.1406-1408. Brunelleschi had criticized Donatello's crucifix for its heavy musculature and unrefined proportions, saying Donatello had put "un contadino in croce" (a peasant – or farmer – on the cross). Brunelleschi made his crucifix after accepting Donatello's challenge to do better.

Superficially similar to Donatello's depiction of Christ on the cross, Brunelleschi's subject is more idealised, lighter, and better proportioned. Like Donatello, Brunelleschi borrows Christ's pose from the 5 m high painted crucifix by Giotto, suspended in the nave at Santa Maria Novella, but Brunelleschi gives the figure a dynamic twist to the left. The central figure of Jesus is also informed by life studies, but carefully measured to create a perfect anatomy. Echoing the proportions of the ideal Vitruvian man, the span of Christ's arms match exactly his height, with the navel at the centre of the body.

Earlier sculptures of the crucifixion, including Donatello's, usually included a carved loincloth. The pearwood of Brunelleschi's sculpture suffered from radial cracks in this area, which he concealed with a stiffened linen loincloth, but he did not sculpt Christ's genitals beneath. The practice of sculpting Jesus naked, but omitting the genitals, became common in the 15th century, although Michelangelo's crucifix at Santo Spirito from 1492 is an exception.

Whether or not it was made to answer Donatello's challenge, it appears the sculpture was not made to fulfil a particular commission, as the completed artwork remained in Brunelleschi's workshop until 1445, the year before his death, when the artist donated it to the Dominican friars of Santa Maria Novella. It was initially installed on a pilaster between the Filippo Strozzi Chapel and the Bardi Chapel, but it was moved to the Gondi Chapel in 1572.

It has been restored several times, and was displayed in 2012 alongside the earlier wooden crucifix of Donatello and the later crucifix of Michelangelo.

title: Brunelleschi Crucifix


text:
Yoshiaki Fukuda

Yoshiaki Fukuda (福田美亮) was a Konko bishop and missionary. He founded the Konko-kyo Church of San Francisco in 1930 and was the head of the Konko Federation in North America. He was considered a Group A prisoner during World War II and was a vocal leader for Japanese prisoners during the internment of Japanese Americans.

Early life
Yoshiaki Fukuda was born in a village in Kitayama Village, Nara Prefecture, Japan, on July 22, 1898 to Kamejiro Fukuda and Kiwa Fusakabe. He served in the Japanese Army from 1918 to 1920, ranking as a second lieutenant. He attended Matsumoto College from 1921 to 1924 before enrolling at Japan's most prestigious college, Imperial University in Tokyo, which virtually guarantees success in business and government. Many of his classmates were successful businessman, government officials, and one was the Secretary of Defense. While at university, Fukuda had a relapse of tuberculosis he had contracted as a child and turned to the Konko Faith for guidance. He recovered and decided to forgo a career in the Japanese government, entering the Konko seminary after graduating in 1927. In 1930, Fukuda and his wife Shinko (née Kimura), also a Konko minister, departed for the United States, settling in San Francisco and founding the Konko-kyo Church of San Francisco the same year.

Internment
Fukuda was arrested on December 7, 1941, just hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He was classified as a Group A prisoner, who were, "Individuals believed to be the most dangerous and who in all probability should be interned in event of War." Thus, he was among the first Japanese to be arrested. Most other Japanese-Americans were not relocated until March 1942.

Missoula
Reverend Fukuda arrived at the Fort Missoula Internment Camp on December 29, 1941 with other Group A prisoners. Here, prisoners were interrogated by United States government officials regarding their "un-American" activities. At his hearing, Fukuda learned that the FBI had been tracking him for several years. They presented him with eight charges, including: close association with consuls general of Japanese Foreign Service; accommodating members of Japanese government, army, and navy; Meeting with the consuls general of Germany and Italy as well as presidents of both German and Italian Societies in San Francisco; being a reserve officer of Japanese army; holding receptions whenever Japanese navy ships visited San Francisco; sending food packages to Japanese army; visiting soldiers in Manchuria; being a member of Japanese Veterans Society. Fukuda repeatedly maintained that all of his communication was related to spreading the Konko faith to America. During his time in Missoula he went on a three-week religious fast, losing 60 pounds.

Lordsburg
Fukuda was transferred to a camp near Lordsburg, New Mexico in May 1942. He led 5:30 morning services for Konko practitioners everyday, and regularly gave speeches to the camp, giving him considerable influence with both internees and soldiers. He quickly was appointed leader of his barrack.

He was present at the Lordsburg killing of two internees, Toshiro Kobata and Hirota Isomura. They were shot at point blank range, and "the other internees in Lordsburg were forced to dig the graves of the two dead men". Fukuda wrote letters to the Spanish Consul and the Department of Justice, the branch controlling the Lordsburg Camp, demanding an investigation. This eventually resulted in the guard's replacement from the camp. Fukuda routinely sent letters to these groups, along with the Red Cross and camp officials, when he saw mistreatment or other acts not in accordance with the Geneva Convention, which gave guidelines for prisoner of war treatment.

Fukuda realized after this incident that many internees did not understand their rights under the Geneva Convention. Therefore, he helped write and distribute copies to the approximate 1200 internees. According to his memoir, this helped the internees better understand and communicate with the camp guards.

Topaz
In February, 1943, Fukuda was granted special permission to be with his wife, who was in critical condition due to a heart condition, and his seven children at the Topaz relocation camp. This was the first time he saw them since his initial arrest in 1941. He continued to make speeches and conduct religious services regularly. He publicly stated that he thought issei (first generation Japanese immigrants) should stay loyal to Japan, while nisei (first generation Japanese-Americans) should be loyal to the United States, since they were United States citizens. This was a highly controversial statement, and it led to his expulsion from Topaz by July.

While at Topaz, Fukuda witnessed the stress on other families who were separated in different camps. Topaz was a relocation center run by the Department of the Interior in which Group B and C, or less "dangerous", Japanese-Americans were imprisoned. Many families had members in the Department of Justice Camps such as Lordsburg, and the separation caused psychological harm to a good deal involved. Fukuda sent letters to many Japanese families urging them to apply for reunification at the Crystal City Internment Camp in Texas, the only Department of Justice Camp that housed families. While many had a stigma against these different types of camps, Fukuda argued that Crystal City had superior housing and education, given that it was the government's largest and "premier" camp.

Santa Fe
After being expelled from Topaz Fukuda was transferred to another camp in Santa Fe, New Mexico on July 23, 1943. As before, he was seen as a person of influence and made the leader of his barrack. The internees in camp created a governing body which aimed at standing up for internees and for family reunification, of which Fukuda was a member. He also helped internee workers get wages from the Santa Fe camp authorities, and he set up a camp newspaper. Said William Kelly, assistant commissioner of the INS, "he (Fukuda) has shown himself in a number of ways to be a troublemaker. He was, without doubt, one of the leaders, if not the leader, of the element at Santa Fe which recently delivered several threatening ultimatums."

Crystal City
Fukuda's request for family reunification was granted, and he was moved to Crystal City on February 10, 1944. Upon his arrival, officer in charge Joseph O'Rourke immediately handed him a memo from the Department of Justice that said Reverend Fukuda was forbidden from giving public speeches and holding a position in the camp. Even so, Fukuda still behaved in the same ways as he did in previous camps, holding mass for Konko believers and sticking up for internees. In Crystal City specifically, Fukuda requested to the government to supply a new tuberculosis drug to the camp hospital. This was granted, and resulted in almost all of the patients being cured. Due to his importance in the camp, as well as his influence feared by the US government, Fukuda was not released from imprisonment until September 29, 1947, over two years after the Japanese surrender of World War II.

After the War
After the war ended, Fukuda stayed in Crystal City, serving as a minister, school principal, printer, and interpreter among other jobs. At this time, many issei, including himself, were issued deportation letters, and he wrote many petitions on behalf of these people to pardon them from deportation. He served as an interpreter during a hearing on behalf of about 50 Japanese-Peruvians interned at Crystal City. The US wanted to deport them back to Peru, but Peru did not want them either. Fukuda offered to house them at his church in San Francisco until they found suitable employment, solving the matter. Once released, he once again focused on the growth of the Konko faith. Fukuda became a naturalized United States citizen in June 1955. He wrote a novel about his faith, entitled Live with Faith Being a Konko Believer, which was posthumously published in 1958.

Petition to President Eisenhower
Fukuda was still an important and active member in San Francisco's Japantown, and he witnessed the struggles that Japanese-Americans went through to reclaim lost properties, apply for or regain citizenship, and generally rebuild the lives they had before the war. He wrote a petition to President Dwight D. Eisenhower on February 10, 1957, in which he described these difficulties. He requested a change to the Evacuation Claims Act of 1948, which theoretically restored all lost property to Japanese-Americans, but was largely a failure. He requested compensation for those killed unjustly in the camps, which the government continued to hide. He included personal experiences, such as the loss of his fourth son Yoshiro, who died in 1946 at Crystal City after a battle with kidney disease. Fukuda believed that with medical attention available outside the camps, Yoshiro could have been saved.

Fukuda never received a response from President Eisenhower. The United States government did not formally apologize and compensate former internees until 1988, 31 years after his petition.

Personal life
Reverend Fukuda and his wife, Shinko, had seven children. Fukada died suddenly of a heart attack on December 6, 1957. He was 59 years old. His family continues to be involved with the Konko Church.

title: Yoshiaki Fukuda


text:
Ptichodis infecta

Ptichodis infecta is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found on Hispaniola, where it has been recorded from Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

title: Ptichodis infecta


text:
1608 in Norway

Events in the year 1608 in Norway.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Christian IV.

Events

 * Enevold Kruse was named Governor-general of Norway.

Births

 * 5 November – Margareta Huitfeldt, noblewomen, estate owner (died 1683).

Deaths

 * Hallvard Gunnarssøn, educator and non-fiction writer (born c.1550).

title: 1608 in Norway


text:
Vanessa Harwood

Vanessa Clare Harwood, (born 14 June 1947) is a Canadian ballet dancer, choreographer, artistic director, teacher, and actor.

Born in Cheltenham, England, Harwood was one of the first pupils at The National Ballet School of Canada in Toronto when it opened in 1959. She joined the National Ballet of Canada in 1965, became a soloist in 1967, and was a principal dancer from 1970 to 1987. Harwood was celebrated for her portrayal of Odette-Odile in Swan Lake, and came to be known as Superswan because of her mastery of the demanding dual role.

As an actor, Harwood had minor roles in Road to Avonlea and Due South. As a choreographer, she makes an uncredited appearance in the introductory sequence of "Poison à la Carte" a 2002 episode of A Nero Wolfe Mystery.

In 1984, Harwood was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. She is also an Advisory Council member of the Dancer Transition Resource Centre.

As of 1969, she was a resident of the Town of Mississauga.

title: Vanessa Harwood


text:
Ekaterina Sokirianskaia

Ekaterina Sokirianskaia (Екатерина Леонидовна Сокирянская; December 19, 1975) is a Russian human rights researcher, journalist, writer, professor of political science. Her researches dedicated mostly to the region of North Caucasus, where she worked at "Memorial", non-governmental human rights center from 2003 to 2008 as researcher, and at the Grozny University, where she taught political science.

Birth place
Ekaterina Sokirianskaia was born in the City of Leningrad (present day, Saint Petersburg) on December 19, 1975.

Education
Studied in Foreign Languages Faculty at Herzen University, Philosophy and Political Science Faculty at the Saint Petersburg State University, had Russian degree of Candidate of Sciences for research "Methodology and techniques of negotiation in resolving ethnopolitical conflicts" (2002). She has Doctor of Philosophy degree in political science from Central European University, Budapest.

Career
Ekaterina Sokirianskaia lived 17 years in North Caucasus, researching political situation. From 2003 to 2008, Sokirianskaia was a team of the Memorial Center in Ingushetia and Chechnya, monitoring and researching human rights conditions and during war conflicts as well as Ossetian–Ingush Conflict, her projects were "Database of missing residents of the Chechen Republic" and "Countering falsification of criminal cases in the framework of counter-terrorism operations in the North Caucasus". From 2004 to 2006 she taught in the History Faculty of the Grozny State University. From 2008 to 2011, she was program curator at the Memorial Centers in Kabardino-Balkaria and Dagestan, researching situation with human rights violations, work at settlement of new offices of the Memorial in Nalchik and Makhachkala.

Ekaterina Sokirianskaia was a spokeswoman of International Crisis Group in Russia since November 2011. She cooperated with the Expert Council under the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation as an expert (about 2007).

Publications (selective, not complete list)

 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2005, Forced migration in the Northern Caucasus: involving local stakeholders in the process of returning Ingush IDPs (Policy Analyses) (p. 19). Budapest: Central european university, center for policy studies; Open society institute
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2006, Modern nation-building in the northern caucasus : Ingushetia 1992-2004. In W. J. Burszta & T. Kamusella (Eds.), Nationalisms across the globe: an overview of nationalisms in state-endowed and stateless nations. The world. Vol. 2 (p. 469). Poznań: School of Humanities and Journalism.
 * Sokirianskaia, E., 2006, Getting Back Home? Towards Sustainable Return of Ingush Forced Migrants and Lasting Peace in Prigorodny District of North Ossetia (Policy Analyses) (p. 49). Budapest: Central european university, center for policy studies; Open society institute
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2010, Governing Fragmented Societies: State-Building and Political Integration in Chechnya and Ingushetia (1991-2009). Central Europe University, Budapest
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2010, Ideology and Conflict: Chechen Political Nationalism Prior to and During, Ten Years of War. In M. Gammer (Ed.), Ethno-nationalism, Islam and the state in the Caucasus : post-Soviet disorder (pp. 102–138). London: Routledge
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2013, December 5, Winter Games, Caucasian Misery. New York Times
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2013, December 7, A Chill Wind in the Caucasus. New York Times, p. A21
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2014, State and Violence in Chechnya (1997–1999). In A. Regamey, E. Sieca-Kozlowski, & A. Le Huérou (Eds.), Chechnya at War and Beyond (pp. 93–117). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2015, To the Islamic State and Back. Crisis Group
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2016, Russia’s North Caucasus Insurgency Widens as ISIS’ Foothold Grows. World Politics Review
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2017, March 22, Vladimir Putin has one reliable set of allies: Russia’s iron ladies. Guardian
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2017, May 3, Chechnya’s Anti-Gay Pogrom. New York Times
 * Sokirianskaia, E. 2017, August 1, Is Chechnya Taking Over Russia? International New York Times

title: Ekaterina Sokirianskaia


text:
Σοφοκλῆς

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) In particular, the 5th century  tragic playwright
 * 1) In particular, the 5th century  tragic playwright

title: Σοφοκλῆς


text:
DWBL-FM

DWBL (91.9 FM), broadcasting as 91.9 Bright FM, is a radio station owned and operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Fernando. Its studio and transmitter are located at the 4th Floor, DSF Building, Gen. Hizon Avenue, San Fernando, Pampanga.

It was formerly owned by Bright Light Broadcasting Service until September 7, 2015, when it was acquired by the Archdiocese of San Fernando. It is currently a member of the Catholic Media Network.

title: DWBL-FM


text:
Talk:David S. Dodge

Why is the kidnapping listed as "on this day" for June 19 when it happened on July 19? — Preceding unsigned comment added by RoadMap (talk • contribs) 01:58, 20 June 2017 (UTC)

Politician?
He is called a politician. What were his political activities? MikeEcho (talk) 06:05, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:David S. Dodge


text:
pinnatisect

Etymology
From, from + , past participle of.

Adjective

 * 1)  Having lobes with incisions that extend almost, or up to midrib.

Usage notes

 * Less deep incisions are called pinnatifid or pinnatipartite.

Translations

 * French:

title: pinnatisect


text:
Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Shells and orbitals

<< Nucleus and electrons | Filling electron shells >>

Electron orbitals
Electrons orbit atoms in clouds of distinct shapes and sizes. The electron clouds are layered one inside the other into units called shells (think nested Russian dolls), with the electrons occupying the smallest, innermost shell having the lowest energy state and the electrons in the largest, outermost shell having the highest energy state. The higher the energy state, the more potential energy the electron has, just like a rock at the top of a hill has more potential energy than a rock at the bottom of a valley. These concepts will be important in understanding later concepts like optical activity of chiral compounds as well as many interesting things outside the realm of organic chemistry (like how lasers work).

Wave nature of electrons
Electrons behave as particles but also as waves. (Work by Albert Einstein and others revealed that in fact, light and all matter behaves with this dual nature, and it is most clearly observed in the tiniest particles.) One of the results of this observation is that electrons are not just in simple orbit around the nucleus as we imagine the moon to circle the earth, but instead occupy space as if they were a wave on the surface of a sphere.

If you jump a jumprope you could imagine that the wave in the rope is in its fundamental frequency. The high and low points fall right in the middle, and the places where the rope doesn't move much (the nodes) occur only at the two ends. If you shake the rope fast enough in a rythmic way, using more energy than you would just jumping rope, you might be able to make the rope vibrate with a wavelength shorter than the fundamental. You them might see that the rope has more than one place along its length where it vibrates from its highest spot to its lowest spot. Furthermore, you'll see that there is one or more places (or nodes) along its length where the rope seems to move very little, if at all.

Or consider stringed musical instruments. The sound made by these instruments comes from the different ways, or modes the strings can vibrate. We can refer to these different patterns or modes of vibrations as linear harmonics. Going from there, we can recognize that a drum makes sound by vibrations that occur across the 2-dimensional surface of the drumhead. Extending this now into three dimensions, we think of the electron as vibrating across a 3-dimensional sphere, and the patterns or modes of vibration are referred to as spherical harmonics. The mathematical analysis of spherical harmonics were worked out by the French mathematician Legendre long before anyone started to think about the shapes of electron orbitals. The algebraic expressions he developed, known as Legendre polynomials, describe the three dimension shapes of electron orbitals in much the same way that the expression x2+y2 = z describes a circle (or, for that matter, a drumhead). Many organic chemists need never actually work with these equations, but it helps to understand where the pictures we use to think about the shapes of these orbitals come from.

Electron shells
Each different shell is subdivided into one or more orbitals, which also have different energy levels, although the energy difference between orbitals is less than the energy difference between shells.

Longer wavelengths have less energy; the s orbital has the longest wavelength allowed for an electron orbiting a nucleus and this orbital is observed to have the lowest energy.

Each sub-shell in the main electron shell has a characteristic shape, and are named by a letter. The sub-shells are: s, p, d, and f.

As one progresses up through the shells (represented by the principle quantum number n) more types of orbitals become possible.

S orbital
The s orbital is the orbital lowest in energy and is spherical in shape. Electrons in this orbital are in their fundamental frequency.

P orbital
The next lowest-energy orbital is the p orbital. Its shape is often described as like that of a dumbbell. There are three p-orbitals each oriented along one of the 3-dimensional coordinates x, y or z.

These three different p orbitals can be referred to as the px, py, and pz.

The s and p orbitals are important for understanding most of organic chemistry as these are the orbitals that are occupied by the type of atoms that are most common in organic compounds.

D orbital
[[Image

configuration 	species 	excited states Ca+2, Ti+4, Sc+3 	0 Ti+3 	1 V+3 	3 Cr+3 	3 Mn+3 	1 Mn+2, Fe+3 	0 Fe+2 	1 Co+2 	3 Ni+2 	3 Cu+2 	1 Zn+2 	0

 * Jahn-Teller distortion breaks the expected degeneracy. :]]

There are 5 types of d orbitals. Three of them are roughly X-shaped, as shown here, and might be viewed as being shaped like a crossed pair of dumbbells. They are referred to as dxy, dxz, and d yz. Like the p-orbitals, these three d orbitals have a node at the origin of the coordinate system where the three axes all come together. Unlike the p orbitals, however, these three d orbitals are not oriented along the x, y, or z axes, but instead are oriented in between them. The dxy orbital, for instance, lies in the xy plane, but the lobes of the orbital point out in between the x and y axes.

F orbital and beyond
There are 7 kinds of F orbitals, but we will not discuss their shapes here. F orbitals are filled in the elements of the lanthanide and actinide series, although electrons in these orbitals rarely come into play in organometallic reactions involving these elements.


text:
User:Hansraj Sehrawat

Full Name
Hansraj Sehrawat

Born and Place
5th December, 1985 Narnaul Haryana

Qualification
BCOM, MCOM, LLB and CA-Inter

Professional Life
Running a financial, Taxation and insurace business from 2020.

Family
Father Name- Manphool Singh Spouse Name - Sarita Kumari Sehrawat Son Name - Vivaan Sehrawat

title: User:Hansraj Sehrawat


text:
Lionel Avard Forsyth

Lionel Avard Forsyth (1 August 1890 – 1 January 1957) was a Canadian businessperson. He served as President of the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation beginning in 1950.

Forsyth graduated from University of King's College and Harvard University. He then was employed by the Bank of Nova Scotia in 1913. He became a professor at King's College and later passed the Nova Scotia bar.

title: Lionel Avard Forsyth


text:
Talk:Desi Reijers

External links modified
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title: Talk:Desi Reijers


text:
Blue Room (White House)

The Blue Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the residence of the president of the United States. It is distinctive for its oval shape. The room is used for receptions and receiving lines and is occasionally set for small dinners. President Grover Cleveland married Frances Folsom in the room on June 2, 1886, the only wedding of a President and First Lady in the White House. The room is traditionally decorated in shades of blue. With the Yellow Oval Room above it and the Diplomatic Reception Room below it, the Blue Room is one of three oval rooms in James Hoban's original design for the White House.

Description of the room
The room is approximately 30 by. It has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, Green Room, Red Room, and South Portico. The three windows look out upon the Portico and South Lawn.

The Blue Room is furnished in the French Empire style. A series of redecorations through the 19th century caused most of the original pieces to be sold or lost. Today much of the furniture is original to the room. Eight pieces of gilded European beech furniture purchased during the administration of James Monroe furnish the room, including a bergère (an armchair with enclosed sides) and several fauteuils (an open wood-frame armchair). The suite of furniture was produced in Paris around 1812 by the cabinetmaker Pierre-Antoine Bellangé, and reproduction side chairs and armchairs were made by Maison Jansen in 1961 during the Kennedy restoration. A marble-top center table has been in the White House since Monroe purchased it in 1817. A c. 1817 ormolu French Empire mantel clock with a figure of Hannibal, by Denière et Matelin, sits on the mantel.

The early 19th-century French chandelier is made of gilded wood and cut glass, encircled with acanthus leaves. Acquired during the Kennedy Administration, it previously hung in the President's Dining Room on the second floor. George Peter Alexander Healy's 1859 portrait of John Tyler hangs on the west wall above the Monroe sofa. The sapphire-blue silk fabric used for the draperies and furniture upholstery was chosen by Hillary Clinton. The silk lampas upholstery fabric retains the gold eagle medallion on the chair backs, which was adapted from the depiction of one of the Monroe-era chairs in a portrait of James Monroe. The painting, however, depicts the chair upholstered in crimson, not blue, showing the original color used for the room.

The design of the blue satin draperies is derived from early 19th-century French patterns. The present drapery design is similar to those installed during the administration of Richard Nixon. Clement Conger, White House Curator at that time, used archive materials from the Society for the Protection of New England Antiquities and the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Department of Decorative Arts as patterns for the drapery.

The walls are hung with a chamois-colored wallpaper imprinted with medallions of burnished gold. It is adapted from an early 19th-century American Empire wallpaper having French influences. The upper border is a faux printed blue fabric drapery swag. The faux fabric border is similar in effect to an actual fabric border installed during the administration of John F. Kennedy. The printed dado border along the chair rail is blue and gold with rosettes. Installation of a new oval carpet, based on early 19th-century designs, completed the renovation project. The design was adapted from an original design for a neoclassical English carpet from about 1815, the period of the furnishings acquired by Monroe for the Blue Room.

The oval salon
During the administration of John Adams, the Blue Room served as the south entrance hall, though it has always functioned as the principal reception room of the White House. During the administration of James Madison, architect Benjamin Latrobe designed a suite of classical-revival furniture for the room, but the furnishings were destroyed in the fire of 1814 (see War of 1812). When the White House was rebuilt, President James Monroe redecorated the room in the French Empire style. Martin Van Buren had the room carpeted and wallpapered in blue in 1837, and it has remained the tradition ever since. However, many administrations have made changes to the decoration.

During the administration of James Buchanan, the room was refurbished in a Victorian style called Rococo Revival. Buchanan was a lifelong bachelor. His niece, Harriet Lane, acted as hostess and de facto First Lady. Lane focused primarily on her hosting duties rather than maintaining the White House. Although Congress allotted President Buchanan $20,000 ($0 in dollars) to refurbish the White House when he moved in, Buchanan spent nearly all these funds building a glass conservatory adjacent to the mansion to replace an orangery on the east side of the White House (built during the Jackson administration but torn down to make way for an expansion of the Treasury Building). Rococo Revival furniture, a purchase of Harriet Lane's, financed by the auction of older White House furniture, arrived in December 1859. The centerpiece of this suite was a large circular settee with a central table for flowers.

1902 Roosevelt renovation
A series of increasingly complex, highly patterned styles followed until 1902, when the room was returned to an Empire style by the firm of McKim, Mead & White during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt. The company fabricated a suite of chairs (painted white and gold) based on chairs made for Napoleon by François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter. Two new doorways were also cut into the walls to provide more access to the room.

1950 Truman reconstruction
The White House was completely gutted and rebuilt from 1950 to 1952 during the Harry S. Truman administration. When it came time to redecorate the Blue Room, Truman's designers selected for wall coverings a deep blue silk, which contained a pattern of gold urns draped with flowers. The addition of the Truman Balcony provided shade to the oval portico outside the Blue Room.

1961 Kennedy restoration
In 1961, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy began a major refurbishment of the White House, including the Blue Room. An advisory Committee on Fine Arts composed of museum professionals and wealthy individuals interested in antiques technically oversaw her renovation. American antiques autodidact Henry Francis du Pont (an expert in Federal furniture) led this committee. Mrs. Kennedy also brought in French interior designer Stéphane Boudin (an advocate of French interior design) and his company, Maison Jansen, to oversee the refurbishment. Although du Pont and Boudin often competed with one another to control a space's redecoration in the White House, the Blue Room was an area where Boudin had almost exclusive control.

Jacqueline Kennedy determined the style of the Blue Room. While researching the history of the White House in early January 1961, she came across a 1946 French magazine article that mentioned a suite of French Empire-style gilt wood furniture made in 1817 by French furniture maker Pierre-Antoine Bellangé for use in the Yellow Oval Room. Kennedy asked the White House staff to locate pieces from this suite, and one piece was found: a battered pier table. Kennedy then asked Maison Jansen if they would restore the table. Jansen agreed to do so and donate the work and materials for free. The pier table received a new white marble top and new giltwork. The pier table was placed opposite the fireplace, its historic location.

Deciding where to place other furniture and what sort of colors, window treatments, and other design elements should be made, Maison Jansen created a maquette of the Blue Room. Tiny paintings, pieces of furniture, and window treatments in a wide range of colors and designs were manufactured and placed in the maquette to demonstrate to Jacqueline Kennedy how the room might be put together.

The French Empire pier table dictated the style of the room. Boudin initially retained the 1902 suite of chairs for the room. When one of the original 1817 armchairs was found in Pennsylvania, it was donated to the White House and added to the Blue Room. Two side chairs from the suite were located at the Adams National Historical Park in Massachusetts. Charles Francis Adams IV declined to donate these chairs but agreed to pay for seven reproduction armchairs and six reproduction side chairs. After extensive research into designs, the American fabrics firm Scalamandré discovered a historical painting of the original Monroe-era upholstery for the furniture. Scalamandré was unable to produce a fabric of high enough quality to satisfy Mrs. Kennedy, so Boudin selected the French firm of Tassinari et Châtel to manufacture the coverings.

The Blue Room had long been decorated with a table in the center and other furniture around the edge. Boudin continued this historic decorative scheme, which required him to find a new centerpiece. Although he could locate a mahogany round table with a white marble top purchased during the Monroe administration, he disliked its heavy look and asked that it be covered. Sister Parish, an interior decorator and Kennedy friend who had refurbished the private rooms of the White House, designed a gold-colored silk damask cloth with tassels to cover the table. Mrs. Kennedy was unhappy that the Monroe table was concealed, and Boudin soon swapped it out for a modern table (retaining the Parish covering).

Replacing the Truman-era wall covering, Boudin selected a silk upholstery with cream stripes, plain alternating with satin. To soften the cornice line of the room, Boudin chose blue silk taffeta with black and gold trim in a Baroque Revival design which he formed into a continuous valance hung just below the cornice molding. For the drapes in the room, Boudin chose straight panels of blue silk taffeta. He then replaced Parish's gold cloth on the table with a blue velvet covering with a long gold fringe. The fabrics for the walls, valance, drapes, and tablecloth were all produced by Scalamandré.

To finish unifying the scheme of the Blue Room, Boudin had the dado rail and the cornice molding painted gold and white. Painter and craftsman Peter H. Guertler, widely known as an expert on the restoration of historical interior paintwork, repainted these parts of the room for free. Life-size portraits of George Washington, John Adams, James Madison, and John Quincy Adams had long hung in the Blue Room. Boudin retained these works of art, adding three new works (of Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Andrew Jackson) purchased by the White House. Boudin purchased and installed black and gilt French Empire sconces on the piers and hung four of the paintings beneath them. A French Empire gilt bronze and crystal chandelier was mounted in the center of the ceiling. Additional lighting was provided by a pair of caryatid torchères.

An early 19th-century rectangular blue, gold, and pink French Empire carpet manufactured at Savonnerie in France was chosen for the floor, and a pair of French Empire gilt bronze andirons for the fireplace.

Redecoration of the Blue Room was funded by oil company executive Charles Bierer Wrightsman and his wife, Jayne (a close friend of Mrs. Kennedy's).

The Blue Room was chosen as the subject of a 1964 print that the Kennedys intended to present to White House staff for Christmas. Edward Lehman was commissioned to do the painting. (Lehman had also been commissioned to paint the Red Room and the Green Room for 1962 and 1963 perspective gift prints.) In August 1963, Lehman visited the White House to show the Kennedys his painting. The Kennedys approved of the work, and President Kennedy told Lehman then that the Blue Room was his favorite. Because President Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, the Blue Room print was never distributed. However, about 1,000 prints were made, numbered, and signed, and some of these were obtained by collectors.

Nixon and Clinton refurbishments
When the completed Blue Room was opened to the public in January 1963, there was little criticism of Boudin's efforts. In 1973, First Lady Pat Nixon again refurbished the room. At that time, several critics were very vocal about Boudin's choices for the room. In 1985, White House Curator Clement Conger, in declaring Boudin's Blue Room a failure, said Boudin demonstrated no expertise in period American houses. It followed a complete redecoration by First Lady Pat Nixon in 1971, which retained the Bellange pieces of Monroe but saw the walls covered with wallpaper for the first time since the early 19th century.

The current appearance of the Blue Room is the result of a renovation and refurbishing completed in 1995 by the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the White House Office of the Curator, and funded by the White House Endowment Trust.

Obama second term inaugural
As January 20, 2013, fell on a Sunday, President Barack Obama was sworn in for his second term by Chief Justice of the United States John G. Roberts in a brief semi-private ceremony in the Blue Room, accompanied by the First Lady and their two daughters. A larger public ceremony, including Obama's second inaugural address, followed at the U.S. Capitol the next day.

title: Blue Room (White House)


text:
Harry Tighe

Harry Tighe (1877–1946) was an Australian playwright and novelist. Born in Newcastle, New South Wales He was Cambridge educated and spent the most active part of his career in Britain. He spent three mature years living in Cremorne, Sydney during which he tried theatre production as a founder of the Independent Theatre His passage to Australia was booked when he died.

Plays

 * 1910 Four Candles
 * 1920 Intrigue
 * 1927 Open Spaces
 * 1930 The Canary Waistcoat
 * 1931 The Bush-Fire
 * 1933 The Insult (adapted for film)
 * 1927 Old Mrs Wiley
 * Drastic Measures
 * Penang
 * Red Foam (contributor)

Novels

 * 1922 Women of the Hills
 * Emily Reed
 * With the Tide
 * Sheep Path
 * 1908 ''Galore Girl
 * 1908 A Man of Sympathy
 * 1902 Remorse
 * 1939 By The Wayside

title: Harry Tighe


text:
Aleksei Mironov

Aleksei Vladislavovich Mironov (Алексей Владиславович Миронов; born 1 January 2000) is a Russian football player who plays as a central midfielder for FC Rostov.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Football National League for FC Orenburg on 16 August 2020 in a game against FC Tekstilshchik Ivanovo.

On 17 June 2022, Mironov signed a five-year contract with FC Rostov. He made his Russian Premier League debut for Rostov on 24 July 2022 against FC Lokomotiv Moscow.

title: Aleksei Mironov


text:
Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/The End

For the moment I recommend looking at The Python 2 Tutorial by Guido van Rossum for more topics. If you have been following this tutorial, you should be able to understand a fair amount of it. If you want to get deeper into Python, Learn Python the Hard Way is a nice on-line textbook, although targeted at people with a more solid programming background. The Python Programming wikibook can be worth looking at, too.

This tutorial is very much a work in progress. Thanks to everyone who has sent me emails about it. I enjoyed reading them, even when I have not always been the best replier.

Happy programming, may it change your life and the world.


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2017 September 14

= September 14 =

'97% Of Climate Scientists Agree' Is 100% Wrong
According to this article, '97% Of Climate Scientists Agree' Is 100% Wrong, the 97% figure commonly cited in favor of scientific consensus on AGW comes from a paper (Cook) which misrepresented several scientist's work. Is there any truth to these papers being mischaracterized? In particular, I'm referring to page 2 of the article. If it is true, how much would it change the 97% figure? A Quest For Knowledge (talk) 13:57, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The issue isn't that 97% of climate scientists agree. The issue is what they agree on. What they agree on is that there is a warming trend of up to 0.8 degrees in the last 150 years and they agree that there has been an increase in fossil fuels during the last 150 years. They do not all agree that the warming is completely caused by use of fossil fuels. They do not all agree that the trend will continue. They do not all agree that the trend will accelerate. They do not all agree that ending all use of fossil fuels will reverse the trend. However, this does not mean that less than 97% of climate scientists do believe that global warming is going to be an ongoing trend and that it is caused by man. This is the best analysis that I've seen on the topic of consensus. It makes it clear that while the consensus for any specific subject may be lower (or higher) than 97%, it is still well over 90% in general. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:09, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * An opinion piece is not a reliable source. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 15:39, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Also keep in mind what a moving target this is. New scientists are minted every year, scientists die every year, etc. There's really no use in nitpicking exact percentages on something like this. Science isn't a popularity contest. SemanticMantis (talk) 15:52, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Also also important: Science is not built on single "gotcha" moments, nor is it built on certitude. It is built on consensus, and it is built on the preponderance of evidence.  "I did the calculations, and it's only 96%!  HA! It must all be a hoax!" is the sort of bullshit that the creationists and the ID crowd and the climate change deniers engage in.  The fact that consensus is clear, evidence is overwhelming, and we're damned sure that climate change is happening and is caused by pollution are not in serious dispute.  The disputes are over things like mechanism, degree, small differences in specific theory, and the like.  The broad picture is well agreed upon.  -- Jayron 32 15:59, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Basically, if 97% of scientists can be wrong about something, the remaining 3% are probably even more wrong or Not even wrong (if they're even doing science at all). Ian.thomson (talk) 17:06, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Rubbish blog talking about no change in the last 15 years. Even Roy Spencer's graphs show the trend even though he believes that God would not allow such a thing and he refuses to put in anything except horizontal average lines on his graphs. Dmcq (talk) 16:32, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I am reminded of a discussion on Wikipedia's science reference desk in January 2017 in which we teased apart the actual, factual statistically-meaningful bit about a 95% confidence interval; and deconstructed a sound bite by citing the reliable source of information from which it originated.
 * The trouble is, certain journalists thrive on the use of imprecise language, weak attribution of claims, and unscrupulous use of statistical fact. These behaviors would be called "weasel words" if an author posted them to Wikipedia.  In high-visibility newspapers, authors get paid for using these tactics!
 * Well-written scientific news carries at least the following characteristics:
 * clearly-specified factual claims
 * clear attribution of factual claims to a person or authority of merit
 * reference to further information, data, and analysis for interested readers to explore the topic in further depth
 * If you're reading a science-news website that does not do all of those three things, you're not reading a good science news website.
 * In this case, the author of this Forbes opinion piece constructs a straw man argument. He poses questions that he does not expect us to answer, probably for the sake of promoting doubt.  I would call that disinformation - or at the very least, pretty disingenuous, and poor-quality journalism, even for an op-ed piece.  He writes: "What exactly do the climate scientists agree on?"  Well, if he read the paper he pretends to be criticizing - Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature (2013), the paper is pretty specific.  "Among abstracts expressing a position on AGW, 97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming."
 * Now, if the critics want to attack the methodology, that's fine - they can bring their legitimate criticisms. But if they simply ask obtuse questions - "What exactly do the climate scientists agree on?"  ... then there are very easy answers to their ill-informed questions.  The climate scientists agree that "humans are causing global warming."  This is the statement that Cook et al. found agreement upon.  "How do we know the 97% agree?"  "We analyze the evolution of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW) in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, examining 11 944 climate abstracts from 1991–2011... "[Cook et al] classified each abstract according to the type of research (category) and degree of endorsement."
 * See? Easy answers exist to refute an ill-conceived critique.
 * Perhaps instead of reading opinion-pieces on Forbes.com, our readers would consider reading a better science news website, where interesting and difficult questions about climate and policy are brought forward? Here's a front-page story from the website of the U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA projects 28% increase in world energy use by 2040.  What are we going to do about that?  Why doesn't our esteemed op-ed writer tackle that question in his next piece?
 * Nimur (talk) 18:59, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Well, the first page of the article is fairly easy to debunk. It was the second page I was more interested in.  I was curious if these quotes were taken out of context or the article was omitting anything.  So far, I've researched the first quote and it appears to be accurate.  In fact the guy quoted, Richard Tol, did write an interesting article critiquing Cook's methodology: The claim of a 97% consensus on global warming does not stand up.  What the Forbes opinion piece neglects to explain is that Tol was only criticizing Cook's methodology, not the scientific consensus on AGW.  A Quest For Knowledge (talk) 19:26, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The theory that the world is heating up is probably a result of statistical mis-analysis. The temperature records that have survived from 150 years ago are sparse and are heavily weighted in favour of capital cities, which are usually harbour cities and therefore cool. Since the 1960s a boom in technology has allowed the placing of temperature sensors in remote places where readings were never historically taken. A boom in computer technology since 1990 has allowed the storage of all this recent data. What we are seeing is not a rise in temperature but a more accurate figure for the world's temperature. I have never seen any analysis by scientists of the implications of this statistical bias. Akld guy (talk) 19:44, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Akld guy, before you self-congratulate as the sole genius who has figured out the grand conspiracy, you should know the following.
 * You are making certain specific claims that are:
 * commonplace claims often repeated by ill-informed people
 * claims that are easily, and commonly, refuted by actual scientific study
 * Your claims are:
 * The claim that urban heat islands are responsible for invalid data
 * The claim that recent data or methodology is inconsistent with older data and methodology
 * Both claims are wrong.
 * Urban heat island effect is very well known, very well characterized, and responsible climate-scientists account for this effect. Here is EPA.gov's website on the heat island effect; and here is the National Climatic Data Center's FAQ on temperature data.  Refer to "Q5: Are there still biases in the data we use to calculate global and U.S. temperatures?"
 * Once again, we can easily refute your criticism. Your criticism is neither valid nor correct; and it's not even original.  It's the same tired line that has been repeated by many poorly-educated people for, well, a really long time.  Before you were even born, uneducated people were saying that urban heat islands perturbed climate science; they were wrong then, and they are wrong now.
 * Absent any reliable reference for your claim, you should not repeat your claim on this encyclopedia's science reference desk. You say you "have never seen any analysis by scientists of the implications of this statistical bias."  Here are six analyses:
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Do you really want more, or would you like to rescind your ill-informed commentary?
 * For your own sake, spend an hour studying climate science before making strong statements about it. Even better - spend a few thousand hours studying it - because that magnitude of formal study is exactly what climate science professionals get.
 * Nimur (talk) 20:03, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Yeah, whatever. Scientists are not statisticians. You do realise don't you that adjusting for bias because of incomplete statistics from long ago is error prone? Extrapolating new figures based on a limited subset is prone to error. In short the comparison is being made on a limited set of figures, expanded out to give a multitude of new figures, versus the latest figures from sensors where readings were never taken. It's just nonsense. Akld guy (talk) 21:42, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Scientists can be statisticians, or mathematicians, or whatever.
 * The author of the first study I linked, Tom Smith, has "degrees in mathematics, meteorology, and oceanography." I'd be willing to bet money that he's got three more degrees than you've got in the geosciences.  Multiple universities, organizations, and agencies have validated his credentials; his papers passed peer-review, meaning that panels of experts in climate and statistics checked his work.  I also cited many many more authors and publications, so if you don't like the first one, and you don't like the next paper, and you don't like the next author's credentials, and you disagree with the next paper's methodology.... well, the statistics just aren't in your favor, are they?  How about 11,000 more research publications, do you still want to nitpick each of the authors' credentials on that stack of research as well?
 * If you disagree with the majority of experts, you are the fringe scientist crackpot.
 * This data is vetted by scientists and statisticians. The methodology is correct and sound.  You are mistaken, and instead of being argumentative about it, you should take some time to inform yourself.
 * Nimur (talk) 21:53, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Just to add a little bit here: the blogger Anthony Watts believed this exact thing - that urban heat island was affecting temperature records. To his credit, he investigated this scientifically, sending people to photograph weather stations and see how the environment around them had changed. In the end, the weather stations in urban areas didn't give a significantly different reading to those in rural areas (they gave slightly warmer night time temperatures and cooler day time temperatures, but these effects cancelled out), and even the best-sited weather stations showed a warming effect - see Anthony Watts (blogger). Despite this, Watts continues to believe that global warming isn't happening, which pushes him "sceptic" to "denier" in my books. Smurrayinchester 09:24, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

The 97% figure does not just come from one paper. Four separate papers have estimated consensus at 97%, and three other papers came up 91%, 93% and 100%. Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 10:08, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
 * So, the counter-argument I'm facing is that these studies misrepresent the papers. If you look at page 2 of the article, there are a series of quotes from scientists who say that Cook miscategorized their papers.  I've been able to validate the first quote from Tol as accurate, albeit misleading.  Tol does dispute Cook's methodology but not the scientific consensus on AGW.  A Quest For Knowledge (talk) 10:29, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

Lighting a match in a hydrogen filled room
Imagine a room completely filled with hydrogen and no oxygen. A match is somehow struck in this room. Does it light? Does the room explode with flame? Or is oxygen needed for the reaction? Basically, does hydrogen require oxygen to burn? † dismas †|(talk) 19:15, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hydrogen requires oxygen to burn. Flame, in the conventional sense, requires the three parts of the fire triangle: fuel (hydrogen); oxidizer (from the oxygen in the air); and a spark (the heat from friction during the strike of the match).
 * Interestingly, though, a match probably does not require oxygen from the air - depending on the type of match, it may contain (or may be struck against) an oxidizing chemical, allowing the flame reaction to occur (for a brief time) independent of any oxygen in the air. If the room is totally oxygen-free, that flame will rapidly extinguish.
 * Nimur (talk) 19:23, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * According to Flammability limit, the upper flammability limit of hydrogen in 75% in air, so no, the room does not explode. Yes, hydrogen requires oxygen to burn. shoy (reactions) 19:27, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * For the record, we're restricting to discussion of conventional chemical combustion. You need an oxidizer; in a normal room on Earth, that oxidizer is usually oxygen.
 * Chemical combustion ("flame") can also exist in an atmosphere of chlorine or fluorine; or in appropriate mixtures of perchlorate, and so on. In yet another case of chemistry that is more difficult than the version we learned in high school, sulfur can burn hydrogen under certain conditions; sulfur acts as a weird simultaneous "fuel-and-oxidizer" in that reaction.  If you mix hydrogen and sulfur dioxide, sulfur will even un-oxidize from the oxygen and re-oxidize with the hydrogen; under other conditions, the reaction goes the other direction.  All of those chemicals will "burn" hydrogen in a chemical reaction.  A 100.0% hydrogen atmosphere, however, can not sustain a flame.
 * If you want to start mincing words, we can also redefine the plain english word, "burn", to encompass the totally-different physics and nuclear chemistry called hydrogen fusion. This is actually a commonplace abuse of language among people who study stars, for example: if you read our article on Stellar nucleosynthesis, you see the word "burn" used throughout the article.
 * Nimur (talk) 19:43, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Well they were both faster than me, so I'll just say Nimur and Shoy are right (well, Nimur might be right or wrong about specialty matches, I don't know). But while we're all here, anyone know why the the table at Flammability limit has different values for UFL and UEL for hydrogen?  I noticed it while preparing my now-superfluous reply.  UEL=58%, UFL=75%.  The source has the same thing: .  None of the other materials have different values (some have ranges). And the way I use UFL and UEL in real life (admittedly not pure chemistry, and not with hydrogen) they're defined identically. --Floquenbeam (talk) 19:48, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that flammable limit is "sustain combustion" where as explosive limit is "deflagrate/detonate". The distinction is probably not that important if your only goal is keeping things safe. shoy (reactions) 15:04, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
 * At the risk of sounding like a commercial endorsement, these matches burn underwater (and in sand). To scale back my earlier claim, these matches are specialty-items and are not commonplace.
 * These matches are a real-world example proving that some flames cannot be extinguished. Such materiel embeds the oxidizing chemical into the fuel and once ignited, the fire cannot be extinguished because it self-completes the fire-triangle.  Nimur (talk) 19:56, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Cannot? I bet you could so it if you had a sufficient supply of liquid helium and a way to pump it onto the flame.  Just sayin'. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:46, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay, if you can cool it fast enough, by blowing inert gas over the fuel/oxidizer mix, you can make the reaction unsustainable. Moving the ambient air might prevent it from incandescing, and the flame might go out.  Nimur (talk) 22:02, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * In some cases, you can also disrupt the reaction with things like Halon. 2601:646:8E01:7E0B:3DB7:8D6E:A762:14CC (talk) 09:06, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I can't get youtube here...do they say what the chemical mixture is? Might be possible to quench the reaction with...radical trap, alternate oxidizer or reducing agent that gets the process out of some self-sustaining chemical pathway, etc. How far can we destabilize via the fourth side of the fire tetrahedron? DMacks (talk) 21:08, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * A safety match should strike and burn in a hydrogen filled room. (A weird thing is that the ignition of a humble safety match is chemically the same as Armstrong's mixture, which is perhaps the most infamously hazardous thing a pyrotechnics wannabe can attempt to make.  But the match and striker are physically separated. Wnt (talk) 00:55, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
 * To be clear, it will strike and burn as along as there is oxidizer remaining on the match. After it runs out of oxidizer, it will go out. shoy (reactions) 14:57, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Would the heat of the striking cause the oxidizer to react with the hydrogen atmosphere at all? I have a mental image of striking the match, and having both the box and the match burst into flames (assuming that the reaction of oxidizing gas with fuel solid would look similar to the reaction of oxidizing solid with fuel gas... which is also an interesting question). MChesterMC (talk) 15:17, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

Cassini
is there any prediction of what happens when she crashes through Saturn? Treasure trove of data coming in 20+ hours but would be nice for the article to compare what is expected.
 * also any word on future missions.

Thanks.Lihaas (talk) 20:20, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * JPL has a great website on the event: JPL's Saturn Website main page presently has a special - Cassini: The Grand Finale. Here's an interview with several of the program scientists, including a description of what's about to happen in the next few hours as the spacecraft enters Saturn atmosphere.  The spacecraft will begin to aerodynamically tumble, eventually enduring aerodynamic stresses beyond its ability to maintain directional control.  The spacecraft will no longer be able to point its antenna toward Earth; and will tumble unpredictably before ultimately breaking apart.  Here's a more detailed overview: Cassini Spacecraft Makes Its Final Approach to Saturn.
 * "Within about 30 seconds following loss of signal, the spacecraft will begin to come apart; within a couple of minutes, all remnants of the spacecraft are expected to be completely consumed in the atmosphere of Saturn."
 * Here's a long-form documentary, (about 15 minutes long), from earlier this summer; it includes some stunning animations representing what NASA's digital artists think the spacecraft break-apart would look like if you could watch it with your own eyes at Saturn.
 * It's a little hard to understand intuitively, but the material of the spacecraft will be hitting atmospheric gas, as dense as Earth's sea-level atmosphere, while it's still moving at orbital entry speeds - about 70,000 miles per hour (or about twenty miles each second). At those speeds, the heat of aerothermal friction is so high that even space-grade metals - like titanium - or ceramic or composite structures - just can not withstand the heat and stress.  Hitting air molecules at that speed can be as destructive as slamming into a solid object.
 * This link - JPL's Cassini Grand Finale interactive feature - is a fun tour of the last hours of mission operation, full of cool animations and brief descriptions. The feature explains which parts of the spacecraft are expected to break off first, using language that's accessible to an average science enthusiast.
 * "Cassini’s gold-colored multi-layer insulation blankets will char and break apart, and then the spacecraft's carbon fiber epoxy structures, such as the 11-foot (3-meter) wide high-gain antenna and the 30-foot (11-meter) long magnetometer boom, will weaken and break apart. Components mounted on the outside of the central body of the spacecraft will then break apart, followed by the leading face of the spacecraft itself."
 * Nimur (talk) 20:29, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * fascinating, and I am an "average science enthusiast," but I thought that the atmosphere is way stronger than ours?
 * Further, is there a remote possibility (in probability theory there are no absolute certainties (or vice versa) she can survive to send back more data? I realize even at this point IFF it happens she;;ll [almost] certainly never leave Saturn.Lihaas (talk) 20:55, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Saturn is an enormous planet. The spacecraft's orbit will take it over the "cloud tops," and as it descends, it will encounter denser atmosphere.  The air will get about ten times as thick for each minute the spacecraft falls.
 * There is no realistic way for this spacecraft to survive the plunge into the planet's atmosphere. It is not structurally designed for reentry; it has no heat shield.
 * Even if the spacecraft survived, it will begin tumbling as soon as the atmosphere becomes thick enough. Once the spacecraft is tumbling, it cannot point its antenna at Earth, so we can not hear any messages it sends to us.  We'll be pointing the most sensitive antennas on our planet - Deep Space Network - using an antenna in California and another in Australia.  Even with our most sensitive antennas, we can't detect Cassini's signals after it starts tumbling.
 * The mission planners know that is going to happen - so they've configured the spacecraft to send as much data as possible before it hits the planet; and to transmit as much as possible on the way in.
 * No part of the spacecraft will remain intact: it will be evaporated by the intense heat, like a meteor.
 * Is any other outcome possible?
 * No.
 * Several years ago, after I read the Wikipedia article on "almost surely", I had a long and boring conversation with my mathematician friend. We took that article apart piece-by-piece.  We did a verbal epsilon-delta proof.  We constructed a Lebesgue measure for the probability integral.  We took the language apart, constructed a grammar, used axiomatic set theory.  We talked about alternative views on the issue, colored by my various backgrounds in physics, in engineering, in philosophy.  We talked about using probabilities as inputs to decision problems in game theory.  We talked about plain English words, and the very same words used in technical mathematical parlance.  We talked about "certainty," and "good-enough-certainty."  We came to no new profound understanding.
 * Almost surely, the spacecraft will break apart.
 * Nimur (talk) 21:10, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Quibble regarding "the heat of aerothermal friction" -- my understanding is that friction plays a small part in the heating of a spacecraft (or meteor) on atmospheric entry.  The main heating effect is caused by the compression of the air in front of the object.  Atmospheric entry says "Direct friction upon the reentry object is not the main cause of shock-layer heating. It is caused mainly from isentropic heating of the air molecules within the compression wave."  CodeTalker (talk) 22:17, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Good observation; I'm lumping all of the aerodynamic heating effects together. Reentry thermodynamics, as you point out, become very complicated.  Nimur (talk) 23:06, 14 September 2017 (UTC) −

 * Any chance bacteria can survive? There are water vapor clouds and comfortable temperatures near the bottom of the observable cloud layers.  (The gravity is Earthlike also, so any relevant microbes need to be able to hang aloft for long durations) Wnt (talk) 00:57, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
 * No, the chance is extremely low. NASA's Planetary Protection Office specifically researches how to prevent biological contamination of worlds we explore, even when we send robotic probes like Cassini.
 * Here's their brief overview on bioprotection for Saturn's moons.

 * Nimur (talk) 12:56, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

 * After we crash our satellite into Saturn, I expect angry Saturnians to fire back at Earth. (Those same Saturnians were also angered by the civilizations on some of their larger moons, and those moons are now rings.)  :-) StuRat (talk) 03:33, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Actually the Rings of Saturn article says that all the particles together would be a moon a little smaller than Mimas, though it also says that Cassini gave some indications that's a bit of an underestimate. Wnt (talk) 11:33, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Have Cassini or any other of our probes ever gotten close enough to the rings to get pictures of some individual pieces of them? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 11:43, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Textures in the C Ring; Waves and Small Particles in the A Ring; Moon-Made Rings; A Lone Propeller; Daphnis. Many photos exist from a long and accomplished scientific mission.  Some of our useful information about ring material comes from non-photographic data - such large areas can be understood by imaging them with radio and other instruments - but the picture we get is a little different than a photograph.  Nimur (talk) 14:27, 15 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Portal talk:Biblical studies

Subpages:
 * Prayer Requests

Biblical Studies: Correct title for this division?
It seems to me based off of the department titles (such as "Christian Formation" and "Ecclesiology and Church History") that this division is more a division of Christianity in general rather than strictly "Biblical Studies." Christian formation tends toward Church History (or historical theology) and Ecclesiology is a branch of systematic theology. Neither are a branch of Biblical Studies. Because of this, I added a couple more theological topics (Missional theology and Eschatology). What does everyone else think? Create a new division for Christian Theology separate from Biblical Studies? Or keep Christian theology as a part of Biblical Studies? Cgsayler 02:39, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think Christian theology should be kept seperate from Biblical Studies, after all studying the Bible is not the sole preserve of Christians, but also Jews and Muslims as well as those sometimes referred to as "seekers" (an awful term in my opinion). AlistairReece 11:32, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Biblical Studies... hmmm. Are we studying The Bible or a bible? I would think that several points of contention may arise naturally from Biblical Studies that are based from within a belief system such as Christianity, so let's not do that. OK? It is natural that strong believers in The Bible as the Word of God (such as me) would detract from an objective study of the Bible and other ancient texts. CQ 18:27, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you need to diffentiate there between The Bible and scripture. Most religions have a set of authoritative writings which are "scripture", but only Judaism and Christianity have "The Bible" is some form. Muslims accept certain books as inspired but they are not regarded as canonical in the same sense as in the Christian and Jewish traditions. AlistairReece 12:37, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that Christian Theology should be kept seperate from Biblical Studies. Biblical Studies is about studying the Bible, a practice that by nature should come before any doctrines are formed.  Hence Biblical Studies knows nothing of more Systematic Theologies, such as Eschatology, or Ecclesiology.  I propose that we keep the following:
 * Hermeneutics,
 * Biblical Overview,
 * Bible Translation,
 * Greek,
 * and Biblical Languages,
 * and move the rest:
 * Christian Formation
 * Ecclesiology and Church History
 * Missional Theology
 * Eschatology
 * just my thoughts, --Opensourcejunkie 01:28, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Departmental Organization
Let me start another topic. I think that Biblical Greek and Biblical Hebrew (Ancient Hebrew) should go together under Biblical Language, and subjects such as Hermeneutics and translation should go under Biblical Theology, while Missional theology, Ecclesiology, Eschatology are simply related to another department. For example, Ecclesiology and Eschatology should go to the department of Christian Systematic Theology, and Missional Theology to Practical Depart or Christian Mission Department if we have that. Further, since this is Biblical Studies Dept. at large, we should have subdivision for Old Testament Studies and New Testament Studies. If then so, we can send Biblical Greek and Biblical Hebrew to each related subdivision (Old and New). There's still a lot need to discuss. Hisfootstep 09:17, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Centers instead of Departments
it was proposed on the Theology Talk Page that the Department of Traditional Christian Theology reorganize their substructure from "departments" to "centers". I wanted to propose that we do the same thing here. This would help clarify the whole departments within departments mess, while still allowing us to retain some organizational structure within the department. What are your thoughts? --Opensourcejunkie 01:34, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The change to centers was made, along with a general revamp of the page. If there are any issues with the revamp, let me know; you can find a discussion of the changes on the revision's talk page.

Prayer Requests
I've added a page for prayer requests as a subpage of this one, and linked to it from the main page.

Why? Forgive my being blunt, but this a place for study not prayer. AlistairReece 09:24, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * There is certainly no reason to preclude prayer—when it comes to religion, prayer may be considered a very important element of certain kinds of study. The Jade Knight 16:35, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Biblical Studies (Academic ?)
I think that consideration must be given to the development of another "center" or "section" that takes a more academic approach to the study of the sciptures, in my particular interest at this point, the New Testament. Having a Biblical Studies that is explicitly based on the "literal normative" point of view automatically restricts the information that can be shared and developed. Since there is a basic assumption that the scriptures are inerrant it becomes impossible to discuss topics like the ending of Mark 16:9-20 for which there is very strong evidence that it was added by a later scribe.

Though I would not want to construct another entire "branch" of this part of the department it is clear to me that my interest in studying the New Testament cannot in honesty go forward under the current conditions since I am sure that many of my questions and inquiries would be offensive to "literal-normative" students and teachers.

So the question is what to do. I have come to this point before, about a year ago, when I decided that I would just ignore the whole issue and search for another place to study. Now I have worked my way back here and would like to participate in the development of a more inclusive resource that could accept many viewpoints and traditions.

--Bill A 19:52, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Moving forward in 2011
From the posts on this page and the time stamps in other parts of the Biblical Studies material it seems clear to me that the work was begun in 2007/2008 and has not been picked up again in two years. I personally feel that the main problem is the stated "interpretation focus", this "literal normative" stuff that seems to cut off discussion.

I think the department needs to be revitalized OR a new division created, something like "Academic Biblical Studies" to allow for a more diverse approach to the scriptures.

While we are at it, there should be a consideration of what we want to do here. We already have a fairly "rich" source of Biblical material in Wikipedia itself with many articles on many aspects of the Bible. Added to that are numerous sites on the internet that are highly professional and again very rich in resources. I think we need to think through some way of holding "online seminars" or perhaps "investigations" that use those exisiting resources and provide a place here to discuss, think, consider and interact with the scriptures and all those resources. We don't need what amounts to a "correspondence course" format for our courses.

Anyway, I hope we can get something going. I am not at all qualified to be the person who either leads such an approach nor even adds much to the content at this stage. I do have a Masters Degree in Education which provides me with a skill set that would be useful in designing more active, more interactive, hopefully though provoking learning material. However I have absolutely NO training in Biblical Studies, that is why I am here at wikiversity, hoping to find an alternative study process to spending something like $500- $1000 per course on University continuing studies courses which seem to be the only other viable option.

Hopefully someone will join me in this conversation. --Bill A 04:01, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

January 13, 2011 Anyone Interested? So I have been waiting to see if any of the "contributors" to the initial work in Biblical Studies are still responding to approaches. At this point it seems to be very quiet. I am about to start a study/semimar session on the Synoptic Gospels that is decidedly NOT "literal normative" in approach, but will first try to make direct contact with the noted contributors of this section. --Bill A 14:50, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Biblical studies


text:
Talk:Bio Zombie

Clean up
i did my best to clean this up and add to it, I coudnt write an accurate description of the plot, so i just touched up the basic part, and left the plot for someone else. --Dark wingstalker 11:13, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bio Zombie


text:
Talk:Prince de LU

NPOV Dispute
Article makes frequent dubious and unsourced claims like calling the titular brand "One of the most appreciated biscuit [sic] by French children for snack time," claiming the brand "improves the quality of its biscuits for the customers’[sic] to enjoy themselves while having a balanced diet," and claiming that Princeland is "worthy of the best animation movies." Such claims are explicit and unsourced advertising throughout the article.

title: Talk:Prince de LU


text:
Wikiversity:Discussing

(Previous material archived.)

Wikiversity - Discussing
A university lives off the discussions conducted by its members.

Resource discussion
Each resource has its own "discuss page" which is accessed by clicking on the appropriate tag. This is the place for discussions about that page.

If you want a reply from a specific fellow user, add " ", replacing "Username" with the person's Wikiversity username. They will then get a notification.

Individual discussion
You can start a discussion with a Wikiversity colleague by leaving a message on the talk page attached to their Userpage.

General discussions
You can start and participate in more general discussions at the Colloquium

title: Wikiversity:Discussing


text:
File:Various-110-1000cf.jpg

Summary
{{Information
 * Description=This image is from the website for the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames and their Classroom of the future.

Dead link
According to this, the funding for "Classroom of the future" ended in 2003. It does not surprise me that this link is now dead.

Try this link. I (John Schmidt) contacted Cristian Marcucci, Assistant Media Officer of their Press Ofice and asked if Wikiversity can use their images. He replied by email, "The images on the Council website are available for public use. Please feel free to use them." }}
 * Source=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/classroom_of_the_future
 * Date=
 * Author=London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
 * Permission=

title: File:Various-110-1000cf.jpg


text:
Li Shanshan (discus thrower)

Li Shanshan (born 6 January 1992) is a Chinese female discus thrower, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.

title: Li Shanshan (discus thrower)


text:
Gone to Coney Island and Booming Business

Gone to Coney Island and Booming Business are two 1910 American silent short comedy productions by the Thanhouser Company. Both were released together on a single film reel on July 5, 1910. Gone to Coney Island is a comedy that features Coney Island, which the mere subject would make for a successful film. Booming Business may have been the very type of slapstick comedy that Edwin Thanhouser specifically said the Thanhouser Company would not produce. The productions of both films have no credits for the cast or crew, but possible candidates for these roles exist. Reviews of the films favored Gone to Coney Island, but some reviewers specifically refused to explain the plot because Coney Island subjects were deemed self-explanatory. Booming Business received one detailed review in The New York Dramatic Mirror which was negative. The films are presumed lost.

Plots
Though the films are presumed lost, a synopsis of Gone to Coney Island survives in The Moving Picture World from July 9, 1910. It states: "Kate has been employed for a number of years as a maid in the home of Mrs. Greene. Her 'young man,' Henry, works down at Coney [Island]. He induces Kate to leave her place and take a situation as a ticket seller at Luna Park. Kate tries to tell her mistress of her intended departure, but Mrs. Greene is busy and refuses to listen. Mrs. Greene goes out, during her absence, Kate takes French leave, leaving a note saying she is going to Coney Island. Never having visited the Island, Mrs. Greene considers it a jungle place. When she gets Kate's note, she thinks that her duty to immediately start in pursuit of the misguided girl. Not knowing how to get to the island, she appeals to her old friend, Professor Griggs. He also is ignorant of the ways of Coney, but in turn appeals to his friend Casey, a ward politician, who of course knows the Island, and consents to act as their escort. The three set out for Coney and start on their search for Kate. The hunt is almost forgotten in the joys of looping the loop, shooting the chutes and various other diversions of the Island. When they finally find Kate, she is at her post, selling tickets at Luna. She laughs at Mrs. Greene's fears for her safety and announces the fact that she is happily married, and presents the lucky man. In a cool Coney corner, Mrs. Greene confesses that she found Coney wasn't as bad as it was painted, and she is going to revisit it often."

The second production, Booming Business, was also featured in the same issue of the publication with a short summary. It states: "Jack is an industrious young businessman, who has invested in a small stock of stationery, and set up shop. He unfortunately has no customers, and his various schemes to bring trade prove extremely unlucky but mighty laughable. What they are we had better let the little picture tell."

Production
The writer of the two scenarios is unknown, but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan. Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions. He was the most important script writer for Thanhouser, averaging 200 scripts a year from 1910 to 1915. The film director is unknown, but it may have been Barry O'Neil. Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production, but two possible candidates exist. Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company, but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer. The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions. Members cast may have included the leading players of the Thanhouser productions, Anna Rosemond, Frank H. Crane and Violet Heming.

The setting of Gone to Coney Island is Coney Island, a popular amusement park and picture subject. One review in The Moving Picture World went so far as to give a review that was devoid of meaning by stating, "Not much further explanation is needed. Those who have been there and those who have heard of it know what it means. Perhaps nothing further is required." Bowers notes that the popularity of Coney Island was itself able to make a successful film regardless of the scenario involved. Booming Business is notable because it appears to have contained slapstick comedy if The New York Dramatic Mirror review was accurate. Edwin Thanhouser specifically stated that the company would not produce slapstick comedy in an article in The Moving Picture World.

Release and reception
The two comedy productions were released on a single reel, approximately 1000 feet in total, on July 5, 1910. A Thanhouser Filmography Analysis, provided by Thanhouser Company Film Preservation, lists each film as comprising half a reel without further detail. The films were shown together in theaters, with known advertisements in Indiana, Kansas,  Pennsylvania, and North Carolina.

Reviews for the Gone to Coney Island were positive with two positive, but altogether undetailed reviews in The Moving Picture World. A detailed review in The Moving Picture News acknowledged that the film will have a lasting impact "as it is one of a class of pictures which can almost be shown as a repeater without hurting the reputation of the theatre." The reviewer praised the photography and found the acting adequate, but the decision to include the marriage scene was deemed peculiar. For Booming Business, The Moving Picture World gave it two sentences which said the film was funny beyond description, but The New York Dramatic Mirror provides a more detailed and negative review of the film by stating, "This 'comic' is not up to the usual Thanhouser standard. In fact, it is rather silly all through, the only laughs being brought about by blows, falls, and smashing furniture. The principal character comes down to the camera and indicates the things he intends doing all through the picture, robbing it of every element of reality. He has a small store and adopts various schemes to boom business, such as giving health treatment with a magnetic battery, teaching boxing, and so on. Everything turns out badly and ends in general confusion." Bowers notes that The New York Dramatic Mirror was not an unbiased reviewer, for the publication was slanted to the favor the Licensed companies instead of the Independents. Another window into the film is provided by an advertisement by the Amuzu in The Twin-City Daily Sentinel which states the grocery-man attempts to spur business in a variety of comical ways.


text:
Marcin Kamiński (chess player)

Marcin Kamiński (born 10 March 1977) is a Polish chess grandmaster.

Chess career
Marcin Kamiński learned play chess at the age of 4 years. He chess career began as a very successful junior player in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1989 he won World Youth Chess Championship (U12) in Aguadilla. Two years later, in Warsaw he repeated this success in the category up to 14 years. In 1993 Marcin Kamiński won the silver medal in European Youth Chess Championship. In 1994 - 1998 he participated in individual Polish Chess Championship finals. Winner of many tournaments, among them are: Katowice in 1995, Lázně Bohdaneč in 1996, Koszalin 1997, Ken Smith Memorial in Dallas (2001, 2002). Marcin Kamiński has also competed successfully in several Polish Team Chess Championships (team silver in 1999 and bronze in 1997, 2000).

Marcin Kamiński played for Poland in Chess Olympiads:
 * In 1994, at second reserve board in the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow (+6, =2, -2),
 * In 1996, at third board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan (+2, =6, -2),
 * In 1998, won individual bronze at reserve board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad in Elista (+4, =4, -0).

Personal life
At the end of the 1990s moved to the United States for education. Marcin Kamiński graduated from University of Texas at Dallas and seeks a bachelor's degree in Computer Science. Together with University of Texas at Dallas Chess Team win best college "Final Four" in Miami in 2002. Together with Paweł Blehm founded the Chessaid dedicated to chess training by Internet.

title: Marcin Kamiński (chess player)


text:
Cookbook:Sandwiches

Sandwiches are a food item consisting of bread filled or topped with other components. According to legend, they are attributed to John Montagu, the Earl of Sandwich, and they are designed to be eaten with the hands. There are various slang terms for a sandwich, such as butty and sarnie. Note that sandwiches are distinct from wraps, which consist of a thin flatbread rolled around the filling.

Bread
A wide variety of breads can be used to make a sandwich, including soft pullman loaves, crusty breads, pumpernickel, rye bread, flatbreads, rolls, and more. The choice of bread will depend on the filling and the presentation. In general, the bread has to be thick enough to support the entire sandwich and its filling, but not so thick that it makes the sandwich overly-dry and hard to eat. Delicate sandwiches tend to require finer, thinner bread that holds together well. Robust sandwiches can handle thicker, crusty bread. The bread may or may not be toasted, depending on the sandwich and the cook's preferences. If toasting the bread, it should be done as close to serving as possible.

Filling
Sandwiches may be filled with almost anything, but some options are more common. Some of these include bacon, turkey, alfalfa sprouts, spinach, shawarma, pastrami, corned beef, pickles, tongue, fried clams, fried fish, ham, olives, cheese, tuna, deli meats, lettuce, tomatoes, and onions.

In addition to the primary filling(s), sandwiches often have some variety of spread that contributes flavor, moisture, and cohesion. These include butter, mayonnaise, mustard, relish, and more. Some sandwiches consist entirely of spreads, such as peanut butter, honey, or jam.

Serving
Sandwiches can take a variety of shapes and be served in different ways. Closed sandwiches, which are the most common variety, have bread on the top and bottom—the filling is "sandwiched" between the two pieces. Open-faced sandwiches are less common and have only one slice of bread on the bottom, with the filling sitting on top. Some varieties of sandwich have the crust trimmed off to make them more delicate, and larger sandwiches are usually halved or quartered for ease of of consumption. Finger sandwiches take this even further—they are cut into small pieces, meant to be eaten in one or two bites as snacks or appetizers. At a sandwich buffet, cocktail sticks are often stuck through the sandwiches, making them easier to lift by partygoers.

Common varieties

 * Reuben: Hearty, hot sandwich containing corned beef, cheese, and sauerkraut on pumpernickel bread
 * Club sandwich: Contains chicken, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, and bacon
 * Sub/hoagie/grinder/Hero: Long, thin sandwich containing a range of savory fillings
 * Tea sandwich: Small sandwich made with fine, delicate bread; fillings commonly include salmon, cucumber, and other light ingredients
 * Croque monsieur: Hot, grilled sandwich containing ham, cheese, and mustard
 * Croque madame: Similar to a croque monsieur, but with an egg added
 * Panini: Hot, grilled sandwich of Italian origin, made in a panini press
 * Banh mi: Vietnamese sandwich consisting of French bread and various savory fillings
 * Peanut butter and jelly (PB&J): Simple sandwich filled with peanut butter and jelly or jam

As a verb
The term sandwich has recently evolved to become a verb—'sandwiching' something means to insert/place that thing between two outer things. See, for example, sandwich cookies.

Sandwich recipes
샌드위치

title: Cookbook:Sandwiches


text:
Michel Muschs

Michel Muschs (born 30 May 1940) is a Belgian former field hockey player. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics.

title: Michel Muschs


text:
Ptichodis bucetum

Ptichodis bucetum is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona, New Mexico and Utah.

The wingspan is about 30 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from June to August.

title: Ptichodis bucetum