text:
User:Cassiopeia/NPPSchool/Willbb234

Hello, welcome to your Counter Vandalism Unit Academy page! Every person I instruct will have their own page on which I will give them support and tasks for them to complete. Please make sure you have this page added to your watchlist. Your NPP School page has been specifically designed according to you and what you have requested instruction in - for that reason, please be as specific as possible when under my instruction, so that I know the best ways to help you (and do not be afraid to let me know if you think something isn't working).

Make sure you read through Notability as that's the knowledge which most of the questions I ask you and tasks you do will revolve around.

This page will be built up over your time in the Academy, with new sections being added as you complete old ones. Each section will end with a task, written in bold type - this might just ask a question, or it might require you to go and do something. You can answer a question by typing the answer below the task; if you have to do something, you will need to provide diffs to demonstrate that you have completed the task. Some sections will have more than one task, sometimes additional tasks may be added to a section as you complete them. Please always sign your responses to tasks as you would on a talk page.
 * How to use this page

Notability
 PART 1

When patrolling or reviewing an article, you may often come across articles do not meet the WP:N guidelines, but the editors make the edits in good faith. Please read WP:AGF and do not WP:BITE the new editors.

 * A. Notability is a test guidelines to decide whether a given topic warrants its own article in Wikipedia mainspace. Please read What Wikipedia is not, General Notability Guidelines, Specific Notability Guidelines, Stand-alone list before completing the following tasks.

 * 1. In your own words, why it is important to WP:AGF and not WP:BITE new editors.

Answer: New editors are very important for the Wikipedia community so that the community can grow and gaps left by inactive users can be replaced. By 'biting' newcomers, this can deter users from joining the community. Assuming good faith means that users will assume that a user is here to build an encyclopedia instead of not building an encyclopedia. New users often don't comply with policies and guidelines (its very hard to when beginning to edit) so users must have patience and ultimately assume that the user wants to improve Wikipedia even if they don't fully comply with the policies.
 * ✅.We should always help the new editors who want to provide good contribution and want to improve Wikipedia even at time they might not know the the Wikipedia guidelines. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 2. In your own words, how does notability is defined in Wikipedia?

Answer: Notability is a very broad and somewhat undefined subject in that a lot is left to users in interpreting what notability is. Notability basically means that not everything can have an article on Wikipedia, for example, minor footballers cannot have an article on them, unless they have reached a certain level or have done something significant in their career. Notability is most often determined by coverage in reliable sources.
 * In Wikipedia, notability means "worthy to be noted" - it is defined as a topic is "presumably" notable for stand-alone article or list (1) if it has received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject whee by the sources talk about the subject in depth and in length and not only passing mentioned and (2)  it is not excluded under the What WP:Wikipedia is not policy. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 3. Does a step by step instructions on how to "Change a car tire" considered a notable topic in Wikipedia?

Answer: (Per WP:NOTGUIDE, it should not be included) - In terms of the notability of the subject, it is considered notable as it is covered by sufficient sources (such as ). As said, I would never include this in an article, and certainly not have its own article.
 * Even thought the subject has many coverage from independent reliable source, but it fall under WP:NOTGUIDE and for such it is not considered notable to be included in Wikipedia stand alone mainspace. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 4. What are the differences between A WP:GNG and a specific notability guidelines? how do we determine which one to use when patrolling an article?

Answer: GNG refers to coverage in sources and how we can judge notability from these. On the other hand, specific notability guidelines are applied in specific cases where there may be sufficient sources, but the subject has not achieved a specific accomplishment or hasn't participated in a certain area to merit an article. An example could be the footballer mentioned above.
 * You didnt answer the second part of the question. Kindly answer. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

GNG should first be used when patrolling as this is the most common way of determining whether or not the subject is notable. If sources can not determine notability, then SSN should be used so that the subject can be determined to be notable.To answer simply, both can be used when patrolling. Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 09:34, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk)

 * 5. If an editor creates an article about "2024 Summer Olympics" in 2019 without providing any sources, is the subject considered not notable and why?

Answer: Per WP:CRYSTAL it could be debated that it not concluded - In this case, there would most likely be sufficient sources if searched for. Without sources, the article can not exist, but, in this case, I believe the 2024 Summer Olympics can exist as it has been well discussed by reliable sources (see the reference section of the current article for examples). To put it simply, the subject is notable, but the article has not been expanded sufficiently to reflect that.
 * ✅ Good. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * B. Without considered of sources/content policies and review just based on "subject specific notability" (SSN) "alone" for sake of the exercises below,  please answer if the subject meets the SSN guidelines, based on the given content below, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

 * 6. A New York city based 2019 start up software company, specializing in data mining, has just received a USD 200K investor fund.

Answer: Fails WP:NCORP. Doesn't satisfy "The scope of their activities is national or international in scale." The fact that the subject has been invested in doesn't mean that it has notability.
 * ✅.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 7. Maycee Barber who is a female Ultimate Fighting Championships fighters with the undefeated mixed martial arts record of 7-0 and she is currently ranked #12 in the women's flyweight division.

Answer:She has fought at least 3 times in UFC which satisfies WP:NMMA.
 * Dana White's Tuesday Night Contender Series is NOT a UFC event. She stands 2 fights under UFC as per date. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 8. A upcoming action drama title "Suleiman the Great" based on the the life of Suleiman the Magnificent, was reported will be in production in December 2019 and to be released on August 2020 in the cinemas.

Answer:Per WP:NFF the shooting of the film has not yet begun so the film doesn't merit notability.
 * ✅. Good. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 9. A political candidates, without any previous or current political position, who is running for November 2019 election for a Senator position in United States with multiple local newspapers coverage of his candidacy.

Answer:This is a tough one, but, per WP:POLITICIAN, they have not received significant press covergae to have notability. They have not previously held a "international, national, or sub-national (e.g., province- or state-wide) office", so they fail bullet point number one. As said, this is a tight call, but I would say fail.
 * ✅. Generally, a politician who holds no prior position running for a sit would not considered pass WP:POLITICIAN. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 10. A singer who self produced his first album in May 2019 and his songs are listed in Spotify.

Answer:Doesn't meet WP:MUSICBIO. Thousands of artists are listed on Spotify, so this doesn't, in the slightest, make the artist notable.
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * C. Based on  which SSN guidelines the below subjects are notable under (1) which notability criteriaMUSICBI#1 (if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations

 * 11. Carlos Alós-Ferrer

Answer:WP:NACADEMIC bullet point 8 states that "The person has been the head or chief editor of a major, well-established academic journal in their subject area." which the subject satisfies as the editor in chief of the Journal of Economic Psychology. It is a tight pass, but I think the person is notable.
 * ✅ Meets WP:NPROF #1 for being highly cited  and #8 and chief editor of Journal of Economic Psychology . CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:12, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 12. Alistair Overeem

Answer:Subject has been in dozens of UFC fights so easily passes WP:NMMA.
 * ✅. Overeem not only meets WP:NMMA but also WP:NKICK where he fought under K-1. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:12, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 13. Jennifer Lopez

Answer:Meets several of the WP:MUSICBIO criteria. For example, they have had songs nominated for a Grammy, which meets bullet point 8
 * ✅ She also pass WP:NACTOR. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:12, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 14. Three Mile Island accident

Answer:The evnt was WP:LASTING - related events have continued every decade since the event (see Three Mile Accident
 * ✅.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 15. Persepolis

Answer:PAsses WP:GEOFEAT as it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Also passes WP:GEOLAND as the first bullet point is met, saying "Even abandoned places can be notable, because notability encompasses their entire history." (also WP:NTEMP)
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

-, See above and ping me when you are done with the questions and ready for review. (Note: Assignment 2 - Sources). CASSIOPEIA(talk) 08:37, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 17:15, 1 October 2019 (UTC)
 * , Greetings. Pls answer part 2 of question 4 which you have missed out and see the above comment. Once you have done answering Q4, please ping me. Thank you. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 07:11, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * , Thank you. Let me know if you have any questions and if not and let me know you are ready to move on to next assignment.Thank you. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:06, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * all ready. In regards to the question i got wrong, I know nothing about UFC or mixed martial arts so I misunderstood the SSN. Regards, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 15:40, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * , No worries for getting it wrong as these are exercises. There are many Sport SNG (sport notability guidelines) and not many reviewers familiar with some of them let alone all of them. If you are not sure while encounter an article where by the SNG is a little bit complicated, then leave it for other patroller to review the article. I nominated an Indian cricketer article for deletion as the article stated he played for Indian government agency, it turned out that in India particular government agency is a high level competition club (even I watch cricket myself and I was not aware of that) and the article was voted a keep. I will working on next assignment in next few days and will post the assignment for you once it is done. Cheers. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 09:02, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

-

Q8 and Q9

 * 8.

Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. His creative period spanned more than 70 years. He works includes The Guggenheim, swirling, snail-shaped museum in the middle of Manhattan. Fallingwater, which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture." This is one of Wright's most famous private residences (completed 1937), was built for Mr. and Mrs. Edgar J. Kaufmann, Sr., at Mill Run, Pennsylvania. Constructed over a 30-foot waterfall, it was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings. The house was intended to be more of a family getaway, rather than a live-in home.

 * ✅. For source # 2 I think you meant not reliable and not "not independent from the subject". The source connect to the subject = not independent from the subject. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:32, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 9. Please answer if the subject meets the "subject specific notability" guidelines, Which subject specific notability based on the given content above, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

Answer; Meets WP:ARCHITECT bullet points 2 and 3, based on the information above. He first coined the term 'organic architecture', which meets bp. 2 and he created Fallingwater which is a significant work, thus meeting bp. 3.
 * ✅ Good. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:32, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Q10 and Q11

 * 10.

Jordan Lennon (born February 22, 2000), is a British film producer and actor. Lennon is currently a member of BAFTA. He continues to work aside 20th Century Fox, Warner Bros, Wicked Wales, Capture Studios, Cineworld, Paramount Pictures, and Rockefeller Foundation.

At age 16, the Vice President of 20th Century Fox, Paul Higginson. Who previously worked on Star Wars, Titanic, and Independence Day took on Jordan and Rowan Snow as a mentor. In December 2018, Jordan and Rowan finished British Film Academy. Jordan lived in Skelmersdale for 10 years before moving to Rhyl, North Wales. He's currently writing 'Stranger in the Night' scrreenplay for Warner Brothers.

 * . linkedin.com is a user generated site. So it is not independent from the subject. CASSIOPEIA (talk)
 * did I put something differing that? Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 17:02, 29 October 2019 (UTC)
 * My apologies. I must have looking at different subpage or different questions when I reviewed the above question as I always open many pages when I do my work. Thank you for letting me know. Mistakes are all mine. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 01:45, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

 * 11. Please answer if the subject meets the "subject specific notability" guidelines, Which subject specific notability based on the given content above, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

Answer: Fails all three bullet points of WP:NACTOR.
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:32, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Q12 and Q13

 * 12.

Sonny William Williams (born 3 August 1985), who is a Muslim, is a New Zealand All blacks rugby union footballer, Williams was a Marist Saints junior when he was spotted playing in Auckland by Bulldogs talent scout John Ackland. In 2002 he was offered a contract and moved to Sydney (as the youngest player to ever sign with an NRL club) to play in the Bulldogs' junior grades.

 * ✅ - stats.allblacks.com - strictly speaking is not a reliable source just like govenment side as it has "third party", editorial fact checking and accuracy,; however, in general sense we will take them as reliable. Whether a source is reliable or not something it is very hard to identify, when in doubt, we could seek help and opinion from Reliable sources/Noticeboard. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:32, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Answer: Meets WP:NRU bullet point 1 as he has participated in a Rugby World Cup.
 * 13. Please answer if the subject meets the "subject specific notability" guidelines, Which subject specific notability based on the given content above, and specify under (1) which notability criteria they meet or fail (example - MUSICBI#1 if certain sub set of criteria is applicable) and (2) reasons/explanations.

- Good day. See Assignment 2 above. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 19:25, 4 October 2019 (UTC)
 * , Do you need help on the above assignment? or you are working on it? CASSIOPEIA(talk) 18:07, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
 * , Have recite the business week source for (Frank Lloyd Wright). You would able to read the info and answer the question now. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:13, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
 * All done, apart from last question which I will do but going now. Rest are ready for you to have a look at. Thanks, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 11:22, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

 * , See my comments above and if need help to identify if a source is reliable, go to Reliable sources/Noticeboard. Ping me when you have answered Q13. If you have any question in Assignment 2, pls let me know. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:32, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

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Article titles

 * Please read WP:TITLE and answer the questions below

 * 1. Article name "Hannibal Barca" - Does the article name need to be change? and Why? (please explain based on Wikipedia guidelines and name/link the guidelines in your answer)

Hannibal Barca was a Carthaginian general and statesman who is widely considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. His father, Hamilcar Barca, was a leading Carthaginian commander during the First Punic War (264–241 BC).

Answer: Per WP:COMMONNAME, the article should be changed to simply 'Hannibal' as this name is what all three of the sources give. Although WP:OR is generally not accepted, I know that his name is most well know as Hannibal and not Hannibal Barca, but this would not be one of my reasons in a proper discussion.

 * ✅. Even though his name is Hannibal Barca, the article title is just taken his first name "Hannibal" as it is most common name which many sources have addressed him - We often heard the phrase "Hannibal Brought Rome To Its Knees"   .  This also apply to subjects known by they nick names - such as professional wrestler CM Punk, whose real name is Phillip Jack Brooks, Roman emperor Caligula whose name is Gaius Caesar or  a special way of addressing  a subject such as Alexander the Great and not "just Alexander" or "Alexander III of Macedon".

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 * 2. Article name "Magic Johnson". Does the article name need to be change? and Why?(please explain based on Wikipedia guidelines and name/link the guidelines in your answer)

Earvin "Magic" Johnson Jr. (born August 14, 1959) is an American retired professional basketball player and former president of basketball operations of the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played point guard for the Lakers for 13 seasons.

Answer: The sources all state 'Magic Johnson', so, per WP:COMMONNAME, this should be kept as the article title.

 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

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Biographies of living persons

 * Please read WP:BLP and answer the questions below.

 * 3. As per the texts below, pls explain the if the content is acceptable of inclusive and why. (please explain based on Wikipedia guidelines and name/link the guidelines in your answer)

Conor Anthony McGregor (born 14 July 1988) is an Irish professional mixed martial artist and boxer. His is a former Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) featherweight and lightweight champion.

On 15 August 2019, TMZ Sports published a video that appeared to show McGregor punching a man at The Marble Arch Pub in Dublin. The incident happened on 6 April and was originally reported by Irish media, although without the video that showed the attack. Irish police stated in April that they had opened an investigation. McGregor was charged with assault and first appeared in court on 11 October 2019.

In April 2019, McGregor is the father of Terri Murray's son, Clodagh. Murray bedded McGregor in 2017 at his hotel after the Aintree Grand National just four weeks bofore McGregor's girlfriend Dee Devlin gave birth to their son.

Answer: Although the information is suitable for inclusion in the article, if this was the only text I would immediately request a WP:G11 as the article is an WP:ATTACK. If the article was longer, covering the subject in depth, I would certainly keep this information, but place it under a 'Controversy' section or later in the introduction. The final two sentences I would immediately remove due to WP:GRAPEVINE bullet point 1, stating the information "is unsourced or poorly sourced".

 * WP:G11 - The article does not qualify G11. G11 is about promoting/advertising of the subject. The first pub incident do have reliable source and he has officially been charged, thus it is not  an WP:ATTACK page  (2) BLP unsouced - the second part about "Terri Murray's son" it should be immediately removed as it is unsouced as per WP:GRAPEVINE. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

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 * 4. As per the texts below, pls explain the if the content is acceptable of inclusive and why. (please explain based on Wikipedia guidelines and name/link the guidelines in your answer)

Diana Nyad (née Sneed; born August 22, 1949) is an American author, journalist, motivational speaker, and long-distance swimmer who lives in 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. and could be contacted at +0-202-456-6213. Nyad gained national attention in 1975 when she swam around Manhattan (28 mi) and in 1979 when she swam from North Bimini, The Bahamas, to Juno Beach, Florida (102 mi). In 2013, on her fifth attempt and at age 64, she became the first person confirmed to swim from Cuba to Florida without the aid of a shark cage, swimming from Havana to Key West (110 mi).

Answer: The article is acceptable, apart from the explicit personal information provided - the phone number and address. I would immediately remove this per WP:BLPPRIVACY which states "If you see personal information such as phone numbers, addresses, account numbers, etc. in a BLP or anywhere on Wikipedia, edit the page to remove it". I would then contact the oversight team to have that revision removed.

 * ✅} Good. By the way, the address  and tel belong to the White House. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Images copyright

 * Please read Image use policy and Public domain image resources. Please answer the questions below and (1) with explanation based on Wikipedia guidelines and (2) provide the guidelines/links in your answer.

 * 5. Could this image-1 be uploaded into Main Page and use in Wikipedia? and Why.

Answer- Explanation: The image is in the public domain as it is on an official US government website. Yes, it can be uploaded.
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Answer - link/guideline:WP:PD
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

 * 6. Could this image-2 be uploaded into Main Page and use in Wikipedia? and Why.

Answer- Explanation: The website states that "This image was acquired from flickr. It was marked as Public Domain or CC0 and is free to use. To verify, go to the source and check the information there"

 * ✅. We always check the "original site/source" that the image is in PD (public domain). If we

click on the flickr link provided on the right of the image it will take your to where it was uploaded by the owner and stated PD there. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Answer - link/guideline: At Upload/Flickr CCO and Public Domain are both ticked as being acceptable to use.

 * 7. Could this image-3 be uploaded into in Main Page and use in Wikipedia?

Answer- Explanation: The page clearly indicates that "The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of their rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission."

Therefore it is acceptable to use. Also, it is on Wikimedia Commons so "The files uploaded to the Commons repository can be used like locally uploaded files on all projects on the Wikimedia servers in all languages, including Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikisource and Wikinews, or downloaded for offsite use, as all of the content is either in the public domain or released under licenses such as the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License and GNU Free Documentation License."
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk)

Answer - link/guideline: Wikimedia Commons for second quote.
 * ✅ do provide the link next time, so we are sure the exact info/link you intended to provide. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

 * 8. Could this image-4 be uploaded into Main Page and use in Wikipedia? and Why.

Answer- Explanation: I was looking at Displate earlier this morning, what a coincidence!

Anyway, this image would not be acceptable to use as the image is presumably copyrighted (I can't find anything that says that the image is in the public domain or the like).

 * ✅. One way we could check it to download the image to our computer and use Tineye] where you might able to find some reverse images on the internet. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Answer - link/guideline: WP:NFC states that "A commercial photograph reproduced in high enough resolution to potentially undermine the ability of the copyright holder to profit from the work [may not be used]"
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

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Neutral point of view
P;lease read WP:NPOV and MOS:PUFF. Point out the WP:NPOV words/pharses and rewrite the paragraph on Question 9& 10 from a neutral point of view.

Answer:"brilliant boxer with a rare and exceptional beauty", "she destroyed her opponent", "Her talent and marketability made her a fighter to watch right out the gate"
 * 9. She is a brilliant boxer with a rare and exceptional beauty. She turned Pro at the age of 19 after winning one amateur fight on December 14, 2013 where she destroyed her opponent in 20 seconds. Her talent and marketability made her a fighter to watch right out the gate and she fought under XXX promotion on her next fight on February 2014.
 * ✅ Good. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

She is a boxer. She turned professional at the age of 19, after winning an amateur fight on December 14, 2013, winning in 20 seconds. She fought under XXX promotion on her next fight in February 2014.
 * ✅ Well-done. (Or we could just stating she won the fight and providing the round and the time if the info could be found from the source. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Answer: "popular, acclaimed", "who loves by all who have watched his films", "tender, innocent"
 * 10. He is a popular, acclaimed Bulgarian actor, who loves by all who have watched his films. He was born in Veliko Tarnovo and started working in the film industry since he was at the tender, innocent of the age of 14 and he has featured in 44 films.
 * ✅ Good. There are all not WP:NPOV, MOS:PUFF, WP:PROMO words. CASSIOPEIA(talk)

He is a Bulgarian actor who was born in Veliko Tarnovo. He started working in the film industry at the age of 14, and has featured in 44 films.
 * ✅ Good. You have good understand of how to a WP:NPOV content should be written in Wikipedia. CASSIOPEIA(talk)

Answer: ? You seem to forget to answer this question. Kindly work on it.11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)
 * 11. Please read WP:DUE and in your own words, please explain why it is important to provide balance and due weight content in an article.

The purpose of Wikipedia is to inform, not to persuade. If we are to provide more weight to one side of an argument than it deserves, then we would be attempting to persuade someone that that side of the argument is the correct side, so we would be persuading instead of informing. That isn't to say that we can't give more weight to one side of the argument than the other - but the weight should correlate with the popularity/coverage in reliable sources of that view.

Note that 'fringe theories' and very small, minority views shouldn't usually be represented, and especially not in detail.

 * ✅. A balance and due weight sourced content should be presented in all points of mainstream views in an article for example Capital punishment article.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 05:57, 5 January 2020 (UTC)

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No original research

 * Please read WP:OR and WP:NOT and answer the questions below

Answer:If original research was allowed, then lies and misinformation would be commonplace as we have no way of verifying the truth, instead we would rely that others have been truthful in their research, which is not always accurate. Deceptions would be easy to make as someone could say "I read that somewhere" or "I work in that field", but they could easily be lying and could make up what they wanted in order to fool others or boost their own cause.
 * 12. In your own words, why Wikipedia is not a platform to publish original research?

 * . First of all the content of Wikipedia guidelines is not about truth but about verifiability and the reliablility of the sources. If the content is derieved from original research we would no way to "verify" it as the info is from the primary source which deems not reliable and not independent. Content needs to verifiable so we may know where the info/source from, if the source is independent and/or reliable, and not because it is the facts or true - see WP:But it's true!. If source indicated XXX is from Jamaica but the fact XXX is from Cuba, we put XXX is from Jamaica in article as per source. We will correct the info when the sources (not need to be the same source) correct itself. For example Alexander the Great - How he die is based on which sources you read, from poising, to malaria and typhoid fever to infectious (meningitis) to acute pancreatitis and etc. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Answer:Blatantly obvious information can be included, providing that it is blatantly obvious. For example, I don't need to add a WP:RS to say that 3+5=8 or that humans have two eyes. We can infer things from sources and add them into Wikipedia, providing that the common person could infer that themselves.
 * 13. In your own words, please provide one example with explanation from your own words if a short phrases from original research or an opinion to be inserted in an article.
 * ✅ such as sky is blue. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Answer:If I read that "X was born in New York", then I can use my original research to say that "X was born in New York, United States of America." I wouldn't need to add a WP:RS to say that New York is in the USA.
 * strictly speaking original search/primary source is not reliable. We would use primary source sparlingly in an article at times for BLP as the supplement sources of the subject but they can not be used to demostrate the notability of the subject. If the info is challenged by editor, then the content can be removed.
 * Example such as direct quote - we can verbatim text and copy it to the article with source by either (1) put in a direct quote format - Cquote, Quote and etc in Wikipedia (2) write in a manner that the info is taken from xxx(source/person) such as ' Mr. John Smiths stated that "xxxxxxxxx.....'" and provide the source. (3) WP:Public Domain We can copy and paste exact text/image words/phrases/ paragraph from public domain sites such as United States Constitution or Declaration of Independence of United States (4) we can also copy any texts/image as long as the sites of the sources indicates any form of "irrevocably agree to release their copyright under the CC BY-SA 3.0 License and the WP:GFDL -"Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed." clauses. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Answer:
 * 14. See this video''' and write the content in the in an article.

Shady Alsuleiman says that jeans don't meet the requirements of the clothing of Islam as they are not "loose" or "baggy". Additionally, he states that clothing must be opaque and not aesthetically attractive. He states that "jeans does not 100 percent fit in [those rules]". Therefore, according to Alsueiman, jeans are not allowed to be worn by women.
 * ✅ good. Or we can put as a direct quote (use sparingly) as below

Islam demands Islam commands us with our with regards of our clothing for both men and women, our clothing must be first of all baggy, so must be loose with a men or women. It must non see-through whether men or women. It must non colorful attractive that means when someone walks everyone's looking at them.

-

Verifiability

 * Please read WP:V and answer the questions below

 * 15. If the subject has two sons and it is supported by three independent, reliable sources but in reality he has 3 sons. Could we change the content from "2" sons to "3 sons"? and why?

Answer: No, unless we can find reliable sources saying that he has 3 sons. Otherwise changing 2 to 3 would constitute WP:OR which is not allowed. We need to verify this information.
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

, see Assignment 3 above. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:34, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

 * , Hi Havent sent you work on the assignment, pls advise are you still want to be in the program? CASSIOPEIA(talk) 04:07, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
 * sorry, will get round to it. I had to cast my arbcom vote which took ages to work out each candidate, but now I should be able to participate here. Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 07:57, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

 * , OK. Let me know when you have completed the above assignment. Best. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 08:21, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

 * , Good day. I have seen you request for AfC user right and seen you on many AfD and other edits yet no work from you on the above assignment. I do suggest to continue the program as you have requested to enroll and it will reflect on you for not finishing it when you request for other user right. If you wish not to continue then please let me know so the slot of this program will be available to other interested editor. Please let me asap.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:48, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi there. I've finished, apart from task 14 as I wasn't too sure what you wanted me to do there? Thanks, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 16:15, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

 * For Q14. The video is the source (just like normally we use sources from newspapers/books) which you use for the content of an article in Wikipedia. Write the content as per source.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 01:50, 22 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Understood, however, do you want me to summarise, write all of the content there, pick out only useful information etc? Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 17:53, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

 * , Yes please - that is the idea of it. Once you have done, then ping me and I will review the assignment. Merry Christmas Willbb234. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 04:03, 25 December 2019 (UTC)

 * ✅. Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 16:48, 30 December 2019 (UTC)

 * , (1) You forget to answer Q11 and ping me when it is done. (2) See the comments and let me know if you have any questions. Happy New Year. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:46, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

 * ✅, cheers. Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 17:45, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

 * , Thank you and reviewed. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 05:58, 5 January 2020 (UTC)

---

Filtering - Criteria for speedy deletion
 PART 2

 * We have looked at the requirements needed for a page to meet notable, policy and type of sources to merit a page in Wikipedia in Part 1 (Assignment 1, 2 & 3). In assignment 4, we look at what type of articles need to be filtered out from our system when reviewing a page. There are many criteria of WP:Criteria for speedy deletion. Here we discuss (1) General criteria (G1-G14),  (2) Article criteria (A1-A11) and R2.

 * Please do the following

 * 1) Pls set up your CSD log by installing MYCSD so I could review your CSD nomination. After saving, you have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes - see instruction at Bypass your cache.
 * 2) Bookmark Earwig's Copyvio Detector in computer or/and install Earwig Copyvio Detector script
 * Copyvio detector tool
 * 1) Download CV-revdel and after saving, you have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes - see instruction at Bypass your cache.

General criteria

 * 1. Please (G1-G14) at General and answer the following questions in your own words.

Article and R2 criteria

 * 1. Please (A1-G11) criteria at WP:CSD and answer the following questions in your own words.

--

 * 3. Pls read WP:PROMOTION and WP:G11 and provide 5 successful CSD 11 articles you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol or Article for Creation section). Pls provide the article names and I will check them at your CSD log.

Answer i:Manavata

Answer ii:Zeeyarah

Answer iii:Bill Thies

Answer iv:Top Market

Answer v:Greek Helsinki Monitor

--
 * Pls read WP:COPYVIO, WP:REVDEL, WP:COPYPASTE, WP:DCM and WP:G12 and answer the questions below.

 * 3. When do we nominated a page for WP:G12 and when do we WP:REVDEL the COPYVIO text?

Answer: If all of the material violates our copyright rules, then we must G:12 the article. If only part of the text is a copy and paste move, then we can remove the offending material and revdel the versions which contain the offending material.

 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

 * 4. What constitute copyright infringement/violation.

Answer:Material that is copy and pasted (or closely copied) from another website/book etc. However, if the source of the copy indicates that the material is realeased under a WP:Compatible license, then it can be used as such.

 * ✅. Copying material without permission from the copyright holder and it it including texts and images. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

 * 5. Why some of the texts found in an article are identical as per its sources and yet they are not considered copyright violation? Please provide three examples.

Answer i: Text copied and pasted from the public domain (e.g. a United States governmental source)
 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

Answer ii: Material copied and pasted from Wikimedia sites, as Wikimedia content is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC BY-SA) and GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)

 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

Answer iii: Content marked a CC BY-SA, CC BY, or CC0 (these a copyright guidelines)

 * ✅. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

Answer: As quoted at WP:COPYOTHERS, copyright violations "could create legal liabilities and seriously hurt Wikipedia". Basically, copying and pasting which violates our copyright rules could lead to the owners of the work making complaints and taking legal action, potentially gaining comoensation from Wikipedia.
 * 6. Why copyright violation needs to be stamped out from Wikipedia and who determined when a violation is lawfully taking place?

Those that sort out copyright problems are the admins who can speedy delete copyright violation articles, the oversight team, which does revdel, and those working at Copyright problems. It is also down to new page reviewers to pick out and report copyright violations.

 * . Copyright infringement violation intails legal implication and in Wikipedia the admins determine if an article violates of copyvio infringement by speedy delete the articl; However, in the ultimate legality of copyvio infringement is determined by the court. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

 * 7. Pls read WP:COPYVIO, WP:REVDEL, WP:COPYPASTE, WP:DCM and WP:G12 and provide 5 successful CSD 12 articles you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol or Article for Creation section). Pls provide the article names and I will check them at your CSD log. You can use Earwig's Copyvio Detector tool to check if an article is in violation of COPYVIO.

Answer i:Mohammad Mozammel Haque

Answer ii:Peyman Sadeghian

Answer iii:

Answer iv:

Answer v:

'

-

 * 8. Pls provide 5 successful CSD in any criteria except WP:G11, WP:G12 and WP:G13 articles you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol "ONLY"). Pls provide the article names and I will check them at your CSD log.

Answer i:Manavata

Answer ii:Zeeyarah

Answer iii:Bill Thies

Answer iv:Top Market

Answer v:Oleksandr Kardakov

--

 * 9. Pls read WP:R2 and WP:NPPDRAFT. Please explain when to a new page (NPP article) can be nominated for CSD R2 and what should be considered when doing such move?

Answer:We can nominate a redirect for deletion when it points from the mainspace to the draft, user and other spaces (excluding the category, template, Wikipedia, help and portal namespaces). When moving to draftspace, the resulting redirect which points from the mainspace title to the draft title should be deleted under R2 for this reason.

When deleting via R2 there are few considerations we need to make as R2 deletion is obvious and requires little investigation/thought.

 * Please read the question (see links WP:NPPDRAFT and WP:DRAFTIFY) again and rework your answer. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

After a move is performed from the mainspace into the draftspace, then the redirect created that points from the mainspace into the draftspace should be deleted under R2 as it points out of the mainspace into the draftspace, thus being a croos-namespace redirect which isn't allowed.

--

 * 10. Pls read and A1-A11 and R2 at WP:CSD and and provide 5 successful "Article CSD" articles (with at least two of them are CSD A7) you have nominated from Special:NewPagesFeed (New Page Patrol "ONLY").Pls provide the article names and I will check them at your CSD log.

Answer i CSD A7:Rizwan Balouch

Answer ii CSD A7:Alishmas (singer)

Answer iii CSD R2:William Sherman (reporter)

Answer iv CSD R2:Tuna cannery

Answer v any criteria:UBC Directing

Copyright violation and paid editors

 * Pls read WP:COI and WP:PAID and answer the following question

 * 11. How do we spot a COI/PAID editor?

Answer: It is very hard to do so. Usually, we look for promotional language or over-sourcing (suggesting they are trying to make the article look too good). We may also look for WP:OR as this is often the hallmark of a COI editor who wishes to write using their own knowledge.

We can also look at the username and past contributions of the creator as this may tell us about who or what they are representing. Overall, we have to use a number of investigative skills to work out if someone is COI/PAID and it can be very hard to do so.

 * ✅ Self-disclosure  by COI/PAID editors is one of the many ways we find out that they are COI/PAID. The different between a COI say an COI editor write about themselves, or friends is that written prose is not that perfect as compared that to a  professional writers' (PAID editor). Secondly,  if the article is about a company, the prose of the article is written more like a businesslike (business writing). Thirdly, professional paid editor would provide neat citations and only take one or 2 edits to create the article. In addition, professional PAID editors would create multiple different companies article that normal COI editors would not. Do note PAID is a subset of COI and an COI would also a PAID editor such as a small business owner write about their company or a rapper write about their own article in Wikipedia. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

 * 12. What you should do when you review an NPP article and notice the creator is a COI editor?

Answer: A good-faith warning is also best to allow the editor to understand the issues well. If the article is promotional, then we can nominate under G11 for speedy. If this is less obvious, then it might deserve to be taken to AfD to see what the community says. If the article only needs a little bit of work, then it is usually best to work on it yourself by removing WP:NPOV issues, after all COI editing isn't prohibited, only discouraged.

 * I think you link COI editor are usually create content that is NPOV or promotional here. We are addressing only COI editor inregraless the content they created is NPOV or promotional.
 * We report the COI editor to WP:COIN, tag the article with COI using twinkle and Uw-coi to their talk page. An promotional article irregardless if the editor has COI issue can nominated under G11; AfD is for article which does NOT pass notability guidelines. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

13. Please read WP:PAID. What you should do when you review an NPP article and notice the creator is a paid editor?

Answer: The best option is to take the matter to WP:ANI or WP:COIN and have the community decide what is best. However, if the evidence contains private/personal information, then one should email paid-en-wpwikipedia.org.

 * Also Add Uw-paid to their talk page Move the page to draft space regardless how many edits and how many pages the editors has created or how long the editors have been edited Wikipedia. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

-

 * Hi, See assignment 4 above. We have look at what are needed/required in an article in PART 1, now in PART 2 we look at what are needed to be filtered out.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 06:03, 5 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't think speedy nominations show up before downloading the CSD log tool so no speedy nominations are showing up, meaning I don't think I can complete the G11 task. If you have any alternatives, please let me know. Thanks, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 14:42, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, Please read the instruction on the every top of this assignment on setting up your CSD log. Once you have done that then provide me the URL link. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 14:54, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I have, and nothing is showing up in the log. Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 14:55, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Try to CSD a page and wait for 24hr and see if it show up on the log as sometimes delay in updating the database. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 15:04, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I just requested a speedy, see User:Willbb234/CSD log. Unfortunately, no other pages have appeared. Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 15:10, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * It shows up - see User:Willbb234/CSD log. Pls remember to add additional colon "  :  " from previous message for one space to the right indentation as this is the normal communication protocol to separate message thread. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 15:13, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I will add the colons until there are too many and then it becomes a pain to count and type them all out. Is it fine if I don't? Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 15:15, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * You dont need to count just copy the the colons from the previous message and add additional colon that is what I do all the time. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 15:19, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * hello there. I have done what I can. The tasks involving the CSD log have been left. Cheers, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 21:19, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Hello, pls dont forget to add the colons before starting the message. Pls make it a habit. Your CSD log is here User:Willbb234/CSD log. Pls complete all the CSD and R2 questions. Once you have done that the ping me for reviewing the assignment.Thank you. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 11:56, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * as mentioned, my CSD log doesn't show the past CSDs so I cannot complete the questions. Please take a look at my log. Thank you, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 12:40, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * If you CSD log does not work then, just provide the article names. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 12:41, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but I don't think I can remember any. Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 12:48, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

 * check your CSD entries from your contribution log - here and go to Village pump (technical) and ask for help on about your User:Willbb234/CSD log. I cant review with the article names. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:03, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Pls note even the articles that are in your CSD log, you still need to place them on the assignment as I need to know which articles you nominated for which type of CSD (A7 or G11 or G12 or etc). Also pls provide a brief explanation the reason/justification of your nominations.If you can remember the CSD articles in nature then you need to rework(new CSD nomination) for assignment.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 13:34, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

I have completed the above assignment. I have never nominated a page for G12 so I have left that area blank. I hope you will understand. Thanks, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 19:03, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Greetings. The assignment is not about you have done before but it is about what is required and here you have the chance to practice. To check coppyvio and nominate the article for G12 is extremely important which is first thing a reviewer should do before review an article.  Please read "Please do the following" at the top of this assignment and install Earwig Copyvio Detector and CV-revdel script and read the links provided on Q7 to check copyvio content. Let me know if you need help. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 23:00, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

 * You CSD log is still not working, pls reinstall the CSD log srcipt - see "Please do the following" at the top of the assignment. If you have done that and it is still not working then go to Village pump (technical) for help. If they cant help you then let me know.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 23:08, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

 * hi there. Earwig's copyvio detector is still not working, so I am currently unable to do the copyvio task. Everything else is done. Regards, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 20:12, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Earwig is working now, but they are still working on other issue. The message on Earwig page has not been updated. I have log a ticket on Jan 27 of the problem - see phabricator T243736. Will check on your answer when I am back from watching the Superbowl. Cheers. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 22:51, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

 * (1) Please re-read Q9 and reword.
 * (2) Pls provide hist diff (when you nominated the page for Copyrevel/G11/G12/A1-A11/R2) for Q3, Q7, Q8, and Q10. Please note if you can find the his diff the rework the answer.
 * (3)For here on including Q (copyvio), pls provide current (February 4. 2020 onward) nominated articles and not pass nominated article. See the comment which I have reviewed above and let me know if you have any question.
 * (4) See below note section.
 * (5) ping when you have done all the above (hist diffs/rework Q9 and answered Q7). Thank you. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 03:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)
 * sorry, I don't understand what question 9 is asking. Also, I added the copyvio article after you included the assignement so it isn't an article nominated in the past. Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 20:59, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry my mistake. See Q9 again. You need to provide the the hist diff of all your CSD/PROD/AfD and etc. as I cant view when/what did you nominted since some of the articles have been deleted. Also you need to set up your CSD log as per info above this assignment, go to Village pump (proposals)  for help or ask admin User:Oshwah for assistance - Oshwah is extremely friendly and helpful, but he is not online daily but he will definitely help you work through the problem as he had helped me many times. Best. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 15:19, 6 February 2020 (UTC)
 * as the page has been deleted, I don't think I can provide a diff for the deletion. Regards, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 09:47, 20 February 2020 (UTC) (p.s I'm sorry sbout your RfA, but there were a lot of positives!)
 * as the page has been deleted, I don't think I can provide a diff for the deletion. Regards, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 09:47, 20 February 2020 (UTC) (p.s I'm sorry sbout your RfA, but there were a lot of positives!)

 * This is your CSD log User:Willbb234/CSD log some of the deleted articles which you provided are not in the log. For such I can see the info. You need to go back and provide the hist diff your contribution log. Next time, always provide link to the articles and hist diff of the article page which you have edited and hist diff to any request page if there is any. Best. CASSIOPEIA(talk) 10:13, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I do suggest you to re do the CSD which does not show on you CSD log so you may move on from this assignment. Thank you.02:17, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Havent seen you edit for a while. Pls let me know if you need assistance. Do note that my user name has changed to sentence case. Thank you. Cassiopeia(talk) 23:27, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

Notes

1. G11 (promo) - What constitute a G11? At times it is hard to define. Although if a article is blantly promote or adverstise about the subject then it is a G11. Sometimes, the it is a little subtle and that would be a judgement call. As a rule of thumb, if article about an entertainers (actor/singer/DJ/artist and etc) in dept of how hard they work, how motivated they are, using all the puffery/flowery languagues and especially the subject does not meet notability guidelines. For a corporation, we would see they list down all they product/services, their directors/key person in the company, they mission, their client, they are the influencer in their industrial, all the words/phrased to enhance/market the company and no substantial info that is supported by independent reliable sources. If you look at the this version of Zapp Scooters which you tagged G11, I have to agree with the editor who removed the tag that it is not a G11 and unsourced info can be removed.

2.G12 (copyvio) -

Copyright violation addresses the use of original expression without permission of the holder which is a violation of laws even the credit is given to the source. For articles, the Copyright Law gives the copyright protection to the “original works of authorship fixed in in a tangible medium of expression” in the newspaper, magazine and freelance article at the moment of their creation, for the life of the creator plus 70 years after, and 95 years for corporation publication or 120 years from date of creation, whichever is shorter.

A “fact” is not considered an original work of authorship; but how the ways facts are recorded where the style of the writing, choice and/or arrangement of words are copyrightable. An infringement of copyright is committed when a person uses the “exact words /almost exact words in a consecutive manner” of the author/holder. To note, as a guideline, a few words copies from the original works and an idea of expression such as "weather the storm", 'crossing the Rubicon" "as dead as a doornail" and etc. proper nouns, document/event/treaty/person/title/ names are generally acceptable and so is a direct quote of speech. However, any longer phrases which would be expression in a number of ways are copyright protected. To use one of two short sentences on a large article generally is ok but it will considered infringement if the edit entry is consists of big percentage of the original work and yet for some (such as newspaper/press/journalism that takes their work very seriously - anything more than 4 exact consecutively words would considered copyvio). To avoid copyright infringement, one needs uses his/her own words to convey the source’s information. Paraphrasing could minimise the the copyright violation; however, "threshold" ultimately, court judgement would determined the if copyright violation has been made.

Copyvio for texts or images shared the same notion that it is not a copyvio if the verbatim texts or images are taken from free licence and Public domain sites/specific page/image. I have indicated to you on Assignement 3 - section 3.3 - Q5, Q6, Q7 that always check the "original source" even if in WikiCommon the editor who upload the image claim taken from a PD site, we need to check the link provided and if the site indicate the image taken from another source, then we check the source. For texts, we need to check the sites if it is a PD, sometimes the disclaimer of PD is not on the page, but on the home page or "about" page or FAQ page. Secondly, for older article (no in NPP Feed), any copyvio texts found, we will revdel it as it is almost always it is not the first versions. If a small amount of verbatim texts found in NPP Feed articles, we would revdel them; but large amount of verbatim texts we will tag G12.

Lastly, here are a few examples where the German car maker Audi was sued for copyright breach.

1. Audi infringed copyright violation over Eminem’s song “Lose Yourself” in their commercial advertising.

2. Audi was fined US $ 965,000 over copyright infringement for using 10 words from Brian Andreas’s story of “Angel of Mercy” -

''I think I just had a wake-up call, and it was disguised as a car, and it was screaming at me not to get too comfortable and fall asleep and miss my life. (Audi commercial)'' Some people don’t know that there are angels whose only job is to make sure you don’t get too comfortable & fall asleep & miss your life.(Brian Andreas’ print)

Hope the above help. Note the above doest not substitute the Wikipedia links I provided above. Please make sure you read the reading material as well. Thanks.

3. Spot COI / PAID COI editors are permitted to edit Wikipedia and create on the affected articles; however, it is "HIGHLY DISCOURAGE/NOT RECOMMENDED as it is very difficult for the COI editors to write the article/input info into the affected article in neutral point of view.

1.Use person pronouns and possessives (I, we, my, our) 2.Multiple references to company, financial listings, staff lists, interviews, own publication, press release, blog and with clean references 3.Well written prose 'too perfect to be true' and only with single/2 edits 4.Editors have created multiple company related articles 5.Editors disclosed their COI/PAID in their userpage (not tag with COI disclose), or disclosure when they ask question in WP:Teahouse, WP:Help Desk, WP:AFCHD or receivers' talk pages.

---

title: User:Cassiopeia/NPPSchool/Willbb234


text:
File:Renijuly2010smallercropped.jpg

Summary
This photo was taken of Reni Sentana-Ries in Ryley, Alberta, in 1994.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Renijuly2010smallercropped.jpg


text:
Wikiversity:Sandbox Server

This project has been inactive since 2011. See the second Sandbox Server proposal that has been inactive since 2013. Wikiversity has adopted a "learn by doing" model of education, and as such Wikiversity participants need to be able to take part in collaborative learning projects that involve (for example) webpage creation/editing/development beyond the limited wiki user interface. Wikiversity participants, particularly in the Computer Science area, need access to a server that would be used for collaborative projects that foster learning.

Needs

 * A server which will function as a testing ground for several Wikiversity projects. This will be a series of case studies, to explore various methods of collaboration and learning.
 * podcast: Sue Gardner says there is some money available to support the projects.

Assessment
No current Wikimedia servers, including the toolserver, fill the role envisaged for this server. The Toolserver requires an application process (which would be cumbersome for students) and is probably more restrictive in what it could offer students. (The toolserver admins reasonably assume that since their audience is limited, their security doesn't have to be as stringent). It may be difficult to get various services running, and a disruption of the toolserver (for any reason) would be detrimental to Wikimedia projects in general, while a disruption of our Sandbox Server should only affect Wikiversity processes/learning projects that are using this server.

Clearly this service is inapproriate for general wiki servers or caches, which are tuned to serve wiki content in an efficient way.

Getting approval/funding
The Special projects committee was created to help the Foundation with, "Evaluation, incubation, and development of current and proposed Wikimedia projects, events, and ideas," However, the web page for the special projects committee indicates that committee meetings ended in 2006 and the last resolution was in November 2006. Oscar van Dillen has described the special projects committee as "now dormant". Should the Sandbox Server proposal be submitted to the special projects committee or is there some other mechanism for getting the Foundation to take action on the proposal?

Audio/Video Projects

 * Live communication/Distance learning project
 * Would allow realtime group participation on many levels.
 * The idea is to connect people who are at large distances
 * One practical idea is a collaborative Drawing program, for primary learners
 * Podcasting (lectures, videos, demonstrations, reports)
 * Wikiversity Radio
 * Journalism
 * Broadcast experience (DJ)
 * Wikiversity TV
 * Wikiversity community chat
 * While current contributors feel comfortable using IRC, it doesn't have the intuitive interface that something like MSN offers. This is an impediment to the free exchange of ideas and knowledge that should be fostered at Wikiversity. A Jabber like server could fill this role.
 * Concept is to use (IAX, Asterisk, etc.), but other protocols would be considered. (eg Skype)
 * This would be inclusive, allowing both computer users and telephone users to interact
 * Coordination of Multimedia projects for Wikimania - See w:Wikipedia:WikiProject WikipediaWeekly/Wikimania 2007
 * Coordination of Wikiversity Distributed Virtual Supercomputer projects such as rendering video for learning resources.

Giving out limited access accounts to "students"

 * So Computer Science lesson work can be done
 * Would allow students access to tools such as a compiler which wiki software doesn't allow
 * Allows lessons to be innovative, as the instruction can be geared to a known format
 * Simplifies and provides a concrete feedback for the student
 * Access can be limited for introductory lessons
 * For more complicated lessons (advanced), we could consider shell access
 * Other types of classwork.
 * Assignment server
 * Robotics programming lab
 * Web design coursework
 * Email access for all lesson participants
 * Facilitating multi-lingual communication (Native speaker to Learner interaction)
 * As a mirror of this very site, as a safety measure against disruptions. (A bot could be used to channel information and edits between these two sites).

Technical Discussion
See Technical Details

Wikimedia Foundation
The WMF has many servers in various locations (see Servers). One idea is to ask the WMF if it could donate an old server (ie three years old or so), that has passed its "best before" date.

Kennisnet
Kennisnet host some servers for the WMF already - they are also an educational organization, and could be interested in Wikiversity.

Grants
Wikiversity is interested in pursuing grants. This could be a vehicle for research and grant funding. See Research grant collaboration group

Contributors who support this proposal

 * Historybuff 20:36, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * JWSchmidt 05:55, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * CQ 10:51, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * sebmol ? 17:10, 30 January 2007 (UTC) it's a great idea
 * guillom 17:29, 30 January 2007 (UTC) although I think I can't help, I support this project.
 * Rayc 06:13, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Xenon Sounds like somebody knows what we need. (Serversity ftw)
 * Mirwin
 * MatthewGall2005 20:47, 22 February 2007 (UTC) I Support This Project And May Be Able To Assist
 * The Jade Knight 08:43, 6 March 2007 (UTC) I think something like this would be a good idea.
 * Brent 03:22, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Julien1311 talk 00:32, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Cormaggio talk 15:51, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * AmiDaniel (talk) 01:39, 13 May 2007 (UTC) Sounds like a great idea. I'd be more than glad to assist in initial setup and administration of the server or anything else that needs doing, as I have considerable background in this area. Please leave a note on my talk page.
 * cybiko123 (talk) 14:41, 05 June 2007 (UTC) I'd be more than happy to allow use of my servers for this.
 * Greudin interested about jailed shell to allow student to perform : "cc exercice1.c -o exercice1"
 * RM77
 * Bduke 08:12, 22 June 2007 (UTC). I would like to use a web server to allow students to run simple computational chemistry exercises and get familiarity with real computer programs.
 * mikeu 18:38, 9 January 2008 (UTC) - see SkyCam for my project
 * Erkan Yilmaz, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * rrrmanion 11:54, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * --Simonfj 00:55, 31 January 2008 (UTC) This group has the same interests as the Communications Project Group

Additional resources

 * 10 wishes list for 2008 by Florence Devouard. "I would like to see this year a system implemented to collect technical wishlists from each project"

title: Wikiversity:Sandbox Server


text:
User:Willy Kusangila Matadi Sefu

Born in Kinshasa on the 24th of October 1966 ,I am a 4th family member of M. Kusangila Kipelo (Former region Director of Equateur ,Kasai oriental and Bas Zaire von 1974 - 1978) and Mrs Mayala Nzumba Elysabeth, former Nurse into the ONPTZ - Office National de Poste et Telecommunication du Zaire.

I studied in Londé Institut (Bas Zaire 1974 - 1978),Bondeko Institut(Kinshasa 1979-1980) ,Alingwa Institut (1980-1982 in Kinshasa),and Athénée de la Gombé (Kinshasa 1982-1987),Efookin (Ecole de football de Kinshasa -Academy de beaux arts),Than Lagos - Nigeria (International relation and Germany where I am installed since 1992.

title: User:Willy Kusangila Matadi Sefu


text:
European History/Absolutism in Europe

The era of absolutism, exemplified by the "Sun King" Louis XIV Bourbon of France, marks the rise of rulers throughout Europe who had absolute power over their nations. Mercantilism became the primary economic policy of the day, and the issue of religion played a decreasing role in European wars, now replaced by the issue of the balance of power.

Louis XIV, The Sun King (1638-1715), Model of Absolutism

Louis XIV Bourbon of France rose to power in 1643. He was married to Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV. His power stemmed from the fact that during his reign he maintained a powerful, unified France. Louis and William III Stuart of Orange were arch-enemies during this time; however, Louis maintained the upper hand and was on the offensive against William during that time.

Louis desired control over the Netherlands because of its economic power as a result of trade, because he wanted to crush Calvinists and Protestants, and because he desired increased territory. Indeed, he advised his heir, Louis XV, "Do not imitate me in my taste for war." His aggressive policy demanded to finance the largest European army of 280,000 men.

Louis' wars resulted in horrendous results and poverty for the French people, and Protestants despised Louis. His economic policy was headed by Colbert, and his nation was a model in enacting mercantilism. During his reign, France became the dominant country in language, culture, and dress.

Louis allegedly famously declared, "L'etat c'est moi," or "I am the state," and his reign exemplifies absolutism. French Bishop Bossuet declared that it was the divine right of monarchs to rule, concluding that kings were God's anointed representatives on earth. Louis acted upon this belief, governing France as if he were placed on earth by God to rule.

Overall, Louis' foreign goals were territorial expansion and the spread of Catholicism.

Louis was highly successful in his domestic ambitions to achieve absolute power through centralized bureaucracy. He successfully controlled rebellious nobles and made himself the center of French power and culture. People depended upon him for advancement and thrived on his goodwill. Louis also established the palace at Versailles, which took fourteen years to construct. Versailles was modeled by every other major European country, and it successfully kept nobles occupied, distracting them from the desire to have a say in government. In 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, stripping Calvinists of their rights in France.

The War of Spanish Succession

Philip IV Hapsburg of Spain married Marianna Hapsburg of Austria, and the two of them produced Charles II, the physically and mentally retarded ruler of Spain. Since Charles was incapable of producing heirs, upon his death bed (1700) he was left to decide who would rule Spain after his death. France argued that they had the best claim to the throne, since they were Catholic, strong, and Charles' half-sister was married to Louis XIV. As a result, Charles left the throne to Philip V Bourbon, the grandson of Louis XIV. The War of Spanish Succession, 1702–1715, broke out as a result, a war pitting a coalition led by William III Orange of the Netherlands against France in an effort to maintain the European balance of power. The war resulted in the Peace of Utrecht (via the Treaty of Utrecht), at which it was agreed that the ruler of Spain had to give up his or her claim to the French throne. Thus, Philip was recognized as the King of Spain, but the unification of France and Spain was barred. Spain also lost its territories in Belgium ("the Spanish Netherlands") and Italy at the Peace of Utrecht, a source of much resentment of Spaniards towards their new government.

The Balance of Power in Foreign Policy
The balance of power was a system in which European nations sought to maintain the national sovereignty of all European states. The concept was that all European nations had to seek to prevent one nation from becoming powerful, and thus national governments often changed their alliances in order to maintain the balance. The War of Spanish Succession marked the first war whose central issue was the balance of power. This marked an important change, as European powers would no longer have the pretext of being religious wars. Thus, the Thirty Years' War would be the last war to be labeled a religious war.

The Economics of Mercantilism
The overall purpose of mercantilism was that mercantilist policies enriched the economy, thus resulting in prosperous citizens, higher tax revenues, and in the end funds for military and war. During the 1600s, mercantilist policies were adopted by most European nations.

Key Characteristics
By exporting more goods than your country imports, gold and silver will flow into your country. The government should found colonies, gaining raw materials, and then the nation should sell finished goods back to the colony. The government should impose high external tariffs, helping to keep competing goods from other nations out and to protect native manufacturing, thus raising money for the government. The government should eliminate all internal tariffs, keeping goods flowing freely within the country. Finally, the nation should become self-sufficient in all of its needs.

The Rise of Prussia (1701-1740)
Prussia became the power in northern Germany, as opposed to Austria which lay in the south. The issue of German Dualism arose - specifically asking the question, which of the two would unite Germany?

Problems During Prussia's Rise
Prussia faced a number of problems during its rise to power. One major issue was that Prussia was divided into three sections that needed to be united - the central part, Brandenburg, which contained Berlin; the eastern part, called Prussia, and western territories. In addition, Prussia had few natural resources, a much smaller population than the other major powers in Europe, and was still suffering from the effects of the Thirty Years' War.

Prussia Rises
Under Frederick William "The Great Elector", Prussia became highly militaristic, with all aspects society entirely bent toward the needs of the army. He doubled the army to 80,000 soldiers. It was still small compared to other powers, but it was the most well-trained and the most efficient on the continent.

Frederick William strengthened the Prussian army by enlisting Prussian citizens rather than mercenaries in what was known as the Canton system (not to be confused with the Chinese trade system). He cut all royal expenses, especially court life, and imposed high taxes on the lower and middle class. State service was required for the nobility, known as Junkers, and they frequently served as army officers while the peasants served as infantry. There was very strict social stratification. Government-subsidized textile industries resulted in standardized uniforms, and all members of the military were also required to maintain standardized hair and facial hair. Frederick established the first efficient bureaucracy in Europe, and was especially religiously tolerant, welcoming 20,000 Huguenot refugees after Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes.

Stuart England 1603-1714
In 1603, Elizabeth I died without leaving an inheritance and her nephew, James VI of Scotland (who was also the son of Mary Queen of Scots who was ordered to be executed under Elizabeth's orders in 1589) took the English throne as James I, making both Scotland and England ruled under the same monarch, and establishing the Stuart dynasty. However the two nations were anything but united - they each had different religions, laws, courts, parliaments, churches and customs, not forgetting a 700 year old mistrust and hatred.

James I 1603-1625
James I was an advocate of the divine rights of kings, and had written a book advocating it entitled The Trew Law of Free Monarchies in 1598. His reign saw several disputes with the English Parliament, especially towards the end. Nonetheless, James tempered his ambitious. He also aspired to unite England and Scotland into one country and began colonization of the Americas.

Charles I 1625-1649
When Charles took the throne, he inherited a very angry Parliament, but he shared his father James I's beliefs in autocracy. He appointed Archbishop Laud to make the Anglican church more ceremonial, like Catholicism. These reforms drew the ire of the Puritans, a religious faction among the populace who instead wanted a church that was more Calvinist.

In 1628 the Parliament issued the Petition of Right. This document declared that Charles could not enact taxes without Parliamentary consent. Charles proceeded to levy the ship money tax without Parliamentary consent, ordering all towns to pay taxes to support the English navy. This angered most of the populace as ship money was traditionally paid by coastal towns. The Parliament of 1640, dominated by Puritan landowners, fired Laud and repealed taxes imposed by Charles. These occurrences resulted in the outbreak of the English Civil War.

English Civil War 1642-1649
The war pitted supporters of the Parliament (Parliamentarians or "Roundheads") against supporters of the king (Royalists or "Cavaliers"), and at stake were both political power and control of English economics. Parliament found more support among the merchant class, Puritans and prosperous regions, while the king found more support among the nobility, Anglicans and poorer regions.

After losing the first phase of the war, Charles I was captured in 1646. The Parliamentarians had hoped to keep him on the throne with his powers reduced, but Charles resisted making a compromise and instead tried to exploit their growing religious divisions. Charles formed an alliance with a faction of Scottish Presbytarians to retake the throne. This sparked a second civil war in 1648, in which they were defeated. Charles was executed, leaving the parliamentarian general Oliver Cromwell effectively in charge of England.

Other movements sprang up during this time, including Baptists, Quakers, levellers, diggers, seekers, and ranters, who equated the clergy with nobles.

The Governments of Cromwell
Afterwards, Cromwell formed a new government called the Commonwealth, which lasted from 1649 until 1653. This government was a democratic republic. However, in 1653, Cromwell formed the Protectorate, which was effectively a military dictatorship. He created the New Model Army, a paid force of devoted Puritans. His reign involved very strict laws, including no playing cards nor dancing. He, like many English monarchs, found Parliament difficult to control, it was when he disbanded Parliament, the only English Constitution was written, "Instruments of Government."

Stuart Restoration and Charles II Stuart
In 1658, Cromwell died, resulting in the restoration of Charles II Stuart and thus the Stuart line to the throne. Charles II is commonly known as the "Merry Monarch" because he engaged in highly festive court life and encountered many mistresses. He did, however, drive England deeply into debt, and continued a war with the Dutch started under Cromwell from the 1650s until the 1670s. He practised mercantilist policies. During Charles II's reign, England encountered the Great Plague in 1665 and the Great Fire in 1666.

In 1670, Charles signed the Secret Treaty of Dover with Louis XIV, secretly pledging France and England as allies to work together to return England to the Catholic Church. In 1673 he signed the Declaration of Indulgence, which stated that Catholics could hold political and military office. Parliament responded that same year, issuing the Test Act, that stated that citizens would have to profess Anglicanism to join the Parliament and military by taking Anglican communion.

James II 1685-1688

James II, an overtly Catholic monarch, took the throne in 1685. With his first wife he bore two daughters, Mary and Anne, who were both Protestant, but with his second wife he bore a son, James, who was baptised Catholic. He upset Parliament at his demand to repeal the Test Act, and instituted the Declaration of Indulgences, which allowed for freedom of worship. Angry Protestants would call in William the Stadholder and Mary to bail them out.

Glorious Revolution of 1688
Out of fear of James' open Catholicism and the birth of a male Catholic heir, Parliament invited Mary Stuart and William Stuart of Orange to rule England in 1688. Known as the Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolution because it was peaceful, William and Mary took the throne and signed the Bill of Rights. The bill guaranteed that the king would call Parliament every three years and not dismiss them, and that taxation and war must be approved by Parliament. England was no longer an absolute monarchy but rather a constitutional monarchy.

In 1701, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement, stating that all future monarchs of England must be Protestant above all other characteristics.

Queen Anne Stuart and the End of the Stuart Line
Queen Anne ruled from 1702 until 1714, and issued the Act of Union in 1707, creating Great Britain by combining Wales, Scotland, and England. Under her, the House of Commons took dominance in Parliament. When she died in August 1714, she was succeeded by George I, the first of the Hanoverian line to rule in Britain. The expansion of parliamentary power at the expense of the Crown that had taken place since 1688 would continue under the Hanoverian monarchs, with the first Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole, taking office in 1721. By the accession of George III in 1760, the Crown had very little ability to influence national politics, and largely left the formation of governments to the parties that were slowly evolving in Parliament.

Culture and Economy

For a period in the 1600s called the Dutch Golden Age, the Dutch were the commercial, shipping, and financial leaders of Europe. They were also recognized for creating one of the most urbane and tolerant societies in Europe. Amsterdam became a centre of commerce, largely because of the sacking of Antwerp, and the Bank of Amsterdam led the entire European world in banking.

As a result of their trade, the Dutch were the wealthiest and most prosperous nation. There was a vast appreciation for the arts, and some of the most famous Baroque artists were Dutch, such as Vermeer, Rembrandt, and Reubens. Dutch society promoted freedom of expression and religious tolerance, with a wide array of religions from atheists to Catholics. There was a large and well-established middle class, and an excellent educational system. Finally, the Dutch had a confederative republic with a large amount of freedom for self governance of its provinces while most other European nations were still undergoing absolutist regimes.

Overseas Colonies
The Dutch East India Company began immediately to prise away the string of coastal fortresses that at the time comprised the Portuguese Empire. The settlements were isolated, difficult to reinforce if attacked, and prone to being picked off one by one, but nevertheless the Dutch only enjoyed mixed success in its attempts to do so. Amboina was captured from the Portuguese in 1605, but an attack on Malacca the following year narrowly failed in its objective to provide a more strategically located base in the East Indies with favourable monsoon winds. The Dutch found what they were looking for in Jakarta, conquered by Jan Coen in 1619, later renamed Batavia after the Latin name for Holland, and which would become the capital of the Dutch East Indies. Meanwhile, the Dutch continued to drive out the Portuguese from their bases in Asia. Malacca finally succumbed in 1641 (after a second attempt to capture it), Colombo in 1656, Ceylon in 1658, Nagappattinam in 1662 and Cranganore and Cochin in 1662. Goa, the capital of the Portuguese Empire in the East, was attacked by the Dutch twice in 1603 and 1610, on both occasions unsuccessfully. Whilst the Dutch were unable in four attempts to capture Macau from where Portugal monopolised the lucrative China-Japan trade, the Japanese shogunate's increasing suspicion of the intentions of the Catholic Portuguese led to their expulsion in 1639. Under the subsequent sakoku policy, for two hundred years the Dutch were the only European power allowed to operate in Japan, confined in 1639 to Hirado and then from 1641 at Deshima.

By 1650, the Dutch had overtaken Portugal as the dominant player in the spice and silk trade, and in 1652 founded a colony at Cape Town on the coast of South Africa, as a way-station for its ships on the route between Europe and Asia.

In the Atlantic, the West India Company concentrated on wresting from Portugal its grip on the sugar and slave trade, and on opportunistic attacks on the Spanish treasure fleets on their homeward bound voyage. Bahia on the north east coast of Brazil was captured in 1624 but only held for a year before it was recaptured by a joint Spanish-Portuguese expedition. In 1628, Piet Heyn captured the entire Spanish treasure fleet, and made off with a vast fortune in precious metals and goods that enabled the Company two years later to pay its shareholders a cash dividend of 70%, though the Company was to have relatively few other successes against the Spanish. In 1630, the Dutch occupied the Portuguese sugar-settlement of Pernambuco and over the next few years pushed inland, annexing the sugar plantations that surrounded it. In order to supply the plantations with the manpower they required, an expedition was launched in 1637 from Brazil to capture the Portuguese slaving post of Elmina, and in 1641 successfully captured the Portuguese settlements in Angola. By 1650, the West India Company was firmly in control of both the sugar and slave trades, and had occupied the Caribbean islands of Sint Maarten, Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire in order to guarantee access to the islands' salt-pans.

Unlike in Asia, Dutch successes against the Portuguese in Brazil and Africa were short-lived. Years of settlement had left large Portuguese communities under the rule of the Dutch, who were by nature traders rather than colonisers. In 1645, the Portuguese community at Pernambuco rebelled against their Dutch masters, and by 1654, the Dutch had been ousted from Brazil. In the intervening years, a Portuguese expedition had been sent from Brazil to recapture Luanda in Angola, by 1648 the Dutch were expelled from there also.

On the north-east coast of North America, the West India Company took over a settlement that had been established by the Company of New Netherland (1614–18) at Fort Orange at Albany on the Hudson River, relocated from Fort Nassau which had been founded in 1614. The Dutch had been sending ships annually to the Hudson River to trade fur since Henry Hudson's voyage of 1609. In order to protect its precarious position at Albany from the nearby English and French, the Company founded the fortified town of New Amsterdam in 1625 at the mouth of the Hudson, encouraging settlement of the surrounding areas of Long Island and New Jersey. The fur trade ultimately proved impossible for the Company to monopolise due to the massive illegal private trade in furs, and the settlement of New Netherland was unprofitable. In 1655, the nearby colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River was forcibly absorbed into New Netherland after ships and soldiers were sent to capture it by the Dutch governor, Pieter Stuyvesant.

Ever since its inception, the Dutch East India Company had been in competition with its counterpart, the English East India Company, founded two years earlier but with a capital base eight times smaller, for the same goods and markets in the East. In 1619, the rivalry resulted in the Amboyna massacre, when several English Company men were executed by agents of the Dutch. The event remained a source of English resentment for several decades, and in the late 1620s the English Company shifted its focus to from Indonesia to India.

Anglo-Dutch Wars
In 1651, the English parliament passed the first of the Navigation Acts which excluded Dutch shipping from the lucrative trade between England and its Caribbean colonies, and led directly to the outbreak of hostilities between the two countries the following year. The war would prove to be indecisive, but the English had failed to replace the Dutch as the leader of World trade.

The Second Anglo-Dutch War was precipitated in 1664 when English forces moved to capture New Netherland. After two years of war, the Dutch, led by Michiel de Ruyter, destroyed or captured much of the British fleet at Medway, and England was forced to sue for peace. Under the Treaty of Breda (1667), New Netherland was ceded to England in exchange for the English settlements in Suriname, which had been conquered by Dutch forces earlier that year.

Wars With France
In 1672 the French invaded the Republic, starting the Franco-Dutch War and were only stopped when they reached the Dutch Water Line. England and France had secretly agreed to split the Netherlands between themselves, but after defeats at sea, and unable to cross the waterline, the French Army began a slow and cautious retreat out of the Republic. Peace was signed in 1678.

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw the Dutch William of Orange invade England, and ascend to the throne, ending Fifty years of rivalry between the Netherlands and England, and brought the two countries into the Nine Years' War against France the same year. The Anglo-Dutch fleet(mostly Dutch) dominated the seas, and France was unsuccessful.

Peter Romanov the Great of Russia (1689-1723)
Peter installed an absolute monarchy in Russia, with absolutely no concept of the social contract. Serfdom still remained strong in Russia, with no middle class nor urbanization. In Russia, advancement was based upon merit rather than birth or blood line.

The ultimate goal of Peter's foreign policy was to obtain warm water ports for his nation, which were essential for trade, naval power, and access to the west. He battled Sweden for a port on the Baltic and with the Ottoman Turks for a port on the Black Sea. In the Great Northern War against Sweden, Russia defeated the Swedish army in Poltava by using the scorched earth policy, in which the Russians retreat, burn the crops or villages in the town, and wait for winter to take its toll upon the enemy troops. As a result, the Russians successfully obtained their warm water port on the Baltic, which was named St. Petersburg and known as the "window to the west."

Peter enacted the "Great Embassy," which was a tour of Peter and his nobles through many Western European nations. The ultimate goal of the Great Embassy was to use the information collected to "westernize" Russia, as Peter was afraid of increasing Western power. Through the Great Embassy, Peter acquired many important technological skills, especially military technology, such as naval instruments, army tactics, ship building techniques, and naval strategy. He imported foreign workers with technological skills as well, and introduced new attire that was being worn across the rest of Europe. He implemented the Julian calendar, which although was not the modern Gregorian calendar at the time, was more modern than what was being used in the past. He established much better education, and he also established the first modern Russian army with 200,000 men. Nobles were required to perform state service in either the army or the bureaucracy.

Baroque Art
Baroque Art came to existence during the 1600s and lasted through the mid-1700s. Baroque art was used by Catholics in the Counter-Reformation. Baroque Art can be characterized by its rich and vibrant colors, its intense use of light, great drama, and exuberance. Unlike Renaissance art, which usually depicted mellow scenes, Baroque Art captured the climax of a scene. It used dynamic lighting to create a "spotlight" effect on the canvas.

Baroque art was used in architecture, art, and even music. This form of work was included in the building of St. Petersburg.

Caravaggio
Caravaggio was a famous Italian painter for the Catholic Counter-Reformation, painting such works as Judith Beheading Holofernes and The Incredulity of St. Thomas. He introduced dramatic light and dark effects, and he helped transition from mannerism to new Baroque styles.

Bernini
Bernini was a famous Italian sculptor, who perhaps most famously created The Ecstasy of St. Theresa. This sculpture was of the mystic nun in a trance in the height of religious rapture. Bernini was one of the first masters to realize the importance of the effect of light.

Historia de Europa/El absolutismo Lịch sử châu Âu/Chế độ quân chủ chuyên chế ở châu Âu

title: European History/Absolutism in Europe


text:
User:Rana75

"Kalagan Tribes"

The Kalagan are the Islamized indigenous people in the Western Davao gulf area. The Kalagan became Muslim probably during the middle of the 19th century, due to a combination of the following factors: 1. The political pressure and/or influence of the Tausug migrants in Davao. 2. Extensive exposure and/or contact with the communities of their Maguindanaon neighbors. 3. Inter-marriages of Kalagan and Maguindanaon and/or Tausug one of the 13 Muslim tribes of mindanao particularly living in the

The Kalagan are mostly found in Davao city, district of Sirawan, around Tagum, Davao del Norte, Mati-in Davao Oriental, some places in Davao del Sur and the other two Davao provinces. The Kalagan use Tagakaolo language, but some Tausug and Maguindanaon words are increasingly used by them. They are agriculturists, cultivating rice, corn, abaca and coconut for cash crops, while those living along the coast engage in fishing. Davao gulf, Tagum city Davao city, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao oriental, Compostella valley province, panabo city and each has sultan of four major parts of davao gulf the 1. davao city, 2. davao oriental, 3. Davao Del Sur, 4. Davao del Norte and each sultan are related with each other they are claiming to be called Kagan rather to be called as Kalagan

title: User:Rana75


text:
Talk:New Covenant (theology)

 GENERAL NOTE: This article is currently undergoing a major revision by myself.  GUÐSÞEGN  – UTEX – 05:56, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

→ Well, please, revise it quickly! This page is in desperate need to be re-written! Chalom 16:25, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Covenant (theology)


text:
User:Jmynes/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

title: User:Jmynes/TWA/Earth/2


text:
Karate at the 2013 World Games

The karate competition at the 2013 World Games held in Cali, Colombia took place from July 26 to July 27.

title: Karate at the 2013 World Games