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North Dakota Fighting Hawks football

The North Dakota Fighting Hawks represent the University of North Dakota, competing as a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) in the NCAA Division I's Football Championship Subdivision. From 1973 to 2008, they played in the NCAA's NCAA Division II, winning the national championship in 2001. From 1955 to 1972, they competed in the NCAA's College Division where they participated in and won three bowl games.

North Dakota fielded its first football team in 1894. In 1922, they were one of the nine charter members of the North Central Conference (NCC), where they competed until 2008 when they upgraded all of their athletic programs to the Division I level and joined the Great West Conference. They joined the Big Sky Conference in 2012. UND has won 26 conference championships, including 14 outright titles. They have qualified for NCAA postseason play 19 times, most recently in 2023. North Dakota was ineligible for post season play during its transition to Division I from 2008 to 2011.

North Dakota left the Big Sky Conference for all sports in 2018, joining the Summit League. Their football program joined the Missouri Valley Football Conference in 2020. Although being classified as an independent for football in 2018 and 2019, they played a full Big Sky schedule with their games counting in the conference standings for their opponents, but the Fighting Hawks were ineligible to compete in the conference championship.

Charles A. "Jack" West era
The University of North Dakota football program experienced moderate success from its inception in 1894. In the first 33 years of the program, the Flickertails won 109 games against just 87 losses, and had three undefeated seasons in 1896, 1899, and 1903. But it was in 1928 when Charles A. "Jack" West arrived on campus in Grand Forks that would transform North Dakota into one of the most successful college football programs in the nation. West came to UND from South Dakota State, where he spent 9 successful seasons that included 3 NCC championships. West immediately turned around what was at the time a mediocre football program at UND, winning NCC titles in his first four seasons at the helm.

Over the course of 15 seasons, West amassed a record of 89–35–6, won a total of 8 NCC Championships, and retired as the winningest coach in North Dakota history, a distinction he would hold for 57 years. North Dakota experienced just three losing seasons during West's 15 years as head coach, and won 9 games in a season on three occasions. West did not coach the team in 1942, and the university did not field a team during the war years of 1943 and 1944. His final season was 1945. It was during this era in 1930, that the university adopted the nickname Fighting Sioux for all of its sports teams. West also served as athletic director for North Dakota and was inducted into the UND Hall of Fame in 1975.

Marv "Whitey" Helling era
Following Jack West's 15-year tenure as leader of the Fighting Sioux football, the program compiled a record of just 44–44 over the next eleven seasons and did not win an NCC title in that time frame. Marv "Whitey" Helling would change the fortunes of North Dakota and usher in a new era of success for the university. Arriving in 1957, Helling's squad captured the NCC Championship in his second season in 1958, the program's first in 16 seasons. Helling's teams continued to improve as he built his program, reaching its peak from 1964 to 1966. Those three seasons produced a record of 25–4, two NCC Championships, and two Bowl appearances. The 1964 team won Helling's second NCC title behind and 8–1 record. In 1965, the team went 9–1 and played in the Mineral Water Bowl where they soundly defeated Northern Illinois. The only blemish that season came at the hands of their arch rival, the North Dakota State Bison. A 6–3 loss at Dacotah Field in Fargo dashed the national championship hopes for the Fighting Sioux. North Dakota State went on to win the national championship that year. Helling's 1966 team gave him his third NCC championship. They were invited to play in the Pecan Bowl, one of four bowl games used at the time by the NCAA to determine the College Division National Champion. They defeated Parsons College in the game which was on national television as the NCAA's "Game of the Week" and finished the season with an 8–2 record and a No. 5 ranking in the final AP Poll. Four players from the 1966 team would sign contracts with NFL teams. Helling would coach one more season at North Dakota in 1967. In 11 seasons as head coach, he compiled a record of 60–35–3. Helling was inducted into the UND Hall of Fame in 1988.

Jerry Olson era
Jerry Olson took over the reins of Fighting Sioux football in 1968. After suffering through 3 subpar seasons from 1967 through 1969 that saw the program produce just 11 wins against 21 losses, Olson got the team back on track to its winning ways in 1970, the first of six consecutive winning seasons. The 1971 season produced the first of 4 NCC Championships for Olson. The 1972 season under Olson may very well be considered the high water mark for North Dakota Football. The average margin of victory for the Sioux that season was over 27 points. The eventual NCC Champs defeated traditionally strong opponents such as Montana, Montana State, South Dakota, South Dakota State, and Northern Iowa in dominating fashion as well as adding a victory over UNLV in Las Vegas. The lone defeat that season came at home, a 5-point loss to hated rival, the North Dakota State Bison. This loss would prove very costly to the Sioux. After the regular season, UND was invited to play in the Camellia Bowl, one of four regional bowl games that the NCAA used to determine the College Division National Champion. Entering the game carrying the No. 3 ranking, the Fighting Sioux would meet undefeated and No. 1 ranked Cal Poly. North Dakota would win the game by a rather convincing 17 points, upsetting the favored Mustangs and bolstering their hopes of being awarded the programs first national title. However, the loss to NDSU proved too much to overcome as the pollsters crowned undefeated Delaware as College Division National Champions for the second straight year. For the second time in 7 seasons, a regular season loss to rival NDSU cost the Fighting Sioux a national title. They finished the 1972 campaign ranked No. 2 in the AP Poll. Olson would coach 5 more seasons at North Dakota, adding two more conference titles in 1974 and 1975. With a record of 9–0, the 1975 team was the first UND squad to qualify for the newly created Division II Playoff tournament that replaced the Bowl and polling process of the College Division. North Dakota entered postseason play as the No. 1 ranked team in the nation. They played host to unranked Livingston in the quarterfinals of the playoff where the heavily favored Fighting Sioux were stunned and handed their only loss of the season. Jerry Olson compiled a record of 54–39–4 in 10 seasons at North Dakota and was inducted into the UND Hall of Fame in 1981.

1980s
The decade that followed the Jerry Olson era was one of mixed results. Olson's assistant Gene Murphy took over and coached the team in 1978 and 1979. Murphy's 1979 team qualified for the Division II playoffs, but fell in the quarterfinals to Mississippi College finishing the season with a 10–2 record. In 1980, Pat Behrns took over as head coach. Although he amassed a record of 36–27 in six seasons leading the program, North Dakota never qualified for the playoffs nor did they win a conference title under Behrns' direction. Following a dreadful 3–8 season in 1985 that culminated in a 49–0 loss to arch rival NDSU Bison, Behrns resigned as head coach of North Dakota. Roger Thomas was hired to replace him prior to the 1986 season. To add insult to what was already a forgettable decade in the annals of UND football history that yielded no conference titles and no playoff berths, 1980 marked the last time that the Sioux would defeat the rival NDSU Bison until 1993, twelve consecutive meetings.

Roger Thomas era
Roger Thomas took control of the North Dakota football program prior to the 1986 season. He was previously an assistant in the Canadian Football League and at the University of Minnesota, as well as serving as offensive coordinator on Gene Murphy's staff at North Dakota in 1978 and 1979. Thomas took on the challenge of restoring UND's football program to national prominence. Thomas' approach was slow and methodical. In his first six seasons UND went 38–33–1, finally breaking the playoff drought in 1992 and beginning a string of four consecutive playoff appearances. Thomas' teams seem to steadily improve each year. 1993 proved to be North Dakota's breakout season under Thomas, returning the program to national relevance. UND Defensive Coordinator Dale Lennon had installed a very aggressive 3–4 base defense explicitly designed to thwart the veer offense that was employed by arch rival and national power, the North Dakota State Bison. When the two foes met in 1993, the Fighting Sioux defeated the Bison for the first time since 1980, in a 22–21 thriller, that would prove to turn the balance of power in the North Central Conference for the rest of its existence. The program won the first of three consecutive NCC titles in 1993. North Dakota qualified for the playoffs and advanced all the way to the semifinals before falling to IUP and finishing the season 10–3. 1994 produced another conference championship and another playoff berth for Thomas' squad. As icing on the cake, UND was pitted against NDSU in the 2nd round of the playoffs and were victorious over the Bison for the second time in the same season. North Dakota again advanced to the semifinals before falling to North Alabama and finishing the season with a record of 10–3. The 1995 season resulted in Thomas' third straight conference championship and fourth straight playoff berth. For the second straight season, UND and NDSU would square off against each other in the playoffs. This time it was NDSU that avenged their loss just two weeks prior to North Dakota. The Bison blasted the Sioux 41–10, ending their season. UND finished 1995 with a 9–2 record. Thomas would coach the Fighting Sioux for three more years, qualifying for the playoffs once more in 1998. He stepped down after that season to accept the role of athletic director for the university. Roger Thomas retired after 13 seasons as North Dakota's all-time winningest coach, with a record of 90–49–2.

Dale Lennon era
After Roger Thomas stepped away from the football field and accepted the position of Athletics Director at North Dakota, he did not have to look far to find his replacement on the sidelines. Longtime Thomas assistant and UND Alum, Dale Lennon was hired as head coach in 1999. Although Lennon had been head coach at the University of Mary the prior two seasons, the coaching transition was virtually seamless since Lennon had spent nine seasons as an assistant under Roger Thomas helping to build North Dakota into the national power that they had become. The Fighting Sioux hit the ground running under Lennon in 1999. They captured the NCC title and secured a berth to the playoffs for the second straight season. No. 9 ranked North Dakota travelled to Northwest Missouri State where they fell in overtime, ending Lennon's first season with a 9–2 record. In 2000, North Dakota went 8–3 in the regular season but were left out of the playoffs. The 2001 season proved to be a magical one for UND. The football program moved into a new state of the art $80 million indoor stadium, the Alerus Center. They breezed through the regular season with just one overtime loss to Nebraska-Omaha on the back of a relentless, swarming defense that gave up just 12 points per game in that season. After capturing the NCC Championship, No. 4 ranked North Dakota reeled of three straight playoff wins in the friendly confines of their new home in front of raucous and deafening crowds. They earned a trip to the national championship game in Florence, Alabama, where they would face No. 2 ranked Grand Valley State who were led by future Notre Dame head coach Brian Kelly. The game had mostly been a defensive battle throughout. Grand Valley had scored with 2:46 to play in the 4th quarter to take 14–10 lead. UND started its next possession, which would simply be known as "The Drive" to North Dakota fans, on their own 20-yard line. After 8 plays, the Sioux found themselves at their own 41-yard line facing a 4th-and-4. On the ensuing play, QB Kelby Klosterman hit WR Luke Schleusner on a short underneath route. Schleusner broke a tackle and broke the play for a 58-yard gain all the way down to the 1 yard line. UND punched it into the endzone on the next play to take the lead with 29 seconds left in the game, securing North Dakota with the national championship.

The team had high hopes heading into 2002 season, but injuries derailed any chances of a repeat title, and instead resulted in a 5–6 record which is the only losing season during Lennon's tenure as head coach. The 2003 version of the Fighting Sioux returned to their dominating form. They had just one loss in the regular season and entered the playoffs as the 7th ranked team in the country. They again hosted and won three straight postseason games in the Alerus Center en route to another berth in the national championship game in Florence, Alabama. They would face the same opponent, No. 4 ranked Grand Valley State. The game had a familiar feel to it. It was low scoring and North Dakota trailed late in the game. QB John Bowenkamp had driven the Sioux 58 yards deep in to GVSU territory on a quest for a potential game tying TD, but was intercepted in the red zone giving the Lakers the victory. UND finished the season with a 12–2 mark. The 2003 season marked the first year in a string of five consecutive playoff seasons for North Dakota. North Dakota met Grand Valley in the playoffs every season from 2003 to 2007, winning just once in 2004 when they advanced to the semifinals. GVSU won 3 national championships during those years. In 2006, Lennon's Division II squad would upset No. 3 ranked Northern Iowa who were a Division I-AA power in a dramatic come from behind win. In 2007, UND routed Division I-AA Southern Utah. Lennon stepped down at North Dakota after the 2007 season to become head coach at DI-AA power Southern Illinois. North Dakota won 4 NCC titles, made 7 playoff appearances, and won a national championship with Lennon at the helm. He left with a record 91–23, surpassing his mentor Roger Thomas, as the all-time winningest coach in school history.

Division I transition/Great West Conference era
North Dakota elevated all of its athletic programs to the Division I level in 2008. They would join the Great West Conference, which also included South Dakota, Southern Utah, UC Davis, and Cal Poly. Chris Mussman was named the 25th head coach at UND in January 2008. Mussman had been an assistant under Dale Lennon for 9 years, the previous 7 as offensive coordinator, and had been a part of the 2001 National Championship staff. Due to the rules of the division reclassification, North Dakota would not be eligible for post season play until the 2012 season. The Fighting Hawks did not find immediate success at their new level of play. Their first three years produced mixed results at best. The program did achieve winning seasons in both 2008 and 2009, but much of the schedule consisted of Division II, Division III, and NAIA teams that UND was expected to defeat easily; however, they often struggled. In 2009, defending NAIA National Champion University of Sioux Falls came to Grand Forks and stunned the Alerus Center crowd by soundly defeating North Dakota. In 2010, Mussman's squad limped through the season to finish with a record of 3–8, the first losing season for the UND program in 21 years. The 2011 season saw a reversal of fortune for Mussman's Fighting Hawks. UND went 8–3 for the season en route to capturing its first Division I Conference championship and finished with a No. 23 ranking in the national poll. 2011 would be the program's final year of play in the Great West Conference, as the Big Sky Conference would absorb all of the Great West football teams, with the exclusion of South Dakota who moved to the Missouri Valley Football Conference at the start of the 2012 season.

Big Sky Conference era
The university's athletic teams moved to the Big Sky Conference for the 2012 season. North Dakota went 8–14 in its first two Big Sky seasons, and were generally not competitive against league powers Eastern Washington, Montana, and Montana State. Chris Mussman's contract was terminated after the 2013 season. During his tenure as head coach he compiled a record 31–34, the first time in over 60 years that a coach left UND without a winning record.

Bubba Schweigert was named as head coach on Christmas Eve in 2013. Schweigert was an assistant at UND for 15 seasons first under Roger Thomas, then for Dale Lennon. He was the defensive coordinator for the 2001 National Championship team and the 2003 Runner-up team. Prior to taking the head job at North Dakota, he was the defensive coordinator for Dale Lennon's Southern Illinois team. Schweigert's UND squad finished his first season in 2014 with a 5–7 record. In the 2015 campaign saw improvement under Schweigert beginning with the program's first ever win over an FBS program when they stunned Wyoming in Laramie, Wyoming to open the season. The team improved to 7–4 overall and 5–3 against Big Sky Conference opponents, narrowly missing out on a bid to the NCAA FCS playoffs. The following season, in 2016, Schweigert's program continued to improve. The Fighting Hawks won their first Big Sky Championship, finishing undefeated (8–0) in Big Sky play en route to securing the program's first berth into the Division I FCS Playoffs. They bowed out of the playoff field via a narrow 27–24 loss to Richmond, ending the season with an overall record of 9–3. The final polls placed North Dakota at No. 12 in the nation, its highest ranking of the Division I era. The Fighting Hawks entered the 2017 season ranked No. 10 and were pre-season favorites to repeat as Big Sky Champions. However, an injury-plagued season that saw as many as 14 starters out of the lineup at one point forced the team to limp to a disappointing 3–8 finish.

The 2017 season marked North Dakota's final season of competition in the Big Sky Conference. On January 26, 2017, it was announced that UND would move its football program to the Missouri Valley Football Conference, starting with the 2020 season. The Fighting Hawks will officially be an FCS Independent team during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. During those years, they will still participate in a scheduling alliance with the Big Sky Conference and will play 8 Big Sky teams each season. However, they will not be eligible to win the Big Sky Conference's automatic berth in the FCS Playoffs.

Missouri Valley era
In the first season in the Missouri Valley Football Conference the Fighting Hawks went 4–1. The team shared a 3-way tie in winning the conference.

Conference affiliations

 * 1894–1921: Independent
 * 1922–2007: North Central Conference (1955–72 NCAA College (small) Division; 1973–2007 NCAA Division II)
 * 2008–2011: Great West Conference (Division I NCAA Football Championship Subdivision)
 * 2012–2017: Big Sky Conference (Division I NCAA Football Championship Subdivision)
 * 2018-2019: Independent (Division I NCAA Football Championship Subdivision)
 * 2020–future: Missouri Valley Football Conference (Division I NCAA Football Championship Subdivision)

National championships
During their time in Division II, North Dakota won one national championship, doing so in 2001. They also finished as runner-up in 2003.

Conference championships
North Dakota has won 27 conference championships, with twelve of them being shared with other teams. † Co-champions

Bowl games
North Dakota participated in four bowl games, all during their tenure in Division II. The Fighting Hawks went 4–0 in these games.

NCAA Division I-AA/FCS
The Fighting Hawks have appeared in the FCS playoffs five times, with a combined record of 1–5.

NCAA Division II
The Fighting Hawks, then known as the Fighting Sioux, made fourteen appearances in the NCAA Division II playoffs. They had an overall record of 18–13.

North Dakota State
North Dakota's primary rival is the North Dakota State University Bison. The two schools are separated by just 70 miles of interstate along the Eastern border of the state and have spent well over a century competing against one another for players, students, fans, resources and recognition. They first met in 1894 and have played 114 times. UND enjoys a healthy 63-50–3 lead in the all-time series. The winner of the game was awarded the Nickel Trophy, a 75-pound likeness of a 1937 U.S. nickel. The annual meeting was paused in 2003, when NDSU left the North Central Conference and elevated their programs to the Division I level. NDSU desired at the time to continue the series; however, North Dakota declined because of potential negative Division II playoff implications, and also because NDSU would be playing with 27 more scholarships. North Dakota eventually moved to Division I also, and since then the two schools have been negotiating terms to resume the series. The two schools announced that they would renew the rivalry in the 2015 season. Initially it was not an annual series, however, as the schools played in different conferences at the time. However, with North Dakota's move to the Missouri Valley Football Conference in 2019, the rivalry resumed as an annual conference matchup, with the first in-conference game between the two schools in over 15 years resulting in a 34–9 win for North Dakota State. The Nickel Trophy was developed and owned by the Blue Key National Honor Fraternities at NDSU and UND. The UND chapter folded in the 1990s so a use agreement was reached with UND Athletics. Because UND changed their nickname from the Fighting Sioux to the Fighting Hawks, the Nickel Trophy has been retired and was not up for grabs in the 2015 game or any matchup since then; the trophy currently sits in the ND Heritage Center in Bismarck, on loan from Blue Key. The rivalry has been featured in documentaries by ESPN and Prairie Public TV.

South Dakota
North Dakota has enjoyed a spirited rivalry with the University of South Dakota. They are the two oldest universities in the Dakotas. Their first meeting was in 1903 and they have squared off 93 times. UND leads the series 61–30–5. A travelling trophy known as the Sitting Bull Trophy was awarded to the winner of the game from 1953 to 1999 when it was retired due to concerns over political correctness. It is currently in the possession of North Dakota. The rivalry intensified during the 2000s. By 2003, North Dakota St., South Dakota St., Northern Colorado had left the North Central Conference, leaving void for rivals on the schedules of North Dakota and South Dakota. To add fuel to the fire, South Dakota which had been largely irrelevant in football since the 1980s, was rising to prominence and challenging North Dakota for NCC titles by this time. The two moved together to Division I in 2008. In a memorable game to close the 2011 season, UND came back from trailing by 20 points in the 4th quarter to win what was a de facto Great West Championship game. In 2012 the two Universities parted ways when North Dakota joined the Big Sky Conference, while South Dakota moved to the Missouri Valley Football Conference. This move interrupted a stretch of 65 consecutive seasons in which the two programs had met on the gridiron. They resumed play in 2016 as non-conference opponents with a memorable game where North Dakota defeated South Dakota in double overtime 47–44 scoring 20 unanswered points in regulation to force the overtime. The Coyotes exacted revenge the following season with a decisive 45–7 victory over the Fighting Hawks. The rivalry was once again renewed on an annual basis in 2020 when North Dakota joined the Missouri Valley Football Conference, with the first in-conference matchup between the two schools in over 10 years ending in 21–10 victory for the Hawks.

Other rivalries
Prior to joining the MVFC, North Dakota was a member of the Big Sky Conference. At that time, the Big Sky had 13 teams, so the conference employed an unbalanced schedule that results in only playing certain opponents in different seasons, and continues to do so to this day. To lower travel costs and promote rivalries, each team is assigned two protected rivals that they are guaranteed to play each year. During North Dakota's tenure in the Big Sky, their permanent rivals were Montana State University and the University of Northern Colorado. UND is 16–19–1 all time against Montana State. Northern Colorado, also a long time Division II foe in the NCC, trails the all-time series against North Dakota 18–12.

Stadiums

 * Memorial Stadium 1927–2000
 * Alerus Center 2001–present

Notable players

 * Donovan Alexander
 * Burtland Cummings
 * Weston Dressler
 * Kenny Golladay
 * Willis Jacox
 * Milson Jones
 * Chris Kuper
 * Jim Kleinsasser
 * Jim LeClair
 * Errol Mann
 * Dale Markham
 * Stan Mikawos
 * Brady Oliveira
 * Dave Osborn
 * Scott Schultz
 * Todd Thomas
 * Tim Prinsen
 * Mark Chipman

Future non-conference opponents
Announced schedules as of November 28, 2022.

title: North Dakota Fighting Hawks football


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Cryptography/Enigma machine

The Enigma was an electro-mechanical rotor cypher machine used for both encryption and decryption, widely used in various forms in Europe from the early 1920s on. It is most famous for having been adopted by most German military forces from about 1930 on. Ease of use and the supposedly unbreakable cypher were the main reasons for its widespread use. The machine had two inherent weaknesses: it guaranteed that a letter would never be encrypted to itself and the rightmost rotor would rotate a set number of places before the next would rotate (26 in the initial version). In German usage the failure to replace the rotors over many years of service and patterns in messages further weakened the system. The cypher was broken, and the reading of information in the messages it didn't protect is sometimes credited with ending World War II at least a year earlier than it would have otherwise.

The counterpart British encryption machine, Typex, and several American ones, e.g. the SIGABA (or M-134-C in Army use), were similar in principle to Enigma, but far more secure. The first modern rotor cypher machine, by Edward Hebern, was considerably less secure, a fact noted by William F. Friedman when it was offered to the US Government.

History
Enigma was developed by Arthur Scherbius in various versions dating back to 1919. He set up a Berlin company to produce the machine, and the first commercial version (Enigma-A) was offered for sale in 1923. Three more commercial versions followed, and the Enigma-D became the most important when several copies were purchased by the Reichsmarine in 1926. The basic design was then picked up by the Army in 1929, and thereafter by practically every German military organization and by many parts of the Nazi hierarchy. In the German Navy, it was called the "M" machine.

Versions of Enigma were used for practically all German (and much other European Axis) radio, and often telegraph, communications throughout the war; even weather reports were encrypted with an Enigma machine. Both the Spanish (during the Civil War) and Italians (during World War II) are said to have used one of the commercial models, unchanged, for military communications. This was unwise, for the British (and one presumes, others) had succeeded in breaking the plain commercial version(s) or their equivalents. This contributed to the British defeat of a large part of the Italian fleet at Matapan.

Operation
The Enigma machine was electro-mechanical, meaning it used a combination of electrical and mechanical parts. The mechanism consisted primarily of a typewriter-style keyboard, which operated electrical switches as well as a gearing mechanism.

The electrical portion consisted of a battery attached through the keys to lamps. In general terms, when a key was held down on the keyboard, one of the lamps would be lit up by the battery. In the picture to the right you can see the typewriter keys at the front of the machine, and the lights are the small (barely visible) circles "above" the keyboard in the middle of the machine.

The heart of the basic machine was mechanical, consisting of several connected rotors. Enigma rotors in most versions consisted of flat disks with 26 contacts on each side, arranged in a circular manner around the outer faces of the disk. Every contact on one side of each disk is wired to a different contact on the other side. For instance, in a particular rotor the 1st contact on one side of the rotor might be wired to the 14th contact on the other side, the 2nd one on the first side to the 22nd on the other, and so forth. Each rotor in the set supplied with an Enigma was wired differently than the others, and the German military/party models used different rotor wirings than did any of the commercial models.

Inside the machine were three slots (in most variants) into which the rotors could be placed. The rotors were "stacked" in the slots in such a way that the contacts on the "output" side of one rotor were in contact with the "input" contacts on the next. The third rotor in most versions was connected to a reflector (unique to the Enigma family amongst the various rotor machines designed in the period) which was hard wired to feed outputs of the third rotor back into different contacts of the third rotor, thence back to the first rotor, but by a different route. In the picture you can see the three stacked rotors at the very top of the machine, with teeth protruding from the panel surface which allow the rotors to be turned by hand.

When a key was pressed on the keyboard, current from the battery flowed from the switch controlled by that key, say A, into a position on the first rotor. There it would travel through the rotor's internal wiring to, say, the J position on the other side. It would then go into the next rotor, perhaps turned such that the first rotor's J was lined up with the second's X. From there it would travel to the other side of the second rotor, and so on. Because the signal had travelled through the rotors and back, some other letter than A would light in the lamp array – thus substituting one letter for another, the fundamental mechanism in all substitution cypher systems.

Because the rotors changed position (rather like an automobile odometer) with every key press, A might be Q this time, but the next A would be something different, perhaps T. After 26 letters were pressed, a cam on the rotor advanced the rotor in the next slot by one position. The substitution alphabet thus changed with every plaintext letter, and kept changing with every plaintext letter for a very long time.

Better yet, due to the "random" wiring of each rotor, the exact sequence of these substitution alphabets varied depending on the initial position of the rotors, their installed order, and which rotors were installed in the machine. These settings were referred to as the initial settings, and were given out in books once a month (to start with—they became more frequent later on).

The most common versions of the machine were symmetrical in the sense that decipherment works in the same way as encypherment: type in the cyphertext and the sequence of lit lamps will correspond to the plaintext. However, this works only if the decyphering machine has the same configuration (i.e., initial settings) as had the encrypting machine (rotor sequence, wiring, alphabet ring settings, and initial positions); these changed regularly (at first monthly, then weekly, then daily and even more often nearer the end of the War on some networks) and were specified in key schedules distributed to Enigma users.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cryptography/Enigma machine


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Modern History/Space Exploration/Space Race/Apollo Missions

In detailing the history of the Apollo missions, the most compelling question as a historian is, "where to stop?" As mankind's perhaps most significant achievement, the wealth of information regarding the Apollo missions is overwhelming. Below is a brief overview of the purpose, achievements, and some other critical data regarding each mission.

Apollo 1
During a 'plugs-out' (disconnected from any earthbound umbilicals) test, faulty wiring under one of the astronauts seats combined with the cabin atmosphere which was 16 Pounds per square inch (PSI) pure oxygen caused a fire in the cabin, killing all three crew members in less than a minute: Virgil I. ("Gus") Grissom, Edward H. White II, and Roger B. Chaffee. Later missions would use a less combustible mixture of nitrogen and oxygen.

Apollo 4
NASA elected to skip Apollo's 2 and 3 and move directly to mission 4. Mission 4 was the first full test of the Saturn V platform.

Apollo 5
First test of Command Module in space.

Apollo 6
Test of Command Module Heat shield and separation of launch vehicle stages.

Apollo 7
Manned test of the Command Service Module in Earth orbit.

Commander: Walter M. Schirra Command Module Pilot: Donn F. Eisele Lunar Module Pilot: R. Walter Cunningham

Landing Site: Not applicable; did not leave Earth orbit.

Duration: 10 days, 20 hours, 9 min, 3 seconds.

Apollo 8
Manned test of the Command Service Module in Lunar orbit.

Commander: Frank F. Borman, II Command Module Pilot: James A. Lovell, Jr. Lunar Module Pilot: William A. Anders

Landing Site: None; no Lunar Module flown with this mission.

Duration: 6 days, 3 hours, 0 min, 42 seconds.

Apollo 9
Manned test of the Lunar Module in Earth orbit.

Command Module: Gumdrop Lunar Module: Spider

Commander: James A. McDivitt Command Module Pilot: David R. Scott Lunar Module Pilot: Russell L. Schweickart

Landing Site: Not applicable; did not leave Earth orbit.

Mission Objective: Initial test of Lunar Module. Tested LM engines, backpack life support systems, navigation systems, and docking ability.

Duration: 10 days, 1 hour, 0 min, 54 seconds.

Apollo 10
Manned test of the Lunar Module in Lunar orbit.

Command Module: Charlie Brown Lunar Module: Snoopy

Commander: Thomas P. Stafford Command Module Pilot: John W. Young Lunar Module Pilot: Eugene A. Cernan

Landing Site: None; descended to within 14km of lunar surface and returned to orbit.

Mission Objective: 'Dress rehearsal' for Apollo 11 lunar landing. Tested lunar descent and ascent operations.

Duration: 08 Days, 0 hours, 3 min, 23 seconds.

Apollo 11
First manned lunar landing. Command Module: Columbia Lunar Module: Eagle Commander: Neil Armstrong Command Module Pilot: Michael Collins Lunar Module Pilot: Edwin E. ("Buzz") Aldrin Jr. Landing Site: Mare Tranquilatis (Sea of Tranquility) Mission Objective: Land on the moon safely and return safely. Duration: 08 Days, 03 hours, 18 min, 35 seconds.

Apollo 12
Command Module: Yankee Clipper Lunar Module: Intrepid

Commander: Charles P. Conrad, Jr. Command Module Pilot: Richard F. Gordon, Jr. Lunar Module Pilot: Alan L. Bean

Landing Site: Ocean of Storms

Mission Objective: Retrieve parts of lunar probe Surveyor 3, deploy Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments package.

Duration: 10 days, 4 hours, 36 minues.

Apollo 13
Lunar landing was aborted due to failure of the second CSM oxygen tank, and associated collateral damage. Crew was safely returned.

Command Module: Odyssey Lunar Module: Aquarius

Commander: James A. Lovell, Jr. Command Module Pilot: John L. Swigert, Jr. Lunar Module Pilot: Fred W. Haise, Jr.

Landing Site: Fra Mauro (mission aborted)

Mission Objective: Initial mission was exploration in the Fra Mauro lunar highlands. (mission aborted)

Duration: 5 days, 22 hours, 54 minutes, 41 seconds

Apollo 14
Command Module: Kitty Hawk Lunar Module: Antares

Commander: Alan B. Shepard, Jr. Command Module Pilot: Stuart A. Roosa Lunar Module Pilot: Edgar D. Mitchell

Landing Site: Fra Mauro

Duration: 09 days, 02 hours, 2 minutes.

Apollo 15
First use of the Lunar Rover (LRV).

Command Module: Endeavour Lunar Module: Falcon

Commander: David R. Scott Command Module Pilot: James B. Irwin Lunar Module Pilot: Alfred M. Worden

Landing Site: Hadley-Apennine region near Apennine Mountains.

Duration: 12 days, 17 hours, 12 minutes.

Apollo 16
Command Module: Casper Lunar Module: Orion

Commander: John W. Young Command Module Pilot: Thomas K. Mattingly II Lunar Module Pilot: Charles M. Duke, Jr.

Landing Site: Descartes Highlands.

Duration: 11 days, 01 hour, 51 minutes.

Apollo 17
Final Apollo lunar landing. First NASA mission to include a scientist-astronaut (Jack Schmitt).

Command Module: America Lunar Module: Challenger

Commander: Eugene A. Cernan Command Module Pilot: Ronald E. Evans Lunar Module Pilot: Harrison H. ("Jack") Schmitt

Landing Site: Taurus-Littrow, highlands and valley area.

Duration: 12 days, 13 hours, 52 minutes.


text:
Richard B. Smith

Richard B. Smith may refer to:
 * Richard Bowyer Smith (1837–1919), Australian inventor
 * Richard B. Smith (New York politician) (1878–1937), American politician
 * Richard Bernhard Smith (1901–1935), American composer
 * Richard Baird Smith (1818–1861), British military engineer

title: Richard B. Smith


text:
User:Bartholomew M Klick

I'm an author and a student. I read Wikipedia a lot and rarely edit.

I'm interested in flutes, fiction, and females. =) I've been published in a few places, am a grammar enthusiast, and an amateur linguist.

title: User:Bartholomew M Klick


text:
Drink the Kool-Aid (American Horror Story)

"Drink the Kool-Aid" is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the anthology television series American Horror Story. It aired on October 31, 2017, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Adam Penn, and directed by Angela Bassett.

Plot
Kai recounts the affairs of infamous cults and their leaders including Heaven's Gate, Branch Davidians, and the Peoples Temple. After affirming the loyalty of his militiamen, Kai declares his intention to run for Senate at a city council meeting.

Winter explains her plan on how to escape a cult to Ally and Ivy. Before they can set a plan in motion, Ally, Ivy, and Winter are escorted to the Anderson house by Speedwagon and the other militiamen and led to the basement where Beverly attacks Winter for blaming Samuels' death on her. Yearning to draw a connection between his own political movement and the mass suicide at Jonestown committed by Jim Jones, Kai requires each of his followers to drink presumably poisoned beverages. When they do so, Kai reveals that the drinks were untainted after everyone else has finished their cup.

Ally and Ivy intend to pick up Oz at school and flee but discover that he was picked up earlier by Winter. They frantically drive to the Anderson home to find Oz unharmed. Kai claims that he was the donor whose sperm inseminated Ally when she became pregnant with Oz. Ivy insists that Oz should stay with Kai, his purported father, for the time being. Back at home, Ally prepares dinner for Ivy and confronts her for attempting to gain sole custody of Oz with the aid of Kai and his cult. Ivy scoffs at Ally's threats of retaliation and warns her that she will revert to her old skittish ways but Ally had laced the pasta and wine Ivy has been consuming with arsenic. As Ivy begins succumbing to the poison, Ally notes that murdering her is an act of retribution that will remedy her phobias. The next day, Ally arrives at a fertility clinic and manages to acquire the records of Oz's sperm donor. She then bribes the clinic worker to falsify the file. Ally invites Kai to her house for dinner and presents him doctored evidence that he is Oz's father. After disposing and preserving Ivy's body with lye, Ally and Kai embrace Oz.

Reception
"Drink the Kool-Aid" was watched by 1.48 million people during its original broadcast, and gained a 0.7 ratings share among adults aged 18–49.

The episode has been critically acclaimed. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Drink the Kool-Aid" holds a 100% approval rating, based on 14 reviews with an average rating of 7.7 out of 10.

Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 out of 5, saying "One of the best things about "Drink the Kool-Aid" is how some of the most horrifying subtext is played out in the most mundane of settings, a boring city council meeting with gaping apes or a quaint kitchen table set for two. American Horror Story: Cult ends the episode on a terrifyingly ambiguous note, Ally's ascension in Kai's attentions. We know she can't turn a Manwich into a last meal until her son's plate is clear, but she is also quite capable of much longer-term plans. I'd vote for her."

Kat Rosenfield from Entertainment Weekly gave the episode an A−. She particularly praised the flashbacks about the other cults, calling them "a solid blast from the past". She also enjoyed the evolution of Ally's character just as much as the rest of the episode, saying that it "felt like the first in ages to actually have some trajectory." Vulture's Brian Moylan gave the episode a 3 out of 5, with a mixed review, commenting "It was my least favorite episode of the entire season so far, but at least I understood where it came from politically and thematically." However, he is still enjoying the political satire of the season, saying "This continues to be an outsized look at the madman who is behind one of the scariest turns in American politics."

Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a 7.2 out of 10, with a positive review. He said "Ally tried to take control and get revenge this week in "Drink the Kool-Aid," though the curse of Cult is that you watch everything through narrowed eyes, always expecting twists upon the story to be revealed in the next episode. Can Kai ever be taken at face value or will we always have to wait for a one of those "Here's what's really going on" episodes? Also, how is Kai able to convince people to follow him by telling them about actual real-life crazy people tricking vulnerable people?"


text:
Philosophy of mathematics/Structure

The subject is primarly structured from the perspective of the reader, i.e. other perspectives like the ones of philosophical schools, people or history are secondary.

Since the main group adressed are people that are doing Maths or interesting in the work of people doing Maths the subject is seen from the perspective of a Mathematician that is questioning what he is doing.

The further structuring is done mainly by analysing the elements of a mathematical result and expanding the notion of the environment in which the mathematical work takes place.

Structuring According to the Elements of the Mathematical Result
This questioning takes place step-by-step from how to reasonably exploit certain degrees of freedom the Mathematician has to questioning the fundamentals required for the Mathematicians work.

Hereby the steps are structured along the elements of a mathematical result, starting with the Proof that is being delivered, the Sentence that is chosen to be proven and the underlying Theory, and finally the concept of Proof used above as well as the Language of Mathematics itself.

So 'questioning' means deciding on how to use the remaining degrees of freedom ('I have different ways to do my Proof - is one better than the others?') or getting to the bottom of things like 'my Language has some restrictions in expression - what is the cost of choosing a more expressive one?'

Thus we get the following structure:
 * Questioning the Instance of Proof
 * Questioning the Sentence
 * Questioning the Theory
 * Questioning the Concept of Proof
 * Questioning the Language

Structuring by notions of the working environment
Metamathematical results can be obtained without considering the circumstances under which the mathematical results are found.

Above this the nature of PhilM is to go beyond these purely (meta-)mathematical results, i.e. asking questions like '.' or '.'. So it expands the pure mathematical view on how results are achieved with further aspects.

These aspects are achieved by expanding the notion of the Mathematician who is doing the job. First by presuming computational costs for performing Proofs etc, then by taking human aspects like cognition and understanding into account and finally by considering the Scientific Community as a whole.

This results in questions like 'Where do Definitions make sense?' and 'How does information access influent the development of Theories?' that bring in different cognitive, social and efficiency perspectives etc.

Thus we get the following structuring:

 * Metamathematics & Computability
 * Human-Cognition & -Thinking
 * Scientific Communities and their Principals

Joining result-based and enviromental structuring
The above structuring approaches are compatible. They are joined in the following way:

 * Questioning the Instance of Proof
 * Metamathematics & Computability
 * Human-Cognition & -Thinking
 * Scientific Communities and their Principals
 * Questioning the Sentence
 * Metamathematics & Computability
 * Questioning the Language
 * Metamathematics & Computability
 * Human-Cognition & -Thinking
 * Scientific Communities and their Principals
 * Scientific Communities and their Principals

Although the focus of the single areas may vary. While in sections on judgement of mathematical work (using degrees of freedom) human and social issues are more in the centre of interest the focus in questioning the mathematical fundamentals is likely more on mathematical & compuntational issues.

title: Philosophy of mathematics/Structure


text:
πέος

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) penis

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) penis

title: πέος


text:
User:Sorin Miu

Sorin Miu, young model that started working in the modelling industry at the age of 15 for the agency Elle models from Uk. He worked for big brands such as Louis Vuitton, Calvin Klein, Coco Channel and Christian Dior.

title: User:Sorin Miu


text:
Canadian Paralympics

Canadian Paralympics may refer to:

 * 1976 Summer Paralympics, in Toronto, Ontario
 * 2010 Winter Paralympics, in Vancouver, B.C.
 * Canadian Paralympic Committee (CPC)
 * Canada at the Paralympics
 * Canadian Paralympic Athletics Championships
 * 2005 Canadian Paralympic Athletics Championships

title: Canadian Paralympics


text:
Illinois Route 163

Illinois Route 163 (IL 163) is a 9.89 mi north–south highway in southwestern Illinois. It runs from IL 158 in Millstadt north to IL 15 in Alorton; the route is located entirely within St. Clair County. IL 163 is maintained by the Illinois Department of Transportation.

Route description
Illinois 163 begins at a junction with Illinois 158 in downtown Millstadt. The highway leaves the village to the north, entering rural Millstadt Township. After passing St. James Catholic Cemetery, it crosses into Stookey Township. The route then curves north-northwest past Concordia Church and Cemetery. Upon crossing Prairie Dupont Creek, it turns north through the community of Westview. At Booker T. Washington Cemetery, the route heads northwest into Centreville Township, where it meets Illinois 157. The highways run northward concurrently and enter Centreville before intersecting Illinois 13. At this junction, Illinois 157 follows Illinois 13 eastward, while Illinois 163 continues northward through a primarily residential area. The highway turns northeast into Alorton and passes under an overpass carrying Interstate 255 and U.S. Route 50, which do not meet Illinois 163. From here Illinois 163 runs parallel to the south of Illinois 15 before terminating at an intersection with this route. Illinois 163 is a two-lane road for its entire length.

History
SBI Route 163 originally ran from Illinois Route 1 to Palestine. In 1937, this route became part of Illinois Route 33 (which turns south at Palestine). It was moved to its current alignment in 1954. From 1954-1957, it was also signed Bypass U.S. Route 50.

title: Illinois Route 163


text:
Rizab, Nishapur

Rizab (, also Romanized as Rīzāb; also known as Zīrāb) is a village in Ghazali Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 727, in 174 families.

title: Rizab, Nishapur


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2020 OFC Nations Cup

The result was redirect to OFC Nations Cup. Can always be restored as a standalone article once more is available on the competition. Fenix down (talk) 07:49, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

2020 OFC Nations Cup

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No information is available for this competition. Possible WP:CRYSTALBALL. Jalen D. Folf  (talk)  05:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Football-related deletion discussions.  Jalen D. Folf   (talk)  05:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Oceania-related deletion discussions.  Jalen D. Folf   (talk)  05:49, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Redirect or Delete WP:TOOSOON --qedk (t 桜 c) 18:40, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Redirect is fine by me as well. --qedk (t 桜 c) 13:53, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep or Redirect to OFC Nations Cup. I'm not sure the point of deleting this three-year old article with dozens of edits, only months before the tournament. It will inevitably be quickly recreated once tournament details are published. This is the kind of stuff that just wastes everyone's time. The article was unreferenced, so I referenced some recent easy-to-find articles confirming the timing of the tournament. While I think keep is the best approach at this point, no prejudice against redirecting until there is further information. It's standard practice when the article for a regular tournament is created too early, to redirect to the main article to the tournament. I don't know why the nominator couldn't have simply tried this first, rather than a more dramatic process. Nfitz (talk) 18:48, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related deletions. Jalen Folf   (talk)  22:44, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Redirect per Nfitz. GiantSnowman 08:27, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep Obviously notable, plenty of information available, and will certainly be notable soon regardless. Complete waste of time. Smartyllama (talk) 12:22, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Is it just me or is "will be notable soon" absolute and purely WP:CRYSTALBALL. --qedk (t 桜 c) 13:38, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep Obviously notable, plenty of information available, and will certainly be notable soon regardless and need to be recreated. Complete waste of time. Victoryboy (talk) 10:46, 25 September 2019 (AEST)
 * Comment Vote reeks of WP:REPEAT; much of what is said here was already said verbatum by above.  Jalen Folf   (talk)  02:41, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Redirect I do feel like this needs to be redirected for the time being until we get some more information about the 2020 tournament. For now though, I think the best course of action is to redirect to it's parent article (OFC Nations Cup) HawkAussie (talk) 23:06, 26 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
New Candys

New Candys is an Italian alternative rock band formed in Venice in 2008, led by songwriter and singer-guitarist Fernando Nuti with original drummer and current bassist-keyboardist Dario Lucchesi. From 2023 the lineup has included Emanuele Zanardo on lead guitar and backing vocals and Francesco Giacomin on drums and sampler.

Formation and Stars Reach The Abyss (2008–2014)
The band was formed in 2008 by Fernando Nuti (lead vocals, guitar), Diego Menegaldo (lead guitar, backing vocals), Stefano Bidoggia (bass guitar) and Dario Lucchesi (drums, percussion).

In the following two years, the band played live around the Venice area until the release of their first self-produced EP on July 7, 2010. Welcomed by the Italian press, they began to play shows throughout Northern Italy. On 23 March 2012 their first studio album Stars Reach The Abyss was released through Foolica (repressed by Fuzz Club in 2017). The album was produced by Pierluigi Ballarin and Stefano Moretti and mastered by Jon Astley. The release brought the band on tour in England and Italy supporting artists such as Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Dead Skeletons and Crystal Stilts. The song "Meltdown Corp." was included in the double LP The Reverb Conspiracy Vol. 3, an annual compilation that brings together the best young European bands of the underground psych scene, co-released by Fuzz Club and The Reverberation Appreciation Society (Levitation Austin).

New Candys As Medicine (2015–2016)
Their second studio album, New Candys As Medicine, was released on 16 March 2015 in the United States through the record label Picture In My Ear and through Fuzz Club in Europe. The release was preceded by a 10” split single with the band Kill Your Boyfriend featuring the single "Dark Love" and exclusive track "Surf 2". The album, mixed by John Wills (producer and drummer of Loop), was distributed by The Committee To Keep Music Evil too, a label founded and ran by The Brian Jonestown Massacre. New Candys As Medicine received praise from Simone Marie Butler of Primal Scream, Stephen Lawrie of The Telescopes and Orange Amplification.

In the next two years the band toured Europe three times playing in Switzerland, Germany, Czech Republic, Austria, Belgium, England, Scotland, France, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain and Croatia. They performed at the Secret Garden Party 2015, Liverpool International Festival Of Psychedelia 2016, Barcelona Psych Fest 2017, and supported bands including Slowdive, The Vaccines and Savages.

Bleeding Magenta (2017–2020)
New Candys’ third album Bleeding Magenta was released on 8 October 2017 by Fuzz Club and repressed by Little Cloud Records in the United States. Recorded by Andrea Volpato and produced by the band, it received critical acclaim from the press including the music webzines Clash and Drowned in Sound. Two songs from the album, and one from a previous record, were featured on three episodes of Showtime Networks original TV series Shameless.

Andrea Volpato joined the band since the European promotional tour of the album, which included the performance at SpaceFest 2017 in Poland. In 2018 they toured Australia playing 14 shows, headlining both Sydney and Melbourne Psych Fest and performing at the Adelaide Fringe Festival. Next the band went on a US-Mexico tour of 18 shows plus a KEXP live session in Seattle. The American tour started with two shows in New York and proceeded along the west coast, including performances at Pappy & Harriet's in Pioneertown and the Highland Park Bowl in Los Angeles.

Stefano Bidoggia left the band before the Australian tour and Diego Menegaldo after the North American tour. In June 2018 Alessandro Boschiero joined the band on bass. Later in the summer they performed at Fuzz Club Eindhoven, headlined by The Black Angels, and supported The Brian Jonestown Massacre for both of their Italian shows. In 2019 they completed a back to back tour of 50 shows in Europe, the US and Canada including Desert Stars Festival in Joshua Tree, Milwaukee Psych Fest, The Echo in Los Angeles, Hotel Vegas in Austin and Mercury Lounge in New York. A third European tour took place in September, including Levitation France and shows with The Warlocks and The Dandy Warhols. In January 2020 they played the Balkans for the first time, with shows in Greece, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Croatia.

Vyvyd (2021–present)
New Candys’ fourth and latest album Vyvyd was released on 4 June 2021 via Little Cloud Records and Dischi Sotterranei, plus an exclusive vinyl edition on Fuzz Club. The record was recorded and mixed at Fox Studio in Venice by Andrea Volpato with additional mixing by Grammy Award producer Tommaso Colliva, who worked with Muse, The Jesus and Mary Chain and Damon Albarn among others.

On 16 March 2021 New Candys released the first lead single "Twin Mime" with a music video which premiered on Post-Punk.com. This was followed by the second single "Begin Again" on 13 April 2021; the music video, directed by Ivana Smudja, premiered on CVLT Nation and the song was featured on the "Sacred Bones Now Playing" playlist curated by the renowned record label. The third and final single "Zyko" was released on 11 May 2021, the song was broadcast on BBC Radio 6 Music during Iggy Pop’s Iggy Confidential hosted by Tom Robinson and on 14 May the band performed for the online edition of The Great Escape Festival.

Vyvyd was released on 4 June 2021 accompanied by two music visualizers for "Factice" and “Evil Evil” and an interview for Beat Magazine. Under the Radar 's Haydon Spenceley wrote that the album "takes the best of psych and shoegaze, adds an effective strain of driving originality and songwriting chops, and dresses it up in a satisfying intensity." KEXP's Music Director Don Yates declared Vyvyd to be “a solid set of shoegazer psych-rock with fuzzy guitars, atmospheric synths, heavy rhythms, detached vocals and hypnotic song hooks” whilst DJ John Richards said fans of Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Ride or The Jesus and Mary Chain will love the album. Record producer Gordon Raphael defined the song 'Begin Again' as "incredibly good" and in February 2022 'Zyko' was broadcast again on BBC Radio 6 Music during Iggy Confidential, this time hosted by Iggy Pop who described the band as "kinky".

Between winter 2021 and summer 2022 the group was engaged in an intense live activity. The first dates in Europe included Croc' The Rock Festival in Lausanne in Switzerland and Synästhesie Festival in Berlin, followed by a tour in the UK and France. Between March and May 2022 they completed two North American tours of 19 and 13 dates respectively, including concerts at the Zebulon in Los Angeles, Mississippi Studios in Portland and played festivals such as the Freakout Weekender in Seattle, Treefort Music Fest in Boise and SXSW in Austin where they also recorded a session for Jam in the Van, subsequently released digitally. In June 2022 they played in Europe and England in support of The Dandy Warhols. The tour included historical venues such as the Olympia Hall in Paris and The Roundhouse in London. Anton Newcombe, frontman of The Brian Jonestown Massacre, after attending the concert in Berlin expressed words of appreciation for the band. The tour was preceded by the digital release of "Zyko" remixed by Peter Holmström, guitarist of The Dandy Warhols. On July 16 the band performed for the first time in Lithuania at the Devilstone Fest. In August they toured the US again playing mainly the South Central states, culminating in the festival Psycho Las Vegas. In the next and last tour of 2022 they performed in Germany, France, Spain and for the first time in Portugal. Alessandro Boschiero and Andrea Volpato parted ways from the band in October 2022. On 6 November 2022 'Evil Evil' was broadcast by Iggy Pop during his show for BBC Radio 6 Music. On 5 January 2023, they announced 21 shows in Europe, including 7 in support of The Black Angels. Following this announcement, Emanuele Zanardo and Francesco Giacomin joined the band, taking up roles on lead guitar and backing vocals, and drums and sampler, respectively.

On 12 May 2023 New Candys released the single "Everything's Fucking Boring" written by and featuring Bugo, it is a cover in English language of his popular song "Io Mi Rompo I Coglioni". The single was premiered on Radio DeeJay. In 2023, Dario Lucchesi gradually moved from drums to bass, and November 17th marked the live debut of the new lineup.

Band Members
Current members Former members Former touring musicians
 * Fernando Nuti - lead vocals, guitar, sitar, synthesizer, programming (2008–present)
 * Dario Lucchesi - bass, synthesizer, programming (2023–present), drums, percussion, sampler (2008-2023)
 * Emanuele Zanardo - lead guitar, backing vocals (2023-present)
 * Francesco Giacomin - drums, percussion, sampler (2023–present)
 * Diego Menegaldo - lead guitar, backing vocals (2008–2018)
 * Stefano Bidoggia - bass (2008–2018)
 * Andrea Volpato - lead guitar, backing vocals (2017–2022)
 * Alessandro Boschiero - bass (2018–2022)
 * Marco Fabris - drums, percussion (Australia Tour 2018)
 * Blair Wittstadt - bass (Australia Tour 2018)
 * Andrea Davì - drums, percussion, sampler (Europe Tour September 2022)
 * Marco Contestabile - bass (2023)

Discography
Studio Albums EPs Singles Compilations Soundtracks
 * 2012 - Stars Reach The Abyss (Foolica, Fuzz Club)
 * 2015 - New Candys As Medicine (Picture In My Ear, Fuzz Club)
 * 2017 - Bleeding Magenta (Fuzz Club, Little Cloud Records)
 * 2021 - Vyvyd (Little Cloud Records, Dischi Sotterranei, Fuzz Club)
 * 2010 - New Candys (self-produced)
 * 2022 - Zyko (The Dandy Warhols Remix) (Dischi Sotterranei)
 * 2023 - Everything's Fucking Boring (feat. Bugo) (Dischi Sotterranei)
 * 2015 - New Candys / Kill Your Boyfriend (Shyrec, Xnot You Xme)
 * 2015 - The Reverb Conspiracy Vol. 3 (Fuzz Club, The Reverberation Appreciation Society)
 * 2016 - Volumes (Picture In My Ear)
 * 2013 - Delirium: A Trip Of Madness (movie by Pablo Aguiar)
 * 2015 - Magasin (short film by Jordy Tempelman)
 * 2016 - Shameless, episode 10.7 "Ride or die" (television series by Paul Abbott)
 * 2017 - Shameless, episode 4.8 "Fuck Paying It Forward" (television series by Paul Abbott)
 * 2017 - Shameless, episode 6.8 "Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him" (television series by Paul Abbott)
 * 2018 - GoPro: Valentino Rossi - Origins - Tavullia & MotoGP™ (YouTube video)
 * 2021 - Made in Chelsea, episode 11.22 (British structured-reality television series broadcast by E4)

title: New Candys


text:
COBOL

Welcome to COBOL at Wikiversity. This area will present information concerning one of the programming languages which, to this day, continues to provide business data processing to the world.

Please forgive the current limited information as the page is built.

"COBOL is widely used in the financial services industry typically for mainframe based applications. It has been used extensively since the 1960s. COBOL was designed for use in business applications and consequently it was implemented with fixed-point arithmetic support. This is one of the advantages of COBOL as it allows complete and accurate computation of financial values without the possibility of rounding errors."

Students with little or no programming experience will benefit by completing the Wikiversity Programming Fundamentals course before beginning this course.

Hello World!
It has become customary to start learning a programming language by writing, building, and executing a program that displays "Hello, World!"

Here is a COBOL source code for a Hello World! program, provided by the Wikiversity Hello, world! course:

Column Significance
When COBOL was originally developed, computer programs were written on 80-column punch cards. The language still contains artifacts of that column orientation. In the punch card era, programs were often written by hand on 80-column coding sheets that corresponded to the 80-columns of each punch card.

Column positions are significant in original implementations of COBOL, and are grouped into the following five fields: Several more modern implementations relax these column requirements.

In COBOL 2002, Areas A and B were merged to form the program-text area, which now ends at an implementor-defined column.

The following characters are allowed in the indicator area:
 * (space) – Indicates a regular source code line
 * – Comment line
 * – Comment line that will be printed on a new page of a source listing
 * – Continuation line, where words or literals from the previous line are continued
 * – Line enabled in debugging mode, which is otherwise ignored as a comment

Running the Program
The Wikiversity course Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/COBOL provides instructions for compiling and executing this program.

Alternatively, students may wish to use an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that runs on your computer, rather than the simpler but more limited web-based systems. Although this is more difficult than using the web-based system, it is more flexible, more extensive, and better represents production systems.

To do so, follow these linked instructions for /Building and Running a Native IDE/.

Assignment
Modify the example program to display the phrase "Let's learn COBOL!".

Run and test this modified program.

Language References
Because COBOL has continued to evolve since its introduction in 1959 and has been implemented on many different systems, no single document is a definitive language reference. Several useful guides are selected and briefly described here.
 * The TutorialsPoint COBOL Quick Guide introduces the fundamentals of the language. Because it is written as a tutorial, it is accessible, but is not a comprehensive or definitive reference.
 * The COBOL ANSI-85 Programming Reference is useful because it is a American National Standards Institute standard reference for the language published while COBOL was widely used. It has the advantages of being comprehensive description of a recognized standard, however because of its complexity and scope it is difficult to use as a tutorial.
 * The GnuCOBOL Guides are a collection of references for the GnuCOBOL complier. The HTML formatted version is particularly convenient for on-line use. While these are complete and authoritative for the GnuCOBOL compiler, they may not accurately describe other COBOL implementations.
 * If you are doing complex work on a production system it is essential that you obtain and use the language reference that pertains specifically to the system you are using.

Language Fundamentals
Example programs illustrating COBOL language fundamentals were copied from Programming Fundamentals and are linked here:
 * 1) Variables
 * 2) Functions
 * 3) Conditions
 * 4) Loops
 * 5) Arrays
 * 6) Strings

Wikibooks

 * COBOL

title: COBOL


text:
What You Don't Know (Exposé album)

What You Don't Know is the second studio album by American girl group Exposé, released on June 13, 1989, by Arista Records. It was made available in vinyl, cassette, and CD formats. The remixes of the tracks "What You Don't Know" and "When I Looked at Him" appeared only on the CD.

Five singles were released from this album. "What You Don't Know", "When I Looked at Him" and "Tell Me Why" all peaked within the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, at numbers 8, 10, and 9, respectively. "Your Baby Never Looked Good In Blue" peaked within the top 20 at number 17. "Stop, Listen, Look, & Think" was released solely to dance clubs and as a 12-inch single.

Exposé

 * Gioia Bruno: Lead vocals on tracks 1, 3, 5, 9 and 10; co-lead with Ann and Jeanette on track 11, backing vocals
 * Ann Curless: Lead vocals on tracks 2 and 8; co-lead with Gioia and Jeanette on track 11, backing vocals
 * Jeanette Jurado: Lead vocals on tracks 4, 6 and 7; co-lead with Ann and Gioia on track 11, backing vocals

Additional Personnel

 * Davonda Simmons, Wendy Pedersen: Backing vocals
 * Mike Bakst, Jay Martin, Frolian "Fro" Sosa: Keyboards
 * Nestor Gomez: Electric Guitars
 * Jorge Finess: Acoustic Guitars
 * Bobby Pruitt: Bass, Backing Vocals
 * Julio Hernandez: Bass
 * Bradley Russell: Fretless Bass
 * Orlando Hernandez: Drums, Percussion
 * Lewis A. Martineé: Keyboards, Bass, Drums, Percussion, Backing Vocals
 * Ed Calle, Bobby Martinez: Saxophone
 * Dana Teboe: Trombone
 * Kenneth Faulk, Tony Concepcion: Trumpets

title: What You Don't Know (Exposé album)


text:
Corneal ectatic disorders

Corneal ectatic disorders or corneal ectasia are a group of uncommon, noninflammatory, eye disorders characterised by bilateral thinning of the central, paracentral, or peripheral cornea.

Types

 * Keratoconus, a progressive, noninflammatory, bilateral, asymmetric disease, characterized by paraxial stromal thinning and weakening that leads to corneal surface distortion.
 * Keratoglobus, a rare noninflammatory corneal thinning disorder, characterised by generalised thinning and globular protrusion of the cornea.
 * Pellucid marginal degeneration, a bilateral, noninflammatory disorder, characterized by a peripheral band of thinning of the inferior cornea.
 * Posterior keratoconus, a rare condition, usually congenital, which causes a nonprogressive thinning of the inner surface of the cornea, while the curvature of the anterior surface remains normal. Usually only a single eye is affected.
 * Post-LASIK ectasia, a complication of LASIK eye surgery.
 * Terrien's marginal degeneration, a painless, noninflammatory, unilateral or asymmetrically bilateral, slowly progressive thinning of the peripheral corneal stroma.

Diagnosis
Usually diagnosed clinically by several clinical tests. Although some investigations might needed for confirming the diagnosis and to differentiate different types of corneal ectatic diseases.
 * Corneal topography
 * Corneal tomography

Treatment
Treatment options include contact lenses and intrastromal corneal ring segments for correcting refractive errors caused by irregular corneal surface, corneal collagen cross-linking to strengthen a weak and ectatic cornea, or corneal transplant for advanced cases.

title: Corneal ectatic disorders


text:
2016 Women's Knockout Cup

The 2016 Women's Knockout Cup is New Zealand's women's 23rd knockout football competition.

The 2016 competition had three rounds before quarter-finals, semi-finals, and a final. Competition was run in three regions (northern, central, southern) until the quarter-finals, from which stage the draw was open. In all, 43 teams entered the competition.

The 2016 final
The 2016 final was played between two Auckland teams Forrest Hill Milford and Glenfield Rovers at QBE Stadium before the men's Chatham Cup final. This was Forrest Hill-Milford second final appearance, having lost previously in the 2014 final, while Glenfield Rovers had won the cup the last two seasons and was looking for the three-peat. Forrest Hill-Milford won the game 4–3 on penalties after finishing 1–1 at full time and 2–2 at the end of extra time. Tessa Berger was the winner of the Maia Jackman trophy for the most valuable player. This final is also notable for being the first women's final to be televised live in New Zealand.

Round 1

 * Northern Region

 * Central/Capital Region

 * Mainland Region

 * Southern Region

 * All teams listed below received byes to the second round.
 * Northern Region: Claudelands Rovers, Eastern Suburbs, Ellerslie, Forrest Hill Milford, Glenfield Rovers, Hamilton Wanderers, Hibiscus Coast, Lynn-Avon United, Metro FC, Norwest United, Papatoetoe AFC, Three Kings United, Western Springs.
 * Central/Capital Region: Seatoun, Upper Hutt City, Valeron Wanderers FC, Wellington United.
 * Mainland Region: Cashmere Technical FC, Coastal Spirit FC, Waimak United FC.
 * Southern Region: Dunedin Technical, Otago University AFC, Roslyn-Wakari AFC.

Round 2

 * Northern Region

 * Central/Capital Region

 * Mainland Region

 * Southern Region

 * Though Claudelands Rovers beat Three Kings United 3–2, they were found to have fielded an ineligible player so Three Kings United was awarded the 3–0 win and moved onto the 3rd round.

Round 3

 * Northern Region

 * Central/Capital Region

 * Mainland/Southern Region

title: 2016 Women's Knockout Cup


text:
Ember from the Sun

Ember from the Sun is a novel by Mark Canter published by New English Library in 1995.

Plot summary
Ember from the Sun is a novel in which Yute Nahadeh discovers a frozen pregnant Neanderthal in an ice cave, and implants her fetus in a modern surrogate mother who names the Neanderthal baby Ember.

Reception
Richard Jones reviewed Ember from the Sun for Arcane magazine, rating it an 5 out of 10 overall. Jones comments that "Canter could have chosen a bizarre ending, an apocalyptic one, a happy or a sad one. Instead he goes for the Crap Ending option and you come away feeling cheated and used. Shame, really. I was willing to forgive the various failures in plot and style because I was quite getting into the Neanderthals."

Kirkus Reviews states "An effective blend of scientific fact and shamanistic fancy, one that weaves a genuinely magic spell."

Publishers Weekly states: "Canter's approach fails to do his premise, or his characters, particularly the appealing Ember, full justice."

Entertainment Weekly rated the book a "C" and states that "Ember from the Sun's plucked straight from the pulp fantasies of Edgar Rice Burroughs."

Reviews

 * Review by Helen Gould (1995) in Vector 186
 * Review by Paul J. McAuley (1996) in Interzone, #104 February 1996
 * Kliatt

title: Ember from the Sun


text:
User:Mugogo mark stuart

Hey I'm mugogo mark stuart from uganda East Africa

Just humble man

Promoting and encouraging people to join jesus christ because he is the only way for eternal life

Glory be to God

title: User:Mugogo mark stuart


text:
User:Jrincayc/Who Goes There

Input and Variables
Now I feel it is time for a really complicated program. Here it is:

print "Halt!" s = raw_input("Who goes there? ") print "You may pass,", s

When I ran it here is what my screen showed:

Halt! Who goes there? Josh You may pass, Josh

Of course when you run the program your screen will look different depending on what you enter after "Who goes there?". When you ran the program you probably noticed (you did run the program, right?) how you had to type in your name and then press Enter. Then the program printed out some more text and also your name. This is an example of input. The program reaches a certain point (in this case, the command raw_input) and then waits for the user to input some data that the program can use later.

Of course, getting information from the user would be useless if we didn't have anywhere to put that information and this is where variables come in. In the previous program s is a variable. Variables are like a box that can store some piece of data. Here is a program to show examples of variables:

a = 123.4 b23 = 'Spam' first_name = "Bill" b = 432 c = a + b print "a + b is", c print "first_name is", first_name print "Sorted Parts, After Midnight or",b23

And here is the output:

a + b is 555.4 first_name is Bill Sorted Parts, After Midnight or Spam

Variables store data. The variables in the above program are a, b23, first_name, b, and c. The two basic types of variables are strings and numbers.

Strings are a sequence of letters, numbers and other characters. "Spam", "Bill", "a + b is", and "first_name is" are strings that are used in this program. The characters are surrounded by single or double quotes (" or '). In this example b23 and first_name are variables that are storing strings.

'Numbers' are any sort of number, whether integers (whole numbers) or reals (numbers with fractional parts). The variables a, b and c are variables containing numbers.

Okay, so we have these boxes called variables and also data that can go into the variables. The computer will see a line like first_name = "Bill" and it reads it as Put the string Bill into the box (or variable) first_name. Later on it sees the statement c = a + b and it reads it as Put a + b into c. It then replaces the variabls a and b with their values, so this becomes Put 123.4 + 432 into c. It then performs the addition, so the end result of c = a + b is Put 555.4 into c.

Here is another example of variable usage:

a = 1 print a a = a + 1 print a a = a * 2 print a

And here is the output:

1 2 4

Note something interesting - even if it is the same variable on both sides the computer still reads it as: First find out the data to store and than find out where the data goes. So the equals sign (=) is a bit different to what you might expect. In programming terminology, = is known as assignment, because in the statement a = a + 1 the variable a is assigned the value of a plus 1.

How about we go back to the program at the start of this chapter:

print "Halt!" s = raw_input("Who goes there? ") print "You may pass,", s

With the output:

Halt! Who goes there? Josh You may pass, Josh

Now when you look at it, you may notice that the variable s is assigned the output of the command raw_input. So s equals what was typed after the prompt "Who goes there?" (in this example, the string "Josh"). Secondly, take a look at the print command. Note that it has two arguments, separated by a comma, but what is interesting is that the second argument is a variable. The print command is actually quite an interesting command, because not only can it take a variable number of arguments, but those arguments, in any order, could be a string, a number, an expression or a variable, and that an expression can include variables as well as numbers.

One more program before I end this chapter:

num = input("Type in a Number: ") str = raw_input("Type in a String: ") print "num =", num print "num is a ",type(num) print "num * 2 =",num*2 print "str =", str print "str is a ",type(str) print "str * 2 =",str*2

The output I got was:

Type in a Number: 12.34 Type in a String: Hello num = 12.34 num is a  num * 2 = 24.68 str = Hello str is a  str * 2 = HelloHello

Notice that the variable num was gotten with input while str was gotten with raw_input. raw_input returns a string while input returns a number. When you want the user to type in a number use input but if you want the user to type in a string use raw_input.

The second half of the program uses the type command, which tells what a variable is. Numbers are of type int or float (which are short for 'integer' and 'floating point' respectively). (In case you are wondering, a 'floating point' number is a number with a decimal point). Strings are of type string. Integers and floats can be worked on by mathematical functions, strings cannot. Notice how when python multiples a number by a integer the expected thing happens. However when a string is multiplied by a integer the string has that many copies of it added i.e. str * 2 = HelloHello.

The operations with strings do slightly different things than operations with numbers. Here are some interactive mode examples to show that some more.

>>> "This"+" "+"is"+" joined." 'This is joined.' >>> "Ha, "*5 'Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, ' >>> "Ha, "*5+"ha!" 'Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, ha!' >>>

Note how in interactive mode only, an expression is directly evaluated, and the result is printed to the screen (no need for the print command).

Here is the list of some string operations:

Examples
Rate_times.py

#This programs calculates rate and distance problems print "Input a rate and a distance" rate = input("Rate:") distance = input("Distance:") print "Time:",distance/rate

Sample runs:

> python rate_times.py Input a rate and a distance Rate:5 Distance:10 Time: 2 > python rate_times.py Input a rate and a distance Rate:3.52 Distance:45.6 Time: 12.9545454545

Area.py

#This program calculates the perimeter and area of a rectangle print "Calculate information about a rectangle" length = input("Length:") width = input("Width:") print "Area",length*width print "Perimeter",2*length+2*width

Sample runs:

> python area.py Calculate information about a rectangle Length:4 Width:3 Area 12 Perimeter 14 > python area.py Calculate information about a rectangle Length:2.53 Width:5.2 Area 13.156 Perimeter 15.46

temperature.py

#Converts Fahrenheit to Celsius temp = input("Farenheit temperature:") print (temp-32.0)*5.0/9.0

Sample runs:

> python temperature.py Farenheit temperature:32 0.0 > python temperature.py Farenheit temperature:-40 -40.0 > python temperature.py Farenheit temperature:212 100.0 > python temperature.py Farenheit temperature:98.6 37.0

Exercises
Write a program that gets 2 string variables and 2 integer variables from the user, concatenates (joins them together with no spaces) and displays the strings, then multiplies the two numbers on a new line.

User:Jrincayc/Count to 10

title: User:Jrincayc/Who Goes There


text:
Wikiversity:Surveys

Surveys
This is a list of current Wikiversity community surveys. Each survey is best discussed on its talk page. If you make your own, feel free to add it.

Current Serveys

 * Wikiversity Motto Contest (Talk)
 * Logo Contest* (Talk)

( * = Survey held on Meta )

title: Wikiversity:Surveys


text:
Moana Jackson

Moana Jackson (10 October 1945 – 31 March 2022) was a New Zealand lawyer specialising in constitutional law, the Treaty of Waitangi and international indigenous issues. He was an advocate and activist for Māori rights, arguing that the New Zealand criminal justice system was discriminatory and leading work on constitutional reforms. In 1987 he co-founded Ngā Kaiwhakamarama i Ngā Ture (the Māori Legal Service). He also supported the rights of indigenous people internationally – for example, through leading the working group that drafted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and sitting as a judge on the International Tribunal of Indigenous Rights in the 1990s.

Biography
Jackson was born in Hastings, and was one of six children of Everard Jackson, an All Black rugby player, and Hineaka (Janey) Cunningham. His older brother was activist Syd Jackson. He was affiliated with the iwi of Ngāti Kahungunu on his mother's side and Ngāti Porou on his father's side. He attended Mayfair Primary School and Hastings Intermediate, and from 1959 to 1963 he attended Hastings Boys' High School, where he was a prefect in his last year. He graduated in law and criminology at Victoria University of Wellington, and after a short period in practice took up the teaching of the Māori language. He then undertook further study in the United States, attending Arizona State University.

Jackson died on 31 March 2022 at Waimana after a long illness, just three days after his sister-in-law, Dame June Jackson. His tangi (traditional funeral) took place at Matahiwi Marae. He requested that women be able to speak on the marae at his tangi, a role usually reserved for men. On Jackson's death, a number of well-known New Zealanders paid him tribute including Marama Davidson (co-leader of the Green Party), academics Margaret Mutu and Khylee Quince, and writer Tina Makereti. New Zealand's prime minister Jacinda Ardern said: "Moana Jackson was well-known domestically and internationally for his expertise in indigenous issues. He was incredibly generous with his time and sharing of his knowledge, storytelling and gentle approach. He will have left a mark on an entire generation and beyond."

Career
After returning to New Zealand from his study in the United States, Jackson conducted research for the New Zealand Department of Justice. As part of this work he wrote Māori and the Criminal Justice System: A New Perspective, He Whaipaanga Hou published in 1988. In this report he argued that without changes to the criminal justice system Māori people would experience worse outcomes and discrimination. He was the first person to argue that an alternative justice system would be more appropriate for Māori. the report continues to be influential in New Zealand legal policy. In 1987 he co-founded Ngā Kaiwhakamarama i Ngā Ture (the Māori Legal Service) and as of 2021 was a director of the organisation. In 1989 he began preparing a claim to the Waitangi Tribunal supporting Māori rights over native plants and animals. The claim was unique as being made on behalf of all Māori rather than individual iwi. The claim was lodged in 1991 and in its 2011 report the Tribunal concluded that conservation should be co-managed by a partnership between Māori and the Crown.

His overseas work included leading the Indigenous Peoples caucus of the working group that drafted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In 1993 he was a judge on the International Tribunal of Indigenous Rights in Hawaii and again in 1995 in Canada. During the Bougainville peace process Jackson was counsel for the Bougainville Interim Government.

Jackson was a vocal critic of the New Zealand government's foreshore and seabed legislation in 2004. He was also a vocal critic of the October 2007 police 'terror' raids. He resigned as patron of the Police Recruit Wing 244 due to his opposition to how the raids were conducted and his view that they were racially motivated, for example by treating the predominantly Māori community of Ruatoki more harshly than the predominantly Pākehā (New Zealand European) suburb of Brooklyn, Wellington. In 2009 at Omahu Marae in Hastings he said: "Those who take power unjustly defend it with injustice."

In 2016 he led the Matike Mai Aotearoa working group on constitutional reform in New Zealand. The group's report was published on Waitangi Day in 2016, and made a number of recommendations for constitutional change. One recommendation of the report was to develop the ability of Māori to make decisions for Māori, which led to a Māori Constitutional Convention being held in February 2021, at which Jackson gave the keynote speech.

Jackson lectured at Te Wānanga o Raukawa in Ōtaki on the Ahunga Tīkanga (Māori Laws and Philosophy) degree programme. In 1995 he was appointed a visiting fellow in the faculty of law at Victoria University of Wellington. In the early 2010s he chaired a board appointed by the Minister of Education to ensure the survival of Te Aute College, a school with a strong Māori character which was experiencing financial difficulties.

Views on criminal justice
Jackson challenged the role of prisons in the criminal justice system and argued that they should never be the only answer, particularly for indigenous people. He noted that indigenous people traditionally have justice systems that seek to restore "the balance between the wrongdoer and the victim through mediation processes involving sanction and recompense". At a conference in 2018, Jackson said the New Zealand criminal justice system isolates both the perpetrator and the victim from their communities and history. He challenged the notion of one law for all and the Eurocentric approach to crime with the offender viewed as separate from the culture and society they grow up in.

Jackson highlighted the importance of showing positive portrayals of Māori in the media, as the negative portrayal of Māori may damage their self-worth.

Awards

In 2017 Jackson was awarded an honorary doctorate from Victoria University of Wellington for his outstanding contribution to legal scholarship around the Treaty and to public debates about how Māori are treated by the justice system and their place in New Zealand society more broadly. He refused any formal honours from the New Zealand government, saying he would not accept them unless the Treaty of Waitangi was fully incorporated into New Zealand governance.

In 2021 he was made a Companion of the Royal Society Te Apārangi, recognising his leadership in New Zealand. In May 2021, he was presented with the inaugural Te Whare Pukenga award by the National Iwi Chairs Forum, to recognise his "outstanding contributions as an advocate, facilitator and educator" in relation to the Treaty of Waitangi, human rights and social justice.

title: Moana Jackson


text:
Vangelis Theocharis

Vangelis Theocharis (Greek: Βαγγέλης Θεοχάρης, born 28 May 1999) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a defender for Super League 2 club Apollon Smyrnis.

Panathinaikos
Theocharis plays mainly as a defender and joined Panathinaikos from the team's youth ranks.

title: Vangelis Theocharis


text:
User:Lilyd/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

title: User:Lilyd/TWA/Earth/2


text:
User:Insanepyroboy89

So, a little bit about me. I'm a High School student from Eleanor Roosevelt High School (Greenbelt, Maryland) I'm pretty much your average high school kid. I enjoy all kinds of learning and reading, hence me creating this account. I'm also a fairly avid gamer and will play just about any game given the chance. I'm fairly proficient with creative writing and such. If you want to see samples or just read about my ranting and whatnot, check the blog: xanga if you wanna talk, you can email me at my gmail, the same as my screenname here, or talk to me on aim, again, the same as my screenname

title: User:Insanepyroboy89


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1956–57

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1956–57 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
S. Azmat Hassan

Syed Azmat Hassan is a former Ambassador of Pakistan and a former senior faculty associate of the School of Diplomacy and International Relations at Seton Hall University, specialising in Diplomacy and Middle Eastern studies. He was associated with the Lahore University of Management Sciences in its Humanities and Social Sciences Department. He was born on 7 August 1944 in Sialkot, Pakistan to Syed Fida Hassan and Zeenat Hassan. He died on 13 January 2020.

Education
Syed Azmat Hassan studied at St. Anthony's High School in Lahore. In 1963 he was awarded a BA degree in Economics, Political Science and History by the University of the Punjab and in 1966 he obtained an MA in Economics from the University of Cambridge. He gained an MSc in Strategic Studies from Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, in 1984.

Civil service
Since 1968, Hassan's civil service assignments have included ambassadorships in Malaysia, Syria (with responsibility for Lebanon) and Morocco. He has also served as Deputy Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations in New York City. He has been an Additional Secretary for foreign affairs and defence issues at the Pakistani Foreign Ministry, where he also served as head of the Middle East desk and as Director-General of the Afghanistan Division.

At the 1991 Food and Agriculture Organization conference in Rome, Hassan represented Pakistan as Additional Secretary. He was elected a joint vice-chairman at a conference convened by the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1994 to adopt the Convention on Nuclear Safety.

Academia
After ending his civil service career, Hassan joined the School of Diplomacy and International Relations in fall 2000 as an Adjunct Professor of Diplomacy and International Relations. He taught courses on the modern Middle East and Afghanistan and represented the School in numerous conferences.

Hassan became associated with the Lahore University of Management Sciences in 2006. There he taught a number of courses as an Adjunct Faculty member, and later as full-time Visiting Faculty.

Role in the Lawyers' Movement
In 2008, Hassan and 25 other former ambassadors were co-signatories to a letter to the newly formed federal government that demanded the immediate restoration of deposed judges. They regretted the delay in abiding by the Murree Declaration and said there was no need to link restoration of the judges with constitutional amendments to reform the judiciary.

Other affiliations
Hassan has been associated with various organisations, think-tanks, etc. He is Senior Adviser, Board of Sponsors, Center For War / Peace Studies. He is also associated with the Global Peace Foundation and serves on the boards of organisations including the New Jersey Division of the UNA-USA, and the Center for UN Reform Education.

Publications and presentations
Hassan had been invited speaker at various fora in the United States, Germany, Malaysia, and Pakistan. He is also a frequent commentator on international affairs for television and radio. Hassan also writes widely on foreign affairs for the press. His articles and perspectives have appeared in the Daily Record (New Jersey), the Star-Ledger (New Jersey) and Dawn (Pakistan), The Daily Journalist, The Huffington Post. Among his publications and presentations are:

 * Countering Violent Extremism: The fate of the Tamil Tigers EastWest Institute New York; 14 May 2009
 * Keynote Essay: 'Some Reflections on Pakistan' in 'Home and the World:South Asia in Transition' Cambridge Scholars Press (This essay was in response to Shashi Tharoor's Opening Keynote for the 2005 Conference on South Asia at Rutgers University)
 * Presentation: 'Faith and Diversity: Toward a Global Ethic for Inclusive and Moderate Societies ' at Global Peace Convention, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia; 6 December 2013.
 * Presentation: 'Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIS) ' on 22 October 2014.
 * Guest Speaker: Lecture on 'Progress of the United States-Pakistani Coalition Against Terrorism '; The Guarini Center for Governmental Affairs lecture series in the Pope Lecture Hall on 23 September 2004.
 * Essay: ' The United Nations in an era of globalisation ' in 'Multilateral diplomacy and the United Nations today ' by edited by James P. Muldoon, Jr. ... [et al.] Westview Press, c2005,2nd ed.
 * Lecture: 'Faith and Action at the Crossroads: The Role of Faith Leaders in the Public Square Today ', at Global Peace Leadership Conference, Washington DC; September 2013.

title: S. Azmat Hassan


text:
Barbara Bartay

Vari Komp (19 March 1921 – 20 August 1986), known professionally as Barbara Bartay, was a Czech-American film actress. She appeared in several short films at Columbia Pictures between 1951 and 1956.

Career
Bartay was born in Bohemia, Crochwice, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) in 1921 and immigrated to the U.S. in 1948 under a prospective War Bride arrangement. She received U.S. citizenship by 1952.

Bartay is best known for her appearances in several Three Stooges comedies in the 1950s, generally sporting a thick foreign accent similar to that of her native Czech tongue. In addition to her acting career, Bartay was active in the Metropolitan Opera Guild, International Orphans, Inc., National Art Education Association, and the Los Angeles Orphanage Guild.

Personal
Bartay was married three times. Though the first name of her first husband remains unknown, this union gave her the surname of "Bartay." She was married in 1957 to her second husband, Maytor H. McKinley, founder of Utter-McKinley Mortuaries. They remained married until his death. Her third marriage was to Utter-McKinley Mortuaries attorney Samuel McCormac, a union which lasted until her death.

Bartay died of colorectal cancer on 20 August 1986 in Los Angeles, California, at age 65.

title: Barbara Bartay


text:
The Special Cubic Formula

Part I: The Special Cubic Formula
This article discusses a way to solve special cubic equations in the form of

$$ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0,\quad\text{where }c=\frac{b^2}{3a}$$

If the cubic equation satisfies that condition, then you can use the special cubic formula to find the value of $$x$$.

$$x=\frac{-b + \sqrt[3]{b^{3} - 27 a^{2} d}}{3a}$$

Part II: Derivation of the Special Cubic Formula
start with $$ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0$$

1.) subtract $$d$$ from both sides of the equation and divide both sides by $$a$$

$$x^3 + \frac{b}{a} x^2 + \frac{c}{a} x = -\frac{d}{a}$$

2.) find the value of $$k$$ so that

$$x^3 + 3kx^2 + 3k^2 x + k^3 = (x+k)^3$$

There’s a problem with this that puts a limitation on the values of $$b$$ and $$c$$. $$\frac{b}{3a}$$ must equal $$\sqrt{\frac{c}{3a}}$$ and thus $$\quad c=\frac{b^2}{3a}$$ for the formula to work.

If this condition is true, then the value of $$k$$ is $$\frac{b}{3a}$$

3.) add $$\left(\frac{b}{3a}\right)^3$$ (which is $$k^3$$) to both sides of the equation

$$x^3 + \frac{b}{a} x^2 + \frac{c}{a} x + \frac{b^3}{27a^3} = -\frac{d}{a} + \frac{b^3}{27a^3}$$

4.) factor the left side of the equation

$$\left( x + \frac{b}{3a} \right)^3 = -\frac{d}{a} + \frac{b^3}{27a^3}$$

5.) rearrange the right side of the equation

$$\left( x + \frac{b}{3a} \right)^3 = \frac{b^3 - 27 a^2 d}{27a^3}$$ 6.) take the cubic root of both sides of the equation

$$\left( x + \frac{b}{3a} \right) = \frac{\sqrt[3]{b^3 - 27 a^2 d}}{3a}$$ 7.) subtract $$\frac{b}{3a}$$ from both sides of the equation

$$x = \frac{\sqrt[3]{b^3 - 27 a^2 d}}{3a} - \frac{b}{3a}$$ 8.) simplify the equation

$$x = \frac{-b + \sqrt[3]{b^3 - 27 a^2 d}}{3a}$$

Part III: Limitations of the Formula
As stated above, this formula can only be used in special cases where $$c$$ and $$b$$ are dependent on each other. The equations that display this are:

$$c = \frac{b^2}{3a}$$ or equivalently $$b = \pm\sqrt{3ac}$$

If the cubic equation in question does not obey these equations, then a much longer formula must be used to find the solution. These two equations also restrict the cubic formula to cubic equations that only have one solution.

Part IV: Examples
 Example 1:  $$3x^3 + 6x^2 + 4x + 9 = 0$$

Step 1: Check if the equation obeys the limitations

$$c = 4 \quad=\quad \frac{b^2}{3a} = \frac{6^2}{3 \cdot 3} = 4$$

Step 2: Since the equation obeys the criteria of a special cubic equation, the special cubic formula may be applied

$$x = \frac{-6 + \sqrt[3]{6^3 - 27 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 9}}{3 \cdot 3} = \frac{-6 - \sqrt[3]{1971}}{9} \approx -2.05978$$

Step 3: Check the answer

$$3(-2.05978)^3 + 6(-2.05978)^2 + 4(-2.05978) + 9 \approx 0$$

 Example 2:  $$3x^3 + 21x^2 + 2x + 3 = 0$$

Step 1: Check if the equation obeys the limitations

$$c = 2 \quad\neq\quad \frac{b^2}{3a} = \frac{21^2}{3 \cdot 3} = 49$$

This equation doesn’t obey the limitations, so it is not a special cubic equation.

 Example 3:  $$3x^3 - 6x^2 + 4x - 5 = 0$$

Step 1: Check if the equation obeys the limitations

$$c = 4 \quad=\quad \frac{b^2}{3a} = \frac{(-6)^2}{3 \cdot 3} = 4$$

Step 2: Since the equation obeys the criteria of a special cubic equation, the special cubic formula may be applied

$$x = \frac{6 + \sqrt[3]{-6^3 - 27 \cdot 3^2 \cdot -5}}{3 \cdot 3} = \frac{6 + \sqrt[3]{999}}{9} \approx 1.7774$$

Step 3: Check the answer

$$3(1.7774)^3 - 6(1.7774)^2 + 4(1.7774) - 5 \approx 0$$

title: The Special Cubic Formula


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/lifeinsurancelawyers.com

Links

 * lifeinsurancelawyers.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 4 additions.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Camille balaubar

The result of the debate was DELETE. J I P | Talk 07:18, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Camille balaubar
From The translation desk, where nobody translated it. Entry from there follows. Delete unless somebody makes a decent article out of it. Kusma (討論) 19:49, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No idea. First sentence: Si Camille Balaubar ay isang halimaw nangangain ng tao. Kusma (討論) 02:52, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Tagalog, most likely. "Camille Balaubar" sounds like a name and gets no hits. I'm thinking vanity, or some variation on "for a good time call..." --Diderot 07:01, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, it might be Malay instead of Tagalog. Kusma (討論) 19:49, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete unless it gets translated by the time the AfD closes. Then, keep or re-nominate on its own merits. --Icarus 20:13, 20 March 2006 (UTC)