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Talk:Building a Difference

untitled
I have watched Building A Difference and it is extremely similar to Extreme Makeover: Home Edition. It deserves recognition and comparison. I have posted two links to articles outside of the website to prove the show does exist and deserves to stay. Also, once an article is posted, time needs to be taken to complete the article before any judgment is made. The deletion recommendation came WAY too fast. NostalgiaBuff97501 (talk) 13:07, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * What deletion recommendation? I tagged it for notability? Just because you personally think it compares to another program is irrelevant, Wikipedia only reports what the reliable third party references say, if you can find a reference that states this, feel free to re-add the sentence. kind regardsTheroadislong (talk) 13:13, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Building a Difference


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User:Rosannacus03

Rosanna Arizala Custodio (September 3, 1997) Rosanna was her first name but you can call her Rose, taking Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering at Technological Institute of the Philippines. Rosanna is a happy person, she's always smile every time you see her.

Sayings: - I just want to forget about everything that hurts. - It is more blessed to give than to receive. - Love is magic.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Rosannacus03


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Johannes Martin Kränzle

The result was: promoted by Yoninah (talk) 19:35, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Johannes Martin Kränzle

 * ... that Johannes Martin Kränzle, singer of the year 2011 for his creation of N, made his debut at the Bayreuth Festival in 2017 as Beckmesser, staged by the festival's first Jewish director? Source:
 * Reviewed: Comoros blue pigeon
 * Comment: I didn't know what to say, - so much, 120 parts, comeback after bone marrow transplant, the interpretation of Wagner's antisemitism on stage (look at pic in the source)

Created by Gerda Arendt (talk). Self-nominated at 10:52, 20 September 2017 (UTC).

 * Symbol question.svg It all checks out, long enough, no copyvio, new enough, but I'm not sure about the "singer of the year 2011" in there. Reading the article, it's a "Singer of the Year" award from one magazine.  Is there something else we could say rather to either clarify that, or something different? The Rambling Man (talk) 11:12, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I linked the magazine, and added for what. I translated Sänger des Jahres, don't think we can capitilize the translation, but well, the source did. Phrase differently? Expand the Opernwelt article, and make a redirect? It's called the Oscar of opera, which baritones rarely get, and made his career much more international. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 11:47, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * If indeed it's considered "the Oscar of opera" then I would imagine it should have its own article. What about knocking up that and then linking it to "Singer of the Year" in the hook? The Rambling Man (talk) 11:58, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Opera house of the year is within the magazine article, the other could be the same, and very similar, if not the same but for the (so far missing) list of recipients. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 12:04, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, similar could be done. Even if you're lacking a list of names, a subsection with the title of the award and maybe a cited claim that it's equivalent to an Oscar to give it that gravitas. The Rambling Man (talk) 12:07, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * this search tells me that notable papers report the awards. I forgot where I read Oscar, in one of the Kränzle refs. I listed the categories that I found. That's what can I do at the moment. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:23, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * What about "... Opernwelt Singer of the Year in 2011... "? The Rambling Man (talk) 13:46, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I guess I'd rather drop it completely than giving attention to the magazine even before saying what's great about the singer. If you look at some of the headlines: they don't mention the magazine. Writing about the Oscar, you don't add who gives it. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:53, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Then maybe drop "singer of the year 2011 for his creation of N," altogether and go for the recovery from MDS? The Rambling Man (talk) 14:00, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * ALT1: ... that baritone Johannes Martin Kränzle, who was diagnosed with MDS in 2015, made his debut at the Bayreuth Festival in 2017 as Beckmesser, staged by the festival's first Jewish director? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 14:05, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I think it's better, but maybe it would be even better to note that he recovered from his MDS diagnosis in 2015 to debut at Bayreuth two years later. What strikes me a little here is that this hook is constructed around the round target, because the interesting bit is the first Jewish director, for me at least.... The Rambling Man (talk) 14:13, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Same for me, the interesting bit I mean, - I can't expand Kosky 5*, - saw Orpheus, and it was sheer delight. He was director of the year in 2016, did you see? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 19:32, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I did not. But to the hook, I would go with a version of ALT1 in which you mention that he recovered from MDS rather than he was diagnosed with it... The Rambling Man (talk) 19:39, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * ALT2: ... that after baritone Johannes Martin Kränzle recovered from MDS, he made his debut at the Bayreuth Festival in 2017 as Beckmesser, staged by the festival's first Jewish director? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 20:48, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Could you ensure the "first Jewish director" ref is copied across from Kosky's article to here so we are belt and braces? The Rambling Man (talk) 21:01, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I added the line and the ref, headline of the source under the original hook, "Barrie Koskys "Meistersinger" Der erste jüdische Regisseur begeistert in Bayreuth" translating to "Barrie Koskys "Meistersinger" The first Jewish stage director thrilled in Bayreuth". --Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:18, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Excellent. Just one [citation needed] now (and the best news is that once this is promoted, I won't be looking at it moments before it gets on the main page!). The Rambling Man (talk) 21:22, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg good to go. Nice work . The Rambling Man (talk) 19:01, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


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Tenyo Ohta

Tenyo Ohta (1884 – 24 February 1946) was a Japanese painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Tenyo Ohta


text:
Talk:David Collins (hurler)

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title: Talk:David Collins (hurler)


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User:Palma Marton Chatonnet

Please click here to leave me a new message.

This user is a biologist and a certified translator in biosciences and in EU law/administration (Hungarian, English, French), graduated from University of Budapest and University of Montpellier.

title: User:Palma Marton Chatonnet


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Cookbook talk:Orange

origional article text adapted from Orange (fruit).

Featured ingredient
This module was the featued ingredient on the main Cookbook page from June 19, 2004 - ????. Gentgeen 10:25, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Orange


text:
Talk:APINACA

Naming scheme
It should be mentioned that the name "APINACA" is an acronym of N-(1-Adamantyl)-1-Pentyl-1H-INdAzole-3-CarboxAmide. Enix150 (talk) 08:23, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:APINACA


text:
Celia Logan

Celia Logan (December 17, 1837 – June 18, 1904) was an American actress, playwright, and writer, and a member of the Logan family of actors and writers. She became a correspondent of American journals and wrote for magazines. During the American Civil War, she resided in Milan, Italy, translating the war news for newspapers. Afterwards she settled in Washington, D.C., where she became associate editor of The Capital. She wrote several dramas, including An American Marriage.

Early years and education
Celia Logan was born December 17, 1837, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Raised mostly in Cincinnati where her father Cornelius Ambrosius Logan ran the National Theatre, Connelly came from a theatrical family. Her father and older sister, Eliza, were already well-known actors when Celia first appeared on the stage in March 1852, at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia.

In girlhood, Celia was a writer of verse. She graduated from a private academy.

Career
Her marriage to actor Conrad B. Clarke in December 1852 was ended by his death of consumption in November 1859. After a few years of acting, she travelled to Europe where she obtained a position reading manuscripts for a London publisher. While in London, she was acquainted with author Charles Reade, who encouraged her to write. On February 17, 1858, she married painter and art collector Miner Kilbourne Kellogg, more than 20 years her senior, in Paris. They had one child, Virginia Somers Kellogg, born April 25, 1860, in London. She became a London correspondent for several American newspapers. The Kelloggs returned to America after the Civil War and settled in Washington, D.C., where they were divorced in December 1865. Miner Kellogg retained custody of their child.

Logan soon returned to London, where she returned to the stage in 1868. After acting for a few seasons, she returned to newspaper work and writing for American magazines. On December 21, 1872, she married James H. Connelly (1840-1903), a journalist, writer, and Theosophist. Moving to San Francisco, James became the editor of the Morning Chronicle while Celia became a correspondent for the New York Graphic and continued to write. While in San Francisco, Celia wrote her first plays (Rose and The Old Trick), which were produced with success in San Francisco and elsewhere. Returning to New York, she became an assistant editor at Belford's Magazine, a project of Abram S. Piatt and his brother Donn, who had earlier employed her at the Capital newspaper in Washington, D.C. She also continued to write, as a journalist, as an author, and as a playwright. Her most successful plays were Gaston Cadol (an adaption from the French) and An American Marriage (1884) (later titled That Man). She had much success as a translator and adapter of French novels and plays. In addition to her original writing, she did much work as a translator from the French and Italian. Her first efforts in that field were made in converting American war news from English into Latin. Like her sister, Olive, she wrote of her experiences in the theatre, writing a series of articles entitled "These Our Actors" and also lecturing on the subject.

Logan was involved with the Ladies Lecture Bureau, an organization which organized lectures and events to raise awareness of and relief funds for the Irish famine. Logan helped organize a benefit at New York City's Grand Opera House January 22, 1880, with Cynthia Leonard; afterwards, the Bureau collapsed amid accusations by Logan and others that Leonard kept some of the money.

Celia Logan died in New York City, New York, June 18, 1904, of arteriosclerosis and a cerebral hemorrhage.

Selected works

 * The Elopement: A Story of the Confederate States of America (1863; as "L. Fairfax") novel
 * Rose: Or, The Mystery of the Deserted House (published 1874) play
 * A Marriage in High Life (1876) translation of novel by Octave Feuillet
 * The Odd Trick (1873) play
 * The Homestead (1873) play
 * An American Marriage (later That Man; 1884) play
 * Gaston Cadol (1888?) play; an adaption of the French play Jean Dacier by Charles Lomon
 * Her Strange Fate (1888) novel
 * Sarz, a Story of the Stage (1891) novel
 * How to Reduce Your Weight, or Increase It (1892)

title: Celia Logan


text:
High School Mathematics Extensions/Supplementary/Complex Numbers/Solutions

The imaginary unit
 * 1) Compute $$i^{25} = i$$
 * 2) Compute $$i^{100} = 1$$
 * 3) Compute $$i^{1000} = 1$$
 * The pattern of $$i^{1},i^{2},i^{3},...$$ shows that $$i^{4n} = 1$$ where n is any integer. This case applies to questions 2 and 3.  For question 1, $$i^{25} = i^{24}\times i^{1} = i$$.

Complex numbers as solutions to quadratic equations
 * 1) Convince yourself that x = 3 - 2i is also a solution to the equation.

\begin{matrix} x & = &3 - 2i &\\ x^2 & = & (3)^2 + 2(3)(-2i) + (-2i)^2 \\ & = & 5 - 12i\\ x^2 - 6x + 13 &=& 5 - 12i - 6(3-2i) + 13\\ &=& 0\\ \end{matrix} $$
 * 1) Plot the points A(3, 2) and B(3, -2) on a XY plane. Draw a line for each point joining them to the origin.
 * 2) Compute the length of AO (the distance from point A to the Origin) and BO. Denote them by $$r_1 \ \mbox{and} \ r_2$$ respectively. What do you observe?
 * 3) *$$r_1 = \sqrt{3^2 + 2^2} = \sqrt{13}$$
 * 4) *$$r_2 = \sqrt{3^2 + (-2)^2} = \sqrt{13}$$
 * 5) *$$r_1 \ \mbox{and} \ r_2$$ are the same
 * 6) Compute the angle between each line and the x-axis and denote them by $$\phi_1 \ \mbox{and} \ \phi_2$$. What do you observe?
 * 7) *$$\phi_1 = \tan^{-1}(3/2) \approx 56$$
 * 8) *$$\phi_2 = \tan^{-1}(3/-2) \approx -56$$
 * 9) *$$\phi_1 \ \mbox{and} \ \phi_2$$ differ only in the sign of the number
 * 10) Consider the complex numbers:

\begin{matrix} z & = & r_1 \cdot (\cos{\phi_1} + i\sin{\phi_1})\\ w & = & r_2 \cdot (\cos{\phi_2} + i\sin{\phi_2})\\ \end{matrix} $$ Substitute z and w into the quadratic equation above using the values you have computed in Exercise 3 and 4. What do you observe? What conclusion can you draw from this?

\begin{matrix} z & = & \sqrt{13} \cdot (\cos{\tan^{-1}(3/2)} + i\sin{\tan^{-1}(3/2)}) & = & 2+3i\\ w & = & \sqrt{13} \cdot (\cos{\tan^{-1}(3/-2)} + i\sin{\tan^{-1}(3/-2)})& = & 2-3i\\ \end{matrix} $$ Thus the quadratic equation will equal 0 since z and w are equal to the solutions we found when solving the equation.

Addition and multiplication

\begin{matrix} x &=& 3 - 2i \\ y &=& 3 + 2i \end{matrix} $$

Compute:
 * 1) x + y
 * 2) * (3 - 2i) + (3 + 2i) = 6
 * 3) x - y
 * 4) * 3 - 2i - (3 + 2i) = -4i
 * x2
 * 1) * (3 - 2i)(3 - 2i) = 9 + (2)(3)(-2i) + 4i2 = 5 - 12 i
 * y2
 * 1) * (3 + 2i)(3 + 2i) = 9 + (2)(3)(2i) + 4i2 = 5 + 12 i
 * xy
 * 1) * (3 - 2i)(3 + 2i) = 9 + 6 i - 6i - 4i2 = 13
 * 2) (x + y)(x - y)
 * 3) * ((3 - 2i) + (3 + 2i))((3 - 2i) - (3 + 2i)) = (6)(-4i) = -24i

Division Convince yourself that the product of zw is always a real number. $$ zw = (a + bi)(a - bi) = a^2 - abi + abi -b^2i^2 = a^2 - b$$

Complex Conjugate Convince yourself that the multiplication law is also true.

\begin{matrix} z &= &a + bi\\ w &= &c - di\\ \\ x &=& z \times w \\ &=& (a + bi)(c - di) &=& ac + bci - adi - bdi^2 &=& ac - bd + (bc - ad)i \\ \bar{x}&=& ac - bd - (bc - ad)i \\ \\ \bar{z} \times \bar{w}& =& (a - bi)(c + di)\\ &=& ac - bic + adi - bdi^2\\ &=& ac - bd - (bc + ad)i \\ &=& \bar{x} \end{matrix} $$

The complex root

1. Find (3 + 3i)1/2

\begin{matrix} z & = & 3 + 3i \\

w & = & \sqrt{z}\\ w^2 & = & z\\

w &=& a + ib\\ w^2 &=& a^2 - b^2 + 2abi\\ \\ 3 &=& a^2 - b^2 &\mbox{(1)}&\\ 3 &=& 2ab &\mbox{(2)}&\\ \\ a &=& \frac{3}{2b} \\ \\ 3 &=& (\frac{3}{2b})^2 -b^2 \\ &=& \frac{9}{4b^2} -b^2 \\ 0 &=& \frac{9}{4b^2} -3 -b^2 \\ &=& \frac{9}{4} -3b^2 -b^4 \\ \\ c &=& b^2 \\ 0 &=& \frac{9}{4} -3c -c^2 \\ c &=& \frac{--3 \pm \sqrt{(-3)^2 -4\times \frac{9}{4} \times -1}}{2\times-1} \\ &=& \frac{-3 \pm \sqrt{18}}{2} \\ b^2 &=& \frac{-3 \pm \sqrt{18}}{2} \\ b &=& \sqrt{\frac{-3 +\sqrt{18}}{2}} \\ &=& \sqrt{\frac{-3 +\sqrt{18}}{2}} \\ &=& \sqrt{\frac{-3 +3\sqrt{2}}{2}} \\ &=& \sqrt{\frac{3(\sqrt{2}-1)}{2}} \\ &=& \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\sqrt{(\sqrt{2}-1)} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{6}}{2}\sqrt{(\sqrt{2}-1)} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{6(\sqrt{2}-1)}}{2}\\ \end{matrix} $$

\begin{matrix} 3 &=& 2ab\\ a &=& \frac{3}{2b} \\ &=& \frac{3}{2\frac{\sqrt{6(\sqrt{2}-1)}}{2}} \\ &=& \frac{3}{\sqrt{6}} \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sqrt{2}-1}} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{6}}{2} \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sqrt{2}-1}} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{6}}{2} \times \frac{\sqrt{\sqrt{2}+1}}{\sqrt{\sqrt{2}-1} \times \sqrt{\sqrt{2}+1}} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{6}}{2} \times \sqrt{\sqrt{2}+1} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{6(\sqrt{2}+1)}}{2} \end{matrix} $$
 * Thus the solution for (3 + 3i)1/2 is:

\sqrt{3+3i} = \pm (\frac{\sqrt{6(\sqrt{2}+1)}}{2} +\frac{\sqrt{6(\sqrt{2}-1)}}{2} \times i) $$

2. Find (1 + 1i)1/2

\begin{matrix} z & = & 1 + 1i \\

w & = & \sqrt{z}\\ w^2 & = & z\\

w &=& a + ib\\ w^2 &=& a^2 - b^2 + 2abi\\ \\ 1 &=& a^2 - b^2 &\mbox{(1)}&\\ 1 &=& 2ab &\mbox{(2)}&\\ \\ a &=& \frac{1}{2b} \\ \\ 1 &=& (\frac{1}{2b})^2 -b^2 \\ &=& \frac{1}{4b^2} -b^2 \\ 0 &=& \frac{1}{4b^2} -1 -b^2 \\ &=& \frac{1}{4} -b^2 -b^4 \\ \\ c &=& b^2 \\ 0 &=& \frac{1}{4} -1c -c^2 \\ c &=& \frac{--1 \pm \sqrt{(-1)^2 -4\times \frac{1}{4} \times -1}}{2\times-1} \\ &=& \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{2}}{2} \\ b^2 &=& \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{2}}{2} \\ b &=& \sqrt{\frac{-1 +\sqrt{2}}{2}} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{\sqrt{2} -1}}{\sqrt{2}} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{\sqrt{2} -1} \times \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2} \times \sqrt{2}} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{2(\sqrt{2} -1)}}{2} \\ \end{matrix} $$

\begin{matrix} 1 &=& 2ab\\ a &=& \frac{1}{2b} \\ &=& \frac{1}{2 \frac{\sqrt{2(\sqrt{2} -1)}}{2}} \\ &=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2(\sqrt{2} -1)}} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{2(\sqrt{2} +1)}}{\sqrt{2(\sqrt{2} -1)} \times \sqrt{2(\sqrt{2} +1)}} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{2(\sqrt{2} +1)}}{1} \\ \end{matrix} $$
 * Thus the solution for (1 + 1i)1/2 is:

\sqrt{1+1i} = \pm (\frac{\sqrt{2(\sqrt{2}+1)}}{2} +\frac{\sqrt{2(\sqrt{2}-1)}}{2} \times i) $$

3. Find i1/3

\begin{matrix} z &=& i \\ w &=& z^{1/3} w^3 &=& z \\ \\ w &=& (a + ib)\\ w^3 &=& (a^2 - b^2 + 2abi) \times (a + ib)\\ z &=& (a^3 - 3ab^2) + i(3a^2b - b^3)\\ \\ 0 &=& a^3 - 3ab^2 \qquad (1)\\ 1 &=& 3a^2b - b^3 \qquad (2)\\ \end{matrix} $$

\begin{matrix} 0 &=& a^3 - 3ab^2\\ a^3 &=& 3ab^2 \\ a^2 &=& 3b^2 \\ \\ 1 &=& 3a^2b - b^3\\ 1 &=& 3(3b^2)b - b^3\\ 1 &=& 9b^3 - b^3\\ 1 &=& 8b^3\\ \frac{1}{8} &=& b^3 \\ b &=& \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{8}} \\ &=& \frac{1}{2}\\ \\ a^2 &=& 3b^2 \\ &=& 3(\frac{1}{2})^2 \\ &=& \frac{3}{4} \\ a &=& \sqrt{\frac{3}{4}} \\ &=& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \\ \end{matrix} $$
 * Thus the solution for i1/3 is:

$$ \sqrt[3]{i} = \pm (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \times i) $$

Bases
 * 1) The following numbers are written in base 2. Write them out in base 10:
 * 2) 101011 (base 2) = 43 (base 10) =   25 + 23 + 21 + 20= 32+8+2+1
 * 3) 001101 = 13
 * 4) 10 = 2
 * 5) 011 = 3
 * 6) Write those numbers out in base 10 as if they were originally in base 5.
 * 7) 101011 (base 5) = 3256 (base 10) =  55 + 53 + 51 + 50 = 3125+125+5+1
 * 8) 001101 = 151
 * 9) 10 = 5
 * 10) 011 = 6
 * 11) How many numbers could I write out in base 5 with only the first 4 columns?
 * Answer: 625 = 54 (each new column multiplies the number of possibilities by 5)

 * 1) In computing, each 1 or 0 is called a bit. They are stored in groups of 8. Each group is called a byte. How many bytes are possible?
 * Answer: 256 = 28 (values from 00000000 through 11111111 binary, or 0 through 255 base 10)

 * 1) Question: When editing the bytes directly, writing out 10110001 is too long and hexadecimal is used instead (in this case, B1). How many digits of hexadecimal are needed to cover all possible bytes?
 * Answer: 2 digits (162 = number of possible 2-digit hexadecimal numbers = 256 = number of possible bytes)


text:
Ovechkino

Ovechkino (Овечкино) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Ovechkinsky Selsoviet, Zavyalovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 618 as of 2013. There are 11 streets.

Geography
Ovechkino is located 29 km northeast of Zavyalovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ovechkino (station) is the nearest rural locality.

title: Ovechkino


text:
Talk:Chatham Islands

Order of names
Hi, noticed User:<IP_ADDRESS>'s reordering of names in this article and Chatham Island/Rekohu. I know this is a contentious issue amongst the inhabitants. The original was in order of when the names were bestowed - 1500s or so for Rekohu, 1791 for Chatham Island and 1835 for Wharekauri. Is there a better principle to apply to this? --Tirana 02:58, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd favour Rekohu -> Chatham -> Wharekauri. Moriori 03:28, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Would it not even make sense to move the article to Rēkohu? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:43, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

Origin of name
The history section states,
 * The name "Chatham Islands" comes from the ship HMS Chatham, whose captain William R. Broughton landed on November 29, 1791, claimed possession for Great Britain and named the islands after the political head of the Royal Navy (coincidentally also named Chatham).

If it's only a coincidence that the ship and the RN head had the same name, is it still correct to say that the name of the islands derives from both the ship and the RN head? If Broughton intended to name it after both then the sentence should be reworded to sound less self-contradictory, if not then which is correct? Vaughan Pratt 16:52, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

What do you mean by the "political head of the Royal Navy"? There's no such title. If you mean "First Lord of the Admiralty" (a political position), then you should give the correct title first and then say whether it was a political or a service appointment. JimInRoses (talk) 20:19, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I've replaced that text with just "First Lord of the Admiralty". I don't think it matters much here how he was appointed. --Avenue (talk) 23:38, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

 * My guess is the name came from the First Sea Lord, not the ship. It was commoner to do that I think. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 18:12, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

Well, what do sources say? Firstly we have the words of the man who did it (in Vancouver's book, though he wasn't there himself, he reproduces Broughton's own narrative) on p.142 of the archived version: "I named Chatham Island in honour of the Earl of Chatham". Unless there are contrary narratives that say "oh no he didn't", or later scholarly sources that present cogent arguments for an alternative, then I see no reason to doubt Broughton's claim. I hope that there is some academic sourcing to be found, whatever the outcome, so that we can dispense with confusing little para by the NZ Ministry for Culture and Heritage - it first expresses doubt over whether it was the ship or William Pitt, and then suggests the latter is supported by the naming of Pitt Island. Firstly, why the 1st Earl, when the 2nd was Boughton's political boss; secondly Pitt Island wasn't named until 1807, so could have been either of the earls, or the decently-deceased prime minister. Fundamentally, some better sourcing is needed to supplement Broughton's statememt, probably more familar to editors of Vancouver Expedition, so I've added a note in Talk there. Davidships (talk) 11:07, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

Maori invasion and genocide
Is it possible to mention that the Maori not only enslaved the Moriori, but they ate them? This is not disputed. 08:09, 28 January 2009 (UTC)~ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Noel Ellis (talk • contribs)

Ethnicity statistics
It seems highly misleading to offhandly state the percentage of residents who are Maori, as we currently do: "The population of 609 individuals have European, Māori (64.2%) and Moriori origins." The biggest problem here is that Moriori are classed as Maori by Statistics NZ, but our article seems to suggest that the 64.2% figure does not include Moriori. The omission of a corresponding figure for Europeans (65.6%, not even counting the 9% who said "New Zealander") and the conflation of descent/origin with ethnicity are also problematic. I will try to fix this up. -- Avenue (talk) 00:24, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

May 1 2011 edits
I changed the claim that the report entitled ''Rekohu. . .'' contained an extensive description of Maori fishing rights claims. What this report is extensive about is the Moriori people of the Chatham Islands.

I also want to elaborate on my displeasure with casual citation. I've seen this before in Wikipedia: when a source is found on the Web, the editor omits either the title, the author, or even both. Instead, they use the name of the Web site, which may not have anything in common with the name of the source. A different kind of offense is truncated names, as with Rekohu.

There has been a failure to use Rekohu as a source. It's a lengthy report of a permanent political settlement which contains a mass of history. It's lazy to use only Jared Diamond's bestseller on social anthropology as the source for the Maori invasion. I think it's a good idea to keep that because the book is widely available and also because it addresses a topic not addressed in Rekohu. But as for the specifics of the invasion, of course Diamond only had the same few sources as the did the commission that wrote Rekohu. Hurmata (talk) 14:44, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Bias and inaccuracies
What is "British mercenary ship" supposed to mean? Apart from being an unusual way to refer to a hired merchant vessel, it sounds very POV to me.

The doubt that the Moriori were the "primordial population". They were not there since the beginning of time. Indigenous is the normal term.

How can Moriori be recognized to be "former Maori". They are either Maori or they are not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:02, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

There is a long-standing myth that "Moriori society was a peaceful society". It was no more peaceful than any tribal society. What was absent - but only after a period of devasting wars - was inter-tribal warfare. But that was mostly because with only 2,000 or so survivors left, on several islands, the remaining groups had little stomach left for a fight, or reason for one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:08, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

"Media and communications" Please
Could someone please add a "Media and communications" section patterned on the one for Pitcairn Islands? thanks Shannock9 (talk) 02:34, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

Waitangi marked in wrong place on the map
Waitangi, the largest settlement in the islands, is marked on the map in the wrong place! Admittedly it is only a mile away from where it should be, but as the entire settlement is only about a quarter of a mile long in that direction (NNE/SSW), this is a big enough discrepancy to matter. Now the author of this map, the guy who put it up, did a fine job generally drawing it; and I do not know the Wikipedia etiquette for anybody else (like me) to download the map, alter it and put it back again so I will not attempt to fix this. But the place marked as the township by the black circle labelled "Waitangi" is on one of the bays facing more or less WNW, at the point where the road (at a gentle bend in it) is nearest to the shore. Just north of that on the road is a group of buildings marked on the Google maps satellite photo as Chatham Islands Marine Radio. Waitangi itself is further north again along that road, on the shoreline on the eastern side of the promontory, where the shoreline curves most tightly, at the southernmost end of the main sweep of Petre Bay. That place is named Waitangi Bay and the shoreline road is named Waitangi Wharf.

Also, on the opposite side of the island, the only other settlement of any size or with a name, Owenga, is marked on Alexander Karnstedt's map by another small black circle about 1km to the south of where it should be shown, which is (again) on the north-facing shoreline close to where the letter "O" of the name "Owenga" almost touches the shoreline on the map. Instead of that, you will see the circle is almost at the centre (in the N-S direction) of the promontory there, which that ends to the east at Manukau Point.

I base these statements on looking carefully at the satellite photos of these places on Google maps. it is quite clear where the buildings making up these settlements are, and they are marked with names/captions also. There is also the local website which has its own map whowing as a street plan the Waitangi area complete with names of the few streets/roads the island has — which are mostly in this small area. Iph (talk) 03:24, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

Territory
I added the following definition to the intro:
 * is a special territory and region of New Zealand, consisting of an archipelago...

but this was reverted to just "is an archipelago...".

Chatham Islands Territory redirects here and describes the same subject. If you look at Template:Administrative divisions of New Zealand, it shows Chatham Islands as both a region and territory, which is confirmed by Chatham Islands, though there the term is "district" instead of territory. My intent was to clearly indicate to the reader in the intro that the Chatham Islands are a top-level administrative division of New Zealand. Given the revert, I'm not sure if there is disagreement over that, or just how it should be expressed? -- Beland (talk) 16:43, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks - thought I might need to explain myself here :-). There is not a political division in NZ called a "territory" - true the term territorial council is used but the territorial council does not have control over a territory it would normally be a city or a district or historically a county or borough.  The word territory has in NZ a connotation of somewhere not intrinsically part of NZ but somewhere controlled by the country, currently Tokelau is a territory (i'm sure its not officially called that though) maybe Ross Dependency and historically Samoa, Niue etc.  Thus saying the Chatham Islands are a territory is like saying they are not an integral part of the country - which is sort of rude.

 * It is also true that the Chatham's council is slightly different in that when it was set up as a single authority in the late 1980's reform, other councils are now similarly configured in what is now termed a unitary authority (Auckland Nelson, Tasman?). This almost certainly was because two councils for 600 people would have been bizarre.  However this does not make the islands a region or even a Region.  In reality it makes it the opposite.

 * I applaud you for trying to explain all this in a couple of words but in my view it is probably better left unsaid, at least in the lead of the article. If there is consensus that it is important I'm sure rewording with some more local lingo will make me happy. Andrewgprout (talk) 17:21, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * So, how do local people refer to the Chatham Islands as administrative division? Template:Territorial Authorities of New Zealand does use the term "Territory"; is that wrong, and if so, how should it be fixed? -- Beland (talk) 17:35, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Oh yeah I hadn't seen that template - I think Chatham's needs to be moved under the districts section but not within the North or South Island lists - I would also mark it as a unitary authority. It simply does not belong along with Tokelau and Ross Dependency.Andrewgprout (talk) 17:49, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

More stuff needed anent Chatham's geography
Further ibfo on the lagoon - how shallow is it? who lives in it? and so forth. Also, how about some up to date photos, panaramas, and of the Chatham's inland bits too. "ibfo" is a miskey for "info" but gonna leave it in coz it kinda looks like an Nigerian Yoruba placename. So there you go. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:18, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

Survey districts
Having them there always struck me as a little obscure. Shevonsilva what are your thoughts on this and the page you made expanding them Rangitihi Survey District? C.C. Andrewgprout. (Dushan Jugum (talk) 05:54, 4 February 2019 (UTC)).

There are literally thousands and thousands of survey districts (probably overlapping over time or by map type) in New Zealand - documenting these one by one is not what Wikipedia is for.Andrewgprout (talk) 06:00, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I am inclined to support deletion Andrewgprout and have added a "subst:proposed deletion". Shevonsilva please explain the page on its talk page, I will be very susceptible to correction. (Dushan Jugum (talk) 06:20, 4 February 2019 (UTC)).
 * I have to dig into this more, I will reply when I am back.  Thanks for the interest.  Shevonsilva (talk) 14:57, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Chatham Islands Council is more like a cross over of 1st and 2nd level administrative divisions, effectively resulting survey districts to a bit more importancy with either 2nd or 3rd level administrative divisions. I have created a category too to organise future important survey districts If someone creates those  further in future.  Thanks 18:09, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I was wondering if there was a local exception, thanks. I will spend some time building up the page. I am still leaning towards delete, but want it done right. (Dushan Jugum (talk) 18:44, 4 February 2019 (UTC)).
 * See Articles for deletion/Rangitihi Survey District. (Dushan Jugum (talk) 19:40, 4 February 2019 (UTC)).
 * You people spent much time on building parent article. No problem, I will leave it up to you to decide.  Thanks for improving the article too.  Administrative divisions of overseas territories are very flaky sometimes and are not defined well too sometimes.  :)

Shevonsilva (talk) 20:56, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Just to note the Chatham Islands are not an overseas territory as indicated in the above discussion. Andrewgprout (talk) 22:22, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

Te Rauparaha?
I request that Te Rauparaha be named as the leader of the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama iwi massacre of Moriori in 1832. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Rauparaha — Preceding unsigned comment added by AndrewHart500 (talk • contribs) 09:02, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Present properly-sourced, reliable evidence that he was, and it'll happen. —VeryRarelyStable 09:29, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

 * I repeat: present properly-sourced, reliable evidence. —VeryRarelyStable 11:12, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Te Rauparaha was Ngati Toa chief - not Ngāti Mutunga nor Ngāti Tama. Andrewgprout (talk) 00:57, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

Whoops I retract my comment I did some more research; Te Rauparaha never went to the Chathams, found this on Internet as more background to the invasion "In 1835 some displaced Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama people, Māori from the Taranaki region of the North Island of New Zealand, but living in Wellington, invaded the Chathams. On 19 November 1835, the brig Lord Rodney, a hijacked European ship, arrived carrying 500 Māori armed with guns, clubs and axes, and loaded with 78 tonnes of seed potatoes, followed by another ship with 400 more Māori on 5 December 1835. While the second shipment of invaders were waiting, the invaders killed a 12-year-old girl and hung her flesh on posts. They proceeded to enslave some Moriori and kill and cannibalise others. "Parties of warriors armed with muskets, clubs and tomahawks, led by their chiefs, walked through Moriori tribal territories and settlements without warning, permission or greeting. If the districts were wanted by the invaders, they curtly informed the inhabitants that their land had been taken and the Moriori living there were now vassals." — Preceding unsigned comment added by AndrewHart500 (talk • contribs) 08:23, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chatham Islands


text:
Gerda

Etymology
Latinate variant of Scandinavian Gerd, from,. The name occurs in nineteenth century Swedish poetry and in Hans Christian Andersen's Snow Queen (1844).

Proper noun

 * 1)  occasionally used in English, mostly around 1900.

Etymology
Latinate variant, from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  of  origin

Etymology
Ultimately from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  of  origin

Usage notes
Matronymics
 * son of Gerda: Gerduson
 * daughter of Gerda: Gerdudóttir

Etymology
From modern Scandinavian, from. By folk etymology sometimes interpreted as a female form of German or as a variant of.

Usage notes

 * Popular in Germany from the 1910s to the 1930s.

Etymology
Latinate variant, from.

Etymology
Latinate variant of, from.

Etymology
, from.

title: Gerda


text:
User:Adaawe22/sandbox

"My name is Adaawe iidow and I am a full-time freelance student consultant  who specializes in creating dynamic and beautiful advice . I have been in the field for nearly 1.5 years, and have been loving every minute of it. I am a blogger, entrepreneur, and overall thinker. Check out some of the links below to see what I've been up to lately." www.facebook.com/bangario

adaawe iidow born in Mogadishu, 1992, he is a writer, young somalia, famous livin in Johannesburg, South Africa

his mother Asli Ahmed lives in Mogadishu his father Hassam Ali iidow lives in Mogadishu as hairdresser.

title: User:Adaawe22/sandbox


text:
Soldier (1998 Indian film)

Soldier is a 1998 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Abbas–Mustan, starring Bobby Deol and Preity Zinta in lead roles. This was the first of several collaborations between Abbas–Mustan and Deol.

Although Soldier was Zinta's first film, Mani Ratnam's Dil Se.. ended up being released before Soldier and was thus Zinta's Hindi film debut. Soldier was the first film in Abbas–Mustan's career which was not a Hollywood remake or adaptation.

According to film writer Shyam Goel, it was inspired by a real incident that happened in Punjab where a woman's forehead was branded with the message that her husband was a traitor. Her husband, a soldier, was accused of treason, and she was thrown out of her village. The story was already made as a film in Tamil in 1989 titled Thaai Naadu, starring Sathyaraj in dual roles.

Soldier released on 20 November 1998 and was declared as a superhit by Box Office India, becoming the second highest-grossing film of the year in India after Kuch Kuch Hota Hai.

At the 44th Filmfare Awards, Soldier received 5 nominations, including Best Director (Abbas–Mustan) and Best Supporting Actress (Raakhee), and won 2 awards, including Best Female Debut (Zinta, also for Dil Se..).

The film was remade in Dhallywood as Jamin Nai by Syed Harun starring Shabnur, Shakti Kapoor and Mizu Ahmed in 2000 and Tamil as Villu by Prabhu Deva starring Vijay & Nayanthara in 2009.

Plot
In Barmer, 1978, corrupt Indian Army officials Pratap Singh, Virender Sinha, Baldev Sinha and Jaswant Dalal have been stealing arms and ammunition led by a mysterious man known only as DK. Major Vijay Malhotra, a competent and high-ranking soldier, catches them in the act but is murdered by DK.

20 years later, the Mumbai Police get a fax from the Australian Interpol branch regarding Jaswant, now a wanted illegal arms supplier. An operation to capture him is handed over to ACP Dinesh Kapoor, an old friend of the late Major Vijay Malhotra, who informs a mysterious man known as Vicky. He wants Vicky to intercept Jaswant and not let the police capture him. Vicky succeeds but when Jaswant tries to kill him, Vicky shoots him.

Vicky travels to Sydney using information from Dinesh and woos Pratap Singh's daughter, Preeti. After all these years, Pratap, Virender, and Baldev have become high-profile arms dealers and live in Australia. After hearing of Jaswant's death and DK's involvement, they worry about betrayal from one another as each of them has secret files that incriminate the entire group.

Vicky meets with Pratap, who identifies him as Jaswant's killer and proposes a way to help make him more powerful. Baldev and his son Jojo realize that Vicky's mother is none other than Virender's wife, Shanti. Vicky is welcomed into Virender's gang. Virender is ecstatic to reunite with his son and happier to learn that he is in love with Pratap's daughter. He wants to use this to his advantage and have Vicky retrieve Pratap's secret file. Vicky instead shoots his father dead and retrieves his secret file, with which he discovers who DK actually is. Vicky convinces Baldev that Pratap betrayed them and killed Virender. Baldev rallies all his henchmen to launch an attack on Pratap but they are killed by Pratap's men. It is revealed that Vicky was working with Pratap to eliminate Virender's gang.

Vicky then reveals to Pratap that he is not actually Virender's son. He used Shanti to get closer to Virender and did the same for Pratap by using Preeti. The reason for all this is because DK gave him a contract to kill not just Jaswant but all the other partners so that he can own 100% of their crime organization. Vicky says that because of Preeti, he will instead kill DK and make Pratap the king. Pratap agrees to go to India with Vicky to kill DK.

After overhearing this, Preeti reveals it to Shanti. Shanti acknowledges that Vicky is not her son and that she had masterminded the plan to kill her husband and his business partners, whose weapons had accidentally killed her own son, unbeknownst to Virender. She reveals that Vicky is actually Raj "Raju", the son of Vijay. After Vijay's death, he had been framed for the gang's crimes and labeled a traitor. He was stripped of all medals, and their community ostracized his wife, Geeta, and son Raju. The villagers prevented Vijay's body from being cremated and threw it in the desert, where it became lost in a sandstorm. Raju separated from his mother, who stayed at a temple while he was raised by Shanti. Raju had been seeking revenge and justice for his father, and upon learning everything, Preeti agrees to assist him.

Dinesh releases Jaswant, who is revealed to be alive and had been helping Raju to finish off Virender's gang. Raju arrives in Barmer with Pratap and takes him to his mother at the temple. He reveals to a shocked Pratap that he is Vijay Malhotra's son. DK is revealed to be none other than Jaswant in disguise. Jaswant's henchmen overpower Raju and Dinesh. A sandstorm ensues and gives Raju an advantage to kill the henchmen. Pratap and Jaswant confess their crimes to the villagers brought by Preeti. The two are then left to be eaten alive by vultures. With his name cleared, Major Vijay Malhotra is declared a martyr and given an honourable memorial ceremony.

Cast

 * Bobby Deol as Raj "Raju" Malhotra / Vicky Sinha
 * Preity Zinta as Preity Singh
 * Raakhee as Geeta Malhotra, Raju's mother
 * Farida Jalal as Shanti Sinha
 * Johnny Lever as Mohan / Sohan
 * Suresh Oberoi as Subedar Pratap Singh (ASC), Preity's father
 * Dalip Tahil as Naib Subedar Virendra Sinha, ASC
 * Sharat Saxena as Baldev Sinha, Jojo's father
 * Ashish Vidyarthi as Asst Commissioner of Police Dinesh Kapoor
 * Salim Ghouse as Havildar Jaswant Dalal, ASC / DK
 * Sheetal Suvarna as Sheetal
 * Jeetu Verma as Jojo Sinha, Baldev's son
 * Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Police Commissioner
 * Pankaj Dheer as Major Vijay Malhotra, ASC, Raju's father (in special appearance)
 * Amrit Patel as hotel owner
 * Pranav Bajpai as Baaldaar
 * Narendra Bedi as taxi driver
 * Vivek Vaswani as a college principal

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Anu Malik and was a hit amongst the audience. It was a key point in the success of the film. The songs "Tera Rang Bale Bale", "Soldier Soldier", "Hum To Dil Chahen", "Mere Dil Jigar Se" and "Mere Khwabon Mein Jo Aye" were chartbusters and the album was the third best-selling album of 1998 after Kuch Kuch Hota Hai and Dil Se... Lyrics were penned by Sameer. The song "Mere Khwabon Mein Jo Aaye" is ocassionally confused with a song of the same name from Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995).

Reception
Khalid Mohamed gave Soldier 2 out of 5 stars, writing that it "leaves you feeling ever so much older and colder." Madhur Mittal of The Tribune said that it "boasts of terrific production and technical values", calling it a "a taut thriller".

Awards

 * 44th Filmfare Awards :

Winners

 * Best Female Debut – Preity Zinta (also for Dil Se..)
 * Best Action – Late Akbar Bakshi

Nominees

 * Best Director – Abbas–Mustan
 * Best Supporting Actress – Raakhee
 * Best Music Director – Anu Malik

title: Soldier (1998 Indian film)


text:
Novopeschanoye

Novopeschanoye (Новопесчаное) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Novopeschansky Selsoviet, Burlinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 774 as of 2013. It was founded in 1891. There are 9 streets.

Geography
Novopeschanoye is located near lake Peschanoye of the Burla river basin 21 km northeast of Burla (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoalexeyevka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Novopeschanoye


text:
95th Civil Affairs Brigade

The 95th Civil Affairs Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne) is a Special Operations civil affairs brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Liberty, North Carolina. The concept for a civil affairs brigade had been under consideration for years, but was finally approved as a result of the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review. The 95th Civil Affairs Brigade makes up a significant portion of the four percent of civil affairs soldiers in the active component.

Tracing its lineage to a military government group that was active after World War II, the 95th Civil Affairs Brigade was not officially activated until 2006, and remained a provisional unit until 2007. Its creation was part of a U.S. Army plan to increase civil affairs units overall.

Organization
The brigade commands five subordinate battalions all headquartered at Fort Liberty along with the brigade's headquarters:
 * 95CivilAffairsBdeFlash.jpg 95CABDEDUI.jpg Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 * US Army 91st Civil Affairs Battalion Flash.png 91 CA Bn DUI.jpg 91st Civil Affairs Battalion aligned with United States Africa Command
 * US Army 92nd Civil Affairs Battalion Flash.png 92 CA Bn DUI.jpg 92nd Civil Affairs Battalion aligned with United States European Command
 * 96 Civil Affairs Battalion Flash.png 96thCivilAffairsBattalion.png 96th Civil Affairs Battalion aligned with United States Central Command
 * US Army 97th Civil Affairs Battalion Flash.png 97CivilAffairsBnDUI.jpg 97th Civil Affairs Battalion aligned with United States Indo-Pacific Command
 * US Army 98th Civil Affairs Battalion Flash.png 98 CA Bn DUI.jpg 98th Civil Affairs Battalion aligned with United States Southern Command.

Origins
The brigade traces its lineage back to the 95th Military Government Group, activated 25 August 1945. The group was assigned to Japan to provide provisional government duties during the post-World War II occupation of Japan. Following its brief assignment, the group was inactivated on 30 June 1946.

The group was reactivated again just prior to the Korean War, on 29 October 1948 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. It was dispatched to the Korean peninsula where it remained during three campaigns of the war, receiving three campaign streamers. However, as the war became a long, drawn out stalemate and with no need for the military government group, it was deactivated in Korea on 28 October 1951 in the middle of the war.

The group was again activated on 9 February 1955 at Camp Gordon, Georgia and reorganized into a civil affairs unit. It was formally redesignated the 95th Civil Affairs Group on 25 June 1959. It received a distinctive unit insignia on 27 March 1969. After almost 20 years of active service, the group had seen no deployments to any conflicts or contingencies with the US Army, including never seeing deployment to the Vietnam War. Thus, the group was inactivated on 21 December 1974 at Fort Bragg.

Activation
The US Department of Defense issued its Quadrennial Defense Review on 6 February 2006. In this report, the department announced that Special Operations Forces would increase in all areas across all branches of the US military. To support this, the department announced that psychological operations and civil affairs units would be increased by 3,700 soldiers to support units throughout the Army. This would include a large increase of the active component civil affairs, which at the time consisted of only the 96th Civil Affairs Battalion, commanding six company sized units assigned to the major regional commands of the US Army. The decision was made to form a brigade-sized civil affairs unit to act as a command element for the only four active duty battalion sized civil affairs units operating for the active duty US Army. This move would allow the brigade to more quickly prepare its subordinate units for rapid deployment in support of Army contingencies in order to provide tactical support to other Army units. It was decided shortly thereafter that the 95th Civil Affairs Group would be reactivated.

In March 2006, the unit was re-designated as a brigade and Lieutenant General Robert Wagner, the commanding general of the United States Army Special Operations Command authorized it to operate in a provisional status. By May, the brigade had 420 staff, with 20 assigned to its Headquarters and Headquarters Company and the remaining 400 assigned to the 96th CA Battalion.

In March 2007, the 95th was removed from provisional status and fully activated. At the same time the Civil Affairs Branch of the US Army was established.

Deployment
The brigade headquarters itself has not seen a deployment, even though all subordinate units have been deployed for several support missions. The 96th CA Battalion deployed units in support of the Iraq War in mid-2007. The brigade also had troops deployed in support of special operations units in Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan. The brigade suffered several casualties in Iraq, including two soldiers killed by improvised explosive devices. One of these soldiers, a Major, prompted the State of California to fly its flags at half staff. It also suffered several casualties which were rehabilitated through the new Wounded Warrior Project. The 98th Civil Affairs Battalion also had soldiers deployed to Iraq before its activation in 2008. Soldiers of this battalion also saw deployments to Africa as well as other areas in support of the Global War on Terrorism.

Unit decorations
United States Army Superior Unit Award.

title: 95th Civil Affairs Brigade


text:
User:Donaldsonpercussion

European Classical Percussion 20th Century to present.

This article is about the contribution of percussionists and the role of percussion to classical music from 1920 to present.

History of percussion in classical music

Experimental and jazz influences

Women and Percussion

title: User:Donaldsonpercussion


text:
User:Anderson bwh/sandbox

Robert C. Green is an American physician and scientist. He is currently a faculty member in the Division of Genetics and Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Associate Director for Research in the Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine (PCPGM), and founding Director of the Genomes to People (G2P) research program. He is Principal Investigator of the REVEAL (Risk Evaluation and Education for Alzheimer's Disease) study and The MedSeq Project, and co-Principal Investigator, with Scott Roberts, of the Impact of Personal Genomics (PGen) study.

Dr. Green has been continuously funded by NIH for 21 years and has published over 300 articles. During that time, his research interests evolved from a focus on clinical trials and genetic epidemiology to a focus on translational genomics and health outcomes. His research has led to key revelations in understanding Alzheimer's disease, including development of risk estimates based on family history and genetic markers[1,2] and leadership of multi-center treatment and prevention trials [3,4,5]; and in the integration of personal genomics into clinical practice, including planning the first large-scale randomized clinical trials in translational genetics[6,7,8].

He is a regular member of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) study section on Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) and Human Genetics and a Board Member of the Council for Responsible Genetics.

Dr. Green graduated from Amherst College and the University of Virginia School of Medicine before fulfilling a residency in neurology at Harvard Medical School’s Longwood Neurology Program and completing research fellowships at Beth Israel Hospital and Children’s Hospital in Boston. Before his current post, Dr. Green was on the faculty of the Emory University School of Medicine (1988-1996) and obtained an MPH (epidemiology) at Emory University. From 1999-2011, Dr. Green was on the faculty of Boston University School of Medicine, most recently as Professor of Neurology, Medicine (Genetics) and Epidemiology.

title: User:Anderson bwh/sandbox


text:
spatium

Etymology
Possibly from, an extension of.

An alternative theory derives the word from, and compares with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) space, room, extent
 * 2) distance between points
 * 3) a square, walk, or promenade
 * 4) racetrack, lap or a race, or racecourse
 * 5) period or interval of time
 * 6) quantity of length
 * 7) time or leisure, as with opportunity
 * 1) quantity of length
 * 2) time or leisure, as with opportunity
 * 1) time or leisure, as with opportunity

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  space

Etymology
From, whence also 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  space

title: spatium


text:
азъ

Alternative forms

 * Glagolitic:

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) I

title: азъ


text:
Talk:Pont du Gard/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: MathewTownsend (talk · contribs) 13:10, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I'll review this article.

note - there are three dead links caught by the link checker - I checked them and they are dead.

MathewTownsend (talk) 13:10, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * review
 * I'm a little confused by the headings. In the lede, there doesn't seem to be a mention of the "Nîmes aqueduct" but under "Description" the first heading is "The Nîmes aqueduct" and the first sentence starts: "The Nîmes aqueduct originally carried water". I see that you're making a distinction between the aqueduct and the Pont du Gard. Perhaps under "Description" there can be a preliminary explanation of the distinction, especially since the name of the article is Pont du Gard. But the Pont du Gard heading is much farther down in the article.
 * Erm, the second sentence in the lede says that the PdG is "part of the 50 km-long Nîmes aqueduct"... Prioryman (talk) 00:53, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "the Garrigue hills - shouldn't this be in lower case? "garrigue" as its a type of hill.
 * Actually garrigue is a kind of habitat, rather like chaparral or maquis. But the hills outside Nimes are specifically known as the Garrigues de Nîmes. I see someone has reworded the passage to make the point clearer. Prioryman (talk) 00:53, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, the source given (Bromwich, James (2006)) doesn't discuss the Garrigue hills, so I added a tag to point that out.
 * I'll have to check this, I don't have Bromwich to hand right now, but if I remember rightly the hills are mentioned but not named - I added the name from the map I had of the area. Prioryman (talk) 00:53, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "Nonetheless it seems to have continued to supply water to Nimes until as late as the 9th century." - "seems" is not encyclopedic wording. Perhaps something like "According to [source], it continued to supply water ... "?
 * I needed to check this, because I'd heard that there had been more recent research done on the topic. That turns out to be the case and I've reworded this bit to add the latest research. Prioryman (talk) 21:50, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "The Pont du Gard's design represents a fairly early stage in the development of Roman aqueducts. Its designer's technique of stacking arches on top of each other is clumsy and expensive, as it necessitates the use of a very large amount of stone." This doesn't seem to be supported by the source given at the end of the paragraph (Hill, Donald Routledge (1996)) - also "fairly early" is vague.
 * I've reworded this. Prioryman (talk) 21:50, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

 * will put on hold until nominator weighs in. Having trouble verifying info as many citations are either dead links, or don't have enough information to track down.

 * Also, the quotes from the Literary visitors should all be punctuated the same way. The first on can be the model: "Jean-Jacques Rousseau was overwhelmed when he first visited it in 1738:" So a colon should be used for each of the following quotes. Also, some of the quotes don't start with a capital letter. e.g. "one is struck dumb with astonishment;" If this quote started in the middle of a sentence, then use "[O]ne is struck dumb" etc.
 * OK, done. Prioryman (talk) 21:50, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "It was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1985." This is mentioned in the lede but isn't mentioned in the article where it should be expanded upon. What were the features that enabled it to be added the the list?
 * Actually it was already in the article in the "Tourism" section, but I've moved the bit on UNESCO to the preceding section and added the criteria on which it was listed. Prioryman (talk) 21:50, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Just a few fixes and this can become a good article.

MathewTownsend (talk) 17:56, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

GA review-see WP:WIAGA for criteria (and here for what they are not)

Best wishes, MathewTownsend (talk) 11:45, 22 July 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) Is it reasonably well written?
 * a. prose: clear and concise, respects copyright laws, correct spelling and grammar:
 * b. complies with MoS for lead, layout, words to watch, fiction, and list incorporation:
 * per lead: "The lead should be able to stand alone as a concise overview. ... The emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly reflect its importance to the topic ...". Because the organization of the article and the way the lead is written, it doesn't serve as a "concise overview".
 * the first section heading is "The Nîmes aqueduct" which is confusing because it's barely mentioned in the lede, yet this section is quite long. The second section heading is "The Pont du Gard" (the name of the article)
 * Per section headings, the article's name should not be repeated in the section heading.
 * Per words to watch: use of vague wording e.g. "fairly well understood", "a fairly early stage in the development of Roman aqueducts", "it seems to have continued to supply water".
 * 1) Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
 * a. provides references to all sources in the section(s) dedicated to footnotes/citations according to the guide to layout:
 * there is one citation that is a dead link
 * b. provides in-line citations from reliable sources where necessary:
 * c. no original research:
 * 1) Is it broad in its coverage?
 * a. it addresses the main aspects of the topic:
 * b. it remains focused and does not go into unnecessary detail (see summary style):
 * 1) Does it follow the neutral point of view policy.
 * fair representation without bias:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * no edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * a. images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales:
 * b. images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * The GA1 was opened on July 12. This is close to a good article, but no work on it has been done since July 16 and all the review points have not been addressed. With a few fixes, the article can be renominated.
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * a. images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales:
 * b. images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * The GA1 was opened on July 12. This is close to a good article, but no work on it has been done since July 16 and all the review points have not been addressed. With a few fixes, the article can be renominated.
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * The GA1 was opened on July 12. This is close to a good article, but no work on it has been done since July 16 and all the review points have not been addressed. With a few fixes, the article can be renominated.

title: Talk:Pont du Gard/GA1


text:
User:Egoplant/sandbox

Haruka Kodama (兒玉 遥) is a member of Japanese idol girl groups HKT48 and AKB48. In HKT48 she is a member of Team H, and in AKB48 she is a member of Team K. She was formally a member of AKB48's Team A.

title: User:Egoplant/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Confederacy

The result of the debate was delete. King of ♥   ♦   ♣   ♠  01:26, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

New Confederacy
There is no "New Confederacy." The creator's personal blog and website are not credible sources. "Neo-confederate" article covers this topic.--Phenz 03:23, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, original research ect... Nigelthefish 14:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete link goes nowhere, article gives no worthwhile information --Stevefarrell 01:25, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per reasons cited above. --RockyMM 17:28, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, this group is ridiculous and the article even more so. Unencyclopedic. -Not Diablo 03:03, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * But this is indeed a seperate group. crazyfurf

 * This article doesn't seem to have any point except to offer the link that is on the bottom. -Sayfadeen
 * Delete as vanity. *drew 14:27, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete non-notable, vanity. --JW1805 (Talk) 03:33, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity, original research. --Ter e nce Ong 06:15, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete No way to expand the article, and while I don't doubt the group's existence, I really don't think that it's notable enough to be encyclopedic. S  t  e  v  e  o  2  11:10, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete WP:NOR. --Strothra 17:21, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable group with, per nom, no verifiable information about them. —C.Fred (talk) 23:53, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete a vanity article. Tachyon01 04:56, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Neo-confederate. This has very little context and doesn't seem to be a notable group. Evidence of independent coverage would be good. Grand  master  ka  03:33, 9 June 2006 (UTC)


text:
2015 IAAF Road Race Label Events

The 2015 IAAF Road Race Label Events were the eighth edition of the global series of road running competitions given Label status by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). All six World Marathon Majors had Gold Label status. The series included a total of 88 road races: 43 Gold, 27 Silver and 18 Bronze. In terms of distance, 55 races were marathons, 18 were half marathons, 10 were 10K runs, and 5 were held over other distances.

The Boulogne-Billancourt Half Marathon was cancelled two days before its race date due to the November 2015 Paris attacks.

Races

 * {{Legend|#ccccff|World Marathon Majors}}

title: 2015 IAAF Road Race Label Events


text:
葫蘆

Etymology 1
Compare also.

Noun

 * 1)  bottle gourd; calabash
 * 2)  person that can drink a large amount of water
 * 3)  bottle

Descendants
Others:

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1)  full house

Etymology
From. Compare modern 🇨🇬 reading hô͘-lô͘.

Noun

 * 1) bottle gourd, calabash

Usage notes
This term koro appears to be quite rare. The term is used more commonly to mean  or.

title: 葫蘆


text:
Talk:Universal causation

Ma quanto è scritta a cazzo di cane questa pagina, non si capisce nulla.

First version
Based on "Axiom of causality", other authors: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axiom_of_Causality&action=history Qsr03 (talk) 14:41, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Universal causation


text:
User:Anwer zeb Journalist

Anwar zeb is journalist working with Geo Tv Peshawar as reporter,he basically belong from Buner Disstt. of Khyber pukhtoon khwa. Anwar secure Master Degree of Journalism and Mass Communication from university of Peshawar at 2013.he is now persevering his M.Phil Degree from Riphah inter national University Islam abad a abad...

title: User:Anwer zeb Journalist


text:
Portal talk:Engineering and Technology

Where is the sense of organization??!?!
(Reprint from Colloquium)

There are too many Portals and and Schools and Topics etc!!! This has become ridiculous! If a contributor has looked through the standard channels (portal, school, department, etc.) found nothing and then added something, at what point does futility seem obvious? Is it the point at which that contributor realizes that there was another page all along buried in the swamp, unlisted anywhere??? Please...PLEASE reduce the number of divisions within this structure!  - gustable

 * I think the intention is to draw an outline and allow the innards to be filled up. However, I will agree that too many division with too many empty pages make things look -- empty. I will see what can be done on this. Historybuff 15:52, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Topics - where do they go?
Where is the best place for Thermodynamics ? <IP_ADDRESS> 15:38, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Would Cybernetics, Robotics, Computer Control, and Automation, all be topics included in Automation Engineering? Or should separate Engineering Departments be created? If we include it all in one department I would suggest naming it Department of Control Systems. josteinaj 2006/12/12, 16:37

Relevant Wikibooks
I've been working on a number of wikibooks in the subject of Engineering, and I would like to (a) advertise those books as being a valuable resource to learning efforts here, and (b) ask interested participants to help develop those books further by adding some sorely-needed content. Some of the better books are:

 * Engineering Tables (a listing of mathematical reference tables: derivatives, integrals, integral transforms, etc)
 * Control Systems
 * Communication Systems
 * Signals and Systems

I would like to see wikibooks and wikiversity work closely together on projects like this in the future. --Whiteknight 03:36, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, We kinda split off from Wikibooks, so doesnt that kinda instantly make us "Work Closely" Heltec  talk

 * I recommend to add a BookShelf Title and a Open TextBooks subtitle in order to add your links to the wikiversity page.

Like this

Open Text Books

 * Wikibooks Engineering BookShelf

and all of the open books on the subject that you find. In the other hand, I think there also should be references to recomended books in that fields.

BTW see if you find interesting this site: The University of Michigan Chemical Engineering Process Dynamics and Controls Open Textbook is a student created open source textbook. <IP_ADDRESS> 21:17, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Learning Projects
It would be a good idea to sponsor not only internal projects but also external ones that get in line with the wikis visions, please debate.

Here I post one I found about and is pretty interesting:

 * www.reprap.org/
 * reprap's blog
 * RepRap in Wikipedia

WiKimik 23:26, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * That is pretty slick. --Remi0o 05:42, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Comp sci related stuff
I'm starting to try and organize the computer stuff a bit more logically. I've started to touch on the Portal (I'm using your page as an example), and have done a lot of work on the Category areas. I'm looking to make contact with the editor(s) for this page, so we can co-ordinate content and maybe develop a common page template. Historybuff 19:42, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Radio and Television
We've started a content development group for Radio and are planning one for Television. We plan on covering the topics covering both Engineering and Technology aspects and Media Studies aspects. Please have a look and contribute if you are so inclined. CQ 02:51, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Web Design part of Computer Science?
I would like to bring up for consideration the appropriateness of Web Design being under the heading of Computer Science in the department structure. While the "Web" part of the name lends itself to technology, the distinction of Web Design in universities is typically under the umbrella of Art or Graphic Design rather than Computer Science.

This being said, I would love to see a Web Development department that covers all bases of client and server side scripting (PHP, ASP, JSP, Javascript, etc). I guess the differences would be seen in the definitions of design and development. While the design and development have a tendency to overlap at times, for educational purposes, there are very clearly defined differences that may be better acknowledged with the placement of the Topic pages.

Obsidian 16:17, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The system is flexible. the Web Design pages can be linked to by multiple portals and school pages. If you need a version of an existing learning resource that takes a different approach to the topic, feel free to create a new page or a subpage. --JWSchmidt 17:07, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

OCW and Wiki
I am wondering if Wikiversity and OpenCoureWare on MIT's website could work together? I was looking on the site and they have over 1700 courses! If someone "in charge" of either of these projects could maybe work out something between Wikiversity and OCW, I think both would benefit a lot. Just a thought.

 * As I understand it, OCW has a more restrictive licence then GFDL, in paticular the part where OCW licenced courses can only be used for non-commercial purposes. Now, this doesn't mean that we can't base content or use the course material in a Wikiversity hosted forum, but it does mean that we can't host a copy of the complete coursework here, as GFDL is applicable to all locally hosted material. Did you have a course in mind, by the way? Historybuff 21:03, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Technical Writing Classification
Hello folks...where to put the Technical_writing content in this portal? I've got the links in the news section (looking less newsworthy every passing month, BTW) but technical writing and requirements writing should be somewhere in the topic structure.

Thing is, it's a shared process/artifact/skill in so many aspects of engineering, design, and management.

So rather than insert without discussion, I'd love to hear your advice on the matter. TWFred 16:40, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Electrical/Electronic Engineering Orientation/Aptitude Course
Entrance-test like course for Electrical/Electronic Engineering completed.Please visit cousre home page, for Comments; reviews and critisism please use course talkpage. I think this course can be upgraded in future as follows:
 * Questions marked for engineering field identities i,e Each question related or proves inclination to a particular engineering field.
 * student gets a field recommendation after attempting questionaires.
 * Guided tours to each engineering field according to questionaire result/recommendation.

I know the list above may look daunting and ambitious, but I guess this deparment embodies human ingeniusness. we must live up to the name! - Thuvack 10:47, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

NPTEL courses
There is a huge set of video courses on many engineering subjects by the Indian Government which is now available on youtube. These will be very useful as material for courses.

The virus as key element in evolution
the virus as key element in evolution <IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 03:40, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Engineering and Technology


text:
Schutzmannschaft

The Schutzmannschaft, or Auxiliary Police (lit. "protective teams, or guard units"; plural: Schutzmannschaften, abbreviated as Schuma) was the collaborationist auxiliary police of native policemen serving in those areas of the Soviet Union and the Baltic states occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, established the Schutzmannschaft on 25 July 1941, and subordinated it to the Order Police (Ordnungspolizei; Orpo). By the end of 1941, some 45,000 men served in Schutzmannschaft units, about half of them in the battalions. During 1942, Schutzmannschaften expanded to an estimated 300,000 men, with battalions accounting for about a third, or less than one half of the local force. Everywhere, local police far outnumbered the equivalent German personnel several times; in most places, the ratio of Germans to natives was about 1-to-10.

The auxiliary police battalions (Schutzmannschaft-Bataillonen) were created to provide security in the occupied territories, in particular by combating the anti-Nazi resistance. Many of these battalions participated in the Holocaust and caused thousands of Jewish deaths. Usually the battalions were voluntary units and were not directly involved in combat. In total, about 200 battalions were formed. There were approximately 21 ethnic Estonian, 47 Latvian, 26 Lithuanian, 11 Belarusian, 8 Tatar, and 71 Ukrainian Schuma battalions. Each battalion had an authorized strength of about 500, but the actual size varied greatly. They should not be confused with native German Order Police battalions (SS-Polizei-Bataillone) which the Order Police formed between 1939 and 1945 and which also participated in the Holocaust.

The Order Police organized the Schutzmannschaften by nationality: Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian.

Formation
The Germans did not want to use local collaborators on a large scale as they were deemed to be unreliable and inferior (Untermensch). However, the rapid German advance in the Eastern Front and manpower shortages forced Germans to reconsider. Therefore, on 25 July 1941, Reichsführer-SS Himmler authorized creation of Schutzmannschaft. Initially, it was called Hilfspolizei, but Germans did not want to attach a reputable police title to this force. Schutzmannschaften was an integral part of German police structure and dealt with variety of issues, including everyday crimes (except when concerning German citizens). Initially, only a small fraction of local auxiliaries were armed. Due to limited supervision, particularly in rural areas, members of Schutzmannschaften had considerable power and there were frequent complaints of corruption and abuse.

Initially, Schutzmannschaften was organized based on existing police structures and spontaneous anti-Soviet groups that formed at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. For example, in Lithuania, Schutzmannschaften absorbed units formed by the Provisional Government. Due to this legacy and its semi-military status, Lithuanians associated police battalions with their national aspirations of independent Lithuania. This caused a rift within German ranks: ideologues like Hitler and Himmler saw no place for Baltic nationalism within the Greater Germanic Reich, but the Nazis needed local collaboration and had to maintain at least a shadow of national institutions.

Local men joined Schutzmannschaften due to a variety of reasons. A number of them had prior police or military experience and wanted a job which paid steady wages and provided food rations. Joining the German war apparatus also provided certain privileges and protections for the men and their families (for example, exemption from forced labor). Pensions were available to family members of those killed in anti-partisan operations. Others were motivated by ideological reasons (antisemitism, anticommunism, nationalism) or by opportunities to loot property of murdered Jews. Captured Soviet POWs saw Schutzmannschaften as a way to avoid concentration camps. Such considerations attracted criminals and other opportunists. Most of them were young: in 1944, about half of Schutzmannschaften near Mir were under 25 years of age. Germans complained about their lack of training, discipline, and in some cases refused to supply them with weapons. During 1942, in compliance with orders to enlarge Schutzmannschaft, Germans began to force men to sign up for the service and eliminated service term limits (initially men signed up for one-year or six-month terms). There was a marked difference in attitudes of more enthusiastic early volunteers and later forced recruits. To increase their reliability, Himmler ordered the organization of NCO training, which would include political education, that lasted up to eight weeks.

Organization
The Schutzmannschaft comprised four sections:

 * Schutzmannschaft-Einzeldienst (stationary regular police; patrolmen in cities and districts)
 * Schutzmannschaft-Bataillonen (mobile police battalions for Nazi security warfare)
 * Hilfsschutzmannschaft (reserve units – guarded POWs and carried out work-details)
 * Feuerschutzmannschaft (fire brigades)

Organization
Police battalions were divided based on their intended functions into five categories:
 * Schutzmannschaft-Front-Bataillonen (combat)
 * Schutzmannschaft-Wach-Bataillonen (guard)
 * Schutzmannschaft-Ersatz-Bataillonen (reserve/replacement)
 * Schutzmannschaft-Pionier-Bataillonen (engineer)
 * Schutzmannschaft-Bau-Bataillonen (construction)

Each battalion had a projected number of four companies of 124 men each, one with a group of machine gun and three groups of infantry. In reality, the numbers varied greatly between occupied territories. Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian) battalions were commanded by a native, while Ukrainian and Belarusian battalions had German commanders. The battalions did not have a prescribed uniform and often used uniforms from pre-war national armies. They were identified by a white armband which usually had the inscription Schutzmann, a service number and location. In Directive no. 46, Hitler expressly prohibited Schutzmannschaft to use German badges of rank, the eagle and swastika emblem, or German military shoulder straps. However, members of Schutzmannschaften were eligible for various awards and decorations, including the Iron Cross and War Merit Cross. Schutzmannschaften were generally armed with confiscated Soviet rifles and some officers had pistols. Machine guns were used in anti-partisan operations and mortars were employed in the later stages of the war. In general, the battalions were poorly provided for, sometimes even lacking food rations, as priority and preference was given to German units fighting in the front lines.

Battalion numbers
The Schutzmannschaft battalions were organized by nationality: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Estonians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Tatars. Germans attempted to organize police battalions in occupied Poland, but did not find volunteers and had to use force in forming the single Polish Schutzmannschaft Battalion 202. The battalions were initially allotted numbers as follows (in brackets: re-allotted numbers in 1942; not all numbers were actually used):

 * Reichskommissariat Ostland: battalions 1 through 50
 * Lithuanian Auxiliary Police: battalions 1 through 15 (1–15, 250–265, 301–310)
 * Latvian Auxiliary Police: battalions 16 through 28 (16–28, 266–285, 311–328)
 * Estonian Auxiliary Police: battalions 29 through 40 (29–45, 50, 286–293)
 * Belarusian Auxiliary Police: battalions 41 through 50 (46–49)
 * Reichskommissariat Moskowien: battalions 51 through 100
 * Reichskommissariat Ukraine: battalions 101 through 200
 * Ukrainian Auxiliary Police (including Tatar units)

Activities and role in the Holocaust
The battalions were not confined to their locations and could be easily moved to locations far outside their home country. Since formation of the battalions was particularly slow in Belarus, many of them were first stationed there. One of the first tasks of the battalions was mass execution of Jews. Attached to Einsatzgruppen as needed, the battalions rounded up, executed, and disposed of Jews. For example, it is estimated that Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft killed 78,000 Jews in Lithuania and Belarus. The mass executions largely ceased by the end of 1941. By that time German advance into Soviet Union halted and Nazi officials considered using the battalions for more direct military duties. In particular, Franz Walter Stahlecker asked to relieve the 16th Army in the Demyansk Pocket. However, Hitler refused. In Directive no. 46, dated August 1942, he agreed to strengthen and enlarge Schutzmannschaft, but to use it only for Nazi security warfare and other auxiliary duties behind the front lines. Some battalions continued to participate in the Holocaust (guarding or liquidating Nazi ghettos). About 12,000 men guarded forced laborers (Soviet POWs, civilians, Jews) working on the Durchgangsstrasse IV, a major road from Lemberg to Stalino (now Donetsk). The issue of involving Schutzmannschaft in combat was revisited after the Battle of Stalingrad. Some Schutzmannschaft battalions in Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine and elsewhere were reorganized into Waffen-SS divisions wearing national insignia.

Deserters were a constant problem for the battalions. For example, some 3,000 men deserted Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft between September 1943 and April 1944. After the war, many former members of Schutzmannschaft fled to the West. A survey of about 200 men revealed that more than 30% had escaped from the Soviet zone. Western authorities showed much less interest in members of Schutzmannschaft than in German Nazis and did not prosecute them. Soviet Union persecuted members of Schutzmannschaft, often sentencing them to death. For example, in Lithuania, 14 men were sentenced to 25 years in Gulag in 1948, 8 men were sentenced to death in 1962, one man executed in 1979. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, several former members of Schutzmannschaft were denaturalized by United States or Canada and deported back to their countries.

title: Schutzmannschaft


text:
Daniel Romanovskij

Daniel Romanovskij (born 19 June 1996) is a Lithuanian international footballer who plays as left or right winger for Georgian club Dinamo Tbilisi.

Club career
Born in Lithuanian capital Vilnius, Romanovskij has played for FK Žalgiris, FK Žalgiris II, FK Utenis Utena, FC Stumbras and FC Stumbras II. Romanovskij has an impressive feature of being a footballer that in his first 3 years as senior, he won 3 consecutive doubles, championship and cup. Later, while playing with Stumbras, he won the 2017 Lithuanian Cup playing the final precisely against his former club.

In summer 2018 he moved abroad and signed a 3-year contract with Serbian club FK Zemun, a club where his compatriot and former teammate at Žalgiris, Justas Lasickas, had been playing on one-year loan a season earlier.

In 27 July he signed with lithuanian Banga.

International career
Romanovskij represented Lithuania at U17, U19 and U21 levels.

He made his international debut for the Lithuanian A national team in 2018.

Honours

 * Žalgiris
 * A Lyga: 2014, 2015, 2016
 * Lithuanian Cup: 2014, 2015, 2016
 * Lithuanian Supercup: 2016

 * Stumbras
 * Lithuanian Cup: 2017

title: Daniel Romanovskij