text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skos Shuttle (software)

The result was delete. North America1000 09:40, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

Skos Shuttle (software)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Seems like an advertisement for a non-notable software. I can't find any sourcing that demonstrates GNG. —  InsertCleverPhraseHere (or here)  23:48, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Software-related deletion discussions. AllyD (talk) 06:58, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Switzerland-related deletion discussions. AllyD (talk) 06:58, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete: An article created and maintained by two WP:SPA accounts, linking to the primary site. The best coverage found in my searches is a page in a review of several classification tools here with an opinion that "Skos Shuttle seems to be a very promising tool". However I don't see that as sufficient to demonstrate attained encyclopaedic notability, by WP:NSOFT or WP:GNG. AllyD (talk) 07:43, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * This software is 1. notable and 2. accessible/present de-facto online, 3. generous and free for universities and students. Why deleting even a modest article on it a priori? You prefere to support notable commercial software which is sold for much money ? Please take back your request for deletion. It is a mistake or a lobby driven wish. And please do this change sustainably. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 19:29, 28 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 03:28, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Language-related deletion discussions. North America1000 03:36, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Computing-related deletion discussions. North America1000 03:36, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Computing-related deletion discussions. North America1000 03:36, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete The keep argument above amounts to nothing more than "it exists"  DGG ( talk ) 03:39, 7 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete - I'm unable to find sufficient evidence that this meets WP:GNG or WP:NSOFT.  gongshow  talk  08:11, 11 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Melanie Stambaugh

External links modified (January 2018)
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source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Melanie Stambaugh


text:
Talk:Northern Ireland football league system

Untitled
As far as I am aware there is no promotion from the Amateur Sections to the Intermediate League, therefore this is not a true league system in the sense of the English football league system and the article is misleading..... ChrisTheDude 09:03, 8 February 2007 (UTC)


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Argaam

Argaam (Arabic: أرقام) is a Saudi Arabian financial news portal and considered as the primary source to media and public for financial news    as it provides real-time updates on financial markets as well as market data and analysis, interviews, and coverage of stocks listed across the region. Argaam has won UAE App & Web Award and is operated by the Argaam Investment Company, which launched the Arabic version in March 2007 and an English variant in April 2015.

History
The company was founded on 1 March 2007 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

On October 18, 2017, the Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG) acquired a controlling stake in the Argaam Investment and Trading Company, which publishes an online financial news service. SRMG acquired 51 percent of Argaam for $10 million in an attempt to expand its operations, at a time when Saudi Arabia was diversifying its economy and opening up to more foreign investments and as a part of the National Transformation Plan 2020 (NTP) and Vision 2030.

Akhbaar24
Akhbaar24 (Arabic: أخبار24) is an electronic newspaper specialized in covering the latest news of interest to Saudi Arabian and Arab audience 24 hours a day, whether local or foreign. The service also covers the most influential political news in the Middle East. Akhbaar24's website also features 24 a specialized vertical for the most prominent videos posted on social networking sites and the Internet that deal with Saudi affairs. In 2022, Argaam sold 100% of its ownership of Akhbaar24 to SRMG. Following this acquisition, SRMG revamped and relaunched Akhbaar24 in June 2023, imbuing it with deeper coverage of Saudi-related news and topics, thus enhancing its Saudi Depth.

Alphabeta
Alphabeta is a sub-division of Argaam that publishes field-related Gulf columnists' articles.

title: Argaam


text:
suscitate

Etymology
From, past participle of , from +. Compare, , and.

Verb

 * 1)  To rouse; to excite; to call into life and action.

title: suscitate


text:
pelinappula

Noun

 * 1) piece, token, man small object controlled by a player in board games
 * 2)  pawn someone who is being manipulated or used to some end

title: pelinappula


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Darryldlassiter

 __NOINDEX__

The result of the discussion was  delete. MER-C 05:53, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

User:Darryldlassiter

WP:FAKEARTICLE / Wikipedia is not LinkedIn. Whpq (talk) 15:18, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete both. Bloated, self-serving resume/autobiography. Feh. --Hobbes Goodyear (talk) 03:01, 18 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Charlotte Piepenhagen

Was she Czech?
She was not a resident of a place then called by the Czech name, so she was not a Czech national. She was a resident of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary.John Pack Lambert (talk) 20:54, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

 * For the record, I reverted you because you removed numerous categories without an edit summary, when the lead says she's from Bohemia, which includes 19th-century Czech people. Mason (talk) 21:49, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charlotte Piepenhagen


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John D. Perry

John D. Perry (born c. 1935) is an American politician from New York.

Life
He was born about 1935 in Rochester, Monroe County, New York. He graduated B.A. in economics and M.A. in social science/education from Syracuse University. He also graduated M.S.T. in economics from the University of Missouri. Then he taught history and economics at several high schools and the Rochester Institute of Technology. He married Christine, and they have three children. They live in Brighton.

He was a Democratic member of the New York State Senate from 1975 to 1992, sitting in the 181st, 182nd, 183rd, 184th, 185th, 186th, 187th, 188th and 189th New York State Legislatures.

title: John D. Perry


text:
Pak Kyong-suk

Pak Kyong-suk (, 1921 – 31 August 2020) was a North Korean politician. She was a seamstress in Kim Il Sung's guerrilla forces during the 1930s. After the liberation of Korea, she held posts in the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), Democratic Women's League, as well as being a delegate to the Supreme People's Assembly.

Career
Pak Kyong-suk was born in Eastern Manchuria in 1921. In the 1930s during the anti-Japanese struggle, she was a member of Kim Il Sung's sewing unit. Kim Il Sung remembers her as one of the best radio operators in his autobiography With the Century, writing:

"Unable as she was to take a bit of the food served at the mess hall, Pak Kyong Suk was never absent from training in wireless communication. Even soon after delivery, she participated in the training course with great enthusiasm. She was so active in both her studies and exercises that the instructor of the wireless platoon spoke highly of Korean women, noting that they were indeed hard-working and persistent.

Pak Kyong Suk once accompanied Kim Chaek to the enemy-held area, carrying wireless equipment on her back, and engaging in small-unit activities for several months. She was very dexterous in operating the wireless."

Her political career began in c. 1948 when she became the director of the secret documents department of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). In 1954 she became a member of the Central Committee of the Democratic Women's League.

In July 1956, she became a deputy department director in the WPK South Hamhyong provincial committee. In October 1959 she became the chairwoman of the Pyongyang Paper Mill party committee. She became a candidate member of the WPK Central Committee in September 1961. In May 1963 she became the deputy director of the Light Industry and Commerce Department of the WPK Central Committee. With these qualifications, she was considered a "veteran Party cadre".

In 1962 she was elected to the Supreme People's Assembly. She renewed her seat in 1967.

She was awarded the Jubilee Medal "70 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" on 6 May 2015 by Vladimir Putin and Jubilee Medal "75 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" on 6 May 2020.

She was on the funeral committees of Kim Chol-man, Ri Ul-sol, and Hwang Sun-hui.

title: Pak Kyong-suk


text:
Domitila de Carvalho

Domitila (Domitilla in the old Portuguese spelling) de Carvalho (1871–1966) was a Portuguese medical doctor, teacher, writer and politician. She was the first woman to attend the University of Coimbra in Portugal, from where she graduated in Mathematics, Philosophy and Medicine. A supporter of the Estado Novo government, she was also one of the first three female deputies (members of parliament) elected in Portugal. She was a monarchist and a friend of Queen D. Amélia, with whom she shared correspondence.

Early life
Domitilla Hormizinda Miranda de Carvalho was born on 10 April 1871 in Travanca in the Aveiro District of Portugal. She was the daughter of a primary school teacher. Her father died when she was just one year old, leaving her mother with three young children. She went to school in Castelo Branco, Bragança and Leiria, completing high school in 1891. On the basis of excellent exam results she then became the first woman to be admitted to the University of Coimbra since 1772, enrolling in October 1891. As a condition for admission, she was obliged to always wear black, with a discreet hat, so that she was not noticeable amongst the male students who were required to dress in capes and buttoned cassocks.

Academic achievements and early career
De Carvalho graduated with distinction in Mathematics and Philosophy in 1894 and 1895 and until 1896 was the only female graduate of the university. Her achievement attracted considerable publicity and she was seen as a role model for young women. After graduation she enrolled in the Medicine course and obtained her doctorate in 1904. She was then asked by Queen Amélia of Orléans, Queen Consort of the Portuguese king, who had sponsored her while she was at university, to work at the newly established National Tuberculosis Institute in the Portuguese capital Lisbon. She also worked at a Maternity Clinic and, for a short period, went into private practice. However, she soon took the opportunity to become both the dean and a teacher at the D. Maria Pia High School in Lisbon. This was founded in 1906 as the first secondary school for girls in Portugal and she was the dean from its foundation until 1912. The school changed its name to the Almeida Garrett High School in 1917, and later to the Maria Amália Vaz de Carvalho High School. De Carvalho taught several subjects and was the first Portuguese woman to become a mathematics teacher and continued to teach at the school until her retirement.

Despite her conservative Catholic views, De Carvalho decided to sign a 1909 petition in support of divorce. Parallel to her activities as a teacher and doctor, De Carvalho involved herself in writing, starting by publishing sonnets and writing for Serões, an illustrated monthly magazine published between 1901 and 1911. She also organised conferences on literary and educational matters. She was elected as a correspondent member of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences and also became a member of the Superior Council for Public Instruction (Conselho Superior de Instrução Pública), which, prior to the establishment of the Ministry of Education in 1936, was responsible for directing and regulating public education. She was also a prominent member of several organizations linked to the Catholic Church. As a supporter of the Estado Novo government, she was appointed as a member of the board of Obra das Mães pela Educação Nacional (Mothers’ Work for National Education), an Estado Novo organization. Although her ideological position was conservative, she became associated with feminist anti-war initiatives.

Role in the National Assembly
In 1934 she was one of three women, together with Maria Guardiola and Maria Cândida Parreira, invited by the National Union, the sole legal party of the time, to be on the list of candidates for the newly created National Assembly. None of the three had children but they all had a higher academic degree and devoted themselves to their careers, in contradiction to what the regime expected from women. Conservative in her approach, she adhered from the beginning to the political and ideological principles of the Estado Novo. At the National Assembly, she spoke about infant mortality, which led to the introduction of compulsory courses in general hygiene and childcare in secondary schools. Emphasising the importance of education to the empowerment of women, she also participated in discussions on educational reform. She was against secular education and spoke in favour of the compulsory display of the crucifix in primary schools. As a monarchist, she was the interlocutor between the Portuguese leader António de Oliveira Salazar and the former Queen, D. Amélia of Orléans, with whom she continued to maintain correspondence.

Domitilla de Carvalho died in Lisbon on 11 November 1966. Her correspondence and other documents are held at the Portuguese national archives.

title: Domitila de Carvalho


text:
Red River Valley League

The Red River Valley League was a minor league baseball league that played in the 1897 season. The four–team, Class F level Red River Valley League consisted of teams based in North Dakota and Minnesota. The Red River Valley League played just the 1897 season, before permanently folding. The Moorhead Barmaids were league champions.

History
A "Red River Valley League" played several seasons as a semi–pro league before the league evolved to become a full minor league in 1897.

The Red River Valley League began minor league baseball play in the 1897 season as a Class F level league. The Four charter teams were the Moorhead Barmaids, Grand Forks Senators /Black Stockings, Wahpeton–Breckenridge Methodists and Fargo Divorcees/Fargo Red Stockings. The league presidents were Chauncey Wheeler and Senator W. A. Gordon, who also served as manager of Grand Forks. Player salaries were capped at $40.00 per month by the league.

The Red River Valley League permanently disbanded on August 8, 1897, eight days after the first–half of the season had ended.

At the time the Red River Valley League folded, on August 8, 1897, the Moorhead Barmaids were in first place in the league standings with a 32–13 record. Moorhead was 10.5 games ahead of the second place Grand Forks Senators /Grand Forks Black Stockings (19–21). They were followed by the Wahpeton–Breckenridge Methodists (16–21) and Fargo Divorcees (17–29).

Longest scoreless tie in history
Notably, the River Valley League's Fargo Red Stockings and Grand Forks Black Stockings played a 25–inning, 0–0 tie on July 18, 1891 in the second game of a doubleheader, a 4 hour and 10 minute game. William Gibbs of the Grand Forks Black Stockings, and George Raymer of the Fargo Red Stockings, each pitched a record 25 scoreless innings in the game. The game is the longest scoreless tie in baseball history. The umpire ended the game after the completion of the 25th inning because the teams had to  catch a train. The 25th inning concluded at 8:10 pm. The ballgame was played at neutral site. Grand Forks owner Tom Hill relocated the series to the North Dakota State Militia Training Grounds in Devils Lake, North Dakota hoping for larger attendance.

Media
The Red River Valley League was the subject of a book, Divorcees, Barmaids, and Cranks: The 1897 Red River Valley Baseball League by Jeffrey J. Bozovsky.

Standings & statistics
1897 Red River Valley League

title: Red River Valley League


text:
German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

The German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (DAW), in 1972 renamed the Academy of Sciences of the GDR (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR (AdW)), was the most eminent research institution of East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR).

The academy was established in 1946 in an attempt to continue the tradition of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Brandenburg Society of Sciences, founded in 1700 by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. The academy was a learned society (scholarship society), in which awarded membership via election constituted scientific recognition. Unlike other academies of science, the DAW was also the host organization of a scientific community of non-academic research institutes.

Upon German reunification, the Academy's learned society was dissociated from its research institutes and any other affiliates and eventually dissolved in 1992. Since 1993, activities of the AdW's members and college have been continued by the newly established Leibniz Scientific Society (Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften). The AdW's pending and unfinished research projects and holdings were forwarded to and are carried out by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, established in 1992. The academy's numerous institutes were dissolved on December 31, 1991 and partially reorganized into other organizations such as the Leibniz Association, the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, the Max Planck Society and the Fraunhofer Society. A number of minor institutes and associated projects have been preserved and were transferred to other institutions such as the German Archaeological Institute.

DAW (1946–1972)
The German Academy of Sciences at Berlin was the successor to the Brandenburg Society of Sciences, which had been founded by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the year 1700. After the end of World War II, it was re-established upon the SMAD Order No. 187 of July 1, 1946, Leibniz's 300th birthday. The Academy was to become the most eminent scientific institution in Germany. Reorganisation was greatly influenced by the ideas of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.

To facilitate publishing, the Akademie Verlag was founded in 1946. The 250th anniversary in 1950 was boycotted by West Germany in protest of the overwhelming influence of the East German authorities. The Socialist Unity Party of East Germany had embraced the two-nation doctrine and increasingly enforced its will upon the electorate to have mostly East Germans elected to the academy in the following decades.

AdW (1972–1989)
The institution became the most eminent academy of the German Democratic Republic, and was accordingly renamed Academy of Sciences of the GDR (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR - AdW) in 1972, once the division of Germany was accepted as the state of affairs. In the 1980s, the AdW itself had grown to accommodate over 200 members, including around two dozen West German scientists. The academy coordinated research of 59 institutes that employed 22,000 persons.

Unwinding and Re-establishments (1989–1993)
Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, academy members called for a reform of the academy, rejecting the leading role of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany.

On 27 June 1990, the new GDR government reorganized the academy, turning it into a public institution. Until late 1991, the former AdW institutes were separated from the academy, evaluated, and either dissolved or assigned to different organisations, mainly the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community. As the states of Berlin and Brandenburg considered a continuation of the academy as improper due to its role in the GDR, the academy, which had then about 400 members, was disbanded and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities was established in 1992.

On 15 April 1993, 60 of the former academy members created the private organisation Leibniz-Sozietät which claims to represent 300 years of continuous academic tradition. After being renamed to Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin it has now over 300 members, of which most were elected since 1994.

title: German Academy of Sciences at Berlin


text:
kwitnąć

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to flower, to blossom
 * 2)  to flourish, to thrive, to prosper
 * 1)  to flourish, to thrive, to prosper

Conjugation
or

title: kwitnąć


text:
Talk:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories/Archive 8

Could Ottomans have made contact?
In Piri Reis map, the Antarctic Coast is somewhat shown. Thinking that the Drake Passage found in 1578, Ottomans could have made contact to the Antartic. Ömer Miraç (talk) 20:09, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

Roman Jars in Brazil's Bay of Jars
Channel 4's Mystery of the Cocaine Mummies (seemingly called 'Curse of the Cocaine Mummies' in this article) mentions Roman jars supposedly found in a shipwrecked Roman ship in a place in Brazil called Bay of Jars. The sceptic quoted on the program didn't question their genuineness, merely saying that one possibly stray ship is not proof of regular trans-oceanic trade. I think this should probably go into the Roman section, though I'm not quite sure how best to word it, particularly as I suspect other sceptics would have questioned whether they were really Roman and/or whether they were genuinely found in Brazil, and/or whether they weren't just ship-wrecked while being imported by some post-Columban European colonist, but I have no 'reliable source' to support my suspicions. Anybody got any ideas on how to say it? Tlhslobus (talk) 11:41, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Probably not without getting into conspiracy theories about the Brazilian government covering things up. The issue's a mess - where are they, how do we know they weren't just ballast, salted,relatively modern, etc. This is the brain child of Robert F. Marx who thinks "White Gods "figure in almost every indigenous culture in the Americas." Not the most trustworthy of sources. You might want to look at this overview - that shows what a mess this is. There's also although how accurate it is I'm not sure, seeing how the NYT made a hash of a recent scientific report on a genetic study getting the basic things all wrong. Dougweller (talk) 16:27, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Trans-oceanic travel from the New World
Inuit and Arctic peoples

I think it's important to distinguish between peoples encountered in Greenland, in Northern Canada, and in more southerly North America; and in each case if possible to distinguish between Inuit/Inuit-type people and 'Native Americans'. I think it is misleading to describe Inuit as 'Native Americans', as they are distinct from the tribes and cultures commonly referred to with that term. This has further relevance to determining exactly where Norsemen traveled. The subtitle 'Inuit and Arctic peoples' is exclusionary of mention of non-Inuit and non-Arctic peoples i.e. 'Native Americans' who had contact with the Norse and lived further south, such as in the vicinity of Vínland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:44, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

There is substantial evidence for Inuit and other American Arctic peoples arriving in Europe prior to Columbus' voyage. - What is this evidence?

 In 1009, Norse explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni captured two boys from Markland (Labrador) and took them to Greenland, where they were taught to speak Norse and baptized. - So were they Inuit? Other Arctic people? Or 'Native Americans'? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:45, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

Those chickens - claim of contact seems to have been based on contaminated results
See : "The study, led by the University of Adelaide's Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD) and published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, reveals that previous claims of contact between early Polynesians and South America were probably based on contaminated results. Instead, the new study has identified and traced a unique genetic marker of the original Polynesian chickens that is only present in the Pacific and Island Southeast Asia." Dougweller (talk) 14:32, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

Fuente Magna removed (and replaced by Til)
I removed:The Fuente Magna, also known as the Fuente Bowl, is a large stone vessel, resembling a libation bowl. It is asserted to have been found in the 1950s by a worker from the CHUA Hacienda near Tiwanaku, west of La Paz, Bolivia. The inscription has been claimed to contain Sumerian writing, and is said to resemble that on the later found Pokotia Monolith. It resides in a small museum in Calle Jaén, La Paz, Bolivia; Museo de metales preciosos "Museo de Oro"..

The only source is a fringe publication. It is not discussed so far as I can find in reliable sources. WP:UNDUE is policy and there is no evidence that this is significant outside a few fringe publications. It isn't attributed but the author is an Alberto Marini, claimed to be an expert in Sumerian, but I can't find any evidence for that. Dougweller (talk) 13:47, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Greenland
FWIW, Greenland is part of North America, by general tradition (check any popular atlas), by geography (it's separated from the islands of the Canadian Arctic only by a narrow strait) and ethnically (it was inhabited in prehistoric times by people who were, essentially, Eskimos). So the second sentence:
 * Only one instance of pre-Columbian European contact – the Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada c. 1000 AD – is established beyond reasonable doubt.[2][3]

is not technically correct, and can't be corrected just by adding "mainland" since Newfoundland is also an island. Not sure how to correct this without adding a complicate sentence to the lede, but if someone wants to take a stab at this they should. Herostratus (talk) 00:42, 21 April 2014 (UTC) Also, Ellesmere Island has "Vikings from the Greenland colonies reached Ellesmere Island...". Dunno if this is terribly important, but we shouldn't say wrong things. Herostratus (talk) 02:00, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

Fringe Theory Section
Because there is a label called Fringe theories does it mean everything inside of it is Fringe? Ivan Van Setima might be fringe but why is the Atlantic adventures of the Mansa included in Fringe? Nothing there is fringe, it is a historical report. It also does not say they made contact. It just say this is what happened. The problem i have is everything in that section is tainted with the word Fringe, even when some of the evidence is not fringe. While it might be used by Fringe historians. --Inayity (talk) 12:54, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
 * "Fringe" is inappropriately pejorative. Although called "theories", these are really hypotheses.  Renaming the section "Hypotheses" would correct both problems.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:28, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

Please restructure to oldest first
Which should allow some clarity. As it is, its a mish mash of various ethnicities. I support G Mendez claim and feel it has sufficient offered proof. He has much antagonism when he has talks at national institutions here in America. Wiki burying his info in much later claims does a disservice to Wiki.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:08, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

Possible new genetic evidence of Polynesian/South American contact
I just read an article on Reuters (here) which seems to demonstrate conclusively that there was contact between the inhabitants of Easter Island and South America around the time of Columbus (1300 to 1500). It seems like they've demonstrated it fairly conclusively, but I don't want to jump the gun by making edits to the article (especially since I'm already inclined to believe in Polynesian contact, and therefore can't be certain of my objectivity). Nevertheless, I figured I'd link the article here for review by other editors in the event that this claim is indeed substantiated and (eventually) deemed to warrant moving the Polynesians from "possible" to "confirmed" on the list.--Witan (talk) 01:50, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Addendum It appears the two studies which are referenced in the article were both published this month (October 2014) in the journal Current Biology, which Wikipedia does list as being a peer-reviewed journal.--Witan (talk) 01:57, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Use them in the article. Much better than news reports. Dougweller (talk) 10:15, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Only 26 km from Greenland to Canada
Removed from the article... although the shortest distance from Greenland to Canada is only 26 kilometres (over the Nares Strait to Ellesmere Island), the shortest distance from Greenland to Baffin Island (which is thought by some to be the Norse Helluland) is 330 kilometres, and the shortest distance from Greenland to Newfoundland (which is thought by some to be the Norse Vínland) is 1,100 kilometres. The "26 km" figure is not really relevant to the Norse contact. The Norse contact is perfectly plausible without it. -- leuce (talk) 23:35, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

Norse trans-oceanic contact
The section used to be called "Confirmed Norse trans-oceanic contact" but I removed the word "confirmed" because the section deals with both confirmed and non-confirmed contact. I also moved the second paragraph (which is about the sagas) down to join the fourth paragraph (which is also about the sagas), so that the first two paragraphs of the section relate to actual historical and archaeological evidence and the last two paragraphs deal with evidence that is at a similar level as many other claims, i.e. oral traditions and tales of trans-oceanic voyages.

I accept the Norse claims, but let's be honest: the sagas are oral traditions, and we don't know for certain that Helluland, Markland and Vinland are lands that are separate from modern-day Greenland (for that to be true, we'd have to assume that the Vikings circumnavigated Greenland and Baffin Island and we have to assume that the Vikings have used the name "Greenland" for the whole island of modern-day Greenland).

The only thing that links Vinland to L'Anse aux Meadows is the fact that there is an archaeological site at L'Anse aux Meadows and the fact that L'Anse aux Meadows is south of Baffin Island. That's it. No-one doubts that L'Anse aux Meadows is a Norse settlement, but linking it to the sagas is simply speculation. --leuce (talk) 23:55, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I removed a large section of the L'Anse aux Meadows information because it is duplicated from the L'Anse aux Meadows article itself. -- leuce (talk) 00:01, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
 * good edit. thanks. -- TRPoD aka The Red Pen of Doom  21:13, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

Erdogan's comments
Well, now that Erdogan said that he believes that Columbus saw a mosque in Cuba, we can expect a lof of visits to this page. A nice starting point for trying to disprove the usual arguments in favour of it would be this page (I'm not saying it should be included in this article -- I'm just pointing to it here because it is relevant this month). --leuce (talk) 22:34, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
 * we should only include fringe viewpoints that have a measurable following / widespread and enduring notice not every crackpot who says something unbelievable. -- TRPoD aka The Red Pen of Doom  23:08, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I see your point, but I would agree with The Almightey Drill that this deserves at least a passing mention, since the president of Turkey is not usually a crackpot (unlike the presidents of some other countries). The specific myth that Erdogan holds to is not yet mentioned in this article, and it comes from a published source (other myths that have only one published source are also included in this page). -- leuce (talk) 23:50, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
 * It may not be necessary to mention Erdogan at all, but the article does lack a section on the various claims of contact by North African muslims. If I remember, I'll write it in the next few days. -- leuce (talk) 23:59, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
 * to my surprise, i found it stated as fact in here. i thought Adams was generally a decent publisher? it looks like its also being made in  and   --  TRPoD aka The Red Pen of Doom  00:07, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The author of the book published by Adams is a converted Muslim but it's inexcusable for a reputable publisher to allow that, calling Fell and Van Sertima examples of noted historians and archaeologists. Amazing. Jocelyne Cesari is even more shocking though. leuce, don't forget WP:SUMMARY as we have some relevant articles. I thought this might be about Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad which was just edited by someone removing an unsourced statement (which sadly I can't source) but it seems to relate more directly to the Sung Document which is also mentioned at Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact, 1170s and 1178. Also mentioned in the article is Abu Bakr II. These could all benefit from more watchers.

 * I dont think it is necessary to mention Erdogan, given that he is not an expert in anything remotely related to the topic.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 02:17, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Referring to a more reliable source one could perhaps add something like "In 2006 the Turkish historian of science Fuat Sezgin argued that several Islamic sources and early-European maps suggest that the American continent had been known to Muslim seafarers as early as the 10th cent. " AstroLynx (talk) 13:48, 18 November 2014 (UTC)

On Bartolomé de las Casas' claims
I've removed this text: "According to Bartolomé de las Casas, two dead bodies that looked like those of Indians were found on the Portuguese Flores Island in the Azores. He said he found that fact in Columbus's notes, and it was one reason why Columbus presumed that India was on the other side of the ocean.<ref>De Las Casas, Bartolomé; Pagden, Anthony (September 8, 1999). A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indias. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044562-5.</ref>" because I find no mention of this story in Bartolomé de las Casas' account (which is available at Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/20321/pg20321.txt). Oh, and why is the date given as 1999? The account was written by Bartolomé de las Casas in 1552. -- leuce (talk) 08:46, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

Polynesian "claims" still being called "claims"
With the genetic testing of the sweet potatoes, the radiocarbon dating them from well before the 15th century I think we can all safely say that the skeptics are just being stubborn. There are few things in this field of study that are absolute but genetic testing and radiocarbon dating is pretty absolute. Unless someone can tell me why Sweet Potatoes would be in Polynesia literally centuries before Columbus than the only conclusion I can reach is that they landed in South America and traded for them. At this point I think we can safely say that the Polynesians did make it to the New World. I find it bizarre that the article still thinks this is up for debate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 10:32, 20 December 2014

 * Provide a WP:reliable source please and then we can discuss the particulars.  S n o w  talk 05:38, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * They are still unsubstantiated claims that have not been met with general acceptance. Untill general sources on the history of precolumbian Latin America start referencing this as fact, we will have to continue calling them claims or something similar.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 12:54, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

Mormon archaeology? Seriously?
Why not list Scientology sources as well? I'm sure that there are some. After all, we all came here in spaceships or whatever.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:30, 7 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Once upon a time I deleted that section, based on the logic that the purported immigration to America, as featured in the Book of Mormon, wasn't "contact" because the immigrants didn't go back. However, others saw fit to put the section back, based on the understandable argument that this is a notable "theory" (much more so than anything that Scientologists may have said).  I have no problem keeping it, based on notability.--Other Choices (talk) 04:00, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

 * It should be on the project, based on notability of the issue, and it is discussed prominently in Mormonism and likely elsewhere.  However, it's incredibly dubious that it belongs in this article, based on WP:Weight, given the historical/empirical validity given to the claim is not at all supported in expert literature on such matters, and it is thus WP:Fringe as a matter of historical record (as opposed to the Mormon scriptural record that gives it relevance to articles in that vein).  The tone of that section muddies the water even further by not making this distinction clear.  It's a pity you've resolved yourself to that section staying, because I'd fully support an effort to see it go (or at least reduced to short reference Wikilinking to Mormonism or another appropriate article.  Again, it's a matter of weight, and WP:NPOV broadly -- serious research on the topic of trans-oceanic contact does not talk about the Mormon claim, or only does so to dismiss it as unsupportable; thus our article should not discuss it, or should only do so to note that it has been dismissed.  Snow (talk) 21:02, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I like the idea of trimming it to a short reference linking to Mormonism, with a note that it has been dismissed in the academic community.--Other Choices (talk) 03:45, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I know this fight has been going on for years. All I'm saying is put it in or take it out, because the current status of having it in there couched in non-academic hit piece links to how stupid it is is POV and inappropriate.  Like it or not, there are millions of people who believe it (unlike the other legends in the article), and Mormons are well-represented in archaeological circles.  So being an armchair quarterback and calling them all idiots unless you academically outrank them is (again POV and inappropriate.)  --Mrcolj (talk) 20:20, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I think I'd have to agree with the "removal" camp as well. The book of Mormon on it's own doesn't count as evidence. Hell, the section itself is pretty much just a refutation of the ideas presented in Mormon archeology. I Feel Tired (talk) 22:08, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

Most of the above posters have completely misunderstood the inclusion of Mormon archaeology on this page. It is NOT about Joseph Smith himself, it is about Mormons going on digs to try and substantiate claims. The claims of these archaeologists, even if one considers them pseudo-scientific, are well-documented, fairly well funded and have a considerable literature. (Scientology is a straw man here - it doesn't do archaeological digs, and AFAIK makes no claims about trans-oceanic contact, with a supposed academic base.)

Secondly, Mormon archaeologists have made claims and finds which are not directly tied into the Book of Mormon. The interpretation is the controversial part. (There are supposed linguists doing research in this area). This knocks down the argument - "The book of Mormon on it's [sic] own doesn't count as evidence".

Yes, it is perfectly viable to question the scientific credentials of these people, but to ignore this matter completely is silly in this context. The better solution is to mention these claims, and then discuss how they are not accepted outside that community.-MacRùsgail (talk) 14:49, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

North Pacific Crossings
"Claims of contact other than the Norse settlement of Greenland and the L'Anse aux Meadows settlement in Newfoundland[2] are generally controversial and considered debatable. These claims are often based on circumstantial or ambiguous evidence. The scientific responses to such pre-Columbian contact claims range from dealing with it in peer-reviewed publications to outright dismissal as fringe science or pseudoarcheology.[3][4]"

I am being a pedant here, but as I understand it, there is some mainstream acceptance of North Pacific crossings. These would entail boat crossings from Kamchatka, say, to continental North America, through the Aleutians instead of across the Bering Strait. The Aleutian arc and Bering Strait may look close together on the map but in actual fact they are hundreds of miles apart, as far apart as California and British Columbia. In a small boat in rough weather. the distances would feel formidable. This crossing counts as being as much "trans-Oceanic" as Norse island hopping was. (As for the Bering Strait itself, there was continuous traffic across it for millenia, except during the Cold War) -MacRùsgail (talk) 15:00, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Multiple serious issues with regard to WP:V, WP:RS, WP:OR, WP:SYNTH and WP:WEIGHT in subsection "claims based on linguistic evidence"
I'm surprised this one got by the astute, and generally WP:Fringe-wary, fact checkers that are frequently active on this page, actually. This paragraph is a mess of insufficiently verified claims. First off, the entire thing is based off of one primary source, which is not nearly significant enough to support the notion that such extraordinary linguistic claims are indicative of an established theory significant enough to warrant mention here (see verification, reliable source, primary sourcing, and weight guidelines). We'd need mutliple substantial independent, secondary sources that support these claims in order to add them and I rather tend to doubt that even a significant minority of linguists would endorse these claims since two cognates is not going to be seen by most academics in this field as constituting "near proof of incidental contact". Again, this is an extraordinary claim requiring extraordinary sourcing. Presently, we have no (appropriate) sourcing.

Even worse yet than these issues, there are more specific claims being made on the basis of nothing more than POLLEX listings that are textbook cases of original research/synthesis: "According to POLLEX-Online, Proto-Polynesian *toki 'adze, axe'[11] has an accepted Proto-Austronesian etymology, which implies that the similarities are either accidental, or at most, in some cases, the word was borrowed from Polynesian into South American languages. Nevermind the fact that this statement is skeptical in the same direction that I am skeptical with regard to the previous claims made, it's still original research.  So is the above point about *kumala unless it's representative of a source (in which case the POLLEX links still should go as they still represent inappropriate sourcing).

In truth, I'm doubtful this section can be salvaged at all. I think it ought to probably be removed in it's entirety unless additional sourcing is supplied.  S n o w  talk 06:50, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Adelaar's mention of this is notable.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 12:51, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Eh, you want to be more specific? How does one primary source establish that this is a theory considered to have significant weight in mainstream academia?  Sorry, but I don't see the policy argument there.  In any event, we're not talking about WP:Notability, we're talking about WP:Verifiability (and a host of other policies this content is not really consistent with.  S n o w  talk 14:26, 30 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Verifiability is obviously not in question since Adelaar mentions it in Languages of the Andes, which is the main scholarly work about Andean languages. The question is if it is notable enough to include per WP:WEIGHT. And the fact that Adelaar mentions it in this highly important book means that is.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 14:30, 30 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It's an extraordinary claim that receives no broad treatment in academia and is only mentioned in one academic's (primary) works. I don't see how that makes for anything but a shortfall with regard to WP:V.  No matter the prominence we do or do not ascribe to the book in question, that's a sourcing issue.  But, all of that being said...(see bellow)  S n o w  talk 14:53, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I do tend to agree that devoting a section to Adelaar and Muysken's mention of these two words is undue - basically we give it more space than they do in the book. A line would likely be enough.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 14:34, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * ...that does seem like a good compromise solution. It addresses the SYNTH and WEIGHT issues, which are the most significant to my mind.  I'm not so sure the theory is mainstream enough to warrant any mention at all, but I'll support this reasonable middle-ground approach all the same.   S n o w  talk 14:53, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * This would be another source to include:

 * Adelaar, W. F. (1998). The name of the sweet potato: A case of pre-conquest contact between South America and the Pacific. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS STUDIES AND MONOGRAPHS, 116, 403-412. User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 14:35, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * The problem is the nature of this article....its a dumping ground for others articles. -- Moxy (talk) 18:42, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree. The consistent instability and recurrent issues of this page have made me more than once question the encyclopedic value of grouping all of these disparate topics into one loosely affiliated article, with the result that someone wants to add every little fringe theory in between the significantly accepted or widely-discussed events and claims.  I think the rule of thumb we ought to be operating under here is that if a given theory couldn't support its own article in terms of sourcing and notability requirements, it shouldn't be treated here.   S n o w  talk 07:39, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

 * We just have to deal with the issues. As a topic, it's discussed in enough sources to be notable. But I agree that if a given theory/hypothesis doesn't have its own article it doesn't belong here. Dougweller (talk) 11:56, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I was actually examining the sources earlier to see if the concept of an over-arching approach to these various accounts and theories is actually reflected within them. If not, I think there's an argument to be made for not combining the various disparate events covered here. But I did so mostly out of abstract interest; I know it would certainly be a WP:SNOW issue to try to remove this page on such a nuanced interpretation of WP:N. Frankly it will be all we can do just to remove those theories which do not (and could not) support their own articles. (And needless to say it will be a constant battle to keep them from working their way back in, but that's the nature of the beast).  S n o w  talk 15:13, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * A conversion to something along the lines of an Subject Index page might be appropriate. -- TRPoD aka The Red Pen of Doom  18:40, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Romans
Under the section on the Romans we have this:

"The Bay of Jars in Brazil has been yielding ancient clay storage jars that resemble Roman amphorae[63] for over 150 years. It has been proposed that the origin of these jars is a Roman wreck, although it has been suggested that they could be 15th or 16th century Spanish olive oil jars."

I thought these jars have been conclusively identified as Roman amphorae by a Dr. Will. Furthermore, WHO suggested that they could be 15th or 16th century Spanish olive oil jars. This statement is made without any citation. Here are some articles on this.

http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1038045/posts

http://mathisencorollary.blogspot.com/2012/02/lowly-amphora-and-ancient-contact.html

The whole approach to this article is to slant the discussion away from any possibility that anyone other than the Norse arrived before Columbus.

The amphorae found off the coast of Brazil would seem to be solid evidence that Romans were in America well over a thousand years before Columbus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:45, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

 * If they are Roman, we still don't know if they got there in Roman vessel that sailed there deliberately, was blown off-course across the Atlantic and was shipwrecked there, possibly with all hands lost, or was brought there as ballast (something that is actually quite possible) by post-Columbus ship. Dougweller (talk) 20:05, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

When you say there these amphorae may have been brought as ballast--"something that is quite possible"--what is your citation for this? The author of the second article I posted points out that there are "thousands of data points" that support pre-Columbian contact, and establishment archaeologists find some way to dismiss them all. Why? And why would explorers 12 hundred years later being using ballast from ancient Roman societies?

http://mathisencorollary.blogspot.com/2011/09/calixtlahuaca-head.html

There's always something. The Roman head must have been put there as a joke, etc, etc... — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:06, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I've let myself get sucked into an arguement that doesn't belong here. We simply base our article on reliable sources which means in most cases for this topic academic. And not stuff like your blogspot. Dougweller (talk) 21:57, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

This is exactly where the argument belongs, because we are talking about the veracity of the claims made here. Dr. Elizabeth Will is an academic archaeologist. She identified the amphorae as Roman from 2000 years ago. She is a reliable source. For political reasons, the government of Brazil shut down further archeological investigation of the site, covering over the finds with silt. This is the same kind of censorship you seem to be advocating.

http://pamle.blogspot.com/2008/06/romans-in-brazil-during-second-third.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:39, 11 March 2015 (UTC)
 * please take your conspiracy theories elsewhere. -- TRPoD aka The Red Pen of Doom  13:46, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

This is not a conspiracy theory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:50, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

But the tone is not Encyclopedic.
Such proposals are often based on wild claims about archaeological finds, cultural comparisons, comments in historical documents, and narrative accounts that seem to be about trans-oceanic voyages. As for the word WILD, which should not be there, it does not occur anywhere in the body of the article. Also "comments in Historical documents" What does that mean, and Narrative accounts that seem..". It is not properly written and needs serious revision just in terms of good prose. --Inayity (talk) 21:19, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

Evidence of trade with East Asia 1000 years ago
See Bronze artefacts and some obsidian which came from Russia ""We're seeing the interactions, indirect as they are, with these so-called 'high civilizations' of China, Korea or Yakutia," a region in Russia, Mason said." Dougweller (talk) 18:55, 18 April 2015 (UTC)

 * I would vote in favor adding this to this article (under "East Asian-Alaska contact" if it can't fit under any pre-existing section). Though it is stated in that Live Science article you cite that the team at the Rising Whale site will be presenting their research at the Canadian Archaeological Association on April 28-May 2 so it might be wise to wait until after that time in which hopefully more details will be revealed. Fuelsaver (talk) 20:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

 * We should wait. I said that earlier about the discovery of tools older than any found before (3.5mya I think). It's too early. Dougweller (talk) 20:55, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

 * The Conference has passed. Does anyone know if Dr. Mason and his team revealed any other findings?

Some theories over Polynesias, brought chicken and potato. Trade links with Yakutia, Polynesia, Korea and China. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/who-discovered-america.html http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/chinese-beat-columbus. http://mysteriousaustralia.com/chinesediscoverers.html htm http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2769708/Map-shows-Marco-Polo-discovered-America-13th-century-200-years-Christopher-Columbus.html http://www.livescience.com/50506-artifacts-reveal-pre-columbus-trade.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:54, 28 June 2015 (UTC)

 * This is as least the 2nd time someone's tried to promote buzzle.com. I'm not sure what it is, looks crowd sourced. In any case, the only source that comes close to meeting WP:RS is the last one. When there's a an official report about the Alaska work and some response we can use it. That there was trade across the Bering Strait seems a certainty. How much, where from, who did the trading, all interesting questions. Doug Weller (talk) 15:45, 28 June 2015 (UTC)

Recent Roman contact claims
First, this isn't a news article and we shouldn't be responding immediately to newspaper stories, which often in any case either get things wrong or give incomplete coverage - their role is to sell papers, not to publish scientific findings, remmber. The sword stuff is just nonsense, there are similar swords available elsewhere, eg on ebay. The Roman shield boss was discovered in 1792 in England. Of all the Oak Island claims, this has less credibility than most and at least at the moment I don't think it belongs. See also and.

The "Ancient Artifact Preservation Society" is just another fringe group, sponsored in part by the Mormon Wayne May. His magazine reflects an LDS perspective also..
 * A bit more on J Hutton Pulitzer, who seems to be the man behind all of this. He's the inventor of the CueCat. Another Colavito post. Here's some of his self-published material on Amazon. He is certainly a good publicist. Doug Weller  talk 10:23, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

Pulitizer is litigious so please be careful. But I can quote him about the sword. At one of his websites he wrote " The sword has an ancient ocean navigational device built into it which causes the sword to point true north. Such magnetic qualities are only found in authentic items of antiquity, not cast iron or manufactured stone replicas." He even linked to our article True north. But of course magnets point to the North Magnetic Pole. Doug Weller talk 11:15, 24 December 2015 (UTC)
 * There is also a reference to a Roman shipwreck. Do we have any information on this? That would be harder to dismiss.Royalcourtier (talk) 23:22, 25 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Mention but no evidence, see. I've seen several websites say there's no known shipwreck near Oak Island but he claims there is. Doug Weller  talk 10:09, 26 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The Oak Island tv program announced the sword wasn't Roman. Doug Weller  talk 17:59, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

South America
Vvven added: Some researchers speculate that certain petroglyphs of South America it relating to symbols of writing at style of the runes, eg Nazca Lines in Perú, in Brazil, Paraguay and Tucuman and Córdoba (Argentina), such vestiges are untranslatable in any native language, but similar to Viking languages, of which deducted a contact between the Scadinavians and local populations. Although such assumptions are not accepted by some other archaeologists.

It has also considered other runes found in North America (eg Kensington runes or Oklahoma runes) it were allegedly made by descendants populations of Scandinavians.

I removed it and Vvven is arguing that the sources are acceptable (except for the website). "Valeriĭ Ivanovich Guli͡aev is from the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is one of the sources that suppor this theory, other one as Mariana Accornero is a author of books specialized towards the artistic manifestations of the Indigenous of the Americas, and the latter Miguel Angel Scenna (1924-1981) was an renowned Argentinian historian "He published many books and articles, among which stand out for its impact. He was a regular contributor to the magazine Everything is History, directed by Felix Luna, where he published many articles. He was considered a moderate member of the revisionist trend.". some even could be more valid resources than other many in the hiphotesis sections in the article-"

 * I'm asking for quotes from these authors to make sure what they actually say. I don't understand what the University of Texas refers to in the reference which says "Valeriĭ Ivanovich Guli͡aev Pre-Columbian travels to the Americas: myths and realities University of Texas. Pub. Abya-Yala, 1992 pages 186 et seq." Hopefully Vvven can explain this. Doug Weller  talk 18:05, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Also, are theses views significant? I can't find any sources mentioning these authors connected with these views. Are there other reliable sources? Articles are meant to present "all of the significant views that have beenpublished by reliable sources on a topic." - done in accordance with WP:NPOV "Neutrality requires that each article or other page in the mainspace fairly represent all significant viewpoints that have been published by reliable sources, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint in the published, reliable sources.[3] Giving due weight and avoiding giving undue weight mean that articles should not give minority views or aspects as much of or as detailed a description as more widely held views or widely supported aspects. Generally, the views of tiny minorities should not be included at all, except perhaps in a "see also" to an article about those specific views. For example, the article on the Earth does not directly mention modern support for the Flat Earth concept, the view of a distinct minority; to do so would give undue weight to it."
 * So how prominent are these views "in the published, reliable sources." Doug Weller  talk 18:44, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

Chinese 'claims' now quite well backed
See recent additions. Elevate to non-'claim' suffixed section title? prat (talk) 18:19, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I can't see why. What is there that's so convincing about Chinese claims to have visited North America? And the Cape Espenberg material is in the wrong place as no one has claimed that this involved the Chinese visiting North America. Doug Weller  talk 18:27, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Thinking more about it, and the lead: " visits to, the discovery of or interaction with the Americas and/or indigenous peoples of the Americas by people from Africa, Asia, Europe, or Oceania", nothing in the Cape Espenberg material seems to say that Asians visited North America, so I'm going to remove it tomorrow unless someone shows I'm wrong. We know there was trade and share culture over the Bering Strait during the last 4000 or so years. See this discussion in the archives. Doug Weller  talk 14:48, 11 June 2016 (UTC)

Ancient Judean Jews
Why is this listed under Europe instead of Middle East? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:27, 22 August 2016 (UTC)


text:
Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi

Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi (nisba of Sirhind in Punjab) was a 15th century Indian Muslim historian who wrote Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi, a Persian language chronicle of the Delhi Sultanate. Written during the reign of Mubarak Shah, his work is an important source of information for the Sayyid dynasty.

Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi
Yahya expected to become a courtier of Mubarak Shah (r. 1421-1434), a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Therefore, he wrote Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi and presented it to the Sultan, hoping to win the royal patronage.

The book begins with the conquests of Muhammad of Ghor (1149-1206), and ends abruptly in 1434. Several earlier royal chroniclers had written texts describing the 13th-15th century history of the Delhi Sultanate. For example, Minhaj-i-Siraj covered the period up to 1259 in his Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Ziauddin Barani covered 1259-1356, and Shams-i Siraj Afif covered 1356-1388. Yahya carried forward this chronology all the way to 1434.

For the events up to 1351, Yahya selectively borrowed from the earlier writers, and arranged the material in a chronological order. For the events after 1351, he relied on personal memory and observations, besides the accounts of some trustworthy narrators. His work is a regional history, generally limited to military and political events. For example, Yahya omitted the economic reforms of Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296-1316).

title: Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi


text:
Volvo EC

Volvo EC (“Volvo Electric Car”) was a concept car, which was built by Volvo sometime in 1977. It was only a two seater, but with good cargo space. It was only 2.68 m in length, and had the top speed of 70 km/h. It never entered production, perhaps because it needed ten hours of charging, for only two hours of driving.

title: Volvo EC


text:
Talk:John Luther

John Luther
I have redirected this page to List of Luther characters because this page was a duplication of what was written there. The page only had two sources. I do think that as the main character of a long running show he should have a Wikipedia article, but the page was not sourced properly. Sahaib3005 (talk) 17:38, 18 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Luther


text:
Macbeth (Sciarrino)

Macbeth: tre atti senza nome is an opera by Salvatore Sciarrino that received its premiere in Frankfurt in 2002 in a production by Achim Freyer. Although the work is based on endless permutation of a few simple recitation-figures, Sciarrino worked on the opera for 25 years.

Recording

 * Otto Katzameier, Macbeth, Anna Radziejewska, Lady Macbeth, Richard Zook, Banquo/Ghost/Attendant, Sonia Turchetta, Soldier/Banquo's Son/Murderer/Messenger, Thomas Mehnert, Duncan/Gentleman/Macduff. Vokalensemble NOVA Klangforum Wien, cond. Evan Christ, Col Legno 2CDs

title: Macbeth (Sciarrino)


text:
Philosophy of History/History's Habits of the Mind

Developed by the National Council for History Education and posted with their permission.

Courses in history, geography, and government should be designed to take students well beyond formal skills of critical thinking, to help them through their own active learning to:

 * Understand the significance of the past to their own lives, both private and public, and to their society.
 * Distinguish between the important and the inconsequential, to develop the discriminating memory needed for a "discerning judgment" in public and personal life.
 * Perceive past events and issues as people experienced them at the time, to develop historical empathy as opposed to present-mindedness.
 * Acquire at the same time a comprehension of diverse cultures and shared humanity.
 * Understand how things happen and how things change, how human intentions matter, but also how their consequences are shared by the means of carrying them out, in a tangle of purpose and process.
 * Comprehend the interplay of change and continuity, and avoid assuming that either is somehow more natural, or more to be expected, than the other.
 * Prepare to live with uncertainties and exasperating, even perilous, unfinished busines, realizing that not all problems have solutions
 * Grasp the complexity of historical causation, respect particularity, and avoid excessively abstract generalizations.
 * Appreciate the often tentative nature of judgments about the past, and thereby avoid the temptation to seize upon particular "lessons" of history as a cure for present ills.
 * Recognize the importance of individuals who have made a difference in history, and the significance of personal character for both good and ill.
 * Appreciate the force of the non-rational, the irrational, and the accidental, in history and human affairs.
 * Understand the relationship between geography and history as a matrix of time and place, and as a context for events.
 * Read widely and critically in order to recognize the difference between fact and conjecture, between evidence and assertion, and thereby frame useful questions.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Natalie La Rose

The result was   keep. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 20:54, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Natalie La Rose

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No evidence of notability. Debut single in January 2015. ErikvanB (talk) 11:43, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Automated comment: This AfD was not correctly transcluded to the log (step 3). I have transcluded it to Articles for deletion/Log/2015 February 9.  —cyberbot I   Talk to my owner :Online 12:07, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: Natalie la Rose may have been about the same topic. ErikvanB (talk) 12:38, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Netherlands-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:15, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:15, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Comment – She isn't a well-established artist yet, but there are some recent non-trivial publications about her in Dutch:  . – Editør (talk) 18:24, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep – Her debut single ("Somebody" featuring Jeremih) was recently released (January 6, 2015). If this wasn't a recent debut, I would vote for delete. She also has news articles in English:   . Also she has charted on the Billboard charts . Abstrakt (talk) 06:34, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 11:34, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep. A charting single and some coverage ; new artist but there's sufficient material to warrant an article.  Gongshow   talk  15:33, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep meets WP:MUSICBIO Snuggums (talk / edits) 04:19, 18 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Reaktor/Tutorials

Basics

 * Terminology
 * Modules, Macros, Instruments, Ensembles

Tutorials

 * Reaktor as effects processor
 * matsc:s basic Reaktor tutorial- Many tutorials here
 * Where are the values?
 * Variable Slope - how to create an envelope with a variable slope (a curve).
 * Applied algebra for Reaktor users
 * Use of IC Send module with any sequencer
 * Converting Gate to Edge
 * Rounding a number
 * Implementing Aftertouch
 * Creating a Hold button
 * Implementing Pitchbend
 * Clavia Nord Lead - Building Tutorial
 * Reaktor Diary - A blog about instrument building

Clocks and sequencing

 * Basic Clock Demo
 * Event Table Tutorial

Best tips from user forum

 * Scaling values (or click here for a better explanation on this wiki)
 * How to elliminate DC offset?
 * Importing Akai Mixed-Mode CDs
 * How to stop LFO at its highest value?
 * How to record sequenced track in Cubase to audio?
 * After making a copy of a table, both tables change value when one is edited
 * Discussion about event processing
 * Saturation issues (this link doesn't actually offer a solution!)
 * Fine-tuning of knob values

Requests

 * Please submit requests for tutorials here

title: Reaktor/Tutorials


text:
User:DanielaVincenti/sandbox

Daniela Vincenti is editor-in-chief at EurActiv.com. She joined EurActiv in 2008 as parliamentary editor, leading the coverage of the European elections and managing 33 professionals across Europe. She worked as a journalist for more than 20 years in Italy, the United States and Germany, where she was the financial correspondent for Italian daily Il Messaggero. Upon her arrival in Brussels in 2002, she developed the communication activities of the Platform of European social NGOs (Social Platform) and in 2007 joined Paris-based think-tank Notre Europe to promote the first pan-European deliberative poll (Tomorrow’s Europe). She was educated at the Sorbonne in Paris and Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism in New York.

title: User:DanielaVincenti/sandbox


text:
Talk:Duarte Freitas

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Duarte Freitas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:07, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duarte Freitas


text:
Talk:Conan (2004 video game)

Editing
Minorish wikification. Perhaps someone who's played the game/loves Conan can do more.

--Morda Statca 21:49, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Stop posting it on the Gamecube, PS2 and Xbox
The game is on the Xbox360 and PS3.

See http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/conan/index.html?q=Conan

Conan Mix-up
This page needs to be edited to distinguish the game it was originally discussing - the 2004 Cauldron/TDK Mediactive action/adventure "Conan: The Dark Axe" for PS2, Gamecube, Xbox, and PC - from the upcoming (2008) Nihilistic/THQ action/adventure "Conan" for the Xbox 360 and PS3.

OC <IP_ADDRESS> 05:02, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conan (2004 video game)


text:
Learning fun

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project for Learning Fun. At Wikiversity we make a fun and productive learning environment that supports the learning goals of Wikiversity participants. Learning should be fun at Wikiversity.

Reading

 * make learning fun by Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser.
 * Learning can and should be fun! by B. S. Miller.

Watching

 * Stuart Brown: play is more than fun

Discussion
Wikiversity depends on volunteer editors. Should editing be fun and educational?

Related pages

 * School of Free Learning
 * Music and learning
 * Mascot contest

title: Learning fun


text:
mixa

Verb

 * 1) to mix

Verb

 * 1) to mix (ingredients)
 * 2) to blend (in a blender )
 * 3)  to mix (in) (combine (into))
 * 4) to mix (audio tracks or the like)
 * 1)  to mix (in) (combine (into))
 * 2) to mix (audio tracks or the like)
 * 1) to mix (audio tracks or the like)

title: mixa


text:
Talk:Dudley Riggs

"moved to Minneapolis"?

 * Dudley Riggs (born 1932) is a noted improvisational comedian who created the Instant Theater Company, which later moved to Minneapolis to become the Brave New Workshop (BNW) comedy troupe.

It seems a bit odd to begin the article with a sentence like the one above without saying where the company moved from. Michael Hardy (talk) 15:00, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, that other article says it was New York. I've edited this one accordingly. Michael Hardy (talk) 15:04, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dudley Riggs


text:
quarter of

Noun

 * 1)  ; fifteen minutes before a certain hour.
 * "It's 2:30 now; let's meet in 15 minutes." "Okay, see you at quarter of."

title: quarter of


text:
Talk:Earl Hilliard Sr.

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment Drive

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 23:31, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Deleted text
I've deleted a chunk of unsourced text. I'm stashing it here, to be re-added when it's sourced.

Hilliard was elected to the House of Representatives in 1992 after the state legislature created Alabama's first black-majority Congressional district, connecting black areas in Birmingham, Montgomery, Selma and the Black Belt, as a condition of the Voting Rights Act. In 1997, Hilliard traveled to Libya despite U.S. sanctions against Libya at the time. He also had sympathies for Palestinians and was critical of Isreal.

Hilliard faced his first serious re-election challenge from Artur Davis in the 2000 primary election, but prevailed. He faced Davis again in 2002 in a district that had been changed significantly by redistricting, adding many white voters in Birmingham and losing its mostly black portion of Montgomery. The campaign in 2002 was focused on race and the Middle East. Hilliard's surrogates claimed that all Davis did for African Americans as a federal prosecutor was "put them in jail". In 2001 Hilliard voted against a bill funding increases in military support to Israel and opposing criminalization of Palestinian politicians. Hilliard won the first primary, but he didn't win a majority, so he faced Davis in a run-off election. Davis won the run-off with 54% of the vote.

David in DC (talk) 01:34, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Link to video by American Free Press
I just wanted to point out that the video linked to as containing an interview with Hilliard was produced by American Free Press, which has a troubling record of promoting Holocaust denial and racism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:28, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl Hilliard Sr.


text:
Checking open proxies

This advanced lecture in the School of Computer Science covers many methods used to determine whether a host is an open proxy. It assumes extensive understanding of networking, TCP and UDP communications, IPv4 address allocation, proxy servers, and UNIX.

Overview
Open proxies have in recent years evolved as an excellent means by which to circumvent oppressive internet censorship, protect online privacy and anonymity, and ensure safety and security on the web; however, they have also become a useful tool for script kiddies and others with malicious intent. For this reason, many organizations and individuals have chosen to prohibit or restrict access to their servers from open proxies, yet the enforcement of these restrictions does not come easily, requiring a skilled team of open proxy checkers, such as those of the Wikimedia Wikiproject on open proxies, to verify which hosts are open proxies, and which are not. This lesson seeks to educate you in the skills necessary to master the art of open proxy checking, such that you too can become an "open proxy checker."

The basics
The methodology used by open proxy checkers is similar to that used by a detective investigating a crime. This is of course not to say that the users of open proxies are criminals, but rather to draw a helpful parallel in investigative strategies.

With this analogy in mind, let's define the first principle of open proxy checking as "presume innocence until guilt is proven"--that is, always assume that a host is not an open proxy until you can prove otherwise. Following this principle, we see that it is impossible to prove that a given host is not an open proxy; the only way to support a claim that a host is not an open proxy is that there is inconclusive evidence to support the opposite claim.

And what amount of evidence is then conclusive? Your job as an open proxy checker is not to prove that you could connect through a proxy, but rather that it is reasonable to expect that unauthorized persons can connect through and use the host as a proxy. This breaks down into the following burden of proof: You must prove that the host is currently running a web proxy and that one of the following conditions is additionally met:
 * 1) The proxy allows access to anyone.
 * 2) The proxy does not allow access to anyone, but uses a weak form of authentication that is easily bypassed.
 * 3) The proxy restricts access, but the details for authenticating to gain access to the proxy are publicly available.
 * 4) The host has been hijacked so as to allow unauthorized access to the proxy to one or more persons.

It is also important to keep in mind the second principle of proxy checking: "Once a proxy, not always a proxy." Just because you were able to prove the above yesterday, it doesn't mean that you will be able to prove it today. Proxies very rarely remain enabled or behind the same IP address for more than a few years, and the owners of hosts often disable or secure proxies once they become aware of the problem. As such, if your declaration of a host as an open proxy comes into question at a later time, you must again presume that the host is no longer an open proxy and seek to prove the opposite--you cannot argue that a host is an open proxy on the basis of previously collected evidence.

The process of reaching a conclusion about an open proxy consists of three basic steps:
 * 1) Determining if there is probable cause to suspect that a host may be an open proxy.
 * 2) Investigating the host in depth and collecting evidence to support you suspicion.
 * 3) Determining if the evidence collected conclusively supports your claim that the host is an open proxy.

Probable cause
As with any investigative work, it's necessary to have probable cause to suspect that a host is an open proxy before investing the time needed to perform an in-depth analysis. Naturally, there is no legal obligation or otherwise for this; it's just simple common sense. There are 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses out there (and as many as 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 IPv6 addresses), and absolutely no one has the time to check them all. As such, we choose to discriminate between hosts that are more and less likely to be open proxies on the basis of several rather superficial behavioral observations.

The following are some (but not all!) common characteristics of an open proxy:
 * Large amounts of traffic from a single IP address, especially if this traffic occurs at all hours of the day and especially if the IP address is consistently accessing the same file(s).
 * Inconsistent traffic from a single IP address or anything indicating that the IP may have been used by multiple unique individuals.
 * Similar traffic coming from multiple unique IP addresses, indicating that the same individual is using more than one IP. For example, if 12 completely unique IP addresses log in to the same account, you can pretty safely guess that at least some of the IPs being used are open proxies.
 * As a general rule of thumb, IP addresses are considered "unique" in this context if a whois report indicates that they originate from different parts of the world. In particular, IP addresses serviced by the same ISP, especially if they differ by fewer than 16 low-order bits, should not be considered unique.
 * Indicators of a poorly configured proxy, such as unneeded escape characters (typically backslashes, and commonly before characters such as quotation marks) being submitted in forms.
 * Multiple, recent red-listings on a completewhois report.

None of these criteria constitute conclusive evidence that a host is an open proxy, nor must an open proxy have any of these characteristics; however, they are useful guidelines to assist you in determining the likelihood of a host being an open proxy.

title: Checking open proxies


text:
Talk:Charles Pitman (game warden)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Charles Pitman (game warden). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:45, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Pitman (game warden)


text:
Tanzania Media Service Act, 2016

The Government of United Republic of Tanzania has enacted four Acts concerning with the control of freedom and regulation of media in the country. These are The Cybercrimes Act, 2015, The Statistics Act, 2015, The Media Services Act, 2016, and The Access to Information Act, 2015. The Government of the Republic of Tanzania on one side claims that the four Acts were highly needed to facilitate access to information and control the media sector. Political analysts, activists and normal people on the other side criticized that the Acts will pessimistically affect the freedom of media and eventually the freedom of speech of citizens. The Acts give the Minister responsible for information the power to ban any media which may seems to report, publish, print or broadcast information contrary to the code of conducts or threaten peace in the state.

Brief history
The Media Services Act, 2016, was enacted in 2016 by the parliament of the united republic of Tanzania on 5 November 2016 and signed by President John Pombe Magufuli just two weeks later. The Act replaced the then restrictive Newspaper Act of 1976. The Expectation to many people was that, the Act would to become an updated media law that will obey to international conventions like United Nation Declaration of Human rights (UNDHR), East African Community Treaty and others on citizen liberty to access information but unexpectedly the Acts seems to many as depriving of civil constitutional rights like freedom of expression and freedom of getting information.

Reaction from press
The Media Council of Tanzania (MCT), Legal and Human Right Centre (LHRC), and Tanzania Human Rights Defenders Coalition HRDC) on 11 January 2017 filed a petition at the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) to challenge the newly passed Media Service Act, 2016. The team of lawyers from MCT, LHRC and THRDC are challenging sections of the Media Services Act, 2016 which appeared to deprive the civil liberties to access and getting information. According to the constitution of Tanzania Article 18 (a), (b), (c) and (d) Some deprived constitutional civil rights by the Media service Acts are;
 * Freedom of opinion and expression ideas
 * Right to seek, receive and, or disseminate information regardless of national boundaries;
 * Freedom to communicate and a freedom with protection from interference
 * Right to be informed at all times of various important events of life and activities of the people and also of issues of importance to the society

East African Court of Justice decision

March 2019 delivered the judgement and ruled that some of the provisions of sections 7(3) (a), (b), (c), (f), (g), (h), (i) and (j) and section 19, 20, 21, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 52, 53, 54, 58 and 59 of the Media Services Act are in violation of the Articles 6(d), 7(2) and 8(1) of the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community..

title: Tanzania Media Service Act, 2016


text:
User:Ecotype

Hello there, My real name is Kevin. I am 22 years old and I am studying to be an ecologist. I am very interested in photosynthetic pathways and enjoy fishing and hiking very much. I am an avid book collector/reader. I am very fond of wikiversity and their dream of a worldwide revolution. May God bless it and fulfill the dream. Godspeed.

title: User:Ecotype


text:
User:Critluv4

All about me

I would like to introduce myself. My name is Emily Koenig and I am 13 years old. I am a reporter for The Adventurer magazine. It is a magazine writen by kids for the whole family. I am in drama at school. Since I am so young, I will consider critisism as a complement in rough form. Inn other words, I want your input. My first two articles are up for deletion, so please tell me what you want to read. Basicly, tell me what you are interested in.

title: User:Critluv4


text:
Ophthalmic veins

Ophthalmic veins are veins which drain the eye.

More specifically, they can refer to:
 * Superior ophthalmic vein
 * Inferior ophthalmic vein

title: Ophthalmic veins