text:
Talk:2006 United States Senate election in Washington

Primary results
Just to save time and hourly updates, how about leaving the current primary results (it's only likely to fluctuate by a percentage or two) until the election is certified or at least keep the updating to once a day until then. --Bobblehead 17:12, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Just saw this after updating... it said there are now 100% reporting, but not certified yet. Sounds fine to me.Emcee 17:24, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Your edit was the one that jiggled my memory. I was getting ready to make the updates myself earlier and then changed my mind about halfway through when I realized the numbers were changing as I was updating. As for the 100% reporting, that's just the precincts and is only the in person voters, so the tallies do not necessarily include the absentee ballots. --Bobblehead 17:52, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Hiring of rivals
Is three paragraphs really necessary for something that isn't even a campaign issue? At least, not yet. --Bobblehead 21:25, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It seems to be a campaign issue. It definitely was for the LaMagna/Wilson hires, and Tran solicitation, and I'm pretty sure you will see more to come with the Dixon allegations.  The Seattle media does not like being stonewalled. Emcee 21:51, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Are you part of the "Seattle media [that] does not like being stonewalled"? It seems that you are unable to demonstrate that this is a big issue.  It is interesting that you claim "I'm pretty sure you will see more to come with the Dixon allegations".  How do you know this?  Are you hoping to use this article as a platform to spread this information? --Nottingham 22:16, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I would suggest focusing less on me and more on content. Wikipedia, and any encyclopedia, is method of supplying information to people, yes.  I'm hoping to use this article to provide accurate and relevant information to people who are interested in the Washington United States Senate election of 2006, as I assume most editors of the article are.  My opinions on whether or not this particular allegation will see further coverage is based on my familiarity with the race and the media outlets that have been doing a lot of coverage on it.  I have been reading a lot and following it closely.  That's another reason why I'm contributing to this article, because I think that I have a good understanding of the race and the candidates and can be useful in improving the article.  Emcee 00:43, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You made claims: " . . . I'm pretty sure you will see more to come with the Dixon allegations. The Seattle media does not like being stonewalled." Now you seem upset when you are challenged on these claims.  It appears that you represent yourself as speaking on behalf of the Seattle media.  I have suggested many times to you that you should actually focus on the content and being accurate instead of making unsupportable claims, and of making claims that actually prove to be incorrect when someone actually reads the material wrongly cited as supporting the claim.  --Nottingham 00:51, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, meant major campaign issue.;) It hasn't had any effect on the election so far (similar to McGavick's DUI arrest and Cantwell's Iraq stance). It has more space in the article than some of the major campaign issues which seems inordinate given the minimal impact it has had on the campaign so far. --Bobblehead 02:16, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * How are you measuring whether or not it has had an effect? And why would you add the McGavick section if you think it isn't an issue?  It's news on the election -- there has been nationwide coverage of the previous buy-out offers, btw -- and as long as it's cited, no reason not to include.  We don't have to include every detail, but we do want to give a true summary and impression of what actually took place. Emcee 04:12, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * "there has been nationwide coverage" is a false statement. As you edited that section, it is disappointing that you apparently knowlingly made or edited a false claim.  Nationwide, as per Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1), Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006., means "extending throughout the nation".  There is a citation to a commentary in one newspaper from Washington, DC.  That is not "extending throughout the nation".  If there were "nationwide" coverage of these "buy-out offers" then presumably you would be able to reference coverage from several other states, such as Texas, Florida, California, New York, Wisconsin, and Vermont, to name some examples. --Nottingham 22:09, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not necessary that I provide a citation for every sentence that I write on the talk page, but here's another from New York. As I mentioned above, I've done a lot of reading on the subject and can say with confidence that the buy-outs have been a significant part of the media coverage of the race.  Emcee 00:43, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I have told you many times, that it would be constructive for you to quote facts instead of using your opinions. Obviously, it would also be constructive for you to stop using Wikipedia for your personal agenda as well, which you do by using it to promote your opinions instead of NPOV listings of facts.  The NYT article you cite has a brief reference to the accusations of Cantwell hiring opponents buried in the 19th and 20th paragraphs.  As for your remark "I've done a lot of reading on the subject and can say with confidence" I do not understand why you insist on making yourself and your opinions the issue.  You should leave your personal biases and agendas aside and focus strictly on facts.  --Nottingham 01:02, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Cantwell and 44 LD endorsements
I meant to leave a note here when I made the update, but was rather harried and forgot. Anyways, Hope it's alright that I left just a sampling of the endoresments for Cantwell in the Dem Primary. I couldn't find a centralized source that listed the endorsements for all the LDs and while I did find links to most, if not all, of the LDs, I figured 44 separate links would be a bit much. --Bobblehead 16:58, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

I actually think it's inaccurate -- some LD's end up not issuing endorsements at all, so just because Tran didn't get a particular LD doesn't mean Cantwell did. I would prefer to see a source that cites that she received 44 endorsements; in absence, you could cite them individually here, so they're not cluttering up the main page. Thanks for asking about it, I had meant to mention this. Emcee 17:26, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Bobblehead -- I don't comprehend the last edit summary you made -- can you elaborate here? The "Several edits. the Cantwell's endorsements were mentioned several times." Anyhow, until the exact number of Cantwell endorsements is known, and since we know the exact number of the Tran endorsements, it just seems to make more sense to say something along the lines of: "Hong Tran got one sole endorsement and three split endorsements with Cantwell, while Cantwell got the sole endorsement in many of the other 45 districts." I guess the argument is that Cantwell deserves to be noted in the first half of the sentence because she got more? I think that is a bit extreme, and that syntax/readability should take precedence as long as the same information is conveyed accurately. Note the current sentence, "While some of Washington's legislative districts did not give endorsements for the primary election, Cantwell received the sole endorsement of many legislative districts in the state, http://www.34dems.org/endorsements.htm][17][18], while Hong Tran won the sole endorsement of one district, Cantwell's home district, the 32nd Legislative District, and split endorsements with Cantwell in the 40th, 25th, and 26th Legislative Districts." Emcee 16:47, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Feel free to edit as you see fit for grammar and what not. It seemed appropriate to have the endorsements mentioned in one sentence as they were all related, but it does create a rather long run-on sentence. The edit summary was in reference to Nottingham re-adding that Cantwell received 44 endorsements while leaving the original sentence that I added and you edited, having it referenced twice was just redundant. Made sense to have Cantwell first since she received more of the endorsements. Although, for readability, it probably should have gone Cantwell, joint, Tran. Just so the detail of Tran's solo endorsement is more closely associated with the "she won the endoresment" line. --Bobblehead 17:05, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

LD Endorsements
Well, here's the start of 'em. ;) Running low on time right now, so I'll add more as I find 'em.
 * Anyone know how King County Democrats works? In strolling through the page and the links there to the LDs, many of the LDs only have a primary endorsement announcement for the Judicial races and a link to a page of Candidates (which usually means these are the ones we endorse). Except for the 32nd (which has Tran as their sole endorsement) the rest seem to be deferring to the KCD endorsements.--Bobblehead 17:05, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

They each have their own endorsement meetings. kcdems looks like just a parent webpage of sorts for the LDs in the district. The 43d and 48th (both in KC) each showed their primary endorsement meetings. I don't see specific endorsements evenon this page for the whole of KC (KC young dems is a different thing, not an LD).Emcee 17:42, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Note the Clark County "candidates" page is not the "endorsements" page. I.e., it just lists the remaining democratic candidates for office in 2006 that the Clark County democrats will be able to vote for -- sort of a list of links and info to inform voters about the potential choices (imagine that!) It appears they only endorse ballot measures and non-partisan positions, not primary endorsements. That covers LD 15, 17, 18, and 49.

Thanks for the link too the KC endorsements. I think you would have to list that separately, since it is not an LD endorsement though -- clearly the individual LDs had their own endorsement meetings. Emcee 19:32, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like what's below is all I'm going to be able to confirm without further digging. Most of the remaining don't have a website, haven't updated it in awhile, or have already updated their pages with General election endorsements and didn't keep their primary endorsements. Darn them. ;) --Bobblehead 19:40, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

This comment from 25th District Vice Chairman Jim Morrell of Tacoma in regards to his district's shared endorsement of Cantwell and Tran is highly relevant: "[I]t wasn't a slap against Cantwell, but also it was kind of a feel-good vote, in that at least (people thought) 'I've said something about what's going on in Iraq' and stuff. It wasn't even about 'we shouldn't be there' but rather about how (the war) has been handled." http://seattlepi.com/local/285379_theothers16.html There seem to be no public quotes from the LD's supporting Tran. However, there is this quote from Morrell indicating that at least one shared endorsement of Tran was, at least to a District Vice Chairman, a protest against the war in Iraq, not support for Tran specifically. The Morrell quote should be in any section about LD Endorsements. --Nottingham 19:58, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The quote is acceptable for inclusion in the article. I'd personally prefer a trimmed down version of it. Something along the lines of "The 25th LD Vice Chairman stated the shared endoresement vote "wasn't a slap against Cantwell, but also it was kind of a feel-good vote" and it was about how the war was handled rather than troop withdrawls." But that's my opinion, so take it or leave it as you deem fit.;) --Bobblehead 21:22, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

The Legislative Districts themselves are not even democratic. One has to pay $20 to become a voting member eligible to elect the leadership of the Legislative District. Consequently, it is not clear what, if any, relevance a Legislative District endorsement has. From a Progressive or Civil Rights point of view, the Legislative District endorsement process would appear to be highly undemocratic. This would apply regardless of who was endorsed. Regardless, this is all largely irrelevant, since it appears that these are not issues driving the election. --Nottingham 19:58, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * (edit conflict)The press made a deal about the LD endorsements, thus the article does. The undemocratic nature of LDs is beside the point.--Bobblehead 21:22, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

"Endorsements Chair, Harry George, told me that Hong Tran presented herself and her stands on the issues well and stood up well to the questioning of the members in receiveing a pretty solid majority vote for her endorsement. Senator Cantwell, on the other hand, did herself no great favor by sending out surrogates who had no real defense of her votes for the Patriot Act, NAFTA/CAFTA/OFTA, and (of course) Iraq. Harry was quick to point out that the debate last night was quite diverse and that Iraq only played a small part in the voting." As for the Morrell quote, it doesn't really add much -- we already know that Tran was campaigning largely on the war. Furthermore, if it wasn't a "slap against Cantwell" and was a "feel-good vote", in my mind, that means they're voting their conscience -- voting for a candidate that they might actually want, rather than against the candidate they they will eventually have to choose over the Republican.

LD endorsements generally decide who the active volunteers and Democratic PCOs in each LD will support and campaign for, through phone calls and doorbelling, etc. Politial parties are allowed to set their own terms of membership and exclusion. I would agree that it's not particularly Democratic (so said Hong Tran as well), but it's the reality of the current political system and relevant to the election.

You also mentioned previously that the LDs were notoriously unrepresentative of voter opinion. In Tran's case, she got 1 full plus 3 half endorsements = 2.5 LD endorsements out of 49 = 5.1% of the LD endorsments. Which is almost exactly what she ended up with in the primary election. Emcee 21:06, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You're stretching a bit for the comparison of the percentage of LD endorsements versus actual primary results. Especially when you're comparing a limited local vote against that of a state result. A better comparison would be of the vote total for Tran in the LD vs the vote percentage she got in the endorsement meeting. Sometimes a coincidence is just a coincidence. I didn't see any of the other Candidates winning any LD endoresments, yet there they are with around .6-2% of the vote. --Bobblehead 21:28, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Might be a coincidence, might not, but in any case, it's pretty darn close to the actual voter percentage she got -- you can't say the LD endorsement results in her case were notoriously unrepresentative.  As for the other candidates, only Mover and Goodspaceguy got enough popular votes to correspond to even half of an LD's endorsement, but I don't think it's a big surprise that none of the democratic party faithful who are active enough to go be involved at their LDs viewed them as candidates to be taken seriously.Emcee 20:45, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

has been deprecated in HTML5, so we shouldn't be using it (and certainly not adding it) anymore anyway.
 * Could I persuade you to self-revert your last reversion? I'd appreciate it. — JohnFromPinckney (talk / edits) 00:31, 26 June 2021 (UTC)


text:
User:Karleemma/sandbox

The Secchi disk (or Secchi disc), was created in 1865 by Angelo Secchi, is a plain white, circular disk 30 cm in diameter. It used to measure water transparency or turbidity in bodies of water. The disc is mounted on a pole or line, and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure of the transparency of the water. This measure is known as the Secchi depth and is related to water turbidity. Since its invention, the disk has also been used in a modified, smaller 20 cm diameter, black and white design to measure freshwater transparency.

History
The Secchi disk is the oldest "optical instrument" used to measure water transparency of lakes and oceans. Using visual observations to determine transparency of water first arose when Captain Bérard saw a white dish at the bottom of 40 meters on his ship passage from Wallis Island to the Mulgraves. Following this incident, in 1865 Commander Cialdi had read Bérard's account of his observation in his writings and this inspired him to make the first renditions of the Secchi disk to study the transparency of the sea, visibility at the bottom, and wave movement. These disks were made several times by Cialdi, each with different diameters and colors in order to repeat the observation Bérard had made. Cialdi took these studies to Angelo Secchi, and together they created a scientific program aboard the SS L'Immacolata Concezione. What resulted from these experiments was a report written by both Cialdi and Angelo Secchi, and within were Secchi's experiments that explained how size and color of the disk, surface refraction of the sun, cloud cover, and color of the water all affected the depth of visibility. Secchi's work would go on to establish the fundamental experimental procedure for studying water transparency with the Secchi disk The original Secchi disk was a plain white disk and was used in the Mediterranean Sea. Today, a plain white, 30 cm diameter Secchi disk remains the standard design used in marine studies. In 1899 George C. Whipple modified the original all-white Secchi disk to "...a disc about 8 inches in diameter, divided into quadrants painted alternately black and white like the target of a level-rod...". This modified black-and-white Secchi disk is the standard disk now used in limnology (freshwater) investigations.

Secchi depth
The Secchi depth is reached when the reflectance equals the intensity of light backscattered from the water. This depth in meters divided into 1.7 yields an attenuation coefficient (also called an extinction coefficient), for the available light averaged over the Secchi disk depth. While used as a variable, the extinction coefficient is also used as a variable for turbidity. The light attenuation coefficient, k, can then be used in a form of the Beer–Lambert law, to estimate Iz, the intensity of light at depth z from I0, the intensity of light just below the water surface.

 * $${I_z \over I_0}= e^{-kz}$$

The Secchi disk readings do not provide an exact measure of transparency, as there can be errors because of the sun's glare on the water, or one person may see the disk at one depth, but another person with better eyesight may see it at a greater depth. However, it is an inexpensive and straightforward method of measuring water clarity. Because of the potential for variation between users, methods should be standardized as much as possible.

A Secchi disk measurement should always be taken off the shady side of a boat or dock between 9:00 and 15:00. The period for best results is between 10:00 and 14:00. The same observer should take Secchi depth measurements in the same manner every time. One can approach the measurement by lowering the disk beyond a point of disappearance, then raising it and lowering it slightly to set the Secchi depth. Another method is to record the depth at which the disk disappears, lower another few feet, then record the depth at which the disk reappears as it is slowly brought up. The Secchi depth is taken as the average of the two values.

Water transparency is affected by several substances in water that attenuate the light. These are water molecules, particles, and dissolved substances which all absorb and scatter light. Even in pure, clear water light declines exponentially with depth due to the water molecules. Particles in water, such as phytoplankton and silt, are called total suspended solids (TSS) and they cause turbidity. Dissolved organic substances, also known as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), color the water much like a tea bag would in a cup of water. These substances influence the color of water bodies, causing the Secchi depths to range from 1cm to 40m in different lakes. The light attenuation coefficient, k, is the equivalent of summarizing kw, light attenuation due to water molecules, kp, light attenuation due to suspended particles, and kc, light attenuation due to color dissolved substances.

k = kw + kp + kc

Secchi disk measurements have been an integral component of Minnesota's and Wisconsin's lake water quality assessment programs for some time; lake residents make periodic measurements and submit their readings to state and local agencies. The aggregated longitudinal data are used to reveal general trends in water quality. Similarly, the Indiana Clean Lakes Program trains and relies on volunteers to monitor turbidity in over 80 Indiana lakes using Secchi disks, and uses data submitted by volunteers to monitor lake quality in the state. Another program is the Citizen Lake Awareness and Monitoring (CLAM), which is sponsored by the Water Management Association of Ohio, and it provides an opportunity for Ohio citizens to an active role in watershed management, stream water quality, and aquatic ecology. Each of these programs spread awareness of the importance of our water ecosystems' quality and quantity.

In 2013, a team of marine scientists established the global citizen science Secchi Disk program for seafarers to study the marine phytoplankton. This ongoing citizen science Secchi Disk study combines the traditional plain white, 30 cm diameter marine Secchi Disk with mobile technology to upload Secchi depth data collected from the sea to a central database. The study's first scientific results were published in 2017. The Secchi Disk study was started in response to a controversial scientific report that suggested the phytoplankton that influence water transparency had declined by 40% in the oceans between the years 1950 and 2008.

Secchi disk measurements do not indicate how attenuation changes with depth or particular wavelengths of light. Submarine photometers can operate at depths of 150 m and can record visible, ultraviolet and infrared parts of the spectrum. Turbidimeters have their own light source and can measure transparency with scientific accuracy.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Karleemma/sandbox


text:
User:Destrogal

Works

 * Wikibooks
 * Introduction to Philosophy
 * Wikiversity
 * School of Philosophy
 * The History of Philosophy: The Ancient Greeks

title: User:Destrogal


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Siege of Constantinople (717–18)

 * The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page.  No further edits should be made to this discussion.

 * Promoted. HJ Mitchell  |  Penny for your thoughts?  12:49, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Siege of Constantinople (717–718)

 * Nominator(s): Constantine  ✍

One of the most important conflicts in world history. I recently rewrote the article from scratch, using every major source I could locate, including translated and annotated versions of the main primary accounts. The article passed GA without major problems a couple of weeks ago, and over the past few days I made further additions as a couple of sources I didn't have access to became available. I am confident that the article is as comprehensive as it can get, and would like eventually to push it to FA level. I'd greatly appreciate any criticism and help in improving it further and making it accessible to the average reader. Constantine  ✍  14:30, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Images:

 * File:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg and File:47-manasses-chronicle.jpg lack a US licence tag (You must also include a United States public domain tag...). The solution is a PD-old-100 tag (although PD-1923 would also suffice). The former also lacks a PD-art tag, exemplified by the latter.
 * File:Terbelliou.jpg, the source work for one of your images, is rather dubious. Firstly it needs to distinguish between the underlying work and the photograph, and second there's no mention of where this seal actually comes from and, well, in the absence of evidence to the contrary common sense says there's a good chance the image was taken from somewhere else.
 * (Also in a general comment I think paragraph breaks would help the flow of the lead).
 * Grandiose (me, talk, contribs) 19:03, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I've fixed the tags on the first two images, and rewritten the lede somewhat. I am going to check on the source for Tervel's seal, and if I don't find anything, I'll remove it. Constantine  ✍  15:55, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I've removed Tervel's seal as a possible copyright violation and nominated it for deletion at Commons. Images should be OK now. Constantine  ✍  11:44, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Support Suggestions:
 * "The siege is also credited with having halted Muslim advance into Europe" --> "The siege is also credited with having halted Muslim advances into Europe" or --> "The siege is also credited with having halted the Muslim advance into Europe" (emphasis add only to highlight suggested changes);
 * in the lead, overlink of "Asia Minor";
 * repetition: "The result, however, was a series of Arab victories that resulted" --> "The result, however, was a series of Arab victories that led to";
 * in the Background, overlinke of "Justinian II";
 * elsewhere, possible overlink of "jihad" and "Galata";
 * "Arab sourced claim that altogether 150,000 Muslims perished during the campaign" --> "Arab sources claim..."?
 * inconsistent presentation: endash here: "through – the Armeniac and Anatolic themes, whose governors he still believed to be his allies" but emdashes here: "—30,000 out of the original 80,000 that set out for Constantinople—departed for";
 * repetition: "Among the Arabs, the 717–718 siege became the most famous among the expeditions against Byzantium" ("among" is the issue here);
 * "The Arab failure was chiefly due to logistical reasons, operating too far from their bases in Syria" --> "The Arab failure was chiefly due to logistical reasons, as they were' operating too far from their bases in Syria";
 * caption: "The Second Arab siege of Constantinople" --> "The Second Arab Siege of Constantinople" (if the event is a proper noun), or "The second Arab siege of Constantinople" (if the event is not a proper noun);
 * in the References, are there places of publication for: El-Cheikh, Haldon, Hasluck, Hawting;
 * in the References, the cite book template has an "|edition=" parameter that you could use for the Hawting entry;
 * in the References, "New York, New York" --> "New York City, New York". Regards, AustralianRupert (talk) 08:16, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the suggestions, they've been implemented. Sharp eyes you've got! Constantine  ✍  11:45, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

Comments. As always, feel free to revert my copyediting. Please check the edit summaries. - Dank (push to talk)
 * "heavy winter": hard winter, as in cold?
 * "decimate": Avoid this word, because it has two common but contradictory meanings: to reduce by a tenth, or to obliterate. Per M-W: "to cause great destruction or harm to " - Dank (push to talk) 11:10, 1 August 2012 (UTC)
 * "In early 716, they continued their advance into central Asia Minor, the Umayyad fleet under Umar ibn Hubaira set sail and cruised along the Cilician coast, while Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik awaited developments with the main army in Syria.": How are the 3 clauses connected? - Dank (push to talk) 02:52, 2 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm making a lot of wording tweaks; please check these.
 * "a certain Sufyan": I went with "a general named Sufyan"; if you don't know if he was a general, "commander" would work. Search for "a certain" and replace by "a commander named", "an Egyptian named", "a man named", or whatever you happen to know.
 * Done. - Dank (push to talk) 00:40, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Hello Dank, thanks for the edits! I've checked them, and they were mostly OK. I also implemented your suggestions. Once again, thanks for your work! Constantine  ✍  06:57, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Support on prose per standard disclaimer. These are my edits. (Edits may take several days to show up on that page.) Two tweaks to your edits, one per WP:SLASH. - Dank (push to talk) 15:06, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Support:
 * Looks good. One (very) minor point below.
 * The image captions have full-stops; I think the MOS would have them without, unless they're complete sentences. Hchc2009 (talk) 08:29, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Quite right, I've removed them. Constantine  ✍  14:16, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.


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Talk:Linguistics/Phonetics

IPA Table
Instead of going through the trouble of making an IPA table, isn't it just easier to link to here? - Ingolemo 22:08, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Possibly, though that doesn't use the right symbols. Alternatively, we could just use the graphic from wikipedia. The advantage of having an IPA with the correct symbols is that it will be useful for quickly copying and pasting when we need to use those symbols elsewhere... Frankie Roberto 16:48, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * What do you mean not the right symbols? They're exactly the same as the ones here. Anyway, if it's so bad then just edit it. - Ingolemo 15:51, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It's a different table completely. Compare with IPA chart - the symbols in that table have been built using diacratic marks. I could just edit it, but there's not much point now that I've created the HTML table. See IPA symbols in Unicode Frankie Roberto

 * It uses diacritics only for those parts of the table that do not have their own symbol. It is more comprehensive than the regular IPA charts that one sees on the web, because it fills in the blank spaces for you.

 * I don't suppose there's much point now, since you've already done most of the work. Oh, and rest assured, my computer can display IPA characters fine. - Ingolemo 21:29, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I would like a way of shading in some of the boxes though. I've put in class="impossible" tags, but there's no way I can find of doing custom CSS.

 * I've edited the table so that it uses inline CSS; not the best solution, but the only implementable one. Is it okay? - Ingolemo 23:21, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I took the liberty of filling in the symbols that hadn't been entered with their Unicode symbols. I know it's not a perfect way of doing it, but unless we're willing to make PNG files for every non-latin IPA symbol I think this is the best way to do it. I haven't entered any of the diacritic-type symbols since they're not part of the standard. Also, are we going to include the vowel and non-pulmonic charts as well? The vowel chart may be a tad difficult to do properly in pure table form, but the non-pulmonic table should be easy.

Oh, as a note, this page has a list of all the Unicode IPA symbols, as well as a list of fonts that carry them (although I'm not sure of it's last update). -- Kirby1024 08:25, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linguistics/Phonetics


text:
new wave

Adjective

 * 1) Representing the latest and most advanced style.

Noun

 * 1)  An alternative and broad pop and rock music genre that existed during the late 1970s and the early to mid-1980s, incorporating punk sensibilities and/or other forms of music, but made with more accessibility.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  New wave

title: new wave


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian motorsport

WikiProject Australian motorsport is a project to help create, improve and maintain articles relating to motorsport in Australia.

Articles maintained by this WikiProject are grouped in Category:WikiProject Australian motorsport articles and their importance in the context of Australian motorsport indicated by using the motorsport and motorsport-importance parameters within the WikiProject Australia template.

Usage:, where "xxx" = "Top", "High", "Mid", "Low" or "NA"

Scope
The aim of this project is to meet the following objectives regarding Australian motorsport including the V8 Supercar series:
 * Create driver, team, circuit and event information templates
 * Upload photographs of all current drivers and past champions (at least) in major series
 * Gather statistics and data for all recent drivers, teams, circuits and seasons
 * Formulate a standardised page layout for drivers, teams, circuits and seasons
 * Bring the quality of existing articles up to at least C-class, preferably higher

Parentage
The parent WikiProject is WikiProject Australian sports, a child of WikiProject Australia. There is also parentage to WikiProject Motorsport.

News
No recent news.

Requirements
Anybody interested in V8 Supercars, Australian motorsport or even just motorsport in general is encouraged to help out.

Members
Add your username here to join.

 * TydeNet
 * Jasrocks Talk
 * I'm in--M Johnson (talk • contribs) 23:19, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Seth Cohen Talk I'll try and help out a bit.
 * Daniel Guardian 02:10, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Glenn 'Demon' Duncan Talk I would like to get the track info up to date
 * FPV F6 TYPHOON 22:22, 23 September 2006 (UTC) - I'm in.
 * ImperialAssassin 18:03, 21 October 2006 - I will help out
 * Atlantis Hawk 08:17, 3 November 2006 (UTC) Sounds cool, I'm in.
 * Bart16 15:17 24 December 2006. I'll be glad to help out.
 * GK1 - happy to help out however I can
 * Birky21
 * DH85868993
 * GTHO I would like to add results of Aus Championships and enduros
 * FalcadoreTalk
 * Shaz91 1 May 2007
 * MagicFlute1983
 * DRS1992 09:08, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Shaizakopf
 * Pete www.57racer.page.tl 01:10, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * HSVMANTalk 01:52, 4 December 2007 (UTC) Ready to offer assistance
 * Brian Cook, 7 September 2007.
 * Marcusaurelius161 15 September 2007
 * Mad maper
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 * Cobra61Talk i think i can help out
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 * SpringDay03 (talk) 14:33, 5 May 2020 (AEST) Doesn't seem like there's much activity here, but I was planning to clean up some driver articles so I'll sign up anyway.
 * tbyrn21 15:49, 17 May 2021 (AEST)
 * UberLordMetagross 2:29, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Infobox for V8 Supercar drivers
This is to add to V8 Supercar driver pages such as Craig Lowndes (example on right, image removed to save space). It is usually embedded within the standard racing driver infobox. It was modelled on the Formula One and MotoGP driver/rider infoboxes. See Template:Infobox V8 Supercar record for full details.

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V8 Supercar race report infobox
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V8 Supercars event infobox
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Categories

 * Category:Motorsport in Australia
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text:
User:Rabar elhami/sandbox

rabar muhammadamen omer (rabar elhami)is a student in 5y azar high school for boys and he is the young writer.

title: User:Rabar elhami/sandbox


text:
Mynarski Death Plummet

Mynarski Death Plummet (Mynarski chute mortelle) is a 2014 Canadian short film, written, produced, edited, animated, and directed by Matthew Rankin. Blending live action with animation, the film expressionistically imagines the final moments of Andrew Mynarski, a Canadian World War II airman who was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for attempting to free colleague Pat Brophy before plummeting to his death from their burning airplane.

The film was named to the Toronto International Film Festival's annual year-end Canada's Top Ten list for 2014. It was a shortlisted Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards, and a shortlisted Jutra Award nominee for Best Short Film at the 17th Jutra Awards.

Cast

 * Alek Rzeszowski as Andrew Mynarski
 * Robert Vilar as Pat Brophy the trapped rear gunner
 * Annie St-Pierre as Annie St-Pierre
 * Louis Negin as Mayor of Cambrai
 * Eve Majzels and Maryse Lebeau as women of Cambrai

title: Mynarski Death Plummet


text:
First Munda ministry

This is a list of minister from Arjun Munda cabinets starting from 18 March 2003 – 2 March 2005. Arjun Munda is the leader of Bharatiya Janata Party was sworn in the Chief Ministers of Jharkhand on 18 March 2003. Here is the list of the ministers of his ministry.

Arjun Munda along with five minister, took oath of office on 18 March, one minister from Bharatiya Janata Party, one minister from Jharkhand Vanachal Congress and two from minister from All Jharkhand Students Union as well as one Independent.

title: First Munda ministry


text:
Bothriolepis

Bothriolepis (from βόθρος bóthros, 'trench' and λεπίς lepis 'scale') was a widespread, abundant and diverse genus of antiarch placoderms that lived during the Middle to Late Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era. Historically, Bothriolepis resided in an array of paleo-environments spread across every paleocontinent, including near shore marine and freshwater settings. Most species of Bothriolepis were characterized as relatively small, benthic, freshwater detritivores (organisms that obtain nutrients by consuming decomposing plant/animal material), averaging around 30 cm in length. However, the largest species, B. rex, had an estimated bodylength of 170 cm. Although expansive with over 60 species found worldwide, comparatively Bothriolepis is not unusually more diverse than most modern bottom dwelling species around today.

Classification
Bothriolepis is a genus placed within the placoderm order Antiarchi. The earliest antiarch placoderms first appeared in the Silurian period of the Paleozoic Era and could be found distributed on every paleocontinent by the Devonian period. The earliest members of Bothriolepis appear by the Middle Devonian.

Antiarchs, as well as other placoderms, are morphologically diverse and are characterized by bony plates that cover their head and the anterior part of the trunk. Early ontogenetic stages of placoderms had thinner bony plates within both the head and trunk-shield, which allowed for easy distinction between early placoderm ontogenetic stages within the fossil record and taxa that possessed fully developed bony plates but were small by characterization. Placoderm bony plates were generally made up of three layers, including a compact basal lamellar bony layer, a middle spongy bony layer and a superficial layer; Bothriolepis can be classified as a placoderm since it possesses these layers.

Placoderms were extinct by the end of the Devonian. Placodermi is a paraphyletic group of the clade Gnathostomata, which includes all jawed vertebrates. It is unclear exactly when gnathostomes emerged, but the scant early fossil record indicates that it was sometime in the Early Palaeozoic era. The last species of Bothriolepis died out, together with the rest of Placodermi, at the end of the Devonian period.

Head
There are two openings through the head of Bothriolepis: a keyhole opening along the midline on the upper side for the eyes and nostrils and an opening for the mouth on the lower side near the anterior end of the head. A discovery regarding preserved structures that appear to be nasal capsules confirms the belief that the external nasal openings lay on the dorsal side of the head near the eyes. Additionally, the position of the mouth on the ventral side of the skull is consistent with the typical horizontal resting orientation of Bothriolepis. It had a special feature on its skull, a separate partition of bone below the opening for the eyes and nostrils enclosing the nasal capsules called a preorbital recess.

Jaw
A new sample from the Gogo Formation in the Canning Basin of Western Australia has provided evidence regarding the morphological features of the visceral jaw elements of Bothriolepis. Using the sample, it is evident that the mental plate (a dermal bone that forms the upper part of the jaw) of antiarchs is homologous with the suborbital plate found in other placoderms. The lower jawbone consists of a differentiated blade and biting portions. Next to the mandibular joint are the prelateral and infraprelateral plates, which both are canal-bearing bones. The palatoquadrate lacks a high orbital process and was attached only to the ventral part of the mental plate, proving that the ethmoidal region of the braincase (the region of the skull that separates the brain and nasal cavity) was in fact deeper than originally believed. In addition to the above-listed sample from the Gogo Formation, several other specimens have been found with mouthparts held in the natural position by a membrane that covers the oral region and attaches to the lateral and anterior margins of the head. Bothriolepis has a jaw in which the two halves are separate and in the adult are functionally independent.

Trunk
Bothriolepis had a slender trunk that was likely covered in soft skin with no scales or markings. The orientation that appears to have been mostly stable for resting was the dorsal surface up, evidenced by the flat surface on the ventral side. The trunk's outline suggests that there may have been a notochord present surrounded by a membranous sheath, however, there is no direct evidence of this since the notochord is made up of soft tissue, which is not typically preserved in the fossil record. Similar to other antiarchs, the thoracic shield of Bothriolepis was attached to its heavily armored head. Its box-like body was enclosed in armor plates, providing protection from predators. Attached to the ventral surface of the trunk is a large, thin, circular plate marked by deep-lying lines and superficial ridges. This plate lies just below the opening to the cloaca.

Dermal skeleton
The dermal skeleton is organized in three layers: a superficial lamellar layer, a cancellous spongiosa, and a compact basal lamellar layer. Even in early ontogeny, these layers are apparent in specimen of Bothriolepis canadensis. The compact layers develop first. The superficial layer is speculated to have denticles that may have been made of cellular bone.

Fins and tail
Bothriolepis had a long pair of spine-like pectoral fins, jointed at the base, and again a little more than halfway along. These spike-like fins were probably used to lift the body clear off the bottom; its heavy armor would have made it sink quickly as soon as it lost forward momentum. It may also have used its pectoral fins to throw sediment (mud, sand or otherwise) over itself. In addition to the pectoral fins, it is originally considered to have two dorsal fins, but existence of a low, elongated anterior dorsal fin was denied in 1996, and now it is considered to have only a high rounded posterior dorsal fin. The caudal tail was elongated, ending in a narrow band, but is unfortunately rarely preserved in fossils. Bothriolepis lacked pelvic fins. Early antiarchs like Parayunnanolepis had pelvic fins, which implies secondary loss of pelvic fin in Bothriolepis.

Soft anatomy
Structures composed of soft tissue are typically not preserved in fossils because they break down easily and decompose much faster than hard tissues, meaning that the fossil record often lacks information regarding the internal anatomy of fossil species. Preservation of soft tissue structures can sometimes occur, however, if sediments fill the internal structures of an organism upon or after its death. Robert Denison's paper titled "The Soft Anatomy of Bothriolepis" explores the forms and organs of Bothriolepis. These internal structures were preserved when different types of sediments surrounding the exterior of the animal-filled the internal carapaces (only organs that communicate with the exterior could be preserved in this manner). Three different sediment types were identified within the different sections of Bothriolepis: the first a pale greenish-gray medium-textured sandstone largely consisting of calcite; the second similar but finer sediment which preserves many of the organ forms; and the third distinct, fine-grained siltstone consisting of quartz, mica and other minerals but no calcite. These sediments helped preserve the following internal elements:

Alimentary system
In general, the alimentary system of Bothriolepis –which includes the organs involved in ingestion, digestion, and removal of waste– can be described as simple and straight, unlike that of humans. It begins at the anterior end of the organism with a small mouth cavity located over the posterior area of the upper jaw plates. Posteriorly from the mouth, the alimentary system extends into a wider and dorso-ventrally flattened region called the pharynx, from which both the gills and lungs arise. The esophagus, which is also characterized as a dorso-ventrally flattened tube, extends from the mouth into the stomach and leads to a flattened ellipsoidal structure. This structure may be homologous to the anterior end of the intestine found in other fish. The flatness of these structures may have been exaggerated when the fossil specimens experienced tectonic deformation through geologic time. The intestine begins narrowly on the anterior end, expands transversely, and then again narrows posteriorly towards the cylindrical rectum, which terminates just within the posterior end of the trunk carapace. While the alimentary system is primitive in nature and lacks an expanded stomach region, it is specialized by an independently acquired complex spiral valve, comparable to that in elasmobranchs and many bony fish and similar to that found in some sharks. A single fold of tissue rolled upon its own axis forms this specialized spiral valve.

Gills
It is inferred that the gills of Bothriolepis are of the primitive type, though their structure is still not well understood. Laterally, they are enclosed by an opercular fold and are found in the space beneath the lateral part of the head shield, extending medially underneath the neurocranium. Compared to the gills of normally-shaped fish, the gill region of Bothriolepis is considered to be placed more dorsally, is anteriorly more crowded, and in general is relatively short and broad.

Paired ventral sacs
Extending posteriorly from the trunk carapace are paired ventral sacs that extend to the anterior end of the spiral intestine. The sacs seem to originate at the pharynx as a single median tube, which then broadens posteriorly and eventually splits into two sacs that may be homologous to the lungs of certain dipnoans and tetrapods. It has been hypothesized that these lungs, coupled with the jointed arms and rigid, supportive skeleton, would have allowed Bothriolepis to travel on land. Additionally, as Robert Denison states because there is no evidence of a connection between the external naris and mouth, Bothriolepis likely breathed similarly to present-day lungfish, i.e., by placing the mouth above the water's surface and swallowing air.

Despite the original interpretation presented by Denison in 1941, not all paleontologists agree that placoderms like Bothriolepis actually possessed lungs. For example, in his paper "Lungs" in Placoderms, a Persistent Palaeobiological Myth Related to Environmental Preconceived Interpretations, D. Goujet suggests that although traces of some digestive organs may be apparent from the sedimentary structures, there is no evidence supporting the presence of lungs in the samples from the Escuminac formation of Canada upon which the original assertion was based. He notes that the worldwide distribution of Bothriolepis is restricted to strictly marine environments, and thus believes that the presence of lungs in Bothriolepis is uncertain. Further investigation of the fossils is likely necessary to reach a conclusion about the presence of lungs in Bothriolepis.

Feeding
Bothriolepis, as with all other antiarchs, are thought to have fed by directly swallowing mouthfuls of mud and other soft sediments in order to digest detritus, small or microorganisms, algae, and other forms of organic matter in the swallowed sediments. Additionally, the positioning of the mouth on the ventral side of its head further suggests that Bothriolepis was likely a bottom-feeder. The regular presence of "carbonaceous material in the alimentary tract" is believed to indicate that most of its diet consisted of plant material.

Distribution
Bothriolepis fossils are found in Middle and Late Devonian strata (from 387 to 360 million years ago). Because the fossils are found in freshwater sediments, Bothriolepis is presumed to have spent most of its life in freshwater rivers and lakes, but was probably able to enter salt water as well, because its range appeared to have corresponded with the Devonian continental coastlines. Large groupings of Bothriolepis specimens have been found in Asia, Europe, Australia (Gogo Formation and Mandagery Sandstone), Africa (Waterloo Farm lagerstätte) Pennsylvania (Catskill Formation), Quebec (Escuminac Formation), Virginia (Chemung), Colorado, Cuche Formation (Boyacá, Colombia), and all around the world.

Catskill Formation site
The Catskill Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian Stage), located in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, is the site of a large sample of small individuals of Bothriolepis. The sample was collected from a series of rock slabs that consisted of partial or complete, articulated, external skeletons. More than two hundred individuals were found packed closely together with little to no overlap. From this sample, much information regarding characteristics of juvenile Bothriolepis can be determined. A morphometric study performed by Jason Downs and co-authors highlights certain characteristics that indicate juvenility in Bothriolepis, including a moderately large head and moderately large orbital fenestra—both of which are characteristics also recognized by Erik Stensio in 1948 in the smallest B. canadensis individuals. Several other features that Stensio marked indicative of young individuals can also be seen exhibited in the Catskill sample. These features include "delicate dermal bones with ornament consisting of continuous anastomosing ridges rather than tubercles, a dorsal trunk shield narrower than long and with a continuous and pronounced dorsal median ridge, and a pre-median plate that is wider than it is long". B. nitida and B. minor are also described from this site.

Species
Vertebrate paleontology is heavily dependent on the ability to differentiate between different species in a way that is consistent both within a particular genus and across all organisms. The genus Bothriolepis is no exception to this principle. Listed below are a few of the notable species within Bothriolepis; more than sixty species have been named in total, and it is likely that a sizeable proportion of them are valid due to the cosmopolitan nature of Bothriolepis.

Bothriolepis canadensis
Bothriolepis canadensis is a taxon that often serves as a model organism for the order Antiarchi because of its enormous sample of complete, intact specimens found at the Escuminac Formation in Quebec, Canada. Because of the vast sample size, this species is often used to compare growth data of newly acquired specimens of Bothriolepis, including those found in the Catskill Formation mentioned above. This comparison allows researchers to determine if newly found samples represent juvenile individuals or new "Bothriolepis" species.

B. canadensis was first described in 1880 by J.F. Whiteaves, using a limited number of disfigured samples. The next to propose a reconstruction of the species was W. Patten, who published his findings in 1904 after a discovery of several specimens that were well preserved in 3-D. In 1948, E. Stensio released a detailed depiction of B. canadensis anatomy using an abundance of material, which eventually became the most widely accepted description of this species. Since Stensio's publication, many others have provided reconstructed models of B. canadensis with modified aspects of the anatomy, including Vezina's modified single dorsal fin and more recently, reconstructions by Arsenault et al from specimens with little taphonomic distortion. Presently, the model of Arsenault et al. is regarded to be the most accurate, while there is still much debate about various aspects of this species' external anatomy. Despite the uncertainty, B. canadensis is still classically considered one of the most well-known species.

The external skeleton of Bothriolepis canadensis is made of cellular dermal bone tissue and is characterized by distinct horizontal zonation or stratification. The model fish has an average total length of 43.67 cm and an average dermal armor length of 15.53 cm, which accounts for 35.6% of the estimated total length. Like many antiarchs, B. canadensis also had narrow pectoral fins, a heterocercal caudal fin (meaning the notochord extends into the upper lobe of the caudal tail) and a large dorsal fin which likely didn't play an important role in propulsion but instead acted more as a stabilizer.

Bothriolepis africana
Bothriolepis africana is the Bothriolepis species known from the highest paleolatitude, being described from deposits originally laid down within the Late Devonian Antarctic circle. Remains have exclusively been recovered from a single carbonaceous shale near the top of the Late Devonian, Famennian, Witpoort Formation (Witteberg Group) exposed in a road cutting south of Makhanda/Grahamstown in South Africa. This site, the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte is interpreted as representing a back barrier coastal lagoonal setting with both marine and fluvial influences. Gess observed that Bothriolepis was less abundant at the Waterloo Farm site than at most Bothriolepis-bearing localities, though a full ontogenetic series is represented. The head and trunk armour lengths ranged between 20 - 300 mm which translates, based on the proportions of two of the smallest individuals (in which tail impressions are preserved) into full body lengths varying between 52 - 780 mm. According to original description, Bothriolepis africana was considered to be most closely similar to Bothriolepis barretti from the late Givetian of Antarctica. The similarities between the two have been used to suggest derivation of Bothriolepis africana from an East Gondwanan environment.

Bothriolepis coloradensis
First described by Eastman in 1904, this species was found localized in present-day Colorado. There is a possibility that this species is similar, if not identical, to B. nitida, however because the material available regarding B. coloradensis is fragmented, it is impossible to compare the two species with any degree of certainty.

Bothriolepis nitida
This species, found in present-day Pennsylvania, was originally described by J. Leidy in 1856. As mentioned above, there is much debate regarding the distinguishability between B. nitida and B. virginiensis, however based on evidence presented by Weems (2004), there are several distinguishable traits specific to each species. B. nitida has a maximum headshield length of 65 mm, a narrow and shallow trifid preorbital recess, has an anterior-median-dorsal (AMD) plate that is wider than it is long and a ventral thoracic shield that has convex lateral borders.

Bothriolepis rex
Originally described by Downs et al. (2016), Bothriolepis rex is from the Nordstrand Point Formation of Ellesmere Island, Canada. B. rex's body length is estimated at 1.7 m and is, therefore, the largest known species of Bothriolepis. Its armor is especially thick and dense even when taking its size into account. Downs et al. (2016) suggest that this may have both protected the animal from large predators and served as ballast to prevent this large bottom-dweller from floating to the surface.

Bothriolepis virginiensis
Originally described by Weems et al. in 1981, this species, Bothriolepis virginiensis, is from the "Chemung", near Winchester, Virginia. Several traits found in B. virginiensis can also be found in other species of Bothriolepis, (especially B. nitida), including posterior oblique cephalic sensory line grooves that meet relatively far anteriorly on the nuchal plate, relatively elongated orbital fenestra and a low anterior-median-dorsal crest. Characteristics that distinguish B. virginiensis from other species include but are not limited to fused head sutures, fused elements in adult distal pectoral fin segments and long premedian plate relative to headshield length.

Currently, there is much debate regarding whether the species B. virginiensis and B. nitida can actually be distinguished from one another. Thomson and Thomas state that five species of Bothriolepis from the United States (B. nitida, B. minor, B. virginiensis, B. darbiensis and B. coloradensis) are unable to be consistently distinguished from one another. Conversely, Weems asserts that there are several traits that distinguish the species from one another, including several listed above.

Bothriolepis yeungae
This species is described in 1998, from Mandagery Sandstone in Canowindra, where is known from high numbers of placoderm specimens gathered at one place. Bothriolepis is one of the most common fish in Canowindra site alongside Remigolepis, over 1,300 individuals are discovered by 1998. This species is differed from all other species by having a reduced anterior process of the submarginal, separated from the posterior process of the submarginal by a wide, open notch. The head and trunk armour lengths ranged between 77.6 - 190 mm.

title: Bothriolepis


text:
Puentemys

Puentemys is an extinct genus of bothremydid turtle from the Paleocene-age Cerrejón Formation in Colombia. It is the largest known bothremydid, with a shell length of up to 1.51 m. Puentemys is the only Paleocene bothremydid known from South America, and is most closely related to the genus Foxemys from the Late Cretaceous of Europe, showing that Bothremydini, the tribe of bothremydids to which Puentemys belonged, had a nearly worldwide distribution across the K-T boundary. The ancestors of Puentemys may have reached South America by dispersing across Paleocene coastlines or by riding currents across the Atlantic Ocean.

title: Puentemys


text:
Académie Diplomatique Internationale

The Académie Diplomatique Internationale (ADI; International Diplomatic Academy) was an international organization based in Paris, France, focused on modern diplomacy and international affairs. Founded in 1926, the ADI was, along with Chatham House in London and the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, one of the first policy institutions devoted to the sustained study and analysis of international relations. Early members included Aristide Briand, Nicolae Titulescu, Gustav Stresemann, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Under the Presidency of His Highness the Aga Khan IV, who was elected in 2000, the ADI has focused its efforts on diplomatic training and emerging dynamics in international relations and modern diplomacy.

Mission
The Académie Diplomatique Internationale is an institution dedicated to advancing the practice of modern diplomacy and contributing to the understanding and analysis of the emerging dynamics in international affairs. In recognition of the impact of globalization, the ADI today engages not only the traditional diplomatic and foreign policy communities, but also new actors such as multi-lateral institutions, corporations, advocacy groups, and others involved in shaping regional and international dynamics. In exercising its mission, the ADI draws upon its decades-long engagement in international relations - and upon an unparalleled network of global contacts - to match expertise and capacities among professionals from the public, private and independent sectors. “We have no connection with any Government and we have no desire to impose our will on anyone,” the first ADI president observed. “But from unofficial and independent research of this character much help will be given to the cause of peace.” These are the ADI's founding values and remain its enduring ambitions.

Recent history
Since the year 2000, when His Highness the Aga Khan was elected president, the ADI has undertaken a major renovation of its historic residence and a strategic realignment of its mission and programmatic activities with a focus on modern diplomacy. In 2007, Jean-Claude Cousseran was appointed Secretary-General of the ADI and Timothy W. Ryback, the former Vice-President of the Salzburg Seminar, became the Deputy Secretary-General.

In 2008, the ADI, in partnership with the International Herald Tribune created the Forum for New Diplomacy, a speaker series focused on the dynamics of new diplomacy. The Forum features a prominent speaker in conversation with Roger Cohen or other International Herald Tribune writers. Speakers have included Bernard Kouchner, Kofi Annan, Mohammed ElBaradei, David Petraeus, and Jean-Claude Trichet. The Women in Power series, inaugurated in 2010, has featured Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Christine Lagarde.

The Academy stopped operating after 82 years, at the end of June 2018.

title: Académie Diplomatique Internationale


text:
Ericeia eriophora

Ericeia eriophora is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is found from the Oriental tropics to the Philippines and Sulawesi.

Adults exhibit sexual dimorphism, with a broadly darkened submarginal zone in males, while this darkening is limited to the apical area in females, which are also browner.

title: Ericeia eriophora


text:
User:BobsterIsAManiax/Minions (Fictional Characters)

The Minions are a group of fictional characters that serve as Minions in the Despicable Me film franchise.


text:
отдыхать

Verb

 * 1) to relax, to have a rest, to take a rest
 * 2) to be on holiday, to be on vacation

title: отдыхать


text:
ἦτα

Etymology
Originally, borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) eta, the name for the seventh letter Η, η of the Ancient Greek alphabet.

title: ἦτα


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guinea-Bissau national under-16 basketball team

The result was procedural close. Nominated at Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team; no need for separate AfDs. (non-admin closure)  J 947(c) (m) 03:32, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

Guinea-Bissau national under-16 basketball team

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

See Articles for deletion/Ethiopia men's national under-16 basketball team  Schwede 66  19:15, 21 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
Category:Graphical terminals

Graphical, or graphics terminals, are a type of computer terminal that included graphics capability in addition to (or instead of) text-only displays.

title: Category:Graphical terminals


text:
Ligia Grozav

Ligia Grozav married Bara (born 26 January 1994) is a Romanian high jumper, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.

Biography
Ligia Damaris (Grozav) married Valentin Bara on 9 August 2014. She lives in Oradea with her husband and her daughter.

title: Ligia Grozav


text:
Self Paced Reading Labs/Manufacturing Cheese

Manufacturing Cheese

Instructions
 * Read from Wikipedia, Cheese then evaluate your comprehension using the quiz below. If you have questions then please consult your instructor/mentor or  .... link to help and/or conceptual overview of program and procedures goes here ...

/quiz

Where next?

 * If you answered less than two correct retreat to level X or color y and practice comprehending the material. Perhaps try reading slower and more carefully to see all the material or reading faster to maintain your interest in the material being read.

 * If you answered all questions correctly then either continue on this level if interesting modules remain or advance to the next level for more challenging reading and rigorous testing.


text:
japonica

Etymology
From, the species name.

Noun

 * 1) Any of several plants originally native to Japan.
 * 2) A species of camellia,.
 * 3) A subspecies of the rice.
 * 1) A subspecies of the rice.

Related terms

 * terra-japonica

title: japonica


text:
voimistua

Etymology
Analyzable as or.

Verb

 * 1)  to grow stronger, to strengthen

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to strengthen

title: voimistua


text:
User:Publunch~enwikibooks

18th October 2004

Hello. My nick is publunch. If you go to my home page you might discover what my real name and my email address is. You might also find an old c.v./resume lying about. You'll see that I've been educated here and there. My certificates tell me that I'm supposed to know something about philosophy and one or two other things as well. When I got too old to be a perpetual student I got admitted to a mental hospital, but I haven't updated my c.v. since that happened. Generally people leave me alone these days, which means I may have time to make one or two minor contributions to wikipedia, wikiversity and so on, and might actually do me some good as well as benefitting other people.

21st March 2005

I haven't being doing much here, but I am still alive. I've been reading stuff about animal welfare and rights. I do a little bit of work for Compassion in World Farming. Indeed this seems to be taking up more and more time, so I have less time to work here.

title: User:Publunch~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:enter

Doubts about the etymology
What are those weird latin terms?

There's a simple latin word, intrare, intro, intravi, intratum, which means "enter" and nothing else. I'm convinced the french term "entrer" comes from it (French is my native language), and I guess it's the same for the english term.

 * You are not being clear. Which word in which language are you talking about. There is the English word enter, the French word enter (to graft, to implant), and the Catalan word enter. —Stephen 19:40, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

(Transitive) submit something for consideration
(Transitive) to submit something officially, e.g. a proposal, complaint, or bid, for formal consideration --Backinstadiums (talk) 09:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:enter


text:
Cassie Premo Steele

Cassie Premo Steele (born April 13, 1967, in Detroit, Michigan) is an American Pushcart-Prize nominated poet, novelist, and author. Steele is a contributor to HuffPost and Medium and from 2009 to 2015 she wrote a column for Literary Mama called "Birthing the Mother Writer". Her writing focuses on themes of intersectionality, ecofeminism, and collective trauma. From 2009 to 2013, she was the host of The Co-Creating Show podcast. In 2013, she was a TEDx speaker on "Writing as a Way of Calming, Centering and Making Meaning".

Education
Steele attended the University of Virginia from 1985 to 1989, majoring in Comparative Literature and minoring in French and graduating Magna Cum Laude. She went on to earn an M.A. in Comparative Literature from the University of South Carolina in 1991 and then a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature and Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies from Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1996.

Nonfiction

 * Moon Days: Creative Writings about Menstruation. Summerhouse Press, 1999. Distributed by Ash Tree Publishing. ISBN 1-887714-40-5
 * We Heal From Memory: Sexton, Lorde, Anzaldúa and the Poetry of Witness. Palgrave, 2000. ISBN 0-312-23342-6
 * Easyhard: Reflections on the Practice of Creativity. WordClay, 2009. ISBN
 * My Peace: A Year of Yoga at Amsa Studios. WordClay, 2008.
 * Earth Joy Writing: creating balance through journaling and nature. Ashland Creek Press, 2015. ISBN 1-61822-034-9

Poetry

 * Ruin. ISBN 1-932755-46-2
 * New Women's Voices Series by Finishing Line Press, 2004. Released as a Kindle edition in 2013.
 * This is How Honey Runs. Unbound Content, 2010. ISBN 1-936373-04-1
 * The Pomegranate Papers. Unbound Content, 2012. ISBN 1-936373-26-2
 * Wednesday. Unbound Content, 2013. ISBN 1-936373-40-8
 * Beautiful Waters. Finishing Line Press, 2016.
 * Tongues in Trees | Poems 1994–2017. Unbound Content, 2017. ISBN 1-936373-56-4
 * In March We Fell in Love. samfiftyfour, 2020. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>677
 * Anne Sexton and Ralph Waldo Emerson Ride a Donkey into Heaven. samfiftyfour, 2021. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>906
 * Swimming in Gilead. Yellow Arrow Publishing, 2023 ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>491

Fiction

 * Shamrock and Lotus. All Things That Matter Press, 2010. ISBN 0-9846216-3-6
 * The ReSisters. All Things That Matter Press, 2018.   ISBN 1-73272-371-0
 * Beaver Girl. Anxiety and Outcast Presses, 2023. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>066

title: Cassie Premo Steele


text:
Review:Mac OS X

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" Filmmaking Software Review for Narrative Film Production
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Macintosh OS X

 * Mac OS X is a totally new operating system. The Macintosh has grown up.  It is no longer the 97 lb weakling it once was.

 * The switch from version 10.4 to 10.5 has not been easy. So for the moment, I recommend waiting until things begin to work better.  Mac OS 10.4 was based on Unix.  Mac OS 10.5 is officially certified as Unix.

 * Also, the look of Mac OS 10.5 is different from 10.4. The visual quality of 10.5 is much poorer than 10.4.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" Review by Robert Elliott
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="2"|

The new Mac

 * The operating system is what gives a computer its personality. Apple has created four different Macs with four completely different personalities.

 * In the computer industry, a new product must be at least four times as good as the previous version or it will not be accepted (or needed.)

 * The NEXT STEP Macintosh (both PowerPC and Intel versions) are a tremendous improvement over Macintosh OS 9. The first few versions of Mac OS X were a bit rough and even the current verison could have some rough spots fixed.  But overall, Mac OS X is such a huge improvement that few people still use the old system.

 * A new path

 * The Intel Macintosh is not the same as the PowerPC Macintosh. Both are called Mac OS X but these are totally different computers and different operating system.  If you are a very conservative person, you will still wait a few more months before you buy the Intel Macintosh.  (The amount of available software is the weakness.)

 * More later...

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

Uses at Wikiversity Film School
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

 * All of the software used at Wikiversity Film School is either Macintosh software or Linux software.
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

Rating
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

 * Four and 1/2 Stars

 * If you are looking for a new computer, you should consider the Macintosh.

 * By the end of 2008, you should consider only the Macintosh computers since Dell and the other PC computer companies will only offer Windows while Apple will provide a solution for both Macintosh and Windows.

 * }

for more Mac-related stuff check Mac-How

title: Review:Mac OS X


text:
User:John Havey/Talk draft

I suggest we make section headings in this talk page to match headings in the page we are talking about. This could organize the discussion in a helpful way. And if a section is moved to a page of its own, the corresponding talk section could easily be moved with it.

The headings could be added here when they are introduced in the base page, added by someone when they start a discussion, or inserted after a discussion has started. It may sometimes be helpful to add subheads in the discussion, even if they don't exist in the base page.

This seems to me a good idea, but I am open to talking about it, as well as everything else. John Havey 01:53, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User:John Havey/Talk draft


text:
African Philosophy

Welcome to the Division of African Philosophy, part of the School of Philosophy and of the School of African Studies.

Division motto

 * "I entreat any wise and inquisitive man who may come after I am dead to add his thoughts to mine. Behold, I have begun an inquiry such as has not been attempted before. You can complete what I have begun."
 * Zera Yacob

(The idea of cooperative learning and research, in the year of 1667 in Ethiopia!)

Please feel free to contribute (and to copyedit).

Division description
The scope of this division is twofold:

 * to learn about the history of philosophy in Africa and African philosophers.
 * to learn about contemporary African philosophy.

Among other things, insights gained here should be used to improve the Wikipedia articles on theses subjects, some of which are currently (at the date of the foundation of this Division) in a bad condition.

Additionally, teaching materials could be developed on different aspects of African philosophy.

In order to achive it's goals, the first project in this division is to compile an annotaded bibliography of all relevant publications. You are invited to contribute to this.

Active participants
If you would like to contribute to this, please add a reference to your user page here.
 * User:Nannus
 * User:seqoyah bey
 * User:Bhritchie

An Annotated Bibliography of African Philosophy
The bibliography is structured as a list of publications, ordered by author and title. Each entry should contain a link to another page that contains a description of the publication. In this way, the hypertext medium we are dealing with can be used to advantage. Pages can be crosslinked, e.g. to indicate who sites whom etc., and pages can be grouped into different overlapping categories. This biography can then form the basis for more research.

The document description pages should be in Topic namespace. However, it is proposed that Wikiversity creates a special ResourceDescriptor-Namespace, since this method might be advantagous for many projects. As long as you are dealing with only a handful of publications, you can simply list them, but in many cases, the number of publications relevant might be large and Wikiversity should provide a structure for this. We could then have a library consisting of descriptor pages that can be grouped into as many (potentially overlapping) categories as nedessary. In this way, the bibliography started here can be regarded a pilot project for Wikiversity (maybe we need a cross-language Wikilibrary).

Description pages should include: bibliographical data, links to Wikipedia pages about the authors, Lists of main topics (with links to Wikipedia or Wikiversity), an abstract (as unbiased as possible), lists of referenced works (optionally indicating if the author agrees with the cited source or not etc.), reviews (clearly marked as opinion and signed), and information about where to find the work (URLs, URLs of places where the work can be bought, URLs and/or adresses of libraries (or links to Institution/Library descriptor pages). Also, information on where the reference has been taken from should be included. If the author of the descriptor page did not read the work himself but gained Information about its content from another source this should be indicated (such descriptions are better then nothing so they are welcome as long as no other information is available). Incomplete information is better than nothing, so feel free to start with a stub.

Topic:African philosophy/Annotated bibliography

Division news

 * February 17th, 2007 - Division founded!

Ethiopian Philosophy
List of pages relevant to Ethiopian philosophy

Modern African Philosophy
List of pages relevant to modern African philosophy

In-Tray
This section contains links found on the internet that seem relevant but have not yet been evaluated. Please evaluate them, go through them to find relevant literature references or, if they are articles themselves, create a page for them in the Annotated bibliography. Once the referenced sites have been fully evaluated, they should be moved to the external links section (if they have yielded anything of interest).

If you find something on the web you think could be useful here just post it here. Please put only stuff you think is relevant to African philosophy. If somebody has put nonsense here, please remove it.

 * African Philosophy Resources
 * African Philosophy Page of African Studies Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
 * Review of Claude Summer's book
 * Contains Reference to Claude Summer's book
 * Spezielle Metaphysik in der Untersuchung des Zara Jacob
 * On Zera Yacob
 * Overview, including hints on Egyptian and Ethiopian texts
 * Understanding Non-Western Philosophy: Introductory Readings
 * Page for a course in World Philosophy
 * The Philosophical Text in the African Oral Tradition, by Heinz Kimmerle
 * Beginning of an article by Gail M. Presbey
 * contains some Information on Zera Yacob
 * [http://www.isp.ucl.ac.be/recherche/philafr/A.html Bibliography on African Philosophy and related topics from Université Catolique de Louvain (Belgium)
 * A Blog devoted to Ethiopian philosophy
 * An introduction to Ethiopian philosophy with annotated bibliography and textual selections

Resources and Links
This sections lists relevant resources, e.g. University Department Homepages, Wikipedia articles and Categories etc.

title: African Philosophy


text:
Matthias Hölle

Matthias Hölle (born 8 July 1951) is a German bass in opera and concert who has made an international career. He performed regularly at the Bayreuth Festival in major roles such as Hunding in Die Walküre, King Marke in Tristan und Isolde, and Gurnemanz in Parsifal. He appeared in the world premieres of Stockhausen's Donnerstag aus Licht and Samstag aus Licht at La Scala in Milan.

Life
Born in Rottweil, Hölle studied voice at the Musikhochschule Stuttgart with Georg Jelden and at the Musikhochschule Köln with Josef Metternich. He then became known as an oratorio singer. From 1976 to 1987, he belonged to the ensemble of the Cologne Opera. After that he moved to the Staatstheater Stuttgart, where he was awarded the title of Kammersänger.

From 1981 to 2001, Hölle performed every summer at the Bayreuth Festival, as Hunding in Die Walküre, Fasolt in Das Rheingold, as both Titurel and Gurnemanz in Parsifal, Veit Pogner in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, King Marke in Tristan und Isolde and as Daland in Der fliegende Holländer.

Hölle has performed as a guest at major international operas such as La Scala in Milan and the Metropolitan Opera, and at international festivals such as the Salzburg Festival. In 1978, he received recognition as the Komtur in Mozart's Don Giovanni. At La Scala, he appeared as Lucifer in the world premieres of Stockhausen's Donnerstag aus Licht on 15 March 1981 and Samstag aus Licht on 25 May 1984. He appeared in New York City as Rocco in Beethoven's Fidelio. When the Oper Frankfurt was reopened after a fire, he performed as Sarastro in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte.

His recordings include the Stockhausen works, the Bayreuth broadcasts, and complete recordings of Die Zauberflöte, Don Giovanni, and Fidelio.

title: Matthias Hölle


text:
Luxembourg Air Rescue

Luxembourg Air Rescue (LAR) is a private, humanitarian air rescue organisation in Luxembourg, the Greater Region surrounding Luxembourg or worldwide through the operation of its helicopters and air ambulances.

Luxembourg and Greater Region
LAR operates a total of five MD Helicopters MD Explorer 902 and two Airbus Helicopters H145 rescue helicopters.

Worldwide
Findel airport is the base station for the ambulance aircraft of the Luxembourg Air Rescue. The aircraft are suitable for day and night operations for medium and long haul routes and are equipped for the transportation of intensive care patients between clinics as well as for the repatriation of ill and injured patients from abroad. Currently the fleet consists of three ambulance aircraft of the type LearJet 45XR and one Challenger 605. The international branch for the commercialisation of these worldwide medical repatriations is “European Air Ambulance”.

Organ transports
In 2007 LAR won a European tender for the exclusive transport of organs in France. Since then, LAR transports organs with its fixed wing fleet. These missions are mainly performed during the night.

Humanitarian missions
Help in disaster relief operations in conjunction with the Luxembourg government, NATO and the United Nations. Partner of Emergency.lu:

Emergency.lu is an agreement of the Luxembourg Government with a Joint Undertaking (JU) between HITEC Luxembourg S.A. and SES Techcom Services (formally SES Astra TechCom S.A.) - in partnership with Luxembourg Air Ambulance S.A. It supplies rapid response for disaster relief and humanitarian missions. The agreement includes the installation and operation of a global satellite based communications system. Luxembourg Air Ambulance will, in case of activation, ensure a smooth processing at the Findel Airport in Luxembourg along with the provision of the necessary air transportation.

Milestones of Luxembourg Air Rescue

 * 18 April 1988
 * The official foundation of Luxembourg Air Rescue (LAR A.s.b.l.).

 * 1 March 1989
 * LAR presents its first helicopter. On the same day, the Bell B 206 Long Ranger flies its first mission. Initially, LAR was only allowed to transport patients from hospital to hospital.

 * 15 June 1989
 * Acknowledgment of the “Fondation Luxembourg Air Rescue” as a non-profit institution by Grand-Ducal decree.

 * 9 July 1990
 * General vicar Mathias Schiltz is nominated President of the Fondation Luxembourg Air Rescue.

 * 15 May 1991
 * Fleet change: The new two turbine BO 105 CBS replaces the one turbine Bell Long Ranger.

 * 1 November 1991
 * Thanks to a convention with the Minister of Internal Affairs, LAR becomes a part of the Luxembourgish rescue service SAMU

 * April 1995
 * Hereditary Grand Duke Henri takes over the patronage of LAR.

 * April 1995
 * An additional helicopter of the type Ecureuil is added to the fleet. The Ecureuil is exclusively used for secondary transports (from hospital to hospital) and based at the Findel Airport.

 * May 1995
 * The LAR operations have successfully implemented the standards of the international flight regulations JAR OPS 3.

 * 19 July 1996
 * An MD 900 Explorer helicopter replaces the Ecureuil. Thanks to its size, its inferior noise levels, and its NOTAR-System (the MD 900 Explorer has no rear rotor thus reducing the danger of accidents), this helicopter type is particularly suitable for rescue missions.

 * 19 July 1996
 * Opening of a second air base in Ettelbrück, enabling the SAMU to reach every point in Luxembourg within 10 minutes.

 * September 1998
 * The first LAR-owned air ambulance, a Mitsubishi MU 2, is put into operation. From now on, member repatriation flights can be performed within Europe and North Africa.

 * March 1999
 * Fleet change: After 8 years of faithful services to LAR, the BO 105 is replaced by a second MD Explorer helicopter.

 * April 1999
 * In cooperation with Caritas International, LAR brings roughly a ton of urgently needed emergency medication to a refugee camp in Kosovo.

 * November 1999
 * Due to the numerous repatriations from far away countries, LAR puts the second air ambulance, type LearJet 35A (LX-ONE), into service.

 * March 2000
 * The LAR air ambulance fleet is modernised: The Mitsubishi MU 2 is replaced by a King Air B200 (LX-DUC).

 * 1 January 2001
 * On behalf of the Luxembourgish Police, LAR puts an additional MD Explorer helicopter into operations. The expenses resulting from these missions are covered by the Police.

 * 9 July 2002
 * As first air rescue organisation worldwide, LAR receives the ISO 9001:2000-Certification in all domains.

 * October 2002
 * Fleet extension: In order to guarantee continuous air operations during maintenance intervals, a third MD Explorer helicopter is purchased as spare helicopter.

 * July 2003
 * The second air ambulance, type LearJet 35A (LX-LAR), is put into operation for worldwide repatriation flights. The LX-LAR replaces the King Air B200 (LX-DUC).

 * 26 December 2003

 * Following an earthquake killing more than 80.000 people and by request of the Luxembourgish Foreign Ministry / "Direction de la Coopération au Développement", LAR transfers both of its air ambulance jets to Bam, Iran. In collaboration with the canine rescue unit of the Luxembourgish Red Cross, LAR provides instantaneous disaster relief. From now on, humanitarian commitments are part of the mission spectrum of LAR. Two further humanitarian missions followed within one year.

 * An LAR air ambulance provides humanitarian relief efforts following an earthquake in Morocco.

 * 27 May 2004

 * The ground-breaking ceremony for the construction of the LAR hangar in Ettelbrück is held.

 * January 2005

 * An LAR medical team provides help by means of the LearJet into the tsunami affected areas.

 * March 2005
 * The helicopter hangar of LAR in Ettelbrück is inaugurated. From now on, the helicopter „Air Rescue 2“ is stationed there, thus increasing the operational readiness in the Oesling, while saving expenses for the daily flights from and to the LAR basis at Findel as well as reducing the noise levels for local residents by approximately 40%.

 * March 2005
 * Cross border help - extension of the fleet by a fourth helicopter: An emergency knows no borders: By contract with the Ministers of Internal Affairs of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, LAR is integrated into the rescue system of both German Federal States. From now on, an additional LAR helicopter positioned at the Findel Airport and operates daily rescue missions in the nearby German border area. The costs of these interventions are covered by the German health insurance schemes.

 * October 2005
 * During a three months long commitment following an earthquake in the Pakistani Kashmir area, LAR executes 925 helicopter missions transporting 2.112 patients and 20 tons of aid supplies. This mission is the longest humanitarian disaster relief mission in the history of LAR.

 * July 2006
 * Extension of the LAR fleet with a Double-Stretcher LearJet 35A (LX-TWO), enabling the simultaneous transportation of two intensive care patients.

 * November 2006
 * LAR provides a rescue helicopter for the NATO summit in Riga. The expenses of this mission are covered by the Luxembourgish Government.

 * October 2007
 * Following a successful bid on a European tender, the Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS) appoint LAR as their exclusive organ transportation provider for the whole of France.

 * July 2008
 * In cooperation with France Transplant, LAR expands its organ transportation activities throughout the north-eastern region of France.

 * April 2009
 * An additional hangar on P5 at the Findel airport has been remitted by the Ministry of Transportation. This interim solution enables LAR to shelter its aircraft and technical equipment.

 * 29 April 2009
 * The LAR fleet is expanded to include a Cessna Citation Mustang, an aircraft to be primarily used for the organ team transportation activities. The Mustang Citation has the advantage of only needing a very short landing runway, thus allowing it to fly into regional airports as well as smaller airfields.

 * December 2009
 * A European regulation elaborated by EASA has stipulated that all helicopters in service for air rescue purposes need to be upgraded by the end of 2009 to fulfil the highest performance class possible in aviation. After two years of considerable financial investments, all five LAR rescue helicopters are equipped with the needed performance driven engines as well as separated tanks as required by these European directives.

 * 5 March 2010
 * The first mission of LAR’s fifth helicopter. The MD902 helicopter with the registration number LX-HAR is the newest addition to the LAR fleet.

 * March/April 2010
 * LAR sends an MD902 helicopter to Austria as part of a 6-week training program. The LAR pilots will provide on-site training on the MD 902 helicopter for the helicopter pilots from the air rescue organisation Heli Austria.

 * 18 July 2010
 * LAR, in cooperation with the Luxembourg Ministry of Home Affairs, is expanding its application area by including the Bambi Bucket®, an external water container used in fire-fighting.

 * February 2011
 * After a long preparation phase, Skyservice Air Ambulance and European Air Ambulance EAA (a GEIE between LAR and DRF Luftrettung) organizes a special reception to officially announce their collaboration. The new service accelerates the repatriation of patients from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. No time will be lost on compulsory crew rest times since the wing-to-wing transfer will take place at the end of the duty time of one crew and include the handover of the patient to a fresh crew from the partner organization.
 * Critical patient transfers will take place in secure environments at the relevant service’s home airfield - in Canada at the Skyservice Air Ambulance bases in Montreal or Goose Bay and in Europe at the EAA bases in Luxembourg or Baden/Karlsruhe. Such cooperation also exists with RMSI, who specializes in the patient evacuation in crisis regions. RMSI stabilizes the patient in that region and then flies him out to the next international and safe airport, where EAA takes over and continues the repatriation under optimal medical conditions.

 * 1 May 2011
 * On May 1st, 2011, the first of two new aircraft lands at Findel airport. The LearJet 45XR is one of the most up-to-date jets of its category in terms of technology and can cover great distances while consuming only a minimum quantity of fuel. The LearJet 45XR also benefits from its short-landing capabilities as well as its speed.

 * 17 November 2011
 * The two new ambulance aircraft are presented to the Luxembourgish public. The technical developments of the past 20 years made a restructuring of the fleet necessary in order to stay abreast of the changes in aviation and medical technology. With the new fleet, LAR journeys into a new era of air ambulance services.

 * 5 June 2012
 * Due to the change and homogenisation of the LAR fleet, the Cessna Citation Mustang leaves the fleet.

 * 1 January 2013
 * Luxembourg Air Ambulance, a 100% subsidiary of the Luxembourg Air Rescue, becomes, together with a French partner, the exclusive organ team transporter for France Transplant in entire France except Paris. In line with the centralisation of the organ team transport, the Luxembourg Air Ambulance has jointly with its French partner won the public tender for the provision of a central operations centre as well as the operating of the organ team transports.

Since 1 January 2013, all organ team transports for all French transplantation centres (except those in Paris) are coordinated and executed via the LAR Luxembourg Control Center. Approximately 1.300 missions are operated jointly over the year.

 * 12 June 2014
 * In the presence of Minister Bausch, René Closter, CEO and President of Luxembourg Air Rescue, lays the symbolic foundation stone of the new LAR operational building at the Luxembourg Airport. Ending the temporary housing in containers and tents, the new functional LAR building will contain 2 hangars. Following a 15 month long construction period, the building will house the state of the art control center, as well as a new maintenance hangar, thus creating an ideal work environment for LAR internal maintenance operations. As MDHI Service Center, LAR will subsequently be able to perform the entire maintenance of its rescue helicopter fleet in-house, thus eliminating the costly transfer to England for major maintenance works.

 * 8 December 2014
 * Luxembourg Air Rescue’s recently purchased LearJet 45XR aircraft lands at the Findel Airport. This expansion of the fleet to a total of five air ambulances follows the continuing growth of LAR activities. Since the 22nd of January 2015, the new aircraft, with the registration LX-ONE, carries out patient repatriation flights after the aircraft has been coated in the LAR corporate colours and the authorisation procedures have been completed by the DAC (Direction de l’Aviation Civile).

Addition of the first Airbus H145 (Registration LX-HSL, previously in service for DRF Luftrettung as D-HDSM) to the fleet.
 * July 2023

title: Luxembourg Air Rescue


text:
Physiotherapy Assessment/Contents

Table of Contents

 * Chapter 1 - Introduction
 * Chapter 2 - General information
 * Chapter 3 - Subjective assessment
 * Chapter 4 - Respiratory
 * Chapter 5 - Neurology
 * Chapter 6 - Neuromusculoskeletal
 * Chapter 7 - Paediatric
 * Chapter 8 - Glossary

title: Physiotherapy Assessment/Contents