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User:Fusionistas

Fusionistas is a marketing term coined by Hispanic advertising agency Alma to describe a growing class of young, bicultural Hispanic adults with unique behavioral characteristics.

The term was first defined in a 2009 research-based marketing paper titled “A Brave New World of Consumidores…Introducing Young Fusionistas.”

The key descriptor of this group of 15-35 year-olds is their deliberate blending of two or more cultures to create something new. The value of identifying this demographic lies in the fact that fusionistas are trendsetters in both cultural directions. Their influence is therefore larger than their slice of the U.S. population.

The reason -- a high degree of sociability inherent in Hispanic culture melds perfectly with the well-documented phenomenon of early and voracious technology adoption among young Hispanics. They are social media beasts and their influence on culture and the marketplace of the Western Hemisphere has increased exponentially in the last decade.

Definition: Alma defined fusionistas as a subset of the bicultural Hispanic young adult segment. They are the mostly U.S.-born children of immigrants. They prefer the English language, but their tie to Hispanic culture is nearly as strong as those of their Spanish-oriented, high-Hispanic-affinity peers. Spanish language plays an important role in that dual identity, which happily expresses itself in a voracious appetite for music, food, social networking, fashion, sports and other forms of culture.

What sets them apart from previous generations of young Latinos is that they feel 100 percent Hispanic and 100 percent American. For this group, assimilation is neither a goal nor an endpoint. Yet there is a natural tension in them between the need for authenticity (the Latineo, or Latin style) and an aspiration to realize their potential to create something new and better.

Fusionistas currently represent less than a third of American Hispanics. But because 36 percent of Hispanics are under the age of 18, the future of the fusion trend is clear.

History: Alma is a Miami-based advertising agency that specializes in creating innovative multicultural media campaigns for major U.S. brands such as McDonald’s and State Farm. Founded and headed by industry leader Luis Miguel Messianu, the award-winning agency is comprised of creative talent from nearly every Spanish-speaking country in the world. This pan-Latin petri dish turned out to be ideal for producing insight into a phenomenon of proud, self-defining U.S. Hispanic culture with the viral potential to transform the American identity faster than mere population growth would indicate.

For many years, American brands tended to market to U.S. Hispanics as if they were one vague group from a mythical province called Hispania.

Hispanics themselves were struggling to define what this term really meant in a country that includes large populations of Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Cubans, Colombians, Argentineans and many other Spanish-speaking groups. Not to mention the Portuguese-speaking Brazilians, which the U.S. Census doesn’t define as Hispanic, but many real people do. Each group has unique ethnic and cultural components reflected in colloquial language, music, food, and fashion.

In the 2000s, the term Latino was popularized to the extent it is interchangeable with Hispanic, and is widely preferred in the western half of the United States. But even this term fails to adequately describe the broadening demographics.

The pan-Latin communities in the United States, currently including more than 50 million people, are as varied as the countries from which they and their ancestors came. It is as different as Los Angeles is from New York, and as Miami is from Chicago or San Antonio. As if nationality and geography are not enough to mix the pot, there is also age and relative assimilation of other Latin and non-Latin cultures to consider.

All of this variety has resulted in a Hispanic America that is less defined by language than by a shared culture. The emergence of the fusionistas represents the latest evolution.

Over the last decade, Alma executives began to notice something that hadn’t been evident before -- an emerging pride in Hispanicity that was showing up both in pop culture and in the more detailed focus groups they were doing for marketing research.

This was reflected in subtle ways at first; Ricky Martin’s “Livin’ La Vida Loca”, a trend of wearing rosaries and other religious items as jewelry, reports of more children speaking some level of Spanish. Being Latino started to be cool.

Then in 2007, Macy’s caused a media furor when it stocked t-shirts with the message “Brown is the New White.” This was hardly the first time “brown pride”  gear was sold, but what Alma saw in the controversy was the clearest indication yet that Latino pride had moved beyond the “we are proud to be different” stage.

The essence of the reaction was that young Latinos did not see a paradox between their American selves and their Hispanic culture. Two years of research and writing about this group resulted in the agency dubbing this demographic segment “fusionistas”.

Language: Being a bicultural Hispanic in the U.S. means you can start a sentence in one language and switch to another two or three times before reaching the end. In previous generations, the goal was to assimilate toward English. Later, young Hispanics began a trend of retro acculturation, i.e., connecting to their Hispanic roots through learning the Spanish their parents hadn’t wanted to teach them (so they would be more successful in the larger American culture). Now, the fusionistas are no longer seeking to return to their roots. Today they are stereo (bilingual) from the moment they are born.

Roughly 62 percent of Hispanic young adults speak Spanish to some degree, while 49 percent speak English to a degree. Nearly half of them speak both languages comfortably and interchangeably.

The closest mainstream amalgam of the actual fusionista experience is MTV Tr3s. The network is English-language dominant, but just barely. Spanish and Spanglish are heavily used, and in fact integral. The content is equal parts urban, American, and Latino, very self-aware and tongue-in-cheek.

title: User:Fusionistas


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User:Salvia Mann

I am interested in helping improve the factual content of articles on artists and musicians where so often unstable citation and over promotional viewpoints can be dominant.Salvia Mann (talk) 15:10, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Salvia Mann


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Zenith Z-89

The Z-89 is a personal computer introduced in 1979 by Heathkit, but produced primarily by Zenith Data Systems (ZDS) in the early 1980s. It combined an updated version of the Heathkit H8 microcomputer and H19 terminal in a new case that also provided room for a built-in floppy disk on the right side of the display. Based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor it is capable of running CP/M as well as Heathkit's own HDOS.

Description
The Zenith Z-89 is based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor running at 2.048 MHz, and supports the HDOS and CP/M operating systems. The US$2295 Z-89 is integrated in a terminal-like enclosure with a non-detachable keyboard, 12-inch monochrome CRT with a 80x25 character screen, 48 KB RAM, and a 5.25" floppy disk drive.

The keyboard is of high build quality and has an unusual number of special purpose keys: REPEAT, ESC, TAB, CAPS, CTRL, SCROLL, RESET, BREAK, BACK SPACE, LINE FEED, DELETE, and three with white, red, and blue squares. There are five function keys and a numeric keypad. The video display has reverse video and character graphics are available.

The computer has two small card cages inside the cabinet on either side of the CRT, each of which accept up to three proprietary circuit cards. Upgrade cards available for this included disk controller cards (see below), a 16 KB RAM card that upgrades the standard 48 KB RAM to 64 KB, a RAM memory card accessible as a ramdrive using a special driver (above the Z80's 64 KB memory limit) and a multi-serial card providing extra RS-232 ports. The 2 MHz Z80 could be upgraded to 4 MHz.

In 1979, prior to Zenith's purchase of Heath Company, Heathkit designed and marketed this computer in kit form as the Heath H89, assembled as the WH89, and without the floppy but with a cassette interface card as the H88. (Prior to the Zenith purchase, the Heathkit model numbers did not include the dash).

Heath/Zenith also made a serial terminal, the H19/Z-19, based on the same enclosure (with a blank cover over the diskette drive cut-out) and terminal controller. The company offered an upgrade kit to convert the terminal into a full H89/Z-89 computer.

Another configuration, the Z-90, changes the floppy drive controller from the hard-sectored controller (max 100 kB) to a soft-sectored controller that supported double-sided, double density, 96 tpi drives with a capacity of 640 kB. It also came standard with 64 KB of RAM.

There were several external drive systems available for the H89/Z-89.

 * The H77/Z-77 and H87/Z-87 supports up to two additional Single-Sided, Single Density, 48 tpi 5.25" drives. When connected to the standard hard-sectored controller, it stores 100 kB per floppy. By connecting it to a soft-sectored controller, it stores 160 kB per floppy.
 * The H37/Z-37 supports up to two Double-Sided, Double Density, 96 tpi 5.25" drives and requires the soft-sectored controller. Each drive has a capacity of 640 kB.
 * The Z-47 supports two 8" floppy drives and requires its own interface card. It uses standard IBM 3740 floppy disks with has a capacity of 1.2 MB each.
 * The Z-67 is a 10 MB Winchester Drive plus one 8" floppy drive and also requires its own interface card.
 * In France, the Heath/Zenith Data System branch connected the 10 MB removable cartridge hard disk, manufactured by Bull in Belfort

A maximum of two disk controller cards can be installed in a standard system.

Reception
Creative Computing described the Heath H89 as "the most professional looking" microcomputer available. Stating that the computer was "one of the finest" available for less than $3000, the magazine predicted that it "can have a major impact on the small computer market" if good software became available for it. BYTE wrote that the H89 "has a number of unique hardware features and the same excellent software support and documentation as the original H-8 system".

Reference and description

 * obsoletecomputermuseum.org/zenith/
 * Classic Heathkit Computers and Heathkit H89 Emulators in Javascript (online) and C++
 * old-computers.com
 * Connecting a virtual diskette drive to the H89
 * Actual scanned Heathkit/Zenith Catalogs with much more information

Emulators

 * Github project page for the Virtual H89 emulator

title: Zenith Z-89


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Mervelier

Mervelier is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Mervelier is first mentioned about 1184 as Morswilre. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Morschwil, however, that name is no longer used.

Geography
Mervelier has an area of. Of this area, 4.29 km2 or 43.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.07 km2 or 51.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.35 km2 or 3.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.03 km2 or 0.3% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.3%. Out of the forested land, 50.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 14.0% is used for growing crops and 10.5% is pastures, while 1.6% is used for orchards or vine crops and 17.7% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Delemont district, in the Val Terbi at the foot of the Schelten Pass along the Scheulte river.

The municipalities of Corban, Courchapoix, Courroux, Mervelier, Montsevelier, Vermes and Vicques are considering a merger on at a date in the future into the new municipality of Val Terbi.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, St. Rémy depicted in bishops garb, mitred, haloed and holding a crosier Or.

Demographics
Mervelier has a population of. , 1.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -6.3%. Migration accounted for -2.3%, while births and deaths accounted for 1.5%.

Most of the population speaks French (543 or 92.8%) as their first language, German is the second most common (31 or 5.3%) and English is the third (3 or 0.5%). There is 1 person who speaks Italian.

, the population was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. The population was made up of 267 Swiss men (47.5% of the population) and 5 (0.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 285 Swiss women (50.7%) and 5 (0.9%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 303 or about 51.8% were born in Mervelier and lived there in 2000. There were 152 or 26.0% who were born in the same canton, while 84 or 14.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 33 or 5.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 31.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 52.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.2%.

, there were 248 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 293 married individuals, 33 widows or widowers and 11 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 202 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.9 persons per household. There were 42 households that consist of only one person and 40 households with five or more people. , a total of 199 apartments (91.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 15 apartments (6.9%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (1.4%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2.16%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 43.57% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (22.05%), the CVP (22.05%) and the CSP (8.14%). In the federal election, a total of 192 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 44.1%.

Economy
, Mervelier had an unemployment rate of 3.1%. , there were 26 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 48 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector. 23 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 12 businesses in this sector. There were 253 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.5% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 75. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 19, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 41 of which 25 or (61.0%) were in manufacturing and 16 (39.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 15. In the tertiary sector; 4 or 26.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 33.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 2 or 13.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 20.0% were in education.

, there were 20 workers who commuted into the municipality and 197 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 9.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 13.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 70% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 472 or 80.7% were Roman Catholic, while 54 or 9.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.34% of the population), and there were 3 individuals (or about 0.51% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 39 (or about 6.67% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 16 individuals (or about 2.74% of the population) did not answer the question.

Weather
Mervelier has an average of 144.8 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1184 mm of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Mervelier receives an average of 139 mm of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 13.1 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 14.7, but with only 121 mm of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 76 mm of precipitation over 12 days.

Education
In Mervelier about 203 or (34.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 35 or (6.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 35 who completed tertiary schooling, 80.0% were Swiss men, 17.1% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 34 students attending 3 classes in Mervelier. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality. The municipality had 2.5 primary classes and 34 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Mervelier attend their secondary school in another municipality.

, there were 4 students in Mervelier who came from another municipality, while 49 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Mervelier


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Structure of the United States Space Force

The United States Space Force is organized by different units: the Space Staff, the field commands, and the space deltas.

The Space Force is organized as one of two coequal military service branches within the Department of the Air Force, the other being the United States Air Force. Both services are overseen by the Secretary of the Air Force, who has overall responsibility for organizing, training, and equipping the Air Force and Space Force.

The military head of the Space Force is the chief of space operations (CSO), who is an officer in the grade of general.

Space Staff
The Space Staff is the headquarters of the U.S. Space Force. Like the U.S. Air Force's Air Staff that is under the Department of the Air Force, it is overseen by the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force. It is responsible for developing doctrine, guidance, and plans in performing the Space Force's functions, cooperating with the Air Staff on support issues. It is composed of the military service's most senior leaders: the chief of space operations, the vice chief of space operations, and the chief master sergeant of the Space Force. Like the other services, there is a director of staff who oversees the synchronization of policies and plans of the headquarters staff and four deputy chiefs of space operations. The Space Staff was designed to be lean. Compared to the Air Force's nine headquarters directorates, the Space Force merged nine functional areas into four directorates. Additionally, each of the four deputy chiefs of space operations has unofficial positional titles akin to that of corporate organizations: chief human capital officer, chief operations officer, chief technology and innovation officer, and chief strategy and resourcing officer. The chief human capital officer and chief technology and innovation officer positions are held by senior civilian officials at the SES-3 level, while both the chief operations officer and chief strategy and resourcing officer positions are filled by two lieutenant generals.
 * Office of the Chief of Space Operations emblem (2).png of Space Operations (CSO): Gen B. Chance Saltzman
 * Office_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Space_Operations.png Chief of Space Operations (VCSO): Gen Michael Guetlein
 * USSF_Director_of_Staff.pngtor of Staff: Maj Gen Steven P. Whitney
 * Deputy Director of Staff: Wade Yamada
 * DCSO for Personnel (S1): Katharine Kelley
 * Assistant DCSO for Personnel: Todd L. Remington
 * DCSO for Intelligence (S2): Maj Gen Gregory Gagnon
 * Assistant DCSO for Intelligence: Joseph D. Rouge
 * DCSO for Operations, Cyber, and Nuclear (S3/4/6/7/10): Lt Gen DeAnna Burt
 * Assistant DCSO for Operations, Cyber, and Nuclear: Brig Gen James E. Smith
 * Associate DCSO for Operations, Cyber, and Nuclear: Bruce E. Hollywood
 * Mobilization Assistant to the DCSO: Col Nathan D. Yates, USAF
 * DCSO for Strategy, Plans, Programs, Requirements, and Analysis (S5/8): Lt Gen Philip Garrant
 * Assistant DCSO for Strategy, Plans, Programs, Requirements, and Analysis: Stephen L. Hart
 * Director of Plans and Programs (S8): Brig Gen Robert Hutt, USAF
 * Mobilization Assistant to the DCSO: Brig Gen Damon S. Feltman, USAF
 * DCSO for Technology and Innovation (S9): Dr. Lisa Costa
 * Assistant DCSO for Technology and Innovation: Col Nathan Iven
 * Mobilization Assistant to the CSO: Maj Gen John M. Olson, USAF
 * Office_of_the_Chief_Master_Sergeant_of_the_Space_Force_emblem.png Master Sergeant of the Space Force (CMSSF): CMSSF John Bentivegna

Field organization
The Space Force field organization consist of three different echelons of command: field commands, deltas, and squadrons.

Field Command
Field commands (FLDCOMs) align with specific mission focuses and are led by officers in the grade of lieutenant general or major general, comparable to the United States Air Force's major command. The Space Force's three field commands will be Space Operations Command (SpOC), Space Systems Command (SSC), and Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM).

Denotes planned unit but not yet activated.

Space Operations Command
The Space Operations Command (SpOC) will be the primary force provider of space forces and capabilities. It is responsible for the organization, training, equipping, command and control, and employment of space forces to support operational plans and missions for U.S. combatant commanders. It is headquartered at Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado.

Established on 21 October 2020, SpOC was the first field command activated. It was established by the redesignation of the headquarters of the former Air Force Space Command to Space Operations Command. It was composed of the 10 deltas and two garrisons activated on 24 July 2020. This included the Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional) which served as the interim unit for space training and education until the August 2021 stand-up of a full field command. SpOC also maintained command of the two launch wings, which were later redesignated as launch deltas in 2021, previously under the Air Force Space Command until the establishment of the Space Systems Command.

The 14th Air Force in Vandenberg Space Force Base, California that was temporarily redesignated Space Operations Command upon the creation of the Space Force was inactivated. A new unit, Space Operations Command West (SpOC West), was activated to serve as headquarters of the Combined Force Space Component Command (CFSCC), a subordinate command of the United States Space Command. The SpOC West commander also served as the commander of CFSCC and as the deputy commander of SpOC.

Space Systems Command
The Space Systems Command (SSC) is becoming responsible for developing, acquiring, and fielding space systems, as well as launch, sustainment, and maintenance of space systems. It also advises Space Force science and technology activities.

The Space Force on 8 April 2021 announced the planned structure of the SSC. Led by a lieutenant general, SSC was to be formed by redesignating the Space and Missile Systems Center, Commercial Satellite Communications Office, and other space systems programs offices transferred into the Space Force, being stood up in summer 2021. On July 29, Michael Guetlein was confirmed as its first commander by the United States Senate. The ceremony installing him in command of the new SSC was held August 13, 2021.

Under the new structure, the two launch deltas previously under SpOC were reassigned to SSC under the oversight of the SSC deputy commander. The commander of the Space Launch Delta 45 will take on additional duties as the field command's director of operations.

Space Training and Readiness Command
The Space Training and Readiness Command was planned to train and educate space professionals, develop combat-ready space forces, and additionally taking on the roles of integrated testing and on-orbit checkout. Initially, before the activation of the command, a Space Training and Readiness Delta was established in July 2020 at Peterson SFB. STARCOM was activated on 23 August 2021, led by a major general. Five subordinate deltas then began being established: one each for training, doctrine and lessons learned, range and aggressor, test and evaluation, and education.

Delta
The Space Force has no command echelon equivalent of the U.S. Air Force′s numbered air forces, so the next command echelon below field commands is the delta, a single level of command which combines the wing and group command echelons found in the U.S. Air Force. Each delta is organized around a specific function, such as operations, installation support, or training, and is led by an officer in the grade of colonel. Space Deltas are operational organizations, but have no responsibility for base support, which is either the Air Force′s responsibility, or that of the Space Base Deltas, the former Garrisons.

The first 11 deltas in the Space Force initially were assigned to the Space Operations Command. Of those, two were realigned under the Space Systems Command, and the Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional) became a separate field command.

Denotes planned unit but not yet activated.

Squadron
Below deltas in the Space Force structure are squadrons. Space Force squadrons are focused on specific tactics and are led by an officer in the grade of lieutenant colonel.

History
On 20 December 2019, Air Force Space Command's principal components were 14th Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) and the Space and Missile Systems Center. At the same time as the creation of the Space Force 14th Air Force was redesignated as Space Operations Command.

On 12 March 2019, the Space Development Agency (SDA), a new space-focused development agency, additional to the Space and Missile Systems Center and the Space Rapid Capabilities Office, was established. It was established under the authority of the under secretary of defense for research and engineering. As of January 2020, the SDA is planned to become part of the U.S. Space Force in October 2022.

In early April 2020, a list of twenty-three units to be transferred from the Air Force to the Space Force was publicly reported. Those units included the 17th Test Squadron, Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado; 18th Intelligence Squadron, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH; the 25th Space Range Squadron, Schriever AFB, CO; the 328th Weapons Squadron, Nellis AFB, NV; the 527th Space Aggressor Squadron, Schriever AFB, CO; the 7th Intelligence Squadron, 659th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, 70th ISR Wing, Ft. Meade, Maryland*; Sixteenth Air Force/Advanced Programs*, Schriever AFB, Colorado; the 32nd Intelligence Squadron, Ft. Meade, Maryland*; the 566th Intelligence Squadron, Buckley AFB, Colorado*; the 544th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, Group Staff & Detachment 5, Peterson AFB, Colorado; D the 533d Training Squadron, 381st Training Group, Vandenberg AFB, CA (initial training); the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Research Lab Mission Execution, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio*; the AFRL Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico*; the AFRL Rocket Propulsion Division, Edwards AFB, CA; the AFRL Electro-Optical Division, Maui, Hawaii & Kirtland AFB, New Mexico*; the AFRL Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio*; the Counter-Space Analysis Squadron and the Space Analysis Squadron, collectively half of the Space and Missiles Analysis Group, National Air and Space Intelligence Center, both at Wright-Patterson AFB; the Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center Detachment 4, Peterson AFB, CO; and the Air Force Safety Center – Space Safety Division, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico.

Detachment 1, USAF Warfare Center, Schriever AFB, Colorado; Operating Location A, 705th Combat Training Squadron, Schriever AFB, Colorado (ultimately part of the 505th Command and Control Wing), and the National Security Space Institute, Peterson AFB, CO National Security Space Institute, a place for space education became eventually part of the STAR Delta.

In September 2021 it was announced the 53rd Signal Battalion, the U.S. Army Satellite Operations Brigade, and the Naval Satellite Operations Center would be transferred to Space Force.

Heraldry
Each unit in the Space Force has an emblem in a shape depending on the unit type. Each of the three field commands also have a distinctive color: Silver Grey for SpOC, Golden yellow for SSC, and Bluebird (Replacing initial Cannes Blue color) for STARCOM. Units assigned to Space Forces Space (a component field command) will use Brick Red as a distinctive color. Unit emblems are trimmed with the color of the field command to which they report. Space Force personnel assigned to National Reconnaissance Office roles will wear insignia trimmed in Black.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Rabern

The result was   delete. No evidence of notability presented, therefore the result is delete. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  essay  // 01:39, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

David Rabern

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions.  Cliff  Smith 06:46, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions.  Cliff  Smith 06:46, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

I am not convinced this person meets the WP:GNG. Sources are either primary or about another topic entirely. The standard set of search links for an AfD results in little usable information. As for the Bay of Pigs claim, that on it's face looks completely bogus. Why would the CIA approach a 20-year old kid for such a sensitive operation? DarkAudit (talk) 02:09, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established. Appears purely promotional. -- SarekOfVulcan (talk) 02:12, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment - This is a close call. The History News Network piece cited in the footnotes looks "good" as an independently published source dealing at length with the subject of this article, even if to debunk certain claims. The intent of this piece does seem promotional, but that is an editing matter. Even if the Bay of Pigs claim is hooey, this is still arguably an encyclopedia-worthy subject as the founder of International Counterintelligence Services (ICS). Carrite (talk) 16:21, 12 July 2012 (UTC)


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Mangelia scabra

Mangelia scabra is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

This is a provisory name and is in need of reassessment.

Description
(Original description) The oblong shell is yellowish white. It contains six or seven whorls, tapering and rounded. Each whorl is marked with twelve rather oblique, longitudinal ribs. These are crossed by about the same number of raised transverse striae which produce tubercles at the point of junction and are of purplish brown colour. The suture is rather deep and well-defined, showing the gradual formation and prolongation of the slit. The aperture is oblong. The siphonal canal is short. There is no umbilicus. The transverse striae give the shell a scabrous appearance.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off Scotland, UK.

title: Mangelia scabra


text:
abrasive paper

Noun

 * 1) An abrasive material made by gluing grains of a coarse abrasive to a cloth or paper surface.

Translations

 * Afrikaans: skuurpapier
 * Danish: sandpapir
 * Dutch:
 * Indonesian: kertas abrasif
 * Irish: páipéar gainimh, páipéar scríobach
 * Malay: kertas lelas
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: slipepapir
 * Nynorsk: slipepapir
 * Romanian: hârtie abrazivă,
 * Swahili:

title: abrasive paper


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John Alexander Stewart (politician)

John Alexander Stewart, (1867 – October 7, 1922) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Renfrew, Ontario, he was a lawyer before being elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the Ontario riding of Lanark. A Unionist, he was appointed Minister of Railways and Canals on September 21, 1921, but served at the post for only three months.

title: John Alexander Stewart (politician)


text:
младъ

Alternative forms

 * (Glagolitic):

Etymology
By liquid metathesis from, from , from.

Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, (transitive)/ (intransitive) and. Other Germanic Indo-European cognates evolved from the meaning of soften: English (transitive)/ (intransitive), German, probably Swedish , 🇨🇬 (whence French ).

Adjective

 * 1) young

Descendants

 * Serbo-Croatian indefinite; mladi definitive
 * Serbo-Croatian indefinite; mladi definitive
 * Serbo-Croatian indefinite; mladi definitive

title: младъ


text:
Thick as Thieves (Cavo album)

Thick as Thieves is the second major-label and third studio album by American rock band Cavo, released on April 10, 2012 on Eleven Seven.

title: Thick as Thieves (Cavo album)


text:
Talk:Emcure Pharmaceuticals

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title: Talk:Emcure Pharmaceuticals


text:
General Mechanics/The Continuum Limit

Introduction
In principle, we could use the methods described so far to predict the behavior of matter by simply keeping track of each atom.

In practice, this is not a useful approach. Instead, we treat matter as a continuum.

In this section we will see how this is done, and how it leads us back to waves.

For an example, we will consider a set of N+1 identical springs and masses, arranged as in the previous section, with spring 0 attached to the wall, and mass N free.

We are interested in what happens for large N, the continuum limit.

The system has three other parameters; the spring constant k, the particle mass Δm, and the spring rest spacing Δa, where variable names have been chosen for future convenience. These can be combined with N to give a similar set of parameters for the system.

Suppose all the masses are displaced by d from rest, with total displacement D=dN of the system end, then the total potential energy is kNd2/2 = kD2/(2N), so

 * The system's spring constant is K=k/N
 * The system mass is m=ΔmN
 * The system rest length is a=ΔaN

If, as we increase N we change the other three parameters to keep K, m, and a constant then in the large N limit this discrete system will look like a spring with mass continuously distributed along its length.

For coordinates, we will use the displacements of each mass, xn. For large N the displacement will vary approximately continuously with distance. We can regard it as a continuous function, x, with

 * $$x(n\Delta a)=x_n \,$$

The kinetic energy of the system is then simply

 * $$T=\frac{1}{2} \Delta m \sum_0^N \dot{x}_n^2 $$

The total potential energy is similarly

 * $$V=\frac{1}{2}k x_0^2 + \frac{1}{2}k \sum_1^N (x_n-x_{n-1})^2 $$

From this we may deduce the equations of motion in two different ways.

Equations of motion: First approach
If we take the large N limit first, these sums become integrals.

 * $$\begin{matrix}

T & = & \frac{m}{2a}\sum_0^N \dot{x}_n^2 \Delta a \\ \lim_{N \rarr \infty} T & = & \frac{m}{2a} \int_0^a \dot{x}^2 ds \end{matrix}$$

where s is the distance from the wall, and

 * $$\begin{matrix}

V & = & \frac{1}{2}k x_0^2 + \frac{1}{2}k \sum_0^{N-1} (x_n-x_{n+1})^2 \\ & = & \frac{1}{2}k x_0^2 + \frac{1}{2}K \sum \left( \frac{ x(n\Delta a+\Delta a)- x(n\Delta a)}{\Delta a} \right)^2 a \Delta a\\ \lim_{N \rarr \infty} V & = & \frac{1}{2}k x(0)^2 + \frac{1}{2}Ka \int \left( \frac{dx}{ds} \right)^2 ds \end{matrix}$$

Since the springs always remain attached to the wall, x(0)=0.

The integrand for T is the product of the density and the square of the velocity, just as we might naively expect. Simalarly, V is the integral of the potential energy of a infinitesimal spring over the length of the system.

Using the Lagrangian will let us get equations of motion from these integrals.

It is

 * $$\begin{matrix}

L & = & \frac{m}{2a} \int_0^a \dot{x}^2 ds - \frac{1}{2}Ka\int_0^a \left( \frac{dx}{ds} \right)^2 ds \\ & = & \frac{m}{2a} \int_0^a (\dot{x}^2 - \frac{Ka^2}{m} x^{\prime 2}) ds\\ \end{matrix}$$

The action of the system is

 * $$\int L dt = \int \int \mathcal{L}(\dot{x},x^\prime) dx dt \quad

\mbox{ where } \mathcal{L}=\frac{m}{2a}(\dot{x}^2 - \frac{Ka^2}{m} x^{\prime 2}) $$

Here, we are integrating over both space and time, rather than just space, but this is still very similar in form to the action for a single particle.

We can expect that the principle of least action will lead us to the natural extension of Lagrange's equations to this action,

 * $$\frac{d}{ds}\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial x^\prime}+

\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \dot{x}} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial x} $$

This equation can be proven, using the calculus of variations. Using it for this particular Lagrangian gives

 * $$\frac{\partial^2 x}{\partial t^2} - \frac{Ka^2}{m}\frac{\partial^2 x}{\partial s^2} = 0$$

This is a partial differential equation. We will not be discussing its solution in detail, but we will see that it describes waves.

First, though, we will confirm that these equations are the same as we get if we find the equations of motion first, then take the large N limit.

Equations of motion: Second approach
First, we will look at the potential energy to see how it depends on the displacements.

$$\begin{matrix} V & = & \frac{1}{2}k x_0^2 + \frac{1}{2}k \sum_0^{N-1} (x_n-x_{n+1})^2 \\ & = & \frac{1}{2}k \left( x_0^2 \cdots (x_{n-1}-x_n)^2 + (x_n-x_{n+1})^2 \cdots (x_N-x_{N-1})^2 \right) \\ & = & \frac{1}{2}k \left( 2x_0^2 -2x_0 x_1 \cdots -2x_n x_{n+1} + 2x^2_n -2x_n x_{n+1} \cdots x^2_N - 2x_N x_{N-1} \right) \\ & = & \frac{1}{2}k \left( 2x_0^2 -2x_0 x_1 \cdots 2x_n (x_n-x_{n+1}-x_{n-1}) \cdots x^2_N - 2x_N x_{N-1} \right) \\ \end{matrix}$$

Notice that we need to treat the displacements of the first and last masses differently from the other coordinates, because the dependence of the Langragian on them is different.

The kinetic energy is symmetric in the coordinates,

 * $$T=\frac{1}{2} \Delta m \sum_0^N \dot{x}_n^2$$

Using Lagrange's equations, we get that, for x0

 * $$\Delta m \ddot{x}_0 + 2k x_0 = k x_1,$$

for xN,

 * $$\Delta m \ddot{x}_N + k x_N = k x_{N-1},$$

and, for all the other xn

 * $$\Delta m \ddot{x}_n + 2k x_n = k (x_{n+1}+x_{n-1}),$$

We can replace k and Δm by the limiting values K and m using

 * $$\frac{k}{\Delta m} = \frac{K a^2}{m \Delta a^2} $$

giving us

 * $$\begin{matrix}

\ddot{x}_0 & = & \frac{K a^2}{m} \frac{x_1-2x_0}{\Delta a^2}\\ \ddot{x}_n & = & \frac{K a^2}{m} \frac{x_{n-1}+x_{n+1}-2x_n}{\Delta a^2}\\ \ddot{x}_N & = & \frac{K a^2}{m} \frac{x_{N-1}-x_N}{\Delta a^2} \end{matrix}$$

Looking at the general structure of the right hand side, we see difference between the displacement at nearby points divided by the distance between those points, so we expect that in the limit we will get differentials with respect to s, the distance from the wall.

As N tends to infinity both x0 and x1 tend to x(0), which is always zero, so the equation of motion for x0 is always true.

In the continuum limit, the equation for xN becomes

 * $$ \ddot{x}(a) = -\frac{K a^2}{m} \frac{1}{\Delta a} \frac{dx}{ds} $$

Since Δa tends to zero, for this to be true we must have x'=0 at a.

For the other displacements,

 * $$\begin{matrix}

\lim_{\Delta a \rarr 0} \frac{x_{n-1}+x_{n+1}-2x_n}{\Delta a^2} & = & \lim_{\Delta a \rarr 0} & \frac{1}{\Delta a} \left( \frac{x_{n+1}-x_n}{\Delta a} - \frac{x_n-x_{n-1}}{\Delta a} \right) \\ & = & \lim_{\Delta a \rarr 0} & \frac{x^\prime((n+1)\Delta a)-x^\prime(n\Delta a)}{\Delta a} \\ & = & \left. \frac{d^2 x}{ds^2} \right|_{x=a} & \\ \end{matrix}$$

so we get the equation

 * $$\frac{\partial^2 x}{\partial t^2} - \frac{Ka^2}{m}\frac{\partial^2 x}{\partial s^2} = 0$$

just as with the other approach.

Waves
It is intuitively obvious that if we flick one of the masses in this system, vibrations will propagate down the springs, like waves, so we look for solutions of that form.

A generic travelling wave is

 * $$x = A \sin (\omega t - \kappa x + \alpha) \,$$

Substituting this informed guess into the equation gives

 * $$ -A \omega^2 \sin (\omega t - \kappa x + \alpha) =

-\frac{Ka^2}{m} \kappa^2 \sin (\omega t - \kappa x + \alpha) $$

so this wave is a solution provide the frequency and wavenumber are related by

 * $$ \omega^2 = \frac{Ka^2}{m} \kappa^2 $$

The speed of these waves, c, is

 * $$c = \frac{d\omega}{d\kappa} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{Ka^2}{m}}$$

Thus, we've gone from Newton's laws to waves.

We can do the same starting with a three-dimensional array of particles, and deduce the equations for longitudinal and transverse waves in a solid. Everything we said about waves earlier will be true for these systems.

This particular system has two boundary conditions: the displacement is zero at the wall, and a local extrema at the free end. This is typical of all such problems.

When we take account of the boundary conditions we find that the correct solutions is a combination of standing waves, of the form

 * $$x = A_m \sin \left( \frac{2b+1}{2}\frac{\pi s}{a} \right)

\sin \left( \sqrt{\frac{Ka^2}{m}}\frac{2b+1}{2}\frac{\pi}{a}t +\alpha_m \right) $$

where b is any integer.

If we also knew the initial displacement we could use Fourier series to obtain the exact solution for all time.

In practice, N is typically large but finite, so the continuum limit is only approximately true. Allowing for this would give us a power series in 1/N, describing small corrections to the approximation. These corrections can produce interesting effects, including solutions, but we will not calculate them here.

The continuum limit also fails for small wavelengths, comparable with the particle spacing.

Fields
In the continuum limit, the spring is described by a variable which is a function of both position and time. Variable such as this are commonly referred to as fields.

At first sight, classical fields look quite different to classical particles. In one case position is the dependent variable; in the other, it is an independent variable. However, as the above calculations suggest, fields and particles have an underlying unity, if we take a Lagrangian approach.

We can deal with both using essentially the same mathematical techniques, extracting information about both the field and the particles in that field from the same source.

E.g., once we know the Lagrangian for electromagnetism, we can deduce both the partial differential equations for the EM fields, and the forces on charged particles in those fields, from it. We will see precisely how later, when we come to study electromagnetism.

In the example above, the field Lagrangian was the continuum limit of a Lagrangian for the discrete system. It did not have to be. We can investigate the fields described by any Lagrangian we like, whether or not there is an underlying mechanical system.

So far, we've looked at waves and movement under Newton's law, and seen how the study of movement can lead us back to waves. Next, we will look at special relativity, and see how Einstein's insights affect all this.

title: General Mechanics/The Continuum Limit


text:
Pita (2012 film)

Pita (পিতা; lit. 'Father') is a 2012 Bangladeshi film written and directed by Masud Akhond. It stars Masud Akhond, Jayanta Chattopadhyay, Shamima Nazneen, Shaina Amin, Bonna Mirza, Sumon Kalyan and many more. It released on 28 December 2012 in Bangladesh. It also premiered on 5 May 2013 at the Wilshire theater of Beverly Hills, LA.

Plot Summary
Nitai, the head of the Hindu community in the village, called a meeting on the news that the Pakistani military could come to the village at any time. Jalil, the only Muslim blacksmith in the village, came out of the house saying this to his sheltering father Bishu. The meeting is also being held at the house of Mr. Jamadar. He does not want Pakistan to be different. Bipin is a bit worried and he wants to leave the country quickly. But his son Sharat does not agree. He wants to fight for the country. Also his wife is introverted. You can't go anywhere far with him. Sharmili is Nitai's daughter. Widowed a few days ago. He loves Jalil's daughter and is very fond of Jalil's family.

One day a wild boar entered the village. Everyone is shouting about him. At night, when the possibility of delivery of autumn wife Pallavi arose, she brought the midwife Kamala Masi. At that time the Pak military also attacked the village. Sharat escapes with his father and pregnant wife. But when he went to fetch the midwife's bag, he was caught. Her father rushed to her rescue and the Pakistani army killed both of them. Many more like them died at their hands. Although Jalil survived with his sons, the military captured his daughter, Sharmili, and a few other girls. Jalil tries hard to save the girl.

Cast

 * Masud Akhond as Jalil - A courageous father who tried his best to save his children.
 * Jayanta Chattopadhyay as Bipin
 * Shamima Nazneen
 * Kalyan Corraya
 * Shaina Amin
 * Bonna Mirza
 * Bakhtiar Zaman Bhuiyan

Music
The music of this film was directed by Sayan Wahid and Emon Saha and lyrics were penned by Rabindranath Tagore, Bishu Shikder, Sayan Wahid and Masud Akhand.

Awards
National Film Awards - 2012
 * Best Music Director - Emon Saha

Bachsas Awards - 2012
 * Best Actor - Masud Akhond

title: Pita (2012 film)


text:
User:Gdarwin

About Me
Age: 27

Occupation: I have worked for the past 5 years as an embedded software engineer.

Education: I hold a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from University of California, Santa Barbara.

Location: Southern California USA

Modules I Have Worked On

 * Programming:Data Structures

title: User:Gdarwin


text:
Under-18 athletics

Youth is a category of athletics in which athletes compete under the age of 18 years. Countries all around the world compete in athletics. World Youth Athletics Competitions are held every 2 years which contain the best Youth competitors in the world.

Description and development
The principle behind the category is to introduce young people into athletics. Participators in the competitions in this class may be athletes who have not completed their eighteenth year on 31 December of the year the competition occurs.

Championships

 * IAAF World U18 Championships, organized by the IAAF every 2 years
 * European Athletics Youth Championships, organized by the EAA every 2 years
 * African Youth Athletics Championships
 * Asian Youth Athletics Championships
 * Central American and Caribbean Youth Championships in Athletics
 * Pan American Youth Athletics Championships
 * Oceania Youth Athletics Championships, organized by the OAA every 2 years

Games

 * Youth Olympic Games
 * African Youth Games

title: Under-18 athletics


text:
Cornelius L. Keedy

Cornelius Luther Keedy (March 28, 1834 – March 25, 1911) was an American pastor, physician, and academic administrator. He served as owner and president of Kee Mar College for 25 years.

Life
Keedy was born March 28, 1834, in Rohrersville, Maryland to Daniel and Sophia Miller Keedy. He was admitted to Pennsylvania College and the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg. Keedy was ordained to preach by the East Pennsylvania Lutheran Synod. He was licensed in 1859. He was pastor of Lutheran churches at various times at Johnstown, Riegelsville, Barren Hill, and Waynesboro. In 1860, Keedy married Elizabeth Wyatt Marbourg, the daughter of a Alexander Marbourg, a Johnstown merchant. After struggling his health, Keedy began studying medicine at University of Pennsylvania and graduated in New York in 1863. He practiced medicine for seven years in Iowa.

In 1875, Keedy became president of the Hagerstown Female Seminary, purchasing the institution three years later from Charles W. Humrichhouse. In 1889, the school was renamed Kee Mar College. The name is based on the first three letters of Keedy's name and the first three letters of his wife's maiden name, Marburg. While serving as president, nearly 400 women graduated from the institution and several thousand students had taken courses. Ten years before his death, he sold the college to a company. He had served as owner and president for 25 years.

After years of poor health, Keedy died of heart disease on March 25, 1911, in his home in Hagerstown, Maryland. He was survived by his wife, 2 sons, and 2 daughters.

title: Cornelius L. Keedy


text:
Beshkempir

Beshkempir (released as Beshkempir the Adopted Son in Anglophone countries, Le fils adoptif: Beshkempir in Francophone countries) is a 1998 Kyrgyz language film. Shot and produced in Kyrgyzstan, it is representative of the first wave of independently produced cinema in the country after its independence from Soviet Union. It was directed by Aktan Abdykalykov, and stars the director's son Mirlan Abdykalykov in the lead role. This simple bildungsroman went on to receive critical acclaim, and won numerous international awards including the Silver Leopard Prize at the 1998 Locarno International Film Festival. The film was selected as the Kyrgyz entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 71st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Plot
The film starts with an adoption ceremony presided over by five old women (Beshkempir literally means "five grandmothers"), in a village in Kyrgyzstan. The movie then flashes forward a decade or so to show the coming of age of the adopted child - Beshkempir. He is shown indulging in childhood pranks and activities with friends in a rural setting, like stealing honey from beehives and going to watch screened Hindi movies. However, approaching adolescence leads the boys to spy on a village woman's breasts, make clay models of the female form and pretend to make love and eye girls. Beshkempir is even shown as the message carrier between an older boy and his girlfriend.

Rivalry over a girl Aynura leads to Beshkempir's friend divulging the fact of his adoption to Beshkempir by calling Beshkempir a foundling, who had been unaware of his roots till then. Even though his grandmother denies the story, Beshkempir is upset, and this leads to numerous scuffles with his friend. Hostility is also shown between Beshkempir's adoptive mother and his friend's mother on numerous occasions, culminating in the friend's mother coming to Beshkempir's house to complain about Beshkempir beating up his son.

Beshkempir's adoptive father beats Beshkempir over the incident, who runs away and joins a fisherman. Meanwhile, Beshkempir's grandmother dies and asks that Beshkempir be told the truth in her will. Beshkempir is located and brought home, and is reconciled with adoptive family and friends. The funeral ceremony shows Beshkempir suddenly growing up by giving the customary speech at the funeral where he pledges to repay his grandmother's debts (if any) and to forgo any outstanding debts to his grandmother. The film ends with Beshkempir courting Aynura and a brief shot of an engagement ceremony.

Critical appeal
The film is a bildungsroman, treating universal issues of growing up in a rural landscape. The movie shows little or no Kyrgyzstan-specific footage, except for a brief glimpse of money at one point. However, it depicts several Kyrgyz customs - including the ceremony of placing a baby in a cradle (biseke salu), the funerary ceremony and the engagement ceremony. The ceremonies depict several ethnic Kyrgyz artifacts, like the tekemet rugs of the region, the kigiz felt carpets and the Kyrgyz cradle or besik.

The storytelling is simple and direct, and the plentiful visuals of nature and village life is complemented by soundtrack recordings of accentuated village sounds and the sounds of nature. The film is shot in black and white, occasionally interspersed with color sequences. The color sequences typically depict colorful focal themes like the girl Aynura, colorful Tekemet rugs, or a hoopoe (a kind of bird). Some critics have placed the film in the Neorealist school.

Most of the shooting took place on location in the village of Bar-Boulak in Kyrgyzstan.

Awards
The film won several awards in international film festivals, including:
 * The Findling Award, 1998
 * The Silver Leopard Prize at the Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland, 1998
 * The Jury Award for Artistic Contribution at the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Films in Argentina, 1999
 * The Silver Film Can Award and the FIPRESSI Award at the Singapore International Film Festival, 1999

title: Beshkempir


text:
Alex Canziani

Alex Canziani Silveira (born 11 June 1964) is a Brazilian politician as well as a lawyer and writer. He has spent his political career representing Paraná, having served in the state legislature from 1999 to 2019.

Personal life
Canziani is married to Ana Lúcia dos Santos Silveira, and has two children, a daughter named Luísa and a son Alex Jr. His daughter Luísa is also a politician, being elected to the lower legislature in 2018. Canziani is an alumnus of the State University of Londrina, and also briefly served as part of the university faculty in from 1990 to 1991.

Political career
Canziani voted in favor of the impeachment motion of then-president Dilma Rousseff. He voted in favor raising the spending ceiling of Brazil's government and the 2017 Brazilian labor reforms Canziani voted against opening a similar corruption investigation into Rousseff's successor Michel Temer.

After serving in the federal chamber of deputies for 5 consecutive terms, he was succeeded by his daughter in 2019.

title: Alex Canziani


text:
Category:Wikipedians in Fredericton

Classification: Wikipedians | By Location | Canada | New Brunswick | Fredericton

Wikipedians who live in or are associated with Fredericton, and other participants in the Canadian Wikipedians' notice board.

To add yourself to this list, insert the following on your user page:

title: Category:Wikipedians in Fredericton


text:
United Office and Professional Workers of America

The United Office and Professional Workers of America (UOPWA) (1937–1950) was a CIO-affiliated union and one of the white-collar unions formed by the CPUSA-breakaway party of Lovestoneites.

Formation
The UOPWA of private sector clerical workers formed in 1937 when 23 white collar unions merged, including the Office Workers Union, and the Bookkeepers, Stenographers, and Accountants Union (BS & AU ). They also left the American Federation of Labor (AFL) for the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

Activities
"The UOPWA held an unusual position in the newly formed CIO. In a federation committed to industrial unionism, here was a union with elements of both craft and industrial structure."

"The union included a substantial group of leftwing activists and sympathizers." In the 1930s-1940s, Communist-swayed unions in the CIO included UOPWA, International Fur and Leather Workers Union (IFLWU); the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU); the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE); the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (IUMUSW); the United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA); the Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers (FTA); the Farm Equipment Workers (FE); the United Public Workers (UPW); the American Communications Association (ACA); the International Fishermen and Allied Workers of America (IFAWA); and the National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards (NUMCS). As early as 1938, UOPWA leadership came under Communist domination, when they suspended Anne Gould, editor of the Progressive Office Worker, who took 500 members of UOPWA Local 16 out and joined the AFL's Bookkeepers, Stenographers and Accountants Union. UOPWA's office workers were principally employees of the ILGWU, the Workmen's Circle, the League for Industrial Democracy, Union Health Center, Labor Committee for Palestine, the Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League, and the Workmen's Sick and Death Benefit Fund.

In 1941, Maxwell Copelof, a New York State government official and private arbitrator, represented Amalgamated Bank in Amalgamated Bank of New York vs. United Office and Professional Workers of America, Local 16 (UOPWA) on the issue of job assignment.

On November 3, 1946, UOPWA won a strike for higher wages against Merchants Bank of New York.

In 1947-1949, UOPWA leadership refused to sign non-Communist affidavits as required by the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act. On November 25, 1948, Local 16 denounced CIO president Philip Murray for proposing dissolution of UOPWA's national leadership due to "Communist proclivities" of Union 16.

Dissolution
In 1949-1950, the CIO expelled the UOPWA due to Communist domination.

Aftermath
Shortly after expulsion from the CIO, UOPWA merged with the Food, Tobacco and Agricultural Workers Union and the Distributive Workers Union (formed by locals that had just left the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union) to create the Distributive, Processing, and Office Workers of America (DPOWA). Internal disputes and political pressures brought about DPOWA's demise by 1954, when it merged with the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union.

In April 1950, insurance workers followed Allan Haywood under a new Insurance and Allied Workers Organizing Committee; Richard T. Leonard succeeded Haywood. In 1953, these insurance workers held a convention in Cleveland to form a new union, the Insurance Workers of America. The Insurance Agents' successor eventually merged with the United Food and Commercial Workers.

Some Consumers Union members protested the change to the Distributive, Processing, and Office Workers of America and narrowly (66 to 57 votes) won new membership under the Newspaper Guild of New York.

In 1969, ten of the largest local unions (representing 40,000 members) belonging to the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union disaffiliated from that international union, formed a new union (the National Council of Distributive Workers of America), and joined the Alliance for Labor Action. The Distributive Workers joined the United Auto Workers in 1979.

Membership
UOPWA's membership was largely female and included people with small manufacturers, insurance, banks (e.g., Bankers Trust ), finance, and direct mail. It also included professional workers such as engineers as well as more than 300 members of the Consumers Union. Membership peaked in 1948 with 75,000 members in 100 locals in cities nationwide, though centered in New York City. Insurance workers alone included 40,000 people, of whom 90% were insurance agents.

Members included Vicki Garvin (1915-2007), a champion of African American and women's rights who served as UOPWA's research director and was also a member of the National Negro Congress (1945) and of the Communist Party USA (1947).

Confusion with UPWA
UOPWA was not the same as the United Public Workers of America (UPWA) (1946–1952), a fellow CIO member, also expelled from the CIO in 1950.

Presidents

 * 1937: Lewis Merrill
 * 1947: James H. Durkin

Publications

 * "Summary of the proceedings of the convention of the United Office and Professional Workers of America" (1938)
 * You Can Get It: How White Collar Workers Can Win Higher Pay by Lewis Merrill (1946)
 * House We Built: UOPWA, How It Is Set Up, How It Is Run (1947)
 * Career (1948)
 * "The Facts of Life: An Economic Report" (1948) by Vicki Garvin


text:
Masaru Kanbe

Masaru Kanbe (神戸 勝) is a Japanese field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Masaru Kanbe


text:
Tok Pisin

Tok Pisin is a language used as a lingua franca in Papua New Guinea, where it is one of the four official languages.

Verbs
There are basically two types of verbs in Tok Pisin: transitive and intransitive.
 * In general, transitive verbs end in -im. Example: kisim (sampela samting), take, receive something
 * In general, intransitive verbs do not end in -im. Example: slip (long nait), sleep (at night)

 * More about verbs

Nouns
Nouns are usually not marked for plural in Tok Pisin. The particle ol is used to pluralize if the plural isn't already obvious from context. Example: ol grinpela kar, “green cars”.

Adjectives
There are basically four types of adjectives in Tokpisin:
 * Class 1 adjectives have the suffix -pela in attributive position, and also when they follow the copula. Example: bikpela, big. Bikpela haus, A big building, Haus i bikpela, The building is big.
 * Class 2 adjectives have the suffix -pela in attributive position, but they usually lose it when they follow the copula. Example: kolpela, cold. Kolpela wara, Cold water but Wara i kol, The water is cold.
 * Class 3 adjectives do not have the suffix -pela. Example: liklik, small. Liklik haus, A small building, Haus i liklik, The building is small.
 * Class 4 adjectives do not have the suffix -pela either. Unlike other adjectives, they stand after the noun in attributive position. Example: nogut, bad. Tok nogut, bad words, insults.

Tokpisin adjectives can be either attributive or non-attributive. The attributive type is marked by the attributive morpheme -pela; the non-attributive is unmarked.

Semantically, the attributive form qualifies the noun; it attributes characteristics about the noun, while the non-attributive form states the being; the status of the noun.

Syntactically, the attributive precedes the noun, while the non-attributive follows the noun. A few adjective forms like liklik, and nogut, are considered “non-stabilized forms” (Paradigms have been designed to use to explain some of these linguistics phenomena). Tokpisin has some of these variations still in existence.

Many of these variations are acceptable and are variously marked by the cognition of the speaker of the time about the noun. When someone says nogutpela tok, the person is attributive in his thought. When he says nogut tok [not “tok nogut”?] the person is non-attributive.

Many non-attributive forms of Tokpisin are compound words now and must not be taken literally. For example: tok nogut – “swear, using bad language”; tok i nogut – “unacceptable message”; tokim nogut – “improperly said”; nogut tok – “bad words”.

 * More about adjectives

Prepositions
There are two basic prepositions in Tok Pisin: bilong and long. Nevertheless, there is one other self standing preposition: wantaim, with.
 * bilong is used for attribution. Examples: haus bilong mi, My home; Han bilong diwai, Arm of a tree; branch.
 * long is used as a universal preposition for other meanings.

There are also all kinds of compound prepositions like ananit long, under; insait long, in; antap long, on, above, etc.

Articles
Tok Pisin does not use any definite article.

 * wanpela is used as indefinite singular article, if needed.
 * ol is similar to an article: it's put before the noun to indicate plural, if (needed? and) not otherwise obvious. Note that ol is also the third person plural pronoun.

More about articles.

Personal pronouns
₁ The -pela in mipela is shortened and pronounced as pla.

₂ Yumi is used when referring to both the person being talked to and the speaker. In contrast, mipela is used when speaking about a group including the speaker that excludes the listener.

Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are question words like who, what, when, where, and why.

Who - Husat

What - Wanem

When - Wanem taim (lit. ”what time.”) Often shortened to wataim.

Where - We (also westap, the shortened form of ”we i stap...”, lit. where is...)

Why - Wasmara

Getting started

 * /Dictionary/
 * /Common Phrases/

Other resources

 * Wikipedia article on Tok Pisin
 * Tok Pisin Wikipedia
 * Tok Pisin Phrasebook on Wikivoyage

title: Tok Pisin


text:
User:Anonymous witches

SAVE 2020, 111 black people have been killed by police as of july 29th 2020, we need to band together and stop police brutality it will not stop unless we as people put a stop to it. so many people are killed at the hands of police officers which is terrible in its own because they are supposed to protect people not kill them, "blue lives" are NOT a thing being a cop is a choice and the fact they are allowed to just kill people with no punishments is horrible we have to stop this now its been to long we have to step up and do something before more people get hurt or murdered. It is 2020 we have to save our people. we have to stop police brutality, we have to stop all these people who are taking and selling all these poor babies, we HAVE to step up and make a change in our world or things are just going to get worse more people are going to die. more people are going to get hurt, more children are going to be sold and trafficked if we dont stand up and do something for them. our world is going to hell and only we can fix it.

title: User:Anonymous witches


text:
Nitin Tyagi

Nitin Tyagi (born 16 June 1973) is an Indian politician and was a member of the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi in India. He represented the Laxmi Nagar constituency of Delhi and was a member of the Aam Aadmi Party political party until he was suspended for anti-party activities on 7 June 2024.

Early life and education
Nitin Tyagi was born in Meerut. He attended the Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad and completed Post Graduate Diploma in Management.

Political career
Nitin Tyagi was a MLA from 2015. He represented the Laxmi Nagar constituency and is a member of the Aam Aadmi Party political party.

Posts held
02    Nov.2020        Member DCPCR

title: Nitin Tyagi


text:
User:MssKitt/Books/CrimeMyWikiCreations

All laws are commercial

 * Criminal law
 * Penal law (British)
 * Civil law (Civil law)
 * Retributive justice
 * Deterrence (legal)
 * Incapacitation (penology)
 * Rehabilitation (penology)
 * Restorative justice
 * Civil law (common law)
 * Criminal justice
 * Punishment
 * Actus reus
 * Mens rea
 * Strict liability
 * Culpable homicide
 * Battery (crime)
 * Property damage
 * Trespass
 * Fraud
 * Criminal defenses

title: User:MssKitt/Books/CrimeMyWikiCreations


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Ashfaq shah shah/Archive

31 January 2015

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Both accounts are single purpose accounts dedicated solely to creation of articles and drafts about a made-up dissorder called varriously "belching anxiety", "X linked anorexia" or similar. Except for creating identical made-up articles, edited a page in the userspace of  at User:Ashfaq shah shah/Ashfaq Daderkoot  (this is probably an autobiography). Vanjagenije (talk) 20:59, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * The last logged contribution for Ashfaq shah shah was at 06:08, 16 December 2014. Ashfaq Aalam was created at 07:21, 16 December 2014 and the first account hasn't made an edit since. I've going to assume good faith here that the user may have lost access to their account and created a new one. If the other account resumes editing or you see additional accounts, relist the case and I'll handle it. Mike V • Talk 18:03, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok, I agree with you. I couldn't check that, because most of their contributions are deleted. Vanjagenije (talk) 19:16, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No worries. :) Mike V • Talk 04:32, 7 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Probability/Introduction

As I understand it, the "60% chance of rain" means that rain is expected to fall on about 60% of the area. Perhaps there is a better everyday example. CyborgTosser 08:12, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Eibwen, you are mistaken about odds. Please see the Wikipedia article on odds. As it says both here in the text, and there, odds is the ratio of the probability an event will happen to the probability it will not happen. Mathematically, odds = p/(1-p). The probability a coin will land heads is 50%. The probability it will not land heads is 50%. Therefore, the odds it will land heads is 50%/50% = 1:1, not 1:2. CyborgTosser 08:18, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The approach in the material I have added, by the way, is loosely based on Probability and Random Processes with Applications to Signal Processing by Henry Stark and John W. Woods. CyborgTosser 10:47, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Abstract Algebra
It would seem that if somebody had a passable grasp of abstract algebra (other than what you might learn about Fields in freshman year courses) then you'd think that they'd probably have been introduced to probablility to some extent. Wouldn't it be better to omit the abstract algebra if at all possible?

title: Talk:Probability/Introduction


text:
Talk:Coldharbour House

Merger?
This house is probably sufficiently notable to support an article, but the article that exists is pretty scanty. Would it make more sense to merge with Coldharbour, City of London? DCB4W (talk) 19:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coldharbour House


text:
Pareto distribution

Etymology
Named after.

Noun

 * 1)  A probability distribution such that for a random variable X with that distribution holds that the probability that X is greater than some number x is given by $$\Pr(X>x)=\left(\frac{x}{x_\mathrm{m}}\right)^{-k}$$ for all x ≥ xm, where xm is the (necessarily positive) minimum possible value of X, and k is a positive parameter.

Translations

 * Czech: Paretovo rozdělení

title: Pareto distribution


text:
Maximilian II

Maximilian II may refer to:

 * Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1527–1576)
 * Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (1662–1726)
 * Maximilian II of Bavaria (1811–1864)
 * Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide (b. 1944), titular Emperor of Mexico (1949–)

title: Maximilian II