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Guitar/Writing Songs

Now that you've got some skill and control over the guitar, you want to start writing and performing your own songs. But all your famous artists have such amazing, complicated songs, it's hard to know where to begin.

This page is a general guide to writing songs on the guitar. Although it won't necessarily teach you to write a Top 40 hit, it will give you some general ideas on how to write an effective song. If you haven't already, please read the Singing and Playing section.

General Tips

 * Keep it simple. The most popular, catchy tune on the radio is probably the simplest, most oft reproduced melody in the world. But that doesn't stop you from humming it all day, does it? Never forget that when some people hear "a complex, thought-provoking piece", others hear "an over complicated mess."
 * Have confidence. Your song may not be the best in the world, but a gutsy, less talented performer is always more admired than an amazing performer that is too shy to get a single note out.
 * Keep trying. If you don't "figure it out" immediately, that doesn't mean that you never will. If something sounds terrible, try the opposite, or only use the second half of whatever your work on. The key is to keep trying different things until something clicks.
 * Don't get frustrated. If absolutely nothing is clicking, then just come back to it later. Record whatever you have, take a break, and play it again later. The song isn't going anywhere you aren't going, and it'll still be there the next day.
 * "Borrow" someone else's melody. Often the best melody is the one that already exists. The history of music (and any art, really) is checkered with people taking bits and pieces from other artists and adding their own spin to it. However, this doesn't mean you should just copy some famous song and call it your own, because chances are someone else will notice. Other songs should be used as a source of ideas, not something you can photocopy.
 * Ask someone else. You might be stuck in the same rut, but that doesn't mean anyone else is. Ask another musician (or even a regular person) what they think might fit well. Sometimes the advice will be surprising. With this method you have to be careful of copyright issues, especially if you make it big.

Turning Chords into Songs
Often players come up with a catchy riff or two, and they're not sure how to develop it into more. Songs typically are built up in layers; for example, in a band, one guitarist creates a riff, and another adds a catchy lick over top, the bass player brings in something to support it and the drummer keeps time and adds some interesting rhythms. Even though the first guitar part might still be the same, it is ultimately the contribution of the other parts that turns a few chords into a song.

The most important thing to remember when writing a song is that very little sounds good completely on its own, and generally it requires at least more than one part to make things interesting. There are many ways to add a second part to a song. For instance, some players (especially those that can finger pick) can simultaneously play a bass line on the thicker strings and a melody on the thin strings. Really complicated riffs can also sound good on their own, however these tend to be difficult to write and you may not have enough technical skill for complicated writing.

Another player can also add depth to a riff. For example, a bass player can add another sound texture, and having two players allow them to bounce melodies off one another. The song Dueling Banjos from the movie Deliverance is a good example of how two players can create an interesting, purely instrumental song.

But if none of these options are available to you, or perhaps you only like to compose songs alone, there is always one other layer you can add to any progression; your voice. Amazing singing can turn even the simplest progression into a groundbreaking song

Creating Melodies and Hooks
The main melody, often called the "hook" in popular, radio friendly music, is the catchy, often repeated words and melody that makes the song most memorable. In most songs, especially modern music, the hook is contained somewhere in the chorus. However, this is not always true, as some songs use hooks in the verses, or put hooks in both the verse and chorus.

In general, it is much easier to put words to a melody, rather than a melody to some words. Words tend to have their own syncopation, and this can make it tough to make them fit with an irregular strumming pattern. Already having words is also tough because generally the author does not want to change them.

There are certain cases where putting music to words is a better option. For instance, a rhyming poem or free verse with a regular meter can easily be made a song. Simple chord progressions lend themselves well to these sorts, especially the I - IV - V and IV - V - I.

Often when you are creating a song, a chord progression comes easily, but it is tough to figure out what goes over top. Even if it seems difficult, there are many ways to make things easier for yourself.

 * Record a chord progression, then play it back and try to hum or whistle a melody over top. Often this is enough to get things started and get you unstuck. You can accomplish the same thing by just playing the progression over and over again, but it takes a surprising amount of coordination to play a new riff and spontaneously invent a melody.

 * Record a chord progression, and then try to solo on top of it. This is similar to the first method, but actually using the fretboard can help you figure out what notes work best.

 * Isolate a particular part of the progression and repeat it over and over until you come up with some sort of start. it is best to use at least two chord changes, because just strumming the same chord all the time is uninteresting, and it tends to make coming up with a melody even more difficult.

Another approach is to begin with a melody form, and then put chords behind it to turn it into a song. This may be more challenging, especially if you already have a chord progression you really enjoy, but sometimes approaching a problem from a different angle can make things easier overall.

For instance, in the well known 'Danny Boy' or 'Derry Air' as it is sometimes called, the 'hook' is found where the melody appears to try to surge forward into the chorus and the words "But come ye back" accompany that surge in chord progression.

Use a Method
It is recommended that you work following some simple procedures instead of just trying to come up with something remarkable from scratch. Here are some guidelines on how to work step by step in order to be more efficient.

 * Choose or come up with a scale for the song before you start working on it. Although experienced guitarists might be able to follow a scale subconsciously, thus skipping this step, it is better for beginners to use a scale so as to avoid inconsistencies and to set a mood for the piece. Keep experimenting with scales until you find one that suits the tone you want to give and then start working on the song. Note that you can change scales for different parts of the song, what you shouldn't do is change scale in the middle of a single riff or melody. Also keep in mind that when you are more confident with your guitar you can break away from the scale and use notes not included in it, but the best way to work is to play along the predefined scale and play an odd note only when you want to add a different tone. This usually results in a more original melody, but is hard and might result in sounding like random notes if not used properly.

 * Keep in mind the desired result. You won't get a very good result by simply coming up with random riffs. You must always focus on what you want to create. For example, you might want to create a complicated, original riff for the intro to attract the listener's attention or you might prefer a more melodic but less memorable intro. Either way, you must always have the goal in mind instead of composing aimlessly and keeping the riffs that sound good. This way you won't end up with a style you didn't intend to create.

 * Start simple. If, for example you want a complex riff you should start with a very simple melody and then modify it gradually, by expanding it, for example, or altering the rhythm, until you get the desired result. This will not always give better results, but it's easy for beginners.

Also see the Writing Effective Songs wikibook for more help.

title: Guitar/Writing Songs


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Canoeing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's slalom C-1

The men's canoe slalom C-1 competition at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima took place between 3 and 4 August at the Cañete River in Lunahuaná.

The gold medal was won by Zachary Lokken of the United States.

Schedule
All times are Local Time (UTC−5).

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me

Female vocalist
i have heard this song sung by a female vocalist but do not know who it is if any one knows please post it here —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 00:53, 21 March 2006

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Connection to the past?
Can anyone explain how this song connects to Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me performed by Mel Carter & others, from thirty years earlier?

Recording year
The continued attempts to add 1993 as a recording year without citing a reference will keep getting reverted. First of all, WP:RS and WP:CITE clearly lay out that information added to Wikipedia should be cited with reliable sources. If it can't be cited, they it shouldn't be added. Secondly, the recording year is likely not 1993 anyways. It is well established that the song was unfinished when Zooropa was released, and it was not released until 1995. Therefore, you have a 2 year window in which it could have been worked on, but you don't know for certain when it was. The song could have been completely re-recorded in 1995 before its release. Or the band could have worked on it continuously for 2 years. The point is, we don't know because there aren't references that exist to prove it. The biggest hint yet is that the song was co-produced by Nellee Hooper, who most certainly did not work with U2 in 1993 but rather 2 years later. Furthermore, the single's liner notes mention 2 studios the band definitely did not work at when recording Zooropa, so this must have been subsequent recording. All of this is just a long way of saying: we don't know precisely when the song was recorded. Therefore, we shouldn't add it to the article. Y2Kcrazyjoker4 (talk • contributions) 21:09, 7 June 2019 (UTC)


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Jim Florentine

James Bernard Florentine (born August 18, 1964) is an American comedian, actor, author, and television personality. He is best known for co-hosting That Metal Show on VH1 Classic and voicing several characters on Crank Yankers, including Special Ed and Bobby Fletcher. He hosts The Jim Florentine Show on Sirius XM Satellite Radio and a podcast called Everybody Is Awful (Except You). He has released six albums of stand-up comedy, two comedy specials, seven installments in the Terrorizing Telemarketers prank call compilation, and three installments of the Meet the Creeps hidden camera show. His 2018 book Everybody is Awful (Except You!) reached No. 1 on the Book Soup nonfiction chart.

Early life
He was born on August 18, 1964, in Brooklyn (New York) to a large Catholic family. He has six brothers and sisters and launched his career in New York City comedy clubs.

Personal life
Florentine is a native of central New Jersey. He came from a large Catholic family and was one of the seven children who attended the Catholic school, St Ambrose. He has stated in various interviews and in his stand-up act that he disliked his religious upbringing. Florentine was interested in a musical career growing up because of his love for heavy metal music, but would often joke that he never had the talent to play an instrument.

His family lived for several years in Fort Lauderdale, Florida when his father decided he wanted to set up a family-run hot dog vending business. The business, however, proved unsuccessful, and the family moved back to New Jersey. In his late teens, Florentine had drug and alcohol problems and was in and out of rehab. He has stated his love of hard rock music set him on a straight path in life. Florentine became a DJ on WCNJ (now WCNM), his college radio station in Hazlet, New Jersey, in the 1980s.

Florentine was inspired to do stand-up comedy after seeing Andrew Dice Clay for the first time on a Rodney Dangerfield comedy special. He and Jim Norton met Dice backstage at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles in the late 90s, and the three hit it off, with Florentine and Norton later becoming his opening acts.

Jade, his girlfriend of six years, committed suicide in December 2006 while he was away performing on stage. In August 2007, while a guest on The Howard Stern Show, Jim Florentine asked co-host Robin Quivers to go on a date with him during a show segment. Due to the attention this garnered, Quivers became tight-lipped about the topic. On July 28, 2008, Quivers announced on the radio show that she and Florentine had ended their relationship, the breakup was amicable, Florentine was "genuine and honest," and that he was the one who initiated the breakup. In 2010, he had a child with lacrosse coach Samantha Warner. The two married in 2012 (her third, his first) and divorced in 2015 after he hired a private investigator who caught Warner having sex with a New Jersey police officer.

Career
In July 2001, Florentine released Terrorizing Telemarketers Volume 1. After numerous plays on the Howard Stern Radio Show, his CD ranking on Amazon.com went from 282,363 to number 2. The only artist ahead of him was the Backstreet Boys. Later that week, Florentine's CD came in at No. 17 on the Internet Billboard charts.

After the release of Terrorizing Telemarketers Volume 2 in late 2001, Jimmy Kimmel and Adam Carolla took a liking to Florentine's prank calls and hired him for a show to debut in June 2002 on Comedy Central called Crank Yankers. Florentine played Special Ed, a developmentally disabled teenager, and Bobby Fletcher, a despicable, alcoholic slob who is the older cousin of Ed.

After season 1, Eminem took a liking to Florentine's characters and flew him out to his Detroit studio to do prank calls together for the upcoming season of Crank Yankers. The following year in 2004, Eminem and Florentine did a bit together on the MTV Music Awards show where Eminem beat up Special Ed, who kept annoying him (and tore his leg off). Crank Yankers lasted three seasons on Comedy Central. The show moved over to MTV2 in 2006 for one season. Florentine's Special Ed character that he created is still played at various sporting events at stadiums across the USA.

Florentine was featured on the series premiere of Down and Dirty with Jim Norton, a comedy series that aired on HBO on October 3, 2008. The series spotlights new and established talent, including Artie Lange, Bill Burr (Chappelle Show), Patrice O'Neal, and Andrew Dice Clay. Lemmy, leader of the heavy metal band Motörhead, served as the musical director.

Later that year, That Metal Show made its debut on VH1 Classic. Florentine co-hosted the show with fellow comedian Don Jamieson and rock radio broadcaster Eddie Trunk. The show discussed various topics in the hard rock and metal community, along with interviewing musicians and giveaways for the audience. The show ended production in 2015.

Florentine has been seen on The Apprentice, Comedy Central's Mother Load, HBO's Inside the NFL, The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn, The Opie and Anthony Show, Opie with Jim Norton, The Howard Stern Show, Spike TV's Video Game Awards, MTV Music Video Awards, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Last Call with Carson Daly, Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn on Comedy Central, VH1's The List, Louie Anderson's Comedy Showcase, Jim Norton and Sam Roberts on Sirius/XM and Comedy Central's @midnight. He also voiced the redneck radio host Bobbie Ray in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories.

He has a series of prank call CDs known as Terrorizing Telemarketers Volumes 1–5. The CDs feature a series of recorded telephone conversations, often with Florentine receiving calls from telemarketers, wherein he turns the tables on often aggressive salespeople by being deliberately difficult and creating awkward situations.

In 2004, he worked one season on HBO's Inside the NFL performing various comedy sketches. The show won an Emmy that season and Florentine has proudly said in various interviews that when he was single, he kept it on his nightstand, and it would close the deal anytime he had a date over. He called it his "Mariano Rivera".

At the same time, Florentine released two hidden camera DVDs named Meet The Creeps, where he and his partner Don Jamieson pulled outrageous pranks on people. The DVDs fell into the hands of some Comedy Central executives, who then brought Meet The Creeps to their broadband channel called Motherload. After two successful seasons, Comedy Central created a Meet The Creeps pilot for the network. However, the pilot was deemed too mean-spirited, and the show never made it on the network.

Between 2004 and 2008, he made three appearances on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on ABC. He also appeared on The Late Late Show Craig Kilborn. In 2007, Florentine appeared on the last episode of The Apprentice in season 4 doing his edgy stand-up comedy at a conservative charity event. He asked Trump's partner George if he wears a diaper. He has not appeared on The Apprentice since.

He is an occasional guest on the late-night Fox News Channel show Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld.

Later in 2010, Florentine appeared in the feature film A Little Help as Brian.

In 2011, Florentine launched his weekly podcast called Comedy, Metal, Midgets. It is one of the most popular comedy podcasts landing in the top 20 every week.

On October 25, 2011, Florentine released his stand-up CD on Metal Blade Records called Cringe N Purge. It landed at No. 3 on the iTunes charts and No. 5 on the Comedy Billboard Charts.

In June 2012, Florentine hosted the OMA Awards for MTV, which aired worldwide. In August 2012, That Metal Show that Jim co-hosts on VH1 Classic will be going into its 11th season. Florentine also opened for the band Metallica at the Orionfest festival which attracted over 50,000 fans.

On September 4, 2012, Florentine released his second CD on Metal Blade Records called Awful Jokes From My First Comedy Notebook. The CD also landed at No. 3 on the iTunes Charts and No. 10 on the Comedy Billboard Charts. Jim is only the third comedian ever to have two CDs land in the top 10 in the same year. The concept for this CD was that Jim stumbled across his first comedy notebooks from when he started doing comedy back in the early 1990s. He could not believe how bad his early jokes were and decided to share them with his fans and went into a recording studio and read his awful jokes directly out of his notebook. The CD has received critical acclaim in the comedy world for taking a huge risk.

On April 17, 2013, radio personality Marc Maron posted a lengthy interview with Florentine on his WTF podcast series.

He was also on Californication, Girls, and Inside Amy Schumer.

In 2015, Jim was on the season finale of Louie and was submitted for an Emmy nomination for "Best Guest Star."

In 2016, he released two comedy specials, I'm Your Savior was a critically acclaimed one-man show about his life and the death of his ex-girlfriend. His second special released the same year, A Simple Man debuted at number one on the comedy charts.

Video games

 * Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories .... Bobbie Ray (2006)

Discography

 * Terrorizing Telemarketers I (CD)
 * Terrorizing Telemarketers II (CD)
 * Terrorizing Telemarketers III (CD)
 * Terrorizing Telemarketers IV (CD)
 * Terrorizing Telemarketers V (CD)
 * Terrorizing Telemarketers VI (CD)
 * Get The Kids Out Of The Room (2005) (CD)
 * Anger's A Gift (2008) (CD)
 * Cringe & Purge (2011) (CD)
 * Awful Jokes From My First Comedy Notebook (2012) (CD)
 * I'm Your Savior {2016} DVD/CD)
 * A Simple Man {2016} (DVD)
 * I Got The House {2019} {DVD/CD}
 * Bite The Bullet {2022} {CD}
 * Terrorizing Telemarketers VII {2022} (CD)

DVDs

 * Meet The Creeps Volume 1 (DVD)
 * Meet The Creeps Volume 2 (DVD)
 * Meet The Creeps Volume 3 (DVD)

title: Jim Florentine


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User:Daniel Hooper

I am an electrical engineering student at Vanderbilt Univeristy in Nashville, TN. I have made several contributions already, including creating the School of Engineering and the Electrical Engineering Department. I have made contributions to some of the texts linked at that site.

title: User:Daniel Hooper


text:
Linear Algebra/Matrices

Matrices and Linear Transformations
It turns out that linear transformations can be represented in a 1-1 fashion in matrices. This chapter will be most likely be a review as the topic has already probably been covered in high school (see this link). The establishment of a one-to-one correspondence between linear transformations and matrices is very important in the study of linear transformations.

Suppose you have a set of basis vectors x1, x2, x3, ..., xm of a vector space X and basis vectors y1, y2, y3, ..., yn of a vector space Y.

Consider a linear transformation T from X to Y, and the vectors

T(x1)=y1a11+y2a21+y3a31+...+ynan1, T(x2)=y1a12+y2a22+y3a32+...+ynan2, T(x3)=y1a13+y2a23+y3a33+...+ynan3, ... T(xm)=y1a1m+y2a2m+y3a3m+...+ynanm,

You can arrange these coefficients in a matrix

$$M= \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & \ldots & a_{1m} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & \ldots & a_{2m} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & \ldots & a_{3m} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & a_{n3} & \ldots & a_{nm} \\ \end{pmatrix}$$.

Thus, if you have any vector

$$x=\sum_{j=1}^m x_j b_j$$,

Then

$$T(x)=T(\sum_{j=1}^m x_j b_j)=\sum_{j=1}^m b_j T(x_j)=\sum_{j=1}^m b_j \sum_{i=1}^n y_i a_{ij}=\sum_{i=1}^n y_i \sum_{j=1}^m a_{ij} b_j $$

Thus, T(x) is a linear combination of basis vectors

$$\sum_{i=1}^n y_n c_i$$, where

$$c_i=\sum_{j=1}^m a_{ij} b_j$$.

Thus knowledge of a matrix in respect to bases can determine the value of a the result of a linear transformation.

Thus, given any matrix, there is a corresponding function with the results being

$$\sum_{i=1}^n y_n c_i$$, where

$$c_i=\sum_{j=1}^m a_{ij} b_j$$.

This is obviously a linear operator, whose matrix coincides with the matrix used. This establishes the fact that every n by m matrix can determine a linear operator mapping an m dimensional vector space into an n dimensional vector space.

Addition
Define the sum C=A+B where A and B are linear transformations to be the function C(x)=A(x)+B(x). One can easily verify that this is also a linear transformation. You can verify that given two linear transformations A and B, that

 * 1) A+B=B+A
 * 2) (A+B)+C=C+(B+A)
 * 3) A+0=A
 * 4) A+(-A)=0

where 0 is the zero operator -A is the function -A(x) which one can easily verify to be a linear transformation.

Scalar multiplication
Given a linear transformation a, define the function $$\mu A$$ where $$\mu$$ is an element of a field to be the function $$(\mu L)(x)= \mu (L(x))$$.

You can easily verify that given a linear transformations A and B and an elements of a field $$\mu$$, $$\mu_1$$, and $$\mu_2$$, that

 * 1) $$\mu_1 (\mu_2 A) = (\mu_1 \mu_2)A$$
 * 2) $$ 1A=A $$
 * 3) $$ (\mu_1 + \mu_2)A = \mu_1 A + \mu_2 A$$
 * 4) $$ \mu (A+B) = \mu A + \mu B $$

This implies that linear transformations form a vector space.

Multiplication
Given a linear transformation A from X to Y and a linear transformation B from Y to Z, then define the function AB from X to Z to be the composition of the two functions. One can easily verify that this is also a linear transformation.

Here are some useful relations that can easily be verified:

 * 1) $$ \mu (AB) = (\mu A)B$$
 * 2) $$ (A+B)C=AC+BC$$
 * 3) $$ C(A+B)=CA+CB$$
 * 4) $$ (AB)C=A(BC)$$.

Corresponding algebra of matrices
Since there is a one-to-one correspondence between linear transformations from m-dimension spaces to n-dimensional spaces and m-by-n matrices, the addition, scalar multiplication, and multiplication operations are defined in their one-to-one correspondence, and all properties stated above hold for matrices. The addition of matrices M and N can be defined as the matrix that corresponds to the sum m+n where m and n are the linear transformations that correspond to M and N respectively. The other operations are defined similarly.

Addition
Let A = |aij| and B = |bij| be two matrices of dimension n by m. Consider A and B which are the corresponding linear transformations from an m-dimensional vector space M to an n-dimensional vector space N. Let m1, m2, m3, ..., mm, be basis vectors of M and n1, n2, n3, ..., nn be basis vectors of N. Then

$$A(m_i)=\sum_{j=1}^n a_{ij} n_j $$, and $$B(m_i)=\sum_{j=1}^n b_{ij} n_j $$.

Thus

$$(A+B)(m_i)=\sum_{j=1}^n(a_{ij}+b_{ij})n_j$$

so the matrix of this operator has entries |aij+bij|. In other words, the sum of two matrices have entries that are the sum of the corresponding entries of the two matrices.

Examples:

\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 3 \\   1 & 0 \\    1 & 2  \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\   7 & 5 \\    2 & 1  \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1+0 & 3+0 \\   1+7 & 0+5 \\    1+2 & 2+1  \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 3 \\   8 & 5 \\    3 & 3  \end{pmatrix} $$

Once addition is defined we have obviously also defined subtraction. A - B is computed by subtracting corresponding elements of A and B, and has the same dimensions as A and B. For example:

\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 3 \\   1 & 0 \\    1 & 2  \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\   7 & 5 \\    2 & 1  \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1-0 & 3-0 \\   1-7 & 0-5 \\    1-2 & 2-1  \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 3 \\   -6 & -5 \\    -1 & 1  \end{pmatrix} $$

Scalar multiplication
Scalar multiplication of matrices shall be defined to be the corresponding matrix of the scalar product of the corresponding linear transformations.

Consider a matrix A with entries |aij| and its corresponding linear transformation A from M to N, and an element of a field $$\mu$$, and let m1, m2, m3, ..., mm, be basis vectors of M and n1, n2, n3, ..., nn be basis vectors of N. Since

$$(\mu A)(m_j)=\sum_{i=1}^m \mu a_{ij} n_i = \mu \sum_{i=1}^m a_{ij} n_i$$, the entries of the corresponding matrix is has entries |$$\mu$$aij|.

For example, multiplication by 2 of a matrix:

 * $$2 \cdot

\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 8 & -3 \\   4 & -2 & 5  \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \cdot 1 & 2\cdot 8 & 2\cdot -3 \\ 2\cdot 4 & 2\cdot -2 & 2\cdot 5 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 16 & -6 \\   8 & -4 & 10  \end{pmatrix} $$

Scalar Multiplication has the following properties, which have been proven because of its one-to-one correspondence to Linear Transformations:

 * 1) Left distributivity: (α+β)A = αA+βA.
 * 2) Right distributivity: α(A+B) = αA+αB.
 * 3) Associativity: (αβ)A=α(βA)).
 * 4) 1A = A.
 * 5) 0A= 0.
 * 6) (-1)A = -A.

Matrix multiplication
As above, matrix multiplication will also be defined as its correspondence to linear transformations. The product of two matrices is the corresponding matrices of the product of the corresponding two linear transformations.

Consider an o by n dimensional matrix A with entries |aij|, n by m dimensional matrix B with entries |bij|, and let A be a linear transformation from n-dimensional M to o-dimensional O that corresponds to A, and let B be a linear transformation from m-dimensional N to n-dimensional N that corresponds to B, and let m1, m2, m3, ..., mm, be basis vectors of M, n1, n2, n3, ..., nn, be basis vectors of N, o1, o2, o3, ..., oo, be basis vectors of O. Then

$$(AB)(m_i)=A(\sum_{j=1}^n b_{ji} n_j)=\sum_{j=1}^n b_{ji} A(n_j)=\sum_{j=1}^n b_{ji} \sum_{k=1}^o a_{kj} o_k = \sum_{k=1}^o (\sum_{j=1}^n a_{kj}b_{ji}) o_k$$

Thus the corresponding matrix has entries |pij| that are given by:

$$ p_{ij} = \sum_{k=1}^n a_{ik} b_{kj}$$

For example:

\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 \\      -1 & 3 & 1 \\    \end{pmatrix} \times \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 \\       2 & 1 \\        1 & 0 \\    \end{pmatrix} =   \begin{pmatrix}

( 1 \times 3 +  0 \times 2  +  2 \times 1) & ( 1 \times 1 +  0 \times 1  +  2 \times 0) \\

(-1 \times 3 +  3 \times 2  +  1 \times 1) & (-1 \times 1 +  3 \times 1  +  1 \times 0) \\

\end{pmatrix} $$

=   \begin{pmatrix} 5 & 1 \\       4 & 2 \\    \end{pmatrix}. $$

Matrix multiplication has the following properties, which have been verified due to the fact that they are also true of linear transformations.

 * 1) Associativity: A(BC) = (AB)C.
 * 2) Left distributivity: A(B+C) = AB+AC.
 * 3) Right distributivity: (A+B)C = AC+BC.
 * 4) IA = A = AI.
 * 5) α(BC) = (αB)C = B(αC).

Matrix multiplication is in general not commutative, i.e. there exist matrices for which AB $$\ne$$ BA. An example can be given by: $$A = \begin{pmatrix} 7 & 8 \\ 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 \end{pmatrix}$$ and $$B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \end{pmatrix}$$

The way matrix multiplication is defined seems illogical and strange; why can matrix multiplication not be defined as just multiplying corresponding entries as in the case of addition and scalar multiplication? Unfortunately the actual answer will be available to us only later on in Chapter 3. In the meantime we will satisfy ourselves by noting the advantage that matrix multiplication gives us by representing a linear system in matrix form. This will be clear in the following section.

At this point we see fit to make another definition. An n by n matrix A is invertible if and only if there exists a matrix B such that
 * AB = In = BA.

In this case, B is the inverse matrix of A, denoted by A−1. Clearly the inverse of the identity matrix is itself. We will study invertible matrices in detail later.

One point more is to be noted here. The type of matrix multiplication when the product matrix is simply the matrix obtained by multiplying the corresponding entries of two equal dimension matrices also has a name. It is called the Hadamard product. We shall not use this kind of multiplication. Throughout the book matrix multiplication will always refer to the matrix product defined above.

Determinants of Products of Matrices (Binet's Theorem)
In addition, the determinant is a multiplicative map in the sense that
 * $$\det(AB) = \det(A)\det(B) \,$$ for all n-by-n matrices $$A$$ and $$B$$.

This is generalized by the Cauchy-Binet formula to products of non-square matrices.

Matrices and system of linear equations
The concept of a matrix was historically introduced to simplify the solution of linear systems although they today have much greater and broad-reaching applications. Let's see how a linear system can be represented using a matrix.

Consider a general system of m linear equations with n unknowns:

 * $$\begin{alignat}{7}

a_{11} x_1 &&\; + \;&& a_{12} x_2 &&\; + \cdots + \;&& a_{1n} x_n &&\; = \;&&& b_1     \\ a_{21} x_1 &&\; + \;&& a_{22} x_2 &&\; + \cdots + \;&& a_{2n} x_n &&\; = \;&&& b_2     \\ \vdots\;\;\; &&    && \vdots\;\;\; &&              && \vdots\;\;\; &&     &&& \;\vdots \\ a_{m1} x_1 &&\; + \;&& a_{m2} x_2 &&\; + \cdots + \;&& a_{mn} x_n &&\; = \;&&& b_m     \\ \end{alignat}$$

The system is equivalent to a matrix equation of the form
 * $$A\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{b}$$

where A is an m×n matrix, x is a column matrix with n entries, and b is a column matrix with m entries.

A= \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{m1} & a_{m2} & \cdots & a_{mn} \end{bmatrix},\quad \mathbf{x}= \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ \vdots \\ x_n \end{bmatrix},\quad \mathbf{b}= \begin{bmatrix} b_1 \\ b_2 \\ \vdots \\ b_m \end{bmatrix} $$

Clearly our manner of defining matrix multiplication is used in representing the linear system in this fashion because now the product of the matrix A and the matrix x gives us precisely the matrix b.

Representing linear systems in this fashion also enables us to easily prove the following theorem:

 Theorem 1: Any system of linear equations has either no solution, exactly one solution or infinitely many solutions.

Proof: Suppose a linear system Ax = b has two different solutions given by X and Y. Then let Z = X - Y. Clearly Z is non zero and A(X + kZ) = AX + kAZ = b + k(AX - AY) = b + k(b - b) = b so that X + kZ is a solution to the system for every possible value of k. Since k can assume infinitely many values so clearly we have an infinite number of solutions.

Exercises
Hints to many of the exercises can be found at Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Algebra/Matrix Theory.

1. Let A and B be m × matrices. Then:
 * (i) $$(kA)^T$$ = $$kA^T$$
 * (ii) $$(A+B)^T = A^T + B^T$$
 * (iii) $$(AB)^T = B^TA^T$$

2. Let a triangular matrix be a square matrix with either all (i,j) entries zero for either i<j (in which case it is called an lower triangular matrix) or for j<i (in which case it is called an upper triangular matrix). Show that any triangular matrix satisfying $$AA^T = A^TA$$ is a diagonal matrix.

3. For a square matrix A show that:
 * (i) $$AA^T$$ and $$A+A^T$$ are symmetric
 * (ii) $$A-A^T$$ is skew symmetric
 * (iii) A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix, $$\frac{1}{2}(A+A^T)$$ and a skew symmetric matrix $$\frac{1}{2}(A-A^T)$$

4. Suppose A is a m×n matrix and x is a n×1 column vector. Show that if $$x=\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2\\\vdots\\x_n\end{pmatrix}$$ and $$A=\begin{pmatrix}c_1 & c_2 &\cdots c_n \end{pmatrix}$$ where $$c_j=\begin{pmatrix}A_{1j}\\A_{2j}\\\vdots\\A_{mj}\end{pmatrix}$$ then $$Ax = x_1c_1+x_2c_2+\cdots x_nc_n$$. This is also expressed by saying that Ax is a linear combination of the columns of A.

title: Linear Algebra/Matrices


text:
reimbursable

Adjective

 * 1) Capable of being reimbursed.
 * Calling your wife on company time is not a reimbursable expense.

Translations

 * Finnish: hyvitettävä, korvattava
 * French:
 * Italian: rimborsabile
 * Manx: yn-aaeeck

Noun

 * 1) Something the expense for which can be reimbursed.

title: reimbursable


text:
User:MichaelBillingtonBot~enwikiversity

MichaelBillingtonBot was a bot run by Michael Billington to generate RSS feeds for Wikiversity learning blogs.

An example blog (and RSS feed for it) to demonstrate what it did can be found here. A list of RSS feeds which the bot bot maintained is located at /Feeds

If you see the bot playing up, please block it and inform me of the problem. If all you see is a bug (which isn't anything that you'd block the bot for) then just leave a note and I'll see what I can do to fix it.

How to set up the bot to make an RSS feed of your Wikiversity blog
The bot makes a feed for every page with Rssbot on it. Here is an example use of the template:

Both fields are optional, but it's best you set them. Other fields are  (default is 'en', shouldn't really need to be changed) and   (which takes the newest items from the bottom, for talk pages rather than blogs - set this to 'true' to use this feature)

title: User:MichaelBillingtonBot~enwikiversity


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chess ICT

The result was delete. — JJMC89  (T·C) 05:40, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Chess ICT

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Doesn't pass WP:ORGCRIT and has no substantial coverage in WP:RS and WP:IS as PRoDded earlier here by User:Rosguill, but was deprodded by the author without any substantial change (rev). Article is full of PR links in wiki and on the web, and the only thing that author is claiming as significant for notability (1st rank in Top 100 Best Companies to Work For) doesn't really qualify to have an article on its own as it is a one-time thing (the current rank is 12) and is only valid within UK. Bishal Shrestha (talk) 04:49, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. Bishal Shrestha (talk) 04:49, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of United Kingdom-related deletion discussions. Bishal Shrestha (talk) 04:49, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete per not meeting WP:ORGCRIT or WP:GNG. signed,Rosguill talk 05:02, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete does not satisfy WP:CORPDEPTH (all the sources are routine business announcements) or WP:GNG. Its only claim to fame is "1st place in The Sunday Times Best Companies to Work For" which is not enough for an article. A quick Google search doesn't help. -Lopifalko (talk) 05:26, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Hughesdarren (talk) 10:37, 23 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
1956 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1956 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Seven Conference during the 1956 college football season. In their third season under head coach Chuck Mather, the Jayhawks compiled a 3–6–1 record (2–4 against conference opponents), finished tied for fifth in the Big Seven Conference, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 215 to 163. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.

The team's statistical leaders included Homer Floyd with 638 rushing yards, Charlie McCue with 48 points scored, and Wally Strauch with 596 passing yards. Galen Wahlmeier was the team captain.

title: 1956 Kansas Jayhawks football team


text:
Senator Griffith

Senator Griffith may refer to:

 * Frederick W. Griffith (1858–1928), New York State Senate
 * Henry W. Griffith (1897–1956), New York State Senate
 * Melony G. Griffith (born 1963), Maryland State Senate
 * Parker Griffith (born 1942), Alabama State Senate
 * Silas L. Griffith (1837–1903), Vermont State Senate

title: Senator Griffith


text:
Wikipedia:Featured list candidates/Serie A Coach of the Year/archive1

 * The following is an archived discussion of a featured list nomination. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the article's talk page or in Wikipedia talk:Featured list candidates. No further edits should be made to this page.

The list was promoted by Giants2008 via FACBot (talk) 23:32, 15 October 2017 (UTC).

Serie A Coach of the Year

 * Nominator(s): The Rambling Man (talk) 11:15, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

I stumbled on this when browsing for potential FLCs, and it had about two lines of prose and a few refs, and a table. So I expanded it out considerably, and hope that it now matches the community's expectations of what a featured list should be like. As ever I will cover all comments here as soon as practicable. Yes, I have a nom and a co-nom running, but the former has two supports and the latter one, and neither are anything like this one, so there should be no read-across problems here. The Rambling Man (talk) 11:15, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Comments from Think that's it......... -- ChrisTheDude (talk) 11:49, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * "The award is part of the Gran Galà del Calcio (former Oscar del Calcio) awards event" - not very clear. Are these two different names for the same event?  Two different events?  When did the name change?  Also, this isn't mentioned in the body of the article
 * "Only two non-Italians have won the award, Sven-Göran Eriksson became the first in 2000, while José Mourinho was the first foreign coach ever to win the award twice." - first comma should probably be a semi-colon, or even a sentence break. Mourinho bit does not need the word "ever"
 * "yet lost Champions League Final to "perennial German underdogs"" => "but lost the....."
 * Internazionale in the tables but Inter in the History section?
 * In the "By nationality" section, the Special One's name is spelt incorrectly
 * all address I hope, thanks for your interest and comments! The Rambling Man (talk) 12:05, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I still think you need to mention the awards ceremony in the main body of the article as well as the lead............ -- ChrisTheDude (talk) 07:36, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Well I'm not sure. The "main body" is the history of the winners.  There's not much more to add beyond the lead.  It would look odd to suddenly start talking about the awards ceremony there, don't you think? The Rambling Man (talk) 07:45, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Ok, I tried crowbarring it in, what thinketh you? The Rambling Man (talk) 07:50, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me, happy to support now. I was just going on the rule/policy/guideline that nothing should be in the lead that isn't also in the body...... -- ChrisTheDude (talk) 07:55, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Understood. Not a problem. The Rambling Man (talk) 07:57, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

Support Looks good with all the expansion. (I am also a regular editor of the page). Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 13:37, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Support prose looks all good..found a typo but just corrected it myself..only issue (and a nondealbreaker really) is I did wonder whether it was worth including any rationales for when a coach won the award whose team did not win the title (eg Ancelotti in 00-01) - just a sentence here or there..Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 11:31, 10 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi Cas, thanks for your comments (and correction). I've tried to objectively include why the coach may have been selected (e.g. Coppa Italia wins, Champions League etc), but the award has no citation attached so any claimed rationale would be OR.  In Ancelotti's case, it's an odd one.  Italian clubs were terrible in the Champion's League that season, and while Roma won Serie A, they were only mediocre in the the UEFA Cup, so I guess on balance, Ancelotti's second place combined with limited progress in the CL put him marginally ahead of Capello. The Rambling Man (talk) 11:44, 10 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Yeah I figured that was the case (that any real speculation of why would be OR as the judges wouldn't be saying..), as it would be in various "player of the year" awards I know about here in Oz, hence why said nondealbreaker...but in an ideal world. Anyway, it is a nice read and has come out fine with nothing to complain about. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 13:02, 10 October 2017 (UTC)

Giants2008 ( Talk ) 23:07, 15 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:TheVividDream

And I don't know how a man decides

What's right for his own life

It's all a mystery

Cause I'm a man, not a boy

And there are things you can't avoid

You have to face them

When you're not prepared to face them

Hiya! I'm TheVividDream. I'm a 20 year old student at the University of California Berkeley studying Immunology.

Interests
I have a great passion for music. I play violin and guitar and I am attempting to learn how to play djembe and mandolin. If you happen to stumble onto this page, you should leave a favorite song of yours for me.

One of mine for the moment is:

Flaming Lips - Do You Realize???

Gnarls Barkley - A Little Better

Contributions
Topic:Genetics - Overview of General Genetics (MCB C142 @ UCB)

Topic:Molecular Biology - Overview of Cell Biology (MCB 130 @ UCB)

title: User:TheVividDream


text:
User:Sangita Mukund

I am staying at Aakar-B CHSL, our building ground floor two flats has done illegal Construction,I and my neighbor has asked society chairman & secretary to give them notice and get it rectify, but they are not doing anything about it,we have complained to BMC office also but they also not taken any action on the matter, it is sad that there is till so much corruption is going on that always people who are doing wrong get away with anything and everything and the genuine people have to live with it.

title: User:Sangita Mukund


text:
User:Eagleearthelf

eafleearthelf is the pseudonymn/username for one of the greatest things to happen to earth. The miraculous miracle being reffered to is indeed Philip Marasco.

title: User:Eagleearthelf


text:
Talk:Hennessey Fire

Merge with LNU Lightning Complex fires
Recommendation to merge this article with the LNU Lightning Complex? Dripwoods (talk) 18:55, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree, the Hennessey Fire is the largest fire in the LNU Lightning Complex, and much of the existing information already overlaps. The additional information in this article could easily be integrated into the LNU Lightning Complex article. I have started a discussion for the merger at the LNU Lightning Complex fires talk page.  Light and Dark2000  🌀 (talk) 22:22, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hennessey Fire


text:
Talk:Electronics/Ohm's Law

Really feel this falls under DC Voltage and Current laws. -maxpower

 * I agree. - Omegatron 00:32, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electronics/Ohm's Law


text:
Talk:Mirai (software)

Someone vandalized this page by adding info about a band or something. If this is a problem, please add a new article entitled Mirai_(band) or something similar and then create a disambiguation page that links to both the software and the band. As it stands, Google searches for both "Mirai" and "Mirai band" return no related results to the band in question, but plenty of results for the software. This software needs a better article, considering that was used to model the character "Gollum" from the Lord of the Rings trilogy films and also do all the artwork and modelling for Mario 64. Whitesanjuro 07:19, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Mirai and LOTR?
I believe if Mirai was used at all in the modelling of Gollum (or any other Lord of the Rings character), it’s role was rather minor. It is widely known, that ZBrush was the crucial tool for modelling Gollum. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:56, 2 January 2007 (UTC).
 * On the contrary, it seems Mirai was used for modelling keyframes and the animation was done in Maya: [], []. The only mention is when user "Sammy" in the thread (erroneously) credits Zbrush as Weta's modelling/animation tool for Gollum: "you folks might also be interested to know about the neat approach WETA used for modeling and animating Gollum - as well as many other characters. ... " But further down, Jason Schleifer, (senior animator for TT, animation lead for RotK) says: "Zbrush wasn't even really "out" when we were doing gollum's displacement maps." Talyian 22:01, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

To those who edit Wikipedia pages without having any knowledge of the subject, but just "believing that" : please abstain yourself unless you have direct knowledge of the matter, like myself, or provide sound documentation of what you claim. I had to undo plenty of removals and restore links to rightful sources. Lpisati (talk) 08:17, 29 October 2014 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Uv-2d-3d.jpg
Image:Uv-2d-3d.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:19, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mirai (software)


text:
Talk:Nicholas Courtney

Never say never
I made a slight change to the wording regarding his appearances with other Doctors because, while it might seem unlikely, we don't know that he might not someday work with Eccleston. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:01, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Well okay we might now know he won't someday work with Eccleston, but never say never about Courtney working with David Tenant. Even if it's just a cameo. We can hope! ZachsMind (talk) 00:26, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Supposedly he was going to make a cameo in the Sarah Jane Smith episode Sarah Jane's Wedding where he would meet David Tennant's doctor. Sadly he had a minor stroke and was unable to make the filming. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:37, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Health rumour from 2009
I know it's bad form to mention rumors, even on talk pages, but I do so here because this has shown up on Wikia sites and fan pages. There is a rumor that Courtney suffered a stroke in the spring of 2009 that prevented him from appearing in the Sarah Jane episode (in fact, I just noticed a comment from December 2009 above that states this). There is no reputable source that has been located to support this, and by reputable source I include major Doctor Who fan sites and Doctor Who Magazine. Also, Sarah Jane Adventures creature Russell Davies published an exhaustive day by day account of this era (The Writers Tale) that makes no reference to this happening. Who fandom is notable for recording when its actors buy new shoelaces, so had Courtney suffered a stroke, it would have been more widely reported. I'm not saying it's bad faith info, but for the sake of WP:BLP there needs to be a good source used should anyone want to add the information here; it has already been removed from the applicable articles at the Tardis Index File Wikia site. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:47, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:46, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Died today
Nicholas Courtney reportedly died in his sleep. His name is trending worldwide on Twitter now. It's a sad day for Who fans. I don't think there is an official source available on the web for this yet... —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:15, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Twitter is not a reliable source, and until we do find a reliable source, we cannot state that he has died, per the policy on living persons. -- Red rose64 (talk) 01:19, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Which is exactly why I didn't edit the article and put the notice here... <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 01:22, 23 February 2011 (UTC).
 * I don't appreciate the rudeness. This is why I don't contribute to Wikipedia very much.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:27, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * <IP_ADDRESS>, I used to be more sensitive too, when I first started on Wiki, and took rebukes too seriously. In today's context, I think Redrose64 was just responding to two previous attempts by some editors to put the date of death before there was any evidence in the article. This is usually seen as vandalism or mischief. Thanks for posting here at the discussion. You started a new thread and it was timely. --Skol fir (talk) 03:53, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * No, Redrose64 was snapping for no reason. He should have thanked 98.x instead. I echo the IPs sentiments exactly. Do not make him out to be "oversensitive". Unfriendly established Wikipedians are a horrible detriment to the project, they drive away potential volunteers by the droves. The ones who don't mind the tone are the people you don't want around as editors in the first place. You should be scolding Redrose 64, not the IP. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:00, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Just for the record, I do not condone Redrose64's behavior, I just put it in context, since I happened to be here when premature edits were made to this article without RS (reliable source). Sometimes all it takes is a little common sense to see that a busy editor who has more on his mind than one article, may be jumping to conclusions and forgetting that other editors are here for a friendly chat. :-) If you noticed, I did thank <IP_ADDRESS> to let him know his input was appreciated. Why would I waste time commenting otherwise? --Skol fir (talk) 04:21, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Just to show how busy our friend Redrose64 has been in the last little while, he had to make 6 reversions in a row over 15 minutes for the very same reason, because no one was looking at his summary edits. The first one earlier this eve. stated clearly "rv, unsourced, see WP:BLP - presume still alive until reliable sources confirm otherwise." I think that some editors need to wake up and read the messages so we can get on with more interesting tasks than reversions ad nauseum. --Skol fir (talk) 04:40, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * This seems to be the source of all the Twitter reports.  — Edokter  ( talk ) — 01:29, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

IO9 confirms The Brigadier has died. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:41, 23 February 2011 (UTC) From a blog post, -

"Nicholas Courtney, best known for his role as Brigadier in the UK's original "Doctor Who" series, has passed away at the age of 81. Courtney actually worked with more versions of the Doctor than any other actor, having appeared in 107 episodes of the sci-fi series, several TV shorts, and reprising the role of Brigadier in "The Sarah Jane Adventures...."
 * Folks blogs, twitter etc are not reliable sources for Wikipedia's purposes. This info may well be correct and it is very sad news at that. If so it will get posted here in due time. IF it isn't correct then you will see the dilemma of not checking on the facts before you go running around with something that my friend on twitter said. MarnetteD | Talk 03:27, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

 * http://www.doctorwhonews.net/2011/02/dwn230211003008-nicholas-courtney-1929.html has it, but nothing on the Times, BBC or Daily Express websites, who you think would have it too if it were true. Let's hold off a bit until we have something verified. Reynardo (talk) 03:48, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The accusations that Redrose did anything wrong are baseless. Pointing editors to the relevant wikipedia policies is not snapping, rude or anyting else. Please note the box at the top of the page. talk pages are for commenting on content not editors. Any further attacks will be removed per wikipolicy. MarnetteD | Talk 04:20, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

My apologies - I updated the page with the news of his passing without reading here first. I don't seem to be able to revert. Lesson learned. ck (talk) 04:37, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

The following sources are now reporting Courtney's death: Andrew Oakley (talk) 08:34, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Courtney's own official website: http://www.greyhoundleader.com/
 * Den of Geek (Dennis Publishing): http://www.denofgeek.com/television/784079/nicholas_courtney_19292011.html
 * Doctor Who News Page: http://www.doctorwhonews.net/2011/02/dwn230211003008-nicholas-courtney-1929.html
 * I know it's a primary source, but if his own official website is reporting his death I think it can be taken as fact and the article updated accordingly. Consensus?--ThePaintedOne (talk) 08:38, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The official website should be the canonical, reliable source here, so it definitely makes sense to update the article now accordingly. Mike Peel (talk) 08:57, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * SFX (magazine) (Future Publishing): http://www.sfx.co.uk/2011/02/23/nicholas-courtney-rip/ SFX are an extremely reliable publication, Europe's best-selling sci-fi magazine. Andrew Oakley (talk) 09:20, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Far from saying he's dead, his official website sees him spruiking for work with the tag "And he's still getting away with it!". It doesn't seem to have been updated recently, so we can't take that either way. SFX better have their facts right! I'm cutting through all this by going to his management. MartinSFSA (talk) 09:31, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * You must be viewing a cached version of the page, his personal website very clearly states he has died and also that they will be putting up a memorial page for fans to contribute to in the next few days.--ThePaintedOne (talk) 09:36, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The Stage: http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/31367/doctor-whos-brigadier-nicholas-courtney-dies This is an extremely reliable source, the UK's weekly entertainment industry newspaper which has been in print since 1880. Andrew Oakley (talk) 10:25, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

The BBC are now reporting the sad news, if anyone wants to add a link that is likely to be available long-term. Stephenb (Talk) 12:17, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Apologies
I apologise for angering several people: maybe I was snappy; or just too blunt, but I believe my actions in reverting were entirely proper within WP:BLP (or, to go straight to the section dealing with presumed death, WP:BDP). When I made my post above I seemed to be the only one, other than MarnetteD and Edokter, who seemed to care that "contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion", and that "Any individual born less than 115 years ago is covered by this policy unless a reliable source has confirmed the individual's death." I considered the alleged death of Mr. Courtney to be "contentious material", and so felt justified in removing it.

I did make an effort to find sources. As soon as the went on the article, I searched with Google; and all that I could find were Tweets; blogs reporting what they'd seen on Twitter; fansites reporting what they'd seen on both Tweets and blogs; and our own article (cached copies stick around for some time after an edit). There was absolutely nothing that could have been considered a reliable source, so I felt that I had no choice but to revert. As a matter of courtesy I notified a relevant WikiProject - specifically, WP:DOCTORWHO - although I should probably have notified WP:BIOGRAPHY as well.

On MarnetteD's suggestion I requested semi-protection (which took nearly 45 mins to be granted); and a few minutes after the semi-prot was granted, I went to bed. You will see from my contributions that at the time that I posted above, I had reverted the article eleven times, and had previously been fixing vandalism on other pages. I'm in the UK, so my clock shows UTC, so 01:19 was very late for me, which may, in part, account for my bluntness. My going to bed at that point certainly accounts for my non-response to later postings. both here and on my talk page.

That said, now that his death has been confirmed, I too am saddened by the news. -- Red rose64 (talk) 15:33, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Page protection
This page is now protected from editing until the above issue is resolved. Edits may be requested using the template (please demonstrate consensus for any requested change). Once the issue is resolved, an unprotect request may be posted on the WP:RFPP page. -- Tom N (tcncv) talk/contrib 04:48, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

editprotected Nicholas Courtney's official website is reporting his death, http://www.greyhoundleader.com/, therefore the article should be updated to reflect this. I also think the protection can be removed, as I beleive it was only there pending official confirmation.--ThePaintedOne (talk) 09:06, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Further to this, SFX are also reporting his death (http://www.sfx.co.uk/2011/02/23/nicholas-courtney-rip/). As they are a good quality reliable source, I think it uncontrovercial to remove the protection and update the page. --ThePaintedOne (talk) 09:29, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I've unprotected the article accordingly. Mike Peel (talk) 09:32, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Has the date of death been specified?
The article currently states that Courtney died on the 23rd. Have any worthwhile sources specified that date? I know that most current sources were published on 23 February 2011, and therefore some will assume that as his date of death, but that's not verification. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:44, 23 February 2011 (UTC) (Since posting this, someone's changed the date to the 22nd. This still needs verifying.)--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:47, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The Twitter tributes started at around 10.30pm on the 22nd (UK time), so I'm inclined to believe it was not the 23rd. --Canley (talk) 09:46, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Courtney's employers Big Finish Productions have given the date as the 22nd http://www.bigfinish.com/news/Nicholas-Courtney-1929-2011 so I've updated the article accordingly. Andrew Oakley (talk) 11:08, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Not sure they can be referrd to as his "employers", but I know what you mean. DavidFarmbrough (talk) 15:47, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Cause of death
In his tribute, Tom Baker indicated that Courtney had been battling cancer. Given the source, I have added this to the Death part of the article (attributing the claim to Baker, of course). 23skidoo (talk) 16:38, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Author
Nicholas Courtney is definitely the author of "Five Rounds Rapid", ISBN 1 85227 782 3 - but is he also the author of these other books listed by Google Books? -- Red rose64 (talk) 17:54, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Nicholas Courtney. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110225235348/http://www.bigfinish.com:80/news/Nicholas-Courtney-1929-2011 to http://www.bigfinish.com/news/Nicholas-Courtney-1929-2011

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:39, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicholas Courtney


text:
Geometry for Elementary School/Some impossible constructions

In the previous chapters, we discussed several construction procedures. In this chapter, we will number some problems for which there is no construction using only ruler and compass.

The problems were introduced by the Greek and since then mathematicians tried to find constructions for them. Only in 1882, it was proven that there is no construction for the problems.

Note that the problems have no construction when we restrict ourself to constructions using ruler and compass. The problems can be solved when allowing the use of other tools or operations, for example, if we use Origami.

The mathematics involved in proving that the constructions are impossible are too advanced for this book. Therefore, we only name the problems and give reference to the proof of their impossibility at the further reading section.

Squaring the circle
The problem is to find a construction procedure that in a finite number of steps, to make a square with the same area as a given circle.

Doubling the cube
To "double the cube" means to be given a cube of some side length s and volume V, and to construct a new cube, larger than the first, with volume 2V and therefore side length ³√2s.

Trisecting the angle
The problem is to find a construction procedure that in a finite number of steps, constructs an angle that is one-third of a given arbitrary angle.


text:
Castellet-en-Luberon

Castellet-en-Luberon (lit. "Castellet-in-Luberon; Occitan: Lo Castelet), known simply as Castellet until 2018, is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2021, it had a population of 113.

Geography
The river Calavon forms all of the commune's northern border.

title: Castellet-en-Luberon


text:
User:KaylaOrloff

Hello, I'm Kayla Orloff. I love art, dancing, cooking, and writing. I am here because I like to use my research skills to learn new things and make the world a better place.

title: User:KaylaOrloff


text:
Adjohoun

Adjohoun or Adjohon  is a town, arrondissement, and commune in Ouémé Department, Benin. The commune is divided into 8 arrondissements and 57 villages. The commune of Adjohoun is located approximately 32 km from Porto-Novo and 62 km from Cotonou. The commune covers an area of 308 km2 and as of 2002 had a population of 60,955, 48.14% male and 51.86% female. The commune covers an area of 112 square kilometres and as of 2002 had a population of 60,112 people.

Geography
Adjohoun is located in the Ouémé River valley. It is a fertile area in which agricultural pastures dominate.

Administration
The commune is divided into 8 arrondissements. These are Adjohoun, Awonou, Azowlissé, Dèmè, Gangban, Kogé and Togbota. The City Council is composed of 15 advisers who elect the mayor, who is currently Leon Bokova. A former mayor is Gerard Adounsiba. The District Council is composed of 13 advisers who elect the Chief District.

Economy
Crops grown include maize, rice, potatoes, sesame, tomatoes, oranges and bananas. Fishing is also one of the main industries.

title: Adjohoun


text:
Wikipedia:Help desk/Archives/2020 August 14

= August 14 =

Syntax highlighting in 2017 wikitext editor
Is there a way I can enable syntax highlighting in 2017 wikitext editor? Best, Inimesh (talk) 01:35, 14 August 2020 (UTC).
 * I'm not sure which editor that is, but the normal "source editor" that I use has a "highlighter" icon between the "puzzle piece" icon and the "Advanced" menu on the toolbar. Clicking it toggles syntax highlighting. I don't know if this is the same thing as the syntax highlighter gadget that can be enabled in Special:Preferences —[ Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 03:15, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Apparently the "2017 wikitext editor" is a mode of the Visual Editor. mw:2017 wikitext editor seems to say that the gadget I linked to above is compatible, and also that there is an enhancement to do it (but no indication of whether it is available in production yet). Perhaps someone more familiar with the Wiki software environment can better interpret. —[ Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 04:18, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the comments. I just noticed that there's a syntax highlighter icon between the Help and Switch editor icon in the 2017 wikitext editor as well. Inimesh (talk) 07:56, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Editing an info box
I could not figure out how to add to Tom Selleck's info box. He has 2 children, 1 adopted and 1 with his second wife, but they are not mentioned there.
 * Link: Tom Selleck

Also, what if a talk page topic never gets addressed? I added "children" to Selleck's ralk page.

Halcyon grun Sproutz (talk) 01:48, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. —[ Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 03:25, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Creating multiple sandboxes
How do I create multiple sandboxes so I can work on different things at the same time? I've only figured out how to have one. Please come to my talk page if you can help. I can work with you there because I have made my user page a mess, and have accidentally created articles I do not want yet, by trying to make different sandboxes. Earthquake Maestro (talk) 03:29, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

 * (I responded on the talk page.) -Arch dude (talk) 03:50, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * For the benefit of others, the easiest way is to attempt to link to the desired page name (which will be red when you preview the link), click on the redlink, and it will go to a page titled "Creating User:Example/..." with an empty edit window. When you click "Publish", it will create the page. You can create pages (within reason and policy) at will "under" your userpage. If your username is "Example", be sure the page name starts with "User:Example/". Such pages might be User:Example/SandboxA, User:Example/Sandboxes/A, User:Example/Drafts/Some article name, etc. —[ Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 04:29, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

akhtar raza khan
remove photo of akhtar raza khan — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:19, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Why? Victor Schmidt (talk) 07:11, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Black Privilege is not yet a title
Hello,

Black privilege is a real thing. My roommate was robbed at gunpoint, he was in a black area and had a gun pulled on him for not being a “n—ga” Privilege is having an advantage in some way. Being black can have advantages for no other reason than race. This needs to be a listed entry — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:28, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:Fringe.

 * Saw this post via WP:Huggle. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 04:36, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't know that I would call it "black privilege". To me, it's more of a more general "you're not one of us" thing. Clarityfiend (talk) 22:59, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Discrimination of black people throughout the world and history vastly outweighs one black person pulling a gun on one white person at one time. J I P  | Talk 23:09, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

How do I make a new infobox template?
I am trying to make a special template for informal groups that were brought together due to circumstances. Specifically, I want to make an infobox for articles McDonogh Three, Richmond 34, Friendship Nine, Chicago Seven, Little Rock Nine, Panther 21, Jena Six, Mayfield Ten, Tougaloo Nine, and other similar articles. How do I go about this task? Mitchumch (talk) 05:26, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * First, consider the name. I'll use Infobox informal group for this explanation. Then consider what fields you want it to contain and what the parameters are called. Go to Template:Infobox informal group and put in a call to Infobox. It really helps to tweak an existing infobox. Infobox proposed outer space mission is a pretty simple infobox that you can use as an initial reference. For anything more complicated than that, the documentation at Infobox is pretty good. Help:Template explains most of the syntax. If you run into any issues, feel free to ask on my talk page (or here if you ping me). Vahurzpu (talk) 06:17, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * mini-edit because I forgot to ping the first time Vahurzpu (talk) 06:19, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

How should a recently renamed organization be referred to in its article?
The Mosby Heritage Area Association changed its name to the Virginia Piedmont Heritage Area Association last week. The article title has already been moved, but the article still refers to the Mosby Heritage association throughout. Obviously the references that describe what the organization is should be changed, but what about references to the organization in the context of actions it took under its old name?

I get the general impression that those should not be changed, per analogy with MOS:CHANGEDNAME and through looking at how Washington Football Team seems to be written, but I'm hesitant, as I can't find anything in the Manual of Style about it, and sports teams might be handled differently. What's the best way to deal with this?

Thanks, Vahurzpu (talk) 06:01, 14 August 2020 (UTC) (please ping me when responding)
 * I've responded at Talk:Virginia Piedmont Heritage Area Association —[ Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 06:53, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

i wrote a few lines on my pet research Thoughtonics this morning. where do i find them?
thoughtonics my pet subject is based on two faster than light signals, viz., thought and phase velocity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thoughtonics (talk • contribs) 07:15, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Do you mean the paragraph at User_talk:Thoughtonics? Before contributing to articles please read the Wikipedia No original research policy. In short you can only reference research quoted in reliable sources. -- Q Chris (talk) 07:26, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Money conversion?
Hello. In 1963, La belle Strasbourgeoise was sold for 145,000 British pounds (or 1,999,000 million French francs at the time). How much would that be in British pounds and American dollars of 2020, adjusted for inflation and all that? Is there a conversion tool or template somewhere for this kind of information? Thank you!! --Edelseider (talk) 07:55, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

, something like: "£145,000 " which shows as "£145,000 " might work for you. The base template for inflations is at template:inflation. There is also a French one. Nosebagbear (talk) 08:57, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you! But is that template stuck in 2016 or is it evolutive? --Edelseider (talk) 09:02, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * - its default is evolutive, it just is dependent on someone updating the inflation tables. For UK the most recent update is 2019 - I've tweaked the templates above to show what it looks like. Nosebagbear (talk) 12:47, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Misleading article description
While looking for the article on an actor called Will Keen on my tablet computer, I saw that the article had been given an incorrect description as "pornoactor". I then looked at the article on my Windows computer. However, there was no evidence of this label in this version. I was hoping to identify the vandal from the history page but there is no evidence of someone adding/changing a tag called "Article description". Assistance needed. JMcC (talk) 08:34, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * the description is included from our sister project Wikidata, in this case from d:Q8002916. Edit reverted. Victor Schmidt (talk) 08:47, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I have also added an English Wikipedia-specific short description, so if the Wikidata one gets vandalised again, it won't affect English language Wikipedia. Joseph2302 (talk) 11:18, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Unstructured list references
Hi Folks. Regarding the article Dunoon. There is a section in it, Dunoon. Would it be normal for that section to the referenced. The names are partially referenced in the body, and one or two names are referenced in another article. My understanding that as a unstructured list, every entry must be referenced. Thanks.  scope_creep Talk  11:35, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

 * (ec)Hi, . Unfortunately (in my view) WP:Perennial proposals says that they are not required, as long as they exist and could be added - which seems to put the burden on the reader. I would agree with you that it is greatly preferable for every entry to be sourced. --ColinFine (talk) 15:28, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , Thanks for that link, I'd seen it before but had forgotten about it.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  15:37, 14 August 2020 (UTC):, Opinions differ on how much referencing is needed in lists.

 * One thing you did not ask, but seems generally accepted, is that unlink or red linked entries in such a list can be removed. (That said there could be exceptions. For example, if someone made a list of Nobel laureates, and one of them happened not yet to have an article, I would see that is a good example of an acceptable red link. I'm sure all Nobel laureates have an article now, so this example is moot, but conceptually, some list might have the property that all people listed obviously deserve an article and if they don't yet have one a red link would make sense. That clearly doesn't apply here.)

 * What is less settled is whether a blue link entry in such a list needs to be referenced as part of the list. An argument against requiring a reference is that if it is a blue link, they presumably meets notability requirements and is referenced at the article. I don't find that argument persuasive, but I've seen enough list without references that I assume somebody must think it's acceptable. My rationale for not liking it is that the underlying article might change, and perhaps a reference was legitimately removed and the article is no longer referenced.

 * As an example of an article without references see List_of_colors:_A–F. if someone tries to add an entry to the list which does not have a link to an article, it typically gets removed, but entries with a valid blue link remain. In many cases, I followed the blue link and been unconvinced that it was properly referenced, but I've also taken the position that the cure is to fix the referencing at the linked page. I did look into adding a column for references but it turned out to be harder than I thought. If we could figure out how to add such a column mind including a list of references on this page.

 * As another class of examples there are a number of articles on individual integers such as 4. Many of the entries in that article which is sort of a list article were unreferenced. I think editors were assuming that if the entry had a blue link he didn't need its own reference in this article. I disagree and I been adding references.

 * It's my opinion that it's better to include references in the list of notable people, but one may encounter such a list that is not referenced I've not been inclined to remove them on the basis that they are not referenced.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  15:34, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Aye, it seems to be the same conflicting advice, that chimes with what I know. Sometimes I've seen large lists being removed as they've not been referenced, other times, they've not been, or partially referenced, and then removed as they've not fully referenced. It seems entirely subjective, which unfortunate as it is. I would still like to see a reference, here and there, at least to prove that they should be in the list in the first place. Thanks,    scope_creep Talk  11:47, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Undo: re Corrour railway station
I got in a muddle today over whether I was logged in or not. I wasn't and an edit saved my IP address. When I tried to "undo" this and replace it with my username, I got in a bigger muddle. Now there are 3 entries in the "history": in, out, in. Is it possible to purge these 3 entries from the list of historic edits then I would start again and do the edit properly from my username? Also applies to an entry on the talk page. Exbrum (talk) 15:36, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , ✅-- S Philbrick (Talk)  15:41, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Thanks. The IP adddress is still visible in my 08:28 edit and in my edit on the Talk Page of 08:37. Can these be removed or replaced by my username? Sorry to be a continued nuisance. Exbrum (talk) 08:14, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , ✅. Deor (talk) 20:49, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Thanks again. Will try harder in future! Exbrum (talk) 07:33, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

New user message left a message on your talk page.
I have been a member of WikiPedia for quite some time now, but only now received a suspicious 'welcome message' from an apparent bot.

What can I do to solve this mystery? — Preceding unsigned comment added by DiscaL (talk • contribs) 17:02, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, . Where did you get this message? Your User Talk page has never been created. The most likely answer is that you have visited another language Wikipedia: some of them are set to automatically welcome new users. --ColinFine (talk) 17:20, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , the only history I see on your talk page is a templated message . Is that what you're referring to? — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  17:58, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No, the message was left after User:DiscaL wrote their question. What they are referring to is a complete mystery. J I P  | Talk 18:16, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Whoops; I changed my user settings to display my local time instead of GMT-0, which is why I'm confused. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 )  19:46, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * User:DiscaL has been on Wikipedia for almost thirteen years but their only contribution ever is this Help desk post. J I P  | Talk 20:03, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

I'm sorry, but it seems to have been received via the Arabic version of WikiPedia. The question is "Why now?". There have been a lot of internet security breaches reported internationally. So, could this be one of them? I didn't know where else to ask. And I love WikiPedia, and use it a lot even if I'm not a contributor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DiscaL (talk • contribs) 21:02, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Many Wikipedias give you an automatic "welcome to Wikipedia" message even if you only visit them while logged in, but not actually make any edits. I've had this happen on many Wikipedias in languages I don't understand. This might be the case if you have visited the Arabic Wikipedia. J I P  | Talk 21:08, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Vandalism taking place at "List of countries by system of government"
Many edits have been made today to page List_of_countries_by_system_of_government by an anonymous user. While I am not sufficiently knowledgeable to judge whether they all constitute vandalism, some of them clearly do so. An example is the statement "Note: In Libya, he is called the Prime Minister all over the world because he is both President and Prime Minister." Please could someone put a stop to this activity asap. Thanks. Misha Wolf (talk) 17:55, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , they weren't vandalism but had issues, so I've restored revision 972702576 before the IP editor started editing the page. I won't watch the page, so please let myself or another editor know if you spot any further issues. Ed  talk!  20:45, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Change page to a Disambiguation page
There is a redirect page: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peo&redirect=no but Peo is a surname. Can the Peo redirect page be changed to a disambiguation page? If so, how is this accomplished?
 * You can simply edit the page and convert it to a disambiguation page yourself. But note first that this is only worth doing if there actually are articles about people with the surname Peo on Wikipedia. Merely having a page saying "this surname exists" isn't enough. J I P  | Talk 21:00, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you. There are at least two wikipages with the surname Peo BuffaloBob (talk) 13:17, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I added Ralph Peo to the disambiguation page PEO. You can either add the second one yourself or tell me what it is so I can add it. J I P  | Talk 22:41, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Find not working right
I am on Chrome and when I search for something, close find, and then bring up find again, it searches for something completely different. I do not have this on other sites except Fandom. The Mo-Ja'al (talk) 21:18, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , are you using Chrome's find feature (i.e. CTRL-F)? If so, it could be an issue with Chrome and not Wikipedia. Ed  talk!  21:44, 14 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Category:Taxa named by Anslem de Silva

 * by Anslem De Silva (1940-) — a Sri Lankan, biologist, and taxonomist.

title: Category:Taxa named by Anslem de Silva


text:
List of ambassadors of Thailand to Switzerland

The Thai Ambassador in Bern is the official representative of the Government in Bangkok to the Government of Switzerland, the Holy See and Liechtenstein.

List of representatives

 * Switzerland–Thailand relations


text:
Paleontology

Paleontology is divided into various subjects for the study of extinct species that once existed on the planet. A major part of the study is the process of fossilization and relationships of species to one another. Fossil specimens are assessed according to the geological structures they are preserved in. Preservation is based on corresponding geological processes; rock materials, climactic conditions, and the ecological processes present at the time the species was fossilized.

Prerequisites

 * None, but some knowledge of geology, taxonomy, anatomy, fossilization, evolution, ecology, and systematics would be of benefit.
 * External study requires a field of specialization as a prerequisite, usually in geology.
 * Time investment - Not described as to date, but maybe 30 minutes a day.

Content summary
To learn how the process of preserving evidence of past life occurs, how it is used as evidence for evolutionary theory, the correlation of rock formations to fossilization, and the time periods of geologic structures.

Goals
This learning project offers learning activities to ____.
 * Educate and pass on the knowledge of past events and their causes and consequences.
 * Understand and develop hypothesis following the scientific principle of correct scholarly examination and to prove or disprove a theory on the basis of evidence provided.
 * Also follow Paleontological Society Code of Fossil Collecting.

At the end of your studies your work should be produced in the following example, [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/958/1/B067a04.pdf Maury, Carlotta Joaquina 1934, Fossil Invertebrata from northeastern Brazil. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 67, article 4 .]

Resources

 * /Wikipedia Readings/
 * /Wikibooks Readings/
 * /External Resources/

Lessons

 * /Introduction/
 * /Evolution//
 * /Anatomy//
 * /History/
 * /Assignments/

title: Paleontology


text:
cinghia

Etymology
From, syncopated form of , from the plural of.

Noun

 * 1) belt
 * 2) strap
 * 3) thong

title: cinghia


text: File:Jerauld Armington Manter (1889–1990), ornithologist, photographer, and professor at the University of Connecticut.png


text:
Ruchyovo

Ruchyovo (Ручьёво) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kazantsevsky Selsoviet, Kuryinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 182 as of 2013. There are 4 streets.

Geography
Ruchyovo is located 29 km south of Kurya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kazantsevo is the nearest rural locality.

title: Ruchyovo


text:
Template:·/doc

A template intended to aid the creation of lists which are strings of items separated by a "divider" or "separator" character.

The divider/separator character used here is a bold middot (·) as it seems less obtrusive than a bullet (•) or the vertical-line ( | ) but more substantial than a plain middot (·). (The vertical-line also resembles the uppercase letter "I", lowercase "l" or the upright parts of "h", "k", etc.)

The character is preceded by a non-breaking space (&nbsp;) so the template may be used as shown below (i.e. suffixed to each item) to prevent the character being linewrapped to the starts of lines, thereby compromising a list's appearance.

Result: item 1· item 2· item 3· item 4
 * Example : Code:

 * Reference

title: Template:·/doc


text:
Talk:Dijon Thompson

Adding info
Since practically none of the information in the NBA section is sourced, I am going to provide more detailed information about his career. I will do the best I can to get the dates correct. Check my sources before you think something I wrote was made up should any reader develop a problem with something I've written. CircuitChild (talk) 06:41, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dijon Thompson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160610060221/http://www.nba.com/dleague/news/all_dleague_070404.html to http://www.nba.com/dleague/news/all_dleague_070404.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:58, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Dijon Thompson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.nba.com/dleague/news/performer_061211.html
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20140627083454/http://www.accessnorthga.com/detail-pf.php?n=109515 to http://www.accessnorthga.com/detail-pf.php?n=109515
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20140627091451/http://nbafinals.biz/dleague/albuquerque/thompson_10_day_20070116.html to http://nbafinals.biz/dleague/albuquerque/thompson_10_day_20070116.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070929001645/http://albaberlin.de/magazin/artikel.php?artikel=10300&type=2&menuid=57&topmenu=2 to http://albaberlin.de/magazin/artikel.php?artikel=10300&type=2&menuid=57&topmenu=2
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130117142951/http://www.ballineurope.com/countries/germany/dijon-thompson-and-alba-berlin-part-ways/ to http://www.ballineurope.com/countries/germany/dijon-thompson-and-alba-berlin-part-ways/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:34, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dijon Thompson


text:
Parham F.C.

Parham Football Club is an Antiguan football team playing in the Antigua and Barbuda Premier Division. The club is based in Parham, Antigua.

History
Parham are a four-time champion of the Antigua and Barbuda Premier Division, most recently in 2014–15.

Achievements

 * Antigua and Barbuda Premier Division: 5
 * 2001–02, 2002–03, 2010–11, 2014–15, 2016–17.

 * Antigua and Barbuda FA Cup: 1
 * 2011–12

Players
Source:

title: Parham F.C.


text:
flat-footed

Adjective

 * 1) Having feet which are flat.
 * 2)  Having the specific physical condition of flat feet.
 * 3) Holding firmly and maintaining a decision; standing one's ground.
 * 4) * 1892, Frank Millet, quoted in 2003,, The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>, page 177.
 * I write in this way to urge you to be explicit and flat-footed in your wishes.
 * 1)  Blunt and unsubtle; lacking finesse.
 * I write in this way to urge you to be explicit and flat-footed in your wishes.
 * 1)  Blunt and unsubtle; lacking finesse.

Translations

 * Dutch: platvoetig
 * Finnish:
 * Latin: plancus, plautus
 * Russian: плоскосто́пный
 * Tagalog: dalpak
 * Ukrainian: плоскосто́пий

 * Finnish:
 * Latin: plancus
 * Russian: плоскосто́пный
 * Ukrainian: плоскосто́пий

 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:

Adverb

 * 1)  Unprepared to act.

Translations

 * Finnish: housut kintuissa
 * Portuguese:

title: flat-footed


text:
The Man with 80 Wives

The Man With 80 Wives is a British documentary that aired on Channel 4 on 19 July 2006. It featured journalist Sanjiv Bhattacharya, trying to find the whereabouts of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints leader, Warren Jeffs.

title: The Man with 80 Wives


text:
Talk:Elective Affinities

Question
Why is the initial "A" capitalized and why is the title plural? Usual Wikipedia conventions call for lower case and singular except when there are special reasons to do otherwise. Michael Hardy 18:37, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The talk page says this is about a novel, but the first paragraph says it's about a concept in chemistry. Which is right? Michael Hardy 18:39, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Because it's an article on a book called Elective Affinities that was based on a theory called elective affinity (which in modern terms is called chemical affinity). --Sadi Carnot 00:44, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

This article is mess!
If this article is supposed to be about Goethe's sociological theories and fiction writing, then it needs to say so in the first sentence. If it's supposed to be about chemistry, then that other stuff should be deleted. Michael Hardy 21:49, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * M.H., possibly you are misinterpreting things. Goethe’s Elective Affinities is three different articles in one and all contained in his 1809 book.  The modern chemical theory is called chemical affinity.  In the 18th and into the 19th century, however, it was called Elective Affinities (or elective attraction)  the quintessential book being Torbern Bergman’s 1775 textbook A Dissertation on Elective Affinities.  Elective affinities, according to Lavoisier in his 1787 Elements of Chemistry, "holds the fame place with regard to the other branches of chemistry."  Goethe, in turn, based his novel on Bergman’s book, and the entire novella is sewn together with the chemical theory affinities, “the force of reaction”.  There have been several books written on this, e.g. “Goethe’s use of chemical theory in his Elective Affinities” (ch. 18 by Jeremy Adler) from the 1990 book Romanticism and the Sciences, which goes through all the chemists and chemical affinity reactions Goethe used in the novel.

 * On the opening page of Astrida Tantillo’s 2001 book Goethe’s Elective Affinities and the Critics, for instance, it states:

 * “From the time of its publication to today, Goethe’s novel, Die Wahlverwandtschaften (Elective Affinities, 1809), has been aroused a storm of interpretive confusion. Readers fiercely debate the role of the chemical theory of elective affinities presented in the novel.  Some argue that it suggest a philosophy of nature that is rooted in fate.  Others maintain that it is about free choice.  Others believe that the chemical the chemical theory is merely a structural device that allows the author to foreshadow events in the novel and bears no relevance to the greater issues of the novel.”

 * Also, try reading science historian Mi Gyung Kim’s 600-page, 2003 chemistry history book Affinity, That Elusive Dream – A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution, which quotes Goethe on the opening page, to get a better picture of this intricate term. In short, the science of elective affinity was then what chemical thermodynamics and quantum chemistry are now, the latter two have supplanted the former.

 * In sum, this is a big topic, certainly more of the needs storyline in it, e.g. here’s the German Wiki version (English Google translation), but my efforts are only to clarify both the book and the theory used to write the book. I hope this helps.  I’ll try to make the article better soon.   --Sadi Carnot 00:44, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

That German version says right at the beginning that it's a novel. This version did not do that at all (now it does). Michael Hardy 01:06, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I hope its better now. Elective Affinities is a difficult topic.  I first heard about it several years ago in the footnotes of Belgian Nobelist and chemical engineer Ilya Prigogine's 1984 book Order Out of Chaos, where he states:

B.J. Dobbs, The Foundation of Newton's Alchemy (1975), also examined the role of the "mediator" by which two substances are made "sociable"; we may recall here the importance of the mediator in Goethe's Elective Affinities (Engl. trans. Greenwood, 1976). For what concerns chemistry, Goethe was not far from Newton.

 * Let me know if see any other areas for improvement. Thanks: --Sadi Carnot 01:22, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You should put the chemistry in a Background section like the German article. That would make the introduction less confusing. If you end up with too much material in the section, you can split it off into a separate article and use a template with a summary here . --Kkmurray 02:05, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Good suggestion, the main template might work good when the article gets longer. There's already the chemical affinity and heat and affinity, most of which I wrote, that cover most of the scientific aspects.  I'll try to work on this slowly by adding storyline to the intro and more clarification.  The problem is that the Goethe's book is riddled with chemistry.  In a letter to his friend, the composer Karl Friedrich Zelter, for example, Goethe wrote that he had not only placed numerous different elements within the text, but that many of these were hidden within it and that past the transparent or non-transparent veils in the novel one may be able to see the ‘truly intended Gestalt’.  Some authors actually go through each chapter and assign a different chemist (and their affinity theories) to each chapter in the book. I'll work more on it later.--Sadi Carnot 11:59, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I hope that the article is now somewhat more logical and organized. I've expanded both the lead paragraph and the Plot section with material translated from the German Wikipedia article dealing with this book. Objectivesea (talk) 03:11, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

Image
Might it not be better to have a picture of the first edition of the novel included on the article in place of the current one? Is there a reason that this isn't possible? JohnHillEU (talk) 00:16, 3 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Absolutely, if one can be found. The idea that a cover of a random translation of the novel helps the reader in any way is laughable.—Kww(talk) 00:38, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:01, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elective Affinities