text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Star Wars/Archive 3

Article assessment
This features defenitely would be a fun part of this project to add. If we were to do it, I think it should work like this: We pick couple articles a day (SW related) and as a community read them over. We make a peer review for the page of all the things than can be improved and vote on a score. Tutmosis 00:41, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with peer reviews. We don't have to have them on a timetable, we can just flag them.

A good process is to:
 * 1) SW peer review
 * 2) Fix article up based on the review
 * 3) Place the article on the index/flag it as a project article
 * 4) Hold a Wikipedia Peer Review
 * 5) Fix article up based on the review
 * 6) Flag it as a Good article
 * 7) Any final checks
 * 8) Send it into FA.

Deckiller 04:12, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, we can add the scores to the index. We can create a subpage for the "top twenty star wars articles" or whatever. We should probably do multiple assessments; before the path to a FA starts, and after the article reaches GA or FA status. Deckiller 04:13, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You mean like the Article Improvement Drive? Jedi6 09:35, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, kinda sorta like that. Deckiller 14:46, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Palpatine
Ive broken off the main part of Palpatines appearance into another article (Debate over Palpatine's appearance). I have no clue what to make links in it. Could someone else help with that? Thanks. American Patriot 1776 22:00, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

P.S. Taking out that one small section shaved off 3 KBs of the article. All we have to do is make the article smaller and it'll pass FAC easily.

 * Might not want to do that; there have been AfD proposals for the satellite articles, all of which have resulted in merge commands. Deckiller 22:01, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem is, if we don't do anything, the article will never become fatured (last time it failed due to length which is currently, before the split, 81 KB) This is a really great article but it is a rather daunting challenge to read.  If we cut it down and spread the articles out (ex. Charles Darwin) then this will most definantly pass with flying colors. American Patriot 1776 00:31, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I know, it's tough. I was lucky in that the New England Patriots is a nonfiction article, so I was able to create a satellite page. Perhaps it will need to be trimmed down and checked for succinctness. Deckiller 00:42, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

MGLT
I found this article on Special:Newpages. It seems to be about Star Wars. I don't know how important it is nor do I understand the copyright status of the source site, so I thought I'd list it here for the Star Wars experts. Please take a look. Thank you, Kusma (討論) 05:50, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems to be fact according to Wookiepedia but it is definetly not notable enough to have its own article. Jedi6 06:00, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe we should merge it into a List of Star Wars measurements? Jedi6 06:03, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * LOL! That statement right there just makes me wonder what percentage the SW articles make up of the 1 million+ Wikipedia articles. :P The Wookieepedian 06:43, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes - List of Star Wars measurements. -Xol 02:50, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

NPOV in plot summaries
Simple question: Do the standard rules of writing such as npov apply to plot summaries? Or is it genuine for a plot summary to express the same point of view displayed in the movie/book? Tutmosis 02:46, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Also alot of the plot summaries violate copyright violations since they are ripped off websites. Jedi6  -(need help?)  02:58, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that plot summaries should simply explain what happened, without giving any POV. It makes it easier for the reader to make up their mind that way. For instance, there was a dispute on Wookieepedia a while back as to whether their Palpatine article should blatantly state that Palpatine was evil. The decision was to simply state what the various SW fiction says about him, and the reader could see the evil themselves. The Wookieepedian 03:03, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Only reason I ask is because on a certain book page, like the whole plot summary was very pov, only way to fix it is a complete rewrite. I wanted to know what you guys think about the issue before i start editing. Tutmosis 03:05, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Personally, I think Darksaber (novel) is a pretty good model for books. POV usually means adjectives and descriptions and whatnot, and that means extra words, which is frowned upon in an encyclopedia. Deckiller 03:15, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I bet Tutmosis is talking about the new plot summary for Specter of the Past. I think a really bad example is The Evil Experiment Jedi6  -(need help?)  03:33, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear god, that's a good example of POV right there, lol...Deckiller 03:40, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The sad thing is that it was out collaboration of the week and we didn't spot it. :-( Jedi6  -(need help?)  03:47, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah. We took care of most of the plot summaries, but that was one of the ones that wasn't touched correctly (no perverse jokes =P). Deckiller 03:49, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * ... haha... that truly was the article that sparked the question. No offense to Amina skywalker. Tutmosis 23:34, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There was a bit of fun on the Yoda article where someone removed the fact that Yoda "deftly" dodged the senatorial pods saying that if he dodged them deftly then "the Star Wars kid should be declared as more skilled in the art of Juyo than Darth Maul". I never realised there was so much POV in simple plot summaries! His Imposingness, the Grand Moff Deskana (talk) 23:51, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Confused about Templates (sort of)
Why do some Star Wars related articles such as Boba Fett and Republic Commando not have the Wikiproject Star Wars template listed on their talk pages? Is something that just hasn't been done yet due to the large number of SW related articles or are these purposeful omissions? Thanks.

 * We're in teh process of putting the project template on pages that are fleshed out, complete, and generally solid articles (not stubs, etc.) We will probably need some help dropping the templates and adding pages with the templates to the index, so feel free to help with that ^_^ Deckiller 04:05, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Training remote
Training remote Should we keep that or change it into a more general entry? If you do not what I am talking about, a training remote is a specific type of a remote(flying helper droid). Should we keep this specific entry or change it to a more general: just Remote. also see Wookiepedia entry. Tutmosis 04:14, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Training Remote Droid? Deckiller 14:52, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I dont understand what you asking deckiller... Yes I am talking about the droid, What I am asking is should we transfer the information about training remote to the more general: just Remote? We do not have a general description of what a remote is and training remote is a specific type of a remote. Heres a diagram:

 * Remote
 * Battlefield remote
 * Training remote
 * Exploration remote
 * Helper remote

Currently we only have training remote. Shouldnt we instead have just the general description of what an all purpose remote is?...instead of one specific description... On the article ranged weapons it only talks about specific jedi training remotes. Shouldnt we instead have a description of what a general remote is?... Tutmosis 23:31, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * General description of all remotes sounds good. Subsubheaders for each type may also be fine. Deckiller 23:55, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * So should i transfer the information of the training remote to a more general entry Remote describing all types? Tutmosis 00:04, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, though I recommend naming it Remote Droid. Deckiller 00:07, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Should I keep it in List of Star Wars ranged weapons, place it create its own article, or some other page? Tutmosis 00:13, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I recommend creating a new article if you can get, say, at least the amount of information in the Galaxy Gun page. Deckiller 00:17, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Is it just a coincidence that you mentioned Galaxy Gun or do you always know what I edit? haha... Tutmosis 00:21, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The latter ^_^ plus, that's a good cutoff point for the length aspect of article-warrenting (for lack of a better term?) Deckiller 00:23, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Template:SW Craft and hyperdrive
Template:SW Craft. I find that most of the older vehicle articles have state the hyperdrive specification on their tables. Since i converted a few articles to the new template I had to remove any mention of the hyperdrive since it is not featured in the infobox/template. Should we insert hyperdrive specification into the template? Tutmosis 00:16, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's very important, because it needs a solid source and some hyperdrive stats are disputable. However, I recommend putting it in anyway, just for the sake of ships like the Falcon and the ISD, which are clearly marked as point five and four respectively. Deckiller 00:18, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Well I am embarrased to say I havent looked into how to edit/design templates, I tried before and I just ended up reverting the changes. Can some one with knowledge please do it? It would be greatly appreciated. Tutmosis 00:23, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

List of Fictional Concepts in Star Wars
Is their an article listing new fictional concepts/measurements Star Wars introduced or might I recommend making such a page and merging related existing small articles into it such as MGLT. Tutmosis 00:27, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I highly recommend it. Deckiller 00:44, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay ill do some research then. Tutmosis 00:47, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Palpatine peer review
Ive put up a peer review request for Palpatine to get some fresh ideas on what to trim down. If yall cold help that would be great! American Patriot 1776 01:51, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Infobox color
Now most star wars articles have a specific background behind the name if they have an infobox. Example would be that the Jedi have a blue background color under their name while the Sith have black. I am not trying to change this but agree on a specific standard. The following is a list of different articles I think should have a specific color in them.

Characters:
 * Films Human Major Characters (Good)
 * Films Human Major Characters (Bad)
 * Films Human Minor Characters (Good)
 * Films Human Minor Characters (Bad)
 * Films Human Neutral Major Character
 * Films Human Neutral Minor Characters
 * Color For Each Alien Race (same color for EU & films)
 * Expanded Universe Characters (good)
 * Expanded Universe Characters (bad)
 * Expanded Universe Neutral Characters

Wars:
 * Films Wars
 * EU Wars

Battles:
 * Films
 * EU

Organization:
 * Each organization/political party, army, party.

Feel free to suggest any other articles that have an infobox. This can also be used for the upcoming (hopefully) Manual of Style. So tell me the color you guys want for each, even if its the color the articles are using now just say so. This is mainly for a decided upon standard although there is one already, its just invisible. Tutmosis 03:05, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * BTW, I hate to be a nitpicking fanboy, but EU is canon. I think you meant to separate them into "film and EU." ;) The Wookieepedian 03:10, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Star Wars canon Tutmosis 03:12, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I know. I worked on that article. The Wookieepedian 03:15, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It clearly says that anything that doesn't contradict the films is legit...Deckiller 03:16, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * As this line states:
 * N-canon is "non-canon". What-if stories (such as stories published under the Star Wars: Infinities label), game stats, and anything else directly contradicted by higher canon ends up here. N-canon is the only level that is not considered canon by Lucasfilm.
 * Deckiller 03:17, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the EU is canon, but not definitive as in Lucas' work. The EU is considered canon because it is meant to fill up the rest of the SW universe. But anyway, please no canon wars, not here. We'll save that for TF.N. :D But anyway, it was just a minor comment I made, I understood what you meant anyway. Just nitpicking. Move along, move along. ;) The Wookieepedian 03:21, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I still think Star Wars canon supports my claim especially first sentence. But it doesnt matter, I am not trying to disrespect anything and I just needed a word to seperate the two: films and the EU. Anyway maybe we can get back to the original point? Tutmosis 03:29, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * LOL! Well, you didn't have to change the words just because of me. ;) The problem with canon disputes (and any dispute, really) is always that the rules can be interpreted so differently. And now (drums roll) back to topic. The Wookieepedian 03:34, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

I don't think we need the alien race color - don't nearly all aliens fall into the other catagories? And I could easily code this into a few Star-Wars character/vehicle templates so that a parameter (jedi/neutral...) could determine the color - rather than hand typing a color code each time. -Xol 03:42, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * really? its possible to do that? anyway regarding the alien race: Yoda is green so do you propose chewbacca be also green? i think it would be better if all major races have their own color. Tutmosis 04:11, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * ...also, thinking about jedi and the sith since they are such a big essence in the story, they deserve their own seperate color and I am perfectly fine with blue and black how it is now. So i think the above proposed list should not include the jedi and the sith and blue and black shouldnt be in any other article. Tutmosis 04:14, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. I'll copy the current template to my userspace User:Xolatron/SW character and will start on it. Of course, on the discussion page there will have to be an explanation of what the keywords are. And I agree about the *major* races with their own color. - but should Yoda be put as a Jedi color or a yodaspecies color? -Xol 19:39, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Check out User talk:Xolatron/SW character - there are some working examples. As far as who gets which color, I propose (in order of which ones override others [a Republic Jedi uses the Jedi color]):

 * Note: The colors below are just examples - feel free to change them
 * Jedi - blue
 * Sith - black/red?
 * Republic - blue?
 * Empire - grey
 * New Republic - red?
 * Rebels - red?
 * Mandalorians - light greyish blue
 * Wookies - brown
 * more?? - add them

 * -Xol 19:24, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Template:Campaignbox Clone Wars
I have suggested a merge please respond at Template talk:Campaignbox Clone Wars (21.6-19 BBY). Jedi6 -(need help?)  06:58, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Template:Infobox SW Books
I created a infobox for Star Wars books at Template:Infobox SW Books. Jedi6 -(need help?)  22:22, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Good work. Deckiller 22:27, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Nice, ooooo pretty... American Patriot 1776 23:48, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks alot Jedi6, makes things even easier now! Tutmosis 00:54, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Main project page: news section
Should we implement a news section on the main page? I think it would be intresting telling what the Wikiproject is up to or currently has done. Tutmosis 03:16, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree. Ultimately, I'd like to strucutre our project completely like WikiProject Final Fantasy, if possible. Deckiller 03:18, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Personally I like their to-do page. Its clean and organized. I think instead of making Things to Do Talk Page a redirect i think we should put all discussion in there. I think before items go off on our to-do lists it should be approved in that talk page. Also any other discussion regarding a specific article should go there too. Tutmosis 03:24, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Stub template
I've been thinking about expanding the stub template into several variations. We could have a book stub, character stub, etc. That way the stub category could be collected into several types. And if none of the specialized stubs work you could just use the normal stub for a general purpose. What does everyone think? Jedi6 -(need help?)  23:29, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree on this one, because we have under 200 stubs right now, and most stubs have been/will be merged into WP:FICT recommended "lists of" and whatnot. Deckiller 23:36, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't know we were below 200, never mind then. Jedi6  -(need help?)  01:53, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

False Info from List of Star Wars Sith characters
The source of this page is SuperShadow, which is famous for releasing false informations. Joppyhoppy 11:41, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * What do you mean, all those sith appear in EU... Tutmosis 18:12, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

My Changes: Heir to the Empire
I have added Versions and Related Books sections to that article. Versions lists the two original books, and the Related Books lists other books directly related to this book. Each book information is listed in the following order: Author, Name, Year published, Isbn code, publisher, book type Do you guys like this or should my changes be reverted? Also regarding the infobox, Which one of the original books specifications should go into the infobox? The first entry appears to be the pure original. The second books seems to be a reprint by another company. Tutmosis 18:07, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, the original book was the Spectra hardcover edition published on May 1, 1991 (Amazon link). The paperback editions first came out about a year later. -- wacko2 02:01, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

The Thrawn Book Series template
As you can see above, the template merged The Thrawn Trilogy and The Hand of Thrawn duology series of books together. It also lists books that are not even part of this 2 series such as the upcoming Allegiance (novel). Does anyone else think this template needs some clean up and structure? Tutmosis 01:05, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the two series should probably be sectioned off and identified as such. As well, Allegiance probably doesn't belong - there is no evidence as yet to indicate the book has anything to do with Thrawn. -- wacko2 05:00, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * When creating that template, my intent was to group together the eight novels that Timothy Zahn has said form one complete story. The Wookieepedian 05:11, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, well I do not mean to insult your work, Im just saying users might get confused thinking that the books belong to only one series. When its actually two, even though the stories connects. Tutmosis 14:56, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I could change the title of the template to something like "Timothy Zahn octology" or something similar. The Wookieepedian 20:14, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * How about this? Jedi6  -(need help?)  20:56, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That one looks pretty good too. — Deckill e r 23:19, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow that looks like the one in my Museum except for the colors. Yea I like it.Tutmosis 23:54, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Cool. I think we have ourselves a winner! :P I'll copy it to the template. The Wookieepedian 02:32, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Your welcome. I thought you would like it. Jedi6  -(need help?)  02:39, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Congratulations
In less than two months we managed to get over 50 participants. We are now the fourth biggest WikiProject in the Entertainment catergory. We are right after Doctor Who, Anime and manga, and Films. Go us!!! Jedi6 -(need help?)  00:57, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Good to hear. Tutmosis 01:51, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Excellent work! I'm going to send a notice around in a few days notifying anyone who hasn't signed the role call to do so; anyone who hasn't signed by the end of the month can be excluded from the project list until they resign. — Deckill e r 00:22, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Awesome. I noticed the recruiting/welcoming templates: Nice :).  Made me laugh a bit too. —Mirlen 22:03, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

"You" usage
SPPs are common in gaming articles (for example, "You can go to the top and defeat the boss there.") In reality, this should be changed to "one" or "the player" or "the character" or whatever. Here is a google search: Deckiller 21:49, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Star wars game information
Star wars game articles, such as Star Wars: Battlefront, have excess game information. Wikipedia is not a game guide; this information should be the subject of a transwiki. Deckiller 21:57, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Todo page
To make it easier to navigate, I'm thinking about using the todo's talk page like the Final Fantasy wikiproject: discussions on the todo list items (outside of some minor comments) will go there, and be archived upon completion. Deckiller 18:18, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Totally agree! Its clean and organized. Tutmosis 00:24, 5 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Tatro

Tatro is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Duane Tatro (1927–2020), American composer
 * Dustin Tatro (1927–2020), American stadium organist
 * Jimmy Tatro (born 1992), American actor, comedian, writer, and YouTube personality

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tatro


text:
US History/Age of Invention and Gilded Age

President Grover Cleveland
In 1884, as the presidential campaign season approached, the Republican party chose former Speaker of the House James G. Blane as its candidate, with John Logan as the vice presidential candidate. Against them the Democrats ran New York governor Stephen Grover Cleveland for a presidential candidate and vice presidential candidate Thomas A. Hendricks. Cleveland and Hendricks won with the combined support of Democrats and reform Republicans, the "Mugwumps."

Grover Cleveland was the only Democrat elected to the presidency during the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1860 to 1912. In fact, he won the popular vote for president three times, in 1884, 1888, and 1892. His last election in 1892 defeated Republican president Benjamin Harrison. He was thus the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms, and is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. (In that last election, Cleveland's vice president was Adlai E. Stevenson; Harrison's Vice President was Whitelaw Reid.) Cleveland's conservative economic stand in favor of the gold standard brought him the support of various business interests. The democrats then won control of both houses of Congress.

Racism
Racism was a major blight of the 1890s', largely unacknowledged by the government in Washington. The freedoms which had been given to the former slaves by Emancipation were taken away in Southern states. Every one of them passed laws which disenfranchised African Americans, including poll taxes and literacy tests. The notorious Jim Crow laws, named for an old minstrel show song, started to take effect even in some states which had not seceded. Blacks were barred from public drinking fountains, bathrooms, and train cars, and directed by sign to "Negro only" facilities which were often dirty and defective. A new set of photographic post cards started going through the mail. These showed the results of public lynchings, largely of African American men. Many of these postcards show large crowds, some including White children, and the hung, mutilated, or burnt body of the victim. These proud shows seldom resulted in any prosecution of the attackers, who sometimes included local public officials.

In 1898 white citizens of Wilmington, North Carolina, resenting African Americans’ involvement in local government and incensed by an editorial in an African American newspaper accusing white women of loose sexual behavior, rioted and killed dozens of blacks. In the fury’s wake, white supremacists overthrew the city government, expelling black and white office holders, and instituted restrictions to prevent blacks from voting.

Rise of Industrial Power
In the 1870's, as the Civil War receded into memory, the United States became a leading Industrial power. Advances in technology and new access to the immense resources of the North American continent drove American Industrialization. This industrialization brought the growth of new American cities such as Chicago, and the arrival of a flood of immigrants from all over Europe to man the factories. During the Gilded Age, businessmen reaped enormous profits from this new economy. Powerful tycoons formed giant trusts to monopolize the production of goods that were in high demand. Andrew Carnegie built a giant steel empire using vertical integration, a business tactic that increased profits by eliminating middlemen from the production line. Jay Gould grabbed the railroads, and then the resources brought by those railroads. Though industrialization caused many long-term positives, it did cause problems in the short-term. Rich farmers who could afford new machinery grew even richer, while poorer farmers were forced to move to urban areas, unable to compete in the agricultural sector.

In 1878 the U.S. had entered an era of success after a long downfall of the mid 1870's. The number of manufacturing plants and number of people doubled. By the 1900s the South had more than 400 mills. Women and children worked in bad conditions for up to 12 to 16 hours per day. They only made about a half a dollar per day, equivalent to fifteen 2015 dollars.

The War of the Currents
During the 1880's and 1890's the War of the currents was fought between American Thomas Alva Edison and George Westinghouse, then Titans in the American electrical industry.

Type Revolution
In 1868 the typewriter was perfected by an editor named Christopher Sholes. This invention brought about a wave of new employment opportunities for women. The machine was made popular by several authors, most notably Mark Twain: the first to make a typewritten manuscript, and the first to send it to a printer. Not even the best and most accurate copperplate printer could fit as many words on a page as the standard typewriter. (For many years, a "typewriter" was the name for the person operating the machine.) It was cheaper to employ women than men as typists and telephone and telegraph operators. Along with this new machine also came other inventions such as the telephone and the telegraph. In the 1890s the number of telephone and telegraph operators went up 167 percent, and the number of women stenographers and typists went up 305 percent.

Internal Combustion Engine
Among the early innovations in technology was development of the internal-combustion engine. In 1885 a German engineer, Gottlieb Daimler, built a lightweight engine driven by vaporized gasoline. This development inspired American Henry Ford. In the 1880's, while he was still an electrical engineer in Detroit's Edison Company, Ford experimented in his spare time using Daimler's engine to power a vehicle. George Selden, a Rochester, New York, lawyer, had already been tinkering with such technology, but it was Ford who created a massive industry.

Factory Jobs
As industrialization increased, more job opportunities opened. Factory jobs were perfect for women and children, with their smaller hands and their lower pay rates. Despite terrible work conditions, increasing numbers of women moved from the home to factories. But while women became part of the factory floor, virtually none were trusted with management, or even with handling money. The factories also took in immigrants and used them as cheap labor. Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany and Jews from Eastern Europe were second-class citizens in the workplace, with very low wages and no benefits. Without safety precautions, workers often suffered serious injury and lost their jobs.

Workers adjusted to mechanization as best they could. Some people submitted to the demands of the factory, machine, and time clock. Some tried to blend old ways of working into the new system. Others turned to resistance. Individuals challenged the system by ignoring management's orders, skipping work, or quitting. But also, anxiety over the loss of independence and a desire for better wages, hours, and working conditions drew disgruntled workers into unions.

In the cities, laborers and employers often clashed over wages, sanitary conditions, working hours, benefits, and several other issues. Laborers organized themselves into unions to negotiate with companies. The companies, however, attempted to shut down labor unions. Some imposed yellow dog contracts, under which an employer could dismiss a worker who participated in union activity.

In 1886, the American Federation of Labor was formed to fight for laborers in general. The AFL and other union groups employed as many tactics as possible to force employers to accede to their demands. One tactic was the strike. Some strikes escalated into riots, as with the Knights of Labor's strike in 1886 becoming the Haymarket Riots. The Haymarket Riots of 1886 occurred when an unknown person threw a dynamite bomb into a group of police officers. Eight officers were killed in the explosion and gunfight that ensued. As a result, eight anarchists were tried for murder -- four were sentenced to death and one committed suicide.

Significant Strikes
The Pullman Strike occurred in 1894, in response to Pullman Company workers' wages being cut following the Panic of 1893, an economic depression which was caused in part by excessive railroad speculation. Approximately 3,000 workers began the strike on May 11. Many of the workers were members of the American Railway Union, and although the strike began without authorization from union officials (known as a "wildcat strike"), the ARU eventually supported the strike by launching a nationwide boycott of Pullman cars on June 26. Within four days, approximately 125,000 ARU members had quit their jobs rather than switch Pullman cars. On July 6, President Cleveland sent Army troops to break up the strike, ostensibly because it prevented delivery of mail and was considered a threat to public safety.

The companies sometimes retaliated against strikes by suing the unions. Congress had passed the Sherman Antitrust Act to prevent trusts, or corporations that held stock in several different companies, from obstructing the activities of competitors. Though the Sherman Act was intended to target trusts, the companies sued the union under it, claiming that unions obstructed interstate commerce.

During the machine age, there were a number of strikes that took place due to the demands from factories and time clocks. It was hard for individuals to adjust to that system, and as a result, they challenged the system by ignoring management's orders, skipping work, or quitting. The desire and longing for better wages let to anxiety and frustration. Like farming and mining, industry was massive in size and changed not only the nature of the work but the person doing it. Soon, all of these disgruntled individuals formed specialized groups into unions. The different jobs varied in not only skill, but other things as well that were non-related to worker conflict; race, sex, etc. These jobs were such as working on/in railroads, steel factories, and automobiles. The outcome for many working in labor during the Gilded Age led to horrific labor violence. Industrialists and workers literally fought over control of the workplace. Many suffered due to the strikes and riots and it inevitably led to deaths, loss of jobs, and often continuous violence. For most American workers, the Machine age had varying results. At times there was no job stability and when costs of living would increase drastically there were even more problems.

Prices and Wages Fall
Prices, and consequently wages, fell sharply in about the 1870s and stayed that way all the way through the 1970s. The prices of necessities in the late 1800s were: 4 pounds butter for $1.60, 1 bag of flour $1.80, a quart of milk for $0.56, vegetables $0.50, 2 bushels of coal $1.36, soap, starch, pepper, salt, vinegar, etc. $1.00, rent for $4.00 a week, and more. The average total of a person's wages was $16.00. By the time that person bought the necessities such as food and soap and rent, most, if not all, of the money would be gone.

Woman's Movement
The Woman's Movement, the group of women advocating women's suffrage and equality, continued after the Civil War. Even many women who were not interested in the Vote were creating clubs and crusades, advocating for public issues both before and after marriage. The argument of "separate spheres" for men and women, the rough public world for the former and the gentle domestic world for the latter, was being contested. Jane Addams argued that “If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may not they have a duty to perform in our American cities?”

Urbanization
With industrialization came urbanization. The increasing factory businesses created many more job opportunities in the cities. Soon people began to flock from rural, farm areas, to large cities. Minorities and immigrants added to these numbers. Factory jobs were the only jobs some immigrants could get, and as more came to the cities to work, the larger the urbanization process became. In 1870 there were only two American cities with a population of more than 500,000, but by 1900 there were six, and three of these, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had over one million inhabitants. Roughly 40 percent of Americans lived in cities and the number was climbing. These large populations in the cities caused the crime rates to go up, and disease was rapidly spreading. Not only did urbanization cause cities to grow in population, it also caused cities to grow in building size. Skyscrapers were being built in the cities and the idea of mass transit had started. With these mass transits being built it allowed people to commute to work from further distances. Suburbs were beginning to form and higher class families began to move to them to get out of the over crowded city but still gave them the ability to go into the city to work each day. City living was for the lower class the upper class had enough money to get away from all of the pollution and the city stench. This still holds true today in larger cities a lot of the nicer homes are located further out from the center of the city. For example, in the city of Chicago, you will find a lot of the nicer homes away from the city, and more towards the suburbs. In this case, this is because there are a lot of violence in the inner city. Therefore, people try to live more further out from the city in order to stay away from the violence.

Agriculture
In the late 1880s and early 1900s, a typical farm would be about 100 acres. Farmers could only plow with the aid of a horse or a mule. Later on the internal combustion engine was used to create tractors. Unlike Southern cotton plantations, most farms raised a variety of foodstuffs, breeding cows, pigs and chickens, and growing turnips, potatoes, carrots, wheat, and corn. They were often self-sufficient. Farmers made their bread from their own wheat, and killed the runt pig for their own table.

While industry generally increased in importance, farmers struggled due to debt and falling prices. In the 1880s there were crop failures. Steamships and railways brought in wheat from abroad, lowering American farm prices still more. Economic transformation created industrial prosperity and new lifestyles, but in states still dominated by farming these changes also had a widespread negative effect. Crop diversification and a greater focus on cotton as a cash crop did not give many farmers any potential to get ahead.

American farmers helped to create regulation of the railroads. When domestic farmers needed to transport their crops, they also had to rely on the railroad system. But railroads often charged outrageous prices. Farmers, small merchants, and reform politicians started to demand rate regulation. In 1877, in Munn v. Illinois, the Supreme Court upheld the principle of state regulation, declaring that grain warehouses owned by railroads acted in the public interest and therefore must submit to regulation for the common good. By 1880 fourteen states had established commissions to limit freight and storage charges of state-chartered lines.

Between 1860 and 1905 the number of farms tripled from two million to six million. In 1905 the number of people living on farms grew to thirty-one million. The value of farms went from eight billion in 1860 to thirty billion in 1906. Then as now, wheat was a major crop, creating such common food as bread, a major source of both starch and protein for poorer people.

Farmers had to rise early, often at four or five in the morning. Cows and goats had to be milked twice a day, at morning and at evening. Chickens' eggs were gathered every morning, cleaned, and packed in cases. Because they laid eggs, female chickens or pullets were more important than the male chickens or roosters. Because of this, and to keep roosters from attacking each other, poultry farmers would have only one rooster with several hens.

After the Civil War, more prosperous farmers gained more machinery to plant and harvest their crops. In 1879 the centrifugal cream separator was patented. In 1885, chicken raising became a lot more profitable due to the invention of the mechanized incubator. Complicated horse-drawn mechanical combines and threshers were used about this time. With the aid of machines a farmer could harvest about 135 acres of wheat; without them, he or she could only harvest about 7.5 acres of wheat in the same amount of time. The Montgomery Ward & Company mail order catalogue of 1895 listed various grist mills, seeders and planters, a hay pitcher, a hay tedder, and nearly a full page of mechanical churns.

Imperialism
As time progressed, Industrialization caused American businessmen to seek new international markets in which to sell their goods. In addition, the increasing influence of Social Darwinism led to the belief that the United States had the inherent responsibility to bring concepts like industry, democracy and Christianity to less scientifically developed, "savage" societies. The combination of these attitudes, along with other factors, led the United States toward Imperialism, the practice of a nation increasing its sphere of influence.

The Orient
In the Orient, Russia, Japan, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany all exercised influence. US Secretary of State John Hay endorsed the Open Door Policy, under which all foreign powers would exercise equal economic power in the Orient. The US thus protected its interests in China and maintained a balance of power there.

Chinese nationalists known as the "Righteous Fists of Harmony", or "Boxers" in English, who resented foreign influence, promoted hatred of non-Chinese as well as Chinese Christians. In June 1900 in Beijing, Boxer fighters threatened foreigners and forced them to seek refuge in the Legation Quarter. In response, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi, urged by the conservatives of the Imperial Court, supported the Boxers and declared war on foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians, soldiers, and Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days. The siege was raised when the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing. The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 specified an indemnity of 67 million pounds (450 million taels of silver), more than the government's annual tax revenue, to be paid over a course of thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved.

Spanish Territories
By 1825 Spain had acknowledged the independence of its possessions in the present-day United States. The only remnants of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere were Cuba, Puerto Rico, across the Pacific in the Philippines Islands, as well as the Carolina, Marshall, and Mariana Islands (including Guam) in Micronesia.

In 1898, the American battleship USS Maine was destroyed by an explosion in the Cuban Harbor of Havana. Although later investigations proved that an internal problem was to blame, at the time it was thought that Spanish forces had sunk it. On the advice of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on April 11, 1898. Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado added an amendment to the proposed U.S. declaration of war against Spain on April 19, which proclaimed that the United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba. The amendment stated that the United States "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people."

At that time Spanish troops stationed on the island included 150,000 regulars and 40,000 irregulars and volunteers while rebels inside Cuba numbered as many as 50,000. Total U.S. army strength at the time totalled 26,000, requiring the passage of the Mobilization Act of April 22 that allowed for an army of at first 125,000 volunteers (later increased to 200,000) and a regular army of 65,000.

On April 25, 1898 Congress declared war on Spain. The United States Navy won two decisive naval battles, destroying the Spanish Pacific Fleet at Manila in the Philippines and the Atlantic fleet at Santiago, Cuba. The U.S. then landed forces in Cuba, which fought the tropical climate and associated diseases as well as the Spanish forces. In the Battle of San Juan Hill (actually Kettle Hill), Lt. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt earned a reputation as a military hero by leading the attack on entrenched Spanish positions. The regiment to which Roosevelt belonged, the First U.S. Volunteers, was recruited throughout the United States and known as the Rough Riders because of the large number of cowboys to volunteer. The 10th Cavalry, a regiment of black soldiers, supported the Rough Riders in the attack. Joseph Wheeler, a Confederate general of the Civil War, commanded U.S. forces in Cuba. Two of Robert E. Lee's nephews were also U.S. generals. The war ended eight months later with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. As a result Spain lost its control over the remains of its overseas empire. The treaty allowed the United States to purchase the Philippines Islands from Spain for $20 million. The war had cost the United States $250 million and 3,000 lives, of whom 90% had perished from infectious diseases. True to the letter of the Teller Amendment, American forces left Cuba in 1902.

The Spanish-American War was seen domestically as a sign of increasing national unity.

Kingdom of Hawaii
The Kingdom of Hawaii was established in 1795 with the subjugation of the smaller independent chiefdoms of Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kauaʻi and Niʻihau by the chiefdom of Hawaiʻi (or the "Big Island"), ruled by the dynasty of King Kamehameha the Great. In 1887 the Honolulu Rifle Company, a paramilitary force also known as the Honolulu Rifles, deposed the Hawaiian monarchy and forced King David Kalākaua to sign a new constitution at gunpoint. The bayonets fixed to their guns led to the term Bayonet Constitution. No voting rights were extended to Asiatics and the requirements for voting rights included land ownership. The Bayonet Constitution has become one of the most controversial documents in history.

Native-born, European-descended Hawaiian Sanford B. Dole, serving as a friend of both Hawaiian royalty and the elite immigrant community, advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture. Dole was a lawyer and jurist in the Hawaiian Islands as a kingdom, protectorate, republic and territory. King Kalākaua appointed Dole a justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii on December 28, 1887, and to a commission to revise judiciary laws on January 24, 1888. After Kalākaua's death, his sister Queen Liliʻuokalani appointed him to her Privy Council on August 31, 1891.

Annexation
On January 17, 1893, the Queen, the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, was deposed in a coup d'état led largely by American citizens opposed to her attempt to establish a new Constitution. Dole was named president of the Provisional Government of Hawaii formed after the coup, and was recognized within forty-eight hours by all nations with diplomatic ties to the Kingdom of Hawaii, with the exception of the United Kingdom.

The Americans in Hawaii asked the US to annex the islands, but President Benjamin Harrison's annexation treaty was stalled in the Senate by Democrats until a Democratic President, Stephen Grover Cleveland, took office. With Grover Cleveland's election as President of the United States, the Provisional Government's hopes of annexation were derailed. In fact, Cleveland tried to directly help reinstate the monarchy, after an investigation led by James Henderson Blount. The Blount Report of July 17, 1893, commissioned by President Cleveland, concluded that the Committee of Safety conspired with U.S. ambassador John L. Stevens to land the United States Marine Corps, to forcibly remove Queen Liliʻuokalani from power, and declare a Provisional Government of Hawaii consisting of members from the Committee of Safety. Although unable to restore Lili'uokalani to her former position, Cleveland withdrew the treaty.

The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory existed as a United States organized incorporated territory from July 7, 1898, until August 21, 1959, when its territory, with the exception of Johnston Atoll, was admitted to the Union as the fiftieth U.S. state.

Resource Booms
There were a number of resource booms, resulting in the development of certain rural areas. Notable booms during this time include the Colorado Silver Boom, the Ohio Oil Rush, the Indiana gas boom, and the Cripple Creek Gold Rush. The Klondike Gold Rush was famous for showing there was value in Alaska with the discovery of Gold.


text:
Jef Neve

Jef Neve (born 8 March 1977) is a Belgian jazz and classical music pianist and composer.

Life and career
Neve was born in Turnhout, Belgium. By the age of 14 he was composing music and playing in bands. He studied jazz and classical music at the Lemmensinstituut in Leuven and graduated in 2000. Not much later, he worked as a piano teacher and took the then 12-year-old Seppe Gebruers under his wing.

Neve wrote the soundtrack for Felix Van Groeningen's Dagen Zonder Lief. He also composed for the VRT series In Vlaamse Velden (In Flanders Fields). The pianist played on Ludovic Bource's soundtrack for The Artist.

The Guardian's reviewer of Neve's 2008 release Soul in a Picture commented that the pianist's playing contained "a very personal language, one which draws freely on classical music and – aided and abetted by Piet Verbist (bass) and Teun Verbruggen (drums) – has the impetus of jazz and rock". Neve appeared on José James' 2010 album For All We Know.

Discography
An asterisk (*) indicates that the year is that of release.

title: Jef Neve


text:
Category talk:Wikiversity schools

Should we make a hierarchy of this category, "Main schools" that go on the main page and some sort of sub schools?--Rayc 01:01, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Right now there is start towards a hierarchy. The "main schools" are listed at Schools. That list of schools started at Wikibooks and by default became the first "Wikiversity schools". The "main schools" function as projects that organize the development of learning resources for broad areas of study. There can certainly be other schools at Wikiversity that do not serve the same function as the "main schools". Other types of schools can be sorted into other school categories.

 * There has been an on-going problem at Wikipedia with discussions about the possibility that Wikipedia could end up with hundreds of thousands of stub pages for non-notable schools. Such pages about individual real-world schools can be magnets for vandalism, but I think Wikiversity needs to make an effort to reach out to bricks-and-mortar schools and invite students to participate in Wikiversity. At the start of the Wikiversity project I have been reluctant to take on any extra vandalism load, but after a month of the project the initial wave of vandals seems to be satisfied that vandalism of Wikiversity is not a very satisfying activity. I think we can start to open up Wikiversity to the creation of new pages in the "School:" namespace that will be pages about individual bricks-and-mortar schools. It would be particularly nice if these pages could focus on the ways schools use online educational resources. This could lead to useful collaborations between Wikiversity and bricks-and-mortar schools. --JWSchmidt 14:35, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

This wiki seems pointless
Is this wiki conveying any more information than this https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Schools? I don't think it is. This wiki should be deleted entirely as it's not even up-to-date. How can I delete this wiki?

--ttam (discuss • contribs) 23:08, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

 * It's not a wiki. It's a category.  Deleting a category doesn't accomplish anything.  What needs to be done is to edit each page in the category and adjust the category entry to point to the correct page.  I'll look into making this happen.  -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 00:02, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Wikiversity schools


text:
Burak Yamantürk

Burak Yamantürk (born 23 December 1983) is a Turkish actor.

Yamantürk was born on 23 December 1983 in İzmit. He first studied submarine technologies and received diving lessons, afterwards deciding to pursue a career in acting. He began studying at the Istanbul State Opera and Ballet and eventually graduated from Mimar Sinan University with a degree in modern dancing.

He made his debut with a small role in the 2011 movie Ayhan Hanım, which was eventually released in 2014. In 2012, he made his television debut with the period series Veda based on novel, in which he portrayed the character of Kemal alongside Fahriye Evcen. He was cast in period series "Tatar Ramazan" remake of film with his wife Özge Özpirinçci. He played in period series "Yasak" based on Fatma Aliye Hanım's novel Muharadat. In 2015, he joined the cast of Acı Aşk. He also had a recurring role in the 2020 mini period drama Ya İstiklal Ya Ölüm. With Acı Aşk's co-star Seçkin Özdemir, Ya İstiklal Ya Ölüm's co-star Melis Sezen, he played in Sevgili Geçmiş for twice.

title: Burak Yamantürk


text:
long-legged

Adjective

 * 1) Having long legs.
 * 2) Of an aircraft or ship: having large operational range.
 * The pilots were flying planes that were not only light and highly maneuverable; they were extremely long-legged, able to cover a greater distance than their American counterparts.
 * The pilots were flying planes that were not only light and highly maneuverable; they were extremely long-legged, able to cover a greater distance than their American counterparts.

Derived terms

 * ( spp.)
 * ( spp.)
 * ( spp.)
 * ( spp.)

Translations

 * Catalan: camallarg
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 長腿
 * Czech: dlouhonohý, nohatý
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: pitkäsäärinen
 * Galician: pernilongo
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: μακροσκελής
 * Ingrian: pitkäkoipiin
 * Japanese: 足の長い
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: langbeint, langbent
 * Nynorsk: langbeina, langbeint
 * Polish:, szczudłonogi
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:, piernilargo, patilargo
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: довгоногий,

title: long-legged


text:
School talk:Architecture

continuation ?
Just clicking through and it appears you haven't continued with this project since July of 2005. I hope you plan to continue as this looks to be an interesting project. --Mfinney 15:31, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

an alternative route?
I hope that there will be some progress in this course - it would be great if it would be recognised by a professional body such as Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA

The thing is, in some countries, notably Ireland, a majority of students who want to study architecture cannot get a study place in schools of architecture such asDublin Institute of Technology University College Dublin University of Limerick. One of the reasons is, that these universities demand student fees that very few can afford. The other reason is, that these schools of architecture demand academic requirements which are nearly impossible to attain. Courses in architecture are open only to those students that achieve more than 530 out of 600 marks on their final secondary school examinations (Leaving certificate) Only 2% of all students that sit these examinations attain such grades. In my opinion, this system of selection is extremely unfair, because it leaves many people of an opportunity to apply their talents and abilities for the benefit of industry, economy, prosperity and ultimately, mankind.

So I think that it is a brilliant idea on behalf of Wikiversity to introduce an architecture course which does not require any academic standards or fees whatsoever. It will offer an opportunity for many people to study something that they actually want to study.

Yuri 11:10, 20 February 2006 (UTC)Yuri Vladimirovich, Ireland

The difficulty of online architecture education.
First, I want to make it clear that I think this is a worthy project. Making architectural education available to all people benefits the world. My opinion, however, is that no one should get up hopes of this ever helping an individual towards licensure in their local jurisdiction because in most countries, even the accredited and long-standing brick and morter institutions pump out more graduates of architecture than the market can bear. The purpose, then, of a free online architecture school should be aim primarily at the enthusiast, those who simply love architecture. If one wishes to practice architecture, however, they need to check their local government's requirements for licensing and figure out what course of education at which schools and firms (internships) would be necessary. -deiv, Christiansburg, Virginia

Online architecture learning
Probably many years will pass before a wiki course can give you some kind of diploma. But, you can imagine that, in a less distant future, a wiki architecture course could become so good that you will be able to study at home, by yourself, and go to your country's department of education just to pass the exams? They would give you the diploma, but you would learn here. This looks very possible to me, when you look at the quality that the normal wikipedia can achieve. Imagine having all the good architects the world has contributing to an architecture course? Almost too beautiful to believe...--Yorik 22:55, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * see also FAQ and your hope that others join in the effort to create a good learning resource is very wonderful. Others can then use this open educational resources, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 10:40, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

cleaning of main page
What about cleaning a bit the main page? I'm thinking of making a bit clearer, cleaning a bit the lower parts (from active participants and after), that have things that are getting old, and maybe changing the front image from time to time to show some top recent architectural realizations, in other words make it more attractive to newcomers. Anyone knows if there is a wiki way to do that, like automatic rotation of images? --Yorik 17:34, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Feel free to improve it. About auto rotation: it is possible (see main page). Let me ask around, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 10:37, 6 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Help desk, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 20:23, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

title: School talk:Architecture


text:
User:Htonl/List of South African government agencies

Constitutional chapter nine institutions

 * Auditor-General
 * Commission for Gender Equality
 * Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities
 * Electoral Commission of South Africa
 * Public Protector
 * South African Human Rights Commission

Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development portfolio

 * Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development
 * Agricultural Research Council
 * Chief Directorate: National Geo-spatial Information
 * Deeds Registries
 * KwaZulu‐Natal Ingonyama Trust Board
 * Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa
 * National Agricultural Marketing Council
 * Office of the Valuer‐General
 * Onderstepoort Biological Products
 * Perishable Products Export Control Board
 * South African Geomatics Council
 * South African Veterinary Council

Basic Education portfolio

 * Department of Basic Education
 * South African Council for Educators
 * Umalusi Council for Quality Assurance in General and Further Education and Training

Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs portfolio

 * Department of Cooperative Governance
 * Municipal Demarcation Board
 * Municipal Infrastructure Support Agent
 * South African Cities Network
 * South African Local Government Association
 * Department of Traditional Affairs
 * Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims
 * National House of Traditional Leaders

Communications portfolio

 * Department of Communications and Digital Technologies
 * Broadband Infraco
 * Film and Publication Board
 * Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
 * National Electronic Media Institute of South Africa
 * Sentech
 * South African Broadcasting Corporation
 * South African Post Office
 * State Information Technology Agency
 * Universal Service and Access Agency of South Africa
 * .za Domain Name Authority

Defence and Military Veterans portfolio

 * Department of Defence
 * Armaments Corporation of South Africa
 * Castle Control Board
 * Defence Force Service Commission
 * Office of the Military Ombud
 * Reserve Force Council
 * South African National Defence Force
 * Department of Military Veterans

Employment and Labour portfolio

 * Department of Employment and Labour
 * Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration
 * Compensation Fund
 * National Economic Development and Labour Council
 * Productivity South Africa
 * Supported Employment Enterprises
 * Unemployment Insurance Fund

Environment, Forestry and Fisheries portfolio

 * Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries
 * iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority
 * South African National Biodiversity Institute
 * South African National Parks
 * South African Weather Service

Finance portfolio

 * National Treasury
 * Accounting Standards Board
 * Co-operative Banks Development Agency
 * Development Bank of Southern Africa
 * Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Ombud
 * Financial and Fiscal Commission
 * Financial Intelligence Centre
 * Financial Sector Conduct Authority
 * Government Pensions Administration Agency
 * Government Technical Advisory Centre
 * Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors
 * Office of the Tax Ombud
 * Pension Funds Adjudicator
 * Public Investment Corporation
 * South African Special Risks Insurance Association
 * South African Revenue Service

Health portfolio

 * Department of Health
 * Allied Health Professions Council of South Africa
 * Compensation Commissioner for Occupational Diseases
 * Council for Medical Schemes
 * Health Professions Council of South Africa
 * Interim Traditional Health Practitioners Council of South Africa
 * National Health Laboratory Service
 * Office of Health Standards Compliance
 * South African Dental Technicians Council
 * South African Health Products Regulatory Authority
 * South African Medical Research Council
 * South African National AIDS Council
 * South African Nursing Council
 * South African Pharmacy Council

Higher Education, Science and Technology portfolio

 * Department of Higher Education and Training
 * Council on Higher Education
 * National Skills Fund
 * National Student Financial Aid Scheme
 * Quality Council for Trades and Occupations
 * South African Qualifications Authority
 * Sector Education and Training Authorities:
 * Agriculture Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Banking Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Chemical Industries Education and Training Authority
 * Construction Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Culture, Arts, Tourism, Hospitality and Sports Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Education, Training and Development Practices Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Energy and Water Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Fibre Processing and Manufacturing Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Financial Accounting Services Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Food and Beverages Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Insurance Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Local Government Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Manufacturing, Engineering and Related Services Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Media, Information and Communication Technologies Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Mining Qualifications Authority
 * Public Services Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Safety and Security Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Services Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Transport Education and Training Authority
 * Wholesale and Retail Sector Education and Training Authority
 * Department of Science and Innovation
 * Academy of Science of South Africa
 * Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
 * Human Sciences Research Council
 * National Advisory Council on Innovation
 * National Research Foundation
 * South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions
 * South African National Space Agency
 * Technology Innovation Agency

Home Affairs portfolio

 * Department of Home Affairs
 * Government Printing Works

Human Settlements, Water and Sanitation portfolio

 * Department of Human Settlements
 * Community Schemes Ombud Service
 * Estate Agency Affairs Board
 * Housing Development Agency
 * National Home Builders Registration Council
 * National Housing Finance Corporation
 * Social Housing Regulatory Authority
 * Department of Water and Sanitation
 * Amatola Water
 * Bloem Water
 * Breede-Gouritz Catchment Management Agency
 * Inkomati-Usuthu Catchment Management Agency
 * Lepelle Northern Water
 * Magalies Water
 * Mhlathuze Water
 * Overberg Water
 * Rand Water
 * Sedibeng Water
 * Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority
 * Umgeni Water
 * Water Research Commission

International Relations and Cooperation portfolio

 * Department of International Relations and Cooperation
 * African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund
 * South African Development Partnership Agency

Justice and Correctional Services portfolio

 * Department of Justice and Constitutional Development
 * Council of Debt Collectors
 * Legal Aid South Africa
 * National Prosecuting Authority
 * Rules Board for Courts of Law
 * South African Board of Sheriffs
 * South African Law Reform Commission
 * Special Investigating Unit
 * Department of Correctional Services

Mineral Resources and Energy portfolio

 * Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
 * Central Energy Fund
 * Council for Geoscience
 * Council for Mineral Technology Research
 * Mine Health and Safety Council
 * Mintek
 * National Energy Regulator of South Africa
 * National Nuclear Regulator
 * National Radioactive Waste Disposal Institute
 * Petroleum Agency South Africa
 * South African Diamond and Precious Metals Regulator
 * South African National Energy Development Institute
 * South African Nuclear Energy Corporation
 * State Diamond Trader

Police portfolio

 * Department of Police
 * South African Police Service
 * Civilian Secretariat for the Police Service
 * Independent Police Investigative Directorate
 * Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority

Portfolio of the Minister in the Presidency

 * Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
 * Statistics South Africa
 * Government Communication and Information System
 * Brand South Africa
 * Media Development and Diversity Agency

Public Enterprises portfolio

 * Department of Public Enterprises
 * Alexkor
 * Denel
 * Eskom
 * South African Airways
 * South African Express Airways
 * South African Forestry Company
 * Transnet

Public Service and Administration portfolio

 * Department of Public Service and Administration
 * Centre of Public Service Innovation
 * National School of Government

Public Works and Infrastructure portfolio

 * Department of Public Works and Infrastructure
 * Agrément South Africa
 * Construction Industry Development Board
 * Council for the Built Environment
 * Independent Development Trust
 * South African Council for the Architectural Profession
 * South African Council for the Landscape Architectural Profession

Small Business Development portfolio

 * Department of Small Business Development
 * Small Enterprise Development Agency
 * Small Enterprise Finance Agency

Social Development portfolio

 * Department of Social Development
 * Central Drug Authority
 * National Development Agency
 * South African Social Security Agency

Sports, Arts and Culture portfolio

 * Department of Sports, Arts and Culture
 * National Arts Council
 * National Film and Video Foundation
 * National Heritage Counci
 * National Library of South Africa
 * Pan South African Language Board
 * South African Heritage Resources Agency
 * South African Institute for Drug‐Free Sport
 * South African Library for the Blind
 * National museums:
 * Afrikaanse Taalmuseum en ‐monument
 * Amazwi South African Museum of Literature
 * Anglo-Boer War Museum
 * Constitution Hill
 * Ditsong Museums of South Africa
 * Freedom Park
 * Iziko Museums
 * KwaZulu‐Natal Museum
 * Luthuli Museum
 * Msunduzi Museum
 * National Museum, Bloemfontein
 * Nelson Mandela Museum
 * Robben Island Museum
 * William Humphreys Art Gallery
 * National theatres:
 * Artscape Theatre Centre
 * Market Theatre Foundation
 * Performing Arts Centre of the Free State
 * Playhouse Company
 * South African State Theatre

State Security portfolio

 * State Security Agency
 * COMSEC
 * Domestic Branch
 * Foreign Branch
 * Intelligence Academy
 * National Communications Centre

Tourism portfolio

 * Department of Tourism
 * South African Tourism

Trade and Industry portfolio

 * Department of Trade, Industry and Competition
 * Companies and Intellectual Property Commission
 * Companies Tribunal
 * Competition Commission
 * Competition Tribunal
 * Export Credit Insurance Corporation of South Africa
 * Industrial Development Corporation
 * International Trade Administration Commission
 * National Consumer Commission
 * National Consumer Tribunal
 * National Credit Regulator
 * National Empowerment Fund
 * National Gambling Board
 * National Lotteries Commission
 * National Metrology Institute of South Africa
 * National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications
 * South African Bureau of Standards
 * South African National Accreditation System

Transport portfolio

 * Department of Transport
 * Airports Company South Africa
 * Air Traffic and Navigation Services Company
 * Cross-Border Road Transport Agency
 * National Public Transport Regulator
 * Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa
 * Ports Regulator of South Africa
 * Railway Safety Regulator
 * Road Accident Fund
 * Road Traffic Infringement Agency
 * Road Traffic Management Corporation
 * South African Civil Aviation Authority
 * South African Maritime Safety Authority
 * South African National Roads Agency
 * South African Search and Rescue Organisation

Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities portfolio

 * Department of Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities
 * National Youth Development Agency


text:
Talk:Hajjiabad, Zeberkhan

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:59, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Zeberkhan County Map.jpg
 * Zeberkhan District Map Of Village.png

title: Talk:Hajjiabad, Zeberkhan


text:
accordarsi

Verb

 * 1) to agree with
 * 2) to come to an agreement
 * 3) to covenant
 * 1) to covenant

title: accordarsi


text:
Talk:Paul Bako

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title: Talk:Paul Bako


text:
Fazelabad, Razavi Khorasan

Fazelabad (, also Romanized as Fāẕelābād, Fāzelābād, and Fāzilābād) is a village in Binalud Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 127, in 29 families.

title: Fazelabad, Razavi Khorasan


text:
C Programming

 * For technical reasons, "C#" redirects here. For the programming language C#, see C Sharp.

Introduction

C is one of the most widely used programming languages in the world, whose application are in all fields of computer sciences, telecom and electronics embedded devices, graphic applications,... Therefore, C is a common choice for people wanting to learn how to program. This course assumes no previous programming experience and will guide you through all of the aspects of programming in C.

The course will roughly follow the C Programming book at Wikibooks as well as provide supplementary reading material for each lesson primarily through Wikipedia. Exercises will be given at the end of each course along with possible solutions. It is highly recommended that all of the exercises be worked because programming is learned by doing, not just reading.

C introduction course
The C introduction course, consists of 14lessons, plus exercises and answers. No previous knowledge of programming is required. Students just need to be capable of using a computer (edit files in a text editor and know how to run a program).

This course will give student an overview of C, free and open source tools setup to run C program on any available operating systems, as well as giving them knowledge about variables, functions, basic data type and data structure and simple techniques to develop a multi-source files program (with preprocessors and header file). This course gives student knowledge to develop software running at "CLI level", the ability to solve basic data structure and algorithm problem, or providing base knowledge for further investigation on software development with C on embedded devices (micro-controller or Linux embedded single board computer), system programming (Linux, Windows), device driver, desktop application,...

Lesson list: In addition to lectures and readings, there are quizzes, homework, analysis, and projects. Quizzes are short series of questions and answers that you can use to check your knowledge. Homework is longer and generally involves a program to be written. Analysis sections actually take a small program apart and show you how it works and why it was written that way. Projects are large programming problems where collaborative effort is encouraged.
 * 1) Before You Start: Introduction about the course, a brief history of C programming language and overview of tools required to start the course
 * 2) Introduction: Fundamental concepts of hardware and software, compiler, how the computer executes software, and start with your very first C program
 * 3) Variables:  Introduction to variables in C programming, data types and qualifiers, storage class, type conversion (implicit and explicit), typedef and enum
 * 4) Operators: Unary and binary operators
 * 5) Functions: Functions in C, main function
 * 6) Flow control
 * 7) Arrays
 * 8) Strings
 * 9) Structs
 * 10) Preprocessors
 * 11) Headers
 * 12) Basic Output, Input and Output
 * 13) Memory Management
 * 14) Pointers

A lesson is not meant to cover a single lecture from a real world school. It is meant to cover a single topic. As such, some lessons will be significantly longer than others. Don't force yourself to do every lesson in the same amount of time. Relax and take it at a comfortable pace.

The end-of-course exercise:

 * Write a calculator software

Advanced C programming

 * Debug with GDB
 * WINAPI programming
 * Linux system programming
 * The necessities in DSP C Programming
 * Game programming with SDL, OpenGL

Additional resources

 * C Source Codes: This page store source codes related to the course
 * The C Programming Language - Kernighan and Richie

Main contributors
This section is for any Wikiversity user who contributes to that course and is ready to support the students

Introduction to C programming/EnrollmentPage
 * DamienBlack : Creator of the course
 * I8086 : Main contributor to introduction lessons
 * Dave Braunschweig : Main contributor to introduction lessons
 * Guywan : Main contributor to introduction lessons
 * Javariel~enwikiversity : Founder of the C introduction course, which is finally merged into the current C programming course.
 * Anonymous Agent: Be always available to answer any questions related to this C programming course, as well as other embedded software programming question related to C/CPP programming. Feel free to reach me on my talk page or open a talk on the discussion page then tag me on it.

Feedback
This content is very much a work in progress. Feedback on the content and how easily understood it is is greatly appreciated. For the C introduction course feedback, please leave those comments on the Forum page or directly reach to Anonymous Agent, the current contributor of the course on his talk page.

title: C Programming


text:
troon

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  A transgender person.

Translations

 * French:

Verb

 * 1)  To undergo gender transition.
 * 2)  To make someone transition.
 * 1)  To make someone transition.
 * 1)  To make someone transition.
 * 1)  To make someone transition.
 * 1)  To make someone transition.

Usage notes

 * Has seen some usage by transgender people, particularly on sites like 's /lgbt/ board.

Etymology 1
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  ornate seat
 * 2)   angel of an order between cherubim and dominions

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) throne

title: troon


text:
User:Adpete/sandbox

=My draft articles=
 * User:Adpete/Altitude in Athletics
 * Draft:World Chess Championship split of 1993–2006
 * User:Adpete/World Chess Championship split of 1993–2006 (preferred)

=multiple individual athletics titles at a single Olympics=

See User:Adpete/multiple

=List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games=

Better table for List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games

Now at User:Adpete/olympiclist

=Most wins against reigning world chess champions=

Possible article at User:Adpete/Most wins against reigning world chess champions.

=Early unofficial World Chess Champions=

As far as I can see, here is the rough progression to Wilhelm Steinitz becoming unofficial World Chess Champion, on the assumption that his main rivals were Adolf Anderssen and Johannes Zukertort.
 * 1859: Paul Morphy dominates chess then stops playing.
 * 1862: Anderssen wins the London 1862 chess tournament with 11/12, 2 points ahead of Louis Paulsen. Steinitz places 6th. This is generally seen as re-establishing Anderssen as the strongest active player in the world.
 * 1862: Anderssen draws a match 4-4 with Paulsen (+3-3=2).
 * 1864: Anderssen draws a match 4-4 with Berthold Suhle by the same score (+3-3=2). Not many references, unsure of status.
 * 1866: Steinitz defeats Anderssen 8-6 in a match (+8-6=0). Some commentators date his world championship from this date.
 * 1867: Steinitz comes second at Dundee (7/9) behind Gustav Neumann (7.5/9).
 * 1867: Steinitz comes third at Paris 1867 chess tournament (Ignatz Kolisch 20/24, Szymon Winawer 19, Steinitz 18, Gustav Neumann 17). Neither Anderssen nor Zukertort played. (Horowitz p.24 says Steinitz was 2nd behind Kolisch).
 * 1868: Anderssen defeats Zukertort in a match 8.5-3.5 (+8-3=1).
 * 1868-1869: Anderssen comes 2nd on playoff (behind Max Lange) in one German tournament, and wins two others, ahead of Zukertort all three times.
 * 1870: Anderssen wins Baden-Baden 1870 chess tournament, narrowly ahead of Steinitz (Anderssen 11/16, Steinitz 10.5, Gustav Neumann and Joseph Henry Blackburne 10). Zukertort did not play, probably due to the Franco-Prussian War.
 * 1871: Zukertort defeats Anderssen in a match 5-2 (+5-2=0). Chessmetrics suggests this was his first really good result.
 * 1872: Steinitz defeats Zukertort in a match 9-3 (+7-1=4).
 * 1872: Steinitz wins London tournament with 7.5/8, ahead of Blackburne (5/8), Zukertort, MacDonnell and De Vere.
 * 1873: Steinitz wins Vienna 1873 chess tournament. Tied for first with Blackburne (both 10/11 mini-match wins, Steinitz won playoff). Anderssen was 3rd on 8.5, Zukertort did not play.
 * 1876: Steinitz defeats Blackburne 7-0 in a match.
 * 1876-1882 Steinitz plays no other chess until Vienna 1882, where he wins (24/34 equal with with Winawer but won the playoff, Zukertort 22.5 fourth).

From that I would conclude that Steinitz and Anderssen both have claims to "world's strongest" between 1866 and 1870. Anderssen had a slightly better tournament record 1867-1869, then won Baden-Baden in 1870; but this is offset by Steinitz' match win in 1866. But then Steinitz' 1872 match win over Zukertort (contrasted to Anderssen's loss in 1871) clearly puts him ahead by 1872 (and probably 1871 as well), and he confirms it with his win at Vienna 1873.

This seems to be confirmed by early usage, where the first mention of Steinitz is in 1872 after the Zukertort match: "Mr Steinitz, who may now be fairly pronounced the champion player of the time."

=Rounding= Experimenting because I noticed weird things in the rounding of the (average) "points per game" scores (which are meant to be displayed to 1 decimal place) at List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders.

Let's try some simple examples:

  displays as   (correct)

  displays as   (correct)

  displays as   (wrong! I want 7.0)

Is there an alternative to expr ... round, which does display to a fixed number of decimal points, like the "%.1f" formatting string in C, Python, etc.? (i.e. "%.1f" for 1 decimal point of precision, "%.2f" for 2 decimal points, and so on).

I raised this at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help_talk:Extension:ParserFunctions#Rounding_to_Significant_Digits, but it gave a message to ask elsewhere, so I have now also asked at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Support_desk Adpete (talk) 00:11, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

fails:

fails:

best: -->

This is better still:

  -->

But what I would prefer is something like:

=Bill Russell and the Ice Capades=

Roughly in descending order of reliability, though all would qualify as WP:RS.

 * (Taylor's book - skeptical) In later years... Auerbach, meanwhile, claimed that Walter Brown got Harrison to pledge not to draft Russell by promising to allow the Ice Capades to perform in Rochester two weeks a year. But Harrison always denied this, pointing out that the Ice Capades were already playing in Rochester, and Brown never mentioned it in interviews he gave over the years. What clearly happened is that Harrison had underrated Russell's ability after seeing him only once and, since he already had an excellent rebounder in Maurice Stokes, made the logical choice to opt instead for Shihago Green -- footnote on p.68, The Rivalry, John Taylor.

 * (Surdam's book - skeptical) Harrison later denied this version of the story, maintaining that his club never intended to draft Russell because of his high salary demands and that the Ice Capades booking was just an example of ice arena owners helping each other out. Harrison complained, "I was cheated out of Russell, who played poorly at the [college] All-Star Game because he didn't want to play in a small city like Rochester... We had Maurice Stokes at center (reference 47),

 * (New York Times - believes it) Celtics Coach Red Auerbach was desperate to land Russell. He saw him as a transformative presence. He arranged for the team owner, Walter Brown, to promise the owner of the Royals that he could have Brown’s show, the Ice Capades, for two weeks if he bypassed Russell. The owner, Les Harrison, agreed; the ice shows, after all, were guaranteed money. Russell was not.

 * (NPR - believes it) Red Auerbach... Commentator John Feinstein was a close friend, and he joins us now... "Well, in 1956 he knew he wanted to draft a player named Bill Russell out of the University of San Francisco, but the Rochester Red Wings had the first pick in the NBA draft. And so Red went to his owner, Walter Brown, who owned the Ice Capades, and got him to convince Les Harrison, the owner in Rochester, to not take Russell in return for the Ice Capades going to Rochester for a week. Rochester took Sihugo Green, Red took Bill Russell, the Celtics won 11 of their next 13 NBA titles."

 * (nba.com - a little skeptical) According to legend, at least, Hall of Famer Bill Russell wound up with the Celtics in 1956 after coach Red Auerbach got Boston owner Walter Brown, part-owner of the always-popular Ice Capades, to commit to several ice-dancing shows in Rochester, allowing owner Les Harrison a big payday. The catch? Harrison had to pass on Russell, allowing him to slip to No. 2, a pick Boston acquired from St. Louis. Harrison agreed, Auerbach picked Russell, and 11 of the next 13 championships followed in Boston.

 * (ESPN - believes it) To get Bill Russell required some legendary maneuvering that would take its place in Celtics lore. Rochester was drafting first, with St. Louis second, and the whole world knew about Russell's exploits at the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, and at the University of San Francisco, where his team won 55 straight. Rochester was strong up front and looked to draft Sihugo Green. Brown gave Rochester team manager Les Harrison additional incentive to avoid Russell. If Harrison passed on Russell, Brown would arrange for Rochester to get the touring Ice Capades two weeks later. Recalled Auerbach: "Walter got him the Ice Capades, and Harrison said, 'I give you my word that we'll stay away from Russell.'"

=In case Ultimate Kricket Challenge gets deleted=

The Ultimate Kricket Challenge (UKC) was an indoor single wicket cricket tournament held in the Coca-Cola Arena in Dubai. The event was streamed on Disney+ Hotstar and Star Sports 1 in India, and on BT Sport 2 in the United Kingdom.

The inaugural tournament in December 2020 was won by Rashid Khan, who defeated Andre Russell in the final. During the tournament, plans were announced for a second event with a US$1 million prize.

Players

 * Yuvraj Singh
 * Andre Russell (Runner up)
 * Eoin Morgan
 * Kevin Pietersen (Semi-finalist)
 * Rashid Khan (Champion)
 * Chris Gayle (Semi-finalist)

"Ace" players

 * Steven Finn
 * Chris Jordan
 * Tymal Mills
 * Graeme Cremer

Results
December 24:

Eoin Morgan vs Kevin Pietersen

Eoin Morgan won by 13 runs.

December 25:

Rashid Khan vs Kevin Pietersen

Rashid Khan won by 19 runs.

Yuvraj Singh vs Eoin Morgan

Eoin Morgan won by 2 runs.

December 26:

Andre Russell vs Rashid Khan

Andre Russell won by 17 runs.

Chris Gayle vs Andre Russell

Chris Gayle won by 13 runs.

December 27:

Kevin Pietersen vs Yuvraj Singh

Kevin Pietersen won by 21 runs.

Chris Gayle vs Kevin Pietersen

Kevin Pietersen won by 3 runs.

December 28:

Eoin Morgan vs Rashid Khan

Eoin Morgan won by 9 runs.

Chris Gayle vs Eoin Morgan

Chris Gayle won by 8 runs.

December 29:

Eoin Morgan vs Andre Russell

Andre Russell won by 42 runs.

Chris Gayle vs Rashid Khan

Rashid Khan won by 2 runs.

December 30:

Andre Russell vs Kevin Pietersen

Andre Russell won by 13 runs.

Chris Gayle vs Yuvraj Singh

Chris Gayle won by 43 runs.

December 31:

Semi-final 1 Andre Russell vs Kevin Pietersen

Andre Russell won by 19 runs.

Semi-final 2 Rashid Khan vs Chris Gayle

Rashid Khan won by 57 runs.

January 1:

FINAL Andre Russell vs Rashid Khan

Rashid Khan won by 24 runs.

Rules and format
The format of the tournament is a league round-robin, with the top 4 contenders making it through to the semi-finals, which the winners of go through to the final. 2 league points are awarded to a contender for winning a match. The UKC contender to amass more runs at the end of the match wins the game and the two points. Each innings is made up of 15 balls. There are 4 innings in a match, for a combined total of balls per match of 60. A player must bowl a minimum of 8 balls per innings, while a sub, called an "Ace", can bowl up to 7. Each player can be assisted by 1 fielder and a wicket-keeper in the dome. Bouncers cannot be bowled. In a circumstance where a bouncer is bowled, the ball is called a no-ball, for which a 1 run penalty is awarded. Wide balls have the same penalty as a no-ball, and a contender can only score runs after a physical run is completed.

Scoring Zones
Scoring is divided into 6 scoring zones; zones A and B score 1 run, zone C scores 2 runs, zone D scores 3, and zone E scores 4 runs on the bounce, and 6 on the direct hit. However, behind the bowler there is a "Bullseye", which if the batsman hits, they score 12 runs, and gain an extra ball. Bullseyes are also found square of the wicket, which amass 4 runs.

Awardees

 * Champion: Rashid Khan
 * Runner up: Andre Russell
 * Bullseye hitter: Rashid Khan
 * Best Ace player: Chris Jordan

title: User:Adpete/sandbox


text:
2008 Junior Oceania Cup

The 2008 Junior Oceania Cup was an international field hockey tournament hosted by Australia. The quadrennial tournament serves as the Junior Championship of Oceania organized by the Oceania Hockey Federation. It was held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia between 11 and 14 December 2008.

Australia and New Zealand were the only participating teams.

Australia won the tournament in both the men's and women's competitions. The tournament also served as a qualifier for the 2009 men's and women's Junior World Cups, with both Australia and New Zealand qualifying.

Results
All times are local (UTC+10).

Pool

Results
All times are local (UTC+10).

Pool

title: 2008 Junior Oceania Cup