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Talk:Algorithms

Guidelines and direction
Welcome to the project! Thanks all for your contributions. If you are new to writing for this book please read the following guidelines and style adopted:

 * 1) This is a techniques-oriented book: We aren't aiming to create an encyclopedia of every algorithm ever created, nor are we trying to present the absolutely best versions of particular algorithms (though we can of course mention the state of the art and where to find it). At this book's heart, we discuss the high-level "tricks" used by many algorithms in the hope of demystifying them.
 * 2) The book uses pseudocode to efficiently explain the algorithms, but the pseudocode should be clear and expository (and commented when there is a chance for confusion). Additionally, this book includes (will include) Python implementations of the algorithms in an appendix. Appendecies can be written for other languages as well.
 * 3) This is a teaching book: The materials should help the student and the autodidact alike in learning the material. If material requires information not specified in the prerequisites, that information should be covered too. The hope is that after covering this text, the reader can better consult Knuth and CLR (and other algorithms books we should recommend).
 * 4) Use primary sources as much as possible. This is good practice for two reasons: (1) because the book is technique-oriented, sometimes the first presentation of an algorithm is the clearest guide to its insight. For example, the original paper on quicksort simply relied upon "random" in order to get good performance. The layers of deterministic optimizations to quicksort over the past four decades have helped the algorithm, but only mystify a beautiful idea further. And, (2) because this is a free/open book, we must be very careful that we use proper citations and never plagarize other material. (Always ask for permission if you need to use a secondary source.)
 * 5) Use the wikipedia as another source for material, but edit the material to present only the main points and ideas: the encyclopedic detail of the wikipedia can become a distraction when trying to read a book that is not meant to be a reference book.
 * 6) Use the mathematical royal "we" for some phrases, but try to use the second-person "you" as much as possible: it makes sentences easier to construct that also sound more direct.
 * 7) Look for insights into understanding an algorithm or a part of the software engineering process in general.
 * 8) We cover backtracking before dynamic programming and greedy algorithms because both can be thought of as special cases of backtracking.
 * 9) Randomization is an important concept that's gaining more and more ground: it's discussed early instead of later because it shouldn't be thought of as an "advanced" or intimidating topic. It represents an attitude that shows where cutting edge research is heading, so we should be one of the books that best absorbs this paradigm.
 * 10) Please use "active voice", rather than "passive voice". ( Too many texts say stuff like "A null is put on the end of every string.". Huh ? Does that mean I need to make sure I manually add more code to add a newline to the end ? Does that mean the routine already puts a newline at the end of the code ? Does that mean the OS puts these newlines there ? Active voice avoids all this confusion: "The readline puts a null on the end of the string". )

Chapter headings and buckets
I just finished an advanced algorithms course, and this is what we covered. Right now, this is a terribly disorganized list because I'm dumping topics from my handwritten notes here. Later we should reorganize this. I suggest we follow the "big buckets first" approach and keep this as a one-page article until the length becomes unmanageable. Disprosia, when you replaced all my level-one headings, you didn't replace my level-two headings, so you flattened out my list. Some items were children of other items, but now, everything is one the same plane. Was this intentional? If so, it'd be nice if you posted a reason behind that.

 * My two-cents: I think that One-Level headings should be used for Chapter titles. This isn't the wikipedia, so the taboo against using one-level headings doesn't exist. These chapters might be best viewed as separate web-pages, and if that feature were to be implemented, discriminating based on one-level headings would be a good way to go. But I don't know the general wikibook rule of doing it, so I won't modify it back yet. Mshonle 21:35, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This section looks outdated. Should it be removed? --jyasskin 22:19, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, is there a standard place to archive it? MShonle 23:49, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Code versus Pseudo Code (was "Guidelines")
Here are my thoughts on where the book should go:

(Mshonle 21:02, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC))
 * 1) introduce backtracking before DP and greedy algorithms, as backtracking is easy to understand and helps in the understanding of DP and greedy.
 * 2) I intend on posting more notes from my own classes.
 * 3) we should use some pseudocode language that makes the algorithms themselves as clear as possible. We shouldn't do just one popular language or try to use multiple languages. pseduocode I've seen lately matches python, so maybe we'll want it to look more like a typed-Python
 * 4) we may want to consider genetic algorithms as well.

Thanks for all the work you've done! Here's my thoughts:
 * 1) I prefer well-commented real code (in any language) over pseudocode.  Pseudocode can be ambiguous.  I suggest we list as many code implementations of algorithms as possible.  I like python and C, but I don't want to get a language war started.  I just know I don't like pseudocode.
 * 2) Genetic algorithms (I think) are used in NP-complete problems, so we should introduce them after that point.

--Waxmop 18:24, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * For point 1: I think pseudocode is superior to explaining an algorithm than "real code". It's very, very hard to introduce algorithmic concepts if you have language implementation issues to contend with on top of that. Furthermore, I've seen a lot of algorithms books, and only the best books used pseudocode (we'll ignore for the moment that Knuth chose assembly). The syntax I've been using shouldn't be ambiguous at all: if you think something is ambiguous, you should mention it and we can work on it. Also, the pseudocode borrows heavily from Python anyway, only it's *less* ambiguous. For example, I include "end if" (as "fi") and "end for" (as "repeat") so that you can see where one if ends and another begins.

 * I've seen languages mark the bottom of a loop with "next" (BASIC), "loop" (ASM), or "continue" (C). Is there some real language that uses "repeat" ? (I think it's fine for pseudocode). -- DavidCary 03:15, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Knuth presented the loop-while-repeat structure in one of his essays in the Literate Programming book. Because the pseudocode looks close enough to Python, but contains different features, it's important to make it look different enough so there's no confusion. The compromise was to include Python implementations of everything in an appendix, so no ambiguity would exist (provided the reader knew Python). MShonle 16:00, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I also made this point for the data-structures book: there's no real advantage of including as many languages as possible: the current fad language (which is either Java or C#) and Python should be sufficient. If you want to create a "Python Implementation" appendix for all of the code in the book, feel free, but I most certainly do not want to clutter the text with three different implementations of the same thing (which makes the text look like it has a lack of focus and readers will get bored because perhaps they only care about C++ instead). I propose we use pseudocode for all of the book, and only attempt "real" implementations in an appendix (perhaps on a separate web-page). That should resolve your concernes.

 * For point 2: Genetic algorithms is its own technique, and this is a technique driven book, so if we were to cover them they should get their own chapter. (The "techniques" for NP-complete problems are proving their NP-completeness; i.e. the technique is run-time analysis of the polynomial time verifier and reductions. The backtracking section will include implementations for several NP-complete problems.) Either way, it would be a good idea to include an NP-complete approximation algorithm in the genetic algorithms chapter. I haven't made an outline for it yet as I don't have the materials to cover it. MShonle 19:13, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Here's an example of comparing code. Here's the Python version:

def get_ugliest_puppy(puppies): ugliest = None for p in puppies: if ugliest = None: ugliest = p    elif p.ugliness > ugliest.ugliness: ugliest = p return ugliest

And now the pseudocode:

// find-max -- returns the maximum element, or -infinity if the array is empty function find-max(array vals): let result := $$-\infty$$ for-each v in vals: result := max(result, v) repeat return result end

Where the text will note that max between any object and negative infinitiy will always result in the object. You also note that code should be heavily commented: this is primarily a text, so the "comments" are the descriptions. But I do like the idea of having a sentence before each function, to hammer home "this is what this function should do". (It's good practice in real-life, as well.)

By allowing mathematics into the code, which is what all successful pseudocode based books do, you can speak on the higher-level of mathematics. The Aho book uses "sets" and only later do they mention different data-structures to use to make Dijkstra more efficient. (I think when the Dijkstra section gets written it will be worthy to discuss those trade offs.) There is a danger of being too mathematically clever, but part of the point of the book is to bring the reader into the world of mathematics.

Thinking of "well, I guess I need an if in there that needs to check each time if we're iterating for the first time or not" is not mathematical: it's just implementation details. In contrast, thinking of a for loop as a way to generalize the "max" function is loaded with detail. Once you arm the reader with that insight, they might see where that line of thinking can apply elsewhere.

Note, if we jumped into the functional programming zone, the function would be a one liner:

function find-max(array vals) := reduce(max, null, vals)

I do not think that's the way to go: Then the algorithm becomes too subtle and the solution only seems to be from the heavens: not from some general principle.

Eitherway, I think the strongest argument in favor of pseudocode (after the expository reasons) is that it's less likely to alienate readers than picking one specific language (picking multiple languages doesn't solve the problem because it turns the book into a comparitive programming language text instead of an algorithmic technique text; but a linked-to appendix of implemenations is a fine solution: such code should also have test cases and run results to show that it actually works). MShonle 22:30, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Example pseudocode.
We can put links in the main text that point to implementations in each language. Maybe it would look something like this:

function return-1: return 1 end

The table code for it looks ugly, but it'll be out of the way from the reading yet also easy to access. (Naturally, little code snippits don't need the link, but each completed algorithm could have one.) MShonle 20:42, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Some code we can use
Eric Lippert is allowing us to use this entry from his blog to cover the longest common subsequence. We just need to provide the above link in our references section. (Mshonle 21:02, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC))

Techniques versus Types of Data Philosophy
Because this is a text book, and not an encyclopedia, of algorithms, this book should focus on the underlying algorithmic techniques involved. Text books tend to discuss algorithms in two different ways: the "types of data"-oriented book breaks algorithms discussed into directed graph, undirected graph, string algorithms, and trees chapters; while the techniques-oriented book breaks algorithms discussed into the different techniques used: dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, and divide and conquer.

Naturally, there are books that merge the two philosophies. However, in order to carry a coherent message, and to aid learning, I believe this book should be technique-oriented. The insights to understanding greedy algorithms is aided when you see examples that include directed and undirected graphs. The insights to understanding dynamic programming (a particularly challenging topic to some) is aided when you see examples that include text, numerical, and graph problems. Some people get stuck in certain ways of thinking and seeing the methodolgy of one algorithmic solving technique in different contexts helps. Were we to be an exhaustive encyclopedia, we might consider the other presentation. However, this book must start out slim, and will likely be used to supplement other books already used in courses. Therefore, providing the high-level insights will be beneficial.

We do not want a book that merely brings down "from the heavens" solutions like Dijsktra's algorithm without giving the firm footing underneath to allow people to make their own algorithms. Mshonle 06:48, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Time to break up the single page...
I made a spelling edit to the text and I got a warning that the algorithms pages is 50kb, and some browsers might have trouble. I suggest we break up section into it own link based on the headings. Any other ideas?

 * I think breaking into pages by chapter seems like a good way to do it. The Chapter headings should still exist in the main page (so the table on contents will still be there), but only be links to the full page. That means a chapter might not be able to grow past 32k, though, without seeing the warnings again. I've seen other books try to put a separate page for *everything* and that's just death: No one can read the book as easily, potential future contributors included.

 * Do you know if there is a way to disable to top-level "edit" link? That way the largest text area editable at a time would be a chapter. That would probably be better than the breaking up solution.

 * I've also been discussing writing a tool that can turn the wiki into a pdf file (via latex), which would be a great way to give people something readable. But that shouldn't happen until the book is in better shape. I've been off the project to get work done, but next quarter I'm taking the PhD algorithms class, and I intend to get my notes in as I take it (sure, we've all heard that one before :-). Either way, I don't really like the format of the Data Structures book, which seems to be struggling quite a bit. I think partially the set up seems to encourage people to write wikipedia-like entries (or to copy wikipedia entries), but that's no way to write a textbook. A book needs more focus, and doesn't need to mention all of the history or sidebar level details that are appropriate for an encyclopedia entry. MShonle 03:48, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

OK, it's been broken up into chapters. The names of the subsections are the chapter numbers instead of the title of the chapter in hopes to keep the idea that this is all part of a single book, and not a collection of unrelated entries. MShonle 00:28, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Some quick comments after I've read the first chapter:
 * It seems to focus too closely on low-level optimization ( See http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ProfileBeforeOptimizing http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?OptimizeLater ).
 * It seems to tell people to re-invent the wheel every time (NIH syndrome) rather than use standard library functions.
 * Where's the big-O notation ?

I hope this is covered in later chapters

-- DavidCary

 * Hi David, Big-O notation is covered in the second chapter. Also, I'm not sure why you think that the chapter is focused on low-level optimization? I thought the "When is Efficiency Important?" subsection addressed that quite well. (Moreover, I don't think we even mention any low-level optimizations. We discuss different implementations for to-lower, but that's only to motivate the point for abstraction and the different levels of thinking.) If you are thinking of something else, please do explain.

 * As for the reinventing the wheel: The goal of the book is to introduce algorithmic techniques. We could invent problems (like homework assignments) that don't have solutions in libraries and present algorithms that solve them, but I think it's more natural to present well-known problems, because the motivation is better and the statement of the problem is easier. (The Python appendix has a note to implementers to demonstrate the use of standard libraries.) Either way, reinventing the wheel can be good, too: You want to avoid it as a common practice, but doing it once when taking a course in algorithms can be quite instructive. Every cute guideline has an exception. MShonle 16:13, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Some links that can handy...
See if this community tool can give any help finding other sources...

http://del.icio.us/tag/algorithms

 * This would also be useful for the Computer Science:Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms book, which is much more eclectic in content and is still looking for new items. MShonle 04:49, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it's cool for any other book but as I saw that you were active on this I just passed the information :) just add to the end next to the tag, I have included it on the C++ book that I'm contributing to...--Panic 05:31, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

All Chapters View
I created some templates that redirect to each chapter and then made an Uberpage that includes all of the templates.

You can find the link here: Computer_Science:Algorithms:Full_Text

I don't want to post it too many places yet, because it might cause for some heavy server load. Also, it includes the chapter nav templates at the beginning and end of each chapter: A Chapter_1_contents page (e.g.) would have to be created that would be the real content of the book, and then the single-chapter view of each would include the content plus the navigation, and the many-chapter view would only include all of the content pages. (Navigation might also be hurt in that style.) Perhaps for the Data Structures book we can try it that _content-based way to see how it works because there's still quite a bit of outlining left to do for that book.

Any other ideas welcome. -- MShonle 05:14, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I like this concept very much! I started to try a little bit in my private sandbox how to improve this concept and make it more generally accessible. I thought of using templates to shield navigational elements in the PRINT version, so that one does not have to put all the content in templates (which has the disadvantage, that a user can not click "edit this page" on top to make changes). The shielding could work by using templates with parameters, but one has to be a little bit tricky. I've also been playing around with CSS2 page breaks (that currently work in Firefox) which might enhance the printing experience. All of this is in development, but I will let you know when it works, and when I have a handful of simple templates that anybody can use. (For now, if you have some time, help me to review some books and give development stages to some books on the IT bookshelf) (Another hint: templates don't actually have to be in the template: namespace. Each page can be included by preceding ":", like ). --Andreas Ipp 11:58, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The Computer Science:Data Structures book handles it a little cleaner, but has the drawback that you are editing a _content page, the pointer of which you need to visit through a template. MShonle 08:11, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Review
Hi MShonle. I just reviewed your book to update your development stages. It is a very clearly written book. I think the chapters are more complete than you suggest by having all the "ToDos" around each chapter. Even without them, the chapters look consistent to me, and I would give more chapters "100%" (and attract more possible readers) if you just deleted the ToDos, or put them collectively at the very end. But having empty subsection titles all over is not so reader-friendly, according to my opinion (and I am a reader! :-) ). See also my comment above on "All Chapters View" .--Andreas Ipp 11:58, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I think there's some more work that needs to be done before attracting more readers: it's still very much in the cathedral stages right now. Right now trying to get more writers is my primary objective. MShonle 08:14, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Followup: Another reason to embed the TODOs right now is because the author of a section has an "ultimate plan" for that section, and the TODOs reflect the structure desired. How to present materials is highly subjective, so there isn't a "default" way for contributors to write, say, a divide and conquer chapter. MShonle 17:48, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi MShonle, I guess I got your point. If you have a clear view of how things should be structured, then this is probably the best way. You're right, there's no point in presenting something as "ready" if it just is not yet. Actually, when browsing through your chapters, I thought about adding Newton's approximation by myself, but I was not quite sure how it would fit from the programming side (I'm more a physicist..). Keep the work, it is really getting a great book! --Andreas Ipp 21:39, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Please do add, w.r.t. Newton's square root method (the general method should probably go in the calculus book isntead). For the programming I can put in the code. (Or, you can post an outline on the talk page before you write too much?) MShonle 23:20, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I just added it to your chapter 8, Newton's Root Finding Method. Just after I added it, I found your comment that you just would like the square root formula. Well, I hope it is not too long now, and in principle, the Newton's method should be familiar from middle school (I guess, there is nothing wrong with presenting a little bit of calculus to programmers). --Andreas Ipp 00:16, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! One style note is that we want to use wikipedia links as sparingly as possible: the idea is that the book should be self-contained and someone could print it out and use it, instead of clicking through many external pages. As for the calculus angle, perhaps the square root method itself could be derived from the more general material, and have the algorithm that uses the simpler method (i.e., averaging the guesses) be presented first. Thus, the calculus details can still be there, but be in a starred ("*") section to let the reader know it's not essential to know to understand later material. --MShonle 00:41, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * A star * section (or a note to skip at first reading) is fine with me. About the Wikipedia links: They won't show on printed material (look at your browser's Print Preview, if it supports CSS), and on screen they add interactivity: If I don't know a word, I just click on it, instead of having to type it into Google. It doesn't mean I have to follow all the links there are. I see it as a possibility to enhance the screen version of Wikibook (by its partner Wikipedia) to something more "live" than a "real" book. This said as a suggestion, the main stylistic decisions are of course determined by the main contributors (which is you..) --Andreas Ipp 02:19, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments: I have nothing against rich-links in principle, but they can create a confusing congitive experience for the reader. For example, they might think "do I need to understand this link?", "do I need to follow this?", and there's no clear answer as to how far the links should be followed. The rule of thumb is that if the link is required, it should be replaced with further exposition in the text instead. If a link isn't required, then perhaps a link at the bottom in a special "for further reading" section could be done. But too much information overload can turn a reader off: it can be exhausting either following links or determining not to follow links. (We may even privately decide that "all links are optional" but the challenge still remains that the reader might not know that, and second guess.)

 * Naturally, I think the wikipedia itself should have as many links as possible (within reason) because part of the value of the wikipedia is the richness of the links as a way for someone doing research to start from, say, Alan Greenspan, and follow links to the Federal Reserve, to the money supply, to inflation. But for wikibooks, I see the goal is primary to educate and have the reader gain special knowledge of a single topic. Too many distractions can hurt the focus. Most of the topics we cover are also wikipedia articles, so the tutorial nature is the value we are adding on top of that. --MShonle 02:47, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Sidenote: For one example, links such as "root of a function" are probably best removed with a discussion of what a root of a function is (presumably copied from the wikipedia) and put in the Mathematical Background chapter of the text. Other links, such as "derivative" are probably too advanced: either the user will understand calculus and know already what a derivative is, or wouldn't be enlightened enough following the link: some concepts require a semester to really "get". (Though, I suppose you could make an arugment for including a link to the calculus book.) MShonle 02:57, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Sidenote #2: I also forgot to mention the role of the Advanced book: it's much more eclectic in content and is meant to be more of a reference than a tutorial that is read cover-to-cover. Thus, in that context I could also see the high value of using wikipedia links. --MShonle 03:07, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Guidelines Questions

 * Should all math be placed in  tags? This conflicts with the advice at How to write a Wikipedia article on Mathematics, but of course, local guidelines win out. --jyasskin 22:19, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * My general bias is to use the math tags when possible. It's easier to type the single-quote versions, so there are places that still use them. Also, the pseudocode formatting is different: all variable names are slanted while only functions defined in the book, or as an exercise, are bold-- assumed library functions like max or abs aren't bolded. (This is as opposed to making keywords bold, which draws attention to the very thing that needs the least attention.) Function or variable names refered to in the text probably should not have the math tag, while actual formulas should.

 * The general idea is that a wiki to LaTeX tool will be written and the user can download a clean PDF: the conversion process will be easier if the tag is used consistently. (Also, for publishing, the other plan is that this book and the Data Structures book would be combined into a single Data Structures and Algorithms book.) MShonle 00:19, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * How deeply nested should headings be? In chapter 2, my first inclination is to make a separate subheading for each term that's defined. Is that reasonable, or are you trying to keep the heirarchy as flat as possible? --jyasskin 22:19, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it's more of a question of emphasis. The Mathematical Definitions section is primarily there to provide a little more detailed explaination of elements used in later chapters.

 * For example, in the Longest Common Subsequence section I realized that I shouldn't assume everyone knew what a subsequence (or what a sequence) was, so that it needed to be defined along with some suitable examples. Instead of distracting from the discussion with the defintion and examples, I decided to put it in the front of the book. (Another goal is to avoid wikipedia links, so that the reader can enjoy the book on its own (possibly printed out) and not get frustrated trying to figure out what is just a footnote and what is manditory. Of course, much of the content in that section has been copied from the wikipedia, but edited for tutorial purposes.)

 * So, having headings would probably draw too much attention to what really is a glorified footnote and probably attract contributions trying to cover the topic in further depth, even though such depth might not be useful in understanding the rest of the book. MShonle 00:19, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Check sort - precursor to the Rapid sort - used to eliminate duplicates
I have "invented" several algorithms which after having been reduced t minimum form are so simple it is obvious that any other computer programmer could have invented them independently. The Check sort is a good example. The Check sort not only sorts numerical data (and potentially also alphanumeric data converted to its ASCII code) it main value and purpose is in eliminating duplicates. Even though simple enough to have been invented independently and at a prior time I have not been able to find another algorithm which duplicates its function although others have claimed that its successor the Rapid sort is nothing more than a version of the Bucket sort in one instance or the Counting sort in another. I feel that both sort routines are useful and unique enough, however, as to merit their distinction and publication somewhere even though they have not been published elsewhere except on my homepage in 1996 and briefly in the past month in the Wikipedia (now restricted to talk pages) The Rapid sort is now published on line in the Urban Dictionary. Furthermore because I modified the Harvard Chart Method of Logical Equation Reduction to handle multiple states so that I might explore a computer's capability of reducing multiple state logical equations to minimum form and thus be able to "think" at the level of a human being and comment on such issues as to whether God exists or not (which actually as a result led me to the logical definition of God that God is the only entity by definition who can reduce an infinite number of equations having an infinite number of variables with and infinite number of states to minimum form instantaneously) it can not be published under the WP:NOR policy. The same restriction applies to an article entitled "Optimal classification" I wrote about Dr. Rypka's method of microbiological classification after using my own research to answer several questions, clarify several misconceptions and eliminate other points of confusion. I would therefore like to inquire about publication of these methods here. Typetive 09:49, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * This book is a catalog of algorithmic techniques, not a catalog of every algorithm ever invented by somebody. I just don't think it really fits the aim of this book. --MShonle 00:57, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Most such algorithms will not find themselves in this book anyway since they were originally published by the ACM or IEEE or other Journals who copyright their publications and require paid membership and or subscriptions or purchase of the articles in which the algorithms appear. In this case the author has presented an algorithm without requiring its purchase, a rare but welcome event. Typative (talk) 17:31, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge with other book: Nay
I see no meritt in merging the Algorithm implementation book with this one. The two books have different aims. To have the best learning experience books must be focused and not aim to be everything to everyone.

My recommended course of action is that the two projects be aware of each other's aims. Given that the table of contents for this book is fixed and stable all that's required is that the new book's plan complements this book's plan. It's probably misleading that both books have the word "Algorithm" in the title. In one, it's the mathematical definition, while the other is the more general programming definition (as a synonym for "subroutine"). --MShonle 01:04, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair point. I comment on Talk:Algorithm implementation --Krischik T 06:19, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

```` I am very very new to WIKI, but very very old in the computer game, I published my first computer paper, the design of a random access system for manufacturing control in 1958. I have since retired from BTL/WE/etc and playing at computer. I looked with interest in your development of a book, inh public ..., that is very good. Now the final very very good step would be for you to PROVE conclusively thatthe algorithms that you may illustrate really work, and if the need for final code rather than pseudo code then you MUST prove their equivalency, and then having done that your printing system for the final imprint MUST develop the result of the algorithm in real time using the correct softsware as part of the type setting system, so that you need not actually provide the answer to be typset. That is the most likely point of error. This has been done long ago in the Manual for the sam76 language, and the only time there was a erroneous answer was traced back to a fault in the algorithm manjuscript. An example of what I mean is in Algorithms in Sam76 rectly posted in Wikki. Good Luck Algorithms in Sam76

Standardized pseudocode
Is there a page that specifies the pseudocode that is to be used in this wikibook?

If more than a couple of people are going to contribute, it really needs to be defined and included as an appendix in the book as well as in a style guide. I've spent about 1/2 hr trying to find some kind of specification, and haven't been able to. <IP_ADDRESS> 23:58, 30 August 2006 (UTC) Joe_n_bloe

 * There was a definition called Wikicode but it is now depreciated and was not never used in Algorithms. Personaly I think rightfully - a pseudocode should use little special characters as possible (better begin/end then '{'/'}' - you can look up the meaning of begin in an english dictonary but not the meaning of '{') . Krischik T 08:17, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Come on!Let's work harder!
It is a pity that this book is far from being complete.I hope this book can be interesting and easy to understand. More examples and pictures and animations are needed. Visame (talk) 19:40, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

print version license
you need to update the license notice in the print version, I would do it but I am not sure how it should read.

Prime numbers
Hello, there is a book in the Mathematics subject, A More Efficient Prime Number Generating Algorithm, that I wonder if it might fit in this book? I have not taken a course on algorithms so I do not know and I wonder what those who have worked on this book think? This book has some original research, it is short (more like a section than a book), and is mostly on an algorithm to make a list of primes. So, I thought maybe it could fit here somewhere. And, since it has no references and seems to have original research, I thought perhaps one of you might know of a reference on the subject to use as well instead of just copying directly from this other "book". Any thoughts? NumberTheorist (talk) 20:10, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see above that there is another book, Algorithm Implementation, and perhaps this would fit there instead if it doesn't seem like a good fit here? NumberTheorist (talk) 20:12, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes good have in day net .welcome on so side note.what be i done so it by look it after to. 2401:4900:4478:86D4:0:1:DD31:E601 (discuss) 08:35, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Algorithms


text:
Category talk:Serbo-Croatian language

Serbo-Croatian as a standard language died with Yugoslavia in 1991, where it was politically coined umbrella term to designate a mixture of Serbian and Croatian which was forcefully used in official paperwork and (to a limited extent) spoken by puppets of communist regime. Nowadays almost nobody uses that name, except maybe for a number of everlasting yugonostalgic preachers that bear fond memories of that period.

Lexis of Serbo-Croatian is completely contained in those of standard Croatian and Serbian, no exceptions whatsoever.

Since this category already is and most likely will remain empty, I suggest that it should be deleted, since the term "Serbo-Croatian" has gained extremely pejorative connotations after the bloody split of Yugoslavia and most ex-yu folks that were in some way involved in the recent wars would consider it insulting. --Ivan Štambuk 12:00, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This category was not created so that it can be filled up with entries like the other categories. Well, at first it was.  Now, however, it serves more like a redirecting purpose.  I don't think the category should be deleted.  It is used simply as a redirect to the individual standards.  By the way, I would not argue that "almost nobody" uses the name.  Most people from the region that I know refer to it by that name and so do many English speakers.  Today, as a dialect continuum or language continuum it is valid and widely called and studied as such in USA.  --Dijan 20:15, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There's a difference when refering to SC as a 1) standard language (which it isn't, ISO 639-1 code 'sh' being deprecated and all that) and 2) common features of Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, for which the term 'BHS' seems to be gaining use.

 * Anyway, if it's OK to have empty category for a language name that is mostly misused political coinage either propagating yugounitarism or ignoring differences between 3 different standard languages (putting aside all the minor morphological/syntactial details that distinguish them and that can pretty much fit on ~ 20 pages of text) for the sole purpose of redirection - it's fine with me too. --Ivan Štambuk 16:03, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The category is not propagating anything, as you might think so. What I meant to say is that many English speakers refer to all three languages (whether politically correct or not) as Serbo-Croatian.  Now, if they venture into this category, they will not find words that belong to Serbo-Croatian as such language, like you said, does not exist anymore.  Rather, they will have the option to be redirected to a specific standard that they seek.  "BHS" only seems to be used on wikipedia (few other wikis included), by anyone that has been "educated" through wikipedia and through United Nations related matters...neither of which make it offical.  I have yet to come across "BHS" or "BCS" in an academic setting in US.  Presently, there are two options that I know of:  either Serbo-Croatian or a specific standard.  But, if you truly believe that this category gives a bad name to the Croatian standard, then please feel free to remove the redirecting link to the Croatian language category.  --Dijan 22:14, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

I think that official UN docs (that use BHS/BCS all along) should be regarded with more respect than certain academic programs that were made prior to Yugoslavia breakup and that use SC mostly by inertia, teaching primarily 'Serbo-Croatian' of Yugoslavia, not the common characteristics of 3 different standard languages.

BHS/BCS seems to be used by the following academic institutions:

 * Berkeley Slavic department:
 * The Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures provides instruction in the languages and cultures of Russian and other Slavic peoples—Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, and Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (BCS) ... The major tracks in other Slavic languages and literatures allow students to focus intensively on Czech, Polish, or BCS (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian).

 * University of Washington in all of the course names.

 * UCLA Slavic department:
 * The Intensive Summer BCS course at UCLA offers the equivalent of first year of instruction in only six weeks

 * University of Chicago in all of the course names.

 * University of Pittsburgh's Slavic department, in form of 'B/C/S'.

 * Princeton's Slavic department

 * Arizona State University

 * University of Kansas uses 'Croatian-Serbian' in course names but BCS is used almost everywhere else

 * Slavic and East European Language Research Center (SEELRC) uses the term BCS in it's Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian, as explained on page 7:
 * Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian are three standardized forms based on very similar linguistic material. For many people the term "language" means standardized form of a language, and in this meaning we can speak of a Bosnian language, a Croatian language, and a Serbian language. "Language" can also be a system that permits communication, and in this meaning we can consider all three to make up one language. Serbo-Croatian was the traditional term. The non-native learner will usually want to choose to concentrate on Bosnian or Croatian or Serbian, but learning any of these actively plus some knowledge of the differences will permit the learner to take part in the communication system throughout the whole area. This description will use the term BCS to denote what the three standards have in common. The differences in grammar are not very numerous and will be discussed as we go along. The differences in vocabulary are more numerous; some will be pointed out in the vocabulary section.

 * It's used throughout the Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian: A Grammar and A Textbook, as exemplified here. Apparently most BCS courses in USA use this textbook.

And this all comes from the first 2 pages of googling up the .edu top-level domain..

Term 'Serbo-Croatian' is obsoleted for a very good reason. This and this category should be deleted, and should be renamed to. --Ivan Štambuk 09:00, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Again, I understand what you're saying. I'm not saying that the name Serbo-Croatian was not an artificial political tool.  I'm simply stating that it is OK to leave the category as a redirection device.  However, I am in agreement with you on .  If you have time, please do go ahead and change that to .  Just remember to remove  from the etymology templates page and make sure you update all entries that use .  --Dijan 03:55, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category talk:Serbo-Croatian language


text:
Bolshiye Kaybitsy

Bolshiye Kaybitsy (Olı Qaybıç, Олы Кайбыч) is a village in the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. It is the administrative center of Kaybitsky District in Tatarstan.

Geography
Bolshiye Kaybitsy is located in southwestern Tatarstan, 110 km from Kazan. The village spans both banks of the river Birla River, a tributary of the Sviyaga River.

Population
The population of Bolshiye Kaybitsy in several different years:
 * 1989: 942
 * 1997: 1409
 * 2010: 1600

History
The village was established in the time of the Khanate of Kazan.

Until 1920, village was in the lyankovskuyu Sviazhsky Uyezd of Kazan Governorate. The area underwent several administrative changes until the Kaybitsky District was established on April 19, 1991.

In 2005 and 2006, a road bypassing Bolshiye Kaybitsy was built, decreasing traffic through the village. Bus transportation to Kazan and the Zelenodolsk Kulanga station from Bolshiye Kaybitsy is, however, still possible.

title: Bolshiye Kaybitsy


text:
Category:Television series by Chorokbaem Media

This is a categorization of television series produced by Chorokbaem Media.

The company was established in September 2000.


text:
Pritam Singh Sandhu

Pritam Singh Sandhu (21 December 1931 – 19 March 1999) was a Kenyan field hockey player. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Pritam Singh Sandhu


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/James S. Thompson House

The result was keep. Tokyogirl79 now seems satisfied that this is indeed an NHRP property, and I assume that Jimfbleak would be,too, if he had come back to this AfD. Thanks to Generic1139 for the referencing and other work on the article. Deor (talk) 12:52, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

James S. Thompson House

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

I came across this page as a speedy deletion as hoax, but a search does bring up evidence that the house exists. The article does make claims that the house has been the focus of coverage, but I can't find anything to really back this up and I can't really see where this house is on any historic registry. I'm bringing this to AfD since it doesn't really fall under any of the speedy criteria and because I also want to see if anyone else can find anything to show that the house might pass notability guidelines. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   10:09, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The only thing that does kind of give off hoax vibes is that the GPS coordinates on the image does not show this house. Other than that, I can't really prove that this is anything other than your typical old, non-notable house. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   10:18, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

My home is already listed in this article, and is on the national register of historic places. I just wrote this article since my home was already here,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mercer_County,_Illinois

I did all the research for this, and it's almost impossible to cite resources as NONE of them are electronic. The photo is also mine and I updated the above article with the picture.

Jason — Preceding unsigned comment added by Josys36 (talk • contribs) 11:37, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete I accept that it not a hoax, but it appears to be WP:OR, and totally lacking in any sources. I would have thought that a link to the national register of historic places was minimum requirement Jimfbleak - talk to me?  11:42, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

So then if I post this,

http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=0

Will that work as a link to the historical register?

Jason — Preceding unsigned comment added by Josys36 (talk • contribs) 11:48, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Do you have the registry number? That could help with finding the house on the registry since the second link did not work. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   11:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

The links work for me just fine. The number is 02000846

Jason — Preceding unsigned comment added by Josys36 (talk • contribs) 11:54, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * , I'm looking at the registry listing but it does have some issues, notably the lack of a picture. It also has a different address as the one at National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, Illinois, as the address on that page comes up with 804 North St. and the Registry has the address as 408 E. Jefferson St.. A Google street view also comes up with a different house for the listing that's on the registry. This is a step in the right direction, but we still have conflicting information here that would need to be resolved. Tokyogirl79  (｡◕‿◕｡)   12:02, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

All,

The house was placed on the national register in 2002 when the address was 804 Street. The address is now 807 north street New Boston IL due to address number changes. I agree that the historic register has that as a problem, but I don't see anything related to 408 E. Jefferson Street. Jefferson street is a street in New Boston IL, but has nothing to do with my property. The link that I posted above does not have a picture no, but that's not my fault per say. They also list the house as being built in 1867 which I later proved false. I proved that false by spending 13 months going through newspaper microfilm at the Mercer County Historical society. Even google maps does not exactly put you in the right place. My home is slightly further south then it will put you. That is due to the address change.

Josys36 (talk) 12:09, 9 February 2015 (UTC)Jason
 * The issue though is that the only house listed as "James S. Thompson House" on the historical registry comes up with a different address. If it was on the same street or had your picture on the site then there might have been some wiggle room, but this is another address entirely. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   12:17, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I know that this must be frustrating, but you have to see it from our viewpoint: we have a house that isn't really discussed anywhere but a forum and the only source that is available with the same name has a completely different address than the one you're given. We can't really go forward with that since it's so drastically different. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   12:20, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If this is an issue with the registry then it's something that likely only you can fix with them since odds are you were the one who called them to get the house on the registry. (You'd also likely have the proof that they'd need to prove the house is legit and all that legal wonderfulness.) In other words, it is possible that this is a case of the registry making an error with the updated address and because of that, it's something that you will have to fix since you're the legal home owner. What I'm willing to do, if you're open to this and another admin is willing to close this (, - I'm pinging some admins that would be likely to be OK with this if you're OK with this suggestion), I'm willing to move this to my userspace and when/if the registry listing is fixed to give the right address, we can move the article back into the mainspace and fix whatever issues are left. The registry listing would make the building notable per Wikipedia and the rest is all pretty much trying to make it fit the writing style guidelines.  Tokyogirl79  (｡◕‿◕｡)   12:24, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

I'm sorry but I just don't see a difference of 804 and 807 NORTH street being such a difference to warrant the article being deleted.

Josys36 (talk) 12:34, 9 February 2015 (UTC)Jason
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Illinois-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:09, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Architecture-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:09, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Let's try this link,

http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregadvancedsearch.do?searchType=natregadvanced&selectedCollections=NPS%20Digital%20Library&referenceNumber=02000846&natregadvancedsearch=Search

I've had problems bringing this site up before for some reason. From here there is a link to the record for the house, and then you can see there that they had the address listed in 804 NORTH street. As I stated the current address is 807 which is 3 address records different. If I go to google maps and search for 807 North Street New Boston IL you can clearly see my house a few feet south of where google maps places you. Google maps is by NO means accurate all the time! If you do a street view you can see my home, and also the amount of trees I cut down that summer! Plus Zillow has the house listed at 807 North street. LOL. I'm just not sure what else to do at this point as getting the historic registry listing changed is going to take months. I don't see why that should hold back this article since I don't reference that anywhere on this page, and I also only did this article since it was listed in the Mercer County list of historic places. How in the world did you verify that article? Did you check it as well as this one since the link I posted above is in that article?

Josys36 (talk) 14:03, 9 February 2015 (UTC)Jason
 * Now this is weird. When I looked at it at work the address came up as completely different, but now with the link you gave me it shows up with the correct address. I'm willing to accept this as proof and have someone close the AfD, but I would really recommend getting the National Registry to look at the page since it came up as a different address. That has to be the strangest thing I've ever seen. Sorry about that- this is quite possibly the strangest AfD I've had in a while. I'll see if I can find the page again and if I do, I'll save a screencap for you so you can send it to the National Registry. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   17:07, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Heck, I'm going to contact them myself. I just can't figure out what I did on my work computer that brought up that different address. You have my sincere apology for this. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   17:13, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Just to note that we have a page, WikiProject National Register of Historic Places/NRIS information issues, that collects many database errors and ambiguities of this sort. --Arxiloxos (talk) 00:26, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks Arxiloxos! I'm definitely going to report this because if the page had worked right the first time, this poor homeowner wouldnt have had to go through this. Tokyogirl79 (｡◕‿◕｡)   05:56, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Don't feel to bad. The same thing would happen to me, but for me it would not produce the results. I would not see a different entry, just that there was no entry. I was having the time of my life trying to figure out what you were seeing.

Josys36 (talk) 18:47, 10 February 2015 (UTC)Jason

 * Here is the actual National Register of Historic Places registration form, with a photo and a 804 North street address. It appears to match the photo supplied by the owner.  I'll rework the article using this info as a reference with the usual NRHP project cites and such, then you can take another look.  And the GPS coordinates from the database are not always house-accurate, sometimes they come from paper maps in UTM, then get translated to an old lat/lon standard.  If you look with google, you don't always get the right house.  Tweaking of the coordinates in the article is usually done when the nris data is off, with suitable checking to make sure the right house is pictured. Generic1139 (talk) 11:08, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Done. I think the article now meets the standards for notability based on its being listed on the National Register of Historic Place, and now has proper citations. Generic1139 (talk) 14:54, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep. As I made several changes to the article and am no longer a disinterested third party, I'll just recommend keep for the reasons above - it is now referenced and marked as are most other NRHP articles - rather than close this myself. Generic1139 (talk) 21:58, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Lucinda Whitty

External links modified
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title: Talk:Lucinda Whitty


text:
undan

Preposition

 * 1) from the bottom
 * 2) from behind from the hidden side
 * 3) before, in front of
 * 4) with, in the same direction
 * 5)  before

Adverb

 * 1) away from

Etymology
From.

Preposition

 * 1) from under, from beneath

Adverb

 * 1) away

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) away

Preposition

 * 1) away from

Etymology
Akin to.

Preposition

 * 1) from under, from beneath
 * 2) away from
 * 3) ahead of, before

Adverb

 * 1) away

Adverb

 * 1) away

title: undan


text:
Halifax County Airport

Halifax County Airport was a public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southwest of the central business district of Roanoke Rapids, a city in Halifax County, North Carolina, United States. It was owned by the City of Roanoke Rapids. This airport was included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

Facilities and aircraft
This airport KRZZ, is closed. The Halifax Northampton airport KIXA is open. Halifax County Airport covered an area of 281 acres (114 ha) at an elevation of 256 feet (78 m) above mean sea level. It had two runways: 5/23 is 4,006 by 75 feet (1,221 x 23 m) with an asphalt surface; 16/34 is 2,100 by 150 feet (640 x 46 m) with a turf surface.

For the 12-month period ending August 14, 2007, the airport had 31,500 aircraft operations, an average of 86 per day: 89% general aviation, 7% air taxi, and 4% military. At that time there were 24 aircraft based at this airport: 96% single-engine and 4% multi-engine.

According to recent satellite imagery, it appears the airport is now being used as a solar farm.

title: Halifax County Airport


text:
Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 253

   Minnesota State Highway 253.kml   ff0000ff 5 		    ff0000ff 5 		    normal #line-1267FF-5  <Pair> highlight <styleUrl>#line-1267FF-50</styleUrl> </Pair> </StyleMap> <Placemark> Minnesota State Highway 253 <styleUrl>#line-1267FF-51</styleUrl> <ExtendedData> </ExtendedData> <LineString> 1 				-93.80847,43.55515,0 -93.80847,43.55592,0 -93.80846,43.55675,0 -93.80847,43.55775,0 -93.80847,43.55809,0 -93.80844999999999,43.55924,0 -93.80844,43.55939,0 -93.80844999999999,43.55961,0 -93.80842000000001,43.56076,0 -93.80841000000002,43.56166,0 -93.80841000000002,43.56197,0 -93.80839,43.56338,0 -93.80838,43.56401,0 -93.80835999999999,43.56515,0 -93.80834,43.56656,0 -93.80830999999999,43.56836,0 -93.80829,43.56989,0 -93.80826999999998,43.57169,0 -93.80825000000002,43.57227,0 -93.80814999999998,43.57952,0 -93.80808999999999,43.58359,0 -93.80803000000002,43.58682,0 -93.80800000000001,43.59052,0 -93.80800000000001,43.59145,0 -93.80800000000001,43.59454,0 -93.80797999999999,43.59669,0 -93.80799,43.59718,0 -93.80797999999999,43.59842,0 -93.80797,43.5998,0 -93.80797,43.60076,0 -93.80797,43.60133,0 -93.80795999999999,43.60419,0 -93.80795000000001,43.607,0 -93.80795000000001,43.60966,0 -93.80794,43.61048,0 -93.80792999999999,43.61152000000001,0 -93.80794,43.61285,0 -93.80792999999999,43.61589,0 -93.80795000000001,43.62078,0 -93.80795999999999,43.62269,0 -93.80797999999999,43.62953,0 -93.80799,43.63027,0 -93.80799,43.63396000000001,0 -93.80799,43.63919,0 -93.80799,43.64239,0 -93.80799,43.64482,0 -93.80789,43.64924,0 -93.80787000000001,43.65022,0 -93.80787000000001,43.65023,0 -93.80787000000001,43.65024,0 -93.80786000000002,43.65047,0 -93.80786000000002,43.65049,0 -93.80784,43.65138,0 -93.80783,43.65147,0 		</LineString> </Placemark> </Document>


text:
Ratko Radovanović

Ratko "Raša" Radovanović (Ратко Радовановић; born 16 October 1956) is a Serbian former professional basketball player who competed for SFR Yugoslavia, at the 1980 Summer Olympics, and at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Early life
Born in the town of Nevesinje within the Herzegovina region, Radovanović, still an infant, was brought by his parents to Nikšić, PR Montenegro where he grew up.

A tall and lanky kid, Radovanović took up basketball in Nikšić on an informal, recreational basis in 1969. In May 1970, the senior Yugoslav national team won the 1970 FIBA World Championship, resulting in an explosion of popularity for the sport throughout the country — a trend Radovanović followed, as he started training a lot more seriously. It wasn't long before he was noticed by the Bosna sports society general secretary Vukašin "Vule" Vukalović who recommended the youngster to KK Bosna head coach Bogdan Tanjević.

KK Bosna
Radovanović arrived to Sarajevo in October 1972, having just turned 16 years of age. Though officially part of the KK Bosna youth system, first team head coach Tanjević would already give him an odd first team run-out during the 1972-73 season, the club's first ever in the Yugoslav top-tier league.

Throughout the 1973-74 season, seventeen-year-old Radovanović recorded 17 first team appearances in the Yugoslav First League, scoring a total of 43 points (2.5 points per game).

During the 1974-75 season, the eighteen-year-old's continued improvement led to a permanent move to the first team. His league scoring average over the season reached 5.8 points per game.

Youth
Radovanović got picked for the Yugoslav cadet (under-16) national team at the European Championship for Cadets, held in Italy during July 1973, making a modest contribution to Yugoslavia's bronze medal effort with 2.2 points per game.

The following summer, he made the Yugoslav junior (under-18) squad at the European Championship for Juniors, in France, this time playing a much larger role on a team coached by Tanjević, his club head coach at Bosna. Radovanović contributed with 13.8 points per game, as the Yugoslav team — featuring Branko Skroče, Mihovil Nakić, Andro Knego, and Rajko Žižić, among others — won gold.

Senior
In July 1975, Radovanović, still only eighteen-years-old, made his full squad senior Yugoslav national team debut in a game versus Canada at Hala Pinki as part of the International Cup.

Post-playing career
Right after retiring from playing basketball in 1990 in Venice, thirty-three-year-old Radovanović moved to Sarajevo with his wife and their two young children. Returning to the city where he had previously lived for eleven years between 1972 and 1983 while with KK Bosna, he invested some of his money in healthcare by opening a private dental office.

Less than two years after that, the Bosnian War broke out and Radovanović and his family fled to Belgrade where he has been living ever since.

FMP Železnik sporting director
In 1996, Radovanović joined the front office of FMP Železnik — a club that had just finished playing its first ever season in FR Yugoslavia's top-tier league — in the sporting director capacity. Working under the club's owner and president Nebojša Čović, Radovanović handled player personnel issues — helping FMP Železnik become a noted producer of basketball talent.

In the 1996-97 season, Radovanović's first with the club, FMP Železnik won the FR Yugoslavia Cup competition — its very first piece of silverware. However, instead of keeping the Cup-winning squad (that consisted of somewhat older players) intact, the club decided to sell them and turn to bringing up a generation of 17 and 18-year-olds from its youth system into the first team.

With Čović's financial support, Radovanović implemented a player development system in FMP that relied on identifying and acquiring talented teenagers from all over FR Yugoslavia / Serbia-Montenegro / Serbia during early stages of their basketball development, working with them within the club's system featuring academy-like facilities at the Belgrade suburb of Železnik where in addition to training they also lived and studied, and later selling them at a profit to bigger clubs. Players developed in the club during Radovanović's tenure include: Miloš Teodosić (sold in 2007 to Olympiakos for €1.2 million), Zoran Erceg (sold in 2008 to Olympiakos for €800,000), Aleksandar Rašić (sold in 2007 to Efes Pilsen for €400,000), Dejan Musli (sold in 2010 to Caja Laboral), Miroslav Raduljica (sold in 2010 to Efes Pilsen for €600,000), Mladen Šekularac (sold in 2002 to Virtus Bologna for €600,000), Dejan Milojević (sold in 2000 to KK Budućnost for €600,000), Ognjen Aškrabić (sold in 2004 to the newly-established Dynamo Saint Petersburg for €550,000), Duško Savanović (sold in 2006 to UNICS Kazan for €500,000), Vladimir Radmanović and Mile Ilić (sold in 2001 to the Seattle SuperSonics and in 2006 to the New Jersey Nets, respectively, for the then fixed transfer fee of US$350,000 that the NBA franchises were paying to European clubs for players under contract).

After fourteen years at the club, Radovanović parted ways with FMP Železnik in 2010 at the beginning of the 2010-11 season.

In August 2017, following seven years away from basketball, Radovanović almost came back to the sport as KK Partizan's youth system director. The news of his return even got announced by the Serbian press outlets, however, nothing came of it in the end with Radovanović later revealing that negotiations with KK Partizan lasted over a month with no deal ultimately being made.

Sloboda Užice sporting director
On May 26, 2018, Radovanović became the sports director of Sloboda Užice, newly promoted member of the Basketball League of Serbia for the 2018-19 season.

Political activities
He became a member of Serbian Progressive Party in May 2023.

title: Ratko Radovanović


text:
brocket

Etymology
,.

Noun

 * 1) A stag in its second year, before its horns have started branching.
 * 2) A genus,, of short-horned deer from Brazil.
 * 1) A genus,, of short-horned deer from Brazil.

Translations

 * Danish: spidsbuk
 * French:

 * Finnish: piikkokauris

title: brocket


text:
History of Cork

Cork, located on Ireland's south coast, is the second largest city within the Republic of Ireland after Dublin and the third largest on the island of Ireland after Dublin and Belfast. Cork City is the largest city in the province of Munster. Its history dates back to the sixth century.

Origins
Cork began as a monastic settlement, founded by St Finbar in the sixth century. However the ancestor of the modern city was founded between 915 and 922, when Viking settlers established a trading community. The Viking leader Ottir Iarla is particularly associated with raiding and conquests in the province of Munster. The Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib connects this with the earliest Viking settlement of Cork. The Norse phase of Cork's history left a legacy of family names, such as Cotter and Coppinger, peculiar to Cork which are claimed to have Norse origins. In the twelfth century, this settlement was taken over by invading Anglo-Norman settlers. The Norsemen of Cork fought against the Norman incomers, mounting an expedition of 32 ships against them in 1173, which was defeated in a naval battle. Cork's city charter was granted by Prince John in 1185. Over the centuries, much of the city was rebuilt, time and again, after numerous fires. The city was at one time fully walled, and several sections and gates remain. The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in 1900.

Settler outpost
For much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of Old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaelic countryside and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens to keep them from attacking the city. The Cork municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe – in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine.

The medieval population of Cork was about 2,000. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of bubonic plague when the Black Death arrived. In 1491 Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The former mayor of Cork John Atwater and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. Cork's nickname of the 'rebel city' originates in these events.

A description of Cork written in 1577 speaks of the city as, "the fourth city of Ireland" that is, "so encumbered with evil neighbours, the Irish outlaws, that they are fayne to watch their gates hourly ... they trust not the country adjoining [and only marry within the town] so that the whole city is linked to each other in affinity".

Wars of religion
The character of Cork was changed by the Tudor conquest of Ireland (c. 1540–1603) which left the English authorities in control of all of Ireland for the first time, introduced thousands of English settlers in the Plantations of Ireland and tried to impose the Protestant Reformation on a predominantly Catholic country. Cork suffered from the warfare involved in the reconquest, particularly in the Second Desmond Rebellion in 1579–83, when thousands of rural people fled to the city to avoid the fighting, bringing with them an outbreak of bubonic plague.

Shandon Castle (just outside the walls of the city) became the official residence of the President of Munster in the late sixteenth century. As a "centre of English administration" in the area, Cork by and large sided with the Crown in the conflicts of the period, even after a Spanish expeditionary force landed at nearby Kinsale in 1601 during the Nine Years War. However, the price the citizens demanded for their loyalty was toleration of their Roman Catholic religion. In 1603, the citizens of Cork along with Waterford and Limerick rebelled, expelling Protestant ministers, imprisoning English officials, seizing the municipal arsenals and demanding freedom of worship for Catholics. They refused to admit Lord Mountjoy's English army when it marched south, citing their charters from the twelfth century. Mountjoy retorted that he would, "cut King John his charter with King James his sword" and arrested the ringleaders, thus ending the revolt.

In 1641, Ireland was convulsed by the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Cork became a stronghold for the English Protestants, who sought refuge there after the outbreak of the rebellion and remained in Protestant hands throughout the ensuing Irish Confederate Wars. An ineffective Irish Confederate attempt to take the city in 1642 was beaten off at the battle of Liscarroll. In 1644, Murrough O'Brien, Earl Inchiquinn, the commander of English forces in Cork, expelled the Catholic townsmen from the city. Although most of them went no further than the city's suburbs, this was the beginning of Protestant domination of the city that would last for nearly two centuries. The population of Cork by this times was around 5,000, most of whom lived outside the city walls.

In 1649–53, Ireland was re-conquered by an English Parliamentarian army under Oliver Cromwell. Inchiquin had briefly led Cork into an alliance with the Confederates, in 1648, but the garrison changed sides again in 1650, going over to English Parliamentarian side under the influence of Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery.

In 1690 during the Williamite war in Ireland, Cork was besieged and taken for the Williamites by an English army under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough.

Eighteenth-century Cork
In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries French Protestants (Huguenots) arrived in Cork fleeing from religious persecution at the hands of Louis XIV of France. Their influence can still be seen in the names of the Huguenot Quarter and French Church Street. Many new buildings were erected in Cork in the eighteenth century. Like Dublin, much of Cork's medieval architecture was replaced by neo-classical Georgian buildings. Examples of this include, Christ Church (1720–26), St Anne's Shandon (1722–26) and a Customs House (1724). During the eighteenth century, trade in Cork's port expanded considerably. Cork merchants exported large amounts of butter and beef to Britain, France and the Caribbean, where it was used to support the development of sugar plantations and slavery.

Population explosion, famine and emigration
During the early nineteenth century the population of Cork expanded. By mid-century Cork had a population of about 80,000. The increase was due to migration from the countryside as people fled from poverty and in the 1840s, a terrible famine. This led to extremes of poverty and overcrowding in Cork city during this century. Another effect of this influx was to reverse the denominational character of the city, which became predominantly Catholic again.

However, in the later nineteenth century the population of Cork declined slightly due to emigration, principally to Britain or North America. In 1825, over 1,800 Irish residents departed from Cork to emigrate to Peterborough, Ontario, Canada assisted by Peter Robinson (who organised the scheme on behalf of the British Government). This resulted in the area known as "Scott's Plains" being renamed "Peterborough" as a tribute. Cork and also nearby Cobh became major points of departure for Irish emigrants, who left the country in great numbers after the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s.

During the nineteenth and early twentieth century important industries in Cork included brewing, distilling, wool and shipbuilding. In addition, there were some municipal improvements such as gas light street lights in 1825, two local papers, the Cork Constitution published from 1823 and the Cork Examiner, first published in 1841 and, very importantly for the development of modern industry, the railway reached Cork in 1849. Also in 1849, University College Cork opened.

Much nineteenth-century architecture can still be seen in many areas around the city such as the neo-Georgian and Victorian buildings that now house banks and department stores. The Victorian influence on the city is noticeable in place names such as Victoria Cross (after Queen Victoria), Albert Quay (after Prince Albert), Adelaide Street (after Queen Adelaide) and the Victoria Hospital on the Old Blackrock Road.

Since the nineteenth century, Cork had been a predominantly Irish nationalist city, with widespread support for Irish Home Rule and the Irish Parliamentary Party, but from 1910 stood firmly behind William O'Brien's dissident All-for-Ireland Party. O'Brien published a third local newspaper, the Cork Free Press.

War of Independence
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914 many of Cork's National Volunteers enlisted to serve with the Royal Munster Fusiliers, suffering heavy casualties both in Gallipoli and on the Western Front. In the period 1916–1923, Cork was embroiled in a conflict between Irish nationalists and the British state in Ireland. The turmoil of this period ultimately led to substantial Irish independence for 26 of the 32 Irish counties in 1922, but also to a bitter civil war between Irish nationalist factions in 1922–23.

In 1916, during the Easter Rising as many as 1000 Irish Volunteers mobilised in Cork for an armed rebellion against British rule but they dispersed without fighting. However, during the subsequent Irish War of Independence 1919–1921, Cork was the scene of much violence.

In particular, the city suffered from the action of the Black and Tans – a paramilitary police force raised to help the Royal Irish Constabulary combat the Irish Republican Army. On 20 March 1920, Thomas Mac Curtain, the Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Cork was shot dead, in front of his wife at his home, by policemen. His successor as Mayor, Terence McSwiney was arrested in August 1920 and died on hunger strike in October of that year. On 11 December the city centre was gutted by fires started by the Black and Tans in reprisal for IRA attacks in the city. Over 300 buildings were destroyed and two suspected IRA men were shot dead in their beds by British forces on the night. This atrocity did not stop IRA activity in the city however. Attacks and reprisals continued in the city until the fighting was ended in a truce agreed in July 1921.

Another, highly disputed aspect of the War of Independence in Cork was the shooting of informers. Historians such as Peter Hart have written that 'enemy' groups such as Protestants and ex-soldiers were targeted at random by the IRA. Gerard Murphy's book "Year of the Disappearances" put the number of Protestants killed in Cork at 73. This thesis is disputed by other scholars such as John Borgonovo, who write that their studies suggest that the IRA's 30 or so confirmed civilian victims in Cork do seem to have been targeted because the IRA believed they were passing information to the British and not for any other reason.

Civil War
The local IRA units, for the most part, did not accept the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiated to end the war -ultimately repudiating the authority of the newly created Irish Free State. After the withdrawal of British troops in early 1922, they took over the military barracks in Cork and the surrounding area. By July 1922, when the Irish Civil War, broke out, Cork was held by anti-Treaty forces as part of a self-styled Munster Republic -intended to be a stronghold for the preservation of the Irish Republic annulled by the Treaty.

Cork however, was taken in August 1922 by the pro-Treaty National Army in an attack from the sea. The Free State forces landed at nearby Passage West with 450 troops and several artillery pieces. There was fighting for three days in the hills around Douglas and Rochestown, in which roughly 20 men were killed and about 60 wounded as the anti-Treaty IRA contested the National Army's advance into the city. However the badly armed anti-Treaty forces did not make a stand in Cork itself and dispersed after sporadic fighting, burning a number of buildings and the barracks they had been holding (for example at Elizabeth Fort and Collins Barracks).

Subsequently, they reverted to guerrilla warfare and took to destroying all the roads and bridges connecting Cork with the rest of the country. Michael Collins, commander in chief of the National Army, was killed in an IRA ambush at Beal na mBlath, west of the city on 22 August 1922.

Guerrilla warfare raged in the surrounding countryside until April 1923, when the Anti-Treaty side called a ceasefire and dumped their arms. There were attacks on Free State troops in the city, but not on the scale of the campaign against British forces in 1919–21.

Late twentieth-century Cork
In the post independence period, Cork has been acknowledged as the Republic of Ireland's second city. It has produced a number of political leaders, notably Jack Lynch – who became Taoiseach (Irish prime minister) in the 1960s. Its citizens half jokingly refer to it as the "real capital".

Cork's inner city slums were cleared by the municipal authority from the 1920s onwards, and their inhabitants were re-housed in housing estates on the periphery of the city -especially on its north side. Cork's economy dipped in the late twentieth century as the old manufacturing industries in Cork declined. The Ford car factory closed in 1984 as did the Dunlop tyre factory. Shipbuilding in Cork also came to an end in the 1980s. As a result of these closures unemployment was high in Cork in the 1980s.

However, in the 1990s new industries came to Cork. For instance, Marina Commercial Park was built on the site of the old Dunlop and Ford plants and Cork Airport Business Park first opened in 1999. Cork, like other cities in Ireland benefited somewhat from the Celtic Tiger economic boom, with growth in industries such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, brewing, distilling and food processing. The Port of Cork is also a busy and important port. Into the twenty-first century, tourism has grown in economic importance, and in 2005 Cork was named European Capital of Culture.

Annalistic references
See Annals of Inisfallen (AI)

 * AI774.1 Kl. Selbach of Corcach rested.
 * AI792.2 Téróc, abbot of Corcach, rested in the Lord.
 * AI816.2 Repose of Conaing son of Donat, abbot of Corcach.
 * AI825.1 Kl. Repose of Flann son of Fairchellach, abbot of Les Mór, Imlech Ibuir, and Corcach.
 * AI836.1 Kl. Entry of Feidlimid into the abbacy of Corcach.
 * AI863.1 Kl. Repose of Dainél, abbot of Les Mór and Corcach.
 * AI928.2 Fínnechta, abbot of Corcach, rested in Christ.
 * AI951.3 Repose of Ailill abbot of Corcach.
 * AI961.1 Kl. Repose of Cathmug, bishop of Corcach and abbot of Les Mór.
 * AI978.3 Corcach was plundered, and Fínnechta the bishop, died.
 * AI997.3 Repose of Colmán of Corcach.
 * AI1001.4 Repose of Flaithem, abbot of Corcach.
 * AI1028.2 Lathir, daughter of Donnchadh, died on her pilgrimage in Corcach.

title: History of Cork


text:
Talk:Didier Lockwood

Discography
Recordings under his name: http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:hifoxqt5ldte~T2 Credits: http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:hifoxqt5ldte~T4 BNutzer (talk) 21:39, 9 April 2010 (UTC)
 * See also fr:Didier_Lockwood BNutzer (talk) 22:35, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Copied from the talk page of the /Temp page. Jafeluv (talk) 10:32, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Didier Lockwood


text:
1990 Girabola

The 1990 Girabola was the 12th season of top-tier football competition in Angola. Atlético Petróleos de Luanda were the defending champions.

The league comprised 14 teams, none of which were relegated.

Petro de Luanda were crowned champions, winning their 7th title, and fifth in a row, while there were no relegations.

Mikayela Diakananwa aka Mona of Petro de Luanda finished as the top scorer with 17 goals.

Benfica do Huambo, formerly Mambroa, set an all time championship's record for most goals scored in a single match and for the largest goal-difference win in their 12-0 home win against Sassamba da Lunda Sul.

Changes from the 1989 season
Promoted: None Relegated: None

Top scorer

 * Mikayela Diakananwa Mona

Champions
Squad: André, Avelino, Bolingó, Bumba, Carlos Pedro, Duíndi, Esquerdinho, Felito, Gomes, Janguelito, Lúcio, Luisinho, Mona, Ndunguidi, Nianga, Orlando, Paulão, Paulito, Pinto, Quim Sebas, Ralph, Rasgado, Valentim, Wilson Head coach: Carlos Queirós

title: 1990 Girabola


text:
Talk:beta

what does the beta for computers and gaming mean anyone?

 * It means a pre-release version that is still in testing and probably contains several bugs, or errors and problems. People who use beta versions are supposed to report the bugs that they find so that they can be fixed. —Stephen 14:34, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

beta
Rfv-sense: To proofread a text. Citations present are all from TV fanfiction Usenet groups so could not be considered independent. DAVilla 05:14, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't see how these would violate the independence criterion, or even the more stringent version that we apply to fictional worlds; Buffy, The X Files, and Star Trek are three very different universes. That said, if these are really the only types of cites available, a more specific context tag is indicated. -- Visviva 18:00, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I've heard of the role of beta reader (I didn't create that article!), so this must be short for beta reading (presumably modelled on beta testing for computer software). Inflections look attestable, e.g. "I know Selek was betaing a naughty Sarek story for me", "since I betaed it the writer knows what I think anyway". Equinox 19:18, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Are we supposed to show separate etymologies (eg "from beta test" and "from beta read") for such? DCDuring TALK 20:40, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Cited. Equinox ◑ 15:52, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

English UK pronunciation
I've heard a Scottish person say bɛta, instead of 'bita' as well. Does it need to go in the entry? <IP_ADDRESS> 09:26, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

Etymology of the climbing term
Some theories are given here, including one relating to Betamax video tapes: Equinox ◑ 22:34, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

RFV discussion: March–April 2023
"Used in marking scheme: α, β, γ or α+, α, α-, β etc." Is this really a noun? And what does it mean: grades given in school education? Equinox ◑ 22:37, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Cited though I'm sure there's a less obtuse way of wording the gloss. Was under the impression (in the UK anyway) this is mainly an Oxford thing and rather old-fashioned although I know of at least one person at Cambridge who still uses the system. —Al-Muqanna المقنع (talk) 23:04, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Reworded it on the same lines as the grade sense at B. —Al-Muqanna المقنع (talk) 23:12, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

RFV Passed, and I added Ioaxxere (talk) 17:36, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:beta


text:
Mammalian Genetics Unit

The Mammalian Genetics Unit was a genetics and genomics research institute in Oxfordshire.

History
Earlier research on the same site at the Radiobiology Research Unit, which opened in 1954, in the 1950s was into cytogenetics, where Charles Edmund Ford and John Hamerton confirmed on 12 January 1956 the size of the human genome. In the early 1970s this unit led research into mutagenic effects of radiation on the human chromosome. In the mid-1980s, important early work was done in genomic imprinting.

From 2007, the site no longer carried out work into the effects of radiation on genes (radiobiology).

From April 2022, the site closed as the Mammalian Genetics Unit and was merged with the neighboring Mary Lyon Centre.

MGU
The MGU was largely derived from the earlier Radiobiology Unit (RBU). In 2010, work at the unit discovered that overexpression of the FTO gene led to obesity.

Structure
The unit was in Oxfordshire.

Function
The unit carried out work into genetics and genome engineering.

title: Mammalian Genetics Unit


text:
Talk:Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair

Revision history

Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit

* (cur) (last). . 23:11, 4 Jan 2004. . Egil (Moved to Wikibooks) * (cur) (last). . 12:11, 4 Jan 2004. . Egil (Move to Wikibooks?) * (cur) (last). . 16:15, 20 Dec 2003. . Dhodges (changed tires to rims in wheel truing. The tires are *off* when truing) * (cur) (last). . 04:17, 20 Dec 2003. . Morven (another renaming) * (cur) (last). . 04:14, 20 Dec 2003. . Morven (yearly maintenance page renamed; fixing link to fit) * (cur) (last). . M 06:08, 14 Dec 2003. . Infrogmation * (cur) (last). . 06:00, 14 Dec 2003. . Jwpurple (Most parts on bicycles are not interchangeable. e.g. 700c tires vs 27", US vs metric threads, etc.)   * (cur) (last) . . 05:48, 14 Dec 2003 . . Dhodges    * (cur) (last) . . 05:46, 14 Dec 2003 . . Dhodges (ft #Tire Levers#Pump)    * (cur) (last) . . M 13:05, 12 Mar 2003 . . Stephen Gilbert    * (cur) (last) . . M 12:35, 12 Mar 2003 . . G (the --> they)    * (cur) (last) . . 12:26, 12 Mar 2003 . . <IP_ADDRESS> (removed line)    * (cur) (last) . . 12:24, 12 Mar 2003 . . <IP_ADDRESS> (simple enough for many bicycle user to make simple repairs to their own vehicles.)    * (cur) (last) . . 12:22, 12 Mar 2003 . . <IP_ADDRESS> (')    * (cur) (last) . . 12:22, 12 Mar 2003 . . <IP_ADDRESS> (This article describes 'bicycle repair techniques.)    * (cur) (last) . . 12:03, 12 Mar 2003 . . Egil (Finally a lexicon that tells how to actually repair a bike)    * (cur) (last). . 00:31, 11 Mar 2003. . Statkit1 (more repairs added) * (cur) (last). . 20:56, 10 Mar 2003. . Statkit1 * (cur) (last). . 20:55, 10 Mar 2003. . Statkit1

Accessories
I'm of two minds about including a section on accessories (someone else put it on the main page). There are a few pieces of advice that can be offered. Still, with the great variety of accessories out there I'm most inclined to say RTFM.Dhodges 00:33, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Organization
I'd like to propose a reorg of this into:

 * Tools
 * Supplies
 * Basic Tasks (where things like removing pedals go)
 * Repairs
 * Maintenance tasks

with a distinction that a Repair gets you back on the road, a Maintenance task improves something that's degraded, and a Basic task is a component of either of the above.

 * Nice to see someone else taking an interest. I'm more concerned with getting actual repairs written up, but hey go for it. Dhodges 22:27, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Commuting bike
It's perhaps outside the scope of this book but I'd like to put together some advice for selecting a commuting bike. The content would go well alongside advice for fitting mudguards, fitting rear racks and other commuting essentials. Would you like to add a section for me to get started? --DavidBoden 19:12, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Illustrations
Text only is a bit hard to follow, we could do with some more pictures (like on the spoke wrench). I've some tools at home, so I could do a few pictures, but only of the basic stuff. MWF 09:20, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Diagram(s) with labels needed.
Thanks great start. I repaired my friend's bike like most of us do. Found very brocken sprocket in rear derailer (one of the two where the chain does the S bend, where the slack is taken up), removed it, with it in hand asked for a replacement at a bike shop, and was told I had to buy the whole rear derailer unit!! Until owner came out and pulled out recycled replacements. Inoperable bike totally fixed. Cost me $2. I didn't RTFM. Under most circumstances I like to have a diagram and name of the part so I appear to know what I am talking about, or can show I have made an attempt to research. Looking and sounding like a newbie can be very expensive. I hope someone can put in a diagram of the typical gear change bike with labels of parts to make phone calls easier.

Organization
Wouldn't it be better to organize the book based on the part of the bike being repaired rather than the skill level needed to perform the repair? Ex: Chapter 1: Wheels, Chapter 2: Brakes, Chapter 3: Drivetrain, etc. Each repair could also then be given a difficulty rating, such as on a one to ten scale, as well as a list of tools needed for the repair (a master list of tools at the beginning or end would still be helpful). I believe this is how most repair manuals are written and I almost just did it, but I decided it would be better to discuss it here first. --FurciferRNB 10 October 2005
 * I'm an utter newbie here, but that seems very sensible to me. --Danny Wilde 14:38, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it might be useful to provide both an index by part and the old system that broke tasks up by difficulty and the frequency they need to be performed. The current system is more useful as a reference when your bike breaks, but the old way is more useful to a beginner who wants to learn or buy tools. --Dmonego 04:47, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems like we almost need two 'streams' for the maintenance/repair part of the book: a reference manual that can be 'dipped into' at any point, and a learn-about-your-bike sort of book, which reads well cover-to-cover and incrementally introduces bicycle parts and concepts. A organisation that lets the reader go quickly to the bit they need isn't any good for someone who doesn't know what they need.  Similarly, the more experienced mechanic just wants to look something up doesn't want to trawl through all the 'this is a chainring' introductory material.  --Samwilson 02:32, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Reorg
Based on input above from FurciferRNB and Danny Wilde as well as my own consensus, I've reorganized this book to reflect part-groups of a bike rather than difficulty level of the task. I think that this way users will more easily be able to find the information they're looking for. I still think difficulty should be reflected though. I suggest that sections in each chapter should be listed in order of difficulty from easiest to hardest. For example, in the chapter on 'Tires & wheels', 'Fixing a flat' would come before 'Truing a wheel.' I moved the listing of tools and supplies to its own chapter and I moved the manufacturer links to the Appendix.

Also, I reorganized the Bicyles page, of which this page is (has been) a module. I see this page, as well as those listed with it on the Bicycles page, as volumes in a library, where each volume should be able to stand on its own as much as possible.

With respect to DavidBoden's comment about equipment for a commuting bike, I think that information would go well in the volume on 'Equipment & accessories'. I'd also, personally, like to see more info on this topic, with maybe focus on what type of riding you do (i.e. commuting, touring, MTBing, BMXing, etc.)

Lastly, I've cleaned up this discussion page a bit to make the threads easier to read. Overall, I'd love to see some feedback and improvements on this book's reorganization. Thanks. Mindfrieze 18:12, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Company Specific Manuals
--Georgio8 (talk) 15:15, 18 March 2010 (UTC) I notice that the Appendix has a list of links to Company Specific Manuals.

Some members of the Moulton Bicycle Club (moultonbicycle yahoo list) would like to use this book itself as a place to hold information that we have collected but haven't yet posted anywhere about the maintenance of the (many) different models of Moulton. So we're wondering whether it would be in the spirit of this book to add a Moulton section to the Appendix.

 * Georgio8, I say go for it. This hasn't been a very active book over the last five years, so drop your info in, and we'll see how it works out.  --Mindfrieze (talk) 14:34, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair


text:
Talk:Embudo Stream Gauging Station

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title: Talk:Embudo Stream Gauging Station


text:
1939–40 Buffalo Bulls men's basketball team

The 1939–40 Buffalo Bulls men's basketball team represented the University of Buffalo during the 1939–40 NCAA college men's basketball season. The head coach was Art Powell, coaching his twenty-fourth season with the Bulls.


text:
Linux Guide

Getting started

 * /Introduction/
 * /Distributions/ (more detail)
 * /Getting Linux/

Installing Linux

 * Basic
 * Dual-booting
 * Advanced

Using Linux

 * /How Linux Works/
 * Logging into Linux
 * Using the shell (console)
 * More Linux commands
 * /Desktop environments/
 * /Getting Help/
 * Getting out of Freezes
 * /Installing software/

Managing Linux

 * /Tools/
 * /Runlevels/
 * /Operating modes/
 * /System administration/
 * /Network administration/
 * /Modules/
 * /Security/
 * /Monitoring/
 * /Reset a forgotten root password/

Programming on Linux

 * /Programming tools/
 * Book about X Window Programming

Applications of Linux

 * Use Audacity to make MP3s
 * Burn a CD or DVD
 * /LDAP authentication in Linux/
 * /Installing SugarCRM On Linux/
 * Using SSH
 * /PlayStation 3/
 * /Linux and Bluetooth/
 * /Run an Android emulator/

Business

 * /Enterprise Linux/

Specific tips/fun stuff
}}
 * Virtual Network Computing (VNC) can be used to access your computer from anywhere if it's connected to the Internet and you know its IP address (use ifconfig). vnc-java can automatically create a webpage with a Java applet that eliminates the need for a VNC client.  Try using x11-vnc
 * for remote X you can also use simply X with xhost as X is a network protocol, or you can do X forwarding with ssh.
 * WINE will often run your old Windows programs very well. It's hit and miss, but often more complex, graphics-heavy applications will work better than specifically integrated Windows apps.
 * There are a number of unique, nicely-made open source games that run under Linux:
 * Battle for Wesnoth (turn-based strategy game with elements from RPGs) http://www.wesnoth.org
 * Blob Wars (platform shoot-em-up)
 * Celestia (not really a game, but a very detailed astronomical program that can take you anywhere in the solar system and beyond) https://celestiaproject.space
 * Enigma (marble-rolling puzzle game) http://www.nongnu.org/enigma
 * GnuGo (one of the better Go AIs available, use ccGo or JaGo or cGoban for a user interface) http://www.gnu.org/software/gnugo/gnugo.html
 * Frozen Bubble (similar to Bust-a-Move) http://www.frozen-bubble.org/
 * Kobo Deluxe (4-way scrolling shoot-em-up) http://olofson.net/kobodl/links.html
 * Orbit (simple 3D space combat simulator) http://www.head-crash.com/orbit/
 * Rocks'n'Diamonds (Boulderdash clone plus a couple other games, too) http://www.artsoft.org/rocksndiamonds/
 * Tux: A Quest For Herring http://tuxaqfh.sourceforge.net/
 * Extreme Tux Racer (sliding down the mountains and catching herring at over 100 km/h) http://www.extremetuxracer.com/
 * Nexuiz (A Unreal Tournament like first person shooter) http://www.nexuiz.com
 * Warsow (A competitive quake3 like first person shooter) http://www.warsow.net
 * Yakuake, a drop-down console, a la Quake's in-game console.

title: Linux Guide


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Template:Contact your instructor: Mad Max

Contact Your Instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here.  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]