text:
Archibald Wager

Archibald Wager was an 18th-century civil servant in colonial Virginia. Wager served as the Clerk of Court for three counties: Hampshire County (1755–1757), Brunswick County (1757–1760), and Frederick County (1760–1762). Following his service as a Clerk of Court, Wager managed the construction of public roads in Frederick County in 1763.

Political career
Following the creation of Hampshire County in 1754, Archibald Wager was appointed to serve as the county's inaugural Clerk of Court in 1755 according to records of the court from June 11 of that year. While Wager was mentioned as the first Clerk of Court, it is unknown where the first county court was held; however, it is known that Thomas Bryan Martin, nephew of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, was the county's first appointed justice. Under the act establishing Hampshire County, the county's court was to be held in June 1754; however, it was not until 1757 that formal record keeping was actualized in Hampshire County, due in part to the ongoing French and Indian War and repeated Native American attacks. Throughout Wager's tenure in the position, Hampshire County suffered the worst of its incursions by Native Americans, which caused many settlers to flee their homes and settlements. In 1757, Gabriel Jones was appointed to replace Wager as the county's Clerk of Court. Even though Wager was likely the first appointed Clerk of Court for Hampshire County, his successor Jones was the first operational appointee to serve in the position.

Wager was next commissioned to serve as the fourth Clerk of Court for Brunswick County by Deputy Secretary of Virginia Thomas Nelson, thus replacing Littleton Tazewell, father of United States Senator Henry Tazewell. Wager's commission to the post was qualified on April 26, 1757 and he remained in that position for three years until February 5, 1760. Wager was replaced in his position by John Robinson.

Subsequent to the death of the Frederick County Clerk of Court, Col. James Wood during the winter of 1759–60, Wager was appointed his replacement by Deputy Secretary Nelson, acting as governor, at the county court held February 5, 1760. Col. Wood's nineteen-year-old son James Wood, later a Governor of Virginia, was appointed to serve as Wager's deputy clerk on May 7, 1760. During his tenure, the Frederick County Court was steadily called upon for assistance in building forts and stockades to protect outlying settlements against further Native American attacks. Wager served as the Clerk of Court for about two years until May 4, 1762, when he was succeeded by James Keith, who was duly sworn and qualified after he produced a commission granted to him by Virginia Secretary Nelson. The reasons for Wager's termination from the position are not known.

Following his service as Clerk of Court, Wager managed the construction of county roads with public monies. On November 3, 1762, the Frederick County Court chose Wager as the "appointed overseer" of the road between Stephensburg (present-day Stephens City) and the "Nations" plantation of Lord Fairfax and supervised the road's construction by tithables (workers paid with public tax monies) under his charge.

Personal life
In 1761, Wager produced 200 pounds of tobacco, which was received and certified by Secretary Nelson and Wager's Deputy Clerk of Court Wood on January 2, 1762.

Wager was a practicing Anglican. According to Frederick County Parish records, Wager's signature was listed among those who participated in the Eucharist between 1761 and 1763.

title: Archibald Wager


text:
Max Payne (racing driver)

Max Payne (born 11 September 1940) is a British former racing driver.

Payne drove in the World Sports-Prototype Championship from 1982 to 1988, primarily for Ark Racing driving a Cosworth powered Ceekar chassis.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Max Payne (racing driver)


text:
Electronics/Transistors

Transistor
A transistor is a solid state device made by joining three positive-type and negative-type semiconductors together. In general, all transistors have three pins: base, collector, and emitter. Transistor is a bi-polar device that is a transistor with two junctions namely BE and CE DE EE FE. In theory we take a specified formulae incorporate this with using any type of meter in figuring the mathematical solution.
 * Electronic_component_transistors.jpg

Construction
A lightly doped region called base is sandwiched between two regions called the emitter and collector respectively. The collector handles large quantities of current, hence its dopant concentration is the highest. The emitter's dopant concentration is slightly lesser, but its area is larger to provide for more current than the collector. The collector region should be heavily doped because electron-hole pairs recombine in that region, while the emitter is not such a region. We can have two varieties in this kind of transistor.

NPN Transistor
An NPN transistor is made by joining one positive-type semiconductor in between two negative-type semiconductors. Here a lightly doped p-type semiconductor (semiconductor with more holes than electrons) is sandwiched between two well-doped n-type regions. It is like two pn-junctions facing away. An IEEE symbol for the NPN transistor is shown here. The arrow between the base and emitter is in the same direction as current flowing between the base-emitter junction. Power dissipated in the transistor is
 * $$P=V_{CE}I_C$$, where $$V_{CE}$$ is the voltage between the collector and the emitter and $$I_C$$ is the collector current.

 * NPN_BJT.svg
 * BJT_symbol_NPN.svg

PNP Transistor
A PNP transistor is made by sandwiching a negative-type semiconductor in between two positive-type semiconductors.
 * PNP_BJT.svg
 * BJT_symbol_PNP.svg

Amplifier
A transistor conducts current when the base voltage is greater than BE junction's voltage. Current is non zero.
 * $$I_B \neq 0$$
 * $$I_C = \alpha I_E$$
 * $$I_C = \beta I_B$$

Switch
A transistor conducts current when the base voltage is greater than BE junction's voltage. Current is non zero. This corresponds to a closed switch. A transistor does not conduct current when the base voltage is less than BE junction's voltage. Current is zero. This correspond to an open switch.

title: Electronics/Transistors


text:
Talk:Development of Red Dead Redemption/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: Jaguar (talk · contribs) 23:50, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

Should have this to you within 48 hours ☯ Jag  uar  ☯ 23:50, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

GA review – see WP:WIAGA for criteria

 * 1) Is it reasonably well written?
 * A. Prose is "clear and concise", without copyvios, or spelling and grammar errors:
 * B. MoS compliance for lead, layout, words to watch, fiction, and lists:
 * 1) Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
 * A. Has an appropriate reference section:
 * B. Citation to reliable sources where necessary:
 * C. No original research:
 * 1) Is it broad in its coverage?
 * A. Major aspects:
 * B. Focused:
 * 1) Is it neutral?
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * No edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * A. Images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid fair use rationales are provided for non-free content:
 * B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * No edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * A. Images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid fair use rationales are provided for non-free content:
 * B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * Pass or Fail:

Initial comments

 * Not at all essential, but would there be a chance of having some sort of image for the lead?
 * "Rockstar Games published Red Dead Redemption on May 18, 2010 " - I think released sound more accurate, what do you think?
 * "One of their studios, Rockstar San Diego, oversaw the work, sharing it with other studios around the world" - what does this mean? Was it developed in more than one Rockstar Studio?
 * "Preliminary work on Red Dead Redemption began in 2005" - this is in the Production section, but I was thinking that something as important as this should also be mentioned in the lead?
 * I would mention that all the places in the Story and setting section are all fictional - it got me going for a minute that New Austin and Nuevo Paraíso were real places!
 * ""[T]here are countryside environments" - why is [T] there?
 * "The trailer was a technology demonstration of the Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) and was set in the Old West" - the story and setting states that the game takes place during the transition into the modern world?

On hold
A very good article, this appears to be pure GA material, hence the review feeling a little short. It is mostly well written, comprehensive and the references are in working order. I'll put this on hold for the standard seven days until everything can be addressed. ☯ Jag  uar  ☯ 14:53, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the review, Jaguar! I've gone through and fixed most of your concerns:
 * I would also like to have an image in the lead, but I can't think of any that would be suitable. Only a couple of the other development articles have images in the lead, but I'm not sure if one will work here. Let me know.
 * I felt that published would be better, since Rockstar Games is the publisher. However, I'll change it if you wish.
 * I've added a list of other developers in a footnote.
 * I believe the beginning of development (2005) is mentioned in the first sentence of the lead.
 * Clarified that the locations are fictional.
 * The original quote was written as "there are countryside environments", but here it's used as the opening of a sentence, requiring an upper case letter; as far as I'm aware, I can't alter the original quote without brackets.
 * Removed "set in the Old West".
 * If you have any further concerns, please don't hesitate to let me know. Thanks! -- Rhain1999  (talk to me) 20:58, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your response, Rhain, I think that after the changes you have made the article now meets the GA criteria. It was well written to start off with, but passing now ☯  Jag  uar  ☯ 21:14, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you! -- Rhain1999  (talk to me) 21:17, 10 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:David Walker (RAF administrative officer)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:53, 29 April 2016 (UTC)


text:
Talk:bilingualism

Isn't bilingualism a redundant way of saying bilingual, at least according to the current definition: "The condition of being bilingual; the ability to speak two languages." RJFJR 16:57, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:bilingualism


text:
Marie Bouffa

Marie Rachel Eudoxie Bouffa (Comblain-au-Pont, 19 January 1882 – Ravensbrück, 1 February 1945) was a member of the Belgian resistance during World War II and recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.

Biography
Marie Rachel Bouffa was the daughter of Nicolas Joseph Adolphe and Clarisse Catherine Josèphe Antoine.

In 1942, single and 58 years old, Bouffa owned and operated a guest house called "la Ferme de la Chapelle" (The Farm of the Chapel), which was a part of her large estate in Belgium. On September 15 of that year, an emissary was sent by the command of Belgium's Secret Army to her community, La Reid, near Liege, to set up a local group to resist the occupying German forces. Bouffa, who was not Jewish, became the first member on 1 December 1942.

Bouffa helped a variety of people fleeing oppression. She was known to shelter resistance fighters, those fleeing compulsory labor, escaped prisoners and downed Allied airmen, all being hunted down by the enemy. In addition to providing a safe hiding place, she provided false documents and helped identify an escape route. She also distributed works by the underground press, transmitted military intelligence and stored arms and ammunition.

Beginning in August 1942, Bouffa also hid, for two years, a Jewish family, the seven members of the Sluchny family, who had fled their home in Antwerp, Belgium after authorities began deporting the Jews living there.

The family was living with Bouffa when, one day, a neighbor told her that the Gestapo were on their way to search the premises. She quickly moved the Sluchnys to a neighboring village, Queue-du-Bois and, after the immediate danger had passed, she had the family returned to her protection, living in a building behind a large wall on her estate.

On 17 February 1944 another surprise search took place. The Jewish family managed to escape the raid, moving on to other hiding places, but Bouffa was caught and arrested by the Gestapo.

Bouffa was deported to a concentration camp for women in northern Germany, Ravensbrück, where she was executed on 1 February 1945.

Recognition
On 30 July 2008 Yad Vashem recognized her as "Eudoxie Bouffa" as Righteous Among the Nations, which is recognition given to "non-Jews who took great risks to save Jews during the Holocaust."

title: Marie Bouffa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Inward singing (2nd discussion)

The result was delete. Grand master  ka  18:07, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Inward singing
Inward singing is a form of singing that involves singing an unroken series of words and notes, even while inhaling. Believed hoax. This is a completely different, more sensible article from the one that got deleted by the previous AfD discussion so I am giving it another chance. But what I still want to know is: circular breathing is a well established technique applicable to wind instruments and inflating balloons, so why can it not used by singers? -- RHaworth 01:34, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment Discussion below was absolutely, totally incomprehensible due unsigned posts, inserted out of order, so no one could figure out who posted what, when. I have attempted to factor them. Please sign your posts, by entering four tilde's ( ~ ) at the end of the line.' Fan-1967 02:23, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

"Sorry,... I didn't know how... thanks ( ~ )
 * No, no, no! Don't put the "nowiki" tags. I did that to show what they look like. Just use the tilde's, and it translates to your name and a date/time. Fan-1967 02:29, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Oops: Thanks, I got it now.. this is helpful ( ~ )Sugarboogy phalanx 02:33, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Please help me understand this. I have now confined the article to those facts directly referenceable in WP (like descriptions of vocal physiology) and facts from the only extant reference to inward singing (Tenacious D 2001).  I can even demonstrate this technique as I have used it myself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sugarboogy phalanx (talk • contribs) 01:38, 11 August 2006
 * Example: If circular breathing were used in shakespearean theater in such a manner to revolutionize dialog delivery... would it not deserve a contextual article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sugarboogy phalanx (talk • contribs) 01:40, 11 August 2006
 * >I have just reviewed the audio recording and the transcript... I can't find any factual errors... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sugarboogy phalanx (talk • contribs) 01:43, 11 August 2006
 * >Just did web search... and 5 years after album's release, Black claim has never once been contested. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sugarboogy phalanx (talk • contribs) 01:45, 11 August 2006
 * The technique may be known under another name. Believe me or not, in childhood I applied the same technique in silly contests who can make a longer nonstop shriek. `'mikka (t) 02:02, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * a: Fair enough... would you like a citation inthe article then? I merely want to showcase the technique, even if Black doesn't get the exclusive full credit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sugarboogy phalanx (talk • contribs) 02:04, 11 August 2006
 * this review describes someone using this technique in 2000, the year before Black claims in the comedy song to have invented it. Comedy songs are not reliable sources.  Uncle G 13:05, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * >reviewed previous discussion,.. have carefully avoided copyright issue in this article.. all clear? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sugarboogy phalanx (talk • contribs) 01:48, 11 August 2006
 * Answer for RHaworth: The method section of circular breathing article descibes "allowing the cheeks to deflate"... this would make articulation of words nearly impossible... it's a whole different technique. The parallel would be an example in which a fella inhaled through his trumpet or woodwind... never happens. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sugarboogy phalanx (talk • contribs) 01:56, 11 August 2006
 * Speedy delete Already unanimously deleted once, it appears to be a joke that some editors took seriously. The fact that it was recreated after a deletion consensus (which ended in a unanimous position to delete) leads me to believe that someone wasn't aware of its deletion, or cocky enough to create a new one. The ikiroid (talk·desk·Advise me) 02:27, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No... hey wait... I wasn't even aware of that previous thing... and that was a copyright deltion.. this is matters of fact.. Sugarboogy phalanx 02:31, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Please Don't Delete This is a toally diferent approach to a vocal innovation,.. not the mere entry of lyrics to the re-enactment.... I specificaly kept it serious, and didn't even mention that the technichnique effectly makes the vocalist "like a one-man-band"... which might actually be worth noting.   ( ~ )  Sugarboogy phalanx 02:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --דניאל talk  contribs   Email 03:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. -It's a joke. --Chris Griswold 05:36, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, it isn't. Like mikkalai, I've actually used this technique when singing, in emergences, long before Jack Black thought up a comedy song about it.  The problem with the concept isn't that it doesn't exist.  It is that it hasn't been properly documented anywhere.  We cannot have an article until this concept has been properly documented outside of Wikipedia first.  The problem isn't silliness.  It is original research and unverifiability.  We cannot take Sugarboogy phalanx's, mikkalai's, or my words that this technique exists.  We don't accept personal testimony of Wikipedia editors.  Readers must be able to verify it, and to verify it using multiple independent sources, that are more reliable than a comedy song. Uncle G 12:40, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Having written that, I am now surprised to discover that there are sources on the subject of singing whilst inhaling. Some performers, such as Joan La Barbara, are even noted for employing circular singing.  See this, and this, for examples.  These are what an encyclopaedia article should be based upon, not a comedy song. Uncle G 13:05, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as incoherent account of what seems to be an established circular breathing technique which may not bear the name given. AlexTiefling 15:38, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * For the love of god, I love Tenacious D, but this was just something that was done in one skit on a single CD by one band, and as a result, should be deleted. And yes, I meant that whole thing to be bold. -- Kicking222 15:44, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * MERGE into "circular breathing" in a somewhat trimmed form, as a particular example, under the condition of providing references to testimonies of Jack Black published in reliable sources. `'mikka (t) 18:41, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete joke, jack black has not significantly contributed to circular breathing Musaabdulrashid 07:09, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete Okay now c'mon!! If somebody wrote the first ever article about "Who's on First",.. but they wrote in the same veign in which the skit/bit was delivered, as if the team actually exists (I know it sounds obtuse, but hell, that's the device that made it so funny).  Even if you had an extreme stick up yout butt about the sanctity of WP's credibility,.... you'd probably swarm round the article and correct it's overall theme to be (accurately) a description of comic/artistic work.  I didn't write that article to test the boundaries of latency of WP, but to both inform AND amuse.  It's amazes me that so many folks have put so much energy into "talking" about how this article should be DELETED,... but not one person has suggested the one most appropriate thing and the easiest most frequent thing done on WP... correcting the article so that one of TD's more notable tracks has an "appropriate" entry in WP... really, have you ever heard a better tirade of disgust than the spitting-mad burst (sections 1 or 2 in the bit, before and after the phrase "you sit in your tower nap..") that JB unleashes in the track..?  Jack black didn't REALLY fire Kyle for naysaying his revolutionary invention, Spinal Tap isn't a real band, and "Who" wasn't REALLY on first... but would it have killed ya to play along for the sake of an infotaining article?  Couldn't we have invented an appropriate header statement to frame such a thing (like "the following is a tongue-in cheek description in the comic veign of the Abbot and Costello performance piece"). Sugarboogy phalanx 14:53, 12 August 2006 (UTC)   >>>Addendum:  Would not such a header statement also make possible a separate article about Santa Clause so that parents could show their kids without ruining it for them??   You DO know that the US Postal Service has never once returned a santa letter to sender as undeliverable... right?  So am I to believe that WP now takes iteself MORE seriously than the US Postal... what a bummer if that's the case. Sugarboogy phalanx 15:04, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Big fat delete. It's a great album, but it was a *joke*, people. Vashti 07:16, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * ---DELETE !--- ITS JUST A JOKE, not a serious singing technique — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
 * Delete, obviously. --Satori Son 19:25, 15 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Blue Stories

Blue Stories is the fourth studio album from American singer and multi-instrumentalist Mindy Jostyn, released by Prime CD in 2002.

Background
Jostyn described Blue Stories as "an album of songs about people and their plights", adding that "I've tried to treat these people compassionately. I'd prefer the CD not be an experience in darkness - rather, one in a semi-pale shade of blue. Twilight blue, say, with a smattering of stars." Both "Don't Turn Away" and "East of Eden" feature Carly Simon on backing vocals, synth and percussion. The album also includes a cover of Simon's 1971 hit "That's the Way I've Always Heard It Should Be", which features lyrics by Jacob Brackman, whom Jostyn later married. Jostyn described the song as a "despairing view of marriage". "Rock City Road" features harmonica which Jostyn considered to be "train-style harmonica a la Sonny Terry".

Critical reception
Scott Alarik of The Boston Globe described Blue Stories as "a soft thrill of a CD". He added: "In a voice sparkling with wit and personality, Jostyn sings songs of loss and healing, all delivered with the eloquence that made her a favorite accompanist for Carly Simon, Billy Joel and John Mellencamp. Seth Rogovoy of The Berkshire Eagle wrote: "The album's folk-pop tunes have a strong Anglo-Irish folk influence, and the music veers towards barrel-house jazz on 'Empathetic Woman'."

Jay Miller of The Patriot Ledger praised Jostyn's lyrics on the album, which he found to be "witty commentary, incisive self-examination and moving depictions of the simple truths in life". C. Michael Bailey of All About Jazz described Blue Stories as "an exceptional solution of folk, blues, Dixieland, pop, rock, Celtic and country, all simmering into a truly distinctive sound".

Personnel

 * Mindy Jostyn - vocals, ukulele (track 1), guitar (tracks 2, 4, 14-16), violin (tracks 2, 6-7, 9, 13, 15), tiple (track 2), accordion (tracks 3, 6-7, 10-11, 13), banjolin (track 3), penny whistle (track 3), piano (tracks 4-6, 8-9, 12-13), harmonica (tracks 5, 8, 12, 14), chimes (track 5), synth (tracks 7, 9, 15), mandolin (track 16), recorder (track 16)
 * Jacob Brackman - vocals (track 1), featuring (track 5)
 * Catherine Russell - backing vocals (tracks 2-4, 6)
 * Carly Simon - backing vocals (tracks 4, 6), synth (tracks 4, 6), percussion (tracks 4, 6)
 * Janie Barnett - backing vocals (tracks 9, 11, 16)
 * Dave Phillips - backing vocals (track 9)
 * John Putnam - electric guitar (tracks 2-3, 5, 14), ukulele (track 10)
 * Marc Muller - electric guitar (tracks 4, 9, 15), dobro (track 6), guitar (track 8)
 * Geoff Patterson - pedal steel guitar (track 9)
 * Stuart Kimball - acoustic guitar (tracks 9, 12)
 * Tommy Mandel - piano (tracks 5, 8, 13), synth (track 13)
 * Joel Diamond - piano (tracks 6, 11), Hammond organ (tracks 6, 12)
 * Aaron Heick - clarinet (tracks 8, 13)
 * Alfredo Scotti - bass (tracks 2-3, 6, 14), guitar (tracks 3-4), backing vocals (track 14)
 * Paul Adamy - bass (tracks 4, 8-12, 15)
 * Conrad Korsch - upright bass (tracks 5, 13)
 * Jeff Berman - drums (tracks 2, 5, 8, 10-11, 15), percussion (tracks 4-5, 9, 15)
 * Graham Hawthorne - drums (tracks 3-4, 6, 9, 12-14), percussion (track 15)
 * Rick Bausman - percussion (tracks 3, 14)

title: Blue Stories


text:
Tord

Tord is a given name, derived from the elements 'thor' meaning thunder, thunder god; and 'fridr' meaning peace, beautiful, fair. The name developed as a short form of Thorfrid (Old Norse).

Notable people with the name include:

 * Tord Andersson (born 1942), Swedish diver
 * Tord Bernheim (1914–1992), Swedish film actor
 * Tord Bonde (c. 1350s–1417), medieval Swedish magnate
 * Tord Boontje (born 1968), Dutch industrial product designer
 * Tord Filipsson (born 1950), Swedish former cyclist
 * Tord Ganelius (1925–2016), Swedish mathematician
 * Tord Asle Gjerdalen (born 1983), Norwegian cross-country skier
 * Tord Godal (1909–2002), Norwegian theologian and bishop
 * Tord Grip (born 1938), Swedish football coach and manager
 * Tord Gustavsen (born 1970), Norwegian jazz pianist and composer
 * Tord Hagen (1914–2008), Swedish diplomat and ambassador
 * Tord Hall (1910–1987), Swedish mathematician
 * Tord Henriksson (born 1965), Swedish triple jumper
 * Tord Holmgren (born 1957), Swedish footballer
 * Tord Johansson (1955–2015), Swedish businessman
 * Tord Lien (born 1975), Norwegian politician
 * Tord Linnerud (born 1974), Norwegian rallycross driver
 * Tord Larsson (born 1989), Norwegian artist, voice actor and general internet personality
 * Tord Lundström (born 1945), Swedish professional ice hockey player
 * Tord Magnuson (born 1941), Swedish business executive
 * Tord Øverland Knudsen (born 1982), Norwegian musician
 * Tord Palander (1902–1972), Swedish economist
 * Tord Sahlén (born 1937), Swedish sprint canoer
 * Tord Stål (1906–1972), Swedish film actor
 * Tord Wiksten (born 1971), Swedish biathlete

title: Tord


text:
Eichstaettisaurus

Eichstaettisaurus (meaning "Eichstätt lizard") is a genus of lizards from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Germany, Spain, and Italy. With a flattened head, forward-oriented and partially symmetrical feet, and tall claws, Eichstaettisaurus bore many adaptations to a climbing lifestyle approaching those of geckoes. The type species, E. schroederi, is among the oldest and most complete members of the Squamata, being known by one specimen originating from the Tithonian-aged Solnhofen Limestone of Germany. A second species, E. gouldi, was described from another skeleton found in the Matese Mountains of Italy. Despite being very similar to E. schroederi, it lived much later, during the Albian stage. Fossils of both species show exceptional preservation due to deposition in low-oxygen marine environments.

Initially named as a species of the genus Ardeosaurus by Ferdinand Broili in 1938, E. schroederi has had a convoluted taxonomic history. It was initially recognized as a relative of night lizards until research in the 1960s identified it and Ardeosaurus as geckoes. However, phylogenetic analyses conducted in the 1990s suggested that it was closer to the ancestor of all squamates. Various conflicting positions were found until the advent of analyses incorporating more species and better data, which resolved E. schroederi as a close relative of geckoes in the Gekkonomorpha. However, the position of Ardeosaurus in relation to E. schroederi remains uncertain: one species, A. digitatellus, has been recovered as its close relative in some analyses, but the other species A. brevipes has been found to be more distantly related.

E. schroederi
In 1938, Ferdinand Broili described an exquisitely-preserved specimen of lizard, preserved top-side-up, from Jurassic-aged rock deposits in the municipality of Wintershof, Eichstätt, Germany. The specimen came into the possession of the Bavarian State Collection of Paleontology and Historical Geology (BSPG), where it was prepared by L. Haimerl. It consists of a nearly-complete skeleton, albeit with a crushed skull, a tail missing the tail after the fifth vertebra (probably the result of amputation and replacement by cartilage), and several vertebrae preserved only as impressions (but their presence could still be verified by the associated ribs). A counterslab to the specimen also exists. Today, the rock deposits are known to belong to the Altmühltal Formation, and the specimen and its counterslab are stored under the accession numbers BSPG 1937 I 1a and 1b.

Although he was unable to examine it first-hand, Broili noted from Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer's description of the type specimen of Ardeosaurus brevipes that it bore similarities to this specimen, but also that they had important differences in snout and frontal bone shape, as well as vertebral counts. However, he hesitated to create a new genus due to the preservational state of the skull. Thus, he assigned it to the genus Ardeosaurus with reservations as a new species, ''A.? schröderi'', named after his colleague J. Schröder. (The current specific name is schroederi: by Article <IP_ADDRESS> of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, umlauts in German names published before 1985 must be deleted and be replaced with an "e" inserted as the next letter.)

Robert Hoffstetter formally recognized the distinction between ''A.? schroederi and A. brevipes in 1953, and established a new generic name, Broilisaurus''. However, Oskar Kuhn had already named a stegocephalian amphibian with the same name in 1938; thus, in 1958, he established another generic name for the species, Eichstättisaurus. (Again, due to the ICZN, the current generic name is Eichstaettisaurus.) In 1963, Marguerite Cocude-Michel opined that E. schroederi really represented the same species as Homoeosaurus digitatellus, which had previously been named as a non-type species of Homoeosaurus in 1914 by N.M. Grier. Thus, she created the new combination Eichstaettisaurus digitatellus.

Contrary to Cocude-Michel, Hoffstetter identified digitatellus as a member of Ardeosaurus separate from Eichstaettisaurus in 1964. Even though Cocude-Michel was aware of Hoffstetter's paper, in 1965 she reiterated her argument and made no attempt to address Hoffstetter. Hoffstetter responded in 1966, calling Cocude-Michel's synonymy "unbearable". He noted that it would entail the revision of the diagnostic characteristics of Eichstatettisaurus to a point where it would be practically indistinguishable from Ardeosaurus, which would contradict her family-level separation of the two. Subsequent literature has retained Eichstaettisaurus schroederi and Ardeosaurus digitatellus as separate, although they received little attention until Tiago Simões and colleagues published a redescription of both in 2017.

E. gouldi
For many years, Eichstaettisaurus was known from the single specimen of E. schroederi until Cretaceous-aged remains were found elsewhere in Europe. In 2000, Susan Evans and colleagues described a small lizard specimen in the Berriasian–Valanginian aged locality of Montsec in Catalonia, Spain. Despite its poor preservation, the specimen was clearly distinct from the more common lizard in the locality, Meyasaurus; Evans and colleagues suggested that it held affinities to Eichstaettisaurus.

In 2004, Evans and colleagues reported even younger remains of Eichstaettisaurus, which originated from the Albian-aged Pietraroja Plattenkalk in the locality of Pietraroia, which is located in the Matese Mountains of southern Italy. A specimen catalogued as MPN 19457 formed the type specimen of a new species, E. gouldi, which they named after the late biologist Stephen Jay Gould; it is a skeleton preserved bottom-side-up, which includes the skull and parts of the vertebral column and limbs. A second specimen consists of a disarticulated skull, which is preserved as part of the gut contents of an indeterminate rhynchocephalian catalogued as MPN A01/82. Both specimens are stored in the Museum of Palaeontology at the University of Naples (MPN).

Description
Eichstaettisaurus was a relatively small animal. E. schroederi had a snout-vent length (measured from the tip of the snout to the opening of the cloaca) of 94 mm, while E. gouldi had a snout-vent length of 56 mm.

Skull
Eichstaettisaurus can be identified by flattened skulls with short, blunt, and rounded snouts. E. schroederi had large nostrils. The tooth-bearing bones of the snout, the premaxilla and the maxilla, were likely connected by a band of soft tissue in E. schroederi. The premaxilla had 6 or 7 teeth in E. gouldi, but the number in E. schroederi is unknown; the maxilla had approximately 22 teeth in E. schroederi, and at least 30 in E. gouldi. The teeth of both species were small, narrow, conical, and single-cusped; they had a pleurodont implantation, meaning that they were fused to the inner side of the jawbone. Like Ardeosaurus, both species lacked the lacrimal bone, usually a part of the eye socket. Also in the eye socket, the postfrontal and postorbital bones were separate unlike Ardeosaurus, and the rearward projection of the latter bones were relatively wide. In E. schroederi, the contact between these bones was further forward than most lizards. The squamosal bones were slender and projected downwards to meet the quadrate bones, as in most lizards; unlike the Iguania and Teiidae, however, they lacked upward projections. Living geckoes lack the postorbital and squamosal bones, and they also have relatively shorter jugal bones than Eichstaettisaurus. On the palate of E. schroederi, the ectopterygoid bones overlapped the pterygoid bones at their rear.

Unlike A. brevipes, E. schroederi lacked bone ornamentation and osteoderms on the skull roof. In both species, the frontal bones were fused and narrower between the eye sockets than they were at the front. The downward projections on the frontals known as subolfactory processes were well-developed in both species, but met at the midline only in E. schroederi. The suture between the frontal and parietal bones was convex in E. schroederi and concave in E. gouldi, unlike Ardeosaurus where it was straight. E. gouldi and most other lizards have fused parietal bones, but they were paired and unfused in E. schroederi. The parietals of both species lacked rearward projections and nuchal fossae. In E. schroederi, the outer edges of the parietals curved inwards, and the rearward projections known as the supratemporal processes were short, widely separated, and bore depressions. Also in E. schroederi, a pair of crests were present on the supraoccipital bone of the braincase, which were likely imprinted by the semicircular canals due to the skull's reduced ossification.

Vertebrae and ribs
Compared to most iguanian, gekkotan, and scincomorphan lizards, which generally have 24–26 vertebrae in front of the sacrum (or hip), E. schroederi had 31, including 7 neck vertebrae and approximately 24 back vertebrae. E. gouldi had 6–7 neck vertebrae, and an unknown number of back vertebrae. In E. gouldi, the second (axis) and third neck vertebrae were connected to the next by elements known as intercentra. In E. schroederi, most of the neck vertebrae lacked cervical ribs, save for the last two. The upward-projecting neural spines on the back vertebrae were small, and the last few back vertebrae lacked ribs in the vein of lumbar vertebrae. Zygosphene-zygantrum articulations are present on the back vertebrae of both species. The ribs were single-headed and had circular articulating surfaces. In E. gouldi, the centra (main bodies) of the tail vertebrae were broad, cylindrical, amphicoelous (concave on both ends), and bore strongly developed transverse processes.

Limbs and limb girdles
Eichstaettisaurus had a well-developed acromion process, or the attachment for the clavicle, on the scapula (shoulder blade). The clavicles of E. schroederi did not curve forward, unlike most members of the Autarchoglossa, and also lacked rearward projections. As in Ardeosaurus, both species of Eichstaettisaurus had relatively stout forelimbs. In E. schroederi, the olecranon process of the ulna was well-developed. In E. gouldi, the carpal bones were likely not fully ossified. The five-digited hand of E. schroederi bore 2, 3, 4, 5, and 3 phalanges (finger bones) on each digit; the second-to-last phalanges from the tips were relatively long. E. gouldi appears to have had 4 phalanges on the fourth digit, and its claws were short, deep, and sharp, with well-developed flexor tubercles.

In the pelvis of E. schroederi, the expansion of the pubes into the fused pubic apron was relatively narrow; the pubes also lacked the forward projections known as the pubic tubercles. The ischia were enlarged and contacted each other extensively, and the rear expansion of the blade of the ilium was long. Both Eichstaettisaurus species had stout hindlimbs similar in length to the forelimbs. The femur had a straight shaft, unlike most other lizards where it is sigmoidal. In the foot, the first metatarsal bone was slightly shorter than the second to fourth metatarsal bones. Unusually, the fifth metatarsal bone was much shorter and hooked. In E. schroederi, the foot was five-digited like the hands, with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 4 phalanges on each digit, and the second-last phalanges and claws were similar. E. schroederi shared two features of the foot claws with the living Tokay gecko: the claws had expanded bottom ends; and the articulations between phalanges were simple concave-convex joints, instead of bicondylar (i.e. based on two rounded projections on the ends of the phalanges), unlike most other lizards.

Classification
The phylogenetic history of Eichstaettisaurus has been tumultuous like that of Ardeosaurus, which has been a consequence of both incomplete data and its primitive form. von Meyer did not provide a placement for Ardeosaurus when he named the genus; Richard Lydekker and Karl Alfred von Zittel placed it and Homoeosaurus in the Rhynchocephalia, Baron Franz Nopcsa placed Ardeosaurus as a close relative of the skinks, and Charles Camp placed it close to the Gekkonidae. Based on the well-developed rims of the eye sockets and supratemporal fenestrae on the skull in the type specimen of E. schroederi, Broili concurred with Nopcsa's conclusion in 1938. Within the Scincomorpha, he noted that the amphicoelous vertebrae of Ardeosaurus (including E. schroederi) best resembled that of the Xantusiidae (night lizards), as most other skinks have procoelous (convex on the rear surface) vertebrae.

Upon separating schroederi into the genus Broilisaurus, Hoffstetter retained it within the Xantusiidae in 1953, but he noticed that its skull curiously resembled those of geckoes. Since xantusiids and geckoes were then placed on the two major recognized branches of lizards, Autarchoglossa and Ascalabota, Hoffstetter speculated that it was close to the ancestral stock of lizards. Upon renaming it to Eichstaettisaurus, Kuhn established the family Eichstaettisauridae, still in the Xantusiidae. In 1961 and then 1963, Cocude-Michel concurred with Camp that Ardeosauridae and Eichstaettisauridae were actually geckoes and not xantusiids, based on major differences in the postcranial skeleton, and placed both in the Gekkonomorpha. Hoffstetter accepted this identification in 1966, as did Richard Estes in 1983.

However, phylogenetic analyses conducted by Victor Reynoso in 1996 (not published), Evans and Luis Javier Barbadillo in 1998 and 1999, and Evans and Daniel Chure in 1998 suggested that both Eichstaettisaurus and Ardeosaurus were much more basal (early-diverging) squamates. Along with Bavarisaurus, Scandensia, and Hoyalacerta, the two were found to fall outside the crown group of Squamata. This would make them stem-squamates, i.e. not descendants of the common ancestor of all living squamates. However, in the 1999 analysis, Evans and Barbadillo acknowledged that the position of Eichstaettisaurus was unstable due to missing data (only 44% of the characteristics used in their analysis could be coded for it), and one of their phylogenetic trees placed it as the sister group to Scleroglossa among crown squamates. Evans and colleagues found E. gouldi to be the sister group of E. schroederi in 2004, and recovered a similar position for both.

Subsequent phylogenetic analyses from Evans and colleagues found a variety of conflicting positions for Eichstaettisaurus and Ardeosaurus. In 2005, Evans and Yuan Wang conducted two analyses, one based on a 1998 analysis by Michael Lee and the other based on Evans and Chure's 1998 analysis, but they added Dalinghosaurus, Dorsetisaurus, and Parviraptor to both. One found Eichstaettisaurus as the sister group of a group containing Xantusiidae, Gekkonidae, Pygopodidae, and Amphisbaenia, with Ardeosaurus being close to Lacertidae and Teiioidea; the other united Eichstaettisaurus with Dalinghosaurus and the Xenosauridae in the Anguimorpha, with Ardeosaurus as the sister group of Iguania. After Evans, Wang, and Chun Li added Yabeinosaurus to the same analyses, one found Eichstaettisaurus, Ardeosaurus, Yabeinosaurus, and Parviraptor to form the sister group to the Scleroglossa, while the other recovered Ardeosaurus as a stem-squamate and Eichstaettisaurus, Hoyalacerta, Parviraptor, and Scandensia to form a group among Scleroglossa.

A 2006 phylogenetic analysis by Jack Conrad and Mark Norell likewise found Eichstaettisaurus as close to the Scleroglossa. In 2008, Conrad published a large phylogenetic analysis of squamates including 222 taxa and 363 characteristics, which attempted to address the problem of incomplete taxon sampling (i.e. an insufficient number of included taxa) causing phylogenetic instability. To include Eichstaettisaurus, he combined data from E. schroederi and E. gouldi. He found that both Eichstaettisaurus and Ardeosaurus, along with Bavarisaurus, were part of the stem group of Scleroglossa. Along with the crown group of Scleroglossa, they comprised the Scincogekkonomorpha. Arnau Bolet and Evans conducted two analyses based on Conrad's analysis, for the 2010 and 2012 descriptions of Pedrerasaurus and Jucaraseps, and recovered similar positions for Eichstaettisaurus. However, the former contained a polytomy since the relationship between Iguania, Pedrerasaurus, a group containing Ardeosaurus, Yabeinosaurus, and Sakurasaurus, and all other squamates could not be resolved.

Jacques Gauthier and colleagues published another large phylogenetic analysis in 2012, containing 192 taxa and 976 characteristics. Like Conrad, they also combined data from E. schroederi and E. gouldi. They recovered a more derived position for Eichstaettisaurus as part of the stem group of Gekkota, along with the unnamed specimen AMNH FR 21444; in particular, they noted that its limb proportions strongly resembled gekkotans. After adding Ardeosaurus digitatellus and re-coding Eichstaettisaurus to only include data from E. schroederi, Simões and colleagues found E. schroederi in a similar position, albeit in a polytomy with A. digitatellus and AMNH FR 21444. They identified a number of gekkotan traits: the paired parietals; the closed Meckelian groove on the lower jaw; the small, conical maxillary teeth; the short, blunt snout and flattened skull; the ectopterygoids overlapping the pterygoids; the two pterygoids and palatine bones being widely separated; the wide suture dividing the pterygoids and palatines from each other; and the lumbar-like vertebrae.

In 2018, Mateusz Tałanda added Ardeosaurus brevipes to Gauthier and colleagues' analysis (but did not include the revisions of Simões and colleagues). He found Eichstaettisaurus in the same location alongside Norellius, but also recovered A. brevipes as a scincomorph closely related to skinks (in contrast to the stem-gekkotan position of A. digitatellus). Despite their different phylogenetic positions, Tałanda observed that the two species only differ by the widths of their parietals. He speculated that incomplete data due to the poor preservation of A. digitatellus could have influenced these results, and thus he retained it in the genus Ardeosaurus. Another analysis conducted by Simões, Tałanda, and colleagues in 2018, this time using the revised data of Simões and colleagues, found a similar position for E. schroederi but a more basal one for A. brevipes in the Autarchoglossa. In 2019, Vladimir Alifanov considered both Eichstaettisaurus and Ardeosaurus as scincomorphs closely related to Carusia but not to Xenosauridae, but did not perform a phylogenetic analysis.

Below, phylogenetic trees from the two major phylogenetic analyses including Eichstaettisaurus are shown: one based on that of Conrad (Bolet & Evans, 2012, with relationships within Scleroglossa from Conrad, 2008), and one based on that of Gauthier and colleagues (Simões and colleagues, 2018).

Topology A: Bolet & Evans (2012) with Scleroglossa from Conrad (2008)

Topology B: Simões et al. (2018)

Paleobiology
Modern geckoes are unusual among lizards in that the digits of their limbs are relatively symmetrical in length, and are splayed in a broad arc; by contrast, the digits in other lizards are usually nearly parallel to each other, especially on the feet. The pattern seen in geckoes facilitates gripping while the body is in various orientations, since it spreads out the adhesive setae (bristles) on their toepads while allowing the first and last digits to oppose each other. Eichstaettisaurus schroederi exhibited two characteristics that contributed to foot symmetry: its first metatarsal was long relative to its third metatarsal (with the third metatarsal only being 1.41 times as long as the first, as opposed to 2 times in a typical lizard), and its fourth metatarsal was relatively short. In 2017, Simões and colleagues observed that E. schroederi had stronger foot symmetry than Ardeosaurus digitatellus, and they inferred that the feet of both were likely directed further forwards than other lizards. This was also supported by the lack of bicondylar articulations in the phalanges, which are an adaptation for outwards-facing feet that resists displacement in the horizontal plane while enabling flexion in the vertical plane.

Simões and colleagues also identified several other characteristics in E. schroederi, which suggest that the scansorial (climbing-based) lifestyles of modern geckoes arose earlier than previously appreciated. Its tall claws and elongate second-from-tip phalanges on the digits are both traits that have been strongly correlated with scansorial lifestyles in lizards. In particular, the tall claws may have provided longer lever arms for the flexor tendons that retracts them, thus improving their gripping strength. Meanwhile, its relatively short limbs and flattened body may have improved climbing performance by lowering its centre of gravity, as has been suggested for the Tokay gecko, but this feature may not be correlated with scansorial lifestyles. Finally, its limbs of similar lengths may have improved grip as in the sharp-snouted rock lizard; the significance of this trait may be diminished given the adhesive toepads of geckoes, and the lack of correlation between limb length ratio and scansoriality in the Lacertidae.

In 2004, Evans and colleagues had also discussed the lifestyle of E. gouldi in light of its bodily proportions. They pointed to a previous study on how variation between proportions among species of snow skinks (Carinascincus) was correlated with habitat usage: short torsos and long hindlimbs were correlated with rock climbing (in large species) and tree climbing (in small species), while long torsos and shorter hindlimbs were correlated with ground dwelling. Evans and colleagues found that E. gouldi was closest to the ground-dwelling species, which have slow running speeds and are relatively poor climbers, in its proportions. Nevertheless, they recognized that the flat bodies and tall claws of E. gouldi were adapted for clinging to rough surfaces. They proposed a hybrid lifestyle for E. gouldi: a slow-moving ground lizard with some capacity for climbing on rocks and hiding in crevices from predators like rhynchocephalians.

E. schroederi
The rock units at Wintershof that produced the only known specimen of E. schroederi are part of the Solnhofen limestones of southern Germany, which are well known for their exceptionally preserved fossils. Historically, the stratigraphy of the Solnhofen limestones has been the subject of considerable confusion, with the variety of environments and depositional patterns contributing to the confusion. They are now understood to consist of several geological formations in the Weißjura Group: in the strictest sense, they consist of the Altmühltal Formation to the northwest of Ingolstadt (including localities around Eichstätt), and the Painten Formation to the northeast of Ingolstadt. Within the Altmühltal Formation, the Wintershof quarry is part of the Upper Eichstätt Member, which in terms of ammonite biostratigraphy lies in the Euvirgalithacoceras eigeltingense-β horizon between the Lithacoceras riedense and Hybonoticeras hybonotum subzones. The deposits of the Altmühltal Formation, which have been dated to the lower Tithonian stage of the Jurassic period, consist of plattenkalk (very finely-grained limestone-based muds such as micrite) forming even, thin layers measuring about 1 cm thick that generally lack evidence of bioturbation (disturbance by living organisms).

During the Tithonian, the plattenkalk of the Altmühltal Formation was deposited in oceanic basins (called "wannen") within a warm, shallow sea surrounding an archipelago. These basins, which may have been lagoons, had a palaeolatitude of approximately 34° N, and were located at the northern margin of the Tethys Ocean. Fossils of bottom-dwelling animals like brittle stars and gastropods are virtually absent, which suggests that conditions at the sea floor were inhospitable to life; this may have been caused by one of several factors including hypersalinity, oxygen depletion, or the accumulation of toxic hydrogen sulfide. These conditions were responsible for the exceptional preservation of fossils like that of E. schroederi, which would have been predominantly transported from the surrounding land during heavy rainfall and storms. On land, the absence of ferns and the dominance of dry-adapted conifers suggest that the climate was semi-arid.

Both Ardeosaurus brevipes and A. digitatellus were discovered at Wintershof with E. schroederi, along with Homoeosaurus maximiliani and the rhynchocephalian Pleurosaurus goldfussi. Also known from Wintershof are the pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus muensteri, the crocodyliform Alligatorellus bavaricus, and various aquatic animals: the fish Anaethalion angustus, Ascalabos voithii, Aspidorhynchus acutirostris, Belonostomus spyraenoides, Caturus giganteus, Gyrodus circularis, Macrosemius rostratus, Palaeomacrosemius thiollieri, Propterus elongatus, and Zandtfuro tischlingeri; the angelshark Pseudorhina alifera; the squid-like coleoids Acanthoteuthis problematica, Belemnotheutis mayri, and Plesioteuthis prisca; the crinoid Saccocoma tenella, which is very common in Solnhofen deposits; the shrimp Dusa reschi; and the horseshoe crab Mesolimulus walchi. Nearby quarries have produced the Eichstätt specimen of the avialan dinosaur Archaeopteryx lithographica, and the pterosaurs Aerodactylus scolopaciceps, Germanodactylus cristatus, and possibly Cycnorhamphus.

E. gouldi
The Pietraroja or Pietraroia locality, from where E. gouldi specimens are known, is formed by a plattenkalk outcrop at the top of a rock slope (the "Civita di Pietraroia") located at the eastern margin of the Matese Mountains. These mountains did not start to form until the Miocene, with the majority of the tectonic uplift that brought them to their current elevation having occurred between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene. At the locality, there are two distinct plattenkalk beds; the lower bed is coarser-grained and is largely devoid of fossils, while the upper bed is muddier and is the source of most fossils. The two beds are separated by lagoonal limestones. The plattenkalk is formed by layers of packstone and grainstone measuring 2 - 25 cm thick, which alternate with layers of mudstone, wackestone, and marl; the upper bed is also characterized by the presence of sponge spicules, chert, bitumen, and coprolites.

On the basis of foraminiferans, the Pietaroia locality has been dated to the Albian epoch of the Early Cretaceous. During this time, the plattenkalk of Pietraroia would have been laid down in a shallow water carbonate platform close to a small island. The depositional environment was originally thought to have been a lagoon, but it has been re-interpreted as an east-flowing underwater channel that was gradually filled during the Aptian, based on patterns in the arrangement of fossils, the water currents, and the transportation of sediments. The lack of bioturbation likewise points to an anoxic environment, possibly related to a global oceanic anoxic event. Some fossils are well preserved while others were nearly destroyed, suggesting that they originated from various locations, with terrestrial animals like E. gouldi being brought into the channel by freshwater flows. The climate would have been tropical to subtropical.

In addition to E. gouldi and the rhynchocephalian MPN A01/82, other lepidosaurs from Pietraroia include the lizards Chometokadmon fitzingeri and Costasaurus rusconi, and the rhynchocephalian Derasmosaurus pietraroiae as well as a third unnamed juvenile specimen. The most well known fossil from Pietraroia is that of the compsognathid dinosaur Scipionyx samniticus, which preserves soft tissues including internal organs. Other reptiles include two crocodyliform specimens belonging to Pietraroiasuchus ormezzanoi, and the albanerpetontid amphibian Celtedens megacephalus. Many fish are known from Pietraroia, with the most common being a pycnodontid formerly identified as Coelodus costae but now known as Gregoriopycnodus bassanii. Others include Anaethalion robustus, Belonostomus crassirostris, Caeus leopoldi, Cavinichthys pietrarojae, Chirocentrites coroninii, relatives of Diplomystus brevissimus and Elopopsis fenzii, Hemieloposis gibbus, Ionoscopus petrarojae, Italophiopsis derasmoi, a species of Lepidotes, Notagogus pentlandi, Pleuropholis decastroi, Propterus scacchii, and Sauropsidium laevissimum. Cartilaginous fish included the angelshark Phorcynis and the ray Rhinobatus obtusatus. Invertebrates included rudists, bivalves, sea snails of the genus Nerinea, shrimp, and starfish.

title: Eichstaettisaurus


text:
Cookbook:Ham

| Basic foodstuffs | Meat and poultry

The word ham means pork which comes from the hind leg of a hog. Ham made from the front leg of a hog will be labeled "pork shoulder picnic." "Turkey" ham must be made from the thigh meat of turkey.

Hams may be fresh, cured, or cured-and-smoked. The usual color for cured ham is deep rose or pink; fresh ham (which is not cured) has the pale pink or beige color of a fresh pork roast; country hams and prosciutto (which are dry cured) range from pink to mahogany color.

Hams are either ready-to-eat or not. Ready-to-eat hams include prosciutto and fully cooked hams; they can be eaten right out of the package. Fresh hams and hams that are only trichina treated must be cooked by the consumer before eating; in most countries, these hams will bear a safe handling label.

Curing
Curing is the addition of salt, sodium nitrate (or saltpeter), nitrites and sometimes sugars, seasonings, phosphates and ascorbates to pork for preservation, color development and flavor enhancement.

Nitrate and nitrites contribute to the characteristic cured flavor and reddish-pink color of cured pork. Nitrite and salt inhibit the outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum, a deadly microorganism which can occur in foods. The nitrates and nitrites create cancer-causing chemicals when overcooked, so avoid eating ham that has been browned or blackened.

The two most-used methods of adding solutions to pork are: injection into muscle by needle; and tumbling or massaging into muscle to produce a more tender product.

Dry curing
In dry curing, the process used to make country hams and prosciutto, fresh meat is rubbed with a dry-cure mixture of salt and other ingredients. Dry curing produces a salty product. In 1992, FSIS approved a trichina treatment method that permits substituting up to half of the sodium chloride with potassium chloride to result in lower sodium levels. Since dry curing draws out moisture, it reduces ham weight by at least 18% -- usually 20 to 25%; this results in a more concentrated ham flavor.

Dry-cured hams may be aged from a few weeks to more than a year. Six months is the traditional process but may be shortened according to aging temperature.

These uncooked hams are safe stored at room temperature because they contain so little water, bacteria can't multiply in them. Country hams may not be injected with curing solutions or placed in curing solutions but they may be smoked.

Wet curing or brine cure
Brine curing is the most popular way of producing hams. Contrary to popular misconception, not all brine-cured hams are "injected". Many traditional ham styles (such as the English Wiltshire ham) are wet-cured hams. Brining ingredients can be salt, sugar, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium erythorbate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, water and flavorings. Smoke flavoring (liquid smoke) may also be injected with brine solution. Cooking may occur during this process.

Smoking and smoke flavoring
After curing, some hams are smoked. Smoking is a process by which ham is hung in a smokehouse and allowed to absorb smoke from smoldering fires. This gives added flavor and color to meat and slows the development of rancidity.

How much to buy
When buying a ham, estimate the size needed according to the number of servings the type of ham should yield:

 * 1/4 - 1/3 lb. per serving of boneless ham
 * 1/3 - 1/2 lb. of meat per serving of ham with little bone
 * 3/4 - 1 lb. of meat per serving of ham with large bone.

Ham glossary
Labeling regulations referenced in this glossary are those of the United States.
 * Bayonne Ham, Air dried ham from the Adour valley in S W France 'the Basque country'. Salted, then air cured for a mimimum of seven months.
 * Butt (sirloin) end, half, or portion - the upper, meatier part of the whole leg; a butt portion has had some center slices removed for separate sale as ham steaks or center cut ham slices. The half includes this meat.
 * Canned ham -- Canned hams come in two forms:
 * Shelf stable - store on shelf up to 2 years at room temperature. Generally not over 3 pounds in size. Processed to kill all spoilage bacteria and pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella and Trichinella spiralis. The product is free of microorganisms capable of growing at ordinary room temperature. However, high temperature storage -- above 122° F (50° C) -- may result in harmless thermophylic bacteria multiplying and swelling or souring the product.
 * Refrigerated - may be stored in refrigerator up to 6 to 9 months. Its weight can be up to 8% more than original uncured weight due to uptake of water during curing. It need not be labeled "Added water" except for "In Natural Juices." Net Weight is the weight of the actual ham excluding the container. Processed at a time/temperature sufficient to kill infectious organisms (including Trichinae) but the ham is not sterilized so spoilage bacteria may grow eventually.
 * Capacolla - Boneless pork shoulder butts which are dry cured; not necessarily cooked., Ham capacolla is made with ham instead of pork shoulder butts.
 * Cook before eating - needs further cooking. Is not completely cooked in the plant and should be cooked to 135° F.
 * Cottage ham - a ham made from the shoulder butt end.
 * Country ham - uncooked, cured, dried, smoked-or-unsmoked meat products made from a single piece of meat from the hind leg of a hog or from a single piece of meat from a pork shoulder. Smithfield and country hams are not fully cooked but are dry cured to be safe stored at room temperature. They should be cooked before eating according to manufacturer's instructions. A ham labeled "Smithfield Ham" must be processed in the city of Smithfield, Virginia.
 * Fresh ham - the uncured leg of pork. Since the meat is not cured or smoked, it has the flavor of a fresh pork loin roast or pork chops. Its raw color is pinkish red and after cooking, greyish white.
 * Fully cooked - needs no further cooking. Fully cooked in plant. Can be eaten directly as it comes from its packaging or reheated.
 * Gelatin - about one-fourth ounce of dry gelatin is often added before a canned ham is sealed to cushion the ham during shipment. During processing, natural juices cook out of the ham and combine with the gelatin. When the ham cools, a jell forms. Gelatin is included in the net weight statement on the label.
 * Ham - the product is at least 20.5% protein in lean portion and contains no added water.
 * Ham with natural juices - the product is at least 18.5% protein. Can weigh 8% more than uncured weight. Example: canned hams.
 * Ham -- Water added - the product is at least 17.0% protein with 10% added solution; it can weigh 8% more after curing than uncured.
 * Ham and water products - Product may contain any amount of water but label must indicate percent of "added ingredients." For example, "X % of weight is added ingredients" for any canned ham with less than 17.0% protein.
 * Ham steak - another name for center cut ham slices.
 * Hickory-smoked ham - a cured ham which has been smoked by hanging over burning hickory wood chips in a smokehouse. May not be labeled "hickory smoked" unless hickory wood has been used.
 * Honey-cured - may be shown on the labeling of a cured product if honey is the only sweetening ingredient or is at least half the sweetening ingredients used, and if the honey is used in an amount sufficient to flavor and/or affect the appearance of the finished product.
 * "Lean" ham - The term "lean" may be used on a ham's label provided the product contains less than 10 grams fat, 4.5 grams or less of saturated fat, and less than 95 milligrams cholesterol per 100 grams and Reference Amount Customarily Consumed (RACC).
 * "Extra lean" ham - A ham labeled "extra lean" must contain less than 5 grams fat, less than 2 grams saturated fat and the same cholesterol as allowed per the amount of "lean" ham.
 * Picnic, pork shoulder picnic - a front shoulder cut of pork which has been cured in the same manner as ham.
 * Prosciutto ham - An Italian-style dry cured raw ham; not smoked; often coated with pepper. Proscuitti can be eaten raw because of the way they are processed. Parma ham is prosciutto from the Parma locale in Italy. These hams tend to be larger than the U.S. produced product, as Italian hogs are larger at slaughter.
 * Sectioned and formed or Chunked and formed - a boneless ham that is made from different cuts, tumbled or massaged and reassembled into a casing or mold and fully cooked. During this process it is usually thoroughly defatted.
 * Shank end, half, or portion - the lower, slightly pointed part of the leg. A "portion" has the center slices removed for separate sale as "ham steaks" or center cut ham slices. The half includes this meat.
 * Skinless, shankless - A ham with all of the skin and the shank removed. The leg bone and aitch (hip) bone remain.
 * Sugar cured - a term that may appear on ham labels if cane or beet sugar is at least half the sweetening ingredients used and if the sugar is used in an amount sufficient to flavor and/or affect the appearance of the finished product. Most hams contain sugar in the curing mixture.
 * Westphalian ham - A German-style dry cured ham that is similar to Prosciutto; smoked, sometimes with juniper berries. Also called Westfalischer Schinken.

title: Cookbook:Ham


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Lucinda Whitty, Olivia Price, Nina Curtis

Lucinda Whitty, Olivia Price, Nina Curtis

 * ... that 2012 Australian Olympic Elliot 6m sailors Lucinda Whitty, Olivia Price and Nina Curtis became a team in 2011?
 * Reviewed: (1) Mary Killman, (2) Mariya Koroleva, (1)Jesse Kirkland, (2) Zander Kirkland
 * Comment: For Olympics if possible. 4 QPQs for the price of 3 done. :)

Created/expanded by LauraHale (talk). Self nom at 13:08, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol confirmed.svg All three articles created in userspace and moved to mainspace. All three sizeable and sourced, hook verified by sources. I think a slightly more interesting hook might incorporate the fact that this is a new event. – Muboshgu (talk) 16:39, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * ALT1... that Lucinda Whitty, Olivia Price and Nina Curtis became a team in 2011 when they heard the Elliott 6m boat would become an Olympic event?

 * Happy with alt hook. --LauraHale (talk) 20:08, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Symbol question.svg I'm not quite happy with the ALT1 hook; it was confusing to this layman. The boat isn't itself an Olympic event, but the class of boat is required equipment for an Olympic sailing event. The fact about them becoming a team when the Elliott 6m class race was set as an Olympic event is based on the AOC source (ref 1) for Whitty; oddly, that same fact is not in Price's or Curtis's AOC pages, which explains why it's not in their articles. Is it okay that the hook fact isn't each of the articles of a multi-article hook? Perhaps change ALT1's "become" to "be used in" and "Olympic event" to "Olympic sailing event"? BlueMoonset (talk) 18:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * ALT2... that Lucinda Whitty, Olivia Price and Nina Curtis became a team in 2011 when Whitty heard the Elliott 6m class would became an Olympic event?

 * Modified per BlueMoonset comments. New tick? --LauraHale (talk) 19:54, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Actually, that source doesn't say that Whitty in particular heard it, what it says (not well) is: "The crew began competing in the Elliot 6m boat after it was announced that it would debut at the London 2012 Olympics." So it can't be ascribed to Whitty alone. I was just noting that the AOC should have mentioned it in all three of their bios. (I suppose it could be included in the other two women's articles by sourcing Whitty's AOC page.) Here's what I was going for:

 * ALT3... that Lucinda Whitty, Olivia Price and Nina Curtis became a team in 2011 when they heard the Elliott 6m boat would be required for an Olympic sailing event? —BlueMoonset (talk) 20:25, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm also good with that. At this point, I'd also be good with just saying they became a team in 2011. :) --LauraHale (talk) 20:42, 12 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
User:Natalieterrone/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: (link) Deforestation and climate change
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate. I chose this article because it seems interesting and relates to what we have been discussing in class this week.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
 * Yes
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
 * Yes, the second sentence lists the major sections
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
 * No
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?
 * The Lead is concise and has crucial information for the rest of the article

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
 * Yes
 * Is the content up-to-date?
 * Yes, it talks about deforestation over the last decade
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
 * N o

Content evaluation
 Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral?
 * Yes, the article also talks about ways to counteract climate change
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * It says that deforestation is the second largest source of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * No, the article talks about every topic thoroughly
 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?
 * No, the article is not biased

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
 * Yes
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
 * Yes
 * Are the sources current?
 * Yes, most of them are from 2018. The oldest source I saw was from 2007
 * Check a few links. Do they work?
 * I only clicked on 2 links that did not work, the rest of them did

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
 * Yes, I enjoyed and learned from reading this article
 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors?
 * No, I did not see any errors
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?
 * Yes

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
 * There is only one image in the article
 * Are images well-captioned?
 * Yes, it is a graph that shows a four year plan to reduce deforestation in the Amazon.
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
 * Yes
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?
 * Yes, but it is a little small.

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * One of the conversations says that the article needs more evidence or context. Another one says that it is thin on deforestation and climate change.
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * Yes. It is apart of 3 WikiProjects. One is on the environment, another is on climate change and the last one is about forestry.
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
 * This article discusses how deforestation is connected to climate change. In class, we talked about these topics separately.

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status?
 * Good.
 * What are the article's strengths?
 * It is not biased and talks about all viewpoints. It has a good break down of categories and talks about causes of deforestation, effects of climate change and ways to combat climate change.
 * How can the article be improved?
 * The article could be improved by giving more detail, and talking more about how this affects our country.
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?
 * I think that this article is well developed. It has a lot of good information and the Talk page did not have many negative comments.

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback: Talk:Deforestation and climate change

title: User:Natalieterrone/Evaluate an Article


text:
Talk:Campbell Gillies

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Campbell Gillies. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120617185837/http://www.thepja.co.uk/champ_jump.aspx to http://www.thepja.co.uk/champ_jump.aspx

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:59, 29 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Campbell Gillies


text:
Talk:Eric Benét

Correct Birth date
Is there any chance we can confirm his correct date and year of birth? Right now, he's listed as being born in 1980, but he is about 50 years old. Plus if his first child was born in 1991, that would have made him only 11. While possible, that's highly unlikely.--MrGamble (talk) 04:41, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

Birthyear
Was Eric born in 1966 or 1970? Hotwine8 04:01, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * He graduated from Milwaukee Trade and Technical in 1984. So 1966, most likely

Image copyright problem with File:Don't Forget The Love (LP Version).ogg
The image File:Don't Forget The Love (LP Version).ogg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --04:37, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Link for correction
Ms. Stauff died April 24th, not April 29th.

Link: http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/ssdi/search?l=stauff&ss=X&f=&m=&s1=&s2=&s3=&ib=0&ad=&by=&ba=0&dy=1993&da=0&bm=0&dm=4&bd=0&dd=0&rci=&bci=&rco=&bco=&rst=&bst=&rzi=&bzi= — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:07, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Eric Benét. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160506061818/http://www.ericbenet.net/new-single-sunshine-available-on-may-13 to http://www.ericbenet.net/new-single-sunshine-available-on-may-13

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:39, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eric Benét


text:
Talk:Waves

I've added navigation to some of the sub pages here, but before I go ahead and do the rest, is it a good idea to do this? -- Jimregan 16:07 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hey Jimregan, I tweaked the navigation of the first subpage on the first chapter. I think the new way is a little bit better, and would like to see all of the pages linked this way. What do you think ? Karl Wick 20:43 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * What I think is, it'd be best if we get the sub-page editing that's just come onto the english wikipedia; you can edit the whole page or just a particular section, and it generates a hideable table of contents. -- Jimregan 00:49 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Sub page editing is a very cool feature. My preference is still smaller pages but I am not actively working on the book and the way with the TOC works too.--Karl Wick 03:52 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Navigation
I went through and standardized all the navigation on these pages, as well as the rest of the book. Every page now begins with a ModernPhysicsNav template, that provides a back-link to the main page, and to this section. Also, every page has--at top and at bottom--one of the individual navigation templates for use within that particular progression:

 * Template:1DWavesTOC
 * Template:2-3DWavesTOC
 * Template:GopticsTOC

All of these templates add pages to the : category. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 19:40, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

A Little Well Earned Praise
From just a quick overview, this book looks like an excellent primer for modern physics regarding the applied mathematics of waves. I have linked to it from several places. Please keep up the good work! mirwin @ Wikiversity.

______________________________________________________________________________

I agree. Thankyou very much for this wonderful resource, it has helped me immensely at school and I can understand it better than my school textbook!

Thoughts on Merger
This wave article is off to a very good start. Work to do, lots of work to do, but still good work indeed.

The proposal to Merge it with optics, which I removed, has been in place since 7 August 2006 (for over 8 months) without a single comment. I normally discuss before I remove - but if no one supports for 8 months....

As to why I removed, I fully agree that wave mechanics is important to optics, just as it is to:
 * Mechanical vibrations - from the violin string to fatigue damage
 * Quantum mechanics - wave particle duality, neutrinos, x-rays, gamma rays, etc.,
 * Electrodynamics - radio waves, microwaves & all of Maxwell's Equations implications
 * Hydraulics - already discussed although much more to say - for example solitons
 * Sounds waves - the phonons in solids (lattice oscillations) make a perfectly interesting wave phenomena - supersonic shock waves - atmoshperic waves (or perhaps they belong in hydrodynamics)- blast waves
 * Seismic waves - earthquake waves are different enough to warrant their own discussion - you'll never get a Rayleigh Wave (surface acoustic waves) in optics
 * Graviational waves - Einstein's and Wheeler's contribution of gravitational physics, with some elegant tensor waves, shouldn't be completely neglected.
 * Chemical reactions front - for example the wave effect of the propagation for a deflgration to a detonation is very much a wave phenomena
 * Plasma physics includes a complex set of wave phenomena - e.g., the Alfvén wave in a plasma is a traveling oscillation of the ions and the magnetic field.
 * Other wave phenomena - e.g., the Fir wave - alternating bands of fir trees in sequential stages of development, observed in forests on exposed mountain slopes - are subject to analytic prediction as well

So yes optics is best understood by understanding wave phenomena, but no - we should NOT merge Waves with Optics. If we do, we wind up merging 80% of all physics with wave phenomena.

Williamborg 03:40, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Don't make waves
Greetings,

Hope this message finds all of you well.

Adding wave theory to optics is jumping the gun.

To understand waves you need to know Calculus and some basic Differential Equations.

When working on my B.S. in Imaging Science at R.I.T., we first had optics. To take geometrical optics it was assumed that we first finished 3/4 of University Calculus(though very little or no Calc. came into play). Then, to take Wave Theory we needed to have completed Calculus and a basic working knowledge of Differential Equations.

For those not familiar with these courses, you have to finish Calulus before taking Differential Equations.

I believe the above to be true in other schools. I've confirmed this by checking out some of the opencourse-ware at M.I.T.

Introducing wave theory to optics will likely serve to confuse and frustrate the casual user(which is learning on their own) and school student that's using this site to better understand their classes.

Enjoy the day, ChambersburgWill````

title: Talk:Waves


text:
Talk:Unsolved problems in software engineering

This is a version of a Wikipedia article that was nominated for deletion. --JWSchmidt 04:35, 31 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Honda S-MX

The Honda S-MX (ホンダ・S-MX) is a compact MPV produced by Honda, sold between 1996 and 2002.

Design
The S-MX was based on the S-MX Concept model first exhibited at the 31st Tokyo Motor Show in 1995, and was similar in appearance to the larger Honda Stepwgn, shortened substantially in length and height. Whereas the Stepwgn had three rows of seating to accommodate eight passengers the smaller S-MX has two rows of seating for four or five passengers. In order to maximize space for passengers the S-MX uses a front bench seat and a column shifter for the four-speed automatic transmission (the only available transmission).

The S-MX was powered by a 2.0 L version of Honda's B-series engine featuring double overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder; it did not use Honda's VTEC system. Peak power output was 130 PS at 5,500 rpm and peak torque was 18.7 kgm at 4,200 rpm. This engine was shared with the Honda CR-V and Honda Stepwgn. Similar to the CR-V and Stepwgn, the S-MX was available with front-wheel-drive or optional four-wheel-drive. As part of a September 1999 facelift, the engine was upgraded to produce 140 PS and 19.0 kgm at the same engine speeds.

As was customary of minivans of the time the S-MX features only one (conventional) rear door on the passenger (left) side of the vehicle. Ostensibly this feature was for the safety of passengers, to prevent them from stepping out into traffic. All chassis codes start with RH1 for the Base model and Lowdown (Lowdown is also printed on the chassis plate). All 4WD models have chassis codes starting with RH2.

Overview
The S-MX went on sale on November 22, 1996, as the fourth product of 'Creative Mover' series, which were Honda's automobiles with the aim of 'Lifestyle Enhancing Vehicles' that expand the users' lifestyles with more fun and richness.

The vehicle was available in three different trims:
 * Base trim with front-wheel-drive
 * 4WD, which featured four-wheel-drive, a 15 mm higher ride height and added gear selections for the transmission
 * Lowdown, which featured a 15 mm lower ride height compared to the base model, a front chin spoiler, a rear spoiler, side skirts and unique 3-spoke 15-inch wheels

Colors available: White, Black, Orange, Silver, Tahitian Green, Blue

Optional Extras

 * Sunroof
 * Rear Spoiler (Lowdown only)
 * ABS Braking system
 * Orange Interior Seats, Speaker Grills, Air-Vents, Door Handles (Lowdown only)
 * Clear Indicators
 * Wind Deflectors
 * Floor Mats
 * Rear Headrests
 * Chrome Door Mirror Covers
 * Remote Central Locking
 * Mudflaps
 * Parking Assistance Pole
 * Front Fog Lights
 * Electric Folding Mirrors
 * Rear Tinted Windows
 * Wood Effect Dashboard

Facelift
The S-MX was slightly restyled in September 1999. Another minor change took place in December the following year. The late 2000 change also introduced a new trim, Custom Basic with a front bench seat. This new trim was lower-priced and eliminated several of the once-standard features such as a CD player, electric mirrors and tinted rear windows for privacy. Improvements were made to the styling with re-modeled headlights and front bumper. Colors available: White, Black, Silver, Blue, Purple, Red, Green, Grey

Changes in 1999

 * Body colored bumpers
 * Overdrive Gearbox
 * Improved B20 Engine (140 PS)
 * Black plastic interior panels
 * Orange Lowdown upgrades now replaced with red.
 * 4 and 5 seater option on Lowdown and 4WD models

Optional Extras

 * Blue seat coverings (Base/4WD)
 * Grey with red dots, Grey Hatched Seat coverings (Lowdown)
 * Satellite Navigation
 * Electric Folding Mirrors
 * Remote Central Locking
 * Rear Tinted Windows
 * Sunroof
 * Roof Spoiler
 * Climate Control
 * Fog Lights
 * Armrest (5 Seater Only)
 * 3 Spoke Steering Wheel
 * Red Carpet (Lowdown)
 * Wood Effect Dashboard
 * Exhaust Trim

Special Editions
Two special editions were introduced:

Aero Style - This included: More aggressive front lip, rear lip, spoiler and side skirts. larger alloy wheels, silver dashboard trim and leather interior.

Casual Style - This included: Wooden effect dashboard, black seats, different alloy wheels

End of production
Production of the S-MX ended in 2002, and the vehicle was replaced by the Honda Mobilio Spike in 2002. Many used examples were exported to other countries, with the UK, Australia, New Zealand and Canada being the most popular destinations.

title: Honda S-MX


text:
Soumili Biswas

Soumili Biswas is a Bengali film and television actress, model, TV anchor, and classical dancer. Her first feature film, Alo, was released in 2003, where she plays a supporting role. She started as the anchor of non-fiction, student-based show in Tara Bangla named Syllabus-e nei. In 2007, she played the role of Durga in ETV Bangla's Durge Durgatinashini. She is currently serving as a mentor in Zee Bangla most popular Bengali Dance Reality Show Dance Bangla Dance Season 11.

She joins Bharatiya Janata Party on 17 February 2021.

Personal life
She was born in Barisha/Behala, in south Kolkata, as the younger of two siblings. She has an elder brother, named Sujoy. She went to the Bidya Bharati Girls' School in Behala, Kolkata, and graduated in economics (honours) from the Jogamaya Devi College, a women's college of the University of Calcutta. She started training in Bharatnatyam from about the age of three, and received training under Thankamani Kutty and in ballet from Mamata Shankar. She regularly performs in dance dramas and in solo and group classical performances in Kolkata and elsewhere. She has received the Sangeet Ratna and the Sangeet Bibhakar awards in Bharatnatyam. She wed Ayan Ghosh, a banking professional in December 2012 in an arranged marriage.

Films

 * Alo (2003) - supporting
 * Gyarakal (2004) - Disha, second lead
 * Sangram (2005) - second lead
 * Asha (2006) - lead
 * Agnishapath (2006)
 * Bajimaat (2008) - supporting
 * U-Turn (2010) - lead
 * Agnisakshi (2010) - supporting
 * Teen Tanaya (2011) - supporting
 * Sudhu Tomake Chai (2013) - lead (Dipa)

Television

 * Jhum Ta Ra Ra (Zee Bangla)
 * Syllabus-e nei (Tara Bangla)
 * Kon Kanoner Phool (Zee Bangla)
 * Somoy (Ruposhi Bangla)
 * Byomkesh (Colors Bangla)
 * Joy Baba Lokenath (Zee Bangla) (later replaced by Srabanti Malakar)

Mahalaya

 * 2007 ETV(Colors) Bangla Mahalaya Devi Mahisasurmardini
 * 2008 DD Bangla Mahalaya Devi Mahisasurmardini

Reality Shows

 * Rannaghor (Zee Bangla)
 * Didi No. 1 (Zee Bangla)
 * Dance Bangla Dance as Mentor(Zee Bangla)

title: Soumili Biswas


text:
Talk:Modern Marvels

Weasel Words
This articles seems like it was written by a marketing exec from the History Channel.
 * You could try to improve it. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 00:56, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Anyone volunteering to write an article is likely to be either an enthusiast or a hater, isn´t hesheit? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:48, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Attestation to American Stupidity
Everything is said at least three times ! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:25, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Inconsistency
According to this article, Modern Marvels was first broadcast on Jan 1, 1995; however, in the article List of Modern Marvels episodes, it lists Season 1 Episode 1 ("The Grand Coulee Dam") as having an original airdate of December 10, 1993 - more than a year prior to the date given as the premier date given here. Jh338 (talk) 17:49, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Episodes of Modern Marvels were first aired on a different network as part of a different historical series (the episodes narrated by Jack Perking), with a sub heading of Modern Marvels. They are available for viewing on amazon.com under Modern Marvels Season 1. rem486 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rem486 (talk • contribs) 13:48, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Modern Marvels. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080912200945/http://www.history.com/home.do to http://www.history.com/home.do

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:18, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Request edit on 12 August 2016
Please make a series overview, please.

— 2601:183:4000:D57A:D58E:697E:173A:9907 (talk) 19:37, 12 August 2016 (UTC)
 * With 120+ outstanding edit requests, I am prioritizing requests that have already been written out. This article is not semi-protected, so you are welcome to edit it yourself, as you do not appear to have an actual conflict of interest. Altamel (talk) 03:31, 20 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modern Marvels


text:
Farsiyeh, Razavi Khorasan

Farsiyeh (, also Romanized as Fārsīyeh and Farsīyeh; also known as Dāf) is a village in Binalud Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 10 families.

title: Farsiyeh, Razavi Khorasan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kermit Roosevelt III (2nd nomination)

The result was keep. Tone 21:00, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Kermit Roosevelt III
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable author, fails WP:GNG. Notability is not inherited. None of the sources constitute significant coverage.--Michael WhiteT·C 20:04, 16 August 2020 (UTC) --Michael WhiteT·C 20:04, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 20:28, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 20:28, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Law-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 20:28, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep. There seems to be a sufficiently significant coverage of the nominee, mostly concerning his books. I'd say it is enough to pass criteria 4c of WP:AUTHOR or criteria 7 of WP:NACADEMIC.   Walwal20 talk ▾ contribs 23:12, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * He is a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, so #1 coverage in the alumni magazine of the University of Pennsylvania lacks a certain reliability for establishing notability due to conflict of interest. #2 The Washington Times is at least WP:QUESTIONABLE.  #3 zibbyowens.com appears to be self-published. #4 is an organizational bio page, which seems questionable for establishing notability; not every person with a bio at a notable organization is notable.  As to WP:AUTHOR, I don't think a handful of short book reviews constitutes "won significant critical attention" and as to WP:NACADEMIC, it is hard to argue from his CATO bio that "The person has had a substantial impact outside academia in their academic capacity."--Michael WhiteT·C 06:05, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment. Some more reviews towards a likely WP:NAUTHOR case.  Popular books: .  Legal books: . Russ Woodroofe (talk) 23:14, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep and topic ban the nominator from the deletion process for appalling incompetence. Subject is plainly notable as a novelist, with two novels covered in high-profile outlets like the NYTimes and the Wall Street Journal. He has an extensive record of scholarly publications with one highly cited paper and quite a few moderately cited ones. He has one significant nonfiction book, published by a major university press, covered by, inter alia, Publishers Weekly and NPR and held by more than 1500 libraries around the world, per Worldcat. That's fifteen fucking hundred libraries. That's not Harry Potter territory but it's one whomping sign of notability. The Big Bad Wolfowitz (aka Hullaballoo). Treated like dirt by many administrators since 2006.  Fight for freedom, stand with Hong Kong! (talk) 05:46, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep. Per WP:NAUTHOR, it suffices that he's created a body of work that is the subject of "multiple independent periodical articles or reviews".  I think that the reviews that have been mentioned here suffice; there are more in the article.  The article has WP:PROMO issues, but AfD is not cleanup. Russ Woodroofe (talk) 18:34, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are issues with the article, but I believe the subject passes WP:NAUTHOR as an academic.  Needs clean up, not deletion. EverybodyEdits (talk) 06:30, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep. I considered him notable six years ago, and although I've become slightly more deletionist, I "stand pat" (pardon the pun) that he's notable as a lawyer/jurist. Bearian (talk) 22:58, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep under WP:NAUTHOR as others have already said. -Kj cheetham (talk) 11:33, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep: Agreed under WP:NAUTHOR. - Ret.Prof (talk) 15:49, 23 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
David Stefanović

David Stefanović (born David Jovanović, 15 August 2002) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Chiasso. While he primarily plays on the left of midfield, he can also play fullback, centrally and on the right hand side of the pitch.

Professional career
Stefanovic made his professional debut with FC Lugano in a 1-0 Swiss Super League win over Neuchâtel Xamax on 3 August 2020.

On 7 July 2021, he signed with Chiasso.

Personal life
Born in Switzerland, Stefanovic is of Serbian descent. Stefanovic originally went by David Jovanovic but changed his name in January 2021 for unknown reasons.

title: David Stefanović


text:
Talk:Casseta & Planeta

Untitled

 * The group merged the nonsense from Monty Python and the social caricatures from Saturday Night Live.

Untrue. They're nothing like Monty Python. I can see a bit of SNL's style in there, but saying it resembles Python is completely misleading. ☢  Ҡ i∊ ff   ⌇  ↯  16:27, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

DISCOGRAPHIC WORK
Guys, this article is missing something quite crucial. Even before Casseta & Planeta made it to TV Globo, they released an album, "Preto com um Buraco no Meio" ('Black with a Hole in the Middle', a reference to a vinyl record). I believe this was released in 1987 - before TV Pirata.

I'm pretty sure they released at least ONE more album after that, but I don't know its name or release date. I will research further.

(I actually came to this article looking for that info, but found that none of their musical work is mentioned AT ALL!)

--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:50, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

UPDATE ON THE ABOVE:

The Portuguese version of Wikipedia has info on these releases. ;) Apparently they started after they got into TV Globo, contradicting what I said above.

Link to the article of their first album (from there you can move to the next ones): http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preto_com_um_Buraco_no_Meio

--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:00, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Removed part
Reverted this edit since it's entirely unsourced and seems to be just some fan making a point.

 * Section removed:
 * One of its creative peaks was a sketch in which Jesus (as the coach) and the apostles formed a football side (Corinthians, in a nod to Sport Club Corinthians Paulista and to Espistles to the Corinthians) to play a Roman legionary team called Apocalypse -- famous for its foul play. In only two minutes of mind-boggling action we see the Apostle Peter (playing forward) miss three incredibly easy scoring chances (he also received a yellow card for injuring an oponent's ear). In the end Judas, the goal-keeper, accepts a wide shot and Corinthians lose the match. A mob of angry fans demand the coach crucified (to be "crucified" is Brazilian slang for receiving the blame unjustly) despite whispers that Judas had been "bought" by the enemy.
 * The episode attracted so much anger and criticism that it is often remembered as one of the causes of the show's decline in popularity.

— Kieff | Talk 04:01, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Is it possible to be more homophobic and xenophobic?
Really, even this "comedian" group has an article on wikipedia? I mean, they are nothing than just a bunch of homophobes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:28, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

 * That doesn't matter. Wikipedia is not to be censored. If we are to do as you believe, then shouldn't we remove the KKK article as well? Give us a break.

--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:05, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Unfortunetly, these guys are a huge success here in Brazil. Brazilian humour revolves around prejudice and puns, and these guys offer just that. Since they're notable, they get an article. — Kieff | Talk 09:10, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Casseta & Planeta


text:
User:Katielinden/TWA/Earth/2

Shape and structure

Tectonic plates

Surface

Atmosphere

Weather, climate, and water cycle

Orbit and rotation

References

title: User:Katielinden/TWA/Earth/2


text:
User:Gangster Octopus

Guinness In-Line Cites
In line cites are the footnotes. There are some in the article, but the concern is that there are large sections (especially the history and composition sections in the Guinness article) that have either none, or a single citation. In those cases, it's difficult to know what's OR and what's not. So the Good Article project has come down on the side of reqiring them. There's no "magic number" needed, reviewers just want to see that each major section is reasonably sourced. --- The Bethling (Talk) 17:29, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Gangster Octopus