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Names of Okinawa

Okinawa (沖縄) is a name with multiple referents. The endonym refers to Okinawa Island in southwestern Japan. Today it can cover some surrounding islands (i.e., Okinawa Islands) and, more importantly, can refer to Okinawa Prefecture, a much larger administrative division of Japan, although the people from the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands still feel a strong sense of otherness to Okinawa.

A related term, Ryūkyū (琉球), also has multiple semantic domains. It was a name for an Okinawa-centered kingdom before it was replaced with Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. Ryūkyū was an exonym for Okinawa Island and remained largely alien to the native populations. Westerners have used the word for a larger chain of islands (the Ryukyu Islands, or the Ryukyus), for which the native populations have no folkloristic term. Detached from the native populations' perception, the Western usage became mainstream in multiple disciplines of natural sciences although there remains a non-negligible disagreement over the exact extent of the un-Ryukyuan term.

Okinawa Island
The first known possible reference to Okinawa can be found in the Tō Dai-wajō Tōsei-den (779), a biography of Chinese Buddhist monk Jianzhen written by Ōmi no Mifune. Jianzhen and a Japanese embassy to Tang China accidentally stopped over the Southern Islands during their travel to Japan in 753. One of the islands mentioned in the book was A-ko-na-ha (阿児奈波), which the book stated was located southwest of Tanegashima. A-ko-na-ha is usually identified as Okinawa Island. However, this identification is not without a problem as the biography suggested that Jianzhen's ship had spent only one day to travel from A-ko-na-ha to Yakushima, which is about 500 km away from Okinawa Island. Before the famous voyage, the Japanese imperial court had dispatched several expeditions to the Southern Islands but for unknown reasons, the name of Okinawa was absent from the records.

The hiragana spelling おきなは was first attested in the Nagato Manuscript of the Tale of the Heike (circa 1300). A Muromachi-period document dated 1404 mentioned an Okinau ship (をきなう船), which was dispatched by the Okinawa-based kingdom of Ryūkyū to pay tribute to the Ashikaga shogunate.

The Okinawa-based kingdom of Ryūkyū referred to their island as Okinawa for numerous occasions. The Yarazamori Gusuku Inscription (1554) associates Okinawa (おきなは) with the earth under the king (天下). The Omoro Sōshi, a compilation of archaic ritual songs, contains a dozen of songs referring to Okinawa (おきなわ and おきにや). The small polity used a predominantly kana writing style before switching to conventional sōrō-style Written Japanese as a result of the conquest by Satsuma Domain in 1609.

Kanji logographs assigned to Okinawa have changed over time. Following the conquest in 1609, Satsuma conducted land surveys, gradually standardizing Kanji assigned to Okinawan toponyms. A common spelling before and immediately after the conquest was the inauspicious-looking 悪鬼納 (the first two characters mean evil demon), but Satsuma started using the current spelling 沖縄 as early as the 1620s. This spelling was popularized in mainland Japan by the Nantōshi (1719). Its author Arai Hakuseki was likely to have consulted a map of Okinawa Island submitted to the Tokugawa Shogunate by Satsuma Domain in 1702.

The Shuri-Naha Okinawan form of Okinawa is ʔucinaa. The raising of the vowel /o/ to /u/ was a pan-Ryukyuan areal phenomenon while the palatalization of /k/ to /c/ [tɕ] before /i/ was a relatively recent change with a much geographically limited distribution. Most Northern Okinawan varieties resist this change. Even among South-Central varieties, Itoman, Komesu, Ōyama, and Tsuken Island varieties remain unaffected. For its conservativeness, the Standard Japanese form is effectively undoing historical sound changes.

Okinawa Islands
Adopting Western practices, the Japanese government started naming large groups of islands in the early Meiji period. The Nantō Suiro-shi (1873), the first coast pilot of the Nansei Islands published by the Hydrographic Office of the Imperial Japanese Navy, is credited for coining the name Okinawa Shotō (沖縄諸島, literally, Okinawa Islands). Its author, Captain Yanagi Narayoshi, initially consulted the British China Pilot forth edition (1864). Dissatisfied with a mixture of European, Chinese, and Japanese names in the European charts, he decided to give Japanese names to Japanese islands. According to Yanagi's classification, the Okinawa Shotō had smaller geographical extents than the modern Okinawa Islands as the Okinawa Shotō, the Kerama Shotō, and the Iheya Shotō constituted the Ryūkyū Guntō (literally, Ryūkyū Group). The name of Ryūkyū Guntō was replaced by Okinawa Guntō (沖縄群島) in 1883, and thereafter, the name of Okinawa Guntō has been used without interruption by the Hydrographic Office of the Imperial Japanese Navy and its successor, the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japan Coast Guard.

The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japan Coast Guard is not the sole government organ that defines official geographical names of Japan. The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI), a subsidiary agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, provides administratively-oriented names. A geographical area that roughly corresponds to the Okinawa Guntō is referred to as Okinawa Shotō by the GSI. The two government organs are working on standardizing the names for large geographical entities and their extents.

The geographical extent of the Okinawa Islands coincides with those of some taxonomic units proposed in a variety of humanities disciplines. For example, Okinawan is a subgroup of Northern Ryukyuan (Amami–Okinawan) languages, with the other subgroup being Amami. The speakers of the Okinawan subgroup concentrate in the Okinawa Islands if modern emigrants are not counted. While some propose a hypothetical subgrouping of Southern Amami–Northern Okinawan and thereby reject the unity of Okinawan, Pellard (2015) re-evaluates the traditional two-way division from a novel phylogenetic point of view. To complicate matters, the third edition of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Extinction (2009) unilaterally gave the name of Okinawan to a dialect cluster occupying the "central and southern parts of Okinawa Island and neighbouring islands". In the linguistic literature, however, this subgroup is commonly known as Central Okinawan, South–Central Okinawan, or South Okinawan.

These abstract geographical entities were recognized independently of the local populations. In fact, people of Kume Island, which is part of the Okinawa Islands, maintain a strong notion that they are not Okinawans.

Okinawa Prefecture
The geographical extent of Okinawa was expanded in a similar manner when the Japanese Empire annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom and established Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. The Meiji government generally avoided retaining the names of old provinces and instead named new first-class administrative divisions after cities or districts where the administration offices were located. For some reason, however, the southwesternmost prefecture of the empire was named after an island. Both contemporary and modern scholars speculate that the Meiji government disfavored the name of Ryūkyū for its Chinese origin because it remained cautious about China's territorial ambitions in Okinawa.

With the modern prefecture, the semantic domain of Okinawa has extended to Okinawa's southern neighbors, the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands, which are collectively referred to by the Okinawa-centric name of the Sakishima Islands. There is an asymmetry in the process of embracing this new notion in daily life. On the one hand, people on Okinawa Island, younger generations in particular, tend to take it for granted that Okinawa (including its dialectal form ʔucinaa) covers the Yaeyamas. On the other hand, people on Ishigaki Island of the Yaeyama Islands maintains the traditional dichotomy of Okinawa (ʔukïnaː) and Yaeyama (jaima), and therefore feel a clear sense of otherness to Okinawa. The same holds true for the Miyako Islands. Nevertheless, Okinawa Prefecture has been there for generations, and young people in the Yaeyamas is developing the notion that they belong to Okinawa although it remains completely natural to say "go to Okinawa" when they fly from Ishigaki to Naha.

The un-Ryukyuan nature of Ryūkyū
Ryūkyū is a rare word, if any, in Ryukyuan languages. In fact, it is not uncommon that a dictionary or glossary of a Ryukyuan language has no entry for Ryūkyū. Even for the male samurai register of Shuri Okinawan, Shimabukuro Seibin (1890–1970) explained the word ruucuu (the Shuri speech form) in the Okinawa-go Jiten (1963) as follows: "外国人に国籍を問われたときにruucuuと答える習慣になっていた. 沖縄人同士では用いなかった. It was customary to give ruucuu as the answer when foreigners asked about the nationality. Not used among Okinawans."

Ironically, Ryūkyū sounds very un-Ryukyuan. The prohibition of word-initial /r/ is an areal feature that is not limited to Ryukyuan but to Altaic languages, which cover wide areas of Eurasia. In fact, Ryūkyū is an exonym recorded by the Chinese. The fact that the Chinese characters assigned to Liuqiu have changed over time (流求, 留仇, 流虬, 瑠求, 琉球, etc.) indicates that it was borrowed in turn from some non-Chinese language. Because Ryukyuan is unlikely to be the donor of the un-Ryukyuan word, most scholars seek its etymological root in Austronesian languages of Taiwan.

It was only an accident of history that Ryūkyū came to point to Okinawa Island. Chinese Liuqiu was first attested in the Book of Sui (636), which stated that Sui China had sent expeditions to what it called Liuqiu (流求) three times in 607 and 608. The fragmentary and apparently inconsistent description in the Book of Sui is the source of a never-ending scholarly debate over what was referred to by Liuqiu: Taiwan, Okinawa Island or both. Chinese records written during the Mongol Yuan dynasty suggested that Liuqiu was Taiwan. For example, the Wenxian Tongkao (1317) stated that Liuqiu was located to the east of Quanzhou, a port city facing the Taiwan Strait, and was visible from the Penghu Islands in the middle of the strait. Similarly, the History of Yuan (1369), which was compiled by the succeeding Ming dynasty, reinforces the identification of Liuqiu as Taiwan. According to the book, the Mongol Empire tried in vain to subjugate what it called Liuqiu (瑠求) twice in 1292 and 1297. The Penghu Islands and Liuqiu faced each other and the envoys of 1292 visited Penghu en route to Liuqiu.

In 1372, the newly established Ming China sent an envoy to Okinawa Island. Satto, one of the local rulers of the island, was given the title of King of Chūzan of the State of Ryūkyū (琉球国中山王). Historian Ikeya Machiko speculates that receiving tributes from Liuqiu was of great symbolic significance in Ming Chinese domestic politics because Liuqiu was known to have repelled the Mongol khans' attempts of subjugation. In reality, however, Ming China appears to have been aware of the fact that what it called Liuqiu was different from what the Mongol khans failed to conquer. Thereafter the Chinese distinguished Okinawa Island from Taiwan by referring to the former by Great Liuqiu (大琉球), as opposed to Little Liuqiu (小琉球). In few centuries, the Chinese ceased the use of Little Liuqiu, replacing it with Dongfan, Beigang, and Keelung before Taiwan became the standard name for the much larger island.

The early Chinese narratives on Liuqiu, such as that in the Book of Sui, shaped the Japanese perception of Ryūkyū that lasted for a long time. Ryūkyū was considered to be a land of man-eating demons and thus one of the greatest fears of Japanese Buddhist monks sailing to China. The first known Japanese use of the word was of 803, when Buddhist monk Kūkai sent a letter to a Chinese official. Kūkai stated that during a voyage to China, Kūkai and others "had lost their courage at the thought of the tiger-like nature of (the people of) Ryūkyū" (失膽留求之虎性). Similarly, Enchin drifted to what he believed to be Ryūkyū during his voyage to Tang China in 853. He later described Ryūkyū as the land of cannibals (所謂流捄国喫人之地). Even as late as 1244, the Buddhist monk Keisei recorded the same perception in the Hyōtō Ryūkyū-koku ki.

Ryukyu Kingdom on Okinawa Island
The Okinawans embraced the fact that their land was somewhat accidentally labeled as Ryūkyū by the Chinese. In diplomatic correspondence with China and countries under the Chinese world order such as Korea, the "king" styled himself as King of Chūzan of the State of Ryūkyū in Classical Chinese. The king seems to have proclaimed himself to be the yo-no-nushi of the State of Ryūkyū (りうきう国のよのぬし) in a letter to the Ashikaga shōgun, as this phrase is attested in the shogun's reply to the now-lost letter. Ryūkyū can also be found in some stone inscriptions found on Okinawa Island. However, the un-Ryukyuan word remained alien to the Okinawans. There is no wonder that no single instance of Ryūkyū can be found in the ritual songs in the 22 volumes of the Omoro Sōshi, which reflects the Okinawan world-view.

Over the course of centuries, the Okinawa-centered polity gradually expanded its sphere of influence to the north and to the south. In the second half of the 15th century, the kings themselves led military campaigns against Amami Ōshima and Kikai Island of the Amami Islands. Ryūkyū tightened control of the islands in the north after a major armed revolt on Amami Ōshima in 1537. As a result of Satsuma's conquest of Ryūkyū in 1609, however, the Amami Islands was ceded to Satsuma and have since then shared a much longer history with Satsuma than with Okinawa. As for the southern neighbors, local rulers of the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands are said to initiate contact with Ryūkyū at the end of the 14th century. In 1500, a military conflict among local rulers of the two island groups provoked a large armed intervention from Ryūkyū. Nevertheless, the relationship between Ryūkyū and the remote islands was only loosely maintained by tribute-paying local rulers. The situation changed after Satsuma's conquest of Ryūkyū in 1609. As an early modern polity, Satsuma introduced to Ryūkyū the system of controlling people within a strictly delimited territory. The Miyako and Yaeyama Islands were formally recognized as the heritable properties of the king (or the provincial governor as Satsuma called the king for decades following the conquest), and people there suffered from poll tax imposed by the Okinawan polity.

Ryūkyū's territorial expansion, however, did not remove the word's prototypical association with Okinawa Island. The association remained particularly strong for Chinese Liuqiu. Since the Shi Liuqiu lu (1535), several memoirs of Chinese envoys to Ryūkyū have recorded glossaries of Okinawan words and phrases, where Chinese Liuqiu was routinely translated as Okinawa. For example, Liuqiu ren (琉球人) was translated as Okinawa hito (*okina(ː) pit͡ɕu, 倭急拿必周). Chinese envoys to Ryūkyū used the expression "arrive at Ryūkyū" (至琉球) only when they landed at the port of Naha or entered the Shuri Castle. They sometimes visited Kume Island on the route to wait for favorable wind conditions, but they did not utter the phrase there even though they knew that Kume Island was under the rule of Ryūkyū.

The Kagoshima Japanese form of Ryūkyū is Jiki. As Ryūkyū's suzerain, Satsuma Domain had heavy financial reliance on brown sugar production in Amami and Ryūkyū. For this reason, Jiki metonymically refers to black sugar in Kagoshima Prefecture. The Okinawans found derogatory nuances in the word Jiki-jin (literally, Ryūkyū person/people, i.e., Okinawan people).

Ryukyu Kingdom was replaced with Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. In the view point of Okinawans, Ryūkyū is an entity that no longer exists and accordingly there is no such group called "Ryukyuan people" today.

The Ryukyu Islands and the Western origin of the concept
The Kitab al-Fawa'id fi Usul 'Ilm al-Bahr wa 'l-Qawa'id (circa 1490) by the Arab navigator Ahmad ibn Mājid is the first known source outside the Sinosphere that mentions Ryūkyū. According to the Arabic book, Likīwū was a Jawi name for an island called al-Ghūr (الغور). Its association with iron, iron blades, and an antagonism toward China points to mainland Japan, rather than to Okinawa Island, however. In the Minhaj al-Fahir, Ibn Majid's student Sulayman al-Mahri made a similar reference to jazīrat Likyū (literally, Ryūkyū Island) as an alias of al-Ghūr. The Arabic term al-Ghūr appears to point to Chinese Luoji (落漈), an imaginary area in the sea east of China. The Chinese believed that sea water fell at Luoji and thereby that the sea level was kept constant despite the endless flow of river water into the sea. In Chinese narratives, Luoji was associated with Ryūkyū and the sea route to Okinawa Island.

Through contact with Muslim merchants, the Portuguese learned that people called Gores visited Southeast Asian ports for trade. The first known Western reference to Gores was from Malacca in 1510, a year before the conquest of the port city by Afonso de Albuquerque. The Portuguese demonym apparently derived from Arabic al-Ghūr. In few years, Gores came to be associated with another name, Lequios or Lequeos. The Commentarios do Grande Affonso d'Alboquerque (1557) used a rare derived form Lequea as the name of their country.

Early Portuguese sources were consistent with the Chinese view in that they considered the land of the Lequeos to be an island (ilha, singular). The Suma Oriental (circa 1515) by Tomé Pires was a prime example of this perception. After Fernão Pires de Andrade's expedition to Ming China from 1517 to 1518, Ryūkyū came to be described as islands (ilhas, plural). The term os Lequeos can be found in Vasco Calvo's letter (circa 1536). In Portuguese (and in English), a definite article plus the plural form of a toponym can refer to a group of islands, a construction that has no equivalent in East Asian languages.

The so-called Biblioteca Vallicelliana map (circa 1550) was the first map that shows the label Ryūkyū. Reflecting Ming Chinese terminology, the map depicts a chain of islands in which the captions lequio menor (Little Ryūkyū, i.e., Taiwan), lequio maior (Great Ryūkyū, i.e., Okinawa Island), and japan are given from the southwest to the northeast. A large caption LEQVIOS is attached to the island chain. The combination of the three names can be found in a report written by the Spanish monk Martín de Rada in the 1570s: leuqiu el menor, leuqiu el grande, and los lequios (plural).

Adopting Western practices, Japanese technocrats and academicians chose the Sino-Japanese term shotō (諸島) to explicitly mark the plurality of islands. A related term guntō (群島) was used in place of English group. The Japanese government assigned hierarchically organized names to the southwestern islands of Japan. These names had been standardized toward the end of the 19th century. The top-level entity that covers the (nearly) entire island chain between Kyushu and Taiwan is the Nansei Shotō (南西諸島, literally, Southwestern Islands). For the subgroups of the Nansei Shotō, however, there remained disagreements between the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japan Coast Guard and the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI). The former provided a flatter organization: On the other hand, the GSI defined a deeper hierarchy: According to the GSI's definition, the Ryūkyū Shotō covers Okinawa Prefecture except the outlying Daitō Islands. The two government organs have worked on resolving disagreements. As a result, the Satsunan Shotō and Ryūkyū Shotō among many others are recognized as the standard geographical names of Japan. As a member of the International Hydrographic Organization, Japan uses these geographical names for the International (INT) Charts it produces.
 * Nansei Shotō (南西諸島)
 * Ōsumi Guntō (大隅群島)
 * Tokara Rettō (吐噶喇列島)
 * Amami Guntō, (奄美群島), which include Iōtorishima
 * Okinawa Guntō (沖縄群島)
 * Sakishima Shotō, (先島諸島) which covers the Senkaku Islands
 * Daitō Shotō (大東諸島)
 * Nansei Shotō (南西諸島)
 * Satsunan Shotō (薩南諸島)
 * Ōsumi Guntō (大隅諸島)
 * Tokara Rettō (吐噶喇列島)
 * Amami Shotō (奄美諸島)
 * Ryūkyū Shotō (琉球諸島)
 * Iōtorishima
 * Okinawa Shotō (沖縄諸島)
 * Sakishima Shotō, (先島諸島)
 * Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島)

The name of the Ryukyu Islands became a politically sensitive matter after World War II because the U.S. separated from Japan what it called the Ryukyu Islands. The U.S. Armed Forces harbored the divide-and-rule policy during the war while the State Department maintained that the Ryukyu Islands shall remain under the sovereignty of Japan. The State Department defined the Ryukyu Islands as the Amami, Okinawa, Sakishima, and Daitō Islands. The U.S. military, on the other hand, had obscure and inconsistent understandings of the geographical extent of the American concept. The Civil Affairs Handbook: Ryukyu (Loochoo) Islands (1944), for example, treated the Ryukyu Islands as a much wider area extending not only to the Tokara and Ōsumi Islands but also to the Uji and Koshikijima Islands, which are not even part of the Nansei Islands. When the U.S. first publicized its intention to separate the Ryukyu Islands from Japan in 1946, it set the boundary at the 30th parallel north, which in fact crossed the northern tip of Kuchinoshima, the northernmost inhabited island of the Tokara Islands. The procrustean boundary had its root in the wartime boundary between the areas of operation of the Sixth and Tenth Armies. The area under separate military occupation had shrunk since then. The Tokara Islands were returned to Japanese administration in 1952, which was followed by the Amami Islands in 1953. Okinawa was finally returned to Japan in 1972. The Treaty of San Francisco (1951) further illustrates the complexities surrounding the name Ryukyu Islands. In its draft, the U.S. used the phrase "The Ryukyu Islands south of 29° north latitude", but the Japanese government requested twice to replace it with "Nansei Islands south of 29° north latitude", arguing that the Amami island group did not belong to the Ryukyu Islands (i.e., Ryūkyū Shotō) but to the Satsunan Islands. As a political compromise, the final version adopted the redundant phrase "Nansei Shoto south of 29° north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands)". For some reason, the CIA World Factbook still ignores standardized geographical names of Japan and attaches the non-standard label "RYUKYU ISLANDS" on the map of Japan.

The U.S. military imagined a Ryukyuan nation. Although it never allocated sufficient resources to achieve this goal, it even tried in vain to create a national flag and a national anthem. However, the Okinawan view toward the U.S. military occupation critically worsened as it confiscated their ancestral lands with bulldozers and bayonets and turned them into semi-permanent military bases. The American concept of the Ryukyu Islands was translated into Japanese as Ryūkyū Rettō (琉球列島), to which the Japanese government did not give a definition. The term Ryūkyū Shotō was avoided probably because the Amami Islands and the Daitō Islands lay outside the officially defined geographical extent of the Ryūkyū Shotō. The U.S. military assigned the name of Ryukyu to the entities it created. For example, the first university on Okinawa Island was named the University of the Ryukyus, which was given the Japanese name of Ryūkyū Daigaku (琉球大学). By contrast, entities created by Okinawans themselves tended to bear the name of Okinawa. The umbrella organization of the Okinawa reversion movement was named Okinawa-ken sokoku fukki kyōgikai (沖縄県祖国復帰協議会, literally, Okinawa Prefecture Council for Reversion to the Home Country). Thanks to the humiliating military occupation, Ryūkyū became loaded with negative connotations among Okinawans.

Okinawa's northern neighbor, the Amami Islands, resisted much more strongly against the U.S. military's move to sever their centuries-old ties to mainland Japan and to annex them to what the Americans called the Ryukyus. At the early stage of military occupation, the U.S. military imposed the label Northern Ryukyu on the Amami Islands. While the people of Amami had no power to prevent the occupiers from using the English name, they expressed resistance by translating the much-hated term as Hokubu Nansei Shotō (literally, Northern Nansei Islands) in Japanese. A bitter memory of the U.S. military occupation strengthened the notion that the Amami Islanders were distinct from Okinawans. Even today, they occasionally voice opposition toward attempts to impose the label Ryūkyū on them.

Ryukyu in natural sciences
Some disciplines of natural sciences such as biology and geology have developed a distinctive notion of Ryukyu that does not align well with administrative or ethnolinguistic boundaries. After examining inconsistent and mutually conflicting uses of Ryukyu-related geographical names in the literature, Toyama (2014) proposed the following guidelines for natural sciences: Watase's Line, the boundary between the Northern and Central Ryukyus, is drawn between Akusekijima and Kodakarajima of the Tokara Islands. Hachisuka's Line, or the Kerama Gap, marks the boundary between the Central and Southern Ryukyus.
 * Ryukyu Archipelago for the Nansei Islands, which covers the Senkaku and Daitō Islands,
 * Ryukyu Islands for a narrower chain of islands between Kyushu and Taiwan, excluding the outlying Senkaku and Daitō Islands, and
 * Three-way division of the Ryukyu Islands: the Northern Ryukyus, the Central Ryukyus, and the Southern Ryukyus.

The notion of Ryukyu in natural sciences deviates nonnegligibly from that of humanities. In humanities, the label Ryukyuan is used as a conventional umbrella term for an ethnolinguistic supergroup who occupies the Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama Islands. In other words, the Ōsumi and Tokara Islands are by no means Ryukyuan because ethnolinguistically speaking, they clearly belong to Southern Kyushu. To further complicate matters, the Central Ryukyus do not exactly match the Amami and Okinawa Islands because they are extended further north to cover the two inhabited islands of Kodakarajima and Takarajima of the Tokara Islands. Natural scientists maintain tension with the Japanese government, according to which the Ryūkyū Shotō encompass the Okinawa Shotō, the Sakishimau Shotō, and the Senkaku Shotō. The three-way division of natural sciences is disharmonious with the two-way administrative division of Kagoshima and Okinawa Prefectures.

People on the island chain rarely voice their opinions about academic activities as they are quite remote from the discourse and knowledge of daily life. When they come to interfere with daily activities, however, strong oppositions to the label Ryūkyū emerge. For example, the World Natural Heritage site of Amami-Ōshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island was initially given the name of Ryūkyū Shotō when a panel of natural science experts decided to add the patchy group of islands to the tentative list of nomination in 2013. However, the Amami Islands and Kagoshima Prefecture as a whole strongly opposed the label of Ryūkyū being imposed on them. As a result, the candidate site was renamed Amami–Ryukyu before it was renamed again to the current, more descriptive name in 2017.

Ryūkyū as a tourism brand of Okinawa Prefecture in the Japanese market
Ryūkyū has a deep connection to the mainland Japanese gaze. Ryūkyū's association with cannibalism had been long forgotten before the beginning of the Edo period. The image of Ryūkyū in mainland Japan was primarily shaped by Ryūkyū's missions to Edo, which were intentionally alienized by Satsuma to portray Satsuma Domain and the Tokugawa shogunate as multiethnic superpowers. For its phonetic similarity, Ryūkyū was associated with Ryūgū, the undersea dragon palace from fairy tales. A romanticized view of Ryūkyū can be found in Takizawa Bakin's historical fiction Chinsetsu Yumiharizuki (1807–1811), in which Minamoto no Tametomo drifted to Ryūkyū and founded a kingdom there. The un-Japanese (and in fact un-Ryukyuan) word aroused exoticism.

Modernization offered opportunities for mainland Japanese tourists to visit Okinawa Island. Shimabukuro Gen'ichirō (1885–1942), an educator from Northern Okinawa, took a key role as a tour guide for mainland Japanese intelligentsia while simultaneously enlightening fellow Okinawans. His narrative reflected the duality of Ryūkyū. On the one hand, Shimabukuro went along with the tourist gaze, exploiting the exotic notion of Ryūkyū. On the other hand, Shimabukuro urged mainland tourists not to use Ryūkyū because people felt insulted to be referred to by the exonym of Chinese origin. He recommended the autonym Okinawa instead.

Ryūkyū was given a new role after the U.S. returned Okinawa Prefecture to Japan in 1972. The reversion triggered an economic boom, but the end of Expo '75 was followed by a recession on Okinawa Island. To reactivate tourism, Dentsu, the largest public relations agency in Japan, proposed, among others, to exploit the unique history of Okinawa as a new tourism resource. Dentsu stressed a need to relativize the tragic Battle of Okinawa in 1945. Because soldiers from across mainland Japan perished on Okinawa Island, bereaved family members had accounted for a substantial portion of Japanese tourists. To overcome the negative image about Okinawa, Dentsu proposed to promote a positive image of the long history of Ryūkyū. Dentsu also urged to raise awareness about the positive view of Okinawan history and culture among people of Okinawa Prefecture because it worried about possible discord between the tourism sector and the rest of the population.

Okinawa Prefecture has followed the plan orchestrated by the PR agency. The historian Takara Kurayoshi (b. 1947) played an important role in promoting a romanticized view of the Ryukyu Kingdom. He supervised a historical drama television series titled Ryūkyū no Kaze (1993), which was broadcast nationwide by NHK. With decades of promotion, Okinawan people have internalized the mainland Japanese gaze to some degree. The Okinawan punk rock band Mongol800 released a song titled Ryūkyū aika (琉球愛歌) in 2001, where Ryūkyū was used as an apparatus of dissimilation. It was associated with a new stereotypical view of Okinawa: living in peace and in good harmony with nature.

Uruma
Uruma is a poetic name for Okinawa Island. A city in central Okinawa took this name when it was formed by merging several municipalities in 2005. Some try to interpret the word as an Okinawan compound (uru (fine sand or coral) and -ma (a common suffix for an island name)). However, it is clearly of mainland Japanese origin. In fact, this word is completely absent from Okinawan ryūka poems/songs, and its usage is limited to waka poems, which were composed by Okinawan ruling elites.

The first known reference to Uruma is a waka poem by an Heian-period aristocrat named Fujiwara no Kintō in the early 11th century. He compared a woman's coldheartedness to the incomprehensible speech of drifters from Ureung Island (迂陵島, identified as Ulleung Island) of Goryeo Kingdom. However, the association with Ulleung Island was soon forgotten because the reference to Goryeo (anachronistically called Silla by Kintō) was dropped when his poem was recorded in the Senzai Wakashū (1188). Thereafter waka poets treated Uruma simply as an island somewhere outside of Japan with an unintelligible language. As the same time, it evoked a sense of familiarity because the phrase Uruma no ichi (market in Uruma) was poetically associated with Mino Province in central Japan.

From the viewpoint of mainland Japanese poets, Okinawa Island might have been an ideal referent of Uruma because, despite the exotic name of Ryūkyū, the first reference to Okinawan composed waka poems was as early as 1496. The first known identification of uruma as Okinawa Island can be found in the Moshiogusa (1513), but the association remained weak for some time. For example, Hokkaido, in addition to Okinawa Island, was referred to as Uruma in the Shōzaishū (1597). The mainland Japanese poetic practice was adopted by Okinawan waka poets in the late 17th century. The Omoidegusa (1700), a purely Japanese poetic diary by Shikina Seimei, is known for its extensive use of the word uruma.

Naha
Okinawa's northern neighbor, the Amami Islands, has the tradition of calling Okinawa Naha, the main port town of Okinawa Island and the capital of Okinawa Prefecture. For example, people of Okinoerabu Island use Nafa for Okinawa and Nafanchu for Okinawan people. They are less conscious about the distinction between Okinawa Island and Okinawa Prefecture. The Okinawan word for Okinawans, Uchinaanchu, is known to them, but they never identify themselves as Okinawans. Their autonym is Erabunchu. Like Okinawans, the people of the Amami Islands have no folkloristic term that covers both the Amami people and Okinawans.

The Standard Japanese word, Okinawa, is borrowed into the languages of the Amami Islands. It is steadily replacing Naha.

Links
- Map of Ryūkyū-koku (1702), submitted to the Tokugawa Shogunate by Satsuma Domain

title: Names of Okinawa


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Talk:Shifter (Dungeons & Dragons)

Working
I'm still working on this article at the moment, sorry for any inconsistancies. I know I have a few typos here and there and some links to fix, but I'll finish adding them in tomorrow or tonight if I have time. Morgrim 11:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Done, although I can't get Shifter to come up in the list of Prestige classes in the side box.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Shifter (Dungeons & Dragons)


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Template talk:AI navbar 0

First in a series
This template is the first in a series related to Topic:Artificial Intelligence. Please see that learning project's home page and discuss further content development at Topic talk:Artificial Intelligence.

title: Template talk:AI navbar 0


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Rolf Buch

Rolf Eberhard Buch (born 2 April 1965) is a German business executive. In 2013, he was appointed CEO of the real estate company Deutsche Annington, which, following the takeover of GAGFAH in the year 2015, was renamed Vonovia. Previously, Buch held an executive position at Arvato.

Early life and education
Buch was born in Weidenau near Siegen. At age three, his family moved to the Kettwig district in the city of Essen. After completing his secondary education ("Abitur"), Buch studied mechanical engineering and business administration at the RWTH Aachen University and received his engineering degree in 1990.

Bertelsmann
in 1991, Buch began his career in the print and industrial division of Bertelsmann, which was later renamed Arvato. After serving in various positions in sales and marketing of domestic and foreign subsidiaries, he became a member of the executive board of Arvato in 2002. Under his leadership, the international services business grew into a key revenue and profit generator.

In 2008, Buch succeeded Ostrowski as CEO of Arvato and also took up duties as a member of the Bertelsmann executive board. In this position, he promoted business involving services for cities and communities. Moreover, he increasingly invested in digital services to prepare Arvato for the digital transformation.

At the end of 2012, Buch stepped down from the Arvato executive board upon his own wishes and left the group.

Vonovia
In 2013, the real estate company Deutsche Annington announced Buch's appointment as CEO. He took the company public, expanding the property portfolio through acquisitions. With the takeover of competitor GAGFAH in the year 2015, he created Germany's largest real estate group. Under the new name of Vonovia, the company was later listed in the DAX blue-chip index.

Corporate boards
Until May 2009, Buch was member of the supervisory board of the internet service provider Lycos Europe. Besides, in 2017 and 2018, he was on the board of directors of the Swedish real estate company D. Carnegie & Co. To date, Buch serves on the supervisory board of the Gesellschaft zur Sicherung von Bergmannswohnungen (GSB) and is an active member of the board of trustees of Sparkasse Gütersloh's Woldemar Winkler Stiftung foundation.

Non-profit organizations

 * Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group

Personal life
Buch lives with his wife and two children in Gütersloh.

title: Rolf Buch


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Islamic political thought/Nasir al-Din Tusi

Content for Lecture:
1.	Biography of Nasir al-Din Tusi

•	Though no reading is required for this portion of the lecture, visiting the web links cited throughout the lecture and in the works cited list may give a more comprehensive look at the life of Tusi.

2.	The Philosophy of Nasir al-Din Tusi

•	The two required readings listed below are to be read before the lecture in order to familiarize the student with the basics of Tusi’s philosophy and to have the students read one of his primary texts which much of his philosophy comes from (two other primary texts by Tusi are recommended, but not required).

Required Readings:
Antony Black’s The History of Islamic Political Thought (pg. 145-153)

Nasir al-Din Tusi’s The Nasirean Ethics

Recommended Reading List:
Akhlaq-i-Nasri by Nasir al-Din Tusi (another work of his ethics).

The Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought by Nasir al-Din Tusi.

Course Goals:
1.	Understanding basic biographical background on Nasir al-Din Tusi.

-	Knowing his background with religious groups, since this may help explain what influenced some of his viewpoints.

-	Learning what other accomplishments he made apart from his philosophy, especially in areas of math and science.

2.	Understanding the basics of his philosophical works

-	Grasping his view of human nature, and how his view differs from his contemporaries.

-	Understanding Tusi’s concept of human freedom.

-	Understanding his political philosophy on how a citizen should be judged by the state, as well as the social classes within that state.

-	Understanding how the concept of love fits into his philosophy and how his ideas of love and religion fit into his idea of a virtuous city.

Lecture:
Nasir al-Din Tusi was born in Tus (present day Iran) in 1201 C.E. He was born into a Shi’a home, with his father being a well known jurist in the twelfth Imam school (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk). Tusi gained a scholarly reputation studying math, science, and philosophy. Tusi eventually joined the services of the Assassins, an extremist Isma’ili Shi’a group that controlled castles in Alamut and other parts of today’s Syria in the Middle Ages, gaining their name from being the first group recognized for systematically using political murder (http://www.acampbell.ukfsn.org). The Isma’ili people are a sect of the Shi’a community, representing the second largest sect of the Shi’a, with the majority of Shi’a belonging to the sect known as the Twelvers. After joining he became a highly respected member of the Isma’ili court (http://www.unhas.ac.id). While serving on the court, he continued his studies in many fields and began to document his work on the field of ethics. While living in the city of Alamut, Mongol forces invaded and took over, kicking out the Assassins and claiming the castle where he was living in 1256 C.E. (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk). Instead of fleeing or being dispelled from the castle, Tusi’s intelligence was recognized by the Mongols and he was offered the positions of both scientific and religious advisor to the Mongol invaders. Tusi accepted this offer, and did most of his scholarly work in this position (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk). Tusi also received this position because the Mongols seemed to serve as Shi’ite liberators, giving prominent and high status positions across the empire to many Shi’ites giving them power when they had long been a minority in the shadows of Sunni rule (Black 145).

His work in the field of astronomy was revolutionary, as he fairly accurately produced a table with mapped out planetary movement, along with a catalogue of the stars (http://www.unhas.ac.id). Along with making great strides in the scientific field, his presence is also felt in the field of mathematics. One of these contributions was treating the mathematical field of trigonometry as a separate mathematical discipline, which is the way it is now commonly taught (http://www.unhas.ac.id). He is also responsible for the discovery and use of the sine formula for plane triangles (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk). Near the end of his life, he also did much work important work with scholastic philosophy, as well as writing many commentaries on Greeks works of math and philosophy (http://www.unhas.ac.id). Nasir al-Din Tusi died in 1274 C.E. in present day Baghdad.

Though Tusi had many achievements and works worthy of discussion, the rest of this lecture will be dedicated to understanding his political and ethical philosophy. As Antony Black sees it, Tusi’s political philosophy is a “synthesis of Aristotelian and Iranian ideas” (Black 147). If one has read a lot of Muslim classical political thought, one may realize that most Muslim political thinkers of the time had a fairly negative view on human nature, much like the famous view of Thomas Hobbes that life is “nasty, brutish, and short”. Nasir al-Din Tusi, on the other hand, takes a different approach, viewing human nature and human action in a much more positive and uplifting light. Tusi praises the nature of humanity, claiming it to be one of Gods greatest creations and the noblest of all things in existence (Black 147). Tusi believed that the nature of a human was neither inherently good nor inherently bad. Instead, humans are merely stuck in the middle of both of these extremes, and in turn choose their own path of life due to the concept of “human freedom” (Black 147).

Tusi also claims that one can find proof of human freedom by looking at the diversity of humankind, claiming that this diversity shows how all humans have free will (Black 147). With all humans having a choice in their path, theoretically all humans naturally starts as equals. Tusi backs this claim when he states that “natural bodies, as bodies, are equal with one another in rank, none having nobility or virtue above the other” and share “equality in potentiality” (Tusi 43-44). It is important to establish this fact about Tusi because ideas about human nature are one of the main foundations that political theories are built upon. For example, if a certain thinker believes that human nature is inherently evil, that thinker may be in favor of harsh government to straighten out human actions. Though Tusi is very vocal about a human having the freedom to choose his own path, he still believes that humans cannot be perfect in their actions without the guidance of God and virtuous rulers (Black 148).

An important part of any political philosophy is how a citizen should be judged within a sovereign state. In the eyes of Tusi, human action in society can be based off either nature or convention, with nature referring to more universal components such as insight or common sense and convention referring to divine customs and laws of a society (Black 147). In what Tusi describes as his ideal political society, a great deal of its success depends on social organization and the co-operation of citizens in the economy and other crafts. With these things in place only three things can affect justice in the political society of Tusi; divine commandment, money, and human arbitrators (Black 148-149). Tusi’s faith in the success of a community government makes sense when you take into consideration his views of human nature and his faith in the human good.

Tusi makes the claim that love is one of the biggest factors of life in his ideal political society, with love being more central to the philosophy of Tusi than any other Islamic social theorist of the time (Black 149). When discussing the religious aspect of his ideal political society, his Imam Shi’ite background creeps into his works. Tusi makes the claim that the ideal and “virtuous city” will come when the whole world bows and down and associates themselves under the Imam (Black 151). His grouping of social status also have this highly religious influence, claiming that people of lower status groupings are not people of the faith and “image worshipers”, with people of faith and “virtuous philosophers” having the highest status in the society of Tusi (Black 151). Though these statements could be viewed as Shi’ite Muslim rhetoric put into action, it makes sense that his utopia would consist of classical Imami Shi’ite thought when looking at his life and beliefs. With that being said, his positive views on human nature, human freedom, and the possibilities of a community government were refreshing and new in the world of classic Muslim social theory.

Discussion Questions
1.	What did Tusi contribute to fields such as math and science?

2.	Explain Tusi’s view of human nature, and describe how it may differ from his contemporaries.

3.	What is Tusi’s rationale for human diversity?

4.	How does the concept of love fit into Tusi’s philosophy?

5.	If Tusi’s ideal society was in existence how would human action be judged as wrong or right? How would that society be virtuous in Tusi’s eyes?

Works Cited:
Black, Antony. The History of Islamic Political Thought. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Tusi, Nasir al-Din. The Nasirean Ethics. London: Tinling and Co., 1964.

http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/tusi.html, biographical work done by Dr. A. Zahoor.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html, biographical work done by J.J O'Connor and E.F. Robertson from the University of St Andrews, Scotland.

http://www.acampbell.ukfsn.org/assassins/index.html, historical work on the Assassins by Anthony Campbell.


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User:Carley Rose

This is a Wikipedia user page. This is not an encyclopedia article or the talk page for an encyclopedia article. If you find this page on any site other than Wikipedia, you are viewing a mirror site. Be aware that the page may be outdated and that the user whom this page is about may have no personal affiliation with any site other than Wikipedia.

title: User:Carley Rose


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The Preacher (Horace Silver song)

"The Preacher" is a composition by Horace Silver. The original version was recorded by Silver's quintet on February 6, 1955. It was soon covered by other musicians, including with lyrics added by Babs Gonzales. It has become a jazz standard.

Composition
"The Preacher" is based on the chords of "Show Me the Way to Go Home", which Silver often used to end his concerts. He wrote it in the Arlington Hotel on Twenty-Fifth Street in New York City, where he lived for four years from 1954.

Original recording
The original version featured Silver on piano, with Hank Mobley (tenor saxophone), Kenny Dorham (trumpet), Doug Watkins (bass), and Art Blakey (drums). "Fired by the song's rocking beat, Dorham and Mobley soar into blues-drenched, vocally inflected solos. Silver follows with a typically stripped-down statement, built around first a two-chord percussive figure and then a descending run, each repeated. Before taking the tune out, the band riffs behind his funky noodling in classic call-and-response fashion." "The gospel influence of 'The Preacher' was achieved subtly [...] with a melody and associated riffs which had a natural, built-in back-beat."

It was almost rejected by producer Alfred Lion, who thought it was "too old-timey", but it was retained at the insistence of Blakey and Silver, who threatened to cancel the session until Silver had written another tune to record in its place if it was not included.

"The Preacher" was released as a single along with "Doodlin'; the pairing "might be the first example of a jazz hit single going on to boost sales of its source album – or, as here, albums". It was Silver's first hit. The track helped trigger interest in hard bop among other musicians.

Later versions
The song was soon covered by other musicians, including organist Jimmy Smith (on At Club Baby Grand, Volume 1, 1956) and trombonist Kai Winding (on Trombone Panorama, 1956). Babs Gonzales added lyrics for his version. As of 2014, more than 220 versions of the song had been recorded.

title: The Preacher (Horace Silver song)


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Indrikson

Indrikson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Kaire Indrikson (born 1961), retired Estonian backstroke swimmer
 * Ulvi Indrikson, birth name of Ulvi Voog, (born 1937), Estonian former freestyle swimmer

title: Indrikson


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User:Rasimov Rasimov/sandbox

Civanism is an ancient code of ethics first noted among a small sect of Hittite tribesmen in the 14th century BC. Some of its traits can be compared with the later Chivalry and Bushido. From what is known about its followers, who where usually belonging to a warrior class, is that they tended to keep their beliefs secret.

Some historians its traditions are what Ishikism is based on.

Mythology
The Civanist mythology follows the life of the mythical figure Civan, a legendary and invincible warrior king sent from the sky to lead his people in a struggle for their freedom. His followers study his ways and pass on his teachings. They believe that when they need him the most, Civan will ascend back down to earth to lead his followers once again.

title: User:Rasimov Rasimov/sandbox


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Battle of Knockdoe

The Battle of Knockdoe took place on 19 August 1504 at Knockdoe, in the Parish of Lackagh (Irish Leacach), County Galway, between two Anglo-Irish lords—Gerald FitzGerald, Earl of Kildare, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, and Ulick Fionn Burke, 6th Clanricarde (d.1509)—along with their respective Irish allies. The cause was a dispute between Maelsechlainn mac Tadhg Ó Cellaigh (Mod. Irish Maoilseachlainn mac Thaidhg Uí Cheallaigh)(O'Kelly), King of Ui Maine – Mod. Irish Uí Mháine) and Clanricarde. The major contemporary sources for this battle are the Gaelic Irish annals and a sixteenth-century manuscript written in the Pale known as "the Book of Howth".

Background
Ulick Finn, as Burke was called, was an aggressive local magnate. He had become The Clanricarde in the year 1485, and sought to establish his authority over all Connacht, including County Mayo, where the other branch of the great de Burgh or de Burgo (Burke) family held power. He also pursued his family’s interests at the expense of the towns of Galway and Athenry, two urban centres in Connacht which, despite their remoteness from the Pale, were notable for their loyalty to Crown government in Ireland. Although both families were of Norman stock, the western de Burghs (or Burkes) were integrated into the Gaelic world, whereas the Fitzgeralds of the Pale, though Gaelicised, retained cultural, social and political links to England.

The King's Deputy, Gerald, Earl of Kildare (Gearóid Mór), became concerned that Ulick Burke's attempt to gain supremacy in Connacht could simultaneously threaten the Crown's interests in that province and his claim to be the paramount magnate in Ireland. He had tried to persuade Ulick to acknowledge his authority by giving him his daughter Estacia in marriage. But Ulick Burke resisted all attempts to have his power subordinated by the Earl of Kildare, forming an alliance with O'Brien of Thomond and the magnates of Munster. The Burkes of Mayo, on the other hand, joined forces with Kildare with a view to suppressing their dangerous neighbour.

In 1503 Ulick Burke attacked and destroyed the castles of O'Kelly, Lord of Hymany, at Monivea (Muine Mheá), Garbally (Gallach) and Castleblakeney (Garbhdhoire). The Irish sources attest that O'Kelly complained of this to the Lord Deputy. Burke then occupied Galway. Since the city had a royal charter (from 1484), as the Crown's representative in Ireland, Kildare was forced to act.

Personal reasons
Burke appears to have also taken up with O'Kelly's wife, and there may have been ill-feeling between the Lord Deputy and Burke because of the latter's treatment of Gearóid Mór's daughter.

The battle
It appears that for political (and possibly personal) reasons the Lord Deputy was eager to help O'Kelly weaken the prestige of Clanrickarde. Both sides gathered to their side a large contingent of lesser magnates and their armies. The Lord Deputy's forces included contingents from Leinster, Ulster, and Connacht, among which were the armies of Red Hugh O'Donnell (Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill) and Art Ó Néill, the McDermotts and Morrisroes of Connacht and a contingent provided by O'Kelly. Facing them were the forces of Burke and his allies – the O'Briens of Thomond, the McNamaras, the O'Kennedys, and the O'Carrolls.

The armies met on the slopes of Knockdoe, almost a mile to the north of Lackagh Parish Church, with heavily armed Gallowglass playing a large part on both sides. The battle appears to have lasted all day, with the heaviest fighting (according to tradition) taking place along the River Clare in the townland of Ballybrone (Baile Bhróin). The precise number of casualties is unknown, though contemporary observers, as evidenced in later chronicles, were impressed by the extent of the slaughter. Round the summit of Knockdoe are many cairns (burial mounds)

The Lord Deputy, though victorious, had many among the slain. His army remained the night on the field as a token of victory, then marched to Galway, looting Claregalway castle en route and taking as prisoners the two sons and daughter of Ulick Burke. They remained in Galway for a few days and then travelled to Athenry.

The Clanrickarde Burkes faded into obscurity for some decades, with their rivals, the Mayo Burkes, gaining influence as a consequence.

It is said that firearms were employed in the course of the battle, an early instance of their use in Ireland. According to the Book of Howth, one soldier of the Clanrickarde Burkes was beaten to death with a handgun.

Books

 * Blackmore, Liz, John Cronin, Donal Ferrie agus Bríd Higgins (ed.), 2001. In Their Own Words: The Parish of Lackagh-Turloughmore and its People. Galway. ISBN 0-9539834-0-4
 * McCollough, David W. (ed.), 2000. Wars of the Irish Kings: A Thousand Years of Struggle, from the Age of Myth through the Reign of Queen Elizabeth 1. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4028-9562-3

title: Battle of Knockdoe


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Wikipedia:GLAM/Museums Galleries Scotland/Events and Workshops

This page features details of all events and workshops connected to the Museums Galleries Scotland / Glasgow Museums residency. If you don't see anything here which interests you, why not suggest a future event?

Upcoming Events
'''All events in this residency have now taken place. Thank you to all who participated!'''


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Cookbook:Apple Bundt Cake

| Cake

Apple bundt cake is very easy to make, requires no fancy frosting or filling, and is delicious for serving at breakfast, tea time or even as a birthday cake with a chocolate or fruit glaze covering.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups (450 g / 16 oz) white granulated sugar
 * Zest of 1 lemon
 * 4 eggs
 * 1 cup (250 ml / 8.5 fl oz) vegetable oil
 * 1 tsp vanilla
 * 2 cups (275 g / 9.7 oz) flour
 * ½ tsp allspice
 * ½ tsp nutmeg
 * 2 tsp baking powder
 * 2 tsp baking soda
 * 1 tsp salt
 * 1 tsp cinnamon
 * 3 large tart apples, grated
 * ½ cup (40 g / 1.4 oz) raisins

Procedure

 * 1) Mix quickly the sugar and lemon rind in a food processor.
 * 2) Add eggs and blend until it becomes a nice cream.
 * 3) Continue blending while slowly adding the oil. Blend until well mixed and add vanilla.
 * 4) In a separate bowl sift the dry ingredients all together (flour, allspice, nutmeg, baking powder, baking soda, salt and cinnamon).
 * 5) Mix the dry ingredients slowly into the batter, blending until it becomes nice and thick.
 * 6) Add grated apples and blend quickly into batter just to mix. Be sure not to overblend and shred the apples too much.
 * 7) Add raisins, and pulse the processor as to just mix them in and not shred them.
 * 8) Bake in a bundt pan for 55 minutes at approximately 320°F (160°C; gas mark 3) or until a knife inserted into the center comes out clean.

title: Cookbook:Apple Bundt Cake


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Talk:Camp Zama

History of Sobu-dai
I copied this here from the article. I'm not sure where it's from, but could be copy-vio. Even if it isn't it probably shouldnt just be cut and pasted into this article. If there is imoprtant info in this story it should be added selectively and in an encyclopedic tone. —Nate Scheffey 02:35, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

I actually copied and pasted that into this article orignially and it was removed after subsequent edits. It was copied verbatim from the 9th TASC Force page (with permission) - I guess it is more efficient to just have the link to it.

Transfer of School from Ichigaya
The Military Academy of the Japanese Imperial Army located on Ichigaya Heights trained many cadets for about 60 years from the first year of the Meiji Era. With the rapid growth of Tokyo City, it was thought more suitable in terms of training to move Ube school to a suburban area. Thus in the 7th year of Showa, at the height of the Manchurian Incident, the motion to move gained impetus in the central government. However at this time the construction of a modern school building was already under way at Ichigaya Heights because the earthquake in 1923 had destroyed most of the school buildings. Most of the work on the new palatial sized building of reinforced concrete had actually been completed by that time. Under these circumstances it was a bold decision on the part of Army Headquarters when it decided to move the Regular Course Academy to Zama, and the Preparatory Course School to Asaka.

Commencement of Construction of Zama New School Building
The Japanese Army purchased mulberry farms and forests on the heights of Zama village and a portion of Araiso village on the north of the village as site for the new Military Academy buildings. The construction was principally handled by the Fujita Construction company from November 1936 with the bulk of the first project completed in the fall of 1937. The area, located on high land similar to Ichigaya, was a beautiful place commanding a view of the Sagami River and in the distance Mt. Oyama and Tanzawa Mountains covered with snow.

The move from Ichigaya to Zama heights was commenced on 30 September 1937 and Zama village changed into a place where future officers of the Imperial Japanese Army were to be trained.

In December 1937, it was decided to construct a new concrete highway from Haramachida Station to Zama Heights to welcome the Emperor to Zama for the first commencement exercise. Based on the decision, the Ministry of Railways hurriedly constructed a new station platform exclusively for the Imperial train at Haramachida Station. The Civil Engineering Department, Kanagawa Prefecture constructed the Gyoko-Doro (TN: Highway for the Imperial visit) in about two months under the direct command of the department chief by working around-the-clock. This the best highway in the prefecture at the time was constructed to welcome His Majesty. Even now the local residents call the highway Gyoko-Doro, in recollection of the past event.

Imperial Visit
The 50th graduation ceremony was held for the first time in the New Zama School December 20, 1937

His Majesty boarded the Imperial train at Harajuku Station for Haramachida Station. From Haramachida the Imperial motorcade proceeded along the newly finished highway through the wheat fields. The first stop was at the maneuvering ground (now the USARJ golf course) north of the Military Academy where he inspected the joint maneuvers by the graduates. His Majesty - riding on the Imperial horse, Shirayuki (White Snow)- inspected a military review held at the Sagamihara Plain. After the parade he rested at the newly built rest house. In the afternoon His Majesty honored the commencement exercise with his presence.

At the time Zama was a desolate village having nothing worth seeing. However, the flow of people increased suddenly due to the new Military Academy and the annual prospect of a visit by the Emperor. Thus it was suddenly decided to promote the village to the status of a town. The governor of Kanagawa Prefecture, Kiyoshi Nakarai (current mayor of Yokohama) began preparations to organize the village to become a town effective on National Foundation Day, 11 February. However, the Headman of Zama Village, Kyoshiro Inagaki, requested that the town status be made retroactive to the date of the Emperor's visit in commemoration of that event. The Ministry of Home Affairs accepted the request and made the date 20 December 1937, the date of the Imperial visit. According to the people who know the events of these days, Zama settlement celebrated joyfully all night, holding lantern processions and many festivities.

Name of Sobu-dai
On the date of his visit, His Majesty had summoned the War Minister, General Sugiyama, to the rest house and honored him with an Imperial message to name this land Sobu-dai. Everyone was deeply moved and it became known far and wide that the name of Sobu-dai had been given by the Emperor to a section of Zama village. Since then the name of Sobu-dai has come to be widely used by the school and by the local residents. The Odakyu Railways has changed the station name from Zama to Sobu-dai-mae, Sagami Railways from Zama-shindo Station to Sobu-dai-shita. (Note: The present Zama Station on the Odakyu Line was called Zama-yuen Station. After being purchased by the National Railways, the Sagami Railways was amalgamated to the National Railways changing its name to Sagami Line.) On the other hand, authorities of the Military Academy decided to erect a monument to commemorate the Imperial gift of the name Sobu-dai. They lost no time in finding a rock in Shioyama, Koshu and transported it onto the campus by a trailer truck. The monument was inscribed carefully by a mason who was resident of Koshu. It took over one and a half years before its completion. Finally in August 1940, a grand monument 4 meters high was erected inside the main gate.

Three characters "SO BU DAI" on the stone are not the Emperor's autograph, but are the ones obtained by enlarging the characters in the Imperial script signed by His Majesty.

The inscriptions on the reverse side read as follows:

In 1937 (12th year of Showa) the Military Academy of the Japanese Imperial Army moved to this site from Ichigaya, Tokyo.

On December 20, the same year, a graduation ceremony was held at the school in the presence of the Emperor. After observing the graduation exercises, the Emperor ordered the War Minister to name this site on which the school was located.

"SOBU-DAI"
The War Minister, deeply impressed by His Majesty's words, replied that every effort would be made to meet the Emperor's expectations in producing worthy soldiers through progressively superior training.

In the pages of the KOJIKI (oldest known history of Japan) it is said that the origin of Sobu-dai stems from Crown Prince Yamatotakeru-norikoto who proclaimed this entire province "Sobu" after his conquest of the Plains of Kanto.

The Prince also observed that this hill racing the Sagami Plains to the east had tactical advantages and was most suitable for the military training of the Samurai. Hence, the traditional military use of this area is carried forward to this day.

I, hereby, inscribe on this stone the three large characters, "SOBU DAI", as the name bestowed by His Majesty, the Emperor, and relate its historical significance on the reverse side.

 * 20th of August in the 15th Year of Showa (1940 A.D.)

 * General Gen Sugiyama

 * Military Councilor to the Emperor

 * The Senior Grade or the Third Class Court Rank

 * The First Order of Merit

 * The Fifth Class

When the war was over it was a matter of concern to the Japanese that the US occupation forces might dispose of the monument. So the remaining troops removed the monument and buried it behind the foundation. But by the order of Lt. Gen. Eichelberger, Commanding General, 8th Army, the monument was re-erected on the former site. The US authorities have continuously paid special attention to preserve it as an historic Japanese monument. Thus it is still to be seen in its original shape by the people coming in through the main gate.

Expansion of the Military Academy
When the Japanese Military Academy was transferred to Zama in 1937, it was intended to accommodate a maximum of eight companies for the first and second term classes (4 companies per class). At the time the school was deemed sufficient. The expansion of the China Incident into the Greater East Asia War, necessitated the increase of students and addition of educational equipment. Annually the equipment were added and new land space purchased for additional buildings. By 1940 both front and south sides of the school area had been purchased with additional students' billets constructed. At the end of the war, the billeting capacity increased to handle 20 companies of students.

After the move of the Military Academy to Zama, the Central Headquarters decided to change Sagamihara Area into a group of military bases and military industrial zones. Thus Sagami Arsenal (presently Sagami General Depot), The Communication School (presently Sagami Women's College and so forth), The First Telegraph Regiment (presently US dependent housing), Provisional Tokyo No. 9 Military Hospital (presently National Sagamihara Hospital), Armor Equipping School (presently Camp Fuchinobe) and so forth were established. The maneuvering ground located behind the military Academy combined with the adjacent maneuvering grounds of other units into a vast area for joint maneuvers. At present almost all of the lands have been transferred to private ownership. The maneuver grounds have been converted into housing areas, factories, golf links, farms and so forth. And now the change has been so great that it is hard to visualize past days.

The Status of Sobu-dai at the End of the War
The Greater East Asia War and, the enemy's air raids growing intensive with the possibility of enemy landing on the mainland eminent, that it was decided to move the Military Academy to a safer location. In June 1945, the 'rain force moved to Honmoku Village, Kita-saku-gun, Nagano Prefecture, leaving behind a unit of technical students. Colonel Ikuo (a 33rd term graduate) was appointed as the caretaker commander for the remaining Military Academy at Sobu-dai. Also a portion of the 53rd Corps and the military headquarters which were stationed at Isohara under the command of Lt General Akashiba with mission to defend the beaches of Sagami-bay moved into the South School Building which had been emptied by the transfer. The war ended on the 15 August 1945.

We have heard many sad stories told in many different places following the end of the war and Sobu-dai was no exception. Several young men committed suicide in front of Otakebi Shrine. One of them was a mess sergeant who was stationed in Nagano Prefecture at the end of the war. He hurriedly returned to the school and committed harakiri. Four of the 5th term technical students remaining in Sobu-dai school died stabbing each other with their swords after shouting, "Long live the Emperor'."

If all the students had been stationed in Sobu-dai at the end of the war, we think there would have been more tragedies. It was fortunate that all soldiers were demobilized at the evacuation center in Nagano Prefecture. Several years after the war, it was discovered that a body and possessions of a student had been buried near the shrine in a wooden box. Searching the neighborhood utilizing a US Engineer pipeline sounder, the body was discovered and delivered to the bereaved. As for the Otakebi shrine, the remaining troops transferred the objects of warship to another place lest the US Occupation Forces should defile it. After the removal, the troops burnt down the shrine. At present we can still see two gates of the shrine and a part of the stone steps reminding one of the old days. At other places some weapons wore buried under the ground. The largest were two light tanks buried in an open space behind the supply depot. These also were delivered to the Finance Ministry through the Procurement Agency after being dug up in 1951.

Stationing of the Occupation Forces
Approximately one battalion of the 1st Cavalry Division landed in Yokohama and finally entered Sobu-dai early in the morning on 5 September. In order to negotiate the requisition and disarmament, Major General King, Division Commander came to the school accompanied by his staff. As to why the divisional commander himself came to negotiate maybe in deference to the rank held by the Commandant (Lt General) and to the school which was the counterpart to the US Military Academy. Unfortunately, Lt General Kitano, the Commandant had been transferred as Commanding General of the Eastern Army after the end of the war, and the face-to-face meeting of the two generals was not realized on the plains of Sagamihara. Presumably, Major General King might have felt disappointed at the meeting that did not materialize. Military negotiations with the US forces were conducted satisfactorily by Major Kano (the 19th term class). Actually the cavalry division was an infantry division equipped with heavy vehicles. The occupation unit immediately employed a portion of the Japanese personnel who had worked for the Japanese Army to put the school grounds in order. Shortly after a care-taking unit replaced the occupation unit and hung the sign "4th Replacement Depot" on the gate. Later the name of the installation was changed to Camp Zama and the main mission of the camp along with Atsugi Camp (presently Atsugi Naval Air Station) also changed to a stop over base for soldiers from the Far East awaiting transportation by ships.

Later, the mission of the replacement depot came to an end and Camp Atsugi changed into a Marine Base and Naval Air-Station. In 1951, Camp Zama also changed into the occupation base for the 8th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division and to Air Defense Communication Center. Soon after the Peace Treaty was signed.

Americanization of Sobu-dai
Since its requisition by the US Forces, Sobu-dai has undergone changes in the American style. The first change was an introduction of flush toilets. The second was painting of the buildings. These portions of the barracks and warehouses were remodeled into bachelor's billets. From 1948 forests around and east of the Otakebi Shrine were designated as a US housing area and construction was started. The large auditorium was changed into a theater. A baseball field was constructed on the school ground. But there were practically no drastic changes in the occupation days, because the primary mission was to serve as a temporary barracks for the replacements.

Even after the war which ended in 1945, upon entering the old student's billets we could still see the door plates in Japanese characters reading "The 3rd Company" "Commander's Room" or 'Company Office" attached to the US soldier's billets. The great imperial chrysanthemum crest in front of the school headquarters had been removed immediately by the Japanese side, but the large star under the eaves of the auditorium remained there until a few years ago. As far as the maneuvering ground located north of the school was concerned, a portion of it was sold to private ownership. But rest was requisitioned by the US Forces and the area remained status quo for several years because the US Army did not hold maneuvers nor did they damage the area. But in 1950, the field where the Emperor had stood was converted to a golf course for the US Army. Soon after, Headquarters USARJ moved into

Sobu-dai, and the landmarks of Sobu-dai changed completely.

Establishment of Headquarters USARJ
The US Forces had preparations under way to reorganize itself from occupation forces status to that of security forces on signing of the peace treaty. However, in 1951 the Korean War broke out unexpectedly and it became an urgent necessity to organize the Japanese mainland as a US logistical base. Nevertheless it was still planned to move US installations gradually from the city to suburban areas. So according to the schedule the GHQ in Marunouchi, Tokyo was to be abolished and moved to Fuchu changing the name to Joint Headquarters, Tri Services. The Japan Logistical Command in Custom House Building, Yokohama serving as US Army Headquarters was also scheduled for move to a suburban area with its title changed to US Army Headquarters Far East. Thus, suitable sites for the relocation were surveyed. In February 1952, at south Camp Zama a fire broke out from a heating boiler due to the carelessness of a US soldier on duty as charge of quarters. Five buildings of the former Japanese students' school were reduced to ashes. Consequently it was decided that a new headquarters building would be erected on the fire-ravaged area. The design of the building was entrusted to Raymond Architectural Design Co. and the actual construction was done by several large construction firms including the Takenaka, Kashima, Nishimatsu construction Companies. Finally in the summer of 1953 a somewhat unique two-storied, reinforced concrete building named the "Little Pentagon", after the Department of Defense Pentagon in Washington D. C. was completed. After the changeover with the cavalry regiment it has become the hub of the US Amy in Japan. The name was changed to Headquarters USARJ and has remained so to date. Although it may be nominal the Headquarters, United Nations Command shares the same building.

(the History of Sobu-dai is Reprinted with permission of the United States Army, Japan and 9th TSC)

Bad link
Hi!

The reference in this article to the 78th Aviation Battalion links to the Wikipedia article for the US Air Force.

78th Aviation is an Army helicopter unit with 2 UC-35 jets attached from an Army fixed-wing unit in Korea. They have no connection to the US Air Force; the link should be removed. I'm a little new at this, so I don't want to barge in and mess it up.

I was a member of the unit from August 2000 until December 2002. Good times.

<IP_ADDRESS> 14:26, 4 November 2006 (UTC)Chris Roberts

 * I removed the USAF link, and put a small comment in the source code for editors who may be inclined to add it back. Neier 22:06, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

News on attempted attack on Camp Zama
Wonder if this should be added...

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070213/wl_asia_afp/japanusmilitaryblast_070213002818

Ominae 03:39, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

1 corps hq
I've just read that 1 Corps HQ has opened in Camp Zama. I don't know any details. Brettr (talk) 02:33, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on Camp Zama. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to https://aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/
 * Added tag to http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:oE9ASCivi70J:www.examiner.com/article/michael-jackson-was-long-time-u-s-military-supporter&hl=en&gl=uk&strip=1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160820015723/http://www.dodea.edu/Pacific/Japan/CampZama/ZamaAmericanHS/upload/zahsdatawall-2.pdf to http://www.dodea.edu/Pacific/Japan/CampZama/ZamaAmericanHS/upload/zahsdatawall-2.pdf

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"Torii" Camp Zama Community Newspaper/Pic
I have a personal copy of the Camp Zama community newspaper "Torii" covering the appearance of Michael Jackson at Camp Zama in 2007. On the cover is a photo of Michael Jackson receiving a Certificate of Appreciation during his visit. I would like to upload a picture of it and add it to the page. Hope you will find this as a good addition. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ds381 (talk • contribs) 19:25, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Camp Zama. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060427174137/http://www.usarj.army.mil/ to http://www.usarj.army.mil/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070520082237/http://www.zama-hs.pac.dodea.edu/ to http://www.zama-hs.pac.dodea.edu/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060427174137/http://www.usarj.army.mil/ to http://www.usarj.army.mil/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050122020014/http://zamaalumni.com/ to http://www.zamaalumni.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030807223448/http://mywebpages.comcast.net/jgbarber65/ to http://mywebpages.comcast.net/jgbarber65/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:20, 29 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Camp Zama


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/United Graffiti Artists

The result was keep. Creative collaborations are a tricky subject with respect to WP:NORG, which could theoretically be interpreted as covering any kind of ensemble. However, there is substantial consensus in this discussion that this article, as improved over the course of the discussion, now meets that threshold as well. BD2412 T 00:47, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

United Graffiti Artists

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

It is a collective/group, thus subject to WP:NORG. This article has been A7'd twice, and recreated again this year. There's still no indication that it meets the stringent expectations that this collective be retained. Even if the members are notable, the organization does not inherit notability and the sources presented fails WP:SIRS. Going out guide in NYT doesn't constitute significant, nor does a casual mention in the local Downtown Los Angeles paper like the following carry a significant weight. "Gastman brought together a wide array of artists for the current show. That includes graffiti pioneers Taki 183 and SJK 171, who were members of the landmark group the United Graffiti Artists, which was active decades ago." Graywalls (talk) 21:35, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Visual arts-related deletion discussions. Graywalls (talk) 21:35, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. Graywalls (talk) 21:35, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of New York-related deletion discussions. Graywalls (talk) 21:35, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep because I believe interpreting NCORP to apply to an artist collective to supersede GNG is an incorrect interpretation. And anyways, the peer reviewed sources I just added would satisfy NCORP -- in particular the chapter on the group in the peer reviewed MIT book. But also the other peer reviewed texts that repeatedly state that UGA was the first graffiti group and the first to promote grafitti as a high art (e.g. for gallery/market display) Theredproject (talk) 01:39, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * comment., Did you read what NORG says? "The scope of this guideline covers all groups of people organized together " Graywalls (talk) 05:29, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , and if you read on, it says “This guideline does not cover small groups of closely related people such as families, entertainment groups, co-authors, and co-inventors covered by WP:Notability (people).” A collaborative art group are co-authors. Theredproject (talk) 12:35, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * (question was raised at WT:N about this). There's no indication this group are "co-authors" or "co-artists". They are a group working towards common activism to promote graffiti, so they clearly fall as an organization and NORG applies. --M asem (t) 17:14, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep, per above. Also found a New Yorker article, which mentions their contributions to a Twyla Tharp production. Caro7200 (talk) 13:58, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * comment did you feel it was significant and in-depth? It was more than a brief mention in a passing, but less than significant and in-depth as required by WP:SIRS. Graywalls (talk) 16:03, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I certainly did. Caro7200 (talk) 16:07, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Arts-related deletion discussions. Graywalls (talk) 16:27, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep per WP:HEY and WP:GNG. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 16:24, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * comment Please have another look. An editor incorrectly editorialized and said the US Forest Services credited them. Have you seen the sources? They don't exactly satisfy significant, independent, reliable and secondary coverage in multiple sources. Satisfying all these is a requirement for article inclusion. There just isn't enough significant coverage focusing on UGA. I'll include an example of co-incidental coverage I learned while participating in a different AfD. Co-incidental coverage that happens due to something other than the subject of the article should not really be counted with any significance, for example, the appearance of Kitten Rescue here https://sports.yahoo.com/colton-haynes-adopts-cat-names-160954900.html would be considered completely trivial and the coverage occurred only because of Colton Haynes. Graywalls (talk) 17:11, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I am also convinced by (at least 2 pages of in-depth coverage) and  (detailed paragraph). AleatoryPonderings (talk) 17:44, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I don’t know the topic well enough to !vote on notability, but NORG definitely applies. To establish notability we need sources that discuss (in reasonable depth) this collective/group AS A WHOLE, and not just the individuals who made up the collective/group. Blueboar (talk) 17:22, 21 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook talk:Crab Quesadillas with Mango Salsa

This recipe was moved to Wikibooks from the Wikipedia article Crab Quesadillas with Mango Salsa. The page history at the time the text was moved is listed below.

 * 1) cur) (last)  14:23, 30 Mar 2004 Delsphynx m (=Ingredients= Marscapone changed to mascarpone)
 * 2) (cur) (last) 13:03, 25 Mar 2004 <IP_ADDRESS> (Onions become translucent, not transparent)
 * 3) (cur) (last) 19:50, 9 Mar 2004 Bevo
 * 4) (cur) (last) 20:01, 6 Mar 2004 <IP_ADDRESS>
 * 5) (cur) (last) 00:43, 7 Feb 2004 Emperorbma m
 * 6) (cur) (last) 21:05, 20 Oct 2003 Bevo (added to first paragraph and also added ==See also== section)
 * 7) (cur) (last) 23:06, 17 Oct 2003 Dgrant (some experimental formatting)
 * 8) (cur) (last) 23:11, 16 Oct 2003 Bevo (used same style for both recipe titles in this article)
 * 9) (cur) (last) 15:46, 16 Oct 2003 Dgrant (changed coriander link)
 * 10) (cur) (last) 20:55, 15 Sep 2003 Bevo (linked inch)
 * 11) (cur) (last) 05:47, 5 Jul 2003 ( m (relink lime)
 * 12) (cur) (last) 23:25, 16 May 2003 Jimfbleak m (removed cilantro link, which is a redirect to coriander)
 * 13) (cur) (last) 23:20, 16 May 2003 TUF-KAT m (might as well link)
 * 14) (cur) (last) 23:15, 16 May 2003 Jimfbleak m (wikifying)
 * 15) (cur) (last) 18:44, 16 Jan 2003 Hephaestos m (formatting)
 * 16) (cur) (last) 08:51, 25 Feb 2002 Conversion script m (Automated conversion)

need to split this
This is 2 recipes.


text:
Talk:Asda Radio

Asda FM Live
They seem to use the brand name "Asda FM Live" these days - is this the official title of the radio station?

Philedmondsuk (talk) 18:09, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

Location
I've found this - and that seems pretty fresh — but no Google maps show any Headland Media retails in that building. Nor [http://uk.maps.yahoo.com/#q=2A+Queen+Street%2C+Leeds%2C+ENG+LS1+2&conf=1&start=1&lat=53.797160901632935&lon=-1.554063856601715&zoom=19&mvt=h&tt=Headland+Media+Retail a Yahoo! map yielded any]... Josh, linguist (talk) 13:34, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asda Radio


text:
Cookbook:Teaspoon

| Equipment

A teaspoon is a unit of volume measure equal to 1/3 tablespoon. It is exactly equal to 5 ml. In the USA there are 16 teaspoons in 1/3 cup, and there are 6 teaspoons in 1 fluid ounce.

"Teaspoon" may be abbreviated as t (note: lowercase letter t) or tsp.

A small spoon, as might be used for eating yogurt from a small container or adding sugar to tea, is about 1 teaspoon in size.

title: Cookbook:Teaspoon


text:
Saint-Germain-Nuelles

Saint-Germain-Nuelles is a commune in the Rhône department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France. It is the result of the merger, on 1 January 2013, of the communes of Saint-Germain-sur-l'Arbresle and Nuelles.

title: Saint-Germain-Nuelles


text:
Talk:Midḥat Pāshā

Source for spelling:
 * - Old ISBN: 019975988X // Cited: p. 341

WhisperToMe (talk) 08:37, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Midḥat Pāshā


text:
Talk:Victorian Greens

discussion of the article
This article says that the Victorian Greens "they are often represented by a lead candidate, who is preselected by the party as the need arises".

While undoubtedly they have eight upper house candidates who are in a lead role, it is not true that all eight of these candidates are in a stronger position than the strongest of the lower house candidates. And while they have one lead upper house candidate for the Senate, I would consider the position of "Leader of the Victorian Greens" to be related to state elections.

So since they haven't preselected a lead candidate for the coming state election, I'm gonna delete this. Ben Raue (Talk) 10:23, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I was thinking we should change the name of this article to "Australian Greens Victoria", since that's actually the name of the party. Any thoughts? Ben Raue (Talk) 23:24, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That is indeed the correct name of for the article. I'll move it now. — coe l acan t a lk  — 06:50, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Fed primary vote?
May I suggest changing the table results from the lower to the upper house. The upper is where their vote counts and is what it used on Australian Greens. They received over 10% in Victoria in the 2007 election. Timeshift (talk) 10:27, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Requested move 18 May 2023

The result of the move request was: moved. Unopposed proposal; moving the page under WP:RMNOMIN. (closed by non-admin page mover) ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 13:51, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

Australian Greens Victoria → Victorian Greens – Per the recent moves of state party branches to names that align with WP:COMMONNAME Loytra (talk) 23:02, 18 May 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. >>> Extorc . talk  08:27, 25 May 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Victorian Greens


text:
Robin O'Neil

Robin O'Neil is a Holocaust researcher and author. After a career as the British major crimes' investigator who worked on criminal investigations for Scotland Yard, the Metropolitan Police Service, and London Home Counties Police, he obtained his Masters and Doctorate with the Hebrew and Jewish Department at University College London. He now specialises in researching Nazi war crimes and the destruction of the European Jewish communities (1933–1945).

Biography
Robin O'Neil has pursued his work to the Baltic States and former USSR. He has launched a number of investigations into the perpetrators of the Holocaust, particularly those active in Lithuania and occupied Poland during World War II. He has conducted research regarding the Schutzstaffel (SS) and extermination camp commandants of Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka.

O'Neil has performed extensive source research into the Oskar Schindler story. A historical consultant to several TV documentaries and radio broadcasts in the UK and abroad, he is an honoured guest of Schindler's home town, Svitavy, Czech Republic, and is a regular lecturer at universities in the United Kingdom, United States, Israel, and Eastern Europe. In his spare time he conducts research into the House of Habsburg and Shakespeare's England. In 2013, after prolonged research, O'Neil completed his work on a new book about the Gustav Mahler family under the Third Reich.

The Rabka Four
O'Neil's work ''The Rabka Four - Instruments of Genocide and Grand Larceny. A Warning from History'' was first published completely online in 2011 by the Yizkor Book Project. It was made available by O'Neil to JewishGen for the purpose of fulfilling their mission of disseminating knowledge about the Holocaust. The monograph is devoted to the history of the German SS training facility Sipo-SD Academy in Rabka in occupied Poland where, "under the cloak of war – personal vendetta, corruption, robbery and murder [became] endemic among the SS" functionaries. O'Neil reveals how the euphemistic language spoken within the Nazi State allowed for the sanitization of genocide and the creation of the complete illusion of 'plain speak' in phrases such as 'treatment', 'processing', and 'resettlement' which enabled the SS to turn mass murder into a "bureaucratic paper chase".

Publications

 * 1998: East European Jewish Affairs Vol. 28, 49: "Belzec: The 'Forgotten' Death Camp"
 * 1999: East European Jewish Affairs Vol. 29, 85: A Reassessment of the Number of Victims Belzec
 * 2008: Oskar Schindler: Stepping Stone To Life. Jewish Heritage Committee, New York
 * 2009: Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide. Museum of Jewish Heritage, New York
 * 2010: The Rabka Four - Instruments of Genocide and Grand Larceny. Spiderwize, London
 * 2013: The Mahler Family Legacy Under the Third Reich

E-book publications

 * Belzec: The Destruction Of The Jews In The District Of Galicia
 * Galicia, Poland
 * Schindler: Stepping Stone To Life
 * Kaunas, Lithuania: The Kovno Ghetto Diary (Kaunas Ghetto)
 * Poland And Her Jews 1941–1944.
 * Belzec: Prototype For The Final Solution.
 * Sipo-SD Rabka Police School, occupied Poland.

Other work

 * Educational establishments and Synagogues, UK. Other Aspects 2000
 * Belzec Archaeology lecture: University of Leicester 2006
 * The Elchanan and Miriam Elkes Memorial Lecture "Stepping Stones to Genocide: Aktion Reinhardt and the Holocaust"
 * Holocaust Education: Co-founder, Historical Consultant and contributor to www.holocaustresearchproject.org
 * Consultant and participant on documentary film and television projects in Israel, Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom
 * 1998–2000: Archaeology. Seconded to the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland) archaeological survey on the site of Belzec Death Camp

title: Robin O'Neil


text:
Talk:Amiga Unix

Rumor
I removed this text: "Rumors state that due an ironic fate, after the first acquisition of Commodore, workstations where the AMIX development took place were formatted by mistake, consequently leading the AMIX operating system to sure extinction." because I have first-hand knowlege of the events that I believe led to this rumor. The actual incident was not as significant as this text implied and is not particularly interesting in the context of this article.

Finest Unix
Is there any basis at all for this being considered one of the "finest Unices" of its time? It looks like a straight System VR4 port with no (or few) add-ons or features to differentiate it from a dozen other generic ports of the early 90s. Is there any particular way it's notable as a UNIX? <IP_ADDRESS> 18:03, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point. What's more, the notion is introduced by using weasel words (who considered it such? Who says this?). This time I'm removing the claim, next time be bold and DIY.--<IP_ADDRESS> 13:50, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Whether it was the finest UNIX of its time depends on your definition of "fine". It did have a lot going for it, though, like having been recompiled with GCC (rather than with the standard AT&T compiler, which generated code that ran much slower), and a good complement of GNU software in its basic install, plus source code for (nearly) all the bits that Commodore added, like drivers for the Commodore devices and such. I know this because I owned a copy and ran it on a A3000T-UX. Maribert (talk) 14:57, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I owned several revisions of Amiga UNIX and need to comment about the use of gcc in later versions. They were all direct ports of the AT&T SVR4 source code with almost bare-minimum device driver support written specifically for the Amiga.  It did not use any of the Amiga's special multimedia hardware.  As for the use of GCC, the later versions, including the last, were compiled with GCC because at that time AT&T compiler was badly lagging behind GCC in performance on the MC68K architecture.  The net gain of rebuilding with GCC actually resulted in a much faster system.  I know this because I had developed software on the original Amiga 2500, the Amiga A2630 MC68030 accellerator, and various Amiga 3000 models including the 3000 T. --KJRehberg (talk) 01:40, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Comparisons to price and performance
There are a number of issues that I have with this article.

First of all, we should stick to comparisons of the operating systems themselves. I feel that the article goes too deep into comparing the underlying hardware. Furthermore, those comparisons need to be sourced from an external article. I feel that the author of those statements is making original research.

Second of all, without such an article to reference, you cannot make a comparative statement that Amix on a 3000UX was "not very attractive". Sure, Sun just released the SPARCstation 2 (Sparc/40) and had the Sun 3/470 (030/33) for two years by then, while SGI had the IRIS 4D/30 (R4000/30) and just release the Indigo (R3000A/33), but isn't that something to discuss over on the 3000UX page? How well did Amix work on a standard 3000UX verus IRIX and SunOS? Was it more processor and/or memory efficient than other Unixes at the time? Dinjiin (talk) 20:59, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

I had one of these A3000UX systems with Amix running on it, so I know from first-hand experience that it was woefully underpowered. But this, indeed, had nothing to do with Amix, rather with the Amiga running it. Mine was a top-of-the-line model with 8 megabytes of main memory. Imagine running a full-blown UNIX on that kind of iron. Maribert (talk) 14:53, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=29

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:33, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

AmigaOS software under A/UX?
Is there any proof for the claim that A/UX included a compatibility layer to run AmigaOS software? I highly doubt such a thing ever existed. If no-one can come up with a reputable source for this claim, I'll remove it in about a year or two. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:40, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * lol It obviously didn't say that, but I ....clarified it. — Smuckola(talk) 19:59, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * It obviously said exactly that. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:24, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amiga Unix


text:
Sofia Kligkopoulou

Sofia Kligkopoulou (alternate spelling: Kligopoulou; born 6 January 1970) is a Greek former basketball player who competed with the senior Greek women's national team at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics.

title: Sofia Kligkopoulou


text:
User:Mimosatree

Mimosatree
I am a Translation Studies MSc student at the University of Edinburgh.

My example citation
I read an interesting story on the BBC News site.

My example lists
Things I like:
 * yoga
 * pagne and cloth
 * languages
 * creating crafts
 * hiking

title: User:Mimosatree


text:
Talk:Dré Bly

Untitled
Parts of the last Paragraph relating to the Denver Broncos are unreliable as they do not cite their sources and they use weasel words, "However, it has just been mentioned that Bly is unhappy about being traded to Denver. Supposedly, he wanted to become a Redskin due to the fact that the Redskins were willing to give him a new deal. Denver has told Bly they will not be giving him a new deal, and because of this, it looks like Denver and Washington will be starting negotiations on a deal that could send Shawn Springs to Denver and Dre' Bly to Washington. Denver has asked for running back Ladell Betts, who became a instant star after starting running back Clinton Portis got injured in the pre-season." Mentioned by who? Supposedly? These are weasel words as per wikipedia policy, and the source for this information is not cited. I will delete this section until it can be cleaned up as per Wikipedia's policy on biographies on living persons Cananadian402 22:09, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:51, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Dré Bly. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050407003519/http://www.detroitlions.com:80/bio.cfm?bio_id=11&season=7 to http://www.detroitlions.com/bio.cfm?bio_id=11&season=7
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071210123020/http://tarheelblue.cstv.com:80/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/072302aab.html#Bly to http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/072302aab.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070820030107/http://www.nfldraftscout.com:80/ratings/profile.php?pyid=60932 to http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/profile.php?pyid=60932
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050407003519/http://www.detroitlions.com:80/bio.cfm?bio_id=11&season=7 to http://www.detroitlions.com/bio.cfm?bio_id=11&season=7

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:35, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dré Bly