text:
User:Godsy/Waldoff's

Waldoff’s was an American Department Store chain founded in 1924 by Paul Waldoff in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. It offerred a wide variety of apparel, home furnishings, textiles, cosmetics, shoes and bridal registry; it expanded from its flagship store in downtown Hattiesburg to four locations in South Mississippi. After 70 years of service, Waldoff’s closed its doors in 1994.

History
In 1924, Paul Waldoff opened Waldoff’s Department Store in downtown Hattiesburg, Mississippu. Founded by newly arrived Jewish immigrants, Waldoff’s prided itself in offering new fashions at affordable prices with the very best service. After his death in 1962, Paul Waldoff’s son, Milton, took over operations of the store and eventually grew it to include four different locations throughout South Mississippi.

Under Milton’s direction, Waldoff’s pursued several unorthodox but ultimately successful advertising campaigns. One such campaign was the Tithe Day sale that occurred the Wednesday before each Thanksgiving. During the sale, Waldoff’s would donate 10 percent of each purchase to the customer’s religious institution. Over the years, the Waldoff’s received many national and international awards in advertising, including over 50 gold, silver and bronze awards from the National Advertising Bureau.

Waldoff’s was also the first store in the area to partner with a local university to promote sporting events and pep rallies. Waldoff’s held pep rallies and would frequently run full-page ads in the Hattiesburg American newspaper expressing support for The University of Southern Mississippi's Golden Eagles. Waldoff’s would also sell special shirts for football games and give a portion of the proceeds to the Athletic Department. Several decades worth of advertisements and correspondence can now be viewed at the Special Collections Department of the McCain Library on the Southern Miss campus.

Milton went on to open three new stores- Waldoff’s at Edgewater Mall in Biloxi as well as a new Waldoff’s at the new Cloverleaf Mall in Hattiesburg, and Milton’s Ltd. was opened in Hattiesburg as a small specialty store for young men and women. The original store was closed served the people of the Pine Belt and Gulf Coast for 70 years before closing its doors in 1994.

Later developments
After closing Waldoff’s in 1994, Milton Waldoff started the Waldoff Group, a consulting firm that helps struggling merchants and stores. The Waldoff Group specializes in conducting profitable going out of business sales. Milton, along with his wife Rita Mitchell-Waldoff, travels the country working with small specialty stores.

In September 2017, Signatures Magazine featured Waldoff’s as its main story. The article covered the history and cultural impact of the store in southern Mississippi. Milton Waldoff was heavily featured in the article, with several prominent business leaders in the area attesting to his business acumen.

title: User:Godsy/Waldoff's


text:
Eye of Spring Trade Center

The Eye of Spring Trade Center, also known as Dongfeng Plaza, is a complex of two skyscrapers under construction in Kunming, China. The towers will be 100 storeys at 407 m and 72 storeys at 326 m tall. Once completed, they will be the tallest in Kunming and Yunnan province.

The Eye of Spring complex is a part of the re-development of Dongfeng Square. Prior to the start of construction, The Historic Workers' Cultural Hall was demolished, the Dongfeng Square dug up, and work began on two underground metro stations on opposite sides of the square. Construction started in 2017 but was put on hold in Mid-2020, before construction resumed in 2021.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eye of Spring Trade Center


text:
User:Shashwat Trigunayat

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JGSDF_155mm_wheeled_self-propelled_howitzer_prototype.png

title: User:Shashwat Trigunayat


text:
Don Simmons (politician)

Donald William Simmons (14 February 1918 – 28 August 1986) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Peake from 1970 to 1979 for the Labor Party.

title: Don Simmons (politician)


text:
Tsentralnoye, Altai Krai

Tsentralnoye (Центральное) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Tsentralny Selsoviet, Rodinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 524 as of 2013. There are 12 streets.

Geography
Tsentralnoye is located 1.5 km west of the Kuchuk river, 29 km southeast of Rodino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Voznesenka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Tsentralnoye, Altai Krai


text:
Talk:Closure (mathematics)

Link to Spanish wiki
Hi, I speak spanish, so forgive my english. This article is not linked with spanish version. the spanish version is "Ley de composición interna". I don't know how to link the pages. Thanks
 * This request is over two years old! Sigh.....Added. occono (talk) 02:18, 22 August 2009 (UTC)
 * And now it is not there any more: I see it was a link to Operación_matemática — does that not work with the new mechanism? PJTraill (talk) 22:24, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

I think...
I think that the notion of "closure without qualifier", i.e. Closure (topology), referring to closed sets, should be made a little more visible. (Maybe some kind of "disambig list" at the end of the introduction.)

Also, I find that this article is written in a way which is somehow unnecessarily complicated... — MFH:Talk 22:12, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Are you referring to the rewrite I did a few days ago? What about it do you not like?  My main goal was to make it so that this page describes both the property called closure (a set satisfies this property if it is closed), as well as the closure operator (which maps each set to a closed set).  If you have some specific complaints, I could try to address them. -lethe talk [ +] 13:55, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

naturals not closed under subtraction
Natural numbers are not closed in subraction because one (natural number) minus (natural number) is zero (not a natural number). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ieopo (talk • contribs).
 * You're right about that. I'm glad you agree with the article, which says in the first sentence that "For example, [...] the natural numbers are not [closed under subtraction]".  Thank you for your help. -lethe talk [ +] 19:11, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * He’s right that they are not closed, but not that 0 is not a natural. PJTraill (talk) 22:24, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

-Side comment from random person: while 3 - 8 is indeed not a natural number, it may be a bit confusing because natural numbers are often confused with integers. I would recommend changing this to 3 / 8, as this would make it clear that it's not a natural number nor integer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:53, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I have left 3 - 8, but added text to clarify for beginners why -5 is not natural. PJTraill (talk)

Closed sets
The current version of the article states that.
 * An operation of a different sort is that of taking the limit of a sequence. A set that is closed under this operation is usually just referred to as a closed set in the context of topology.

This is not true. In a topological space a set is closed if and only if it is closed under taking the limits of nets or filters. Limits of sequences aren't sufficient in general. I would also say, that the article should refer to closure operator in the part about abstract closure operators. --Kompik 11:31, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with your points and have attempted to address them in the article. How do you like it now? -lethe talk [ +] 14:46, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The improvements appear to have been deleted, now. The uncorrect statement about closure in topology is still here.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:24, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

What about closure and repeating members?
If a set were to be {0, 1}, would that be closed under addition? 0+1 = 0, ok, 0+0=0, ok, but 1+1=2. Does this mean that it is not closed under addition? All the examples I can find use natural numbers or integers as sets. These don't matter for addition or division. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nswartz (talk • contribs) 15:05, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

As you point out, 1+1 = 2 ∉ {0,1}, so, no, our set is not closed under the usual addition operation for integers. In fact, no finite, nonempty set of integers other than {0} is closed under integer addition: let S be such a set; by assumption, S contains some nonzero member e. Then e + e +. . . + e = ne ∉ S for some integer n, since e ≠ e + e and S is finite.

On the other hand, define an operation + on our set {0,1} by

 * 0 + 0 = 0
 * 0 + 1 = 1
 * 1 + 0 = 1
 * 1 + 1 = 0

("addition mod 2"). In this case, the answer is "yes". For closure properties of sets of integers under addition more generally, the entries on modular arithmetic and cyclic groups seem like reasonable places to start.

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:33, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Closure Properties
Closure property is a property which a set either has or lacks with respect to a given operation.A set is closednwith respect to the operation if the operation can always be completed with elements in the set. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:54, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Closures in Functional Programming Languages
A discussion of how this relates (or doesn't) to closures in functional programming languages might be useful. I don't consider myself qualified to discuss this yet. Although the concept of mathematical closure has been brought up in some lectures on Lisp I've seen, the closures in the language seem like a more concrete, perhaps separate concept from mathematical closure... but I could be wrong. In other words, is "closure" in functional programming overloaded to mean something else, or not? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:55, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Somewhat late answer: “closure” in programming means something else (“having no open bindings” rather than “containing all results of an operation on its members”, which can only apply to a set), but I don’t think it is worth mentioning — Closure (disambiguation) is referenced, and that seems enough. PJTraill (talk) 22:56, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Why 'Unique'
performance of that operation on members of the set always produces a unique member of the same set

I'm not a mathematician, but surely this is not right. Surely the operation could only produce a unique  member if it always produced the same member, regardless of the arguments. The only other meaning I can ascribe is that this is in distinction to operations on sets which produce different results when the operation is applied on different occasions - as when there is an internal state which affects the result of a function. Looks to me like the word unique is not merely redundant, but wrong.

If you are enough of a mathematician to know, please either clarify what unique might mean in this context & remove this comment, or eliminate the offending word. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:20, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

About section "P closures of binary relations "

 * The 1st sentence says "The notion of a closure can be generalized for an arbitrary binary relation". But no proper generalization is neccessary to apply the notions from the introductory sectiion to binary relations. Therefor, I replace "generalized" by "applied".
 * The link "reflexive transitive closure" (meanwhile?) refers to the very same article it starts from; it should be adjusted or deleted. Similar for "reflexive transitive symmetric closure" and "equivalence closure".
 * I suggest to add the usual lemmas about closures of binary relations in this section. A first draft version is the following.

---

Some important particular closures can be obtained as follows: We say that $$R$$ has closure under some $$cl_{xxx}$$, if $$R = cl_{xxx}(R)$$; for example $$R$$ is called symmetric if $$R = cl_{sym}(R)$$.
 * $$cl_{ref}(R) = R \cup \{ \langle x,x \rangle \mid x \in S \}$$ is the reflexive closure of $$R$$,
 * $$cl_{sym}(R) = R \cup \{ \langle y,x \rangle \mid x \mathrel{R} y \}$$ is its symmetry closure,
 * $$cl_{trn}(R) = R \cup \{ \langle x_1,x_n \rangle \mid n >1 \land x_1 \mathrel{R} x_2 \mathrel{R} \ldots \mathrel{R} x_n \}$$ is its transitive closure,
 * $$cl_{emb,\Sigma}(R) = R \cup \{ \langle f(\ldots,x,\ldots),f(\ldots,y,\ldots) \rangle \mid x \mathrel{R} y \land f \in \Sigma \}$$ is its embedding closure with respect to a given set $$\Sigma$$ of operations on $$S$$.

Any of these four closures preserves symmetry, i.e., if $$R$$ is symmetric, so is any $$cl_{xxx}(R)$$. Similarly, all four preserve reflexivity. Moreover, $$cl_{trn}$$ preserves closure under $$cl_{emb,\Sigma}$$ for arbitrary $$\Sigma$$. As a consequence, the equivalence closure of an arbitrary binary relation $$R$$ can be obtained as $$cl_{trn}(cl_{sym}(cl_{ref}(R)))$$, and the congruence closure with respect to some $$\Sigma$$ can be obtained as $$cl_{trn}(cl_{emb}(cl_{sym}(cl_{ref}(R))))$$. In the latter case, the nesting order does matter; e.g. for $$S$$ being the set of terms over $$\Sigma = \{ a, b, c, f \}$$ and $$R = \{ \langle a,b \rangle, \langle f(b),c \rangle \}$$, we have $$\langle f(a),c \rangle$$ in the congruence closure of $$cl_{trn}(cl_{emb,\Sigma}(cl_{sym}(cl_{ref}(R))))$$, but not in $$cl_{emb,\Sigma}(cl_{trn}(cl_{sym}(cl_{ref}(R))))$$.

---

I know, this draft certainly needs to be improved. The notion of congruence closure should be explained better, and switching between $$xRy$$ and $$\langle x,y \rangle \in R$$ should be avoided, and some source should be cited, and some application example from term rewriting (where congruence closure is an important notion) should be given.

Jochen Burghardt (talk) 07:25, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Closure Operator
I think part of the problem we are having here is there is no apparent universal set that contains all the subsets in question, including the closures. The definitions of closure and closure operator surely require one? Given the first sentence of this section, I was at first under the impression that X was such a set. But now the last sentence suggests it isn't -- so what is? Moreover, the closure of a subset of X is now ambiguous: is the closure also a subset of X? And if not, then what is the point of talking about subsets of X? I'm not saying I don't think there could be a reason; just that the section is too ambiguous without addressing these points. Daren Cline (talk) 15:27, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
 * My edits have, so far, been based solely on the definition of the first sentence of the article. However, you have raised a point that does need to be addressed, so I've now looked at the article as a whole, including its history, in order to respond. "Closure" is a concept that has been used in several mathematical areas with slightly different meanings, but the same general "flavor". This article started out to be an umbrella article to cover all these specifics with fairly general language to emphasize the commonality. This meant that it needed to be described set-theoretically with respect to some generalized property P which would vary from one application to another. Then, in 2006, in an attempt to widen the applicability of the concept, the language about closure with respect to an operator on a set was introduced. Essentially this operator replaced the property P terminology, and in order to fit the new framework, some classical terms had to be mangled. I am not convinced that this was a good thing to do. To get back to your specific point. In some cases there is a universal set that arises naturally. For instance, in topology, the whole topological space is a closed set and so, for any set X in that space, the closure of X will be defined (in general, it is a superset of X and can't be any smaller than X itself). However, in other situations, there may not be a clearly identified universal set. For instance, in dealing with the algebraic closure of a field, this, generally larger, unique field is constructed from the original field. In the original formulation (pre-operator), a closure operator was defined on the power set of a set (satisfying certain conditions, one of which was that the set itself was closed) but this had to be modified to fit the operator framework. The result is that portions of both approaches appear in the article, and sometimes these are in conflict, leading to the lack of clarity that you have perceived. I don't see a quick fix to this problem – certainly it will take more than just adding new material. I would be in favor of getting rid of the operator framework and going back to the original formulation (and since that was unsourced material anyway, I see no problem with doing so.) Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 18:13, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

Sure - Have at it. My interest is incidental anyway and I was just thinking to clarify the section. But I can see how that was a bit limiting. Better someone who has a broader view do it, especially toward making the whole article consistent. Daren Cline (talk) 15:28, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

What About Modulo Systems...?
Modulo systems can contain no number equal to or greater than their modulus, so all modulo systems are closed by definition. It'd be nice to see some mention made of this (even if only in passing)... The Grand Rascal (talk) 06:15, 28 September 2020 (UTC)
 * No. (Perhaps you should read, in some order, WP:RS and the lead section of the article.) --JBL (talk) 11:29, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Two different topics for a single article
This artice is very confusing because it tries to present two different concepts as if they were the same concept.

First concept: subset closed under an internal operation. Apparently the main related result is not even mentioned anywhere in WP: If an algebraic structure belongs to a variety (that is, all axioms are purely universal), then every subset that is closed under all operations belongs to the same variety. For example, a subset of a group is a subgroup if it is closed under the group operation (arity 2), the inverse operation (arity 1) and identity (arity 0).

Second concept: closure operation: Let $P$ be a property of subsets of a set $S$ such that, if all members of a family of subsets of $S$ satisfy $P$, then the intersection of the family satisfies also $P$. Under this hypothesis, the closure of a subset $X$ of $S$ is the intersection of all subsets of $S$ that contain $X$ and satisfy $P$. In other words, the closure of $X$ is the smallest subset of $S$ that contains $X$ and satisfies $P$. Common examples of such closure operations include topological closure and structures or spaces defined by a generating set.

A Closure operator is a third concept that is presented in the article, and can be viewed as a generalization a closure operation. The problem is that, very often, the closure operator is much more difficult to specify than the closure operation. For example, the affine subspace generated by a set of points is trivially defined as a closure operation, while the corresponding closure operator requires the concept of affine combination. Also, the Zariski closure of a set of points is the smallest algebraic set that contains these points, while the corresponding closure operator can hardly be defined.

Moreover, even if the results that I have sketched above are implied by the content of existing articles, these articles are much too technical for a non-expert who needs them.

My suggestion is to have several articles: Many variations are possibles, but we lack clearly of elementary treatment of these subjects. Also, a large part, if not all, of Generator (mathematics) could be merged into Closure operation. D.Lazard (talk) 19:19, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Redirect Closure (mathematics) to Closure (disambiguation), a disambiguation page
 * Create Closed set under an operation that could be a redirect to a new subsection of Operation (mathematics)
 * Create Closure operation for expanding the above concept
 * Keep Closure operator, and add to it closure operations as motivating examples.

 * Just some comments: For a WP article about a main result w.r.t. the first concept, try Birkhoff's HSP theorem. Also, the first and the third concept are related, see 1st sentence in Jochen Burghardt (talk) 19:37, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

I was confused by the previous version of the article. I have cleaned the article up, and it appeards from the resulting version that there is no need to split the article. On the opposite, one could discuss a merge here of closure operator. D.Lazard (talk) 16:30, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Imprecise definition of closure?
"The closure of a subset under some operations is the smallest subset that is closed under these operations" -- should this be "smallest superset of that subset"? Ilya239 (talk) 19:22, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I changed the text accordingly. Thanks for noticing. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 07:33, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Closure (mathematics)


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Nvidiafan58/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

Sockpuppet Freeallgood creates the page HCaptcha and is blocked. Then Garbage Removal AV comes around and is also blocked. Finally this user comes around and edits the article. Two convincing revisions to me are and. One with the summary "correcting more typos, add references" but both being fairly promotional edits. Sam-2727 (talk) 18:26, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - the promotional additions to HCaptcha are enough overlap to make me suspicious that this is an Nvidiafan sock. GeneralNotability (talk) 17:23, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm rather confident that Enkidu951 is ❌ - the technical data at least is rather less suspicious than the other accounts I've blocked recently. Impressive timing from, though. ST47 (talk) 18:03, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hm. Since they came back unrelated but are already blocked, I'm content to leave things that way (and while they have the same interest in HCaptcha, there wasn't anything strong enough for me to block on behavior alone). Closing without further action. GeneralNotability (talk) 14:17, 18 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
чесати

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) to pick
 * 2) to pluck

Etymology
, from, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to comb
 * 2)  to card, to comb
 * 3)  to bang on, to talk nonsense
 * 4)  to go, to be headed
 * 5)  to hit, to strike, to lash
 * 1)  to go, to be headed
 * 2)  to hit, to strike, to lash

title: чесати


text:
Film school:Narrative Dialog Editing:Story of Penny and Eggbert:The rough edit

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" An example for the course on Narrative Film Editing {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style="margin:0em 0em 0em 0em; width:100%"
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |
 * bgcolor=Cornsilk |

Trim and assemble

 * I first trim the clips. I need a clip of the Eggbert's first dailog and then a clip of Penny's dialog and finally a clips of Eggbert's final dialog.

 * Then I assemble the trimmed clips to get the rough edit.

 * bgcolor=Cornsilk |

 * bgcolor=Cornsilk colspan="2" |Note: Penny and Eggbert are 3D Poser models created by 3D Universe.  For this lesson, these characters were posed and rendered with the free DAZ Studio.
 * }
 * }

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style="border: Red solid 1px;" Trim clip #1 {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
 * bgcolor="#fdd" |
 * style="width:300px" bgcolor="White" |
 * bgcolor="White" |

Penny and Eggbert

 * I just want to hear the opening dialog in the wide angle establishing shot

 * colspan="2" bgcolor="White"| [[Image:Red Trim PennyEggbert 90.png|800px]]
 * colspan="2" bgcolor="White"| [[Image:Red Trim PennyEggbert 90.png|800px]]

When trimmmed, the clip looks like this :
 * }

 * }

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style="border: Green solid 1px;" Trim clip #2 {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
 * bgcolor="#efe" |
 * style="width:300px" bgcolor="White" |
 * bgcolor="White" |

Penny

 * I just want the the shot of Penny for Penny's dialog.

 * colspan="2" bgcolor="White"| [[Image:Red Trim Penny 90.png|800px]]
 * colspan="2" bgcolor="White"| [[Image:Red Trim Penny 90.png|800px]]

When trimmmed, the clip looks like this :
 * }

 * }

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style="border: Blue solid 1px;" Trim clip #3 {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
 * bgcolor="#ddf" |
 * style="width:300px" bgcolor="White" |
 * bgcolor="White" |

Eggbert

 * We just want the shot of Eggbert for Eggbert's final dialog.

 * colspan="2" bgcolor="White"| [[Image:Red Trim Eggbert 90.png|800px]]
 * colspan="2" bgcolor="White"| [[Image:Red Trim Eggbert 90.png|800px]]

When trimmmed, the clip looks like this :
 * }

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Next: Creating the "L-Cuts"
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

The next page

 * Once I have assembled the three clips, the audio should sound natural. Each pause between the dailog should sound natural.

 * However, the picture will seem dull and boring.  Now I need to find the best visual transition by rolling the picture edits (without rolling the audio edits.)

 * Click here to go to the next page.

 * }


text:
zweite Wahl

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a second choice
 * 2)  Something of inferior quality, a second manufactured item that fails to meet quality control standards

title: zweite Wahl


text:
Category:Films about single parent families

Films about single parent families, involving persons who have one or more children, but do not have a spouse or live-in partner to assist in the upbringing or support of the children. Reasons for becoming a single parent include divorce, break-up, abandonment, becoming widowed, domestic violence, rape, childbirth by a single person or single-person adoption.


text:
Lacera azatothi

Lacera azatothi is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in New Guinea.

Taxonomy
Although named, the species has not been officially described.

title: Lacera azatothi


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/ptaste.vn

Links

 * ptaste.vn resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
Web Design/CSS Classes

What are Classes in CSS?
 * Let's say you want to give an HTML element multiple looks with CSS.
 * Say for example, sometimes you want the font to be small and white with a black background, while other times you would prefer the font to be big and blue with a light blue background. CSS allows you to do this with the use of classes.
 * The name of the actual class can be called whatever you wish!

To make a class, in between & type the name of the class following the tag name. p.first { color: blue; } Then in the HTML tag add the class This is some text

The last code will set the text color to blue for all of the 'p' elements with a class value of 'first'. It's also possible to apply the desired style to all of the elements with an specific class value no matter which element the class attribute is at. To do that, the '*' character is used.
 * .first { color: blue; }

Example 1

The code below should make the:
 * Paragraph with the first class, appear as blue color.
 * Paragraph with the Second class, appear as red color.
 * Paragraph with the no class, appear as normal.

Type the code below into your code editor and save the file as cssclass.html

 p.first{ color: blue; } p.second{ color: red; }

This is a normal paragraph.

This is a paragraph that uses the p.first CSS code!

This is a paragraph that uses the p.second CSS code!

Example 2

The code below should make the:
 * Heading2 appear red with font size of 20px.
 * Paragraph with the firstpara class, appear as gray color.
 * Paragraph with the Secondpara class, appear as red color.
 * Paragraph with the Thirdpara class, appear as white text with purple background.
 * Paragraph with the no class, appear as normal.

Type the code below into your code editor and save the file as cssclass2.html

h2 { color: red; font-size: 20px; } p.firstpara { background-color: gray; } p.secondpara { background-color: red; } p.thirdpara { background: purple; color: white; }

CSS Classes This is the p.firstpara paragraph

This is the p.secondpara paragraph

This is the p.thirdpara paragraph

This has no CSS formatting

References

http://www.tizag.com/cssT/class.php

title: Web Design/CSS Classes


text:
EcoSim

EcoSim is an individual-based predator-prey ecosystem simulation in which agents can evolve. It has been designed to investigate several broad ecological questions, as well as long-term evolutionary patterns and processes such as speciation and macroevolution. EcoSim has been designed by Robin Gras at the University of Windsor in 2009 and it is still currently used for research in his Bioinformatics and Ecosystem Simulation Lab.

Main concepts
The agents have a behavior model which allows the evolutionary process to modify the behaviors of the predators and prey. Furthermore, there is a speciation mechanism which allows to study global patterns as well as species-specific patterns. In EcoSim, an individual's genomic data codes for its behavioral model and is represented by a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM). The FCM contains sensory concepts such as foodClose or predatorClose, internal states such as fear or hunger, and motor concepts such as escape or reproduce. The FCM is represented as an array of floating-point values which represent the extent to which one concept influences another. For example, it would be expected that the sensory concept predatorClose would positively affect the internal concept fear, which would then positively affect the escape motor concept. These relationships among concepts evolve over time, sometimes giving a new meaning to a concept. Furthermore, the FCM is heritable, meaning that a new agent is given an FCM which is a combination of that of its parents with possible mutations.

EcoSim subscribes to the “genotypic cluster” definition of a species. Speciation has been implemented using a 2-means clustering algorithm technique designed to allow the splitting of an existing species into two species, by clustering the individuals that initially belonged to the first species into one of the new two species, each one of them containing the agents that are mutually the most similar. Since EcoSim has the capacity to allow speciation events to occur, it is possible to track speciation events throughout a run of the simulation and construct the actual phylogenetic tree.

Each agent also possesses several physical characteristics such as: maximum and current ages, minimum age for mating, maximum and current speeds, vision distance, maximum and current levels of energy, and the amount of energy transmitted to the offspring. Energy is provided to individuals by the resources (grass or meat) they find in their environment. An agent consumes some energy each time it performs an action and proportionally to the complexity (number of edges) of its FCM. If an individual uses all its energy, it dies.

A typical run lasts several tens of thousands of time steps. Each time step involves the time needed for each agent to perceive its environment, use its behavioral model to make a decision, perform its action as well as the time to update the species membership, including speciation events and all the world parameters. In a typical run, more than one billion of agents can be born and several thousands of species can be generated, which allows new behaviors to emerge and agents to adapt to a constantly changing environment. In addition, a food chain consisting of three levels, primary producers, predators and preys, has been implemented allowing complex interactions between agents and co-evolution to occur. All events, the mental state and action of every agent, are saved for every time step of every run. This allows a deep statistical analysis of the whole system using several dedicated tools that we have conceived to extract, measure and correlate any possible facts that could be useful to understand the underlying and emerging properties of the system.

Research publications
Several studies have already been done using EcoSim. For example, Devaurs and Gras have analyzed the species abundance patterns observed in the communities generated by EcoSim, based on Fisher's log series. This study shows that the communities of species generated by the simulation follow the same lognormal law as natural communities and that EcoSim can help to evaluate the overall level of diversity of a given community. In other studies, the chaotic behavior of the system with multi-fractal properties has been proven in as it also has been observed for real ecosystems. Mashayekhi and Gras investigated the effect of spatial distribution and spatiotemporal information on speciation. In more recent research, Golestani et al. investigated how small, randomly distributed physical obstacles influence the distribution of populations and species, the level of population connectivity (e.g., gene flow), as well as the mode and tempo of speciation.

title: EcoSim


text:
Matzingen

Matzingen (Swiss German: Matzinge) is a municipality in the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

History
Matzingen is first mentioned in 779 as Mazcingas. During the High Middle Ages, the Freiherr of Matzingen had the low court rights. Sonnenberg began to rule over the village in 1402 and remained over the village until 1798.

In 894 Matzingen had a church, which belonged to Wängi. The right to appoint the priest was first held by the Abbey of St. Gall, until 1401, when the Commandry of Tobel took over this right. Matzingen became a separate parish in 1508 and converted to the new Reformed faith in 1529.

For centuries farming, fruit production and viticulture (the latter operated until 1908) dominated the local economy. After 1850, livestock production and dairy farming were added to traditional agriculture. Between 1150 and 1996, Matzingen owned a mill. In 1863 a pottery plant opened. Followed, in 1866, by a spinning mill, which transformed in 1878 into a weaving factory. The connection to the Frauenfeld-Wil railroad in 1887 promoted the creation of new companies (including a furniture factory). In 1919, the cider mill of Matzingen opened, which produced in 1950 the drink Halb-halb (half orange juice and half cider). A workshop founded in 1948 for agricultural machinery, developed into Gehring Cut AG, which today manufactures products for the automotive and medical technology. The A1 Motorway section through Matzingen was finished in 1970. The new road allowed companies in the metal and packaging industry to settle in Matzingen. From 1965 to 2000, the population doubled.

Geography
Matzingen has an area,, of 7.71 km2. Of this area, 4.43 km2 or 57.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.94 km2 or 25.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.23 km2 or 16.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.1 km2 or 1.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 6.5% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 1.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.2%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 6.5%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 55.3% is used for growing crops, while 2.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 0.3% is in lakes and 1.0% is in rivers and streams.

The municipality is located in the Frauenfeld district. It is located 5 km south-east of Frauenfeld at the confluence of the Lauche and Lützelmurg rivers in the Murg river. It consists of the village of Matzingen and the communities of Stettfurt, Dingenhart, Halingen and Ristenbühl.

Demographics
Matzingen has a population of  , 20.2% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 8.9%. Most of the population speaks German(88.7%), with Italian being second most common ( 2.7%) and Albanian being third ( 2.6%).

, the gender distribution of the population was 51.2% male and 48.8% female. The population was made up of 1,003 Swiss men (40.3% of the population), and 272 (10.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 984 Swiss women (39.5%), and 232 (9.3%) non-Swiss women.

In there were 16 live births to Swiss citizens and 7 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 12 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 4 while the foreign population increased by 6. There were 3 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country, 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland to another country, 10 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 11 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was an increase of 14 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 14 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.1%.

The age distribution,, in Matzingen is; 268 children or 10.6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 359 teenagers or 14.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 349 people or 13.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 304 people or 12.0% are between 30 and 39, 447 people or 17.7% are between 40 and 49, and 379 people or 15.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 204 people or 8.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 133 people or 5.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 77 people or 3.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 10 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older.

, there were 888 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. there were 374 single family homes (or 80.8% of the total) out of a total of 463 inhabited buildings. There were 36 two family buildings (7.8%), 13 three family buildings (2.8%) and 40 multi-family buildings (or 8.6%). There were 492 (or 21.2%) persons who were part of a couple without children, and 1,404 (or 60.4%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 134 (or 5.8%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 8 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 7 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 22 who lived in a household made up of unrelated persons, and 19 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.

The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 3.9%. , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.2 new units per 1000 residents. there were 949 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 4 room apartment of which there were 273. There were 34 single room apartments and 138 apartments with six or more rooms. the average price to rent an average apartment in Matzingen was 1011.71 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$810, £460, €650 approx. exchange rate from 2000). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 455.57 CHF (US$360, £210, €290), a two-room apartment was about 730.92 CHF (US$580, £330, €470), a three-room apartment was about 825.74 CHF (US$660, £370, €530) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 1582.69 CHF (US$1270, £710, €1010). The average apartment price in Matzingen was 90.7% of the national average of 1116 CHF.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 46.84% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (14.12%), the CVP (13.87%) and the Green Party (8.92%). In the federal election, a total of 686 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.1%.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Economy
, Matzingen had an unemployment rate of 2.08%. , there were 85 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 33 businesses involved in this sector. 478 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 38 businesses in this sector. 348 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 74 businesses in this sector.

there were 1,613 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 829 or about 51.4% of the residents worked outside Matzingen while 519 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 1,303 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 11.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.9% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 724 or 31.2% were Roman Catholic, while 1,090 or 46.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 Old Catholic who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland there are 37 individuals (or about 1.59% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 51 individuals (or about 2.19% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There were 147 (or about 6.33% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 7 individuals (or about 0.30% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 195 (or about 8.39% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 72 individuals (or about 3.10% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Matzingen about 72.1% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

Matzingen is home to the Matzingen primary school district. In the 2008/2009 school year there were 242 students. There were 47 children in the kindergarten, and the average class size was 15.67 kindergartners. Of the children in kindergarten, 25 or 53.2% were female, 18 or 38.3% were not Swiss citizens and 17 or 36.2% were not native German speakers. The lower and upper primary levels began at age 5-6 and lasted for 6 years. There were 93 children in who were at the lower primary level and 102 children in the upper primary level. The average class size in the primary school was 22 students. At the lower primary level, there were 32 children or 34.4% of the total population who were female, 29 or 31.2% were not Swiss citizens and 30 or 32.3% were not native German speakers. In the upper primary level, there were 44 or 43.1% who were female, 25 or 24.5% were not Swiss citizens and 26 or 25.5% were not native German speakers.

Transportation
The municipality has two railway stations, Matzingen and Weberei Matzingen. Both are located on the Frauenfeld–Wil line and served by the S15 of the St. Gallen S-Bahn.

title: Matzingen


text:
Kany Garcia (album)

Kany Garcia is the third studio album of Latin Grammy winner, singer-songwriter Kany García. It was released on August 14, 2013 and produced by Kany García, Julio Reyes Copello and Paul Forat Sony BMG. The album's first single "Que Te Vaya Mal" was nominated for Record of the Year at the 2012 Latin Grammy Awards. The album was nominated for "Best Latin Pop Album" at the 2013 Grammy Awards.

Album information
The album was recorded in Bogotá, Colombia. The live version of the album, which was recorded for a mini-movie/live concert type available as part of the CD/DVD set or iTunes digital format was recorded in the Pontificia Javeriana University in Bogotá.

Promotion
As a part of promotion, Kany released a song from the album each week in July starting with the first single "Que Te Vaya Mal". The other songs released were "Alguien", "Demasiado Bueno" and "Me Quedo".

Singles

 * "Que Te Vaya Mal" was released as the album's lead single on April 24, 2012.
 * "Alguien" is chosen as the album second single and will be released sometime in August. It peaked at #8 on Billboard Latin Pop chart.
 * "Cuando Se Va El Amor" was officially announced as the third single by Kany Garcia via her Facebook page. The song reached the Top 40 on Billboard's Latin Song Chart and Top 30 on Latin Pop Airplay.
 * "Adiós" was released as the album's fourth single on April 22, 2013. The song reached the Top 40 on Billboard's Latin Pop Chart.

Promotional singles
Prior to the release of the album, two promotional singles were released exclusively on iTunes Store as a "Countdown to KANY GARCIA".
 * "Demasiado Bueno" was the first promotional single, released on July 18, 2012.
 * "Me Quedo" was the second and last promotion single, released on July 24, 2012.

Track listing
Notes
 * Track listing and credits from album booklet.

Personnel
Confirmed by the album booklet.

 * Kany García - Composer, Primary Artist
 * Juan Sebastian Atehortua - Trumpet
 * Jairo Alfonso Barrera - Saxophone
 * Antonio Carmona - Cajon, Guitars
 * Andrés Castro - Guitars
 * Julio Reyes Copello - Composer
 * Santiago Prieto - Guitars
 * Libardo Rey - Guitars
 * Julio Reyes - Keyboards, Piano
 * Miguel Rico - Keyboards, Piano

 * Marcos Sanchez - Keyboards, Organo, Piano
 * Froilán Sinti - Kena
 * Aaron Sterling - Bateria
 * Samuel Torres - Percussion
 * Guillermo Vadala - Bass
 * Juan Pablo Vega - Guitars
 * Jimmy Zambrano - Accordion
 * Oscar Grajales - Main Personnel
 * Marcial Sinti - Main Personnel

Production

 * Miguel Roldan - Director
 * Julio Reyes Copello - Engineer, Producer
 * Edgar Barrera - Engineer
 * Natalia Ramírez - Assistant Engineer
 * Julián Pinzón - Assistant Engineer
 * Javier Garza - Engineer, Mixing
 * Sebastian de Peyrecave - Engineer
 * Ricardo Escallón - Coordination

 * Paul Forat - Executive Producer
 * Francesc Freixes - Graphic Design
 * Mike Fuller - Mastering
 * Andrea Bautista - Coordination
 * Táriq Zia Burney - Assistant Engineer
 * Lorenzo Caballero - Assistant Engineer
 * Isabel de Jesús - A&R
 * Rubén Martín - Photography
 * Julio Muniz - A&R

Tour
In support of the album, García embarked on a concert tour, titled Kany García: En Concierto. The tour started in Puerto Rico and continued in US and Latin American countries like Dominican Republic, Costa Rica and Mexico.

Tour dates

 * Cancellations and rescheduled shows

Chart performance
On its first day of release, the album charted at #189 on iTunes top 200 albums chart, #2 on iTunes Latino album charts and #1 on Pop Latino album charts in United States and Puerto Rico. The album debuted at #1 on Billboard Latin Pop Album Chart and Puerto Rico Album Charts. It debuted at #5 on Billboard Latin Albums Chart and #89 on Mexico Top 100. It remain at #1 for 2 straight weeks on Puerto Rico Album Charts on its second week, and reached #72 on Mexico Top 100 on its third week.

title: Kany Garcia (album)


text:
Lüttge

Lüttge is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Andreas Lüttge, American chemist
 * Johanna Lüttge (born 1936), German shot putter
 * Marion Lüttge (born 1941), German javelin thrower, sister-in-law of Johanna
 * Rudi Lüttge (1922–2016), German racewalker

title: Lüttge


text:
User:Ghagdan

राकेश घगडान Rakesh Ghagdan

Rakesh Ghagdan was born in Chitwan District at Nepal. He is the n habitant of the Nepal with a pleasent and caring behavior. He is a Engineer With a pioneer goal for development of this country.

title: User:Ghagdan


text:
User:Maxxis123

Jamaican artiste Joel Nicoy Denoy Ricketts otherwise known as Nick Ballis, is an 19 year old Dancehall / Rap / Hip Hop artiste. He was born on October 20, 2000 in St Ann Jamaica.

No one wanted to work with now one of the most trending artiste in the world. He was turned down by every artiste and radio deejays in the Caribbean and I mean every.

title: User:Maxxis123


text:
Talk:FLOSS Concept Booklet

Why do you damn Mandriva?
You state: "You should stay out of Mandriva (formerly Mandrake)" because it "comes with non-free software packages by default"

Mandriva has Free Software edition, which doesn't contain any non-free packages on installation image and even doesn't enable non-free repositories by default. I didn't found this edition less functional or less user friendly than One which isn't completely free (it's only a bit more difficult to install proprietary Nvidia driver)

Also, you could add urpmi to the list of package managers. It has many advanced features: mirrors (as yum), flexible dependency tracking (e.g, you are not obligated to install some vendor chosen icon theme for OpenOffice.org as in Ubuntu, or install MySQL client for Drupal if you want to use it with PostgreSQL)

Konstantin

Translation to German
Hi everybody,

I would like to translate this article to German for de.wikibooks.org. Do you think this makes sense already at this point, or shall I wait until it has become a revised version?

Best regards

Plux

What does "FLOSS" mean ?
What is the target audience of the "FLOSS Concept Booklet" ? What does "FLOSS" in the title mean ?

Is it just a typo -- should be "FOSS (Free/Open Source Software)" ?

If we're never going to use the acronym in the article, maybe we should spell it out in the title also.

--DavidCary 01:20, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Free (Libre) and Open Source Software is the acronym used in the UK public policy on - well, FLOSS.

Adrian Midgley

History section
The way the history has been presented, I guess the questions in the history section can be removed. It is also not possible to see the history separately as Stallman, Linus, GNU... It is all iterconnected.

Vijay

Summarise
This question has gathered a lot of meat. Can somebody summarise it?

Vijay

Rephrasing question and answer
I am moving the following question to the talk page. I am replacing it with a different question and answer.

Hold on a minute. I thought “User” just meant someone who uses a piece of software.

Interesting point. Yes, you are right. Our common understanding of the term “User” does suggest someone who simply ‘uses’ software. One of the most interesting characteristics of Free Software is the way in which this distinction between “user “ and “creator” begins to blur. Creators of Free Software are also its users and, those engaging with Free Software are also often (though not always) involved in the creation of the software. We’ll talk more about this point later.

Vijay

Removing question
This stuff could be adapted and added to the history section.

What does GNU GPL stand for? ***should we have this*** ? GNU is the name of an operating system that is similar to UNIX, an operating system that has been in heavy use among academic and engineering circles since the late 1970s. Since the term UNIX is trademarked, GNU cannot legally call itself UNIX, no matter how similar it might be to it. To remove any threat of violating the trademark and as a tongue-in-cheek remark, GNU actually stands Gnu is Not UNIX. GNU is also the name of an influential foundation that propagates and promotes free software. A huge amount of free software in the world today is licensed under the GPL – the General Public License. This license is a copyleft license that incorporates the terms given in ***sec earlier***

Vijay

Removed a question
The FLOSS booklet is a mini booklet, to be given as a handout. Right? So it is better to keep it short and sweet as posssible. Though the following question does bring a lot of understanding, I feel it is too much involved for a new comer. What do us say guys?

Vijay 04:44, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

End User License Agreements such as the one from Microsoft treat the users of software very differently from the way that users are treated and thought of in Free Software. How do these two differ ?

In general, a large part of the Microsoft EULA concerns itself with limiting your use of the software, and with absolving Microsoft from any responsibilities it may have with respect to the warranty. In contrast, Free Software Licenses spend most of their time specifying the rights allocated users, and the responsibilities for the use of the software from the perspective of software distributors or programmers who incorporate GPL code. Few user-level restrictions are evident.

(adapted from http://voidmain.is-a-geek.net/docs/comparing_the_gpl_to_eula.html )

Broadly, all users of free software are, at the bare minimum considered to be potential creators of free software. The licenses reflect this by making sure that it is extremely easy for someone to transition from being a mere consumer of the software to a co-creator.

Broadly, all users of commercial software are considered to be mere passive consumers of the software. Great pains are taken to ensure that the passive user remains passive, regardless of any possible desire to be more involved with the software. What few rights commercial software licenses grant users are given grudgingly.

Some things I've always thought needed some clarification / (What is free software?)
Item 0 is the main one, the others are kind of tongue-in-cheek but also kind of serious. Users should be able to run the software for any purpose. (freedom 0 — many things in computers start at 0) This really needs clarification in my mind...  most software is purpose-built and paid software practically never restricts the use of something for anything it's actually capable of doing, outside of some insanely expensive computer graphics programs with no open source counterparts that approach their capability (SideFX Houdini) which has a free version where everything functions that one would need to learn the software itself, but the output renders are limited in size and watermarked and commercial use isn't allowed. Since someone actually asked the lead developer of Houdini (the company appears to be almost entirely made up of developers) how someone with no experience with their software would go about learning it and he said he had no idea how to explain it, but being able to produce an amazing reel with it will basically get you hired at any major CGI house that already has perpetual licenses, I'd argue that the free limited version does everything it actually needs to in this case. There's also an "Indie" version limited to companies / individuals with revenue under $100k a year that's the awful model of "rent to never own" but reasonable as far as that model goes. So no, I can't run the free version for the purpose of producing a feature-length 4k masterpiece, but even if they allowed it the render farm required to do so would take up my entire house and cost more money than I've made in my entire life. I could afford the Indie version and remove the resolution limit to get 4k rendering with no watermark, but the same applies. To be more pedantic, "any purpose" is also odd. I can't use the parametric 3D modelling software to format new hard drives (knowing this software it's possible with one of the built-in scripting languages, I haven't tried), but there's no expectation that it should be able to...

Along these lines I could exclude any open source software from "any purpose" that had built-in scripting but enough security blocks that I wouldn't be able to write a virus in it. That's a malicious purpose, but it falls under the scope of "any purpose"... and it's typically blocked from happening ever since everyone got a look at the fallout from Winword.Nuclear and what downsides existed in integrated scripting for extensibility back in the day.

The rest of these are stupidly pedantic because not everyone has my skill set and if they're lucky they never will, but they still apply at some level.

Users should be able to closely examine and study the software and should be able to freely modify and improve it to suit their needs better. (freedom 1)

I've been an assembly programmer since the early 90s and can fluently read disassembly of multiple architectures. Well-written and cleanly compiled C / C++ code's generated assembly is often far easier to read and modify than, oh, I'll just use GAS as an example of things that are far worse than reading assembly deadlistings. Huge messes of spaghetti C code or 20 level deep indented python files are much more painful to me and at some point I'd rather just modify a built version.

If you're reading that and believing me (or at least humoring me), but saying that nobody should be expected to be able to do this or go to the effort, GCC and GAS are used to build practically everything on Linux. Show of hands, how many people can fully read and understand the compiler and backend to the extent that you can be sure your copy of the compiler or source tree isn't injecting malware into everything you build with it? I'll note here that I have no problems reading the linux kernel itself (despite AT&T syntax Intel assembly being an abortion that crawled out of the dumpster and lived and should have been killed off years ago), and I worked for years as a backend / IL level compiler engineer on LLVM / Clang which I could understand without issues. This is only pointing out that having terrible source can be at least as bad as having none, possibly more so because assumptions will be made that anyone has caught an issue with the source because it can be viewed. Heck, I still have commit-without-review privileges on the LLVM tree, and even though multiple large companies have hawk-eyed people getting paid to sit around and look at every checkin for things that might break their products, there are portions of that which so few people understand that I'd bet I could get a vulnerability into the lowering code that would go unnoticed until it became a problem. I wouldn't, because I'm not a jackass, but doing the same with a mess like GCC / GAS would be even easier after building a bit of trust, and harder to spot.

Users should be able to give copies of the software to other people for whom the software will be useful, either gratis or for a fee. (freedom 2)

This needs a "legally" inserted. I'm free to give cracked portable copies of Photoshop to everyone I know or sell it if I want to be an idiot and violate Rule 0 of piracy. It's not legal, but nothing is preventing me or anyone else from doing so, just Adobe attempting to prevent people from doing so and failing. The same applies to any software and protection scheme.

Users should be able to improve the software and freely distribute their improvements to the broader public so that they, as a whole, benefit. (freedom 3)

Again needs a legally, and glosses over the fact that although this applies to something under BSD license or similar, I'm in exactly as much legal quagmire if I want to distribute a modified copy of GCC pared down to a specific subset of functionality, and produced it by direct binary modification from a disassembly. The GPL requires that I give out the source code, but I didn't produce it from the source code; all I could do is dump the assembly of the modified version and list the revision I based it on and I severely doubt that meets GPL requirements. Even if I produced it from source I can't freely distribute my improvements without also distributing a source tree. The public may still benefit from the binary but unless I'm giving up source it's a no-go. I have no idea why I'd want to do that, but I'm not a corporation and maybe I interleaved the source with the full text of Mein Kampf or some equally offensive reading material like the Twilight novels, or just steganographically embedded a feature length movie in the existing comments for safe-keeping at some point, forgot, and made the modifications to that without thinking about it, so the source is not mine to distribute as it now contains material created by the industry that invented and then globally pushed the most draconian copyright schemes in existence... I can't just delete the comments because that would remove the GPL headers, and I can't do some kind of rebase because I did this all for a laugh and have no revision history. These are all incredibly contrived and stupid scenarios but they exist to point out that there's a caveat on "freely" here for some licenses that can't be ignored.

These aren't criticisms of open source software in general, they're just little things that lists like this could avoid leaving out so they read more like statements of fact and less like propaganda without actually hurting the underlying message (and probably helping it, IMO). --A Downfall of Gravity (discuss • contribs) 11:27, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:FLOSS Concept Booklet


text:
Anthony Di Lallo

Anthony Di Lallo (born 14 September 1988) is a Belgian footballer who plays for Sporting Hasselt.

title: Anthony Di Lallo


text:
Robotics/Types of Robots/Entertainment Robot

These are robots that have no real useful application. They're build for fun and practice but little else more. Most homebuilt robots would fall in this category.

They can be simple robots that use simple sensors (light sensor, sound, bumper switches) and have simple behavior, but they could as well have complex sensors and extensive programming.

One other category of robots that's very close related to this category are robot build as "tech-demos". For example the Asimo robot.


text:
Untold Tales

Untold Tales (full title: Untold Tales - Rare and Previously Unreleased Studio and Live Recordings from 1993-2017) is a compilation album by American progressive rock band Glass Hammer, released on October 20, 2017 to celebrate the band's 25th anniversary. It features previously unreleased or hard to find recordings originating from the early 90s to 2017, and as such features both current and former members of Glass Hammer. It is also the last release of the band with guitarist Kamran Alan Shikoh as band member.

The album features six original songs which had never been released or performed before, a re-recording of a previous Glass Hammer song, three covers, two tracks previously released as part of little-known collaborative albums, and the recording of a live performance. All thirteen tracks are listed based on the year of their original recording.

Production
Glass Hammer announced Untold Tales on August 21, 2017, with a planned "fall 2017" release. The mastering process was about to be completed on August 25.

Some of Untold Tales' songs date back to the band's beginnings; according to Steve Babb, he and co-bandleader and founder Fred Schendel realized they were "sitting on a hoard of unreleased material spanning the life of the band. We thought Glass Hammer’s twenty-fifth anniversary was a good time to release much of it."

The album's first track is a re-recording of "Shadows of the Past", the first track of the band's first album Journey of the Dunadan, originally released in 1993. This version was made by Schendel, originally as a part of a planned entire re-recording of the album, to celebrate the band's fifteenth anniversary. Although this new version of the album never came to be, Schendel had already completed the new version of the first track, using orchestral sounds that were not available to the band back in 1993.

The song "Infusion" was originally released as a part of Love Changes, a 1995 collaborative album credited to "Tracy Cloud featuring Glass Hammer". Cloud was the first artist produced by Glass Hammer at their studio, Sound Resources; she was also featured as a backing vocalist on the Glass Hammer albums Perelandra and On to Evermore. Babb considers the sound of the song to be similar to Perelandra's.

"Identity Principle", which Babb called "one of our best epics", was originally recorded in the "early 90s" for an abandoned project, featuring Walter Moore on vocals. According to Babb, the song had "some sonic issues" in its finale, and the band was never quite satisfied with the mixing. A new ending was written and recorded for Untold Tales, while the rest of the song consists of the original recording. Babb "literally found [the recording] hiding on a backup drive".

The album features two cover songs. The first, "Hold Your Head Up" (originally by Argent), was first performed by Glass Hammer in 1996 during the festival Progscape. Babb estimates that the studio version was recorded "around that time, probably in 1997". The other cover is "It's All Too Much" (originally by The Beatles, although this version was also inspired by Steve Hillage's cover in his 1976 album L), which was recorded in 2009 during the sessions for Three Cheers for the Broken-Hearted, and performed "as an encore piece for a few live shows". For Untold Tales, Glass Hammer replaced their original recording's pipe organ with a Hammond organ, and created a new bass line.

"Babb's Bach" is a recording from 2008 in which Babb performs a re-arranged instrumental version of an excerpt of the 1731 church cantata Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140 by Johann Sebastian Bach, namely the fourth movement, Zion hört die Wächter singen. He was inspired to record the song by Wendy Carlos' 1968 album Switched-On Bach, which was Babb's introduction to synthesizer. The sixth track, "And Then She Sighed", was recorded in 2009 for a cancelled J. R. R. Tolkien-themed album. It features singer Laura Lindstrom Davis, who appeared on previous Glass Hammer works, including 2005's The Inconsolable Secret.

"Eiger Dreams" served as the opening track of Glass Hammer's 2008 live album Live at the Tivoli, but its studio recording produced the same year had never been released. The title is a reference to the eponymous book by Jon Krakauer. Babb stated that the track "Troll" was conceived around 2008 and was "inspired by some of the posts we've seen through the years on certain prog-rock websites", referring to internet trolling.

The instrumental "A Grain of Sand" was written by guitarist Kamran Alan Shikoh and recorded in 2010 as a possible track for If. Although it was not ultimately featured, the vocals by Jon Davison recorded for the track were ultimately used in "If the Stars". "Cool Air", a song based on the eponymous short story by H. P. Lovecraft and also featuring Davison, was originally released as a part of The Stories of H.P. Lovecraft, a 2012 collaborative album by different artists. It was recorded that year, from lyrics by Babb and music by Schendel.

"The Impulsive Type" features "live drum tracks" performed by Neil Peart of Rush, originally recorded for the sound library Sonic Reality. After being asked to by Sonic Reality founder Dave Kerzner, Glass Hammer wrote and recorded a song based on this pre-existing drum track, although the resulting song had ultimately been left unreleased. Babb stated about the song "It is not possible to use [Peart's] drums and have it not sound like Rush."

"No Man’s Land Live" was recorded on May 6, 2017 during a concert at Camp House in Chattanooga, Tennessee, where the band performed the album Valkyrie in its entirety.

Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes by Steve Babb.

Personnel

 * Glass Hammer
 * Fred Schendel – lead and backing vocals, keyboards, guitars, drums, percussion, others
 * Steve Babb – lead and backing vocals, bass, keyboards, percussion, others
 * Walter Moore – lead vocals and drums on "Identity Principle" and "Hold Your Head Up"
 * Susie Bogdanowicz – lead vocals on "It's All Too Much" and "No Man’s Land Live"
 * Carl Groves – lead vocals on "The Impulsive Type"
 * Jon Davison – lead vocals on "Cool Air", backing vocals on "A Grain of Sand"
 * Kamran Alan Shikoh – guitars on "A Grain of Sand", "Cool Air", "The Impulsive Type", and "No Man’s Land Live"
 * Aaron Raulston - drums on "No Man’s Land Live"

 * Additional musicians
 * Tracy Cloud – co-performed "Infusion"1
 * Laura Lindstrom Davis – lead vocals on "And Then She Sighed"
 * David Carter – guitars on "Hold Your Head Up"
 * David Wallimann – guitars on "Eiger Dreams"
 * Matt Mendians – drums on "Eiger Dreams"
 * Randall Williams – drums on "Cool Air"
 * Neil Peart – drums on "The Impulsive Type"2
 * Allison Savard, Kaytie Mitchell, Kendra Roden – girls choir on "And Then She Sighed"
 * Tim Starnes – harmonica on "Troll"
 * Jon-Michael Babb - sound effects on "Cool Air"

 * Production
 * Steve Babb – production, liner notes
 * Fred Schendel – production
 * Bret Noblitt - live sound engineer
 * Julie Babb - administration, photography
 * Michelle Young - photography

1 The track features the credit "Performed by Fred Schendel, Tracy Cloud and Steve Babb". As Cloud is a singer, and the song is an instrumental, the nature of her involvement in the performance is unclear. 2 The track features pre-existing drum tracks performed by Peart, made available to the band by Sonic Reality. Official credit goes to "Neil Part Drums by Sonic Reality".

title: Untold Tales


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ben Roth

The result was delete. Eddie891 Talk Work 01:08, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Ben Roth

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No evidence of notability WP:GNG - hako9 (talk) 15:55, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions. - hako9 (talk) 15:55, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Missouri-related deletion discussions. - hako9 (talk) 15:55, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete non notable --Devokewater @ 16:22, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete current source, an interview, contributes little to notability and searching found nothing helpful. Happy to reconsider if better sources are found. Gab4gab (talk) 18:55, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete a non-notable businessman.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:58, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete only source is an interview in the local newspaper. Best, GPL93 (talk) 03:43, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete fails WP:BIO and the GNG.  Java Hurricane  04:16, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:GNG, WP:SIGCOV, WP:MILL, WP:SPAM, and WP:NOT. There's nothing in the article, beyond a bare claim that he's done anything notable. A search online revealed lots of similarly-named individuals, but not him. The only source is a local newspaper Q + A. The creator is an SPA who's only created this and edited a local HS (his alma mater), leading me to think she's a friend, relative, partner, or employee of the subject. This is fairly clearly spam for his business. In 2008, we could have excused it, but in 2020, everybody know that we are not a web host or social media spot. Bearian (talk) 23:35, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete fails WP:BIO, really hard to find any sources on this subject. EverybodyEdits (talk) 05:34, 22 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Business English/Interviewing

It is great practice to do one-on-one conversations on specific topics. Here is a starter list of interview questions and conversational topics.

Interview Questions

 * Where do you work?
 * What is the best part of your job?
 * What's the worst part?
 * What are three adjectives that describe you?
 * Why do you want to study Business English?
 * What is your dream job and why?
 * What is your competency?

Conversation Topics

 * Sports
 * Television
 * Entertainment (movies, music, celebrities and books)
 * Business ethics
 * Food and drinks
 * Money
 * The rich
 * Current events
 * Business trends
 * Work
 * Branding
 * Marketing
 * Finance
 * Big business
 * Home office
 * Computers and technology
 * Engineering
 * Business books and magazines
 * Cold calling
 * Starting your own business
 * American culture
 * American business culture♠
 * Time management
 * Bad news letters
 * Routine and good news letters

title: Business English/Interviewing


text:
oen

Alternative forms

 * (obsolete)

Etymology
, probably Germanic, possibly related to loen, okkeloen or oekeloen and/or to the Frisian given name Oene

Noun

 * 1)  A nincompoop, moron, dumb person
 * 2) A castrated donkey

Derived terms

 * in Oenes kap hullen
 * met Oenes kolf kronen
 * (synonymous)
 * (adjective)
 * (adjective)

Etymology
From, from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, from.

Noun

 * 1) lamb

title: oen


text:
абстрактен

Etymology
and, both borrowed from.

Adjective

 * 1) abstract, noetic
 * 2) abstractional
 * 3) abstractionistic
 * 1) abstractionistic

title: абстрактен


text:
Portal:Medicine/Selected picture/34, 2006

Embryo at 12 weeks.

Photo credit: User:Mirmillon

Nominations • Archive

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Louis Van Cutsem

Louis Van Cutsem (May 1909 – April 1992) was a Belgian sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

title: Louis Van Cutsem


text:
Canal+ Now (Poland)

Canal+ Now is a Polish-language television station broadcast by Canal+ Polska SA and is one of nine channels available in Poland under the French Canal+ network. The channel was launched on August 15, 2017.

The channel was created from the so-called Sport 38 channel, which broadcast occasionally sporting events, which due to lack of space in the main channels of broadcasters could not be broadcast live on them. Canal+ Now will remain an occasional channel, making it a station similar to Canal+ Weekend.

From 21 November 2017, the channel offer has been enriched with 4K transmissions.

Programming
Canal+ Now primarily shows special events that are also being broadcast at the same time on Canal+ Poland, Canal+ Sport and Canal+ Sport 2. They will include the UEFA Champions League (play-offs and group stages), Europa League, Ekstraklasa, Cavaliada Tour, EHF Champions League and the PGA European Tour.

title: Canal+ Now (Poland)