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Cellach of Armagh

Cellach of Armagh or Celsus or Celestinus (1080–1129) was Archbishop of Armagh and an important contributor to the reform of the Irish church in the twelfth century. He is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church as Saint Cellach. Though a member of the laicised ecclesiastical dynasty of Clann Sínaig, he took holy vows and gained priestly ordination. This put an end to the anomalous state of affairs, in effect since 966, whereby the supreme head of the Irish Church had been a layman. Following the Synod of Ráith Bressail, in which a diocesan structure for Ireland was established, he became the first metropolitan primate of all Ireland.

Early life and background
Cellach was the son of Áed mac Máele Ísu meic Amalgada of the Clann Sínnaig. Áed had been abbot of Armagh and Coarb Pátraic ("heir" or "successor" of Saint Patrick; head of the church of Armagh) from 1074 to 1091. The Clann Sínaig, of the Uí Echdach sept of the Airthir in Airgialla, had monopolised the office of abbot of Armagh since 966. In later historiography Clann Sínaig has been associated with the type of secularisation that made a church reform necessary, described by Marie Térèse Flanagan as an "hereditarily entrenched laicized ecclesiastical dynasty" and even less flatteringly denounced by Bernard of Clairvaux as that "generatio mala et adultera".

Coarb Pátraic
Following the death of his granduncle Domnall mac Amalgada in August 1105, Cellach succeeded as abbot of Armagh and Coarb Pátraic. The Annals of Ulster notes that this was done "by the choice of the men of Ireland". Unlike his lay predecessors/ancestors, he sought priestly ordination, which Flanagan has described as a "decisive reform step". It was in accordance with the first Synod of Cashel (1101), which had legislated against laymen holding ecclesiastical offices. He received orders Saturday 23 September 1105, on "the feast of Adomnán". It passed six weeks from Domnalls death to Cellachs ordination, it has been suggested by Martin Holland that this delay was in order for the ordination to take place on the Saturday-emberday in September. Holland suggests that this may imply that the consideration for canonicity at Armagh was in "better shape" than other sources might led us to believe.

The incumbent bishop of Armagh, Cáenchomrac Ó Baígill, died in 1106. This offered the opportunity for Cellach to unite the abbatial and episcopal office, and when he the same year visited Munster he "assumed the orders of a noble bishop by the command of the men of Ireland". That this was done in Munster may be an indication of the influence held by Muirchertach Ua Briain (Murrough O'Brian) over ecclesiastical matters. The recent bishops of Dublin and Waterford had been consecrated in Canterbury by the archbishops Lanfranc and Anselm; Gilla Pátraic in 1074, Donngus Ua hAingliu in 1085, Samuel Ua hAingliu and Máel Ísu Ua hAinmire in 1096. There is no indication that Canterbury was involved in the consecration of Cellach, and when Gille Espaic was consecrated as the first bishop of Limerick this was probably done by Cellach. Gilla received a letter from Anselm congratulating him on his elevation to the see of Limerick, and there was no suggestion that Anselm felt Canterbury had been slighted or ought to have been involved.

A number of visitations made by Cellach as bishop (and later archbishop) are recorded in the Irish annals: He visited Cenél nEógain in 1106, Munster in 1106 and 1120, Connacht in 1108 and 1116, and Mide in 1110. The records of the visitations are followed by formulas such as "and he obtained a full tribute" or "brought away his full dues", indicating the official character of ecclesiastical submission embedded in such visitation. Cellach also conducted negotiations between rivalling secular rulers, in particular between Muirchertach Ua Briain and the Northern Uí Néill claimant for high-kingship, Domnall Ua Lochlainn of the Cenel nEógain. There are records of Cellach making "a year's peace" between these two in the entries of the Annals of Ulster for 1107, 1109 and 1113.

During his incumbency the priory of Sts. Peter and Paul at Armagh was re-founded by Imar, the learned preceptor of St. Malachy. This was the first establishment in Ireland into which the Canons Regular of St. Augustine had been introduced.

Synod of Ráith Bressail and Dublin
Cellach attended and played a prominent part in the Synod of Rathbreasail in 1111. This synod, presided by Gilla Espaic as papal legate and attended by fifty bishops, three hundred priests and over three thousand laymen, marked the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan and parish-based church. It established two metropolitan provinces, with archbishoprics at Armagh and Cashel. Prominence was given to Armagh, making Cellach the primate of the church in Ireland. Each province consisted of twelve territorial dioceses.

The see of Dublin was not included, as Dublin hitherto had been under primacy from Canterbury, but according to Martin Holland, a place was left open for it, in the sense that only eleven dioceses was declared under Cashel. Flanagan however, asserts that "the decrees of the Synod of Ráith Bressail... ...had envisaged the absorption of Dublin into the newly created adjacent diocese of Glendalough".

When bishop Samuel of Dublin died in 1121 A.D, Cellach claimed supremacy for Armagh over Dublin. The Annals of Ulster state that he "assumed the bishopric of Áth Cliath [Dublin]" and adds that this was "by the choice of foreigners and Irish", i.e. with the support of both the Norse and Irish population. There was obviously some significant resistance against this in Dublin however, subdeacon called Gréne was quickly bishop by a party in the city and sent to Canterbury, where he was consecrated by archbishop Ralph d'Escures 2 October 1121. According to Holland, it took Gréne some years before he gained possession of the see after his return, but when he did Dublin "stood apart from the newly organized Irish church". Flanagan gives a different interpretation, that Gréne was accepted as bishop of Dublin as part of some subsequent agreement, "probably in return for acknowledging the primacy of Cellach".

Death
In 1129 on a visitation of Munster he died and was buried in Lismore at his own request. Cellach was succeeded by Máel Máedóc Ua Morgair.

Visio Tnugdali
The Visio Tnugdali written c.1149 refers to Cellach as follows: "When Saint Ruadan had fallen silent, Tundale looked happily about him and saw Saint Patrick of Ireland, dressed in shining robes alongside many bishops decked out in their finest regalia. They were all joyful and there was no sound of any sighing! Among that blessed company Tundale could see four bishops whom he recognised. They were all good men; one of them was Saint Cellach, a former archbishop of Armagh, who did much good for the sake of Our Lord. Another was Malachias O'Moore, who had become archbishop of Armagh after him and gave everything that he had to the poor. He founded a large number of churches and colleges, as many as forty-four in all, endowed them with land and rents and so allowed many men of religion to serve God devotedly, although he hardly retained enough for himself to live on".

title: Cellach of Armagh


text:
號令

Verb

 * 1) to order; to command
 * 2)  to publicly carry out the punishment of a criminal so that everyone can see

Noun

 * 1) order; command; directive

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 號令


text:
User:Mundhenk

Hi, I'm Dr Nathan Mundhenk. Maybe I'll chip in here. It looks cool. Links to my work and things:

Pages I'm working on

 * 1) Learning_and_Neural_Networks
 * 2) Search_techniques
 * 3) Automatic_Control_and_Robotics

Links and Stuff

 * 1) Cool-ai projects
 * 2) The Nerd-Cam at USC
 * 3) Biologically Inspired Computational Implementation of Contour Integration
 * 4) Videos of Some of my Robots and Such in Action at YouTube
 * 5) My Personal Home Page

Email
Mundhenk 23:54, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 1<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS> * 2<EMAIL_ADDRESS>nathan@mundhenk.com]

title: User:Mundhenk


text:
Talk:Robotics/Computer Control/The Interface/Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers

The article once said:

Similiar to the outputs of a microcontroller, the inputs cannot "sink" a lot of current. However, this is somewhat irrelavant because the sensors that allow the microcontroller to "see" the world do not use very much power. Therefore, an appropriate, low power resistor connected as a series circuit to the sensor is all that is needed to attach it to the microcontroller input.

''This seems misleading. Most inputs (because they are connected only to CMOS gates) do not sink *any* (DC) current.''

Embedded Systems
I'm going to start merging the Microcontroller book into the Embedded Systems book. I also think that it doesnt make sense to merge this page into that book: the robotics book does deserve to have at least some coverage of microcontrollers. However, it would probably be a good idea to link to the Embedded Systems book for this, for further reading on this topic. --Whiteknight T C E 00:42, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

IMO much of the content of the microcontrollers page is going to be pretty much the same as the content for a microcontrollers page in the embedded systems book. I suggest you go ahead with the merge and I'll link to the embedded systems book and cover on this page robotics-specific microcontroller topics. Although this probably isn't going to be very much, as most of the things that apply for embedded hardware is going to apply in the same way for robotics. --Patrik 07:19, 17 February 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Lőrinc Mészáros

Net worth
I removed the net worth parameter from the infobox, as it's now deprecated. If anyone wants to add that content elsewhere in the article, you can find what I removed in this edit. Firefangledfeathers (talk) 17:46, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lőrinc Mészáros


text:
Ray Childress

Raymond Clay Childress, Jr. (born October 20, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Houston Oilers and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for the Texas A&M Aggies.

Early life
Childress attended J. J. Pearce High School in Richardson, Texas playing for Coach Hilton Lambeth, where he was an All-state defensive tackle. He accepted a football scholarship from Texas A&M University. He became a star as a freshman at defensive tackle.

As a junior, he posted 117 tackles, 15 quarterback sacks (school record) and was named second-team All-American by Gannett News Service (GNS).

As a senior, he anchored an Aggie defense that ranked No. 5 nationally in pass defense (127.5 yards per game). He recorded 124 tackles and 10 sacks. His 25 career sacks was then a school record for a non-linebacker and his 360 tackles then ranked fourth on A&M's career list. He was a first-team All-American selection by United Press International (UPI).

Childress ranks fifth all-time at the university in both career tackles and career sacks. In 1990, he was inducted into the Texas A&M Athletic Hall of Fame. In 2008, he was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame. In 2010, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Houston Oilers
Childress was considered one of the top prospects in the 1985 NFL draft and was in serious consideration for the first-overall selection; the Buffalo Bills, who held the pick, ultimately chose another defensive end, eventual Hall of Famer Bruce Smith. Childress slipped to third overall, where he was selected by the Houston Oilers.

He shares the NFL record for fumble recoveries in a single game, having recovered three from the Washington Redskins on October 30, 1988.

After five seasons as the Oilers' defensive end, Childress moved to defensive tackle in 1990 when defensive coordinator Jim Eddy switched from a 3-4 defense to a 4-3 scheme, necessitating an extra lineman. Childress was already a Pro Bowl end and had even filled in at nose guard on occasion. After the move, he would end up as a Pro Bowl selection in Hawaii four more times as a defensive tackle. As a testament to his excellence, four of the eight lowest single-season rushing totals allowed in Oilers history came between 1990 and 1993, with Childress at tackle.

Childress was as effective against the pass as he was against the run. He finished his Oiler career ranked second all-time in quarterback sacks and sixth all-time in tackles, joining Elvin Bethea as the only defensive linemen among the Oilers' top 10 in both categories. Childress led or shared the team sack lead from 1986–1989 and finished with the most single-season sacks for a defensive tackle (13) in 1992. For his 11-year career, Childress registered 13 multi-sack games.

He was known by his fans as not only as a star, but also as a blue-collar iron man. Until a separated shoulder ended his 1995 season (an injury that would thereafter be the determining factor in his decision to retire), he missed only 3 non-strike games due to injury, playing 154 games along the defensive line from 1985–1994. On February 15, 1996, he was released in a salary-cap move.

Childress may be best remembered for coming up with huge plays at crucial moments of games. He had an incredible seven fumble recoveries in 1988, two shy of the NFL single-season record. Three of those came in the Oilers' memorable 41-17 whipping of the Redskins, broadcast on ESPN October 30, 1988. Childress was the foundation of a remarkable defensive unit that saw Houston make seven consecutive playoff appearances. During the prime of his career, he was considered by many to be the best defensive tackle in football.

Dallas Cowboys
On December 4, 1996, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, to replace a suspended Leon Lett. He was a reserve player for 3 games behind Tony Casillas and Chad Hennings. He wasn't re-signed after the season.

Philanthropy
Along with his wife, Kara, Childress established the Childress Foundation in Houston, Texas in 1992. The foundation provides programs to enhance student success, promote productive citizenship through community service, and develop effective life skills. Since its inception, the Childress Foundation has provided over $1.7 million in college scholarships and has benefited more than 1,300 students.

Personal life
Following his 12-year career in the NFL, Childress served as chairman and CEO for ten years of the Ray Childress Auto Group and a limited partner in the NFL franchise, Houston Texans. RCAG operated the Lawrence Marshall auto dealerships in Houston, Texas and the small town of Hempstead, Texas, approximately 50 mi from Houston. Lawrence Marshall dealerships closed on February 4, 2009. The corporation closing can apparently be traced back to the national credit crunch when General Motors and Chrysler Corporation filed for bankruptcy. He also founded the Childress Directional Drilling, LLC. Childress has 4 children and resides in Houston, Texas and Jackson, Wyoming.

Links

 * Ray Childress at NFL.com

title: Ray Childress


text:
The Call of the Wood

The Call of the Wood is the debut album by Italian symphonic black metal band Opera IX, released through Miscarriage Records in 1995. It would be re-released by Avantgarde Records in 2001, with two bonus tracks.

In 2009, the album was completely remastered and once more reissued, this time through Peaceville Records, retaining the two bonus tracks from the 2001 re-release.

Personnel

 * Opera IX
 * Cadaveria (Raffaella Rivarolo) — vocals
 * Ossian D'Ambrosio — guitars
 * Vlad — bass
 * Flegias, a.k.a. Marcelo Santos (Alberto Gaggiotti) — drums

 * Guest musicians
 * Silent Bard — keyboards

title: The Call of the Wood


text:
User:Chuq/A-League vandal

 * A-League

 * 2006–07 A-League

 * 2009–10 A-League

 * 2005–06 A-League

 * Sport in Australia

 * Soccer in Australia

 * 2015 AFC Asian Cup, Docklands Stadium, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Stadium Australia, Adelaide Oval etc.

 * Lang Park

 * 2003–04 National Soccer League, 2002–03 National Soccer League, 2001–02 National Soccer League, 2000–01 National Soccer League, 1999–2000 National Soccer League

title: User:Chuq/A-League vandal


text:
Chandler W. Johnson

Chandler Wilce Johnson (October 8, 1905 – March 2, 1945) was a highly decorated United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel. He served as the commanding officer of 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines during the battle of Iwo Jima, leading his battalion in capturing Mount Suribachi which later led to the flag being raised over Iwo Jima. He was killed in action one week after the flag raising and was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.

Early life and career
Chandler W. Johnson was born on October 8, 1905, in Fort Dodge, Iowa. In 1929, Johnson graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps and attended training at the Marine Barracks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He then attended further training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and then at the Marine Barracks at Portsmouth Navy Yard, Virginia.

In April 1931, Johnson deployed to Nicaragua during the Banana Wars, remaining there until the end of 1932. From early 1933 to mid 1934, he was stationed at the Marine Barracks in Boston, Massachusetts. Johnson then attended courses at the Marine Barracks Quantico, Virginia, before he was briefly stationed at the Marine Barracks in Mare Island Navy Yard, California.

From late 1935 until the end of 1936, First Lieutenant Johnson was stationed at Olongapo Naval Station in the Philippines. Throughout 1937, Johnson served with the 4th Marine Regiment in China. In 1938, he returned to the Marine Barracks in Portsmouth, Virginia. In January 1939, Captain Johnson attended another course at Quantico, and later that year he was assigned to 1st Battalion, 6th Marines in San Diego, California.

3rd Defense Battalion
In mid 1940, Johnson was made the commanding officer of Battery I, 3rd Defense Battalion at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Johnson was with the 3rd Defense Battalion when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, forcing the United States to enter World War II.

In late June and early July 1942, the 3rd Defense Battalion conducted several amphibious landing exercises in Hawaii. On August 7, Johnson landed with his battalion in support of the 1st Marine Division at Guadalcanal. The 3rd Defense Battalion left Guadalcanal for New Zealand on February 9, 1943. Johnson was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service during the Guadalcanal campaign.

Johnson later took part in the Bougainville campaign with the 3rd Defense Battalion from November 1943 until June 1944. The 3rd Defense Battalion was deactivated shortly afterwards, and Lieutenant Colonel Johnson was reassigned as the commanding officer of 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, 5th Marine Division.

Battle of Iwo Jima
On February 19, 1945, Johnson led 2/28 during the amphibious assault of Green Beach during the battle of Iwo Jima. Despite fanatical resistance from the defending Japanese, 2/28 managed to help cut Mount Suribachi off from the rest of the island by the end of the day.

On February 20, as Lieutenant Colonel Johnson ordered his Marines to advance toward Mount Suribachi, he said "It’s going to be a hell of a day in a hell of a place to fight the damned war!" His battalion suffered significant casualties and only advanced 200 yards that day. Johnson sent a message to 5th Marine Division headquarters in which he stated "enemy defenses much greater than expected. There was a pillbox every ten feet." By February 22, the Marines had surrounded Suribachi.

First flag raising
On February 23, Johnson ordered two four-man patrols to reconnoiter routes up to the summit of Mount Suribachi. A patrol from Fox Company, led by Sergeant Sherman B. Watson, successfully reached the top and came back down without drawing any enemy fire. Johnson then ordered the commander of Easy Company, Captain Dave Severance, to send a platoon up Suribachi. Severance in turn ordered First Lieutenant Harold G. Schrier to take 3rd Platoon up the mountain. Just before Schrier left with the platoon, Johnson handed him a 54 by 28 inch American flag and said "If you get to the top, put it up." The flag had been taken from the USS Missoula (APA-211) by the battalion adjutant, First Lieutenant George G. Wells.

Schrier led his platoon up Suribachi and raised the flag Johnson had given him. James Forrestal, the Secretary of the Navy, arrived at the beach just as the flag was raised. The morale among the Marines increased and Forrestal said to General Holland Smith that "the raising of that flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next five hundred years." Forrestal was so excited that he then decided he wanted to keep the flag as a souvenir.

Second flag raising
When Lieutenant Colonel Johnson received word of Forrestal's wish, he angrily remarked "The hell with that!" Johnson wanted to retrieve the flag as soon as possible since he believed the flag belonged to his battalion. Johnson then sent his assistant operations officer, Second Lieutenant Ted Tuttle, down to the beach to secure a larger flag to raise over Suribachi.

Johnson then ordered Severance to have his Marines lay a telephone wire up to the top of Suribachi. Severance sent Sergeant Michael Strank, Corporal Harlon Block, and Privates First Class Ira Hayes, Franklin Sousley, and Rene Gagnon to the battalion command post to tie in the telephone wire and obtain radio batteries for Schrier. As the five Marines arrived at the command post, Tuttle also returned to Johnson with a 96 by 56 inch flag which he had acquired from USS LST-779. Johnson handed the flag to Gagnon and then told Strank to raise the second flag and have Schrier "save the small flag for me."

Strank then led the small group up Suribachi; where Strank, Block, Hayes, Sousley, and Private First Classes Harold Schultz and Harold Keller raised the second flag. The second flag raising was captured in the famous photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal. The first flag was brought back down Suribachi and returned to Lieutenant Colonel Johnson, who promptly placed it in the battalion safe.

Death
Lieutenant Colonel Johnson continued to lead 2/28 in the battle after the flag raising, advancing to the northeast end of the island. By March 2, the battalion was fighting over rugged terrain north of Hill 362A, in which the Japanese had constructed well-fortified positions. The lead companies sustained heavy casualties and were pinned down, and Johnson moved to the front line in order to reorganize his battalion to continue the assault. As Johnson was moving from one company to another, his body was mangled and he was instantly killed by an exploding mortar round.

Chandler W. Johnson was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the battle. His remains were interred in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Portrayal in film
Johnson is featured in the 2006 movie Flags of Our Fathers. In the movie, Johnson is played by American actor Robert Patrick. The movie is based on the 2000 book of the same title.

title: Chandler W. Johnson


text:
Talk:Hagryphus

Skrepnick image
I removed the image by Mike Skrepnick. First, I don't believe it has a usable copyright tag. Second, it was originally published as a restoration of Nomingia, not Hagryphus--news sites merely co-opted it.Dinoguy2 03:00, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Dinoguy, the image is published as a press-release illustration here: . Press release images are explicitly OK for fair-use republication. I re-added this image before I saw that you had earlier removed it; on further reflection I believe it's totally reasonable to use this pic here. Plus, it's an amazing image.

 * I've also emailed the author of the image for explicit permission to use it here. Pending his reply, we should keep it up. Killdevil 16:00, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I didn't realize pess release images were usable, but looking more closely at that tag I think you're right (I'd assumed it was a standard "big red C" copyight tag, oops!). I agree, keep it up, but I'm goig to put it on Nomingia as well, since that's what it was originally intended to represent.Dinoguy2 17:04, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I've edited the caption to indicate that this is not an actual restoration of Hagryphus, though the press release stated that it was. I'd not seen it associated with Nomingia.--Nar'eth 20:28, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Manus linking
Right now, manus in these dinosaur articles do not have anywhere to link to. To me it at best can point to a definition on Wikidictionary, but if someone thinks an encyclopedia article can be made for Manus (hand) or Manus (dinosaur), then go ahead and create it. Please do not link to the disambigation page at Manus. --- Jagged 11:49, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Hagryphus. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130828042919/http://www.geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm to http://geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:49, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hagryphus


text:
Discordianism

Welcome to Discordian Studies
This is my first experiment in creating a place to learn about Discordianism. While not a mainstream religion in the 'educational' sense I believe that by further examining Discordian texts in an open environment will generate some great ideas and philosophical concepts that go against the grain.

This Section was created on Aftermath 10, Year of Our Lady of Discord 3172

Current Learning Projects

 * Lesson 5: So you want to fight Cabbages? (An introduction into Discordianism)

 * Lesson 23: Please do not use this document as toilet tissue (Numerology and fnords)

 * Lesson 10: Erisian Ideals and The Mission of Wiki (A look at the Correlation of common Virtues)

Texts and Hypertexts
The Discordian texts have all rites reserved, With their intellectual content protected by their Copyleft Clause on Subsection 537 of the Granville, OH State Charter 3rd Revision. These Books, especially the Principia Discordia have been put on the internet since its creation but so much is lost from not seeing the actual Texts. It is my hope to have scanned pages of all books in each lesson where they are required. Bellow are a few online copies that will allow you to get the most out of these well known Discordian books. And if you decide to write your own Discordian texts, let me know so I can add it to the list of holy scripture, you are a Pope after all.

Minor Books of Discord

 * | The Book Of Eris
 * | Metaclysmia Discordia
 * | Summa Discordia
 * | Book 5
 * |The Wise Book of Baloney
 * |A Pocket Full of Chaos
 * | Devia Discordia

Dept. of Discordian Studies Research & Relaxation Dept.

 * Current Research
 * Accumulation of lost or rare Discordian Texts.
 * Anti-Greyface Propoganda

External resources

 * Discordianism - Wikipedia article

title: Discordianism


text:
Topic talk:Wiki

I made this topic page to serve as a portal to pages related to wikis - so I'm wondering: should it be a Portal instead? Or should there be both? What would Topic:Wiki have that Portal:Wiki wouldn't (and vice versa)? I'm also wondering about Topic:Wiki Science, which overlaps with what I've done here - should we just stick with that one or is there room for both of these organiser pages? Basically, what I want to do is to have a really good set of pages about wikis, how they work, and how you can use them - that should be something we can all collaborate on.. Cormaggio beep 11:30, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we should consider a joint project with this online community? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatball_Wiki  Apparently it has drifted a bit since I first perused there.  It was originally supposed to be about establishing wiki communnities.  Now it is more general discussion.  Mirwin 11:50, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks Michael - I love Meatball, and am very keen that we share some sort of discussion. There are also many fascinating pages there about wikis (and community in general) that we could reference from any number of pages here on Wikiversity. But I'd like to know more about what kind of "joint project" you had in mind.. :-) Cormaggio beep 12:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:Wiki


text:
Talk:Snow-Walker

Untitled
Could someone who knows the subject please assert notability under WP:BK? :) Dlohcierekim 15:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 13:47, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snow-Walker


text:
Battle of Peshawar (1001)

The Battle of Peshawar was fought on 27 November 1001 between the Ghaznavid army of Mahmud of Ghazni and the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala, near Peshawar. Jayapala was defeated and captured, and as a result of the humiliation of the defeat, he later immolated himself in a funeral pyre. This is the first of many major battles in the expansion of the Ghaznavid Empire into the Indian subcontinent by Mahmud.

Background
In 962, Alp-Tegin, a Turkic ghulam or slave soldier, who rose to be the commander of the army in Khorasan in the service of the Samanids, seized Ghazna and set himself up as a ruler there. In 997, Mahmud ascended the throne at Ghazni, a successor to Sabuktigin, Mahmud started to vigorously expand his domain, and vowed to invade India every year until the northern lands were his. In 1001 he arrived at Peshawar with a select group of 15,000 cavalry, and a large corps of ghazis and Afghans. This began a struggle with the Hindu Shahi kingdom which extended from Laghman to Kashmir and from Sirhind to Multan. The Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala attacked the ghaznavids, but was defeated, then again later when his army of a reported size of over 100,000 was beaten. The territories were annexed by the Ghaznavids.

Battle
An account of the battle between the invading Turkic Ghaznavids and the Shahi kingdom was given by Al-Utbi in Tarikh Yamini. According to Al-Utbi, Mahmud pitched his tent outside the city upon reaching Peshawar. Jayapala avoided action for some time waiting for reinforcements, and Mahmud then took the decision to attack with swords, arrows, and spears. Jayapala moved his cavalry and elephants to engage his opponent, but his army was decisively defeated.

According to the sources, Jayapala, along with members of his family were captured, and valuable personal adornments were taken off the prisoners, including a necklace of great value from Jayapala. The number of Hindu dead ranged from 5,000 to 15,000, and five hundred thousands were said to have been taken captive. Judging from the personal adornments taken off captured Hindus, Jayapala's army was not prepared for battle and thousands of children were taken captive as well.

Aftermath
Jayapala was bound and paraded, and a large ransom was paid for the release of members of his family. Jayapala felt the defeat to be a great humiliation, and later he built himself a funeral pyre, lit it, and threw himself into the fire.

Mahmud later conquered the upper Indus region, and then in 1009, defeated Jayapala's son Anandapala in a battle at Chach. He then captured Lahore and Multan, giving him control of the Punjab region.

title: Battle of Peshawar (1001)


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Editor Retention/Retain new editors

Epoch Fail's comment
I'm hoping to start exploring some techniques for improving retention. Specifically, I've been designing (very preliminary) an analog of Huggle (code named Snuggle) to help Wikipedians identify new users who are doing good work. I have some sketches and mockups that I plan to pull together as soon as I get back. In the short term, I want to try to get a sense of what makes a desirable newcomer desirable and explore some effective approaches for detecting them computationally and showing their work to Wikipedian mentors. In the meantime, I think it would be helpful to build a summary of What We Know(tm) about newcomer retention and effective techniques (if any) that we might borrow from other systems. -- EpochFail (talk 21:24, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Copied from his talk page. Ryan Vesey Review me!  14:41, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

The decline is caused, at least in part, by increasing rejection of good-faith newcomer contributions
Hey folks! I'm the author of the recent blog post: Kids these days: the quality of new Wikipedia editors over time. I'm posting to direct you to some work I'm doing to identify the cause of the decline and test potential solutions. I have a writeup of a multi-method analysis of the English Wikipedia's newcomer retention issues. This write-up is a summary of a larger paper (PDF linked in summary) accepted to the scholarly journal, American Behavior Scientist. For your convenience, here is a super brief summary of the results:
 * This conversation copied from Project page `Buster Seven   Talk  22:10, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The proportion of newcomers who are trying to be productive has not decreased since 2006.
 * The source of the decline is decreased retention of these good-faith newcomers.
 * When newcomers have their revisions reverted, they leave.
 * Newcomers are more likely to get reverted (for similar edits) today than in 2005.
 * The use of tools like Huggle appears to be exacerbating the revert problem.
 * Getting reverted by a Huggle substantially increases the probability that a good-faith newcomer will leave quickly.
 * Young editors (post newcomers, but pre Wikipedian) used to be able to contribute to policies and guidelines, but not anymore.
 * Everyone is writing essays now, but essays are not enforceable.

I'm excited about this WikiProject and hope to work with you guys to try make a dent in the declining detention. -- EpochFail (talk 19:56, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * One other thing, not mentioned above, also comes to mind. For most of the content newer editors would be interested in developing, there already exists a substantial, generally well sourced article, and, possibly, substantial prior discussion regarding the material they want to add, particularly if it isn't news-related. And, yes, with the sometimes incredible amount of archived discussion on some of these most popular pages, it can be really difficult to see if what you want to add has already been dsicussed. I have a feeling that many editors, when they see, effectively, that other editors are saying "Yeah, we old hands already talked about that, and found it wasn't worth including, at least to the weight that you want," will feel, understandably, somewhat offended and leave on that basis. Having said that, however, I'm not sure how to deal with instances of that sort of problem. John Carter (talk) 20:08, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

 * These are all good points but how can we use them to change the status quo? Can anyone come up with viable proposals which have a chance of being implemented? And is anyone interested in pushing them through? --Ipigott (talk) 20:33, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I think the suggestion that is hidden in the section above this one might solve a portion of this problem. The Teahouse is also made to solve that very issue. Ryan Vesey  Review me!  20:39, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * @Ryan Vesey: I have looked at the Wikipedia:Contribution Team project. It looks to me as if it is currently doing a good job in trying to make new editors feel more welcome. The Editor Retention project, on the other hand, it more focused on keeping people who are already contributors but who are frustrated by the often hostile treatment they receive. Maybe you could present the aims of this project to the Contribution Team and investigate how we can work together? --Ipigott (talk) 20:57, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * While the Contribution Team still has a few new members, it appears to be defunct. I just pointed it out because some of the ideas may be useful.  I also disagree with any notion that this project should focus on established contributors.  I am of the opinion that increasing retention of new users may be our best shot.  I've also talked to Dennis, and I've got another user creating a table from the list of editors who placed retired on their talk pages so we can contact them to ask them if they are interested in rejoining the project and/or if they have an idea to fix whatever problem caused them to leave.  Sorry if I'm going off on a bit of a tangent here. Ryan Vesey  Review me!  21:16, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Just butting in here, while I see where you're coming from Ryan re: not focussing solely on established editors I'd echo Ipigott's suggestion, in a slightly different way. In order to help long term retention one thing this project could do is ask users who are reducing their time on WP why so, and what would help restore them to the site (you're unlikely to see much return for your efforts in looking fro responses from those who have already left for good). The reason for this is twofold: 1) if we figure out how to help editors who know the ropes, procedures and policies we can educate new editors in ways that a) help them integrate into WP's community and b) help them stick with it for years (as some of us have). There's no point in retaining new editors for months only to see them catch the same rot & leave. 2) John makes a very good point above. We have nearly 4 million articles written today - WP is a vastly different experience now as to 2006. There are fewer new articles to write. There are an increasing number of featured articles that require a standard of writing and research to make positive & constructive contributions to. We need not only to be nice to new editors but to equip them with an understanding of how to do good research and what pitfalls to avoid. Many of us on site are education and higher education professionals in various fields. There is a pool of knowledge on how to help ppl learn to research and there are ppl with the skills to deliver that here. Also as Epochfail points out if there are issues with widely used tools (like Huggle or Twinkle etc) we should look at this, get the evidence, and open an RFC on disabling these features in order to retain new good faith users-- Cailil  talk 21:38, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * One small point. There are still a huge number of articles out there which haven't yet been created. I can think of the mind-boggling number of small, but minimally notable, Christian denominations, groups, religious orders, churches, and what all out there - I know of at least several thousand we don't yet have articles on. However, in a lot of cases, it can be harder to find RS on some of these smaller topics, so editors, including some older ones, try to add the material on these less-notable topics to already extant articles, where the material often won't meet WEIGHT requirements. When it gets removed there, they might leave. WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles might be a good place to start listings of some of these missing articles, and I am still trying to get together a list of the encyclopedias reviewed by journals on the JSTOR site. When that gets done, we might be able to have some of the WikiProjects on major topics, like for instance Christianity, have lists of articles which are apparently notable enough, and reference works which have material on them to help such articles. That might help a few editors stay around. But, for others, who, for instance, think Elvis killed Kennedy as per some book or other and want it prominently placed in those two biographies, those editors can, sometimes, seem reasonable, but are probably not long to stay here anyway. John Carter (talk) 21:55, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * They're great suggestions John - I'll see if I can get a convo or two started at the wikiprojects I'm involved in about notable but unwritten articles-- Cailil  talk 15:10, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * We've (WMF researchers) been studying ways to improve the effects of Huggle reverts. See UWTEST, meta:Research:Warning_Templates_in_Huggle and the ICWSM publication.  I really think these are stopgap approaches though.  I want to figure out how to reverse the trend and fixing warning messages appears to make marginal improvments at best.  I don't think that shutting down Huggle is a good option due to the massive efficiency and effectiveness of the tool at combating vandalism.  Instead, I'd like to learn from huggle's efficiency for using human judgement to identify and remove vandalism by building a similar system (code name: snuggle) that uses human judgement to identify and support good new (or old) contributors.  I hope to have more on that soon.  -- EpochFail  (talk 13:39, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * @John Carter, one of the studies I cite in the paper is one of my own from last summer that supports your intuition about newbies editing increasingly complete articles and getting reverted. meta:Research:Newbie_reverts_and_article_length -- EpochFail (talk 13:22, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Bingo, I believe this is one of the top areas we need to address: What do we do with 'finished' articles, that probably should not be being edited that much any more?  I think the answer is to identify FA articles as such and to direct editing efforts away from them and toward areas that still need work.    13:28, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

The report makes an incorrect assumption, a very common one, that Assume Good Faith is policy, it's not policy.

This study has many important implications for community and Wikimedia Foundation efforts to engage and retain new editors. To begin, it reasserts the centrality of one fundamental policy on the project, “Assume good faith.”

Reminds me of the quote from hitch-hikers guide on my talkpage,

It is very easy to be blinded to the essential failure of Wikipedia by the sense of achievement you get from getting it to work at all. In other words - and this is the rock solid principle on which the whole of wikipedia's success is founded - its fundamental design flaws are completely hidden by its superficial design flaws. Penyulap  ☏  07:35, 7 Jul 2012 (UTC)
 * That's what you get for reading the pre-print ;). I should have cautioned about that more carefully.  I edited that out when I caught it as I was making the HTML summary.  There's a strange bit of legal nuance around what I do and don't get to publish from my journal submissions.  It seems safer to maintain the separate summary than to continue to edit my pre-print so the HTML version will be more up-to-date. -- EpochFail  (talk 13:22, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Reminds me of "Everything has already been Invented", an 1899 quote by the Patent Office Commissioner. ```Buster Seven   Talk  13:16, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

The biggest change (edit break)

 * The biggest change since 2006 for Newbies is that a newbie who added an unsourced fact then was more likely to see it fact tagged and less likely to simply see it reverted as unsourced. I can see that this would be offputting for new editors, but it is only one stage of the process, we are losing not just newbies but editors who only last a few months. The community has become something of a clique with relatively few newbies making it into the core of active editors. These are in my view two distinct and separate problems. We need a better way to handle newbies who add unsourced content, and we probably need some research to establish how often that unsourced content is typically True, False or unverifiable by Google. If its mostly True then we need a program to encourage those who "revert unsourced" to only do so for genuinely contentious stuff. If its mostly False then that just boosts the case to implement Flagged revisions and process the vandalism more effectively and efficiently. If its pretty mixed then we need a more complex solution. As for how we make the community less cliquey, I'm not sure, though it can't help that those of us who started editing after 2006 are still a minority of the admin cadre. I might start a new thread lower down about retention of those who get past that early stage.  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  13:58, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I wonder if a modification to huggle that allows you to tag an unsourced section with fact and notify the contributor that they should attempt to find a source would do any good. Ryan Vesey Review me!  14:18, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Again that's a good idea Ryan but that wont help on FAs and GAs (or high profile articles that were under probation like Sarah Palin or Barrak Obama) - the standard for drive-by editing is getting higher (that's not inherently a bad thing) we shouldn't be dumbing down policy or letting article content slip on the off chance that that IP will open an account. Another option would be to put up an info box for all IPs on the "Dos and Don'ts" and a prominent create an account button-- Cailil  talk 15:17, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Getting past that early stage
Most of us here have been envolved for some time. We have long ago past that "early stage". But why? Why did we persist while others simply stopped and left the game. Maybe there is some insight we can glean if we all tell our brief early history. Plus, it should be fun looking back. No time right now, but later I will create ..../Retain new editors/The early stage or something like that. ```Buster Seven   Talk  15:24, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry that this thread didn't get picked up. I actually have some insight into some of the patterns (from a data perspective) that suggest why some editors stay.  In the models of new user retention that I've built, there is a term that I always use to control for a strong predictive characteristic that is orthogonal to the effect I want to measure.  I like to call this term "investment": the number of edits a newcomer saves when they first sit down to edit the encyclopedia.  This is one of the strongest predictors that a new editor will stick around despite a negative reception.  I suspect that high "investment" newcomers are generally more excited about the project than low "investment" editors.  On this note, I'd like to ask, how much did you do when you first started editing?  Do you remember how you felt about Wikipedia at the time?  -- EpochFail  (talk 20:57, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

In my view
In my view, some of the largest potential improvements in terms of the effects of reverts, will come from anything we can do to educate new editors before they make those edits, or while they're making those edits, not after. Improvements to the article editing interface, automated testing for potential warning signs in an article and giving users real time feedback, those are things that matter. "Hey, it looks like may not have included any references. That could be a problem that could lead your article to eventually be deleted, want some help with that?" To draw an analogy, consider the difference between, as I type (this) message, an interface that tells me that I forgot to leave an edit summary, and one that, an hour later, removes my comment and leaves a note on my talk page. Is there really any question which is friendlier? Good-faith edits that are problems from our point of view can be reduced by education, and everything we do to help that situation helps reduce the number of good-faith edits we reject. --j⚛e deckertalk 15:58, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * copied from main project page
 * I agree. The more upfront normal contact we can create, the sooner the new editor will feel at home. Its like telling a country bumpkin, new to the city, to "look both ways before crossing". He appreciates your concern for his safety. (No harm to country bumpkins or new editors intended) Is what you are suggesting (improvements to the interface) possible? How about "Speedy Sandbox" instead of Speedy Delete for editors with, lets say, under 100 article edits? Again,a much friendlier "We're all in this together" conversation. The Deletion Process is very painful and heartless. It may be 100% accurate but it lacks a sense of community and comradship. There has to be a better way! ```Buster Seven   Talk  00:07, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

Note
Just a note that I am working on a draft for a New editor buddy program (name subject to change). I'll move it to project space once I have some better context. Right now it is a bunch of loose ends in my head. Ryan Vesey Review me!  14:17, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Some updates on Snuggle mockup
Hey guys! I'm sorry for the silence. I've been working on some mockups for an interface for visualizing newcomers and the work they are doing in the encyclopedia (which I've codenamed "Snuggle", a play on Huggle). I'm hoping to build a tool (possibly on the toolserver) that allows Wikipedians to quickly examine the pool of recent newcomers and identify their recent activity in the encyclopedia. Note the mockup to the right. In a nutshell, I'm hoping to produce a list of recent new editors based off of recentchanges with a visual summary of their daily activity (color coded by namespace) that can be examined at a glance and expanded for more in-depth inspection. Note that some of the edit rectangles have a red dot in the center. I hope to use such a marker to signify when edits have been reverted. The icons on the right side of each user-row represent User_talk page messages. [V] denotes a vandalism warning, [W] a welcome, [(C)] a copyright warning, etc. I hope to bring more on this project soon! -- EpochFail (talk 21:10, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I just realized that I never mentioned that the intention of this whole thing is to be a powerful, distributed, human-cognition system (read: quick and easy for you and me to work together) for detecting desirable newcomers and interacting with them on a personal level. -- EpochFail (talk 00:07, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Do you have an estimated time line? Are you testing this on another wiki or here? Ryan Vesey 01:07, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Does it come with training wheels? ```Buster Seven   Talk  04:52, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Only if your name is not Willy. Ryan Vesey 05:08, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late response. I must have accidentally unwatched the page.  I won't be able to make good estimates until I find a feasible way to solve some of the harder problems (e.g. building revert data from recent changes).  I'm hoping to have the system ready for some testing by the end of Sept., but at this point, that's more of a guess than an estimate. -- EpochFail  (talk 17:23, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Hey folks, it's a bit of a lame update, but I've finally had a chance to get my thoughts together on this Snuggle thing, so I put together a project page and proposed a three stage plan for development. I've added a signup list for anyone who is interested in receiving regular notifications about new development.  I'm hoping to a build a bit of an interest group around the project so that I end up putting together something that someone might find useful.  I'm currently working on strategies for efficiently consuming Special:RecentChanges via the toolserver in order to detect newcomers and visualize their activity.  I hope to have more on that and a source code repository in about a week. -- EpochFail  (talk 21:54, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Suggestion
How about a policy/guideline to admins to userfy all newly deleted articles save a few obvious vandalisms? That, and a (friendly) message explaining what has been done will do a lot good to new ediots who get their articles regularly destroyed by deletions, and dont come back. TheOriginalSoni (talk) 16:18, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

The Wikipedia Adventure, alpha-testers needed
Hi folks, I've been working for the past 7 months on an interactive guided tour for new editors called The Wikipedia Adventure, as part of a WMF Individual Engagement Grant. The game is an experiment in teaching our aspiring future editors in an educational but playful way.

 * This week I need some alpha-testers to kick the tires and basically try to break it. I'm interested in general impressions and suggestions of course, but I'm really looking for gnarly, unexpected browser issues, layout problems, workflow bugs, and other sundry errors that would prevent people from playing through and having a positive experience.

 * If you're able to spend 1-3 hours doing some quality assurance work this week, you would have: a) my sincere gratitude b), a sparkly TWA barnstar, c) special thanks in the game credits, and d) left your mark on Wikipedia's outreach puzzle and new editor engagement efforts

 * Please note that the game automatically sends edits to your own userspace and it lets you know when that will happen. If you want, you can register a new testing account just for the game, but it won't work properly unless you're logged-in by step 8 of mission 1 when it lets you register on the fly.

If you're interested, please add your name below and have at it. You can post feedback to WP:TWA/Feedback. Thanks and cheers! Ocaasit | c 20:51, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

Try out The Wikipedia Adventure ''I'm interested and on the bug-hunt. Will report back this week''
 * 1) Add your name here
 * 2) Or here
 * 3) Or here...


text:
Botany/Equisetophyta

<< Contents Page | Chapter 12 | Chapter 13 | Chapter 14 >>

Chapter 13. Equisetophyta ~ The Club Mosses and Horsetails
The Equisetophyta is a very old division—the plants of this division were among the first plants to grow on land. Equisetophyta are sometimes referred to as fern allies, as they have the same life cycles as ferns, and have similar developments that allow them to grow taller than the bryophytes.

Read:
 * Equisetophyta
 * Horsetail

title: Botany/Equisetophyta


text:
Talk:Miss Star International

Contested deletion
This article should not be speedily deleted for lack of asserted importance because... (your reason here) --SwissBeautyRanking (talk) 05:04, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

This page is about of one of the most important LGBT Beuty Pageant in the world, this article includes true references about the pageant, this beauty pageant is a very exceptional event in many regions of Europe. (SwissBeautyRanking (talk) 05:04, 12 July 2012 (UTC))

title: Talk:Miss Star International


text:
Σίσυφος

Etymology
Of origin. Possibilities include:
 * A reduplicated form of.
 * A derivative of ; see.
 * A loan.

Proper noun

 * 1) Sisyphus

title: Σίσυφος


text:
Guri

Etymology
From, ("god") and  ("beautiful").

Etymology
From.

Derived terms

 * (a legandary female hero from various places, most known the one from Kringen)

title: Guri


text:
User:Aki3584~enwikibooks

aki3584 is the nick of Akshay Deshpande on the internet. Please see the blog on yahoo 360

title: User:Aki3584~enwikibooks


text:
Portal:Education/Did you know

The original Wikiversity model for online learning "Learning by doing" is a slogan that captures the intent of the Wikiversity "e-learning model". The Wikiversity e-learning model was developed in response to a request by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees and it was included in the approved Wikiversity project proposal.

At Wikiversity a general term that we can use for educational content is "learning resource". So far, learning resources have been roughly divided into learning projects and learning materials.

It is the goal of some Wikiversity participants to create a vast collection of static learning materials, many of which could be downloaded and used by conventional bricks-and-mortar schools, or by self-study students. This is still a major goal of Wikiversity - to provide a repository of learning resources, with lesson plans on how they could be used, and feedback from students and teachers about how we would evaluate these resources in fulfilling their needs.

However, in terms of developing a Wikiversity model for learning, what Wikiversity needs now is a collection of exciting learning projects that will attract wiki participants. If we can engage Wikipedia participants in projects that they are interested in, then the learning materials will accumulate as a by-product of those projects. Here is a familiar example of how participation in a wiki project leads to the production of learning materials.....read more.....

title: Portal:Education/Did you know


text:
Talk:Skeet Shoot

Game rating
The rating of the game is debatable and shallow.
 * However, Digital Press is a reputable source, having actual books in print.--SeizureDog 22:13, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe they are all self-published, though. D. Brodale (talk) 00:20, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SkeetShoot2600box.jpg
Image:SkeetShoot2600box.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

BetacommandBot 23:23, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Bad Reference
The footnote link for "It is considered to be one of the worst Atari 2600 games of all time" points to a page that doesn't mention the game Skeet Shoot. Hexedar (talk) 07:34, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skeet Shoot


text:
2012–13 Club Atlas season

The 2012–13 Atlas season was the 66th professional season of Mexico's top-flight football league. The season is split into two tournaments—the Torneo Apertura and the Torneo Clausura—each with identical formats and each contested by the same eighteen teams. Atlas began their season on July 22, 2012 against UNAM, Atlas played their homes games on Saturdays at 9:00pm local time. Atlas did not qualify to the final phase in the Apertura tournament and was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Santos Laguna in the Clausura tournament.

Final phase
Santos Laguna advanced 3–1 on aggregate

Regular season
Source:

title: 2012–13 Club Atlas season


text:
1961 Cambodian school holiday referendum

A referendum on shortening school holidays was held in Cambodia on 12 January 1961. The proposed change was approved by voters.


text:
Acacia burdekensis

Acacia burdekensis is a tree belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is native to north eastern Australia.

Description
The tree typically grows to a height of less than 9 m and scurfy, resinous reddish-brown coloured branchlets. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen, glabrous phyllodes are straight to very falcate and are at their widest just below the middle. They are 7 to 14 cm in length and 7 to 18 mm and have parallel longitudinal nerves that are crowded together usually with two or three more prominent than the others. When it blooms it produces simple inflorescences along spikes with a length of 25 to 60 mm that are moderately packed with yellow flowers. After flowering it produces linear Seed pods that are slightly constricted between the seeds. The glabrous dark brown pods are straight to shallowly curved with a width of 3 to 4 mm with longitudinally arranged seeds inside.

Distribution
It has only a limited range in northern parts of the Burdekin River watershed in Queensland where it is found on hillsides and along creek banks growing in stony and sandy soils.

title: Acacia burdekensis


text:
Gianmarco Buttazzo

Giammarco Buttazzo (born 23 August 1977) is an Italian male long-distance runner who won one national championship.

Biography
He competed at two editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships (2006, 2008), two of the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and four editions of the European Cross Country Championships (2006, 2014), winning a medal with the national team in 2009.

title: Gianmarco Buttazzo


text:
Talk:Niall Garve O'Donnell

Untitled
a good article. I think you missed some important points but I'm not going to edit at the moment.

This grandson of Calvagh won Ulster for the English crown more than Mountjoy.

Docwra was useless without him

Niall Garbh: change article name
Niall Garbh is a much, much more common spelling of this guy's name in the English language. Google Books result (i.e. academic sources): Niall Garbh: 1500 results; Niall Garve: 433 results. Google Fight result: Niall Garbh: 1420 results; Niall Garve: 186 results. Indeed, the claim that 'Niall Garve' is the anglicisation given that the vast majority of the above results for 'Niall Garbh' appear in English language sources is a bit tenuous. Dunlavin Green (talk) 12:31, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Niall Garve O'Donnell


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Life's Shop Window

The result was: promoted by Allen3 talk 13:54, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Life's Shop Window

 * ... that Life's Shop Window was the first film produced by the corporate predecessor of Fox Films, the Box Office Attractions Company?
 * ALT1:... that when film producer William Fox first watched Life's Shop Window he suggested, "Let's burn the damn thing"?
 * Reviewed: Martin D. Whitaker

Moved to mainspace by Squeamish Ossifrage (talk). Self nominated at 20:22, 9 February 2015 (UTC).

 * Don't see a direct citation for the original hook, however ALT1 Symbol confirmed.svg meets all 5 required criterion (and it's more interesting IMHO). — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 13:41, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Chullpa

A chullpa is an ancient Aymara funerary tower originally constructed for a noble person or noble family. Chullpas are found across the Altiplano in Peru and Bolivia. The tallest are about 12 m high.

The tombs at Sillustani in Peru are the most famous. Recent research has focused on the connection between chullpas and the ritual pathways etched into the landscape around Nevado Sajama, as well as possible patterns within chullpa sites.

Description
Corpses in each tomb were typically placed in a fetal position along with some of their belongings, including clothing and common equipment.

In virtually all cases, the only opening to the tomb faces the rising sun in the east. The construction of the chullpa varied with ethnic group: in general, those of the north Altiplano are circular and constructed with stone, while those of the south are rectangular and constructed with adobe.

Some are unadorned, while others have intricate carvings. At Sillustani, many of the chullpas have lizards, which were considered a symbol of life because they could regenerate their tails, carved into the stone.

Similar tombs
It is possible that chullpas were also used by the Inca following their conquest of the Aymara.

Very similar stone constructions on Easter Island known as tupa have sometimes been suspected to be closely related to chullpas.

title: Chullpa


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2015 February 5

= February 5 =

causes of condom failure
According to Wikipedia 1-2 percent of women will test positive for semen residue if no condom slippage or breakage is observed. How is that possible? Could it be that the semen leaked through the pores of the condom even though it was used correctly? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roger adams49 (talk • contribs) 04:13, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Could be someone else's semen. InedibleHulk (talk) 04:21, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Leakage around the edge, maybe. This is why spermicidal foam should be used with it. Although it could be sabotage. I recall a story about three nurses gossiping. One nurse said she found condoms in the doctor's desk. The second nurse said she not only found them but ran a pin through each one. The third nurse fainted. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 04:32, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

They tested positive after intercourse with a condom — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roger adams49 (talk • contribs) 04:51, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Use spermicidal foam along with it. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 04:53, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Well, I remember reading somwhere that condoms lubricated with spermicide are no more effective than condoms without it. Roger adams49 (talk) 05:11, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You read wrong. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 05:21, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Could be a failure rate in the test. StuRat (talk) 05:14, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Anyways, is it possible for semen to leak through a condom even if used correctly? I always thought it was impossible, since condoms don't contain pores. Thats what wikipedia seeems to imply.Roger adams49 (talk) 05:36, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * If a condom is used correctly, it's used in a way that prevents anything getting through. Nothing that is successful can fail. A condom with a hole, even unobserved, will fail. Wikipedia has given you four other options to consider, there's no need to dwell on the idea of something permeating the impervious. InedibleHulk (talk) 06:36, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * An item can be used correctly, and yet fail. For example, a measles vaccine, with a later booster shot, are 99% effective, not 100%. StuRat (talk) 12:57, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Why are people saying random stuff without bothering to checking references? Our own article Condom and to a lesser extent Spermicide confirm that it unclear if condoms lubricated with spermicide are actually more effective at preventing pregnancy than condoms without. There are plenty of external sites which say the same thing  They also have disadvantages namely a shorter shelf life, a possibly increased risk of urinary tract infections in women and a possibly increase risk of HIV transmission. For these reason and perhaps more, they are no longer recommended by many health sources and no longer produced by many manufacturers. Using spermicide packaged seperately together with condoms may however reduce the risk of pregnancy as there is more of it, although still has the earlier disadvantages (well it obviously doesn't effect the shelf life of condoms), so it's generally suggested it should be used with caution (e.g. some only recommend it for a couple in a monogamous relationship where HIV isn't a concern). Nil Einne (talk) 11:48, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * P.S. I appreciate the source used in our article and the ones I could find aren't that great sources. E.g. as this source I saw in our article on condoms mentions, there are a lot of rumours and poorly supported information when it comes to sexual health and preventing pregnancy, even those without a religious reasoning and coming from health advice sources, such as that about "double bagging". I did have a look for more scholarly sources and couldn't actually find any that took a good look at the effectiveness of spermicide lubricated condoms at preventing pregnancy. Heck even this very old source  which appears to have been around the time these were first made, only seems to have looked at the effectiveness in a certain group rather than in comparison to condoms without spermicide. I did come across  which is perhaps an interest source if you can get it for a somewhat old overview of spermicides in general. I'm not sure why there appears to be so little research on the effectiveness of spermicide lubricated condoms at preventing pregnancy. It may be that research on spermicides in general suggest the amounts used with condoms is probably too small to be of much use. (One source or more sources I read  did note there may similarly be a lower risk of many of the complications due to the lower levels. That said, one of the papers on the risk of UTIs was specifically related to spermicide lubricated condoms, although having had a quick look at the paper, they also found a smaller higher risk for people who used condoms in general.) It may also be because while preventing pregnancy is important for many, there are a number of resonably effective methods for pregnancy prevention (with different costs, benefits and risks) but barrier methods particularly condoms, are the only effective method for sexually active people to protect against STIs particularly HIV. And so the recent research focus on condoms with spermicides has been about STIs and similar stuff. (One of the factors may have been there was an interested in condoms lubricated with spermicides to prevent STI particularly HIV transmission due to some in vitro evidence. However further research didn't show this in vivo and combined with the possibility of increasing risk due to the complications from long term meant there was a move away. There is or was still a hope that a perhaps spermicidal agent can be found which would help reduce the risk of HIV transmission and has few complications.) It may also be the concern is when condoms are already lubricated with spermicide, the users don't think much about whether they should be using spermicide so it's better if these are seperate so there's proper consideration of the benefits and risks and times to use them (which is possibly only vaginal sex). Either way, it does seem there has been a move away from them. And it definitely seems misleading to suggest as was done above that it's wrong to state "condoms lubricated with spermicide are no more effective than condoms without it". From the evidence available, I don't think we can conclude this is definitely the case, but we also can't conclude it's wrong. Nil Einne (talk) 12:47, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * In response to the specific question about semen residue, I looked at the sources from Condom where this claim is present. There are two papers.
 * One a metholodogy verification paper with a relatively small sample size . It seems semen residue primarily means prostate-specific antigen, although there was also a check for sperm in some cases. (The check for sperm found it in a few cases without PSA and even when there was claimed abstinence for 24 hour or more but always at low levels. In the PSA cases, sperm was always found, but sometimes at low levels. PSA was always found in samples taken immediately after unprotected sex, but never after 24 hours. BTW, to avoid confusion, I don't think sperm at the low levels was counted as a 'semen residue', actually the primary intention of one of the papers seems to have been to demonstrate that PSA seems to be a better indicator of recent "seminal exposure" than sperm.)
 * Anyway in this paper, they didn't include any cases where PSA was found in the pre-coital samples. And whether due to this, the small sample size or whatever, there was no PSA found in those cases that were considered where there were no reported problems with the condom.
 * Note also that samples collected after 72 hour abstinence didn't contain any PSA. BTW, all female participants had tubal ligation (and part of the study included unprotected sex as well participant punctured condoms). One final interesting thing is that even in cases where breakage or slippage did occur, PSA levels did vary wildly.
 * The second paper is where PSA was detected in some cases with reported failure is interesting . Although in the earlier methodology paper by largely the same authors it was suggested (as was done in that case) that pre-coital samples should be taken to rule out PSA being present from a previous sex act, it doesn't sounds like this was done here. May be they had found this was too odorous onerous and so lead to low compliance. It's also possible they felt it wasn't that important since PSA doesn't generally seem to be detectable for long and the couples were supposed to record coital acts etc in a diary (and so if they didn't comply there, they may not have properly complied with the pre-coital swab anyway).
 * They do mention it's possible the PSA came from unreported previous unprotected sex. (This being a different sexual partner as suggested above could be one reason it was unreported, but there could also be other reasons ranging I'm guessing from the partners bringing drunk, to one of the partners not knowing.) They don't mention sabotage. They do mention undetected failure is unlikely, but I'm a bit confused whether they're saying they don't believe the cases were undetected failure, or they think if it does occur, it's low as evidenced by only find the 1.2% of cases with PSA without reported breakage/failure.
 * Interesting of the 3 cases where they did find PSA, 2 of them had it at a low level, significantly below that expected from unprotected sex (so whether the sex had been a while, or it wasn't unprotected, who knows). One of these cases (I presume the one with the higher level of PSA, but this isn't stated) did have a clinically significant level of sperm.
 * Anyway beyond the suggestion it could be due to unreported unprotected sex, they don't actually comment much on the 1.2% of cases with PSA without reported failure, I think the general point is the rate was fairly low and it's ultimately impossible to know from their results why PSA was detected despite their being no recorded failure. Note that they did have 2 pregnancies in couples where no failures were recorded and the instructions are supposed to have been followed every time. (They also had 8.1% of their participants withdrawing of the research due to breaking up.)
 * Nil Einne (talk) 14:30, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Corrected "odorous" to "onerous". Thanks to User:Thinking of England for letting me know. Nil Einne (talk) 11:55, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Also when Wikipedia mentions slippage and breakage rate does it mean slippage and breakage after one year of use? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roger adams49 (talk • contribs) 19:05, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, I'm pretty sure the breakage and slippage rates are per use. See for example this source (11/1001 latex condoms broke during intercourse), which is one of the sources used in our article albeit indirectly. Similarly the source I mentioned above  (not available in full text for free unfortunately) had 16 condoms breaking and 39 slipping off during intercourse or withdrawal, out of 3677 condoms used for intercourse for a total failure rate of 1.5%. There was also one condom which broke when being removed from the penis after intercourse (which should carry minimum risk of pregnancy or STIs if done carefully). BTW, these rates are only breakage or slippage during use. Breakage when opening are normally counted seperately I presume because while they may influence the cost, they ideally shouldn't influence the "failure rate". In practice, they may influene the typical use failure rate, as a couple who find themselves without a condom because the only one that had was broken may just have sex without one (or use the broken one). In fact, one thing the sources mention is that the biggest contributor to typical use failure rates of condoms tends to be inconsistent use. (In a related fashion, our article suggests education and I guess greater concern could reduce breakage and slippage. Notable for slippage, it seems to me there's a big difference between slippage during intercourse and slippage after, probably why some sources count them seperately (although some also count breakage seperately). Slippage during intercourse, particularly if it happens a while before orgasm can potentially be detected and correct. Slippage during withdrawal after intercourse will probably be reduced by good practice, i.e. holding the the base during withdrawal.) BTW, you may want to read the source our article directly uses for the breakage data, it appears to try and estimate how much semen may exposed as a result of breakage etc. I would also suggest you take a more careful look and read of sources as plenty of health related journal articles now have full text versions available for free. And while it may be difficult to understand some details of the articles, you should be able to answer questions like what is mean by breakage. Nil Einne (talk) 12:33, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

cold dark matter and nuclei
Is cold dark matter, such as the hypothetical axions, expected by theorists to be able to pass through or even exist inside, without interacting, atomic nuclei?Rich (talk) 05:30, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If they are particles then yes, otherwise the particles would be somewhat like neutrons, and be absorbed in the Earth or particle detectors. It would be like super dense low speed neutrinos, or perhaps even golf ball size pieces of rock. Although the concentration of deuterium formed in primordial nucleosynthsis puts limits on how many protons and neutrons there should be around to form normal matter. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 07:54, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Space Elevator
Inspired by a question above, wouldn't the space elevator be quite dangerous? After all, at such a height (way above the ISS, it would be more likely to be hit by space junk (more space, more junk). I know that most space junk is only small, and hundreds of miles apart, but by building something so big, the likelihood of it being hit by something would be higher, logically. Also, there would need to be some permanent staffing for maintenance purposes and periodic checks on the structure, probably on a constant basis (22,000 miles is a long way).  KägeTorä - ( 影 虎 )  ( Chin Wag )  11:07, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes. See Space elevator safety. I suspect the hazards outweigh the advantages, and we will never see terrestrial one in practice. Nevertheless the concept could lead to advances in other areas.--Shantavira|feed me 11:51, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Bear in mind that the space elevator probably wouldn't be a vehicle for getting people into orbit. At 180mph the elevator would likely take five days to complete the trip to the top, that's a pretty high speed for something that's climbing a cable...which is worth an absolute fortune and can't be damaged.  This would result in you spending a long time in the Van Allen radiation belt - which is an exceedingly dangerous place to be.  It's not a huge problem for rocket flights because you spend so little time within that danger zone.   That means that the elevator car would need an enormous amount of shielding and life-support for (let's say) at least a week to allow for potential delays and mechanical issues.   The resulting elevator car would probably wind up being heavier than a reasonable cable could support.

 * As a cargo transport mechanism, we may not care about an occasional debris hit on the elevator car itself. The risk is mainly of damage to the cable.   Consider the cable more as a broad ribbon than a traditional circular cross-section cable...the width of the ribbon varies substantially along it's length in order to balance weight against strength.   But it'll be really quite thin.  There is no reason (in principle) why the cable can't be aligned with the orbital direction of the most common equatorial-orbit debris - which reduces the probability of a hit considerably - and provides more of a safety factor in the unlikely even that it happens.  The cable is also going to have to be made from the toughest materials known to mankind...that helps too.

 * The problems with the space elevator currently seem insurmountable. Instabilities in the cable itself due to coriolis forces as cabs ascend (and perhaps, descent) are significant - and it might require active correction in the form of rocket motors mounted at intervals up the cable.   The mathematics of these issues only really came to light a considerable time after large research efforts were underway and the concept had lodged into the popular psyche - so problems like this, which may well scupper the entire concept, tend to get swept under the carpet in popular accounts of the idea.

 * SteveBaker (talk) 14:58, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Aslo: Fine in theory but what about in practice? A sky-hook, such as this, will send off lightning bolts right-left-and-centre as it approaches terra-ferma (due to dielectric quality of air). Thus, the carbon-fiber  tether must be able to with stand this current (and thus need be thicker and heavier than pure physics dictates). Mix that into the equation and sky-hooks  wont happen soon. But I do like the idea.--Aspro (talk) 21:42, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * How about on a lesser body, like the Moon ? There I'm thinking tides caused by the Earth might be a problem, as the Moon moves closer and farther from the Earth. StuRat (talk) 15:29, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * For the Moon, the cable would have to go through L1 or L2. I think stability is not a problem, though variation in tension could be. —Tamfang (talk) 06:47, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Especially in a cable limited to cargo, it seems to make sense to have many small "cars". I am thinking that provided you keep a stream of such carriers going up and down the cable, they ought to be able to balance the Coriolis forces from one another (a sort of "countercurrent exchange" for orbital momentum).  Of course, unless your ore miners are already hard at work, one expects a net outward flow of mass, so this balance shouldn't be perfect; nonetheless, there ought to be some stable state where the cable droops behind its attachment point on the ground, supported by the propulsion from the cargo.  Is that a workaround you've seen proposed?
 * A wackier idea I doubt has been proposed: what if you have two counter-revolving skyhooks that don't go all the way to the ground, which rotate in a plane to either side of the space elevator? You could have your cars spew out little gluey tentacles designed to touch and break on impact after collecting a certain amount of momentum from whichever skyhook is moving the right way.  The counterrevolving skyhooks could keep rotating full pace with a simple motor to push one center of gravity against the other, with no need for rockets.  Yeah, it's a little absurd, but my point is to illustrate that once you build structures on this scale, I think you can use them for a wide range of forces. Wnt (talk) 18:34, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * What keeps these skyhooks in the neighborhood? —Tamfang (talk) 06:47, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Forgetting the space junk problem - much closer to the ground, I'd be concerned about an airplane hitting it. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 19:43, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Don't want to spoil too much, but it you read Red Mars, then it talks about the dangers of space elevators and how bad things could hypothetically get. I'd recommend reading it just because it's a good book as well though. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 20:24, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Our article debunks many of the Red Mars claims. It strained my credulity even as fiction, actually.  The whole premise of a space elevator cable is that the weight of (most of) the cable can hang from a single tiny section of cable.  So how much damage can such a weight really do to a planet by hitting it? Wnt (talk) 15:06, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm not an expert in the subject, but the article talks about it in the context of Earth, not Mars which is a planet with different overall conditions from Earth. I'm not saying Robinson's portrayal is accurate, but any opinion on what would happen on Mars is lacking from that article—as it does mention Red Mars even though the section lead is only discussing Earth and does not say specifically that Red Mars deals with a Martian space elevator rather than Terran (which you wouldn't know unless you'd read the book). Also missing is any citation for what the article says would happen on Earth. (Tl;dr the article needs some fixing and is unsatisfactory for answering the question). Anyway, I don't remember the mass of the cable from Red Mars, but I think the idea there was that it does the people of the planet damage more than the planet yourself (unless you mean the planet in the context of its inhabitants). Again, not saying Robinson was accurate or anything in his fictional portrayal, but what's presented in that article is not enough to formulate any sort of opinion on the matter with regard to Earth or Mars. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 17 Shevat 5775 16:48, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I've never seen anyone suggest it, but it seems to me that the only reasonable guard against catastrophic failure is to have multiple interconnected elevator cables. I am imagining something like three or four cables spaced an appreciable distance apart (much larger than an aircraft wingspan, for example) but horizontally interconnected every few kilometers.  The cables would need enough spare capacity that the remaining cables could catch and hold the weight of any single cable failure.  In that case, a single cable failure wouldn't bring the whole system down but rather leave dangling ends that could potentially be repaired.  Of course, building three space elevator cable would substantially increase the cost of a project that would already be ridiculously expensive, but that redundancy might still be cheaper than the effects of a catastrophic failure.  Dragons flight (talk) 04:54, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Not sure why an aircraft wingspan should matter much. A couple of these, these or even these with TN warheads should keep those little pests away. No way anybody would build a space elevator without an accompanying no-fly zone (or no-pruning-shears zone for that matter), ever. - ¡Ouch! (hurt me / more pain) 08:33, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

This makes for some interesting reading on why there will never be a "space elevator" http://www.rense.com/general54/wef.htm Not sure of all the facts, but there's a lot of reasons here why it can never work. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm unconvinced. The ionosphere thing is cool -- that's a great source of electric power to tap into, assuming you use a modest amount of insulation to control how much current flows.  But if the ionosphere is so ready to discharge, why don't space launches and asteroid strikes discharge it?  It's just a long way up, many places where a little resistance can add up.  The ice buildup is serious, but ultrahydrophobic materials are being invented as we speak.  The temperature stresses, micrometeorite strikes... all of those sort of arguments assume that the space elevator is a static structure.  But static structures, buildings that are designed simply to stay in one conformation and slowly wear away, are already beginning to become obsolete as architects become more sophisticated with counterweights and absorption mechanisms.  Give the Chinese 50 years to colonize the Pacific Ocean and get service on their high speed trains to North America, and the sort of mechanisms that will dampen waves and storms and tsunamis will be mature for use on a space elevator that can react to changing stress and unexpected damage. Wnt (talk) 21:34, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * That article may make a whole lot of valid points, but part of it is twaddle: The cable must move through space at the same speed as the surface of the earth it is anchored to. It will be moving at approximately 22,500 MPH near the surface of the earth. (Er, what?) But it will be at a MUCH higher velocity the further from earth as you travel length of it. Imagine in your mind the end of a yardstick attached to the side of a baseball. Rotate the baseball slowly, and the end of the yardstick moves many, times faster. Now you have an idea of what will happen to the cable, the further from earth it is. So what? The main problem there is that the lower parts are moving more slowly than things in orbit. Relative to things not in orbit around Earth, like micrometeoroids, one speed is little better or worse than another; time of day may be the most important variable in sand damage. —Tamfang (talk) 07:01, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Why should it be dangerous? The space elevator isn't fixed at one point on the earth and in the space. The earthern base is in the middle of an ocean on the equator and floats. So it can dodge thunderstorms and in the space it would be connected to a satellit for dodging space fragments to evade collisions.--Calviin 19 (talk) 10:18, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

Strength of bronze
How come copper/tin bronze is significantly stronger than copper, let alone tin? Zarnivop (talk) 20:48, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Alloy have some information, but not terrible much. WegianWarrior (talk) 21:06, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * In general, pure metals tend to be fairly soft and pliable. The bonding resulting from a proper mix of two or more metals yields a much more durable substance. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:44, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I thnk copper-arsenic bronze is generally stronger than copper-tin bronze though it generally meant shorter lifespans for the smelters. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 16 Shevat 5775 21:56, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * However, the ancients did not intentionally add arsenic (it was a natural inclusion to some malachite ores) unlike tin, so methinks this is off topic to the OP's question.--Aspro (talk) 22:34, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * At low tin content (less than ~10%, depending on cooling rate) solid solution strengthening is the main mechanism. At higher tin contents, like bell metal it forms 2 phases, Sn and Cu in a solid solution, and δCuSn, which is a hard, brittle intermetallic compound that dominates the mechanical properties. Mr.Z-man 05:30, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Zarnivop (talk) 13:49, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * An intuitive way to think of this is to imagine a face-high pile of marbles. What would happen?  Now, imagine a face high pile of marbles and sand.  What would happen?  Obviously the marbles alone will have far less cohesion than the marble and sand mixture. μηδείς (talk) 23:59, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Metallurgy goes far deeper than my comprehension of it. Just now I read someone has invented a better form of steel, claiming it is superior to titanium alloys.   Amazing to think there is still this much room for improvement in what you'd think would be the most mature technology. Wnt (talk) 15:36, 7 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
User:Krsnal

Welcome to Wikipedia. Your recent edit to the page Timeline of Hindu texts appears to have added incorrect information and has been reverted or removed. All information in this encyclopedia must be verifiable in a reliable, published source. If you believe the information that you added was correct, please cite the references or sources or before making the changes, discuss them on the article's talk page. Please use the sandbox for any tests that you wish to make. Do take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thank you.

title: User:Krsnal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Intersect (Chuck)

The result was merge to List of Chuck gadgets. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  08:18, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

The Intersect (Chuck)

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PROD was removed for reasons of WP:LONGTIME, but okay. The article is solely fiction cruft and doesn't seem to merit its own article. Fails WP:NOTWIKIA / WP:NOTPLOT and WP:GNG. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 19:58, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Fictional elements-related deletion discussions. --Animalparty! (talk) 22:30, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Science fiction-related deletion discussions. --Animalparty! (talk) 22:30, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. --Animalparty! (talk) 22:30, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete. Fails WP:GNG, pure plot/OR. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:08, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  MBisanz  talk 02:31, 27 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Merge the lead paragraph and perhaps a few relevant summary details back to List of Chuck gadgets, which is apparently where the article originally was split from. Far (FAR!) too much detail; reads like a Wikia article (I actually checked Wikia to see if their article was copied here, and if you can believe it, their article is shorter). Written completely in-WP:UNIVERSE.  C Thomas3   (talk) 05:06, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom and also chuck/delete List of Chuck gadgets. Way, way, way too detailed. The Intersect is well (and succinctly) described in the main article. Clarityfiend (talk) 23:38, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Merge Agree with everything said. I just created a redirect and didn't add that much to the article. If there is a Wikia that has most but not all of this information I can correct that and give Wikipedia credit. Back in the day I was not aware Wikipedia was supposed to have this type of information.—  Vchimpanzee  •  talk  •  contributions  •  15:44, 29 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment I copied the lede and removed anything only necessary in a separate article, but I couldn't even begin to select enough information to describe what this is or what needs to be said. At least what I copied was referenced.— Vchimpanzee  •  talk  •  contributions  •  15:49, 29 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to List of Chuck gadgets. This is clearly WP:UNDUE. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 17:54, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  J 947(c) (m) 22:33, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Merge per Cthomas3. Once merged, the relative amount and DUE of the content can be discussed through the regular editing process, which may end up making this look more like a redirect... but we really don't need to get that fine grained in an AfD. Jclemens (talk) 00:54, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep but scale it back in place. It is much more than a gadget, was mentioned in (almost?) every episode, ties in with almost every character, and has more traffic/searches than some of the other characters with articles. StrayBolt (talk) 21:45, 11 October 2017 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John C. Wood

The result was   keep. -- Ed (Edgar181) 13:23, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

John C. Wood

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Non-notable professor, weasel words: "the impressive monograph" and unsourced "leading expert" EoRdE6(Come Talk to Me!) 19:59, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions. —David Eppstein (talk) 03:00, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of United Kingdom-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 17:01, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Science-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 17:01, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Weak keep. A h-index of 18 seems just enough for WP:PROF, given that he is not in a highly-cited field. There are 311 citations of his book. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:24, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep. <IP_ADDRESS> has already said what I would like to say about his citations being high enough in a low-citation subject. And most of the nomination complaints amount to bad writing (and inappropriate copying of a turn of phrase from one of the sources), not a reason for deletion. But the festschrift in the external links also goes a long way to convincing me that he is indeed a significant player in his research area. —David Eppstein (talk) 04:28, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep A festschrift published by a notable organization from a conference in his honor is a statement of his notability by his respected peers. Who are we to argue? MicroPaLeo (talk) 04:57, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Keep. To add, WoS shows around 500 cumulative citations, which is significant in areas of pure mathematics. Agricola44 (talk) 18:48, 12 February 2015 (UTC).


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Cookbook talk:Tiramisù

To Do

 * Links need to be editted.
 * Needs to become more recipe like.
 * I edited the recipe and made it fit the template. It now looks like a recipe, but some of the amounts are missing.  If anybody knows some approximate ingredients measurements, please add them.  liblamb 21:35, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I had tried to edit it, and I came back to check on it, and it was changed back to the original. Not sure why, but alright?- Melissa Portland, OR

 * Your edit was reverted because you have added what appears to be vandalism to several pages. Please explain yourself on your talk page. Kellen T 01:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Not the original recipe.
While this is a very common version of the dish, the original did not include alcohol of any kind. I have made an edit to say this.Djkrysa (discuss • contribs) 17:40, 15 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I didn't notice that this is mentioned in the introduction. Chocolate powder,however is in the original recipe. http://www.tiramesu.it/?ricetta_originale Djkrysa (discuss • contribs) 17:59, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Tiramisù


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Neqab, Nishapur

Neqab (, also Romanized as Neqāb) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 113, in 29 families.

title: Neqab, Nishapur