text:
Talk:Scribal abbreviation

I'm not sure about some of the abbreviations on that new image...is -is abbreviated like that? The real problem though is that the abbreviation for quorum looks like the usual abbreviation for quia. Adam Bishop 03:31, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Glagolitic
Is a mention of Glagolitic ligatures suitable here?

 * Sure, go ahead! Adam Bishop 17:31, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Sigla
From the Oxford English Dictionary:

Sigla: Editorial designations of versions of an early literary text, esp. those used in the preparation of an edition. Also sing. siglum.

 * Yes, that is another use of the word. Adam Bishop 20:43, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

YAS!
Molly Bloom says, "Yas!"

Yet Another Sigla. While James Joyce was writing Finnegans Wake, first known as Work in Progress, he used signs to designate the main characters and aspects of their identity. Roland McHugh discusses these signs in his 1976 book "The Sigla of Finnegans Wake." On page 8 he quotes from Joyce's 24 March 1924 letter to Harriet Shaw Weaver: "In making notes I used signs for the chief characters. It may amuse you to see them so I shall write them on the back of this." John Harvey (talk) 14:13, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

CAPPELLI, not CAPELLI
Dear Gentlemen. In this Article, Adriano Cappelli is mentioned many times. His name is written Cappelli, not Capelli. Please correct this. <IP_ADDRESS>
 * Thanks for spotting that. Given the fact that you spotted a hard to spot small mistake I gather that you may be able to contribute to the article. So feel confident to edit the article page freely. --Squidonius (talk) 08:15, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Duplicate Images
At the bottom of the page there are six scanned pages from a book. The page whose file is labeled "3" appears in two places; there is no page labeled "5". <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:39, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

where does the 'and' belong?

 * Interest in [the alphabet notation] was rekindled ... when it was rediscovered ... in a psalm written entirely in Tironian shorthand and a Ciceronian lexicon ...

Is this equivalent to "a psalm written entirely in a Ciceronian lexicon and Tironian shorthand" or to "a Ciceronian lexicon and a psalm written entirely in Tironian shorthand", or something else? —Tamfang (talk) 04:12, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

Cappelli CRV?
There’s a comment at the top of the Cappelli-based section: "this is a translation nearly ad litteram (a bit reductive) of the book's preface with the addition of one or two English (Old Norse/English) specific notes so single citation should suffice (apart from additions)."

That sounds as is it may be a copyright violation. — Christoph Päper 06:39, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

 * No, not really and sorry for the awkward, hastily written and cryptic sentence. The book, being Italian, goes on and on, and this is a much reduced version —initially I was planning to be quite thorough, though—, the section order matches and the terminology is calqued ad litteram, but in essence it a prose of the source. What I meant to say: I cannot be asked to put a ref tag after each fullstop as I used a single source.
 * The fact that there were some notes about OE gloss interspersed was a bit odd in hindsight and the fact that it does not follow the preceding sections is more of a problem.

Paleography is different from mathematics
Cappelli is a dictionary of examples, while this article is a list of mathematical rules, which is much easier but tricky. Unfortunately rules may often be correct, but they are not consistently followed. Reader should be advised that real life manuscripts may be quite different than expected. Old time scribes had no way to learn WP standardized paleography Pinea (talk) 21:43, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

Adriano Cappelli’s Lexicon Abbrevi atur arum
Scribal abbreviation currently begins "Adriano Cappelli, author of Lexicon Abbreviarum: Dizionario di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane,…". The correct title is Lexicon Abbreviaturarum, not Lexicon *Abbreviarum. Moreover, the note that follows that beginning reads "Cappelli 2011 (first published 1961)."; however, Archive.org hosts a Lexicon Abbreviaturarum: Wörterbuch lateinischer und italienischer Abkürzungen by an Adriano Cappelli from 1928, which must be the same work, given their identical titles (the Italian dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane and the German Wörterbuch lateinischer und italienischer Abkürzungen both translate to the English dictionary of Latin and Italian abbreviations). Besides that, and somewhat less reliably, Amazon.co.uk lists a Lexicon abbreviaturarum quae in lapidibus, codicibus et chartis praesertim medii-aevi occurrunt by an Adriano Cappelli from 1899 on two pages. I suggest that that section's opening sentence be changed to just "Adriano Cappelli, author of the Lexicon Abbreviaturarum,…", that the reference be corrected so that it no longer gives 1961 as the date of first publication, and that the "Cappelli (2011)" authority in the bibliography be tweaked as appropriate (though I'm not exactly sure how). I'm so meta even this acronym (talk) 18:21, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

 * You're quite right, and it's partly my fault, in that I put in the 1961 date (actually the 6th edition), though not the misspelling of the title. There are biographical entries for Cappelli (1859–1942) on both the Italian and German wikis, and both mention the 1899 date. The last substantive revision by Cappelli himself seems to have been the 3rd edition of 1929: the subsequent editions (4th, 5th and 6th; 1949, 1954, 1961, with numerous reprintings up to at least 2008) were basically photographic facsimiles of the 3rd, though presumably with some minor adjustments. I haven't seen the 7th edition (2011), but it is presumably a substantive revision, as it has two named editors. I will make some adjustments: I don't know when Cappelli first made the various points attributed to him, but I doubt his views changed significantly, so I think it's reasonable to cite the 7th (2011) edition as first published 1899. By the way, you are allowed to edit wikipedia yourself. GrindtXX (talk) 20:31, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

encoded examples
There are a number of R from Unicode redirects for this page. Could/should they be specifically listed and addressed here? ⇔ ChristTrekker 15:02, 21 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but only if the characters are worth discussing in their own right. They should not be listed merely because some redirects point here. Gorobay (talk) 16:05, 21 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Not solely because there are redirects, any more than I'd suggest specifically addressing (e.g.) a variant spelling that redirected to an article. Any number of articles list the things covered by the article (for relatively small sets of things—currently 152 here, debatable whether that is "small" or not), with illustrations as necessary. When those things are characters, illustrating with the character itself, and mentioning which fonts provide those glyphs, is fairly common. E.g. Insular script, emoji. When someone is chasing down a specific character, they probably want to know more about that one specifically. A list, or table (a la Unicode Chart Insular), to note "This subset of the subject matter is significant in this way" doesn't seem unreasonable to me. The individual characters (e.g. ꝷ) may not be worth discussion—that's why they're only redirects—but collectively the encoded subset is. ⇔ ChristTrekker 18:43, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

Spanish plural abbreviations
Would this be the right place to mention Spanish plural abbreviations such as CC.OO. for Comisiones Obreras or EE.UU. for Estados Unidos de América? --Error (talk) 00:06, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

Spanish use of ꝑ for "por"?
I am pretty sure I've seen people use ꝑ to abbreviate por in handwritten Spanish at some point in the past 25 years. It's certainly not as common as × for por, but I think it's out there. Has anyone else seen this? If so, can anyone find proper documentation on it? Lereman (talk) 04:24, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

In Italian, × is exclusively used for "for", but in Florence the ꝑ abbreviation is in the logo of the cathedral, opera=oꝑa, which is a nice provable example. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:52, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Scribal abbreviation


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/betplus88.com

Links

 * betplus88.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bbetplus88\.com\b
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is globally blacklisted by \bbetplus88\.com\b

Additions

 * Displayed all 5 additions.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
baracca

Etymology 1
From, probably from.

Noun

 * 1) hut, hovel
 * 2) shack, shanty
 * 3) junk piece of rubbish

title: baracca


text:
Talk:David Crean

Former Deputy Prime Minister Frank Crean
I added "Former Deputy Prime Minister" next to Frank Crean's name as the Deputy Prime Minister of this country should be given the same kind of respect and courtesy that is given by the Americans to their Vice Presidents and should not be treated as simply another politician. --The Shadow Treasurer (talk) 04:27, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Crean


text:
Talk:wigga

wigga
Previously discussed under a different spelling's RFD and deleted.

User:Kappa restored this without explanation on the sly, in direct conflict with general conventions; previously deleted "questionable" entry must have three citations provided before being restored. (Obviously, no effort at all was made to provide even one, nor to address the invalid spelling variant.)

--Connel MacKenzie 03:20, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Would you care to explain the relationship between the discussion and your deletion? Kappa 03:44, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It speaks for itself - the spelling is simply wigger. Curious that you omitted other relevant discussions, as well as the other previous deletions.  --Connel MacKenzie 04:03, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * So your position is that wigger is the "correct" spelling of this thing, and that had been established by the previous discussions? Kappa 04:14, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know what Connel's position is, or what exactly he considers a "questionable entry" (apparently not scap for instance). The discussion doesn't reach any conclusion in my opinion, except that no one really opposses wigger, which is really tangential. In having failed RFV, this entry cannot be recreated without three citations for a one-year period, after which it would be immediately subject to RFV again. It's odd that it wasn't actually deleted until May 2007, and then without any specific reason given (which is why your actions are forgivable), but in my opinion the rule should apply through May 2008. Strong delete. DAVilla 11:36, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * deleted --Williamsayers79 15:25, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd like to point out that this entry was never RFV'ed and the arguments for deletion were thus complete bullshit. Thanks Visviva for the citations. Kappa 02:21, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:wigga


text:
Talk:Ian Meadows (archaeologist)

Redirect
I am still not seeing how this person satisfies WP:GNG. He seems to be notable for one event - the Pioneer Helmet discovery - and we already have an article for that. Is there any policy-based reason why this should not be a redirect? I'm not even sure it should exist at all but I'd settle for a redirect for now as I suspect that there will be obituaries at some time in the future. - Sitush (talk) 19:27, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Although he is indeed associated with a notable event—the discovery of the Wollaston helmet—that is the byproduct of 40 years of archaeological experience. Indeed, non-helmet publications account for nearly half of those listed on his page, and, were one to read the two cited references, one would not find a single mention of the helmet. --Usernameunique (talk) 23:37, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I appreciate that he has written about other stuff. Merely writing about things is not grounds for notability. Look, I am more than happy to see a decent biographical article retained here but I'm a bit doubtful whether it meets GNG. This is not intended to be an adversarial discussion. - Sitush (talk) 23:45, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Publishing category
I have no idea why Category:Publishing appears for this article but it would seem to be some sort of transclusion. Honestly, academics are published - is there really any justification for it, wherever it may come from? Has hepublished anything (a journal, for example) or is he in fact an academic writer who has been published? - Sitush (talk) 23:48, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It was being transcluded from Closed access, which I've just fixed. – Joe (talk) 07:50, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've never seen that template used in my 200k edits/10 years here! I see and use subscription required a lot but the assumption - nor just mine - has always been that if a subscription isn't required then the content is openly available. How odd. - Sitush (talk) 08:35, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ian Meadows (archaeologist)


text:
Talk:Patrick Rose

External links modified
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title: Talk:Patrick Rose


text:
File talk:Carretera Austral.png

Puelo
The location of the town Puelo is incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:15, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

title: File talk:Carretera Austral.png


text:
Lou Fette

Louis Henry William Fette (March 15, 1907 – January 3, 1981) was an American professional baseball player. The native of Alma, Missouri, was a right-handed pitcher who appeared in 109 games in Major League Baseball—107 of them for Boston's National League franchise—during all or parts of five seasons between 1937 and 1945. He was listed as 6 ft tall and 200 lb. He attended Missouri Valley College.

Playing career
Fette's pro career began in 1928. He spent nine years (1928–1936) in minor league baseball, including eight full seasons in the top-level American Association, before his big-league debut as a member of the 1937 Boston Bees. That year, the 30-year-old Fette and another MLB rookie and minor-league veteran, 33-year-old Jim "Milkman" Turner, each won 20 games for the fifth-place Bees.

Fette enjoyed three strong seasons with the Bees, posting a 41–33 won–lost record and an even 3.00 earned run average in 95 games pitched from 1937 to 1939. He threw 14 shutouts and 51 complete games. In 1939 he was named to the National League All-Star team, and hurled two scoreless innings during the Senior Circuit's 3–1 defeat at Yankee Stadium, allowing only one hit and fanning future Hall of Famer Joe Gordon.

But 1939 also saw a decline in Fette's workload and he ended the year with six consecutive losses. Then in 1940, he remained ineffective, losing all five decisions with Boston and posting a poor 5.57 ERA before being waived to the pennant-contending Brooklyn Dodgers on June 21. Fette appeared in only two games for the Dodgers as a relief pitcher, and was sent back to the minor leagues. After spending 1943 and 1944 out of baseball, he returned to the majors with the 1945 Boston Braves—they had returned to their longtime nickname in 1941—for the last year of the World War II manpower shortage, and lost two more decisions, including his final big-league starting assignment. All told, for his five-year MLB career, Fette posted a 41–40 record with 194 strikeouts and a 3.15 ERA in 691 innings pitched. He allowed 658 hits and 248 bases on balls. He did not record a victory, complete game or shutout after 1939, losing his last 13 decisions. Lou Fette died in Warrensburg, Missouri, at the age of 73 after suffering a heart attack.

Best season

 * 1937: 20 wins, 2.88 ERA, five shutouts, 23 complete games, 259 innings – all career-highs

Highlights

 * 1939 National League All-Star
 * Twice led NL in shutouts (1937, five – 1939, six)

title: Lou Fette


text:
Yagotino

Yagotino (Яготино) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Yagotinsky Selsoviet, Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 600 as of 2013. It was founded in 1909. There are 8 streets.

Geography
Yagotino is located 23 km southwest of Blagoveshchenka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Orlean is the nearest rural locality.

title: Yagotino


text:
The periodic table

Cells with text in red are gaseous at room temperature. Cells with text in green are liquid at room temperature. Cells with text in black are solid at room temperature. Cells with a dashed red outline are not found naturally on earth. Elements 43, 61, and 84 and greater are only known as radioactive.

How to use this periodic table
The periodic table lists all the known elements. As of 2016, following the IUPAC's (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists) naming of nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson (elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 respectively), there are 118 elements currently known and officially named. Many of them are naturally occurring, but some were made in a laboratory and are not present in nature.

The periodic table arranges the elements according to their atomic number and fits them into a logical pattern (made by Henri Moseley in 1910), while when Russian scientist Dimitri Mendeleev (1870) created the periodic table, he arranged it by atomic mass.

There are 18 columns that divide the elements into groups with closely related chemical properties. Rows, or periods, help list elements in order of mass and atomic number. Properties of elements change in systematic ways throughout the periodic table.

Groups and Periods
The periodic table is arranged into groups (columns) and periods (rows).

Groups
Elements in the same group, or family, have similar chemical properties. Elements from the same group are found in vertical columns. Elements in the same group act similarly because they have the same valence electron configuration.

Periods
Each elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. For example, the first period consists of Hydrogen and Helium, which both have one electron shell. While the second period have elements that have two electron shells (the first electron shell contains two electrons, and the second shell can hold up to eight). As you read across the period, the elements in the period increase with electrons on their electron shell (they do not increase in electron shell if you go left to right on a period in the periodic table, only the electrons on the electron shell increase).

So, Lithium has one electron on the outer shell while Beryllium has two electrons on its outer shell (while the 1st shell is full). By the time you get to Neon, the electron shells are completely full!

Non-metals
Non-metals are found on the top-right corner of the p-block elements. These elements tend to gain electrons when forming a bond with metals or share electrons between two non-metals to form a covalent bond.

Alkaline Metals
Alkaline metals are known as the most reactive metals. This can be especially observed by their reaction with water, for example. Their reactivity is attributed to the low ionization energy of the outermost electron in the atom (one valence electron). Their most common oxidative state is +1. They tend to lose 1 electron to complete their outer shells. Reactivity increases down the group, which explains why Francium is the most reactive metal. Francium reacts easily due to its low ionization energy. In the electron configuration of Francium the valence electron is at very far distance so that's why electron need very less energy to emit that electron (due to less attraction force). And this is also a reason for its lowest ionisation energy.

Alkaline-Earth Metals
Alkali-Earth Metals have the second lowest ionization energy. Their most common oxidation state is +2. According to Moseley's Period table, These elements are found in 2nd Group.

Transition Metals
The atoms of the transition metals have more complicated electron arrangements than other atoms. These metals have varying valence electrons, can have more than 1 oxidation state, and are always positive. The d orbitals of these elements are being filled. This group contains many well-known metals, such as iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (cu), Chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and Gold (Au).

The Inner transition metals - the separated rows at the bottom of the periodic table, "f block", are mostly synthetic:

Lanthanides and Actinides

 * The Lanthanides metals - Shiny (luster), metallic elements with atomic numbers #57-71 that fill 4f orbitals.
 * The Actinidies metals - Metallic elements with atomic numbers #89-103 that fill 5f orbitals; all are very radioactive, such as Uranium. Their radioactivity is due to the fact that any nucleus with greater than 82 protons cannot be stable.

Poor Metals
The poor metals consist of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, and bismuth.

Metalloids
Metalloids roughly form a staircase line in the periodic table. This line divides metals and nonmetals. The elements around this partition have intermediate metal- and non-metal-like properties. Many of them can be used as semiconductors.

Halogens
All halogens are missing just one electron to fill their valence electron shell. For this reason, in most chemical reactions, halogens tend to gain one electron.

Halogens always exist as diatomic molecules (live in pairs). Going down the group, the color of elements increase; due to decreasing effective nuclear charge, atomic radius increase, and electronegativity decreases.

Hydrogen also shows property like Halogens but exceptionally According to electron configuration it's placed in 1st group of the period table.

Halogens are not always in -1 oxidation state (but can be -1 oxidation state in order to be isoelectronic with their respective noble gases); when reacting with other more electronegative atoms, they give positive oxidation states. Examples are Cl2O7, and BrO-.

Noble Gases
The noble gases have a full valence electron shell. For this reason, noble gases do not normally react with other elements (unreactive/stable), hence their former title inert gases. In fact, until 1962, they were thought completely nonreactive. This group consists of the elements helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. But In some cases Xenon reacts with other elements. They all are colourless gases (nonmetals). If you look at any periodic table, the density of the noble gases increases as you go downwards. This is because the mass of the atoms gets larger due to decreasing nuclear charge and increasing atomic radius. Noble gases are monatomic molecules and do not form ions.

Undiscovered
There are some undiscovered elements on the periodic table. However, due to the understanding of periodic table positions, their descriptions can be estimated.

Fun Facts

 * Iridium and Osmium have the greatest density
 * Francium is the least electronegative element and Fluorine is the most electronegative element

title: The periodic table


text:
User:Phrackattack

About Me

I'm le simple programmer/developer with many ideas and many strong opinions. I'm a PROUD citizen of the United States, a conscientious voter, and a critical thinker (NOT A GUAC LOL). I haven't voted yet, but if I do it would be a conscientious vote. I would also be a conscientious lover, that is, if I were to ever have sex. I do rant occasionally, mostly on my own blog which can be found here.

title: User:Phrackattack


text:
Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of all things carbon containing. From enormous biomolecules like proteins to petroleum derived products, the study of organic chemistry has expanded to encompass a wide range of compounds.

These carbon containing molecules are present everywhere in day to day life - the proteins making up your body, the flavour of your morning coffee, the dyes that colour your clothes, the soap in your shampoo, the sugar in what you eat! These structures may look unfamiliar to you now but by the end of the course you should be able to identify important features within them, such as functional groups, stereochemistry, and be able to predict their reactivity.

As you can see from some of the above examples, organic chemistry is primarily focused around hydrocarbons, that is molecules built of hydrogen and carbon, however they are not the only elements you will find here. Oxygen and nitrogen show up in many compound, and as you delve deeper into organic chemistry you will find more exotic compounds containing halogens, silicons and even metals!

Course goals
We aim to provide a comprehensive course of organic chemistry, from the foundations to covering advance topics.

Organometallic chemistry
Organometallic chemistry

Fundamental chemistry knowledge
Organic chemistry combines many ideas from general chemistry. You may have covered these topics before but we will cover them in the context of organic chemistry. These topics should be useful for people new to organic chemistry or as a refresher for those with more experience.

 * Naming
 * Stoichiometry
 * Atomic structure
 * Covalent bonding
 * Thermodynamics
 * Chemical kinetics
 * Chemical Equilibrium
 * Acids and bases
 * Oxidation and reduction

Beginning organic chemistry

 * Fundamental Organic chemistry
 * Introduction
 * /How are organic molecules represented?/
 * /Physical properties/
 * /Chemical properties/
 * /Functional groups/

Fundamental organic reactions

 * 1) Electrons moving
 * 2) Nucleophiles and electrophiles
 * 3) Drawing mechanisms
 * 4) Addition
 * 5) Reactions of alkenes and alkynes
 * 6) Substitution
 * 7) SN2
 * 8) SN1
 * 9) SN2 vs SN1
 * 10) Elimination
 * 11) E2
 * 12) E1
 * 13) Which mechanism?
 * 14) Acids and bases

Conformational analysis

 * Alkanes and cycloalkanes

Molecular orbital theory

 * Explaining bonding with molecular orbital diagrams
 * HOMO and LUMO

Aromaticity

 * Determining aromaticity of compounds
 * Electrophilic aromatic substitution
 * Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
 * Friedel Crafts

Carbonyl chemistry
This area is typically covered in a second year chemistry course.
 * Carbonyl structure - orbitals and reactivity
 * Nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl
 * Reduction
 * Oxidation
 * Bayer-Villiger
 * PCC
 * Hydrates
 * Cyanohydrins
 * Imines
 * Periodate cleavage
 * Hydrazone
 * Ylides - Wittig reaction
 * Enolates and Aldol reactions
 * Carboxylic acids
 * Acid chlorides
 * Anhydrides
 * Esters
 * Beta-ketoesters

Advanced topics

 * Retrosynthesis
 * Pericyclic reactions
 * Diels Alder
 * Cycloaddition
 * Electrocyclic
 * Sigmatropic rearrangements
 * Carbenes
 * Determining reaction mechanisms
 * Heterocyclic chemistry
 * Asymmetric synthesis
 * Sharpless asymmetric reactions
 * Organometallic chemistry
 * Radical reactions
 * Natural products
 * Chemical biology
 * Rearrangements
 * Solid phase chemistry
 * Peptide synthesis
 * Oligonucleotide synthesis

Chemistry in context
These pages or courses may be useful to understand the role of chemistry in other contexts

Analytical chemistry and spectroscopy
This field of chemistry is focused on identifying molecules. How can they be separated and how do you know what molecule you have? This is an important part of organic chemistry too.

Biochemistry
Every living thing is a highly advanced reactor. What molecules are involved in these processes and what reactions are important?

Medicinal chemistry
Drugs are chemicals interacting and altering your body. Many of these chemicals are found in nature and then purified to create medicines. How are these molecules made and designed?

Environmental chemistry
The environment has chemistry too.

Food chemistry
Things you eat are also chemicals.

Books

 * Organic Chemistry - Jonathan Clayden

Websites

 * MasterOrganicChemistry

Videos
Wikipedia Organic Reactions List
 * Khan Academy

title: Organic chemistry


text:
Abnormal psychology

Texts
This course will use the Abnormal Psychology Wikibook, as well as online sources.

Course Objectives

 * Students will have a better grasp of various mental disorders
 * Students will be able to differentiate between mental disorders

Course Outline

 * Introduction - When does a symptom rise to a level of disorder? And are psychiatric disorders truly abnormal if a significant percentage of the population has them?
 * Assignment - Buy a cheap notebook to keep a journal for this class all in one place. Begin by reflecting on the above questions, and your expectations for the course.

"Unit One - Serious and Persistent Mental Illness"

 * First Class Meeting - Depression
 * Lecture
 * Readings
 * Clinical Depression on Wikipedia

 * Second Class Meeting - Bipolar Disorder
 * Lecture
 * Readings
 * Bipolar Disorder on Wikipedia
 * Third Class Meeting - Schizophrenia
 * Lecture
 * Readings
 * Schizophrenia on Wikipedia
 * Fourth Class Meeting - Schizoaffective Disorder
 * Lecture
 * Schizoaffective Disorder on Wikipedia

 * Fifth Class Meeting - Community and Hospital Treatment for People with Serious and Persistent Mental Illness.
 * Lecture
 * Readings
 * The Psychiatric Hospital on Wikipedia
 * Day Treatment or Partial Hospitalization on Wikipedia
 * Clubhouse Model for Psychosocial Rehabilitation

title: Abnormal psychology


text:
User:Hpecho

Hi, my name is Heather. I love superheroes, Disney, and chemistry jokes. I'm from the United States and I hate Donald Trump.

title: User:Hpecho


text:
Talk:South Melbourne Football Club

Untitled
defunct is not teh correct word.

Neither Fitroy nor South are defunct.
 * Agree, what is a better word or statement? Anubis1975 05:13, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps, since it is still the same club, this should be returned to redirect to Sydney Swans. That article definitely aims to include the SM years, so anythign here would be duplication. A simple disambiguation page for the Swans and South Melbourne FC is probably an even better idea. JPD (talk) 17:00, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

I am now convinced that there is no need for this article, and it should become a disambig page (or possibly a redirect and dablink at Sydney Swans). If noone objects, I will change this page and correct all the links. JPD (talk) 11:44, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Still no objections... here goes. JPD (talk) 10:54, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Melbourne Football Club


text:
Talk:Botany/Plant structure laboratory

Marshman this image is beautiful ! I want to make it into a big poster and hang it over my bed. Do you have more like it ? --Karl Wick

title: Talk:Botany/Plant structure laboratory


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hazelgrim Lith'ensay

The result of the debate was delete. Shanel 02:14, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Hazelgrim Lith'ensay
Delete. Fiction, non-encyclopaedic. ShaunES 02:48, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom, no Google results -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 02:53, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * delete unencyclopedic. Niffweed17, Destroyer of Chickens 03:05, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - it's nonsense. ... discospinster 03:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, and offer new medication for author. -- BrownHairedGirl 04:29, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 04:40, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom, nn. ¡Dustimagic!  ( T / C ) 04:54, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete WP is not a bulletin board for bad original fiction. Ursula LeGuin's grocery list would make better reading than this. Fan1967 05:16, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:20, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable fiction. Hbackman 05:46, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom ~Linuxerist L / T 07:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete worthless Lankiveil 11:18, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. Utterly non-notable and nonsensical. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 12:00, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, though amusing. ProhibitOnions 13:06, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * delete It's either nonsense or I need more coffee. Nigelthefish 17:55, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Lead Us Back: Songs of Worship

Lead Us Back: Songs of Worship is the twelfth studio album from Third Day. Essential Records released the project on March 3, 2015. The album was released in two versions: a single-CD version with a white cover, and a deluxe edition, two-CD set with a black cover.

Critical reception
Grace S. Aspinwall, designating the album four stars out of five from CCM Magazine, declares, "Lead Us Back: Songs of Worship brings them full-circle, with a masterful collection of new worship favorites." Signaling in a seven out of ten review by Cross Rhythms, Sam Hailes recognizes, "'Lead Us Back' is a solid effort, and within the worship genre it stands out for the right reasons." Alex Caldwell, indicating in a four and a half star review out of five from Jesus Freak Hideout, realizes, "Lead Us Back proves to be a great worship piece and a mid-career highpoint in a veteran band's catalog." Specifying in a four star review for Jesus Freak Hideout, Bert Gangl responds, "such an absolutely unique and beautiful work." Jeremy Armstrong, mentioning in a four star review by Worship Leader, reports, "Even his country releases bleed with his guttural, gravelly voice. But the straightforward guitar rock of this worship release is also surrounded with some piano drive, beautiful orchestrations, and ambient pop that help lift the songs to anthemic intensity." Awarding the album four and a half stars from 365 Days of Inspiring Media, Jonathan Andre writes, "such a powerful and prolific album". Daniel Edgeman, rating the album a 3.9 out of five at Christian Music Review, says, "Overall I am satisfied with Lead Us Back, I was just hoping for a little more – a more pepped up sound... The production and message are strong on this record, so I would give it a solid 3.9." Writing a review for Christian Review Magazine, Christian St. John rating the album four stars states, "Lead Us Back is a toned down album, so don't expect the same musical gusto you get on a Third Day album." DeWayne Hamby, reviewing the album for Charisma, writes, "the new album showcases original worship songs ready for personal and corporate praise accompanied by choirs and guest vocalists."

Accolades
This album was No. 9, on the Worship Leader's Top 20 Albums of 2015 list.

Personnel
Third Day
 * Mac Powell – lead vocals
 * Mark Lee – guitars
 * Tai Anderson – bass
 * David Carr – drums

Additional musicians

 * Scotty Wilbanks – keyboards (1–12), acoustic piano (1–12, 15–22), organ (1–12, 15–22), programming (15–22), backing vocals (15–22), arrangements (15–22)
 * JT Daly – keyboards (1–12), programming (1–12), percussion (1–12), backing vocals (1–12)
 * Jonny MacIntosh – keyboards (1–12, acoustic piano (1–12), programming (1–12, guitars (1–12), mandolin (1–12), backing vocals (1–12)
 * Brian Bunn – guitars (15–21)
 * Jason Hoard – guitars (22)
 * Christian Howes – strings (5)
 * Alexander Tseitlin – strings (9)
 * Eamon McLoughlin – strings (12)
 * All Sons & Daughters – backing vocals (2, 12)
 * Harvest Parker – guest vocals (3)
 * David Crowder – backing vocals (6)
 * Natalie Grant – guest vocals (6)
 * Michael W. Smith – guest vocals (6)
 * Michael Tait – guest vocals (6)
 * Sarah Macintosh – backing vocals (9), gang vocals (1–12)
 * Michael Gungor – backing vocals (10, 11)
 * Derek Henbest – backing vocals (10)
 * Karen Henbest – backing vocals (10)
 * Karyn Williams – guest vocals (17)
 * Daniel Bashta – gang vocals (1–12)
 * Ricky Thade Cole – gang vocals (1–12)
 * Melissa Drummond – gang vocals (1–12)
 * Harvest Parker – gang vocals (1–12)
 * James Shealy – gang vocals (1–12)
 * Julia West – gang vocals (1–12)

Production

 * Terry Hemmings – executive producer
 * JT Daly – producer (1–13)
 * Jonny MacIntosh – producer (1–13), mixing (7, 12, 13)
 * Third Day – producers (14–22)
 * Scotty Wilbanks – additional production (15–22), additional tracking (15–22)
 * Kyle Horvath – production assistant (15–22)
 * Blaine Barcus – A&R
 * Michelle Box – A&R production
 * TJ Elias – engineer (1–12)
 * Darrell Thorp – engineer (1–12)
 * Brent Maloney – gang vocal engineer (1–12)
 * Andy Selby – digital editing (1–12)
 * Keith Everett Smith – digital editing (13–22)
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing (1–6, 8–11, 14)
 * Sean Moffitt – mixing (15–22)
 * Warren David – mix assistant (15–22)
 * Tom Coyne – mastering (1–12)
 * Bob Boyd – mastering (13–22)
 * Beth Lee – art direction, design
 * Tim Parker – art direction, design
 * Eric Brown – photography
 * Traci Scrignoli – wardrobe

title: Lead Us Back: Songs of Worship


text:
Glückliche Reise

Glückliche Reise may refer to:

 * Glückliche Reise (operette), 1932 operetta by Eduard Künneke
 * Bon Voyage (1933 film), German film of Künneke's operetta
 * Bon Voyage (1954 film), German film of Künneke's operetta

title: Glückliche Reise


text:
Physics with Calculus

This textbook is designed for use with first- and second-year college level physics for engineers and scientists. While the content is not mathematically complicated or very advanced, the students are expected to be familiar with differential calculus and some integral calculus.

Unlike the Modern Physics textbook, this textbook will stay with the traditional order in presentation of topics in mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and geometric optics. These consist the first two semesters and perhaps first few weeks of the third semester. The topics in modern physics, which can be covered during the third semester in the remaining time, can be presented or read in any order.

In keeping with maintaining the orthodox order, we will also maintain the traditional chapter-section organization. A few suggested break points between semesters are shown below as well. These break points are marked by a horizontal line between chapters.

(Note to editors: For the purpose of hierarchical organization, at least until the organization of the book is settled down, it should be: "Physics with Calculus/General Topic/Specific Topic", where "General Topic" is any of the following: Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Waves, Electromagnetism, Optics, Modern. No additional "general topic" should be necessary. "Specific Topic" is what it sounds like it is. It can be as specific as necessary, such as "Conservation of Angular Momentum in Spin-Orbit Coupling", or as general as necessary, such as "Newton's Laws". More specific information, such as ordering of chapters will be kept in this module only. This should minimize the need to rename books each time one section moves from one chapter to another, without the unclear "Part I" or "Unit I".)

Introductions

 * Introduction to Textbook
 * Introduction to Physics (general)
 * Introduction for Engineers
 * Introduction for Chemists
 * Introduction for Geologists
 * Introduction for Biologists
 * Introduction for Mathematicians

Measurement

 * 1) The SI Unit System
 * 2) Scalar and Vector Quantities
 * 3) Significant Figures

Kinematics

 * 1) Motion in One Dimension
 * 2) Motion in Two Dimensions
 * 3) Projectile Motion
 * 4) Relative Motion
 * 5) Velocity and Acceleration

Newton's Laws

 * 1) Newton's First Law
 * 2) Newton's Second Law
 * 3) Newton's Third Law
 * 4) Center of Mass
 * 5) Linear Motion and Statics

Energy

 * 1) Work and Energy
 * 2) Energy and Conservation of Energy

Gravity

 * 1) Newton's Law of Gravitation and Weight
 * 2) Gravitational Potential Energy

Other Topics

 * 1) Momentum and Conservation of Momentum
 * 2) Rotational Motion
 * 3) Linear-Rotational Analogs
 * 4) Fluid Mechanics
 * 5) Harmonic Motion, Waves, and Sounds

Thermodynamics

 * 1) Pressure and Temperature
 * 2) The Ideal Gas
 * 3) Intensive and Extensive Properties
 * 4) Entropy

Electromagnetism

 * 1) Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law
 * 2) Electric Fields
 * 3) Continuous Charge Distributions
 * 4) Gauss' Law
 * 5) Voltage
 * 6) Field Energy
 * 7) Capacitance, Inductance, LRC Circuits
 * 8) Current and Circuits
 * 9) Resistance
 * 10) Magnetic fields
 * 11) Ampere's Law
 * 12) Electromagnetic Induction
 * 13) AC Circuits
 * 14) Maxwell's Equations
 * 15) Electromagnetic Waves

Optics

 * 1) Light
 * 2) Geometric Optics
 * 3) Wave Properties of Light

Modern Physics

 * 1) Relativity
 * 2) Special Relativity
 * 3) Quantum Mechanics
 * 4) Atoms
 * 5) The Bohr Model
 * 6) The Schroedinger Equation

Indices and appendices

 * Glossary
 * Appendix 1: Derivatives
 * Appendix 2: Examples of Derivatives

title: Physics with Calculus


text:
User:Lestes/sandbox

The European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS), established in 1993, is an organization which works to improve standardization within the European space sector. The ECSS frequently publishes standards, to which contractors working for ESA must adhere to.

title: User:Lestes/sandbox


text:
Mangelia pseudocordieri

Mangelia pseudocordieri is a minute extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

Description
The length of the shell attains 13 mm.

Distribution
This extinct marine species was found in the Miocene strata of Aquitaine, France.

title: Mangelia pseudocordieri


text:
George Davidson of Pettens

George Davidson of Pettens (c. 1593–1663) was a 17th-century Scottish landowner, merchant and philanthropist.

Life
Little is known of his early life but he is thought to be descended from the Davidsons of Cairnbrogie. He was a burgess in Aberdeen from 1650.

He owned the Pettens estate near Balmedie, north of Aberdeen.

He appears to have been a rich merchant in Aberdeen. Having no wife or family he spent much of his money on the city. His works included:

 * A new bridge on the River Don in Old Aberdeen.
 * Rebuilding the bridge at Insch
 * Rebuilding the churchyard walls at St Clements Church in the Footdee district
 * Chapel of Ease in the Newhills district
 * A fund to aid the ministers of St Clements and St Nicholas

He died in Aberdeen in 1663 and is buried in the churchyard of the Kirk of St Nicholas. His huge monument stands against the west boundary wall towards the north west corner.

Memorials
A stone memorial to him is placed within St Clements Church in Aberdeen.

title: George Davidson of Pettens


text:
Anna Menconi

Anna Menconi (born 27 July 1971) is an Italian Paralympic archer.

Menconi competed at the Paralympic Games in 2000, where she won a gold medal in the Women's teams open event, and in 2004 where she won a silver medal in the Women's teams open event.

title: Anna Menconi


text:
User:Antonio gramski

Sagar Deep Samant

Sagar Deep Samant is an Indian citizen. Born in 1996 in Champawat district of Uttrakhand he has done his schooling in lucknow. After schooling with PCM, Sagar has done his engineering from HNB garhwal University.

￼

title: User:Antonio gramski


text:
United States Government/The Later Amendments

Introduction
Since the Bill of Rights, there have been seventeen Amendments to the Constitution.

Eleventh Amendment
"The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State."

The eleventh amendment was adopted in response to the Supreme Court case Chisolm v. Georgia, (1793) in which the court ruled that the Constitution granted federal courts the power to hear cases brought against states from its own citizens or citizens of different state or citizens or subject of foreign countries. This established that states lack sovereign immunity from suits brought in federal courts. The 11th amendment however, superseded and overruled the supreme court ruling and established that the states have sovereign immunity from from suits brought against them from citizens of another states or citizens of foreign countries.

Twelfth Amendment
The Twelfth Amendment fine-tuned the process for electing the President. (See Part III, Chapter 2 for details.)

Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment abolished and outlawed slavery everywhere in the United States and every place subject to their jurisdiction. It also abolished and outlawed involuntary servitude except to punish crime.

Fourteenth Amendment
Amended in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment served to extend much of the Bill of Rights to the states by requiring that "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States." It was essentially a reaffirmation that all citizens are considered equal regardless of race.

Secondly, the Amendment provided that a State cannot deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law.

Thirdly, the amendment required that every State provide equal protection to all of its citizens- this clause intended to prevent discrimination against African-Americans, although due to several supreme court rulings the clauses effects were almost rendered invalid.

Fourthly, it removed the original Constitutional requirement that "other persons" (slaves) count as three-fifths of a person when determining the official state population and that all persons count toward a States population.

Fifthly, it stated that a State's representation in Congress would be reduced if that State prohibited males over twenty-one from voting for a reason other than commission of a crime.

Sixthly, the Amendment prohibited any person who participates in a rebellion such as the Civil War from serving in government unless the Congress formally agrees, by a two-thirds vote in each house, to exempt the person from this disqualification.

Seventhly, the Fourteenth required that any debts incurred by the Union (the North) during the Civil War were to be held valid and as such had to be paid, but that any and all debts incurred by the Confederacy were illegal and void and as such could not and would not be paid. It also stated that any person who lost slaves during the civil war could not sue the Government because of the loss thereof.

Fifteenth Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment took another barrier away from minorities right to vote by barring the creation of laws that barred someone from voting based on their color, race, or having been former slaves.

Sixteenth Amendment
The Sixteenth Amendment made Income Taxes constitutional. It was passed to resolve disputes regarding the matter. At one time, the Supreme Court ruled that the Tax was constitutional, while ruling at another time that it was not. All doubts were removed by the Sixteenth.

Seventeenth Amendment
The Seventeenth provided that the people of a state, and not the legislature, would be the electors of Senators. However, it retained the power of legislatures to temporarily fill vacancies until an election can be held.

Eighteenth Amendment
The Eighteenth Amendment created Prohibition, banning intoxicating liquors in the United States. It allowed both the federal and the state governments to concurrently legislate on the matter.

Nineteenth Amendment
The Nineteenth granted women the right to vote on an equal basis with men.

Twentieth Amendment
The Twentieth Amendment was known as the "lame duck" amendment. According to the original constitution and the twelfth amendment, a newly elected president did not take office until March 4. In the early days of the Republic, elections were held on different days in different jurisdictions, and travel and communication were slow. By the 1930s, however, the election was uniformly held in early November, and the winner of a presidential election was usually apparent by the next morning. This meant that a newly elected president had to wait four months take take office, leavin the outgoing president a "lame duck."

This amendment moved up the date for a new president to take office from March 4 to January 20. The first day for the newly elected Congress was moved up to January 3, allowing Congress time to select the president or vice president should the need arise. The amendment also required that Congress meet each year on January 3, unless a different day was chosen.

The amendment also provided for several remote circumstances involving deaths or resignations of presidents-elect and vice presidents-elect, as well presidential and vice presidential candidates.

Twenty-First Amendment
The Twenty-First is the only Amendment that repeals, or cancels/invalidates, a previous Amendment. The Twenty-First repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and ended Prohibition at a national level, although it exclusively gave the States the power to prohibit the sale, manufacture or distribution of intoxicating liquors within their respective borders.

Twenty-Second Amendment
George Washington set a standard for all future Presidents when he declined to seek a third term. This standard was either voluntarily followed by the President, or enforced by the voters, in every case until Franklin Roosevelt, who was elected four times. In order to restore Washington's tradition, the Amendment limited all future Presidents to a maximum of two terms.

Twenty-Third Amendment
The Twenty-third Amendment gave citizens of the District of Columbia the right to vote in Presidential election.

Twenty-Fourth Amendment
The Twenty-fourth prohibited the denial of a vote based on failure to pay a tax such as the poll tax. Southern states had used the poll tax to deny poor African-Americans the right to vote.

Twenty-Fifth Amendment
The Twenty-fifth provided special provisions for an emergency such as a disabled but still living President. The Amendment allowed the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet to formally declare the President unable to carry out his duties. If this was the case, then the Vice President would become Acting President until the President declared himself fit to continue. If the Vice President still felt that the President was not capable of continuing, then he and the Cabinet could again declare the President's disability. If this was the case, then Congress had to assemble to decide the matter. The President would continue unless the Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, agreed with the Vice President and Cabinet.

Twenty-Sixth Amendment
The Twenty-sixth provided that all persons eighteen years or older could not be denied the right to vote due to age.

Twenty-Seventh Amendment
The Twenty-seventh Amendment was originally proposed by Congress in 1789 at the same time as the Bill of Rights. However, it was not ratified by legislatures of the required three-fourths of the states until 1992. It provides that Congressional salary changes cannot take effect until an election (of Representatives) occurs.


text:
Talk:Freelance academics

This page and this description "...is an effort to create a guide to people attempting to do professional level research outside of traditional academia." seem to be out of sync. I don't see much about research methodology. I thought I would see things like hypothesis writing, data collection, data manipulation, data analysis, findings (presentation: writing, visualization, graphics, tables)...

 * The target audience for this document presumably already knows how do to all of that stuff, and there are already a lot of published guides for that if they need help. The audience for this document is your "frustrated Ph.D." who is working at a software company, and wants to get back into active scientific research.  There are no "howto" guides that I'm aware of for this. Roadrunner 04:01, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The other point is that research methodology should be the same on the inside and outside of traditional academia. A guide to how to do research is a useful wikibook, but IMHO, it's another wikibook Roadrunner 04:03, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I buy that. You're right. --K1v1n 12:18, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

This 'how to' guide will need to draw attention to the intricate 'politics' of academia and academic publishing. While many assume that there is something called 'science' as an ideal set of values independent from academia, de facto most of what is considered 'scientific' gets filtered by academia through applications of criteria that are not in fact very scientific. Although I understand that wikipedians will aim at neutrality, a 'how to' guide of freelance academia without the 'politics' would be rather useless and help nobody. Being a freelance academic entails a specific positioning in the political struggle for the legitimation and delegitimation of particular knowledge.

 * Yup. Academia has politics just like any other large organization has politics.  Part of what is missing once you end up outside of the university is practical advice in out to navigate through academic politics.  It took me about five years after I got my Ph.D. to realize that the idea of the lone academic wasn't how things really worked, and other three years to figure out that you really, really have to attend conferences to get things done.  There is a whole mess of Byzantine politics that you have to go through in order to get things like an NSF or NIH grant, and if you aren't in an academic institution, you generally don't have the knowledge or social contacts necessary to get access to these sources of funding.  This leads to a closed circle of wealth and power, which isn't making anyone really happy.
 * Grant review boards (which I've been on) aim for something approaching "objectivity" and "excellence" but people don't think too much about the subjective parts of process. For example, to apply for a grant, you first must know that the grant exists, which implies being part of an information network.  There are a whole other bunch of "secret handshakes" that you have go to through to get the money, but there is nothing that I can see that prevents these secret handshakes from being more widely known.
 * Roadrunner 13:52, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Roadrunner 13:52, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

What about doing research (discussion) within Wikiversity? Starting to write and discuss on a topic that can lead to a paper publication. However, we have to thinkc about copyright. Schoeberl 16:02, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Anyone interested in the future of research at Wikiversity and publishing of research results should join the policy discussions at Wikiversity Beta (also) --JWSchmidt 16:09, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freelance academics


text:
Hsueh Jui-yuan

Hsueh Jui-yuan (born June 1955) is a Taiwanese physician who has served as the vice minister of Health and Welfare since August 2017 until July 18, 2022. He then served as the Minister of Health and Welfare from July 2022 to May 2024.

Education
Hsueh completed his degree in medicine from Taipei Medical University in 1980. He then obtained his bachelor's and master's degree in law from National Taiwan University in 1997 and 2001 respectively.

Careers
At the Bureau of Medical Affairs of the Department of Health, he was the senior secretary in 2002–2003, deputy director-general in 2003-2004 and director-general in 2004–2008. In 2008–2015, he was the deputy superintendent of Shuang Ho Hospital of Taipei Medical University. Hsueh succeeded Chen Shih-chung as Minister of Health and Welfare on July 18, 2022.

title: Hsueh Jui-yuan


text:
User:Sunita Vidyarthi

Sunita "Vidyarthi" was born in Himachal Pradesh. She is a Daughter of Ex- Military Officer and also Grand Daughter of Military officer. She has postgraduate (M-Tech) in Renewable Energy System and Efficiency from National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. She is pursuing Doctorate of Philosophy in Solar Photovoltaic Energy from State Govt. Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Technical University Dehradun, Uttarakhand. She is Spokesperson of BJP Uttarakhand State.

title: User:Sunita Vidyarthi


text:
Talk:1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak

Traffic Jam
This section is largely copied from a credible source, with very small changes in text and placement. The source isn't cited inline, also. I feel that this merits a cleanup. Dirtydan667 18:29, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

second deadlist tornado in the 1990's?
This claim seems dubious given that there are three tornadoes that occurred in the 1990's that had higher fatalities - not one. eg.

Plainfield Tornado, Birmingham Tornado of April 1998, and 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak. TerraFrost 05:46, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

(talk) 23:57, 5 June 2009 (UTC)Murdergirl

I was on the ground for this one, both literally IN it and covering the aftermath as a local journalist for the Killeen Daily Herald. I can assure you that, despite the limited number of fatalities, the damage assessment alone would have rated this #2 for the decade. The Wiki article states that only the concrete slabs were left of the homes in the subdivision; what it fails to mention is that, of the 58 (not 38, as the article suggested) homes that were inhaled by that monster, there were roughly 9 concrete slabs left on the ground after it had passed...all the rest had been blown away. Indeed, the area was almost unimpressive to look at, as virtually nothing was left behind on first examination.

Closer looks, however, revealed a different story...we saw hides that had literally been stripped off of the cattle, clothing that had become so rigid in the winds that a lightweight jacket had buried itself halfway through the side of a cow, asphalt was blown completely off the road, down to the subgrade, and vehicles were identifiable ONLY as vehicles...makes, models, colors, even distinctions between cars and trucks were almost impossible to make. Some of the pieces of people that were found had blades of grass driven into them like nails, as the estimated wind speeds (or so we were told by the NWS at the time) were in excess of 365 mph.

As to the number of fatalities, bear this in mind before deciding that this storm wasn't among the worst of the decade....of the 27 Jarrell dead, I believe only a handful of bodies were recovered in one piece (two, a mother and her infant daughter, were found huddled under a bathtub, dead but otherwise unscathed). Indeed, it took 3 days before local councilmen even released an estimate of fatalities. As a print journalist, after watching a councilman stammer ands stutter and try to explain why names of dead weren't being released to a demanding and very insensitive media, I finally said, "So what you're telling us is, you're not finding people, you're finding pieces of people," to which he responded, "Exactly." There simply was no delicate way to put it; those victims were literally shredded, and despite a half-mile long S&R human line of searchers holding hands, pieces (such as a foot in a shoe)were still missed and showed up in photos we took later in the week. This tornado, and particularly the absolutely reprehensible behavior of my fellow journalists, was what prompted me to leave journalism entirely.

Cleanup Tag
I placed a cleanup tag on the article recently, the page needs many more references, and some things should be removed. I just got done reading the NWS service assessment on the event, and I did not see anything about some of the things mentioned in the article, specifically the "Overpass Traffic Jam." I will try to clean it up this weekend. Southern Illinois SKYWARN 01:58, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, I will be adding text back and more sections on other tornadoes. I will be using the NCEP website to find other, smaller tornadoes to add to the table. Southern Illinois SKYWARN (talk) 04:01, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I guess I lied. I wll try to start work on the article by the begining of March, but I do have two newsletters to work on. As I said above and as JForget said below, the NCDC database needs to be used to expand this article. I just made the tornado table based the service assessment from the NWS. I planned on continuing work on the article, but my computer had major problems. I got a new computer in December, but then I had lazy problems. :) Southern Illinois SKYWARN (talk) 02:50, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

--<IP_ADDRESS>

More then one day outbreak
I've check NOAA storm archives and there were something like 70+ tornadoes across the same areas (Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas) on May 25 and 26 likely from the same system. Not sure if we could mention those (or at least be listed) in this article. I am pretty sure looking at the maps, it is the same system or at least an outbreak sequence.-- JForget 03:38, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Name change
Added year per WikiProject Severe weather/Tornado's naming convention. --Rosiestep (talk) 23:00, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Dead link

 * http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ewx/html/wxevent/1997to1999/may27event.htm
 * In 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak on 2011-05-25 06:25:41, 404 Not Found
 * In 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak on 2011-06-08 04:39:09, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 04:39, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Well constructed homes?
This article states that "many" of the homes in the Double Creek subdivision were well constructed. I've seen this claim several times in accounts of the Jarrell tornado.

This contradicts a 1998 study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST Technical Note 1426). Their researchers did a random check of foundations in the subdivision and found sill plates that had been nailed to the foundation, rather than bolted as required by building codes (note that Jarrell had not adopted a building code at the time of the tornado).

The article in question can be found at fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build98/PDF/b98068.pdf

Tgiesler (talk) 19:35, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

Requestion new page for the Jarrell tornado.
Ive seen page's for tornadoes that did less amazing stuff/less death / less damage / weaker then this tornado that have there own page, and even so the info on the jarrell tornado is way too limited here is some example's of other site's/blogs that did a better job of what i mean

when i say page i mean like how the may 3 1999 moore tornado's page was made https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Bridge_Creek%E2%80%93Moore_tornado i find this tornado along with the pilger event and greensburg to be one of the least info tornadoes this wiki has. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joshoctober16 (talk • contribs) 02:07, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I would favor expanding the section over a separate article. While we have articles on less impressive tornadoes WP:OTHERSTUFF applies. In most cases I'm hesitant to create a separate article for a tornado if we already have one for the outbreak. TornadoLGS (talk) 23:27, 5 January 2019 (UTC)

Can we stop pretending the image currently on this page is the Jarrell tornado?
Red Rock, Oklahoma tornado of April 26, 1991

Please consider this video above and tell me that the image used on this page is not erroneous. I understand the image that is purported to be of the Jarrell tornado itself came from the NWS, but.. They are not infallible. The tornado seen on this page is clearly the Red Rock tornado of April 26, 1991, and that needs to be addressed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Retro WX (talk • contribs) 18:12, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. The two vehicles, two men with white shirts, and the big road sign in the background are the same. So as long as that video is actually Red Rock and not Jarrell :P. United States Man (talk) 21:32, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The mile marker on the interstate confirms it is Red Rock. I replaced it with another image from NWS Austin. United States Man (talk) 21:48, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:52, 26 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Deadmanwalking.png


text:
Battle of Kunovica

The Battle of Kunovica or Battle at Kunovitsa was fought between crusaders led by John Hunyadi and the armies of the Ottoman Empire on 2 or 5 January 1444, near the mountain Kunovica (Suva Planina) between Pirot and Niš, in present-day Serbia. It was part of the larger Crusade of Varna.

Battle
The Christian contingent began their retreat on 24 December 1443, after the Battle of Zlatica. The Ottoman forces followed them across the rivers Iskar and Nišava and in the Kunorica pass attacked (some sources say ambushed by) the rear flanks of the retreating armies composed of armies of the Serbian Despotate under command of Đurađ Branković. The battle took place during the night, under the full moon. Hunyadi and Władysław who were already through the pass left their supplies guarded by infantry and attacked Ottoman forces near the river on the eastern side of the mountain. The Ottomans were defeated and many Ottoman commanders, including Mahmud Çelebi of Çandarlı family (in some earlier sources referred to as Karambeg), were captured.

The Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Kunovica and capture of Mahmud Bey, the Sultan's son-in-law, created the impression of an overall victorious campaign. According to some sources, Skanderbeg participated in this battle on the Ottoman side and deserted Ottoman forces during the conflict.

Aftermath
Four days after this battle the Christian coalition reached Prokuplje. Đurađ Branković proposed to Władysław III of Poland and John Hunyadi to stay in Serbian fortified towns during the winter and continue their campaign against the Ottomans in the spring of 1444. They rejected his proposal and retreated. By the end of January 1444 forces of Władysław and Hunyadi reached Belgrade and in February they arrived in Buda where they were greeted as heroes. During 1444 ambassadors of Christian forces were sent to Adrianople and organized signing of a ten-years long peace treaty known as the Peace of Szeged.

Contemporary Ottoman sources blame rivalry between the commanders Kasim and Turahan for the defeat at Kunovica, while some claim that the Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković bribed Turahan not to participate in the battle. Turahan fell from favour as a result and was banished by the Sultan to a prison in Tokat.

This battle is commemorated in Serbian epic song Blow, Wind (Подухни ветре).

authors: نوفاك اتشمان

title: Battle of Kunovica


text:
Dutch Album Top 100

The Dutch Album Top 100 or Album Top 100 is a weekly hit list of music albums, compiled by Dutch Charts. The list shows the 100 best-selling music albums of the moment in the Netherlands, it has passed through various name changes and has expanded from a Top 10 to a Top 100.

Album chart by Stichting Nederlandse Top 40
From 1969 to 1999, an alternative weekly album chart was published by offshore radio station Radio Veronica (1969–1974) and the Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 (1974–1999). This chart varied in length from a top 20 (1969-1971 and from 1972 to 1974) to a top 50 (1971-1972 and 1974–1985), a top 75 (1985–1991) and a top 100 (1991–1999). This album chart was regarded by many as the official one, since it was widely published while the Album Top 100 was not (not until 1993). The Top 40's album chart was terminated in July 1999 when it merged with the Album Top 100e.

title: Dutch Album Top 100


text:
optika

Noun

 * 1) optics

Etymology
From the, from the , from the.

Noun

 * 1) optics
 * 2) optic part of an optical instrument
 * 3) the optician’s shop

Etymology
, from, from.

Noun

 * 1) optics

Noun

 * 1)  optics

Noun

 * 1) optics (physics of light and vision)

title: optika


text:
capanna

Etymology
, of uncertain origin.

Noun

 * 1)  cabin, hut

Etymology
From, (see further etymology there). Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) hut

title: capanna


text:
GCP Student Living

GCP Student Living (Gravis Capital Partners) was a large British investment trust dedicated to investments in student accommodation. The investment trust was a REIT focused on purpose-built private student accommodation in and around London.

History
Established in 2013, it was listed on the London Stock Exchange. The chairman was Robert Peto.

A consortium backed by funds managed by APG Asset Management and The Blackstone Group made an offer for the company which valued it at £969 million in July 2021. The transaction was sanctioned by the High Court in December 2021.

title: GCP Student Living


text:
Allegheny Electric Cooperative

Allegheny Electric Cooperative is an electric generation and transmission cooperative that generates electricity for 14 member electric cooperatives in the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey in the United States. The cooperative, which was founded in 1946, is based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

About
Allegheny Electric Cooperative is an electric generation and transmission cooperative founded in 1946 that provides wholesale power to 14 electric cooperatives located in the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Allegheny Electric Cooperative generates its electricity from various sources, with renewable energy sources such as nuclear and hydroelectric power accounting for about 65 percent of the energy supply. The cooperative owns a 10 percent stake in the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, a 2,600 MW, two-unit nuclear power plant in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, with Talen Energy owning the remaining 90 percent and operating the power plant. Allegheny Electric Cooperative operates the Raystown Hydroelectric Project and William F. Matson Generating Station, a 21 MW, two-unit hydroelectric project located at the Raystown Dam in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania.

Members
Allegheny Electric Cooperative is composed of 14 member electric cooperatives in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, who are all members of the Pennsylvania Rural Electric Association:
 * Adams Electric Cooperative
 * Bedford Rural Electric Cooperative
 * Central Electric Cooperative
 * Claverack Rural Electric Cooperative
 * New Enterprise Rural Electric Cooperative
 * Northwestern Rural Electric Cooperative
 * REA Energy Cooperative
 * Somerset Rural Electric Cooperative
 * Sullivan County Rural Electric Cooperative
 * Sussex Rural Electric Cooperative
 * Tri-County Rural Electric Cooperative
 * United Electric Cooperative
 * Valley Rural Electric Cooperative
 * Warren Electric Cooperative

title: Allegheny Electric Cooperative


text:
Corban, Switzerland

Corban is a former municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Corban merged into the municipality of Val Terbi.

History
Corban is first mentioned in 1184 as Bathendorf. In 1240 it was mentioned as Corpaon.

Geography
Corban has an area of. Of this area, 4.91 km2 or 62.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.6 km2 or 33.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.35 km2 or 4.5% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.02 km2 or 0.3% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.4%. Out of the forested land, 31.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 40.0% is used for growing crops and 21.5% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Delemont district, in the eastern part of the Val Terbi.

The municipalities of Corban, Courchapoix, Courroux, Mervelier, Montsevelier, Vermes and Vicques are considering a merger on at a date in the future into the new municipality of Val Terbi.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Bend Argent. In 2004, 2 caterpillars were re-added to the coat of arms.

Demographics
Corban has a population of. , 3.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 1.5%. Migration accounted for 1.7%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.7%.

Most of the population speaks French (424 or 93.8%) as their first language, German is the second most common (23 or 5.1%) and Italian is the third (2 or 0.4%).

, the population was 50.6% male and 49.4% female. The population was made up of 238 Swiss men (49.2% of the population) and 7 (1.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 226 Swiss women (46.7%) and 13 (2.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 223 or about 49.3% were born in Corban and lived there in 2000. There were 153 or 33.8% who were born in the same canton, while 48 or 10.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 20 or 4.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 29.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.2%.

, there were 192 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 232 married individuals, 22 widows or widowers and 6 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 168 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 38 households that consist of only one person and 17 households with five or more people. , a total of 158 apartments (91.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 8 apartments (4.6%) were seasonally occupied and 7 apartments (4.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2.67%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire village of Corban is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 39.02% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (32.75%), the SVP (17.77%) and the FDP (5.92%). In the federal election, a total of 145 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 40.1%.

Economy
, Corban had an unemployment rate of 3.3%. , there were 29 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 12 businesses involved in this sector. 14 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 5 businesses in this sector. 17 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector. There were 219 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 37.4% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 50. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 25, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 13 of which 1 was in manufacturing and 12 (92.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 12. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 25.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, and 6 or 50.0% were in education.

, there were 10 workers who commuted into the municipality and 175 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 17.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 14.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 67.6% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 381 or 84.3% were Roman Catholic, while 39 or 8.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 individual who belongs to another Christian church. There were 5 (or about 1.11% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 18 (or about 3.98% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7 individuals (or about 1.55% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Corban about 157 or (34.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 26 or (5.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 26 who completed tertiary schooling, 73.1% were Swiss men, 26.9% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 45 students attending 4 classes in Corban. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 15 students in the municipality. The municipality had 2.5 primary classes and 30 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Corban attend their secondary school in another municipality.

, there were 41 students from Corban who attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Corban, Switzerland


text:
Julio Alsogaray (sailor)

Julio Alsogaray (born 11 April 1980 in San Pedro, Buenos Aires Province) is an Argentine sailor in the Optimist, Laser, Lightning and Snipe classes.

 * Worlds. Gold at the 2019 Lightning Worlds, silver at the 2008 Laser Worlds, and bronze at the 1994 Optimist Worlds.
 * Olympic Games. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing he finished seventh, while at the 2012 Summer Olympics he finished 11th, and at the 2020 Summer Olympics he finished tenth.
 * Central and South American Laser Championship 2012
 * Snipe South American Championship 2024

title: Julio Alsogaray (sailor)


text:
Pirshahbaz

Pirshahbaz (, also Romanized as Pīrshahbāz) is a village in Sarvelayat Rural District, Sarvelayat District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 164, in 36 families.

title: Pirshahbaz


text:
Japanese/Kanji

Kanji characters are based on Chinese characters transmitted to Japan during the spread of Buddhism in the 5th century. A large percentage (approx. 70%) of Japanese vocabulary comes from Chinese or Chinese-derived words. While the meaning of individual characters is fairly consistent between the languages, compound words often have different meanings.

Kanji are inflected by hiragana that follow and particles give the case. Most words are written using kanji, though some have none and loan-words from other languages are generally written in katakana. The large number of homophones makes it highly desirable to use kanji and knowing them can help with memorising new words.

Note that writing kanji skillfully is significantly harder than reading kanji skillfully, since one must recall characters, not simply recognize them. Further, with Input Methods allowing one to write Japanese on a computer phonetically (by recognizing the kanji, not needing to produce them), the practical need for kanji writing skills is lower than in the past, but it is still fundamental to mastery of Japanese.

Study methods
Kanji can form a difficult hurdle for some in their study of Japanese. Their nature as graphic representations of concepts translating to sounds gives rise to the particularly diverse methods employed for the study of kanji.

Fundamentally, one’s goal is to learn Japanese, not kanji per se and this has two main implications. Firstly, as many words are written as compounds of multiple kanji it is not sufficient learn the individual two thousand odd characters, but also their combinations. Furthermore, just as learning vocabulary in any language, these must be learnt in the context of the language. Not only does it aid memorisation of terms, but enforces the understanding of their nuance. It is finally worth mentioning that one can learn to speak Japanese without learning to read or write it, just as with any language. If one is, however, ever to learn to read, it is advisable to start right away and learn the characters in parallel with vocabulary and phrases.

Throughout, understand that one’s mastery of any skill is imperfect, impermanent, and incomplete (see 侘寂, wabi-sabi) – while perfection is a worthy goal, it should not be expected nor demanded – mistakes should be expected, and accept that there are further levels of mastery: not 300 people a year pass the Kanji kentei level 1.

Basic issues, regardless of study methods:
 * start early
 * Kanji take a long time to learn; if you start early, kanji will not be the limiting factor, but if you start later in your studies, there will be a dispiriting quantity of catch-up to do.
 * It is not simply an issue of memorizing 1,945 characters (or more for names) – the same character is pronounced in different ways and used in different contexts. Kanji are simply a large amount of data, and this is best learned over a long period of time.

 * review regularly
 * Kanji are easily forgotten, and subtle details and differences fade without review. Regular review, particularly via electronic flashcard programs such as Anki or Mnemosyne, are essential to mastery.

 * make connections: Rather than learning characters in isolation, drawing connections helps memory. For example, learning a character as part of several words, or learning graphically similar or etymologically related characters can help make them more easily remembered.
 * detail: It is easy to make minor mistakes with kanji, be it missing a stroke or forgetting a rarely used kanji. A high level of mastery requires attention to detail, as detailed below.

Because there are so many kanji, and they are relatively sparse (of 1,945 kanji, most will not be used and reinforced in any sample of text, unlike kana) simply memorizing the forms and pronunciations (as one does for the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet or the 46 kana, twice) is less practical and effective, and one instead uses more structured mnemonic methods.

There are three aspects to a particular kanji:
 * form: The character shape – the strokes.
 * sound: The pronunciations, of which there are generally many.
 * meaning: The meanings, both of the individual kanji and its combinations.

There are a number of ways to learn the kanji. Rather than pick one, try to see how each of these works for you and combine them in your study.

Rote
The most straightforward way of learning kanji is by rote. While few will succeed in retaining even a portion of the two thousand basic characters — not to mention their compounds — rote learning is a good way to practice mnemonic devices such as those mentioned in the following sections. Writing reinforces character details, builds muscle memory and improves handwriting. Thus, regardless of learning system, practicing writing the kanji is a valuable aspect of learning.

Make flash-cards with one or more characters on one side, the meaning and reading on the other and drill yourself. Make another set of cards with the meaning on one side and the characters and readings on the other and drill yourself on writing the kanji. There are several programs and website applications that offer kanji drilling. Notable spaced recognition software include Anki and Mnemosyne.

Forgetting a rarely used kanji is easy so it is important to regularly review these.

Handwriting
Note that characters have a generally accepted stroke order. While this may seem an extra burden at first, the order is highly regular and will vastly improve your ability to read other people's handwriting, not to mention make yours more intelligible.

As with the handwriting of most scripts, Japanese calligraphy has a long history and is greatly revered to this day. As kanji are somewhat more intricate than Latin characters, the quality of handwriting and the order the strokes are written in matter a great deal. In fact, without a commonly accepted system, cursive styles and hurried handwriting would be illegible, indeed.

There is, of course, only one way to practice handwriting: By writing. Get yourself a nice notebook, preferable one with good sized squares, and practice, practice, practice.

Context
The Kanji in Context texts from the Inter-University Center for Japanese Language Studies emphasizes the value of learning not so much kanji characters in isolation, but kanji-based vocabulary, particularly as part of phrases or idioms. In this approach, when learning a kanji, one learns important words that it is part of. Further, one will learn kanji that make up a given word at the same time – for example, one will learn the word 日本 (Nihon, Japan) and, at the same time, the characters 日 (nichi, ni, sun) and 本 (hon, root).

Recognising the constituent parts
As you progress in learning kanji, you'll start to see patterns emerge; constituent parts of characters that are common among many characters. Recognising these will allow you to see the characters as made up of shapes rather than just strokes and thus simplify retaining them. The general method is to systematically break up characters into graphical components, some of which may not be used as separate characters. Next, one systematically maps these elements to some mnemonic, and then builds a picture or story combining these.

The principles at work are:
 * analytic
 * Break up a complex character into simple components.
 * Example: The character 認 which means to notice or to judge is made up of 15 strokes but may be a little bit easier to remember it as a combination of 言, 刃 and 心; word, blade and heart, respectively.

 * associative
 * Associate components across characters.
 * Example: 売 means "to sell", but along with "word", 読, it becomes "to read" and along with "thread", 続, it becomes to continue. This further builds links between characters that share graphical elements or compositional similarities.

 * narrative
 * Associating stories with characters is a powerful method to remember which components it is made up of.
 * Example: The character 暖 means "warm weather" and can be broken down into the components 日, 爫, 一 and 友 meaning "sun", "caress", "one" and "friend". This can then be memorised as warm weather being when "the sun caresses a friend".

Useful resources for diagnosing these constituent parts are the book and online version of Kanji ABC. James Heisig's well-known series Remembering the Kanji is the best known study aid that uses this method. Alternatives include Smart Kanji Book which only includes common kanji and the primitives that form them and the Kanji Pict-o-graphix which uses a graphic approach instead of mnemonic stories. A further such resource is Genki’s Kanji Look and Learn. These may not be sufficient in themselves, as they focus purely on the characters, but can be valuable components of one’s learning, helping with remembering character forms and especially minor details.

Chinese-derived reading
The vast majority of Chinese characters are composed as phono-semantic compounds: one component (generally the radical) is semantic (about the meaning), and the other component is used for its phonetic value (sound) called. Note that this is how the character as used in Chinese is composed. As kanji usually have several readings, including a Chinese-derived one, this can be used to remember the character and one of its readings.

Understanding this, and decomposing characters into Phonetic + Semantic components and relating them to similar characters using either of these components helps with remembering the character’s form, its meaning, and a Chinese-derived pronunciation (on yomi, 音読み).

For example, the character for small is 小 which has the Chinese-derived reading shō. The characters 少, 炒, 抄, 省, 称, 鈔 and 渉 all share that same Chinese reading. Again, keep in mind that these are only the Chinese readings and the each of these has other different readings as well.

Attention to detail
It is easy to make minor mistakes with both recognizing and writing kanji. A high level of mastery requires attention to detail and continual polish (see 改善, kaizen). Even at lower levels, attention to detail yields overlearning and deepens understanding; if you are worrying about the stroke order, you are likely not forgetting the character outright.

Minor errors can be made in writing (e.g. incorrect strokes, strokes touching when they should not, or incorrect stroke order) and pronunciation (e.g. incorrect voicing; especially rendaku/euphonic changes). To achieve a high level requires detecting and correcting such errors. Realizing that one has forgotten a kanji is easy enough. For other errors, one may not notice them, or one may feel a lack of confidence reflecting imperfect mastery. To detect such errors one must review regularly and ensure that all these details are correct.

Particularly useful in subtle errors is to study the character in question with various related characters (both graphically, as in Wiktionary:Appendix:Easily confused Chinese characters, and etymologically), and in the context of various words: this allows one to contrast the character, rather than trying to retain it in isolation.

Readings
A single Kanji letter can be read (pronounced) in many different ways, depending on its context. These readings are categorized into two main groups - that of Chinese origin (on-yomi, ) and Japanese origin (kun-yomi, ). A third group, the nanoriyomi, is used for the names of people and places.

It is often the case that a Kanji letter has more than one reading of Chinese origin. This is because the importing of Chinese letters (with their readings) did not occur just at one time from one region.

Onyomi
Onyomi (音読み) is the Chinese-derived reading, which is most commonly used in compound words and for the numbers.

It may be useful to note that in most kanji databases, the on reading is written in katakana instead of hiragana.

一 (イチ), 二 (ニ), 三 (サン), 四 (シ) are the first four numbers and all are onyomi.

Kunyomi
Kunyomi (訓読み) is the Japanese reading, which can be read as a separate word or can be used in compounds.

This reading is generally written in hiragana in kanji lists.

月 (つき, tsuki) and 日 (ひ, hi) are the moon and sun and are in kunyomi.

Nanoriyomi
Nanoriyomi (名乗り読み) is the name reading, which is used for people's names and for places.

Both "康", read as "やす" (e.g. 徳川家康), and "信", read as "のぶ" (e.g. 織田信長), are written in nanoriyomi.

Kanji Repetition
The noma: (々), symbol indicates the repetition of a Kanji. The word われわれ indicates "us" or "our group" and is written as "我々" instead of "我我", although they are both the same. The same is true with "人々" (ひとびと), meaning people).

JLPT
The Japanese Language Proficiency Test, or JLPT, is a standardized test to evaluate and certify the language proficiency of non-native Japanese speakers. The JLPT has five levels beginning at level N5 and progressing to level N1 - the most difficult. Each level has a certain set of kanji.

 * For the time being, the completion index is as follows:
 * [[File:00 percents.svg]]: Some characters are missing.
 * [[File:25 percents.svg]]: All characters are there, but there are readings missing.
 * [[File:50 percents.svg]]: All characters have both onyomi and kunyomi readings, but not all have example words.
 * [[File:75 percents.svg]]: All characters have example words, but a template or a stroke order image is missing.
 * [[File:100 percents.svg]]: All characters have all their information set up in the template.

JLPT level N5
N5 tests students' recognition of 79 kanji and 482 words.

 * Lesson 1 [[File:100 percents.svg]]: 一・二・三・四・五
 * Lesson 2 [[File:100 percents.svg]]: 六・七・八・九・十
 * Lesson 3 [[File:100 percents.svg]]: 百・千・万・父・母
 * Lesson 4 [[File:50 percents.svg]]: 友・女・男・人・子
 * Lesson 5 [[File:75 percents.svg]]: 日・月・火・水・木
 * Lesson 6 [[File:75 percents.svg]]: 金・土・本・休・語
 * Lesson 7 [[File:50 percents.svg]]: 年・午・前・後・時
 * Lesson 8 [[File:50 percents.svg]]: 間・毎・先・今・何
 * Lesson 9 [[File:50 percents.svg]]: 上・下・左・右・北
 * Lesson 10 [[File:50 percents.svg]]: 南・東・西・外・名
 * Lesson 11 [[File:50 percents.svg]]: 高・小・中・大・長
 * Lesson 12 [[File:75 percents.svg]]: 半・分・学・校・生
 * Lesson 13 [[File:50 percents.svg]]: 山・川・白・天・雨
 * Lesson 14 [[File:25 percents.svg]]: 電・気・車・国・円
 * Lesson 15 [[File:50 percents.svg]]: 話・聞・食・読・来
 * Lesson 16 [[File:50 percents.svg]]: 書・見・行・出・入
 * Lesson 17 [[File:100 percents.svg]]: 目・耳・口・手・足
 * Lesson 18 [[File:00 percents.svg]]: 新・古・多・少・空
 * Lesson 19 [[File:00 percents.svg]]: 店・社・買・立・安
 * Lesson 20 [[File:00 percents.svg]]: 会・道・飲・駅・魚
 * Lesson 21 [[File:00 percents.svg]]: 週・花・言

JLPT level N4
N4 tests students' recognition of 166 kanji and 453 words.

JLPT level N3
N3 tests students' recognition of 367 kanji and 1555 words.

JLPT level N2
N2 tests students' recognition of 367 kanji and 1481 words.

JLPT level N1
N1 tests students' recognition of 1231 kanji and 2773 words.

title: Japanese/Kanji


text:
Karan, Razavi Khorasan

Karan (, also Romanized as Karān and Karrān) is a village in Binalud Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 278, in 68 families.

title: Karan, Razavi Khorasan


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/geekened.com

Links

 * geekened.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Selected additions

 * Displayed 5 additions out of 5 total.	 For more info see WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/geekened.com

Entry
Log entry for the MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist:

\bgeekened\.com\b           # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/geekened.com ]]

Discussion
See COIBot report for more details.

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 10:37, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

New data reported. --COIBot (talk) 07:16, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
bear out

Etymology
From, dissimilated from earlier , equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1)  To corroborate, prove, or confirm; to demonstrate; to provide evidence for.
 * 2) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last.
 * 3)  To move quickly and sharply in an outward direction during a race; to veer out.
 * ''That horse always bears out on the turns.
 * 1) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last.
 * 2)  To move quickly and sharply in an outward direction during a race; to veer out.
 * ''That horse always bears out on the turns.
 * 1)  To move quickly and sharply in an outward direction during a race; to veer out.
 * ''That horse always bears out on the turns.

Translations

 * Catalan: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Italian:, dare ragione
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Spanish: ,

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish:
 * Finnish:

title: bear out


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Talk:Historic Compromise

Infobox
I find the use of the political party infobox not suitable for this article. The Historic Compromise was not a political party nor in any way similar to a political party that would justify the use of this template. It was merely an ad-hoc cooperation without any form of common organisation, programme or leadership. This case is unlike the relatively stable pre-election alliances that were usual in the 1990s and 2000s (House of Freedoms, The Olive Tree/The Union), that had at least some form of common manifesto, campaign, joint leadership and vaguely defined political alignment (either centre-left or centre-right). For the same reasons, the "Electoral results" section seems unsuitable. It suggests that the partners of the Historical Compromise had run these elections jointly while in fact they were rivals and only saw themselves forced to cooperate after the election for the supposed good of the country. The same arguments apply in my opinion to the cases of Organic Centre-left and Pentapartito where I would like to remove the infobox template as well. Ad-hoc government coalitions (or, in the case of the Historic Compromise not even a real coalition, but merely an informal agreement) should not be confused with fully-fledged electoral alliances. Please feel invited to join the discussion. --RJFF (talk) 10:32, 1 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics delimits this (and the other related time periods) as their own chapters in Italian political history. For this reason, I think that the party coalition infobox would be appropriate, especially for comparing to previous or subsequent ruling coalitions. Bergmanucsd (talk) 10:42, 1 December 2017 (UTC)Bergmanucsd
 * I completely agree that this was a period in Italian political history. But it was not a political party or similar to one. Please note that we are talking about the political party infobox, not one about political periods. The Historic Compromise had no leaders (each of the partners, of course, had its own leader, but there was no joint leadership of the Historic Compromise), no headquarters, no common ideology, so most of the political party infobox parameters are not applicable anyway. --RJFF (talk) 10:51, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

I partially agree with you. In my view we can remove the infobox from this page, because the Historic Compromise wasn't de facto a political alliance, but as you said, a simple cooperation between the two main parties; but, according to me, we should maintain the infobox in the pages regarding the Organic Centre-left and Pentapartito, because before the elections, it was clear that those parties would have form a coalition to rule the country. -- Nick.mon (talk) 11:45, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks, User:RJFF, for inviting me, but I do not have a strong opinion on keeping or removing the template. For sure I agree with the removal of electoral results (thanks, User:Nick.mon, for that). --Checco (talk) 00:48, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Historic Compromise