text:
Waves/Vectors

Math Tutorial -- Vectors

Figure 1: Displacement vectors in a plane.

Vector $$\mbox{A}$$ represents the displacement of George from Mary, while vector $$\mbox{B}$$ represents the displacement of Paul from George. Vector $$\mbox{C}$$ represents the displacement of Paul from Mary and $$\mbox{C} = \mbox{A} + \mbox{B}$$. The quantities $$A_x$$, $$A_y$$, etc., represent the Cartesian components of the vectors.

Before we can proceed further we need to explore the idea of a vector. A vector is a quantity which expresses both magnitude and direction. Graphically we represent a vector as an arrow. In typeset notation a vector is represented by a boldface character, while in handwriting an arrow is drawn over the character representing the vector.

Figure 1 shows some examples of displacement vectors, i. e., vectors which represent the displacement of one object from another, and introduces the idea of vector addition. The tail of vector $$\mbox{B}$$ is collocated with the head of vector $$\mbox{A}$$, and the vector which stretches from the tail of $$\mbox{A}$$ to the head of $$\mbox{B}$$ is the sum of $$\mbox{A}$$ and $$\mbox{B}$$, called $$\mbox{C}$$ in figure 1.

Figure 2: Definition sketch for the angle $$\theta $$ representing the orientation of a two dimensional vector.

The quantities $$A_x$$, $$A_y$$, etc., represent the Cartesian components of the vectors in figure 2. A vector can be represented either by its Cartesian components, which are just the projections of the vector onto the Cartesian coordinate axes, or by its direction and magnitude. The direction of a vector in two dimensions is generally represented by the counterclockwise angle of the vector relative to the $$x$$ axis, as shown in figure 2. Conversion from one form to the other is given by the equations

 * $$ A = (A_x^2 + A_y^2)^{1/2} \qquad \theta = \tan^{-1} (A_y /A_x ), $$

 * $$ A_x = A \cos ( \theta ) \qquad A_y = A \sin ( \theta ), $$

where $$A$$ is the magnitude of the vector. A vector magnitude is sometimes represented by absolute value notation: $$A \equiv \vert \mbox{A} \vert$$.

Notice that the inverse tangent gives a result which is ambiguous relative to adding or subtracting integer multiples of $$\pi$$. Thus the quadrant in which the angle lies must be resolved by independently examining the signs of $$A_x$$ and $$A_y$$ and choosing the appropriate value of $$\theta $$.

To add two vectors, $$\mbox{A}$$ and $$\mbox{B}$$, it is easiest to convert them to Cartesian component form. The components of the sum $$\mbox{C} = \mbox{A} + \mbox{B}$$ are then just the sums of the components:

 * $$ C_x = A_x + B_x \qquad C_y = A_y + B_y . $$

Subtraction of vectors is done similarly, e. g., if $$\mbox{A} = \mbox{C} - \mbox{B}$$, then

 * $$ A_x = C_x - B_x \qquad A_y = C_y - B_y . $$

A unit vector is a vector of unit length. One can always construct a unit vector from an ordinary vector by dividing the vector by its length: $$\mbox{n} = \mbox{A} / \vert \mbox{A} \vert$$. This division operation is carried out by dividing each of the vector components by the number in the denominator. Alternatively, if the vector is expressed in terms of length and direction, the magnitude of the vector is divided by the denominator and the direction is unchanged.

Unit vectors can be used to define a Cartesian coordinate system. Conventionally, $$\mbox{i}$$, $$\mbox{j}$$, and $$\mbox{k}$$ indicate the $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ axes of such a system. Note that $$\mbox{i}$$, $$\mbox{j}$$, and $$\mbox{k}$$ are mutually perpendicular. Any vector can be represented in terms of unit vectors and its Cartesian components: $$\mbox{A} = A_x \mbox{i} + A_y \mbox{j} + A_z \mbox{k}$$. An alternate way to represent a vector is as list of components: $$\mbox{A} = ( A_x, A_y , A_z )$$. We tend to use the latter representation since it is somewhat more economical notation.

There are two ways to multiply two vectors, yielding respectively what are known as the dot product and the cross product. The cross product yields another vector while the dot product yields a number. Here we will discuss only the dot product.

Figure 3: Definition sketch for dot product.

Given vectors $$\mbox{A}$$ and $$\mbox{B}$$, the dot product of the two is defined

 * $$ \mbox{A} \cdot \mbox{B} \equiv \vert \mbox{A} \vert \vert \mbox{B} \vert \cos \theta, $$

where $$\theta $$ is the angle between the two vectors. An alternate expression for the dot product exists in terms of the Cartesian components of the vectors:

 * $$ \mbox{A} \cdot \mbox{B} = A_x B_x + A_y B_y . $$

It is easy to show that this is equivalent to the cosine form of the dot product when the $$x$$ axis lies along one of the vectors, as in figure 3. Notice in particular that $$A_x = \vert \mbox{A} \vert \cos \theta$$, while $$B_x = \vert \mbox{B} \vert$$ and $$B_y = 0$$. Thus, $$\mbox{A} \cdot \mbox{B} = \vert \mbox{A} \vert \cos \theta \vert \mbox{B} \vert$$ in this case, which is identical to the form given above.

By the law of cosines we can also see that

 * $$\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B} = \frac{1}{2} \left(

 * \mathbf{A}+\mathbf{B}|^2-|\mathbf{A}|^2-|\mathbf{B}|^2 \right)$$

which is an alternate coordinate-free expression for the dot product.

Figure 4: Definition figure for rotated coordinate system. The vector $$\mbox{R}$$ has components $$X$$ and $$Y$$ in the unprimed coordinate system and components $$X'$$ and $$Y'$$ in the primed coordinate system.

All that remains to be proven for equation (2.6) to hold in general is to show that it yields the same answer regardless of how the Cartesian coordinate system is oriented relative to the vectors. To do this, we must show that $$A_x B_x + A_y B_y = A_x' B_x' + A_y' B_y'$$, where the primes indicate components in a coordinate system rotated from the original coordinate system.

This can be shown nearly instantly by applying the pythagorean theorem. Due to the fact that R is invariant and represents the hypotenuse for both triangles (X, X', Y and Y') we can conclude:

$$|R|^2 = X^2 + Y^2 \mbox{ and } X^2 + Y^2 = X'^2 + Y'^2$$
 * R|^2 = X'^2 + Y'^2 \Rightarrow

Since the dot product can be written solely in terms of magnitudes, as we did above, if the magnitude of a vector is invariant the dot product of two vectors must also be invariant.

To deduce a general formula for X' and Y' you will have to do a bit more thinking:

Figure 2.4 shows the vector $$\mbox{R}$$ resolved in two coordinate systems rotated with respect to each other. From this figure it is clear that $$X' = A + B$$. Focusing on the shaded triangles, we see that $$A = X \cos \theta$$ and $$B = Y \sin \theta$$. Thus, we find $$X' = X \cos \theta + Y \sin \theta$$. Similar reasoning shows that $$Y' = -X \sin \theta + Y \cos \theta$$ (Just imagine to rotate the constructs in the image further 90° without changing the axis-names. You will instantly notice that in the second quadrant X is negative while Y positive).

Thus, the new and old coordinates are related by

\begin{pmatrix} X^\prime \\ Y^\prime \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} X \cos \theta + Y \sin \theta \\ -X \sin \theta + Y \cos \theta \end{pmatrix}$$

This is true of the position vector. We can use it to extend the notion of vector to concepts other than position by stating that a pair of numbers is a vector if and only if its values change in exactly this way under rotation.

Substituting this relation into our earlier expression for the dot product and using the trigonometric identity $$\cos^2 \theta + \sin^2 \theta = 1$$ results in

 * $$\begin{matrix}

A_x' B_x' + A_y' B_y' & = &  & (A_x \cos \theta + A_y \sin \theta ) (B_x \cos \theta + B_y \sin \theta ) \\ & & + & (-A_x \sin \theta + A_y \cos \theta ) (-B_x \sin \theta + B_y \cos \theta ) \\ & = & & A_x B_x + A_y B_y \end{matrix}$$

which proves the complete equivalence of the two forms of the dot product quoted above. (Multiply out the above expression to verify this.)

A numerical quantity which doesn't depend on which coordinate system is being used is called a scalar. The dot product of two vectors is a scalar. However, the components of a vector, taken individually, are not scalars, since the components change as the coordinate system changes. Since the laws of physics cannot depend on the choice of coordinate system being used, we insist that physical laws be expressed in terms of scalars and vectors, but not in terms of the components of vectors.

In three dimensions the cosine form of the dot product remains the same, while the component form is
 * $$ \mbox{A} \cdot \mbox{B} = A_x B_x + A_y B_y + A_z B_z . $$

title: Waves/Vectors


text:
Talk:Natmura Pukuria High School

Needs more cleanup
I've done some cleanup of the article. More is needed.

Some of the references are to the front pages of websites rather than leading to specific information that supports the claim in the text. A fair amount of puffery and peacock language remains. There is altogether too much reliance on the school's and school department's own websites. The use of "at present" is something we try to avoid in Wikipedia articles. Be specific about the date - you could say "as of 2019" instead of "at present", but that's still not ideal. Is someone going to commit to keeping the list of results up-to-date? If not, it's better to leave them out with, possibly, a pointer to where the latest results can be found. As it is, the reference used does not point directly to the results.

Most of the time, we presume the notability of secondary schools like this. Still, it would be good to have more third-party coverage about the school rather than to rely on what the school has to say about itself.  — jmcgnh (talk) (contribs) 16:18, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

i am officially ordered to create an article about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shakawat024 (talk • contribs) 02:55, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Based on what you've just written,, it is evident that you have a conflict of interest with this article and should make a declaration here or on your user page (something that should go on your userpage!) about your connection with the school. I'm afraid that your orders to create the page hold no sway over Wikipedia. You must comply with our policies and the article must meet our standards or it will be deleted.  — jmcgnh (talk) (contribs) 14:17, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Thank you for this new article, but note that other editors have raised concerns about the sources. More reliable and independent sources are needed. For pointers, follow the links in the notice at the top of the page..

---  DOOMSDAYER 520 (Talk|Contribs) 02:06, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Natmura Pukuria High School


text:
French/Grammar/Tenses/Imperative

Usage of the Imperative
This tense is used to give commands, express requests or make suggestions.

Formation of the Imperative
The imperative is used in tu, nous and vous forms; the nous and vous forms are the same as the indicative in both regular and irregular verbs (except the 3 irregulars shown below). The tu form is also the same unless it comes from an infinitive that ends in -er, in which case the tu form would drop the 's' (e.g.: parles -> parle).

You could also drop the 's' when an -ir verb has the same endings as an er verb.

The infinitive can also be used as the imperative, but only for impersonal commands, e.g.: mettre la ceinture.

Regular Conjugations

 * danser, perdre & finir are regular verbs that can be used in the imperative.

Danser

Perdre

finir

Irregular Verbs in their Imperative Conjugations

 * faire, aller, venir, sortir, and partir

Faire

Aller

Venir

Sortir

Irregular Conjugations

 * Être, Avoir, Savoir, & Vouloir are the only verbs that are irregular in the imperative.

Être

Avoir

Savoir

Vouloir

title: French/Grammar/Tenses/Imperative


text:
Jazmine Sepúlveda

Jazmine Sepúlveda (born April 10, 1985) is a Puerto Rican professional basketball player who currently plays for Montañeras de Morovis of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional Femenino (BSNF).

She was a member of the team which competed for Puerto Rico at the 2011 Pan American Games, winning a gold medal.

title: Jazmine Sepúlveda


text:
Urban Hymn

Urban Hymn is a 2015 British coming-of-age drama directed by Michael Caton-Jones, written by Nick Moorcroft, and starring Letitia Wright, Shirley Henderson, Isabella Laughland, Ian Hart, and starring Steven Mackintosh.

Premise
Set against the backdrop of the 2011 England riots, the film follows a neglected and volatile female offender, Jamie, who possesses an amazing singing voice and is torn between her loyalties toward her inspiring, unconventional care worker, Kate, and her possessive and volatile best friend, Leanne.

Cast

 * Letitia Wright as Jamie Harrison
 * Shirley Henderson as Kate Linton
 * Isabella Laughland as Leanne Dixon
 * Steven Mackintosh as David Linton
 * Ian Hart as Ian Wilson
 * Billy Bragg as himself
 * Shaun Parkes as Charlie
 * Caroline O'Neill as Fiona
 * Frankie Oatway as Bob
 * Matthew Steer as Michael
 * Jack McMullen as Dean
 * David McKell as Ryan
 * Victoria Alcock as Prison Chaplain

Production
On 7 July 2014, Dashishah Global Film Production and Eclipse Films in association with Powderkeg Pictures announced that Caton-Jones would direct the film with Shirley Henderson starring opposite 2012 Screen International Star of Tomorrow, Letitia Wright. Principal photography commenced on 22 September 2014 with filming taking place in Richmond, Twickenham, Morden and former HMP prison Latchmere House in South-East London. Dashishah fully financed the production through their film production company which is based in Geneva, Switzerland. The film wrapped shooting on 23 October 2014 after a rigorous 28-day schedule, filming upwards of 13 scenes a day. The semi-autobiographical film was based upon Nick Moorcroft's formative years growing up in Essex. Billy Bragg's initiative, Jail Guitar Doors, which donates guitars to prison inmates also features in the film.

Release
The film was selected for the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival in September 2016, and received its world premiere in the 'City To City' section. Urban Hymn was also officially selected for the Busan International Film Festival, Asia's largest film festival held in South Korea in October 2015. On 19 February 2016 the Glasgow Film Festival held a gala screening for the film where it was hailed as a powerful social realist drama and resulted in many favourable reviews. The film was selected for the 46th edition of the Giffoni film festival held in Italy and screened in the Generator +18 section on 21 July 2016. On 25 July the festival jury awarded Urban Hymn the Gryphon Award for Best Film.

It was reported by Screen International at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival that Urban Hymn had been picked up for theatrical distribution in the U.K and Ireland in selected cinemas nationwide. The film was released in cinemas in U.K and Ireland on Friday 30 September 2016. Urban Hymn opened in select cinemas throughout the UK on 30 September 2016, to largely strong reviews. It currently holds a 60% Fresh rating on review site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 25 reviews. The film opened in select cinemas in America on 12 May 2017. It was New York Times critics pick of the week. The film has currently sold to 10 territories across the world, including Canada, Spain, Italy, Japan, Scandinavia, Turkey, South-Korea, Japan and North America.

The film was added to Netflix on 3 July 2017. It was announced in Variety that the film would also be available On Demand platforms including AT&T U-verse, Comcast, DirecTV, Spectrum, Amazon Instant, iTunes, Dish Network, Vubiquity and Vudu.

Reception
Toronto Film Festival Director, Piers Handling, called Urban Hymn "a searing and moving portrait of a pair of disenfranchised teen girls, grounded by a sharp script and sensitive, naturalistic actors". Evening Standard film critic David Sexton wrote "This film is a turning point for director Michael Caton-Jones" and "develops real power in the relationship between Jamie and Kate and it directly addresses the intractable problem of the dispossessed." The Guardian wrote that Urban Hymn was "Heart-warming social realism, with a great couple of lead performances (from Isabella Laughland and Letitia Wright)". Alan Hunter of Screen International reviewed the film favorably saying "The appeal of Urban Hymn lies in a heartrending, human story that is told with care and concern". Stephen Dalton, from The Hollywood Reporter wrote it was "hugely refreshing to see a rare British movie whose key cast is almost entirely female, with a rising young black talent as the main star." The head of the Glasgow Film Festival stated that "Shirley Henderson gives one of the finest performances of her career as Kate in Urban Hymn". Italian Film Critic, Minerva Romana, awarded the film five stars at the Giffoni Film Festival where it won Best Film, hailing it as a beautiful and profound drama. Total Film and The Daily Express gave the film glowing 4 star reviews. Cassam Looch from Hey U Guys film website reviewed the film favorably calling it "One of the most beautiful, heartbreaking and tender films of the year". Mike McCahill of The Guardian awarded the film 3 stars calling it "a mixed bag, but one that comes good in its closing stretch, working its way towards a place of quiet power". The Los Angeles Times called it a "British Tear-jerker which hits all the high notes".

Accolades
On 14 October 2016, Letitia Wright and Isabella Laughland were both longlisted for the British Independent Film Awards Most Promising Newcomer Award for their performances in Urban Hymn. On 21 October 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Urban Hymn producers, John Sachs, Andrew Berg and Neil Chordia were longlisted for the 2016 Breakthrough Producer of The Year award for Urban Hymn. On 1 November 2016, Letitia Wright was nominated for the Most Promising Newcomer Award at the British Independent Film Awards. Soon after she was cast as Shuri in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Black Panther and Avengers: Infinity War, both of which stand amongst the highest-grossing films of all time.

Soundtrack
Sony Music released the original soundtrack on 28 October 2016.

title: Urban Hymn


text:
User:Caejordan

Just an Arcadia University student learning how to use wikipedia.

As part of a class assignment, I developed the page for Heizer, Kansas.

title: User:Caejordan


text:
Talk:Fighter Mafia

Use of 'ought'
Sprey has become an often-cited critic of the F-35, including using comparisons of the accident rates of the early F-16 design that most strongly felt his design influence to argue that the F-35 ought to be equally unsafe.

Does "ought to be equally unsafe" mean is, regrettably, likely to be equally unsafe or does it mean should be deliberately designed to be equally unsafe?

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:00, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

I do not know much about fighters. The following part of the current (as of 2013-12-05) does not make much sense. "and the Air Force F-X proposal was quietly rewritten to reflect his findings, dropping a heavy swing-wing from the design, lowering the gross weight from 60,000+ pounds to slightly below 40,000, and increasing the top speed to Mach 2.3, from 2.5. "

If you go from Mach 2.5 to 2.3, you are not increasing your top speed.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:40, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

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Disgraceful Article
This article should be reduced to a stub. I is clearly a politically motivated polemic, an opinion piece and not appropriate for Wikipedia. There is a character assassination of Pierre Sprey, poorly referenced, and equally so for the A10. There is no balance. The writer should take this to a press outlet and try and get it published.Pesky Varmint (talk) 02:13, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

 * The references to the A-10 are irrelevant and should be removed. S C Cheese (talk) 09:40, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

Removed now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:33, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Criticism of the fighter mafia
I tried to rework the legacy section, splitting off the criticism / controversy stuff. Though I'm not really happy with that section. Now I must admit that I am biased in favour of the Fighter Mafia's ideas. I haven't seen a lot of good arguments against them. "THE REVOLT OF THE MAJORS" by Marshall Michel is hot trash... if you read some of the footnotes, you see that the footnotes do not always support his points. One of his footnotes on p354 points out that the Israelis' standard operating procedure was to fire 2 AIM-7 missiles at each target... which says a lot about the missiles' lack of reliability. Overall, the empirical data suggests that many of the mafia's ideas are correct. e.g. while the F16 is really just a lightweight version of the F15, it does prove that you can do the same thing cheaper. Perhaps some things that the mafia got wrong are... underestimating the TOW missile (Sprey hated it), thermal imaging (for ground vehicles and infantry). Glennchan (talk) 10:27, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

 * This is asinine. what are bullets or artillery also unreliable because people don't typically just shoot one. he doesn't contend that early missiles weren't unreliable at all. If you fire a missile that has a Pk of .50 you have a 50% of scoring a kill. If you fire 2 it becomes 75%. If you actually read the damn thing you'd know that at the same time AIM-7F's the Israeli's were using had a 40% kill rate (p343). adjusting this for the fact that the Israeli's were firing two missiles every target(meaning that every time they fired at a target at least one missile would miss no matter what) we can get a Pk of around .55, or 55% per missile, not bad at all in my opinion.
 * If you want to look at shitty FM ideas look no further than the blitz-fighter or redbird. The things they pushed that got through, (increased training in dogfights, hi-low mix of fighters, lightening the F-15) were largely already things the air force largely agreed on just as the article states. YEEETER0 (talk) 04:38, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

Disproportionately high losses
I see a problematic sentence: "For example, the Fighter Mafia argued that the ground attack mission should be handled by more appropriate, dedicated aircraft such as the A-10, which has had an initially arguable record in that area, seeing disproportionately high losses during Operation Desert Storm while attempting low-altitude strikes as designed in high SAM threat/high AAA threat environments". I have read elsewhere that A-10 was extremely durable, and although planes were lost, any other could not have survived better than A-10. Strong references are needed. ––Nikolas Ojala (talk) 10:20, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Ultimately this comes down to a misunderstanding of what survivability is. You seem to be under the impression that survivability starts and ends with what happens after you get hit but that's not true. Consult the survivability onion for further details.
 * The A-10 is durable but that's not the point. While it was more likely that for an A-10 to survive being hit by an enemy weapon it was also more likely to get hit in the first place than say an A-10 or F-16 (slower lower and thus more vulnerable to low level threats). You have to remember that even if an A-10 survives a hit it's still going to be out of action for a couple of days if not permanently.
 * This is reflected in this interview with Chuck Horner (Commander of coalition air forces in desert storm) in which he says
 * "The other problem is that the A-10 is vulnerable to hits because its speed is limited. It’s a function of thrust, it’s not a function of anything else. We had a lot of A-10s take a lot of ground fire hits. Quite frankly, we pulled the A-10s back from going up around the Republican Guard and kept them on Iraq’s [less formidable] front-line units. That’s line if you have a force that allows you to do that. In this case, we had F-16s to go after the Republican Guard."
 * and
 * "I think I had fourteen airplanes sitting on the ramp having battle damage repaired, and I lost two A- 10s in one day [February 15], and I said, “I’ve had enough of this.” It was when we really started to go after the Republican Guard."
 * https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0691horner/
 * This can also can be reflected that out of all coalition airplanes the A-10 suffered the most losses.pg.641
 * It also suffered the most aircraft damaged out of any aircraft type pg.651
 * Gulf war airpower survey https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329816/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-065.pdf YEEETER0 (talk) 03:56, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

I added a citation to "The revolt of the majors" and another to a GAO report that refutes it. Honestly a lot of the critics just make stuff up and don't have good arguments. Glennchan (talk) 10:30, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

A-10 and Blitzfighter Gun and size.
Okay, so the article says that the Gun is superior because it doesn't expose the plane to enemy AA fire like Missiles do. The Gun is Superior, because it doesn't...expose the plane...to gunfire.

Isn't this crazytalk? Like, the ZSU-23-4 beat the A-10 into production, and the 'armored bathtub' is just for the pilot, it can't protect the entire plane. You still need to line up your attack on that soviet armor column, and they can in fact shoot back at you. The design range of the Gau-8 is 1200 meters, but the ZSU has a deign range almost twice as long. The gun has to expose the plane to gunfire, there's no way around it. It's a good tool to have, but if it is the only tool you have, it is not a good tool at all, because it is so easily countered by it's natural enemy-the Russian sewing machine.

Removing all the bomb and missile hardpoints alone won't shrink the plane to 1/5th the empty weight either, not unless you also shrink it to the point where it's hardly any bigger than a Cessna. The Blitzfighter pictures I've seen depict a 2-engine plane, and if those are the same engines as on the A-10, then we're looking at a plane that's about 3000 pounds engine by mass and another 600 pounds of gun! On a plane which is, according to this page, only 5000 pounds. (1/5th the weight of an A-10 ) This leaves about 1400 pounds for all the skin, structure, fuel tanks and controls. I won't pretend there's enough mass left over for an ejection seat, let alone any armor. So either the Blitzfighter was a deathtrap, or it was not 1/5th the weight of the A-10. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:45, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Just found this article while on a bit of a wiki-walk and did some copyediting cleanup... but now that I'm reading the article further there seems to be a lot of problems with it. What I think happened was was at some point there was extensive coverage of just what it was the Fighter Mafia was claiming but that coverage got broken apart and distributed until it now looks like the article is actually claiming those things itself. And when people go to cite those statements they wind up citing them to Fighter Mafia publications like POGO, which means they're still primary sources at best. Not sure how to approach this without a total rewrite. Aero-Plex (talk) 23:11, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fighter Mafia


text:
Talk:Hakim Ajmal Khan

WP:INDIA Banner/Delhi Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Delhi workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Delhi or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article -- Amartyabag   TALK2ME  15:35, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hakim Ajmal Khan


text:
Talk:Takeshi Fukuda

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 21:42, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Takeshi Fukuda


text:
Acacia armitii

Acacia armitii is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is native to north eastern Australia. It is considered as near threatened in Queensland.

Description
The slender tree or shrub typically grows to a maximum height of around 7.5 m and has glabrous, fawn to yellow coloured, prominently angled branchlets. The bark on the trunk and main branches is grey and fissured. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The yellowish-green coloured phyllodes are resinous and erect and are flat and straight or slightly curved with a very narrowly elliptic to almost linear shape. They are quite stiff but flexible and have a length of 4.5 to 17 cm and a width of 3.5 to 17 mm with one prominent yellowish coloured mid-nerve and one less prominent nerve on either side of the phyllode along with four to eight minor parallel nerves. It blooms between June and July and also September and October.

Etymology
The specific epithet, armitii, honours William Edington (de Marguerittes) Armit (1848–1901).

Distribution
It is native to areas around the Einasleigh River in central-northern Queensland and is found on a sandstone plateau to the south of the Goomadeer River and also along Coopers Creek near Nabarlek in the Northern Territory and is known to grow in rocky, sandy or shallow soils along creek banks and river flats and floodplains.

title: Acacia armitii


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User:Abdulkadir mohammed23

Mekiya Mamiyo
is a very successful businesswoman in Ethiopia with a net worth of $500 million. she is the owner and founder of Mekiya Enterprise. Mekiya Enterprise manages: • Bale AND Wellega mechanized cereal farm mostly for growing wheat, corn, Super Arsity flower plantation, rose plantation • Ada Food Complex S.C • Zain animal fattening & slaughterhouse • Saudi German Hospital project

title: User:Abdulkadir mohammed23


text:
Talk:David Berman (musician)

Untitled
There are a few edits on wiki in which people failed to realize that David Berman (singer) and David Berman (writer) are one and the same. i've gone to certain measures to fix that (adding this to this page, fixing David Berman (disambiguation) and a broken link off the Open City article), but further help would be lovely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)

Substance abuse
In citation [2] it only says that he overdozed on Xanax. Perhaps we should have sources for the other drugs and alcohol that's mentoined? Modul8r (talk) 15:23, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Need reliable source for this
In early 2003, The Houston, Tx.-based theater group Infernal Bridegroom Productions staged a theatrical interpretation of Actual Air, which featured selected poems from Berman's book, as well as three live covers of Silver Jews songs, with Berman's blessing.

Though he was a reluctant live performer as a musician, Berman occasionally did readings of his short stories and poems in both the US and the UK. His accomplished and trademark sardonic lyrics were compared by some to Bob Dylan, and his poetry was known to examine overlooked aspects of everyday life as well as chance and often hilarious juxtapositions.

-- D Big X ray ᗙ  11:44, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

CE - SFN
To relieve the excessive bundling of citations, I am going to implement SFN tags to improve the readability significantly. The current citation style will be changed. I've done this before with A Crow Looked at Me. If anyone has any objections, please voice them here. DMT Biscuit (talk) 22:54, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The infobox is broken
Says it all. --The helper5667 (talk) 00:20, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * already fixed. (CC) Tb hotch ™ 18:20, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Cassie Berman in Purple Mountains
This article suggests Cassie Berman was in Purple Mountains, although David and she were separated at the time and she was almost certainly not in the band. Needs either a source or a correction. 2605:8D80:523:4640:24A4:6EB6:E52D:675F (talk) 21:55, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Berman (musician)


text:
2002 ICC Champions Trophy

The 2002 ICC Champions Trophy was a cricket tournament held in Sri Lanka in 2002. It marked the third edition of the ICC Champions Trophy, with the previous two tournaments being known as the ICC Knock Out Tournaments. Originally scheduled to be held in India, the tournament was moved to Sri Lanka when India did not grant an exemption from tax, as needed. The tournament consisted of fifteen matches, including two semi-finals and a final match. This event was notable as it marked the first time that teams from all member nations of the International Cricket Council (ICC) visited Sri Lanka to participate in a cricket tournament.

Twelve teams participated in the tournament: the ten Test-playing nations, along with Kenya, who held full One Day International (ODI) status, and the Netherlands, who were the winners of the 2001 ICC Trophy. The teams were divided into four pools, each consisting of three teams. In the pool stage, each team played the other two teams in its pool once. The top team from each pool advanced to the semi-finals.

In the first semi-final, Australia was defeated by Sri Lanka, while India emerged victorious over South Africa in the second semi-final. However, the final match between India and Sri Lanka was affected by rain and had to be abandoned on two occasions, resulting in no result being declared.

Virender Sehwag emerged as the highest run-scorer of the tournament, while Muttiah Muralitharan claimed the title of highest wicket-taker.

Qualification
Twelve teams participated in the tournament: the ten Test-playing nations, along with Kenya, who held full One Day International (ODI) status, and the Netherlands, who were the winners of the 2001 ICC Trophy.

Prize money
The total prize money for the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy was $1 million, and in addition, the 12 teams received $165,000 each for taking part in the tournament. The winning team of the tournament collected $525,000: $100,000 for winning both of its Pool matches, $125,000 for winning semi-final and $300,000 for winning the final.

Venues
All the matches were played in Colombo at two grounds: R. Premadasa Stadium and Sinhalese Sports Club Ground.

Tournament structure
Unlike the previous two editions of the Champions Trophy which had a direct knockout format, this edition had a format in which teams were divided into pools instead and the first-placed teams of the respective pools at the end of pool stage would qualify to the knockout stage. The 12 teams—10 Test playing nations (plus Kenya and Netherlands)—were divided into four pools of three teams each, with every team playing two matches. Australia, Bangladesh and New Zealand were placed in Pool 1 whereas England, India and Zimbabwe were allotted Pool 2. Kenya, South Africa and West Indies were put together in Pool 3, and Netherlands, Pakistan and Sri Lanka played each other in Pool 4. The semi finals were played between the winners of Pool 2 and the winners of Pool 3, and Pool 1 and Pool 4.

Participating teams

 * Source

Pool matches
The first match of the tournament was played between Sri Lanka and Pakistan on 12 September 2002. Sri Lanka won the match by eight wickets with Sanath Jayasuriya scoring his thirteenth ODI century. He reached 8,000 runs in ODI during his innings. Sri Lanka reached into the semi-finals by winning their next match against the Netherlands by 202 runs. Australia, from the Pool 1, qualified for the semi-finals after defeating Bangladesh by nine wickets at the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo. In their first Pool match, Australia had defeated New Zealand by 164 runs. They played Sri Lanka in the second semi-final of the tournament.

South Africa, who had defeated the West Indies in their opening match, made their place into the semi-finals from Pool 3 by winning over Kenya. They defeated Kenya by 176 runs with man of the match Herschelle Gibbs scoring 116 runs. The fourth semi-finalist of the tournament was India, who defeated Zimbabwe and England in the Pool matches. Virender Sehwag scored 126 runs against England. India faced South Africa in the first semi-final of the tournament.

Semifinals
Australia, India, South Africa, and Sri Lanka topped their respective Pools by winning their Pool matches and qualified for the semi-finals. In the first semi-final India faced South Africa and in the second semi-final Australia played against the hosts Sri Lanka.

Semifinal 1
The first semi-final was played between India and South Africa on 25 September 2002 at the R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo. India batted first and scored 261 runs for nine wickets in 50 overs. Yuvraj Singh, Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid scored 62, 59 and 49 runs respectively. South African fast bowler Shaun Pollock took three wickets for 43 runs. Chasing the target of 262, South Africa collapsed after reaching 192 runs for one wicket with Herschelle Gibbs scoring 116 and Jacques Kallis 97 runs in 37 overs. Gibbs could not continue his inning due to heat exhaustion. Sehwag got three wickets for 25 runs, and was given the man of the match award for his performance. India won the match by 10 runs and qualified for the final of the tournament.

Semifinal 2
The second semi-final was played between Sri Lanka and Australia on 27 September 2002 at the same ground. Australia batted first and scored 162 runs all out. Tail-ender Shane Warne scored 36 runs followed by Adam Gilchrist and Damien Martyn scoring 31 and 28 runs respectively. Sri Lankan off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan took three wickets for 26 runs. Aravinda de Silva, who was awarded Man of the Match, conceded only 16 runs in 10 overs and took Matthew Hayden's wicket. Sri Lanka, in their innings, reached the target of 163 runs in 40 overs losing only three wickets. Opener Marvan Atapattu scored 51 runs followed by wicketkeeper-batsman Kumar Sangakkara and Sanath Jayasuriya scoring 48 and 42 runs respectively. Glenn McGrath took two wickets for 41 runs in 10 overs.

Final
The 2002 ICC Champions Trophy Final was played on 29 and 30 September 2002 at the R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo. On 29 September, Sri Lanka scored 244 runs including Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara scoring fifties, and Indian off-spinner Harbhajan Singh took three wickets for 27 in 10 overs. In reply, India started their batting and scored 14 runs without any loss in two overs before the match was abandoned due to heavy rain; the match was finished in no result. It was decided that the new match would be played on the reserve day.

On the reserve day the Sri Lankans again batted first, scoring 222 runs including Mahela Jayawardene and Russel Arnold scoring 77 and 56 runs respectively, and Indian Zaheer Khan took three wickets for 44 runs. India scored 38 runs in 8.4 overs and the match was abandoned due to rain without result. According to ICC rules, an ODI match is only official after 25 overs bowled to the side batting second. A Man of the Series award was not made.

Criticism
The International Cricket Council's (ICC) rule for One Day International (ODI) cricket at that time, "a minimum of 25 overs have to be bowled to the side batting second to constitute a match", was criticized by former Indian cricketers. Former Indian wicket-keeper Farokh Engineer rejected the rule saying that it "doesn't make any sense". Another former Test cricketer Sanjay Manjrekar said that the ICC "should look at that rule straight away and change it", and the "obvious thing is to continue from where they left off".

Tournament statistics
Indian opener Virender Sehwag was the highest run-scorer of the tournament. He scored 271 runs from four innings at the average of over 90, including a century and a fifty. His highest score was 126 runs against England. Followed by Sri Lankan captain Sanath Jayasuriya who scored 254 runs. Herschelle Gibbs of South Africa scored two centuries in the tournament. He also had the highest average of 120 from three innings. Zimbabwean Andy Flower's score of 145 against India was the highest individual score in a match.

Sri Lankan off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan was the most successful bowler of the tournament. He took ten wickets in three innings, while his best bowling figures were four wickets for 15 runs against the Netherlands at the R. Premadasa Stadium. The only five-wicket haul of the tournament was taken by Australian fast bowler Glenn McGrath. He took five wickets for 37 runs against New Zealand at the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground.

Zimbabwean Alistair Campbell took five catches in two matches, and Sri Lankan wicketkeeper Kumar Sangakkara had the most dismissals with seven—five catches and two stumpings.

title: 2002 ICC Champions Trophy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Contributions

The result of the debate was delete. W.marsh 15:19, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Contributions
Delete. Non-notable band and person. Possibly a vanity page. Only 3 pages link to this page. 1 is Unusual articles, and the other 2 are words that may have be mistakenly linked to this article, which has nothing to do with the subject in the article. Ibn Abihi 22:47, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps delete, but certainly rename and move. As you can see from this link, this seems to be real, and there's enough links that maybe he is notable.  It's kind of hard to tell if they are all linking to the right guy.  But in any case, as far as I can tell, "Contributions" has nothing to do with this dude. --Deville (Talk) 23:41, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable if this is true. However, rename to Karl Schröder and cleanup, of course. Sandstein 06:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - links withstanding, I don't see how they total to notability imo. Wickethewok 09:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. This seems a strong delete, I'm afraid. There is another Karl Schröder, also a musician (cellist, d. 1935), to whom most of the websites are devoted. A geocities homepage most emphatically is not a reliable, acceptable reference, unfortunately. While inclusion guidelines can help in deciding the most appropriate disposition of material in the encyclopedia, please note that such considerations only come after the fundamental article space policies are met, ie WP:NOR, WP:V, WP:C, WP:NOT, and supporting rules, eg. WP:RS. If there are few or no appropriate sources, the article cannot be written; Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and encyclopedic articles cannot be written sans sources. — Encephalon 12:32, 25 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:HannahSpratt

Hi! My name is Hannah I have triplets, Lucie, Maddie, and Holly. I love Wikipedia! I joined about 10 minutes ago and I'm already loving it!! -Hannah Spratt-

title: User:HannahSpratt


text:
line of credit

Noun

 * 1)  A credit facility under which a bank or other lender agrees to provide a client with loans of money up to an approved limit during a predefined period. The client may borrow the entire credit amount all at once or in portions during the specified period.
 * 2)  The maximum borrowable amount made available by that facility.
 * 1)  The maximum borrowable amount made available by that facility.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 信用額度, 貸款額度
 * Danish:
 * Finnish: luottolimiittisopimus
 * French:
 * German:
 * Polish: linia kredytowa
 * Portuguese: linha de crédito
 * Romanian: linie de credit
 * Russian: креди́тная ли́ния
 * Spanish: línea de crédito

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 信用額度, 貸款額度
 * Danish:
 * Finnish: luottolimiitti,
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Portuguese: limite (de crédito)
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: límite de crédito

 * Romanian:

title: line of credit


text:
Spanish/Conditional

../Verbs/ | ../Verb Tenses/ | ../Verbs List/

El modo potencial
These two verb tenses communicate what would happen or would have happened.
 * potencial simple estudiaría
 * potencial compuesto habría estudiado

title: Spanish/Conditional


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/corta.co

Links

 * corta.co resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
Talk:Pete Harnisch

Depression/Anxiety
It certainly was a unique thing at the time for him to acknowledge, but I feel it doesn't deserve undue weight in the lead. Given that the lead is your basic short introduction now, there's no reason to focus on it there. If the lead was expanded to a few paragraphs, then I could see mention. He had a pretty good pitching career, and his having a condition that more than 20 other million Americans have should not be in the lead. If he busted his knee or had any other common injury, it wouldn't go in the lead, and neither should this.

By the way, your assertion that it "nearly crippled his career" is original research and violates the guidelines on the lead, as the nearly crippling his career is not covered elsewhere in the article. --CutOffTies (talk) 10:12, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pete Harnisch


text:
Talk:The Hermit (tarot card)

Untitled
I removed the "Examples" section since it was entirely Original Research which Wikipedia does not allow. I left the "mythopoeteic interpretation" section because that may have come from a reputable source but it seems to be something based on personal interpretation like the "Examples" section. - DNewhall — Preceding undated comment added  17:27, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Unverifiable and unbalanced content
The article is just personal opinions from an occult enthusiast about the nature and meaning of a particular tarot card. No peer reviewed books or journal articles are cited. No references or footnotes are given. When a new statement is added, the source needs to be cited, and the source needs to be verifiable, and reliable. Waite is not an unbiased, factual source on the history or evolution of tarot cards. The work can be cited properly, however: "Waite's opinion in his book The Pictorial Key to the Tarot ... etc" The other sources are definitely of questionable academic weight.

The card in question has a history of over 500 years in European card games in which it is used as trump card (see Tarocchi). The article is unbalanced in that it only features the recent uses of the card for divination. This makes the article biased due to its recentism. Since the article ignores use of the card for game play in Europe and other parts of the world, it offers an anglo-american perspective that raises NPOV issues. There are academic sources and sources from international organizations discussing the history and evolution of the "Hermit" (actually representing Time) card as well as its use in games. Such sources need to be utilized. - Parsa 08:04, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yet, it's precisely the information one is likely to be seeking by reading this article. If the article were more correct, it would be much less useful. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:32, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

1-9, 10-19?
Based on what I've studied from the occult, it's either one or the other; most likely 0-9. Lighthead 19:53, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Hermes -> Hermit
I'm removing the bit about the word 'hermit' coming from the name 'Hermes.' From dictionary.com:

''1175–1225; ME ermite, hermite, heremite < OF < LL erēmīta < Gk erēmīts living in a desert, equiv. to erm(ia) desert (deriv. of erêmos desolate) + -ītēs -ite'' — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:44, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Hermit (tarot card)


text:
1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election

The 1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1873. Democratic Party candidate William Robert Taylor was elected with 55% of the vote, defeating incumbent Republican Governor Cadwallader C. Washburn.

Taylor was the first Democrat elected Governor of Wisconsin since William A. Barstow in 1853. He was nominated as the consensus candidate of the "Reform Party,"—a coalition of Democrats, Liberal Republicans, and Grangers, on a platform of political and economy reform.

Republican Party
Cadwallader C. Washburn was the incumbent Governor of Wisconsin, having been elected in the 1871 election. Prior to becoming Governor, he had served ten years in the United States House of Representatives and had served as a Union Army general in the American Civil War under Ulysses S. Grant.

Democratic (Reform) Party
William Robert Taylor, at the time of the 1873 election, was a Trustee for the State Hospital of the Insane. Previously, he had served as President of the state agriculture society, had been chairman of the Cottage Grove town board, and the Dane County board of supervisors, and had been a member of the Wisconsin State Senate and Assembly.

title: 1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election


text:
Twice Upon a Rhyme

Twice Upon a Rhyme is an LP record by Paul Levinson with Ed Fox and Peter Rosenthal. It was released in 1972 by HappySad Records on vinyl.

Twice Upon a Rhyme was recorded on and off from 1969 to 1971. It includes all original material by Paul Levinson writing solo and with collaborating writers. Levinson is the featured artist, with Ed Fox and Peter Rosenthal. (Boris Midney, Don Frankel, Jay Sackett, Mitch Greenberg, Alan Fuhr and Jesse Stiller also performed on the album.) The album was produced by Paul Levinson and Ed Fox. Twice Upon a Rhyme was a small pressing distributed around the country. It received some airplay, but did not break out as a hit and remained in obscurity until thirty years later, when the album began showing up from time to time on cult collectors' lists of 1960s music, with copies appearing on eBay occasionally, and accumulating fans among European and American collectors.

The July 2002 issue of Japan's Record Collector magazine featured Twice Upon a Rhyme in its roundup of American 1960s "Psychedelic Movements". The reviewer, Taro Miyasugi, said, "It's human mystical pop music... wonderful songs."

The album is included in Hans Pokora's book, 4001 Record Collector Dreams, Patrick Lundborg's Acid Archives, and Vernon Joynson's Fuzz Acid and Flowers Revisited.

Twice Upon a Rhyme was re-issued on CD-Sized Album Replica with bonus tracks on Big Pink Records in South Korea in 2008 and Vivid Records in Japan in 2009, and in remastered vinyl by Whiplash/Sound of Salvation Records in the United Kingdom in 2010.

Track listing

 * 1) "Today Is Just Like You" (Levinson)
 * 2) "Looking For Sunsets (In The Early Morning)" (Levinson/Fox)
 * 3) "Gentle Blue Cherry Bell" (Levinson/Fox)
 * 4) "I'm Seeing You In A Different Light" (Levinson/Fox)
 * 5) "Learn To Learn" (Levinson/Fox)
 * 6) "Looks Like A Night (I Won't Catch Much Sleep In)" (Levinson/Fox)
 * 7) "Raincheck" (Levinson/Fox)
 * 8) "You Are Everywhere" (Levinson/Kaley)
 * 9) "Forever Friday" (Levinson/Fox)
 * 10) "The Soft Of Your Eyes" (Levinson)
 * 11) "Antique Shop (The Coming Of Winter)" (Levinson/Rosenthal)
 * 12) "Not Yet Ready To Say Goodbye" (Levinson/Kaplan)
 * 13) "The Lama Will Be Late This Year" (Levinson/Fox)

title: Twice Upon a Rhyme


text:
User:Psycho dancer

Psycho dancer (sooraj) was an indian actor,model and dancer

he was born on 2002 october 26

Sooraj psycho is her maiden name he also known as psycho dancer

he was come tiktok in 2021

now he was an young actor

famous youtuber

title: User:Psycho dancer


text:
User:Brij Bhooshan

Brij Bhooshan born (04 June 1984) is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S.A. College of Engg. & Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India. He is author of a textbook on An Introduction to Mechanics of Solids (Under Published). He has so far published some research papers in national and, international journals. He is also a member of examination committee of various universities in India. He has also delivered lectures on Advance Mechanics of Solids as a guest faculty in various universities in India.

Early Life and Family
Brij Bhooshan is born on 04 June 1984 in the Damodarpur, District Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. His father Arun Kumar is Social Activist, and Farmer; and his mother Brij Bhan Kishori is a housewife.

title: User:Brij Bhooshan


text:
Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Wheels and Tires/Truing a bicycle wheel

Overview
A bicycle wheel consists of a central hub and a round rim, joined by a number of spokes. Spokes radiate from the hub to the rim, where they are anchored in a screw-thread attachment called a nipple. By tightening and loosening the nipples, it is possible to bring the wheel back into round (vertical true) or remove a side to side wobble (lateral true).

Spokes may be arranged in a variety of patterns, of which three-cross, four-cross and radial are the most common. The pattern affects the strength, weight and characteristics of the wheel but is not particularly relevant to the process of truing.

Tools Needed
To build or to maintain a spoked wheel, a spoke wrench is necessary. The flat-to-flat dimensions of a typical spoke nipple are too small to fit any commonly-available open-end wrench. Any good bicycle shop will, however, stock a selection of spoke wrenches, with price and quality being proportional.

A spoke 'twiddler', or nipple driver, is a tool that may be useful in the course of assembling a new wheel from its component parts - hub, spokes, and rim. It isn't necessary - especially if you aren't building a wheel - but it can save some time. Similar to a screwdriver, but with an off-set blade that rotates freely in the handle, it is used on the slotted outer face of the nipple - which resembles a slotted screw. A spoke 'twiddler' allows for rapid assembly of the wheel - or installation of a nipple on a single spoke - and is designed to self-limit the extent to which a nipple can be threaded onto a spoke.

A spoke wrench is used to bring tension to the spokes, and is applied to the square part of the nipple that protrudes inward at the rim. Unlike the 'twiddler', the spoke wrench is designed to turn the nipple when the spoke is under tension. This difference is what makes the spoke wrench essential.

A truing stand is a purpose-built stand into which a wheel (rim, spokes, and hub, with axle) is installed during wheel-building, wheel repair, or wheel maintenance. A truing stand is very useful - possibly essential - for making hand-built wheels. Effectively, it is a rugged, precision-made jig for holding the axle of the wheel solidly in place. By extension, the rim thus has a steady reference in the axle in the hub held in the truing stand. The rim is, therefore, also found in relation to a caliper, or set of calipers, built into the truing stand, and against which checks are made for radial and lateral true (read 'perfection') during the course of building or adjusting a wheel. For extreme accuracy in measuring true, an optional dial indicator may be fitted to the truing stand, and a separate tensiometer may be kept to hand to test for proper tension on all the spokes (tension-balancing). Instructions for creating an inexpensive, but very accurate, truing stand are here.

A dishing tool is used to measure the extent to which the axle juts out past the rim. Since a true wheel has the plane of the rim centered laterally between the points on the axle at which the axle is fixed to the frame, the offset of the rim from that anchor point on one side of the wheel should be identical to the corresponding offset on the other side. A dishing tool is used as a comparator: the offset on one side is measured using the tool, that setting is 'stored' in the tool, and the tool is applied to the other side of the wheel for purposes of comparison; the deviation of the second side's offset from that of the first's indicates the direction in which, and the extent to which, the rim needs to be moved to make the wheel true. However, a dishing tool is not strictly necessary if you have a good truing stand: if it's understood that a true wheel (abstracting from the particularities of the hub and the spokes) is symmetrical (i.e. the rim itself is, in some sense, 'centered' on the axle) then you can use the truing stand's caliper (or calipers). and an occasional flipping of the wheel in the stand, to serve the same function as a dishing tool.

Tools, Punting
In most cases, especially when truing as maintenance on a wheel that has already been built, checking the tension on the spokes by ensuring that they all make the same tone when "pinged" with a fingernail will work fine. Checking the dish is also unnecessary on minor repairs, as most good truing stands will be able to give an accurate idea of how close the wheel is to centered, though it is probably a good idea to take the wheel out and re-settle it in the stand to double check. It's necessary to measure the distance if you are truing a wheel that is meant to have an offset, but this is very rare.

In a situation where a stand is not available, the brake calipers on a bicycle can be used to measure true while the wheel is still attached, but this is less than ideal. Also, if no other option is available, a small adjustable wrench can be used instead of a spoke wrench or key, but extra care should be taken not to strip the nipples. A glass cutter made by Richards has one opening small enough that it can be enlarged slightly to make a passable 0 spoke wrench - or a 1 or 2, if that's what you need.

If a rim has been 'pringled', or 'potato-chipped', into a saddle shape, by a lateral blow, it will be difficult to straighten by spoke tensioning alone - in fact, it is probably impossible to overcome severe rim warping this way. Often, however, it is possible to restore the wheel to a nearly-true state, even if it seems hopelessly warped. The procedure that follows should be applied as soon as possible after the trauma; leaving the wheel in it warped state for more than a few days will likely cause the wheel to cold-set - meaning it will retain the new shape in which it is left, and probably will have to be replaced.

In order to effect the following quickie repair, you must have a properly inflated tube and tire still on the rim, and the rim itself should only be generally out of shape, with no damage to the rim wall itself. To wit: standing with your feet shoulder-width apart, with both hands, grip the wheel firmly by the rim and rubber at the point directly opposite the point on the circumference that is most obviously bent away from the principle plane of the wheel; bend slightly at the waist and position the point of the tire opposite on the ground in front of you, with the wheel at an angle of 45 degrees to the ground (possibly greater, depending on the denomination of the tire), and the bent part heading earthward; raise that point off the ground a few inches and let it fall again, ensuring that in the next step, only the tire - and no part of the rim - is going to strike the ground; without straightening at the waist, or bending over further, raise the wheel off the ground to about head or chest height, then forcibly bring the wheel down in such a way as to strike the ground sharply with the inflated tube and tire at the point opposite your grip; the rim should pop back to very nearly true. You can't undo damage done by striking the rim on the ground, so plan carefully, and rehearse mentally before committing to this repair.

If the quickie fix above has improved matters, it's usually possible to improve the situation further with the usual techniques required of truing or maintaining a wheel.

In the event that the above procedure doesn't bring the rim back to at least a rideable state, it may be necessary to replace the rim or the entire wheel. Note, though, that a rim can often be straightened, at least to some extent, by placing the rim (with appropriately loosened spokes) between two rigid objects (e.g. a pair of closely-spaced pipes, or between a door and its cross-wise bar-like handle) and, using a prying action, creeping up on the desired degree of 'flat'. Don't bend the rim more than necessary, work iteratively, check frequently on your progress, and be aware that you may need to overshoot your target slightly to allow for the tendency of metals to spring back from bending.

It should be noted that repairing local rim damage with pliers or even a hammer and anvil is never advised - because less dramatic, more effective, methods are available which will not cause even superficial damage to the rim wall - the all-important braking surface in most cases. Instead of pliers neat, repair a flairing of the rim by sandwiching the rim between two thin, very flat pieces of metal (e.g. two cone wrenches) and placing this in the jaws of channel-lock pliers. An alternative method for repairing rim flairing is to use blocks of wood as both anvil - below the rim - and hammer - above the rim. If it seems necessary to use a hammer, don't strike the rim directly with the hammer's face; lay a strip of aluminum or brass over the area of the rim to be repaired, and strike there. Aluminum cans - ubiquitous and easily cut with scissors or even a pocket knife - are indispensable in bicycle repair.

Truing the Wheel
First, remove the wheel from the bike and remove the tire and tube before placing it in the truing stand. Adjust the arm and caliper on the stand so that the caliper is just shy of touching both sides of the wheel. Now, spin the wheel and slowly close the stand's calipers until they scrape against a spot on the wheel.

Once you've found a spot where you are out of lateral true, tighten the spoke or spokes on the side opposite the bump, and loosen the ones that are pulling it out of true. Be patient while doing this - you shouldn't be going more than a quarter turn at a time while truing like this. If the spokes are giving resistance, try over turning slightly, and turning back to where you intended.

After you've gone through several passes like this, you should check the vertical true of the wheel to make sure that you haven't put it out of round. Re-adjust the arm and caliper of the stand so that the calipers are together and just underneath the rim. Spin the wheel, and this time adjust the arm until the wheel begins to scrape.

While adjusting for vertical true, you should tighten the spoke at the center of the hump, and tighten the spokes to the sides one half as much each. Because these spokes will be on opposite sides of the wheel, this will ensure that you don't put the wheel very much out of lateral true. If the hump is between two spokes, tighten them equally. Adjusting the spokes in one place will affect another section of the wheel, somewhat like squeezing a balloon.

After this is done, you should check for lateral true and even tension, retruing for both lateral and vertical true if the wheel is out.

If the wheel is properly trued and tensioned, you should stress test the wheel by placing it on one side and pressing down on it fairly firmly. You should repeat this going around the wheel, in order to be sure that the spokes settle into position with the spokes that they cross now and not while the wheel is being ridden. This can also put the wheel out of true again, and this should be checked.

A full, comprehensive discussion of bicycle wheel building and truing is found in Jobst Brandt's book The Bicycle Wheel ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Giorgia Mondani

The result was delete. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  11:38, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Giorgia Mondani

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

This article smacks of a promo piece designed to promote the subject's web site. there is only 1 reliable source which is the NY times piece the others are almost exclusively blogs about watches. 1: a photo 2: tudor passion is a blog affiliated to her club 3: NY Times 4: blog where the subject talks about herself 5: article written by the subject 6: doesn't mention the subject 7: tudor passion affiliated blog see above 8: rewrite of the NY times article 9: promo for her and her father's book that starts with "My friends, Giorgia and Guido Mondani are pictured below and they are from Italy. The Mondani's publish the most beautiful Rolex books in the world" 10: blog about watches containing a review of her and her father's book 11: a blog which starts with "I’d like to personally thank Guido and Giorgia Mondani for compiling it and for the honour of personally giving me a copy." Domdeparis (talk) 16:25, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Women-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 02:35, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 02:35, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Italy-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 02:35, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Delete Wikipedia is not meant to be a website for personal promotion.John Pack Lambert (talk) 15:08, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 16:21, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not for personal promotion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fa (talk • contribs) 08:43, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Keep well, if we have NY Times article about this, this is more then relevant then. And also, other sources looks ok, some are not, but some are. I dont think this is for deletion. --Axiomus (talk) 12:56, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete Spammy / promotional. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 05:37, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom fails WP:SIGCOV and WP:NAUTHOR.Pharaoh of the Wizards (talk) 05:52, 4 October 2017 (UTC)


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Cookbook:Nutmeg

Nutmeg and mace are two spices derived from the same plant, the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans). The nutmeg tree is indigenous to the Banda Islands of Indonesia but is also grown in the Caribbean (e.g., Grenada). Several commercial products are produced from the nutmeg tree, nutmeg and mace being the best known. Nutmeg is the actual seed of the tree, roughly egg-shaped and about an inch long, while mace is the dried "lacy", reddish covering of the seed.

Other products include their essential oils. Other nutmeg tree species include the M. argentea which produces 'Papuan' nutmegs from Papua (Indonesia) and Papua New Guinea, and M. malabarica which produces 'Bombay' nutmegs from India; both are used as adulterants of M. fragrans products.

The spices in their ground form are mainly used in the food processing industry, principally in the seasoning of meat products; they are also used in soups, sauces, baked goods and spice mixes such as curry powder in Japan. Both spices have similar taste qualities; mace is more popular in light coloured foods because of its light orange colour. Mace tends to be sweeter and more delicate.

The essential oil is obtained by the steam distillation of ground nutmeg. The oil is colourless or light yellow and smells and tastes of nutmeg. Essential nutmeg oil as such is used as natural food flavouring in baked goods, syrups, beverages (e.g., cola), sweets, etc. It replaces ground nutmeg as it leaves no particles in the food.

Nutmeg is extremely toxic when injected intravenously. Excessive consumption of the spice is also dangerous and can lead to death. Nutmeg can also cause hallucinations when taken in excess, along with nausea, dehydration, and generalised body pain.

Kookboek/Nootmuskaat

title: Cookbook:Nutmeg


text:
Sarasa, Altai Krai

Sarasa (Сараса) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Proletarsky Selsoviet, Altaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,023 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Sarasa is located 11 km south of Altayskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rudnik is the nearest rural locality.

title: Sarasa, Altai Krai


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Portal talk:Computer engineering

As this school appears not to exist yet, I am changing the link back to the School of Computer Science, which somehow got wiped out from the school of engineering. --jlguinn 01:12, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I prefer to see this exist outside of computer science...but whatever works now, go for it! --HappyCamper 02:45, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

link for later, perhaps...

 * August 2008 A 'Frankenrobot' with a biological brain Emesee 20:24, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Computer engineering


text:
Melvill Cup

The Melvill Cup is the badminton team competition for South Africa provinces. The cup was first held in 1950. Later on title competitions for B and AC teams were added alongside the highest-A level teams.

title: Melvill Cup


text:
Talk:Robert Simpson-Anderson

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:07, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
 * VADM Simpson-Anderson painting SA Naval Museum.jpg

title: Talk:Robert Simpson-Anderson


text:
Azerbaijan at the 2019 World Athletics Championships

Azerbaijan will compete at the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha, Qatar, from 27 September to 6 October 2019. Azerbaijan will be represented by 4 athletes.

Men

 * Track and road events

 * Field events

Women

 * Field events


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User:Afrosade

AFRO SADE MUSIC "a new sensation of roots african music

AFROSADE

Afrobeat and Juju music are deeply rooted in NIGERIA, so is Sade Emmanuel AKA “AFROSADE”. Born in Lagos of Yoruba mother and Ibo father, raised in England and USA. AfroSade is one of the few Nigerian female singers, if not the only one who fused root Fela Kuti style Afrobeat, with Juju Genre. She was exposed to Fela Kuti music by her father who was a great fan. she was discovered in New York city by Kaleta of ( Zozo Afrobeat), an Ex-Fela Kuti’s cohort and now her music producer..

title: User:Afrosade


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Talk:New Waverly Independent School District

External links modified (February 2018)
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Jim Payne

Jim Payne may refer to:

 * Jim Payne (folk singer) (born 1955), Newfoundland folk singer
 * Jim Payne (glider pilot) chief pilot with the Perlan Project Mission 2
 * Jim Payne (golfer) (born 1970), English golfer
 * Jim Payne, principal of Quixtar, an American company connected to Alticor
 * James Payne, drummer for Tommy James and the Shondells
 * James Arthur Payne (1884–1968), known as Jim, American fly rod maker, designer and business owner

title: Jim Payne


text:
Talk:Muscarine

Untitled
There is an article entitled "Muscarine." However, it is partially obscured by an inserted information block. Someone needs to look into this problem. Thank you. --<IP_ADDRESS> 03:55, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Hemp
Hemp seed contains muscarine. THC (ultraviolet fluoresced CBD) relieves hemp seed poisoning. Atropine also works, but not without toying with you nicotinic receptors. --<IP_ADDRESS> 21:12, 1 July 2006 (UTC)Dyjak

Deadly?
The first paragraph states that muscarine is found in mushrooms "such as the deadly C. dealbata." I think this is misleading, as it is rarely deadly, and intoxication lasts only a few hours to a day. The main toxic component is muscarine, so muscarine intoxication causes the symptoms. The muscarine page links to an eMedicine article about muscarine toxicity stating "The prognosis is excellent because most intoxications by muscarine-containing mushrooms are self-limited." MerKaBa —Preceding unsigned comment added by MerKaBa (talk • contribs) 04:50, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

BBB
I'm currently taking a pharmacology course and we're being taught that, unlike choline esters, cholinomimetic alkaloids, such as muscarine, do cross the blood-brain barrier and do have profound CNS effects. Also, I don't think that the logic of the above "Deadly?" discussion holds particularly well--just because the main toxic component of C. dealbata is muscarine, it does not necessarily follow that muscarine intoxication causes the symptoms associated with ingesting the mushroom. It was actually mentioned in said pharm course tangentially that muscarine toxicity was not the primary cause of symptoms associated with muscarine-containing mushroom ingestion, although C. dealbata was not mentioned in particular. Anyone with expertise in this area care to weigh in? <IP_ADDRESS> 03:20, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Counterion?
The chemical stuff (picture, name) is about a cation, not real substance. What is accompanying counterion in natural environment? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:46, 12 March 2016 (UTC)

Blood-brain barrier
The article states that muscarine can cross the blood-brain barrier. However, I couldn't find any source supporting this. Usually the opposite is said, and it sounds logical because muscarine is not lipophilic. On the other hand, symptoms of "irritability" or "muscle cramps" are sometimes mentioned, which cannot be explained (directly) by the peripheral parasympathomimetic effect. So the blood-brain barrier may be just minimally permeable for muscarine (similarly to the gut)? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:27, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

 * The statement in question has been changed now ("Muscarine does not cross the BBB"). As muscarine is ionic and hydrophilic, this is much more plausible. And irritability and muscle cramps may also be secondary due to loss of fluid (from sweating, vomiting and diarrhea)? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:28, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

There's another confusing statement about muscarine potentially causing "convulsions and death". Due to the lack of effect on the CNS and/or neuromuscular junctions, muscarine poisoning should not cause convulsions. At least not directly. Similary to the symptoms discussed above, they could at most occur as a secondary condition (brain damage due to circulatory collapse or lung failure), or if the BBB is compromised. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:57, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Muscarine


text:
US History/Progressive Era

Progressivism

Industrialization led to the rise of big businesses at the expense of the worker. Factory laborers faced long hours, low wages, and unsanitary conditions. The large corporations protected themselves by allying with political parties. The parties, in turn, were controlled by party leaders, rather than by the voters. The Progressive movement was an effort to cure America: not so much an organized movement, but a general spirit of reform embraced by Americans with diverse goals and backgrounds during the early twentieth century. These problems included the aftermath of slavery, Reconstruction from the American Civil War, and female subjugation. The goal was to remove corrupt political machines and get more common people into the political process. Progressivism believed individuals could make the world better through regulation and reform. It worked on the Federal, state, local and public and private spheres, moving toward local public safety and efficiency, elimination of corruption, social justice, and the social control of knowledge.

Local Reform
At the urban level, Progressivism mainly affected municipal government. The system whereby the city is governed by a powerful mayor and a council was replaced by the council-manager or the commission system. Under the council-manager system, the council would pass laws, while the manager would do no more than ensure their execution. The manager was essentially a weak mayor. Under the commission system, the executive would be composed of people who each controlled one area of government. The commission was essentially a multi-member, rather than single-member, executive.

At the state level, several electoral reforms were made. Firstly, the secret ballot was introduced. Prior to the secret ballot, the ballots were colored papers printed by the political parties. Due to the lack of secrecy, bribing or blackmailing voters became common. It was to prevent businessmen or politicians from thus coercing voters that the secret ballot was introduced. Also, reforms were made to give voters more say in government. The initiative allowed voters to propose new laws. The referendum allowed certain laws (for example tax increases) to be approved by the voters first. Finally, the recall, allowed the voters to remove public officials for wrongdoing while in office.

In addition, Progressives sought to combat the power of party leaders over which candidates would be nominated. The direct primary was instituted, under which the voters cast ballots to nominate candidates. Before the primary was introduced, the party leaders or party faithful were the only ones allowed to nominate candidates. The South pioneered some political reforms; "the direct primarily originated in North Carolina; the city commission plan arose in Galveston, Texas; and the city manager plan began in Stanton, Virgina. Progressive governors introduced business regulation, educational expansion,and other reforms that duplicated actions taken by northern counterparts.

Labor Reforms
Progressive movement also attempted to give more power over legislation to the general populace. Three practices - the referendum, the initiative, and the recall - were created. The referendum allowed the voters to vote on a bill at an election before it took force as law. The initiative permitted the voters to petition and force the legislature to vote on a certain bill. Finally, the recall permitted voters to remove elected officials from office in the middle of the term. State laws were formed to improve labor conditions. Many states enacted factory inspection laws, and by 1916 nearly two-thirds of the states required compensation for the victims in industrial accidents.

In 1901, Jane Addams founded the Juvenile Protective Association, a non-profit agency dedicated to protecting children from abuse. In 1903, Mary Harris Jones organized the Children's Crusade, a march of child workers from Kensington, Pennsylvania to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt in Oyster Bay, New York, bringing national attention to the issue of child labor. In 1909, President Roosevelt hosted the first White House Conference on Children, which continued to be held every decade through the 1970s. In 1912, the United States Children's Bureau was created in order to investigate "all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of our people." At the instigation of middle class coalitions, many states enacted factory inspection laws, and by 1916 two-thirds of the states required compensation for victims of industrial accidents. An alliance of labor and humanitarian groups induced some legislatures to grant aid to mothers with dependent children. Under pressure from the National Child Labor to Committee, nearly every state set a minimum age for employment and limited hours that employers could make children work.Families that needed extra income evaded child labor restrictions by falsifying their children's ages to employers.

States also regulated female labor by setting maximum work hours, especially when an accident at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory resulted in the deaths of more than 100 women. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of regulated work hours for women in "Muller v. Oregon". Finally, some minimum wage provisions were introduced (for men and women).

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was founded in Chicago in 1905 at a convention of anarchist and socialist union members who were opposed to the policies of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Unlike the AFL, which was a group composed of separate unions for each different trade (craft unionism), the IWW supported the concept of industrial unionism, in which all workers in a given industry are organized in one union, regardless of each worker's particular trade. They promoted the idea of "One Big Union" in the hopes that one large, centralized body would be better equipped to deal with similarly-large capitalist enterprises.

1881 The Great influx of Russian and Polish Jews. They formed an objectionable part of the population, because they couldn't speak English, lived closely crowded, and dirty. Penniless and unfamiliar with industrial conditions. They were apart of industrial, intellectual, and civil life. Their willingness to work 18 hours obnoxiously was crazy compared to Americans who worked (part-time). "It's not the condition that the immigrant comes from that determines he's usefulness;But the power one shows to rise above the condition."

President Theodore Roosevelt

At the national level, Progressivism centered on defeating the power of large businesses. President Theodore Roosevelt, who succeeded to the Presidency when President McKinley was assassinated in 1901, helped the Progressive movement greatly.

Coal Strike
In early 1902, anthracite coal miners struck. Their salaries had not been raised in over two decades. Furthermore, they were paid with scrips. Scrips were essentially coupons for goods from pricey company stores.

The president of the Reading Railroad, George F. Baer, said that the miners had erred by distrusting the owners. He declared that the mine owners were "Christian men of property to whom God has given control of the property rights of the country," who could be trusted more than union leaders.

The owners and the miners refused to negotiate with each other. As autumn approached, many feared that the coal strike would cripple the economy. President Roosevelt intervened by asking the owners and miners to submit to arbitration. The miners accepted, but the owners refused Roosevelt's suggestion. Roosevelt then threatened to use the Army to take over the mines. The owners finally acquiesced; the strike was settled in 1903. Roosevelt's policy triumphed in 1904 when the Supreme Court, convinced by the government's arguments, created by J.P Morgan and his business allies. Roosevelt choose however, not to attack others trust, such as u.s steel another of Morgan's creations. Prosecution of northern securities began reportedly collared Roosevelt and offered "if we have done anything wrong, send your man to my man and we can fix it up".

Sherman Antitrust Act
Roosevelt continued his Progressive actions when he revived the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Act sought to prevent companies from combining into trusts and gaining monopolies. A trust is formed when many companies loosely join together under a common board of directors to gain total control of an entire market so that prices can be raised without the threat of competitors. This total control of a market and subsequent price raising is a monopoly. However, until Roosevelt's administration, the Act was rarely enforced.

Hepburn Act
Roosevelt also enforced the Hepburn Act, which allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroads. The railroads had allied themselves with large businesses, charging higher rates to those business' competitors. Thus, the large businesses would gain even more power. The Hepburn Act prevented railroads from granting reduced rates to businesses.

Panama Canal
President Roosevelt oversaw the successful completion of the Panama Canal. The finished canal vastly improved shipping logistics, allowing boats going from the Atlantic to the Pacific and vice versa to bypass the voyage around South America, saving much time on each trip.

Conservation
Roosevelt also championed the cause of conservation. He set aside large amounts of land as part of the national park system.

Conflicts with other Imperialist Nations

Imperialism was yet a common theme in the relations between nations in this era. It should be noted that although the US annexed Hawaii, Japan also had interests in the island and an aggressive foreign policy; Japan had already seized Taiwan from China in 1885 and would annex Korea in 1905. Imperial Germany was another aggressive power. The U.S. and Germany had conflicts over who would control Samoa, in the Pacific, as well as nearly faced a naval war with Germany in 1902 over German plans to seize the customs revenues of Venezuela.

However, under the administration of President Theodore Roosevelt, the United States became more open in asserting international power. In 1905, Russia and Japan went to war over control of Korea and China. The Japanese won naval victories over two Russian fleets, in the Battles of the Yellow Sea and Tsushima. President Roosevelt offered to negotiate peace between the two nations, and in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, a peace treaty was signed.

To demonstrate the ability of the United States to project power around the world (unlike Russia), Roosevelt ordered a fleet of U.S. men-o'war to sail around the world. The fleet left the east coast of the U.S. in 1908 and returned in 1909, visiting ports in Europe, Australia, and Japan.

President William Howard Taft
When Theodore Roosevelt decided not to run for the presidency again in the election of 1908, that opened the doors for another Republican candidate. Into the gap stepped William H. Taft, former Ohio Supreme Court Justice, former Solicitor General of the United States, and former judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. James S. Sherman was chosen as his vice president. They ran against the Democratic slate of William Jennings Bryan and John Kern, and Socialist nominee Eugene V. Debs. Taft won the election by over a million votes and the Republicans retained control of both houses of Congress. During Taft's presidency, his primary goals were to continue Roosevelt's trust-busting and to reconcile old guard conservatives and young progressive reformers in the Republican Party. Taft was somewhat more cautious and quiet than Roosevelt, despite his own credentials, and therefore had less public attention.

Taft tried to win over the Filipino people by reforming education, transportation, and health care. New railroads, bridges, and telegraph lines strengthened the economy. A public school system was founded, and new health care policies virtually eliminated such diseases as cholera and smallpox. These reforms slowly reduced Filipino hostility.

Although Taft was less of an attention-grabber than Roosevelt, he went far beyond what Roosevelt ever did. Taft used the Sherman Antitrust Act, a law passed in 1890 that made trusts and monopolies illegal, and they had to sue many large and economically damaging corporations. Taft won more antitrust lawsuits in four years than Roosevelt had won in seven.

Taft also pushed for the Sixteenth Amendment, which gave the federal government the right to tax citizens' income. The amendment was meant to supply the government with cash to replace the revenue generated from tariffs, which Progressives had hoped that Taft would lower. Taft failed to lower the tariff. In addition, he failed to fight for conservation and environmentalism, actually weakening some conservation policies to favor business. When Roosevelt came back from an expedition to Africa in 1910, he was disappointed in Taft, and vigorously campaigned for progressive republicans in the congressional elections of 1910.

Roosevelt tried to capitalize on his still enormous popularity by again running for reelection in 1912, but he failed to win the nomination because of Taft's connections to influential people in the Republican Party. Roosevelt and his supporters then broke off from the Republicans, forming the Progressive Party. (This later was known as the Bull Moose party after Roosevelt declared that he felt "as strong as a bull moose!") The Republican split hurt the two candidates, and Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson gathered a 42 percent plurality of the popular votes and 435 out of 531 electoral votes.

On the Supreme Court
Taft would later become a member of the Supreme Court, making him the only former President to do so. In 1921, when Chief Justice Edward Douglass White died, President Warren G. Harding nominated Taft to take his place, thereby fulfilling Taft's lifelong ambition to become Chief Justice of the United States. Very little opposition existed to the nomination, and the Senate approved him 60-4 in a secret session, but the roll call of the vote has never been made public. He readily took up the position, serving until 1930. As such, he became the only President to serve as Chief Justice, and thus is also the only former President to swear in subsequent Presidents, giving the oath of office to both Calvin Coolidge (in 1925) and Herbert Hoover (in 1929). He remains the only person to have led both the Executive and Judicial branches of the United States government. He considered his time as Chief Justice to be the highest point of his career: he allegedly once remarked, "I don't remember that I ever was President."

President Woodrow Wilson

Although Woodrow Wilson was a Democrat, he still pushed for progressive reforms. One of the first successes of his administration was the lowering of tariffs, which he accomplished in 1913. Wilson believed that increased foreign competition would spur U.S. based manufacturers to lower prices and improve their goods. That same year, Wilson passed the Federal Reserve Act, which created twelve regional banks that would be run by a central board in the capitol. This system gave the government more control over banking activities.

Wilson also pushed for governmental control over business. In 1914, a Democratic-controlled Congress established the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate companies that participated in suspected unfair and illegal trade practices. Wilson also supported the Clayton Antitrust Act, which joined the Sherman Antitrust Act as one the government's tools to fight trusts the same year.

By the end of Wilson's First term, progressives had won many victories. The entire movement lost steam, though, as Americans became much more interested in international affairs, especially the war that had broken out in Europe in 1914.

The Supreme Court and Labor
Upset workers had succeeded in lobbying Congress to pass legislation that improved work conditions. However, the Supreme Court of the United States somewhat limited the range of these acts. In Holden v. Hardy (1896), the Supreme Court ruled that miners' hours must be short because long hours made the job too dangerous. However, in Lochner v. New York, laws ruled that bakery workers did not have a job dangerous enough to put restrictions on the free sale of labor. Putting aside this decision, in 1908, the decision in Muller v. Oregon said that women's'' health must be protected "to preserve the strength and vigor of the race." This did,'' clearly, protect women's health, but it also locked them into menial jobs.

Controlling Prostitution
Moral outrage erupted when muckraking journalists charged that international gangs were kidnapping young women and forcing them into prostitution, a practice called white slavery. Accusations were exaggerated, but they alarmed some moralists who falsely perceived a link between immigration and prostitution. Although some women voluntarily entered "the profession" because it offered income and independence from their male counterparts, some women had very little option to a life where they had little if any amenities and many were forced into this profession and lifestyle. Reformers nonetheless believed they could attack prostitution by punishing both those who promoted it and those who practiced it. In 1910 Congress passed the White Slave Traffic Act (Mann Act), prohibiting interstate and international transportation of a woman for immoral purposes. By 1915 nearly all states outlawed brothels and solicitation of sex. Such laws ostensibly protected young women from exploitation, but in reality they failed to address the more serious problem of sexual violence that women suffered at the hands of family members, presumed friends, and employers.

Football and the Formation of the NCAA

By the turn of the century American football was already in the process of becoming a large national sport. Originally formed and played at universities as an intercollegiate sport, it was seen as only for the upper class. The size of the field depended on what the players agreed with, but it was almost always over 100 yards. Once a player started a game, the player could not leave unless he/she became injured. Very soon the sport began to gain spectators, and with spectators came controversy. With over 15 deaths in 1905 alone, many saw a need for change in the sport. However, others liked the violence and would watch because of this. President Roosevelt formed a group to reconstruct the rules of football and make it less violent. Standard rules would not be made and used until 1894. The group was originally named the Intercollegiate Athletic Association, and in 1910 it was renamed to the National College Athletic Association.

title: US History/Progressive Era


text:
Anton Palvadre

Anton Palvadre (25 March 1886 – 16 January 1942) was an Estonian lawyer and politician.

Life
Palvadre was born in Korijärve, Kreis Dorpat (now Valga Parish). In 1906 he graduated from. In 1908 he was imprisoned by the tsarist authorities for reasons of revolutionary activity in Tartu and Riga. In 1911 Palvadre graduated from the Law Faculty of the University of Tartu and then worked as a lawyer. During World War I he served as a Russian officer on the front line and was in a German prison for three years.

In 1919 he became one of the leading heads of the Estonian Socialist Workers' Party.

He was an editor of the Sotsiaaldemokrat, an Estonian socialist newspaper.

The Soviet authorities arrested Palvadre on June 14, 1941, and he was deported to Russia. He was sent to a Soviet Union prison. He died in January 1942 in a "reform and labor camp" in the Sverdlovsk Oblast.

Personal life
Palvadre had five brothers. Rein Palvadre, Jaan Palvadre, Peeter Palvadre, Jakob Palvadre, Juhan Palvadre. Palvadre was married to Gerta Palvadre. The couple had two daughters, Lea and Aime. Palvadre's wife and children were deported in 1941. They lived for 15 years in the Kirov Oblast.

title: Anton Palvadre