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XML - Managing Data Exchange/Data Schemas (Answers)

XML

= Exercises =   In chapter 4, you were asked to create a schema document to define a restaurant. In the next chapter you were asked to create a schema defining a franchise restaurant. In this exercise, you need to create a new XML Schema document and use the redefine mechanism to extend your original restaurant data type by appending the necessary franchise information. Amend the XML instance document you used for your franchise restaurant to use the newly created XML schema document for validation.

 Create a schema document that contains the type library in the table below. Now create a new schema document that will be used to describe bars in a city, use the import mechanism to import the schema and namespace that contains the USAddressType, and use the USAddressType to define the address of the bar. Create an XML instance document with at least two bars for any US city to validate against the newly created schema document.

Table 7-11: Exercise 2 – Type Library USAddress.xsd   Retrieve the XML instance document and XML schema document you created in the exercises for chapter 2. Change the elementFormDefault value to ‘qualified’ and make the necessary changes to the XML instance document so that it will validate correctly.

 Develop a type library for the tourGuide schema in chapter 4. Use common sense to group related elements and data types. Keep in mind that some data types may be reusable or may need to be generalized to allow them to be reused (or redefined).

Answers by Danny Popov

Question 1

chapter4.xsd

Chap4Redefined.xsd

Chap4Redefined.xml

Question 2

USAddress.xsd

Bar.xsd

Bar.xml

Question 3

Museum.xsd

Museum.xml

Question 4

TypeLibrary.xsd


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Calculus/Partial differential equations

First order
Any partial differential equation of the form
 * $$ h_1 \frac {\partial u}{\partial x_1}

+ h_2 \frac {\partial u}{\partial x_2} \cdots + h_n \frac {\partial u}{\partial x_n} = b$$ where h1, h2 … hn, and b are all functions of both u and Rn can be reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations.

To see how to do this, we will first consider some simpler problems.

Special cases
We will start with the simple PDE
 * $$u_z(x,y,z)=u(x,y,z) \quad (1)$$

Because u is only differentiated with respect to z, for any fixed x and y we can treat this like the ODE, du/dz=u. The solution of that ODE is cez, where c is the value of u when z=0, for the fixed x and y

Therefore, the solution of the PDE is
 * $$u(x, y, z)=u(x,y,0) e^z $$

Instead of just having a constant of integration, we have an arbitrary function. This will be true for any PDE.

Notice the shape of the solution, an arbitrary function of points in the xy, plane, which is normal to the 'z' axis, and the solution of an ODE in the 'z' direction.

Now consider the slightly more complex PDE
 * $$a_x u_x +a_y u_y + a_z u_z=h(u) \quad (2)$$

where h can be any function, and each a is a real constant.

We recognize the left hand side as being a·∇, so this equation says that the differential of u in the a direction is h(u). Comparing this with the first equation suggests that the solution can be written as an arbitrary function on the plane normal to a combined with the solution of an ODE.

Remembering from Calculus/Vectors that any vector r can be split up into components parallel and perpendicular to a,
 * $$\mathbf{r}= \mathbf{r}_\perp + \mathbf{r}_\| = \left( \mathbf{r}-\frac{(\mathbf{r} \cdot \mathbf{a})\mathbf{a}}{|\mathbf{a}|^2} \right) + \frac{(\mathbf{r} \cdot \mathbf{a})\mathbf{a}}{|\mathbf{a}|^2} $$

we will use this to split the components of r in a way suggested by the analogy with (1).

Let's write
 * $$\mathbf{r} = (x,y,z) = \mathbf{r}_\perp + s\mathbf{a} \quad

s = \frac{\mathbf{r} \cdot \mathbf{a}}{\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{a}}$$ and substitute this into (2), using the chain rule. Because we are only differentiating in the a direction, adding any function of the perpendicular vector to s will make no difference.

First we calculate grad s, for use in the chain rule,
 * $$\nabla s = \frac{\mathbf{a}}{a^2}$$

On making the substitution into (2), we get,
 * $$h(u)= \mathbf{a} \cdot \nabla s \frac{d}{ds} u(s)=

\frac{\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{a}}{\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{a}} \frac{d}{ds} u(s)= \frac{du}{ds}$$ which is an ordinary differential equation with the solution
 * $$s=c(\mathbf{r}_\perp) + \int^u \frac{dt}{h(t)}$$

The constant c can depend on the perpendicular components, but not upon the parallel coordinate. Replacing s with a monotonic scalar function of s multiplies the ODE by a function of s, which doesn't affect the solution.

Example:
 * $$u(x,t)_x=u(x,t)_t$$

For this equation, a is (1, -1), s=x-t, and the perpendicular vector is (x+t)(1, 1). The reduced ODE is du/ds=0 so the solution is
 * u=f(x+t)

To find f we need initial conditions on u. Are there any constraints on what initial conditions are suitable?

Consider, if we are given
 * u(x,0), this is exactly f(x),
 * u(3t,t), this is f(4t) and f(t) follows immediately
 * u(t3+2t,t), this is f(t3+3t) and f(t) follows, on solving the cubic.
 * u(-t,t), then this is f(0), so if the given function isn't constant we have a inconsistency, and if it is the solution isn't specified off the initial line.

Similarly, if we are given u on any curve which the lines x+t=c intersect only once, and to which they are not tangent, we can deduce f.

For any first order PDE with constant coefficients, the same will be true. We will have a set of lines, parallel to r=at, along which the solution is gained by integrating an ODE with initial conditions specified on some surface to which the lines aren't tangent.

If we look at how this works, we'll see we haven't actually used the constancy of a, so let's drop that assumption and look for a similar solution.

The important point was that the solution was of the form u=f(x(s),y(s)), where (x(s),y(s)) is the curve we integrated along -- a straight line in the previous case. We can add constant functions of integration to s without changing this form.

Consider a PDE,
 * $$a(x,y)u_x+b(x,y)u_y=c(x,y,u)$$

For the suggested solution, u=f(x(s),y(s)), the chain rule gives
 * $$ \frac{du}{ds} = \frac{dx}{ds}u_x+ \frac{dy}{ds}u_y$$

Comparing coefficients then gives
 * $$ \frac{dx}{ds}=a(x,y) \quad \frac{dy}{ds}=b(x,y) \quad \frac{du}{ds}=c(x,y,u) $$

so we've reduced our original PDE to a set of simultaneous ODE's. This procedure can be reversed.

The curves (x(s),y(s)) are called characteristics of the equation.

Example: Solve $$yu_x=xu_y$$ given u=f(x) for x≥0 The ODE's are
 * $$ \frac{dx}{ds}=y \quad \frac{dy}{ds}=-x \quad \frac{du}{ds}=0 $$

subject to the initial conditions at s=0,
 * $$x(0)=r \quad y(0)=0 \quad u(0)=f(r) \quad r \ge 0$$

This ODE is easily solved, giving
 * $$x(s)=r \cos s \quad y(s)=r \sin s \quad u(s)=f(r)$$

so the characteristics are concentric circles round the origin, and in polar coordinates u(r,θ)=f(r)

Considering the logic of this method, we see that the independence of a and b from u has not been used either, so that assumption too can be dropped, giving the general method for equations of this quasilinear form.

Quasilinear
Summarising the conclusions of the last section, to solve a PDE
 * $$ a_1(u,\mathbf{x}) \frac {\partial u}{\partial x_1}

+ a_2(u,\mathbf{x}) \frac {\partial u}{\partial x_2} \cdots + a_n(u,\mathbf{x}) \frac {\partial u}{\partial x_n} = b(u,\mathbf{x})$$ subject to the initial condition that on the surface, (x1(r1,…,rn-1, …xn(r1,…,rn-1), u=f(r1,…,rn-1) --this being an arbitrary paremetrisation of the initial surface--

 * we transform the equation to the equivalent set of ODEs,
 * $$\frac{dx_1}{ds}=a_1 \ \ldots \ \frac{dx_n}{ds}=a_n \quad \frac{du}{ds}=b$$
 * subject to the initial conditions
 * $$x_i(0)=f(r_1, \ldots ,r_{n-1}) \quad u=f(r_1,r_2, \ldots r_{n-1})$$

 * Solve the ODE's, giving xi as a function of s and the ri.
 * Invert this to get s and the ri as functions of the xi.
 * Substitute these inverse functions into the expression for u as a function of s and the ri obtained in the second step.

Both the second and third steps may be troublesome.

The set of ODEs is generally non-linear and without analytical solution. It may even be easier to work with the PDE than with the ODEs.

In the third step, the ri together with s form a coordinate system adapted for the PDE. We can only make the inversion at all if the Jacobian of the transformation to Cartesian coordinates is not zero,
 * $$\begin{vmatrix}

\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial r_1}&\cdots &\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial r_{n-1}} & a_1 \\ \vdots & \ddots & & \vdots \\ \frac{\partial x_n}{\partial r_1}&\cdots &\frac{\partial x_n}{\partial r_{n-1}} & a_n \end{vmatrix} \ne 0$$ This is equivalent to saying that the vector (a1, &hellip:, an) is never in the tangent plane to a surface of constant s.

If this condition is not false when s=0 it may become so as the equations are integrated. We will soon consider ways of dealing with the problems this can cause.

Even when it is technically possible to invert the algebraic equations it is obviously inconvenient to do so.

Example
To see how this works in practice, we will a/ consider the PDE,
 * $$uu_x+u_y+u_t=0$$

with generic initial condition,
 * $$u=f(x,y) \mbox{ on } t=0$$

Naming variables for future convenience, the corresponding ODE's are
 * $$\frac{dx}{d\tau}=u \quad \frac{dy}{d\tau}=1 \quad \frac{dt}{d\tau}=1 \quad \frac{du}{d\tau}=0 \quad$$

subject to the initial conditions at τ=0
 * $$x=r \quad y=s \quad t=0 \quad u=f(r,s)$$

These ODE's are easily solved to give
 * $$x=r+f(r,s)\tau \quad y=s+\tau \quad t=\tau \quad u=f(r,s)$$

These are the parametric equations of a set of straight lines, the characteristics.

The determinant of the Jacobian of this coordinate transformation is
 * $$\begin{vmatrix}

1+\tau\frac{\partial f}{\partial r} & \tau\frac{\partial f}{\partial s} & f \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{vmatrix}=1+\tau\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}$$

This determinant is 1 when t=0, but if fr is anywhere negative this determinant will eventually be zero, and this solution fails.

In this case, the failure is because the surface $$sf_r=-1$$ is an envelope of the characteristics.

For arbitrary f we can invert the transformation and obtain an implicit expression for u
 * $$u=f(x-tu,y-x)$$

If f is given this can be solved for u.

1/ $$f(x,y)=ax$$, The implicit solution is
 * $$u=a(x-tu) \Rightarrow u=\frac{ax}{1+at}$$

This is a line in the u-x plane, rotating clockwise as t increases. If a is negative, this line eventually become vertical. If a is positive, this line tends towards u=0, and the solution is valid for all t.

For f(x,y)=x2 The implicit solution is:
 * $$u=(x-tu)^2 \Rightarrow u=\frac{1+2tx-\sqrt{1+4tx}}{2t^2}$$

This solution clearly fails when $$1+4tx<0$$, which is just when $$sf_r=-1$$. For any t > 0 this happens somewhere. As t increases this point of failure moves toward the origin.

Notice that the point where u=0 stays fixed. This is true for any solution of this equation, for all values of f

We will see later that we can find a solution after this time, if we consider discontinuous solutions. We can think of this as a shockwave.

3/ $$f(x,y)=\sin (xy)$$ The implicit solution is
 * $$u(x,y,t)=\sin \left( (x-tu)(y-x) \right)$$

and we can not solve this explitely for u. The best we can manage is a numerical solution of this equation.

We can also consider the closely related PDE
 * $$uu_x+u_y+u_t=y$$

The corresponding ODE's are
 * $$\frac{dx}{d\tau}=u \quad \frac{dy}{d\tau}=1 \quad \frac{dz}{d\tau}=1 \quad \frac{du}{d\tau}=y \quad$$

subject to the initial conditions at τ=0
 * $$x=r \quad y=s \quad t=0 \quad u=f(r,s)$$

These ODE's are easily solved to give
 * $$x=r+\tau f+\frac{1}{2}s\tau^2+\frac{1}{6}\tau^3 \quad

y=s+\tau \quad t=\tau \quad u=f+s\tau+\frac{1}{2}\tau^2$$ Writing f in terms of u, s, and τ, then substituting into the equation for x gives an implicit solution
 * $$u(x,y,t)=f(x-ut+\frac{1}{2}yt^2-\frac{1}{6}t^3,y-t)+yt-\frac{1}{2}t^2$$

It is possible to solve this for u in some special cases, but in general we can only solve this equation numerically. However, we can learn much about the global properties of the solution from further analysis

Characteristic initial value problems
What if initial conditions are given on a characteristic, on an envelope of characteristics, on a surface with characteristic tangents at isolated points?

Discontinuous solutions
So far, we've only considered smooth solutions of the PDE, but this is too restrictive. We may encounter initial conditions which aren't smooth, e.g.

 * $$u_t = c u_x \quad u(x,0)=

\left\{ \begin{matrix} 1, & x \ge 0 \\ 0, & x < 0 \end{matrix} \right. $$

If we were to simply use the general solution of this equation for smooth initial conditions,

 * $$ u(x,t) = u(x + ct, 0) \,$$

we would get

 * $$ u(x,t) =

\left\{ \begin{matrix} 1, & x+ct \ge 0 \\ 0, & x+ct < 0 \end{matrix} \right. $$

which appears to be a solution to the original equation. However, since the partial differentials are undefined on the characteristic x+ct=0, so it becomes unclear what it means to say that the equation is true at that point.

We need to investigate further, starting by considering the possible types of discontinuities.

If we look at the derivations above, we see we've never use any second or higher order derivatives so it doesn't matter if they aren't continuous, the results above will still apply.

The next simplest case is when the function is continuous, but the first derivative is not, e.g. |x|. We'll initially restrict ourselves to the two-dimensional case, u(x, t) for the generic equation.

 * $$a(x,t)u_x + b(x,t)u_t = c(u,x,t) \quad (1)$$

Typically, the discontinuity is not confined to a single point, but is shared by all points on some curve, (x0(s), t0(s) )

Then we have
 * $$\begin{matrix}

x>x_0 & \lim_{x \rarr x_0} = u_+ \\ x<x_0 & \lim_{x \rarr x_0} = u_- \end{matrix}$$

We can then compare u and its derivatives on both sides of this curve.

It will prove useful to name the jumps across the discontinuity. We say

 * $$ [u]=u_+-u_- \quad [u_x]=u_{x+}-u_{x-} \quad [u_t]=u_{t+}-u_{t-}$$

Now, since the equation (1) is true on both sides of the discontinuity, we can see that both u+ and u-, being the limits of solutions, must themselves satisfy the equation. That is,

 * $$\begin{matrix}

a(x,t)u_{+x} + b(x,t)u_{+t} & = & c(u_+,x,t) \\ a(x,t)u_{-x} + b(x,t)u_{-t} & = & c(u_-,x,t) \end{matrix} \mbox{ where  } \begin{matrix}x=x_0(s) \\ t=t_0(s)\end{matrix}$$

Subtracting then gives us an equation for the jumps in the differentials

 * $$a(x,t)[u_x] + b(x,t)[u_t] = 0 \, $$

We are considering the case where u itself is continuous so we know that [u]=0. Differentiating this with respect to s will give us a second equation in the differential jumps.

 * $$ \frac{dx_0}{ds}[u_x] + \frac{dt_0}{ds}[u_t] =0 $$

The last two equations can only be both true if one is a multiple of the other, but multiplying s by a constant also multiplies the second equation by that same constant while leaving the curve of discontinuity unchanged, hence we can without loss of generality define s to be such that

 * $$ \frac{dx_0}{ds}=a \quad \frac{dt_0}{ds}=b $$

But these are the equations for a characteristic, i.e. discontinuities propagate along characteristics. We could use this property as an alternative definition of characteristics.

We can deal similarly with discontinuous functions by first writing the equation in conservation form, so called because conservation laws can always be written this way.

 * $$ (au)_x+(bu)_t=a_x u + b_t u +c \quad (1)$$

Notice that the left hand side can be regarded as the divergence of (au, bu). Writing the equation this way allows us to use the theorems of vector calculus.

Consider a narrow strip with sides parallel to the discontinuity and width h

We can integrate both sides of (1) over R, giving

 * $$\int_R (au)_x+(bu)_t \, dx dt = \int_R (a_x + b_t) u +c \, dx dt $$

Next we use Green's theorem to convert the left hand side into a line integral.

 * $$\oint_{\partial R} au dt - bu dx = \int_R (a_x + b_t) u +c \, dx dt $$

Now we let the width of the strip fall to zero. The right hand side also tends to zero but the left hand side reduces to the difference between two integrals along the part of the boundary of R parallel to the curve.

 * $$ \int au_+dt-bu_+dx - \int au_-dt-bu_-dx =  0 $$

The integrals along the opposite sides of R have different signs because they are in opposite directions.

For the last equation to always be true, the integrand must always be zero, i.e.

 * $$ \left( a \frac{dt_0}{ds} - b \frac{dx_0}{ds} \right) [u] = 0 $$

Since, by assumption [u] isn't zero, the other factor must be, which immediately implies the curve of discontinuity is a characteristic.

Once again, discontinuities propagate along characteristics.

Above, we only considered functions of two variables, but it is straightforward to extend this to functions of n variables.

The initial condition is given on an n-1 dimensional surface, which evolves along the characteristics. Typical discontinuities in the initial condition will lie on a n-2 dimensional surface embedded within the initial surface. This surface of discontinuity will propagate along the characteristics that pass through the initial discontinuity.

The jumps themselves obey ordinary differential equations, much as u itself does on a characteristic. In the two dimensional case, for u continuous but not smooth, a little algebra shows that

 * $$\frac{d[u_x]}{ds}=[u_x]\left( \frac{\partial c}{\partial u} + a\frac{b_x}{b}-a_x \right) $$

while u obeys the same equation as before,

 * $$\frac{du}{ds}=c $$

We can integrate these equations to see how the discontinuity evolves as we move along the characteristic.

We may find that, for some future s, [ux] passes through zero. At such points, the discontinuity has vanished, and we can treat the function as smooth at that characteristic from then on.

Conversely, we can expect that smooth functions may, under the right circumstances, become discontinuous.

To see how all this works in practice we'll consider the solutions of the equation

 * $$u_t+uu_x=0 \quad u(x,0)=f(x)$$

for three different initial conditions.

The general solution, using the techniques outlined earlier, is

 * $$ u=f(x-tu) \,\! $$

u is constant on the characteristics, which are straight lines with slope dependent on u.

First consider f such that

 * $$ f(x)= \left\{ \begin{matrix}

1 & x>a \\ \frac{x}{a} & a \ge x > 0 \\ 0 & x \le 0 \end{matrix} \right. \quad a>0 $$

While u is continuous its derivative is discontinuous at x=0, where u=0, and at x=a, where u=1. The characteristics through these points divide the solution into three regions.

All the characteristics to the right of the characteristic through x=a, t=0 intersect the x-axis to the right of x=1, where u=1 so u is 1 on all those characteristics, i.e whenever x-t>a.

Similarly the characteristic through the origin is the line x=0, to the left of which u remains zero.

We could find the value of u at a point in between those two characteristics either by finding which intermediate characteristic it lies on and tracing it back to the initial line, or via the general solution.

Either way, we get

 * $$ f(x)= \left\{ \begin{matrix}

1 & x-t>a \\ \frac{x}{a+t} & a+t \ge x > 0 \\ 0 & x \le 0 \end{matrix} \right. $$

At larger t the solution u is more spread out than at t=0 but still the same shape.

We can also consider what happens when a tends to 0, so that u itself is discontinuous at x=0.

If we write the PDE in conservation form then use Green's theorem, as we did above for the linear case, we get

 * $$[u]\frac{dx_0}{ds}=\frac{1}{2}[u^2]\frac{dt_0}{ds}$$

[u²] is the difference of two squares, so if we take s=t we get

 * $$\frac{dx_0}{dt}=\frac{1}{2}(u_-+u_+)$$

In this case the discontinuity behaves as if the value of u on it were the average of the limiting values on either side.

However, there is a caveat.

Since the limiting value to the left is u- the discontinuity must lie on that characteristic, and similarly for u+; i.e the jump discontinuity must be on an intersection of characteristics, at a point where u would otherwise be multivalued.

For this PDE the characteristic can only intersect on the discontinuity if

 * $$u_- > u_+ \, $$

If this is not true the discontinuity can not propagate. Something else must happen.

The limit a=0 is an example of a jump discontinuity for which this condition is false, so we can see what happens in such cases by studying it.

Taking the limit of the solution derived above gives

 * $$ f(x)= \left\{ \begin{matrix}

1 & x>t \\ \frac{x}{t} & t \ge x > 0 \\ 0 & x \le 0 \end{matrix} \right. $$

If we had taken the limit of any other sequence of initials conditions tending to the same limit we would have obtained a trivially equivalent result.

Looking at the characteristics of this solution, we see that at the jump discontinuity characteristics on which u takes every value between 0 and 1 all intersect.

At later times, there are two slope discontinuities, at x=0 and x=t, but no jump discontinuity.

This behaviour is typical in such cases. The jump discontinuity becomes a pair of slope discontinuities between which the solution takes all appropriate values.

Now, lets consider the same equation with the initial condition

 * $$ f(x)= \left\{ \begin{matrix}

1 & x \le 0 \\ 1-\frac{x}{a} & a \ge x > 0 \\ 0 & x > a \end{matrix} \right. \quad a>0$$

This has slope discontinuities at x=0 and x=a, dividing the solution into three regions.

The boundaries between these regions are given by the characteristics through these initial points, namely the two lines

 * $$ x=t \quad x=a $$

These characteristics intersect at t=a, so the nature of the solution must change then.

In between these two discontinuities, the characteristic through x=b at t=0 is clearly

 * $$ x=\left( 1- \frac{b}{a} \right) t + b \quad 0 \le b \le a $$

All these characteristics intersect at the same point, (x,t)=(a,a).

We can use these characteristics, or the general solution, to write u for t t \\ 0 & x > a \end{matrix} \right. \quad a >t \ge 0$$

As t tends to a, this becomes a step function. Since u is greater to the left than the right of the discontinuity, it meets the condition for propagation deduced above, so for t>a u is a step function moving at the average speed of the two sides.

 * $$ u(x,t)= \left\{ \begin{matrix}

1 & x \le \frac{a+t}{2} \\ 0 & x > \frac{a+t}{2} \end{matrix} \right. \quad t \ge a \ge 0 $$

This is the reverse of what we saw for the initial condition previously considered, two slope discontinuities merging into a step discontinuity rather than vice versa. Which actually happens depends entirely on the initial conditions. Indeed, examples could be given for which both processes happen.

In the two examples above, we started with a discontinuity and investigated how it evolved. It is also possible for solutions which are initially smooth to become discontinuous.

For example, we saw earlier for this particular PDE that the solution with the initial condition u=x² breaks down when 2xt+1=0. At these points the solution becomes discontinuous.

Typically, discontinuities in the solution of any partial differential equation, not merely ones of first order, arise when solutions break down in this way and propagate similarly, merging and splitting in the same fashion.

Fully non-linear PDEs
It is possible to extend the approach of the previous sections to reduce any equation of the form
 * $$F(x_1,x_2, \ldots ,x_n,u,u_{x_1},u_{x_2}, \ldots, u_{x_n})=0$$

to a set of ODE's, for any function, F.

We will not prove this here, but the corresponding ODE's are
 * $$\frac{dx_i}{d\tau}=\frac{\partial F}{\partial u_i} \quad \frac{du_i}{d\tau} = -\left( \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i} +

u_i \frac{\partial F}{\partial u} \right) \quad \frac{du}{d\tau}=\sum_{i=1}^n u_i \frac{\partial F}{\partial u_i} $$

If u is given on a surface parameterized by r1…rn then we have, as before, n initial conditions on the n, xi
 * $$\tau=0 \quad x_i=f_i(r_1,r_2, \ldots ,r_{n-1})$$

given by the parameterization and one initial condition on u itself,
 * $$\tau=0 \quad u=f(r_1,r_2, \ldots ,r_{n-1})$$

but, because we have an extra n ODEs for the ui's, we need an extra n initial conditions.

These are, n-1 consistency conditions,
 * $$\tau=0 \quad \frac{\partial f}{\partial r_i}=

\sum_{j=1}^{n-1} u_i \frac{\partial f_i}{\partial r_j}$$ which state that the ui's are the partial derivatives of u on the initial surface, and one initial condition
 * $$\tau=0 \quad F(x_1,x_2, \ldots ,x_n,u,u_1,u_2, \ldots, u_n)=0$$

stating that the PDE itself holds on the initial surface.

These n initial conditions for the ui will be a set of algebraic equations, which may have multiple solutions. Each solution will give a different solution of the PDE.

Example
Consider
 * $$u_t=u_x^2+u_y^2, \quad u(x,y,0)=x^2+y^2$$

The initial conditions at τ=0 are
 * $$\begin{matrix} x=r & y=s & t=0 & u=r^2+s^2 \\

u_x=2r & u_y=2s & u_t=4(r^2+s^2) & \end{matrix}$$ and the ODE's are
 * $$\begin{matrix}

\frac{dx}{d\tau}=-2u_x & \frac{dy}{d\tau}=-2u_y & \frac{dt}{d\tau}=1 & \frac{du}{d\tau}=u_t-2(u_x^2+u_y^2)\\ \frac{du_x}{d\tau}=0 & \frac{du_y}{d\tau}=0 & \frac{du_t}{d\tau}=0 & \end{matrix}$$

Note that the partial derivatives are constant on the characteristics. This always happen when the PDE contains only partial derivatives, simplifying the procedure.

These equations are readily solved to give
 * $$x=r(1-4\tau ) \quad y=s(1-4\tau ) \quad t=\tau \quad u=(r^2+s^2)(1-4\tau )$$

On eliminating the parameters we get the solution,
 * $$u=\frac{x^2+y^2}{1-4t}$$

which can easily be checked. abc

Second order
Suppose we are given a second order linear PDE to solve

$$a(x,y)u_{xx}+b(x,y)u_{xy}+c(x,y)u_{yy} = d(x,y)u_x+e(x,y)u_y +p(x,y)u +q(x,y) \quad (1)$$

The natural approach, after our experience with ordinary differential equations and with simple algebraic equations, is attempt a factorisation. Let's see how for this takes us.

We would expect factoring the left hand of (1) to give us an equivalent equation of the form

 * $$ a(x,y)(D_x+\alpha_+(x,y)D_y)(D_x+\alpha_-(x,y)D_y)u \, $$

and we can immediately divide through by a. This suggests that those particular combinations of first order derivatives will play a special role.

Now, when studying first order PDE's we saw that such combinations were equivalent to the derivatives along characteristic curves. Effectively, we changed to a coordinate system defined by the characteristic curve and the initial curve.

Here, we have two combinations of first order derivatives each of which may define a different characteristic curve. If so, the two sets of characteristics will define a natural coordinate system for the problem, much as in the first order case.

In the new coordinates we will have

 * $$ D_x+\alpha_+(x,y)D_y=D_r \quad D_x+\alpha_-(x,y)D_y =D_s $$

with each of the factors having become a differentiation along its respective characteristic curve, and the left hand side will become simply urs giving us an equation of the form

 * $$u_{rs}=A(r,s)u_r+B(r,s)u_s+C(r,s)u+D(r,s) \, $$

If A, B, and C all happen to be zero, the solution is obvious. If not, we can hope that the simpler form of the left hand side will enable us to make progress.

However, before we can do all this, we must see if (1) can actually be factored.

Multiplying out the factors gives

$$u_{xx}+\frac{b(x,y)}{a(x,y)}u_{xy}+\frac{c(x,y)}{a(x,y)}u_{yy}= u_{xx}+(\alpha_++\alpha_-)u_{xy}+\alpha_+\alpha_-u_{yy}$$

On comparing coefficients, and solving for the α's we see that they are the roots of

 * $$a(x,y)\alpha^2+b(x,y)\alpha+c(x,y)=0 \,$$

Since we are discussing real functions, we are only interested in real roots, so the existence of the desired factorization will depend on the discriminant of this quadratic equation.

 * $$\mbox{If } b(x,y)^2 > 4 a(x,y)c(x,y) $$
 * then we have two factors, and can follow the procedure outlined above. Equations like this are called hyperbolic

 * $$\mbox{If } b(x,y)^2 = 4 a(x,y)c(x,y) $$
 * then we have only factor, giving us a single characteristic curve. It will be natural to use distance along these curves as one coordinate, but the second must be determined by other considerations.
 * The same line of argument as before shows that use the characteristic curve this way gives a second order term of the form urr, where we've only taken the second derivative with respect to one of the two coordinates. Equations like this are called parabolic

 * $$\mbox{If } b(x,y)^2 < 4 a(x,y)c(x,y) $$
 * then we have no real factors. In this case the best we can do is reduce the second order terms to the simplest possible form satisfying this inequality, i.e urr+uss
 * It can be shown that this reduction is always possible. Equations like this are called elliptic

It can be shown that, just as for first order PDEs, discontinuities propagate along characteristics. Since elliptic equations have no real characteristics, this implies that any discontinuities they may have will be restricted to isolated points; i.e., that the solution is almost everywhere smooth.

This is not true for hyperbolic equations. Their behavior is largely controlled by the shape of their characteristic curves.

These differences mean different methods are required to study the three types of second equation. Fortunately, changing variables as indicated by the factorisation above lets us reduce any second order PDE to one in which the coefficients of the second order terms are constant, which means it is sufficient to consider only three standard equations.

 * $$u_{xx}+u_{yy}=0 \quad u_{xx}-u_{yy}=0 \quad u_{xx}-u_y=0 $$

We could also consider the cases where the right hand side of these equations is a given function, or proportional to u or to one of its first order derivatives, but all the essential properties of hyperbolic, parabolic, and elliptic equations are demonstrated by these three standard forms.

While we've only demonstrated the reduction in two dimensions, a similar reduction applies in higher dimensions, leading to a similar classification. We get, as the reduced form of the second order terms,

 * $$a_1\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x_1^2}+

a_2\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x_2^2} + \cdots + a_n\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x_n^2} $$

where each of the ais is equal to either 0, +1, or -1.

If all the ais have the same sign the equation is elliptic

If any of the ais are zero the equation is parabolic

If exactly one of the ais has the opposite sign to the rest the equation is hyperbolic

In 2 or 3 dimensions these are the only possibilities, but in 4 or more dimensions there is a fourth possibility: at least two of the ais are positive, and at least two of the ais are negative.

Such equations are called ultrahyperbolic. They are less commonly encountered than the other three types, so will not be studied here.

When the coefficients are not constant, an equation can be hyperbolic in some regions of the xy plane, and elliptic in others. If so, different methods must be used for the solutions in the two regions.

Elliptic
Standard form, Laplace's equation:
 * $$\nabla^2 h=0$$

Quote equation in spherical and cylindrical coordinates, and give full solution for cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Note averaging property Comment on physical significance, rotation invariance of laplacian.

Hyperbolic
Standard form, wave equation:
 * $$\nabla^2 h=c^2 h_{tt}$$

Solution, any sum of functions of the form
 * $$h=f(\mathbf{k}\cdot \mathbf{x}-\omega t) \quad \omega=|\mathbf{k}|c $$

These are waves. Compare with solution from separating variables. Domain of dependence, etc.

Parabolic
The canonical parabolic equation is the diffusion equation:

 * $$\nabla^2 h=h_t$$

Here, we will consider some simple solutions of the one-dimensional case.

The properties of this equation are in many respects intermediate between those of hyperbolic and elliptic equation.

As with hyperbolic equations but not elliptic, the solution is well behaved if the value is given on the initial surface t=0.

However, the characteristic surfaces of this equation are the surfaces of constant t, thus there is no way for discontinuities to propagate to positive t.

Therefore, as with elliptic equations but not hyberbolic, the solutions are typically smooth, even when the initial conditions aren't.

Furthermore, at a local maximum of h, its Laplacian is negative, so h is decreasing with t, while at local minima, where the Laplacian will be positive, h will increase with t. Thus, initial variations in h will be smoothed out as t increases.

In one dimension, we can learn more by integrating both sides,

 * $$\begin{matrix}

\int_{-a}^b h_t dt & = & \int_{-a}^b h_{xx} dx \\ \frac{d}{dt} \int_{-a}^b h \,dt & = & \left[ h_x \right]_{-a}^b \end{matrix}$$

Provided that hx tends to zero for large x, we can take the limit as a and b tend to infinity, deducing

 * $$\frac{d}{dt} \int_{-\infty}^\infty h \,dt$$

so the integral of h over all space is constant.

This means this PDE can be thought of as describing some conserved quantity, initially concentrated but spreading out, or diffusing, over time.

This last result can be extended to two or more dimensions, using the theorems of vector calculus.

We can also differentiate any solution with respect to any coordinate to obtain another solution. E.g. if h is a solution then

 * $$\nabla^2 h_x = \partial_x \nabla^2 h = \partial_x \partial_t h

=\partial_t h_x $$

so hx also satisfies the diffusion equation.

Similarity solution
Looking at this equation, we might notice that if we make the change of variables

 * $$ r = \alpha x \quad \tau =\alpha^2 t $$

then the equation retains the same form. This suggests that the combination of variables x²/t, which is unaffected by this variable change, may be significant.

We therefore assume this equation to have a solution of the special form

 * $$h(x,t)=f(\eta) \mbox{ where } \eta = \frac{x}{t^{1 \over 2}} $$

then

 * $$h_x = \eta_x f_{\eta} = t^{-{1\over 2}}f_{\eta} \quad

h_t = \eta_t f_{\eta} = -\frac{\eta}{2t}f_{\eta} $$

and substituting into the diffusion equation eventually gives

 * $$ f_{\eta \eta} + \frac{\eta}{2} f_{\eta}=0 $$

which is an ordinary differential equation.

Integrating once gives

 * $$f_{\eta} = A e^{-\frac{\eta^2}{4}}$$

Reverting to h, we find

 * $$\begin{matrix}

h_x & = & \frac{A}{\sqrt{t}} e^{-\frac{\eta^2}{4}} \\ h & = & \frac{A}{\sqrt{t}} \int_{-\infty }^x e^{-s^2/4t} ds +B \\ & = & A \int_{-\infty }^{x/2\sqrt{t}} e^{-z^2} dz +B \end{matrix}$$

This last integral can not be written in terms of elementary functions, but its values are well known.

In particular the limiting values of h at infinity are

 * $$h(-\infty ,t)=B \quad h(\infty ,t)= B + A \sqrt{\pi } ,$$

taking the limit as t tends to zero gives

 * $$h= \left\{ \begin{matrix}

B & x<0 \\ B + A \sqrt{\pi } & x>0 \end{matrix} \right. $$

We see that the initial discontinuity is immediately smoothed out. The solution at later times retains the same shape, but is more stretched out.

The derivative of this solution with respect to x

 * $$h_x =  \frac{A}{\sqrt{t}} e^{-x^2/4t}$$

is itself a solution, with h spreading out from its initial peak, and plays a significant role in the further analysis of this equation.

The same similarity method can also be applied to some non-linear equations.

Separating variables
We can also obtain some solutions of this equation by separating variables.

 * $$h(x,t)=X(x)T(t) \Rightarrow X^{\prime \prime}T=X\dot{T} $$

giving us the two ordinary differential equations

 * $$ \frac{d^2X}{dx^2}+k^2 X=0 \quad \frac{dT}{dt} = -k T $$

and solutions of the general form

 * $$ h(x,t)= A e^{-kt} \sin (kx+\alpha) \,$$

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Calculus/Partial differential equations


text:
First N. Biren Singh ministry

The Cabinet of the state of Manipur, India, forms the executives branch of the Government of Manipur.

This is a list of minister from N. Biren Singh cabinets starting from 15 March 2017. N. Biren Singh is the leader of BJP, who was sworn in the Chief Ministers of Manipur on 15 March 2017. Here is the list of the ministers of his ministry.

title: First N. Biren Singh ministry


text:
Cookbook:Grains

| Basic foodstuffs

Grains are the seeds or fruits of cereal grasses and, in common usage, other commercially similar plants such as soybeans.

True cereals

 * Barley
 * Maize (Corn)
 * Millet
 * Oats
 * Rice
 * Rye
 * Triticale
 * Sorghum (Milo)
 * Teff
 * Wheat
 * Spelt
 * Kamut

Pseudo-cereals

 * Alfalfa (Lucerne)
 * Amaranth
 * Buckwheat
 * Legumes
 * Quinoa
 * Wild Rice

Grain Derivatives

 * Bulgur
 * Couscous (usually wheat)
 * Kasha

ספר מתכונים/דגנים

title: Cookbook:Grains


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/July 13, 2012

Santa Maria de Ovila is a former Cistercian monastery built in Spain beginning in 1181 on the Tagus River near Trillo, Guadalajara, about 90 mi northeast of Madrid. During prosperous times over the next four centuries, construction projects expanded and improved the small monastery. Its fortunes declined significantly in the 1700s, and in 1835 it was confiscated by the Spanish government and sold to private owners who used its buildings to shelter farm animals. American publisher William Randolph Hearst bought parts of the monastery in 1931 with the intention of using its stones in the construction of a grand and fanciful castle at Wyntoon, California, but after some 10,000 stones were removed and shipped, they were abandoned in San Francisco for decades. These stones are now in various locations around California: the old church portal has been reassembled at the University of San Francisco, and the chapter house is being reassembled by Trappist monks at the Abbey of New Clairvaux in Vina, California. In Spain, the new government of the Second Republic declared the monastery a National Monument in June 1931, but not in time to prevent the mass removal of stones. Today, the remnant buildings and walls stand on private farmland. (more...)

Recently featured: Andromeda – Mumia Abu-Jamal – Halifax Gibbet


text:
User:Strawberryfieldsforever1989

The furry cups were an indie rock band formed in 1988/89 by founder members Ian Denney and Anthony Murphy of Leeds, England. With minor success in the late 80s and early 90s the band concentrated on the indie charts rather than pop charts and gathered a cult following in the U.K. Hits include demolition, forever young and step In to the light. The band continued to tour until the mid 90s playing festivals and arenas across the U.K. mainly as warm up acts for chart topping indie bands

title: User:Strawberryfieldsforever1989


text:
Talk:Piney Point Village, Texas

Piney_Point%2C_Maryland
Piney_Point%2C_Maryland

Hopiakuta 15:53, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Piney Point Village map
http://www.cityofpineypoint.com/users/0001/images/Piney_Point_Street_Map.jpg

This may be a good resource. WhisperToMe (talk) 10:14, 21 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Piney Point Village, Texas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20070104123047/http://villagefiredept.com:80/aboutus.html to http://www.villagefiredept.com/aboutus.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070203031752/http://www.cityofpineypoint.com/ to http://www.cityofpineypoint.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070203031752/http://www.cityofpineypoint.com/ to http://www.cityofpineypoint.com/

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:35, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Piney Point Village, Texas


text:
Template talk:User

Origins
Copied the idea from uncyclopedia. - Aya T C 03:37, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Enhancements
Something like this, but needs to cope with spacey names.

Aya T C 03:37, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem appears to be that the parameter is being passed with an underscore in place of the original space (e.g., Robert Horning is being converted to Robert_Horning). We need some way of stripping the underscore back out again before including it in the URL. The problem is that virtually no processing of the parameters is possible within templates, hopefully that will change in future. Geo.T 04:15, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Well. The best I can do with a single parameter is this (I'm using a new template here, since the other one is 'live'):

The links work fine, but the name looks messy.

With two params you could have a inclusion that looks like this:

Aya T E C 04:45, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:User


text:
Kamal al-Din Gurg

Malik Kamāl al-Dīn "Gurg" or Kamaluddin-e Gurg (died late 1315 or early 1316), was a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He played an important role in Alauddin's conquest of the Siwana (1308) and Jalore (1311) forts. After Alauddin's death, he was sent by Malik Kafur to suppress a revolt in Gujarat, where he was killed.

 {	"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ {			"type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Delhi" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.2273958, 28.661898] } },		{			"type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Siwana" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.4245092, 25.651696] } },		{			"type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Jalore" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.6253763, 25.344480] } }	] }

Early life
Kamal al-Din (also transliterated as Kamaluddin) belonged to a family that originated from Kabul in present-day Afghanistan. He was known as "Gurg" ("the wolf").

Military conquests
After other generals of Alauddin failed to capture the Siwana fort in the preceding years, in 1308, he personally led an expedition to Siwana. Kamal al-Din accompanied Alauddin in this campaign, and held charge of the siege engines (munjaniqs). After the Delhi army captured the fort, it was renamed Khayrabad, and assigned to Kamal al-Din.

In 1311, Alauddin sent an army to capture Siwana's neighbour Jalore. After his other generals failed to capture the fort, he dispatched Kamal al-Din to conquer it. Kamalauddin captured the fort after a siege that resulted in the deaths of the defending ruler Kanhadadeva and his son Viramadeva. After this victory, Kamal al-Din held the iqta' of Jalor.

Last days
During the last days of Alauddin's reign, Kamal al-Din allied with Alauddin's slave-general Malik Kafur, who held the executive power during Alauddin's sickness. The two men were probably part of a group of non-Khalaj officers that tried to seize power from the Khalaj establishment of the Sultanate. According to the chronicler Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi, in 1315, Kamal al-Din participated in Malik Kafur's murder of Alp Khan, an influential rival nobleman, the governor of Gujarat and Alauddin's brother in-law. Alp Khan had been accused of conspiring to kill Alauddin, but this might have been Kafur's propaganda.

The news of Alp Khan's murder led to a revolt in Gujarat, and Kafur sent Kamal al-Din to suppress the revolt. Kamal al-Din was killed in late 1315 or early 1316 in Gujarat, during a military operation. His son Taj al-Din Hushang (or Hoshang) inherited the 'iqta of Jalor, and later served as the muqta (provincial governor) of Hansi.

title: Kamal al-Din Gurg


text:
Offensive Combat

Offensive Combat is a multiplayer online First-person shooter developed by U4iA Games for mobile and browsers.

A remake known as Offensive Combat: Redux was developed by ThreeGates and published by SlapShot Games, and was released for Microsoft Windows on Steam in Europe and North America on August 18, 2017. The game was launched in Latin America on September 2, 2017.

Gameplay
“Offensive Combat: Redux!” is an action game in which up to 16 players compete on a map across three online game modes, Deathmatch, Team Deathmatch, and Capture the Flag. It also features three single player modes including Map Exploration, a Weapons Range and a mode where players compete against Artificial Intelligence robots.

Development
Development of Offensive Combat: Redux! for Microsoft Windows PCs was announced on March 22, 2017.

It was announced on April 18, 2017 that the game had been approved to be launched on the Steam platform and that the game would release in summer 2017

ThreeGates and SlapShotGames announced their first game update on August 31, 2017, with a roadmap of additional updates and DLC

The first DLC was launched on September 18, 2017 with two new maps, Shortest Yard and Last Resort. The second DLC was released October 27, 2017 and featured a Halloween theme, as well as the map Triggermortis. The third DLC was released November 22, 2017 with the map, Painhouse. The fourth DLC update was announced for December 22, 2017 and features a space map named Disasteroids, as well as a holiday themed version of already released map, Probetown.

title: Offensive Combat


text:
List of Magkaagaw episodes

Magkaagaw (International title: Broken Faith / ) is a 2019 Philippine drama television series broadcast by GMA Network. The series aired from October 21, 2019 to March 31, 2021 on the network's Afternoon Prime and Sabado Star Power sa Hapon line up and worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV, replacing Hanggang sa Dulo ng Buhay Ko.

title: List of Magkaagaw episodes


text:
Compiler Construction

Chapters

 * About the Book
 * Introducing Compilers and Interpreters
 * Describing a Programming Language
 * Lexical analysis
 * Case Study 1 - a simple Interpreter
 * Syntax Analysis
 * Case Study 1B - a Compiler/Interpreter front-end written in C using Lex and Yacc
 * /A recipe for writing a reusable grammar/
 * Semantic Analysis
 * Intermediate Representation
 * Dealing with errors
 * Optimization
 * Code Generation
 * Run-time Considerations
 * Known Languages Conceptual Implementations
 * Glossary
 * External Links
 * References

Appendices
The following are Java code referenced in the book.
 * State.java
 * TestState.java

Costruzione di un compilatore

title: Compiler Construction


text:
Category talk:Northumbrian

Note
This category contains terms perculiar to the area of Northeast England which includes Northumberland, Tyneside, Durham, Wearside and Teesside.

The terms listed within this category will be common to most the dialects of the areas that now form what was once the historical kingdom of Northumbria. For terms perculiar to specific dialects see:

 * Category:Geordie - for Tyneside, Northumberland and Durham
 * Category:Wearside dialect - for Wearside and Sunderland
 * Category:Teesside dialect - for Teesside, Middlesbrough, Hartlepool etc.

title: Category talk:Northumbrian


text:
Talk:Solution Unsatisfactory

Needs some improvement
This is a good article, but needs its text and formatting updated. I'll try to give it a go later tonight. Overall, the content is good, just needs a good edittting. :)

Wellspring 14:25, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Good start, but it also requires cites, as noted. Cordially, --Drieux 08:43, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi, just an anonymous reader here - I believe the date in the first paragraph of the article needs to be checked for accuracy: the internet speculative fiction database lists this story as first appearing in the May, 1941 issue, not 1940 as stated in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:16, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Who disputes the Neutrality?
On top of the article the following was placed: "The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page." But whoever placed this banner wrote nothing (0) here. Can you explain yourself and what exactly do you dispute? Thank you. Adam Keller

 * Adam, I added that. The new text you added is comprehensive, but it is not neutral.  It takes a position on the story's imporance and role without being balanced.  Pleae read about Wikipedia's Neutral Point of View policy.  --ChrisRuvolo (t) 13:29, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

I suppose you refer especially to where I wrote "Thus, Heinlein was denied sufficient credit for what deserves to be counted as one of his major achievements" which I think how Heinlein's predictions in this story should be counted but I suppose it really could be considered not neutral. Would it solve the problem if I change that to "Thus, Heinlein was denied sufficient credit for a prediction of the development of nuclear arms and the post-war Nuclear Age, which not only predicted accurately many details but more importantly set out the main dilemmas involved in nuclear arms, years before most people became aware of them". I think that is objective enough, and it leaves people with the possibility of deciding for themselves how to evaluate it. Adam Keller.

 * I don't think that is the only problematic area. For that sentence specificly, I'd say that any claim of denied credit has to be citing an outside source (see Wikipedia's policy on original research) and should hopefully be balanced with an argument against Heinlein's deserving of credit.  You're still writing your opinion in your modified sentence.  And who is to say what "sufficient" credit is?  Very POV. --ChrisRuvolo (t) 14:40, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

I am quite aware of the Wikipedia policy about original research, I have read it first when I just started to be involved in Wikipedia. What it says is that original research is uaccpetable but "research that consists of collecting and organizing information from existing primary and/or secondary sources is, of course, strongly encouraged" and that "This is not "original research"; it is "source-based research", and it is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia."

That is precisely what I did here, I was relying primarily on the Heinlein story itself which is the primary source par excellence in this context, on some other Heinlein stories and books and articles, plus the Wikipedia articles on the Manhattan Project and on some people involved like Lise Meitner and Enrico Fermi.

I can give off hand one clear example of the denied credit, which is that the Wikipedia article on Heinlein, otherwise quite comprehensive, does not mention at all the predictions which Heinlein made in this story. This is in fact what caused me to write this account in the first place. But I don't know if I can cite that as "an outside source", all the more since it is going to change - I intend myself to insert a paragraph into the Heinlein article mentioning the nuclear predictions (I will keep in mind not to write there anything which can be conceived as non-neutral or original research). I think it is needed there. This is by the way not the only example, I encountered more than once before accounts of Heinlein's work which either did not mention at all or mentioned only in one or two sentences this story and its predictions, and I can't really understand why.

Anyway, would it solve the problem if I take away all reference to "sufficient credit" and replace it with something like:

"The early part of Heinlein's career is especially notable for his originating in the early 1940s the concept of a future history - i.e. many stories and books laid in the same consistent future - which was later taken up by other writers. Some accounts of his life and work omit to mention, or mention only very briefly, the story "Solution Unsatisfactory" written in the same period. It does not belong in the frame of the Future History, but does contain predictions of the development of nuclear arms and the post-war Nuclear Age, which not only predicted accurately many details but more importantly set out the main dilemmas involved in nuclear arms - all written in 1940, when most people were not aware of the very existence of such an issue".

I looked through this text several times, and can't see in it anything which is not objectively verifyable.

Adam Keller

 * Adam, this paragraph would be fine with me if you could provide one additional detail: cite an author or critique of an author who used the "future history" concept and acknowledged Heinlein as the originator. BTW, please fix the last sentence, it is a run-on.  --ChrisRuvolo (t) 13:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

That's Easy enough. "The early part of Heinlein's career is especially notable for his originating in the early 1940s the concept of a future history - i.e. many stories and books laid in the same consistent future - which was later taken up by other writers such as Poul Andeson and Jerry Pournelle, who freely acknowleged that Heinlin had done it first. Some accounts of his life and work omit to mention, or mention only very briefly, the story "Solution Unsatisfactory" written in the same period. It does not belong in the frame of the Future History, but does contain remarkable predictions of the development of nuclear arms and the post-war Nuclear Age, many of which were proved correct by the events of the following five years. Not only did Heinlein get many details right, but more importantly he accurately set out what were to become the main dilemmas involved in nuclear arms. Heinlein wrote it out in 1940, when most people were not aware of the very existence of such an issue".

Adam Keller

What is still disputed?
Can you either specify what is still disputed or take away that banner? Thank you. Adam Keller(Adam Keller 16:32, 25 March 2006 (UTC))

Banner removed
A week has passed since I wrote the above, with no response, so I am now removing the banner. If anyone wants to put it again, fine - but please specify here what you object to. Thanks, Adam Keller

Inaccuracy in text
"As in all later Heinlein books and stories featuring a nuclear war with the Soviet Union (for example The Door into Summer), the US comes out victorious, battered but still powerful."

Neither the Soviets nor the Americans are victorious or powerful in the primary timeline of Farnham's Freehold.

I'm new at this Wiki stuff so I'm just bringing it up here for hopefully someone else to fix. Mitheral 03:38, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Requires rewrite
OK the article is I think way too long now-- nearly as long as the story itself. Further, many opinions are expressed in the article which do not have corresponding citations. These opinions are widely held, I happen to hold many of them myself and I'm sure given an afternoon's research we can document them, but as it stands now they're unsourced. That has to be fixed.

Adam, it doesn't look like anyone ever challenged your point about original research above. What WP:ORmeans is that you can collect and distill articles, saying "X says this, but Y says that". You can't draw specific content conclusions of your own, though. This isn't quibbling. To make a chemistry analogy, you can mix sources all you want, but the moment there's a reaction, you're doing original research.

I used to have a collection of science fiction anthologies from the late 40's through early 70's. Including a couple which specifically make the exact same points about this story. Unfortunately, they were destroyed in a hurricane, or I'd run into my bedroom and add the sources myself. I totally agree that this story is pivotal in science fiction, and somehow has been forgotten by Heinlein fans and editors alike.

On another note, the article is a wall of text and is IMO completely unreadable. Calling it out into sections should fix that. I'll do some surgery tomorrow. :)

Wellspring 05:53, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Just a question on a single point.
I think many criticisms of the article in this talk page above, are fair. However, what both intrigues me and raises alarm bells in my mind, is the question that has specifically to do with Lise Meitner as a model for Karst. Is there any proof of this? In fact, how plausible is that even. How famous was Lise Meitner in November of 1940? Or is there some way that Heinlein in specific might have been aware of her? -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. (talk) 20:46, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solution Unsatisfactory


text:
KCGQ-FM

KCGQ-FM (99.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an active rock format. Licensed to Gordonville, Missouri, United States, the station is currently owned by Max Media and licensed to MRR License LLC and features programming from ABC Radio and Premiere Radio Networks.

History
The station was started in 1978 by Rainbow Broadcasting, owners of KJAS 1170 located in Jackson, Missouri. The original call letters were KJAQ-FM, "Q99". The station was sold to Al Sikes in the early 1980s. Target Media, owned by Tom Stine and Mark Rollings, purchased the stations in 1986 and moved the station from a 3-bedroom house in Gordonville to new studios in Cape Girardeau. Target Media sold KJAS AM 1170 in 1988. Target Media then sold Q99 to Zimmer Broadcasting in 1997. Zimmer sold the station—along with all of its other southeast Missouri (Cape Girardeau, Sikeston, and Poplar Bluff), and southern Illinois (Marion and Carbondale) properties (17 stations: WCIL, WCIL-FM, WJPF, WOOZ-FM, WUEZ, WXLT, KCGQ-FM, KEZS-FM, KGIR, KGKS, KJEZ, KKLR-FM, KLSC, KMAL, KSIM, KWOC, and KZIM) -- to Max Media, LLC. The sales occurred in December 2003, for a reported price of $43 million.

title: KCGQ-FM


text:
Portal talk:Software engineering

Perhaps this should be under "Computer Science"

Though software engineering is a part of computer science course, but its quite different. I feel software engineering is more about creating interface, application prog. while comp sciece is about everything. Like an umbrella..from h/w to s/w.

Stuff we must cover (please update):

 * Software crysis: why a Software Engineering
 * Software myths

 * Software life cycle
 * Paradigms (lots)
 * Requisites analysis
 * Kinds of requisites
 * Bussines model
 * Use cases model
 * Architecture
 * Design
 * System model
 * OO Design
 * Patterns
 * Implementation
 * Tests
 * White box and black box tests
 * Unitary tests
 * Integration tests
 * Delivery

 * Software teams

 * Risks
 * Risks Analysis
 * Risks Management

--Jorge 21:27, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

In one of my first year introductory software engineering subjects, my lecturer used an analogy that what a study of chemistry is to a chemical engineer, so is a study of computer science to a software engineer. Computer science forms the very core of software engineering but software engineering goes beyond what is taught in a computer science course (at an undergrad level that is). At my university, a Bachelor of Com Sci was a three-year degree, whereas Bachelor of Soft Eng was a four-year degree. --<IP_ADDRESS> 13:10, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Software engineering


text:
International law

This learning project has resources on the issues surrounding laws applicable between states (and governments), regulating areas such as human rights, international conflicts, international criminal law, etc.

Public International Law (PIL) should be distinguished from Domestic Law (i.e. the law within a single state) and from Private International Law (i.e. the law regulating activities between people, companies or / states that occurs across international borders).

Resources

 * Sources
 * Public International Law - Where does it come from (sources)? Who / what is bound by it (subjects and personality)? What does it do (remit)? How is it different from Private International Law (Wikibook), Regional Law (e.g. European Union Law), and Domestic Law (i.e. law within a state)?
 * /Statehood and personality/ - What are states? How are they created? How can they end? What status do they have - what rights and duties? Are there alternative forms of 'personality' within PIL?
 * Constitutional and International Law Papers
 * International Law in the United States at Wikibooks
 * /Human Rights/ - Theoretical and philosophical foundations of Human Rights, the obligations of States under Human Rights Law, substantive rights (generations of rights), the Universal System for the protection of Human Rights (UN System), the Regional Systems for the protection of Human Rights (Inter-American, European, African).
 * /Criminal/
 * /Theory/
 * /Space Law and Policy/
 * /Law of the Sea/

title: International law


text:
Wikiversity talk:School of Project Management

The curriculum appears to mirror chapter by chapter and exactly in-sequence the Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) published by the Project Management Institute (PMI) http://www.pmi.org -- recommend adding it as a reference for the course as it is the sole recoginized international standard for project management.
 * While I agree that PMBOK is an important standard, it is not the "sole recoginized international standard": others of which I am aware include ISO 10006 and APM BOK. --Theo (Talk) 18:44, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, IMHO now this school is just an 'advertising' of PMI and www.abrachan.org. There is no schooling content for a long time. I suggest to make this page and move contents to the School of Project Management (PMI) --AndriuZ 11:22, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Good plan.—Theo (Talk) 13:50, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe PM is just too comprehensive and all encompassing to leave it to just one school (or two). Of course, it is good to have some guidelines and to be able to follow a certain curriculum, on the other hand to leave a way open for all the diversity and different aspects which are possible is a good idea as well. See as an example []Franz Kies 14:25, 20 February 2007 (UTC)


text:
Suvorovka, Altai Krai

Suvorovka (Суворовка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Suvorovsky Selsoviet, Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 555 as of 2013. It was founded in 1908. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Suvorovka is located 23 km southeast of Blagoveshchenka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pregradinka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Suvorovka, Altai Krai


text:
Talk:Power rack

Definition of Squat rack
When I played high school football in early 1980s (i.e. before 1987) we used something called a squat rack, which sounds like what Mullen "invented". What is the difference? It was a metal plate with two columns in which four bars could be placed about every 2" in height. Two were placed near but below your lower squat level, the upper two which is where the bar started (and hopefully finished) were close to shoulder level.  There was another metal bar connecting each of the two towers.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Autkm (talk • contribs) 03:52, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

An improved version of the power rack or squat rack is described at US Patent Number 4,832,334 issued to Karl Mullen on May 23, 1989, Figures 5 and 6. It is an improved power rack that has an assistance device on each side to allow for maximum exertion during the entire exercise motion, such as squat, deadlift, bench press, incline press, and shoulder press. KarlIMullen (talk) 18:56, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

deletion?
it's not an ad, they have these things at lots of gyms. Other equipment is included on wiki why not this? KatoABJV (talk) 18:15, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Invention date
Power rack / squat rack goes WAY before 1987. That information is bogus. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:34, 15 October 2009 (UTC) Karsten Self

Bit About Biceps Curl
Why is this even in here? It does not add anything to the article in terms of definition (although could be part of a section regarding recommended exercises using a power rack). That said, it is also not true. Granted if I was waiting to squat and someone was using the cage for lightweight biceps curl I would be impatient; it could just as easily be someone doing extremely heavy cheater curls who wants the safety of a catch bar at hip height... such a use would be strongly in keeping with the spirit of a power rack. Not to mention things like shoulder press, etc... The equipment exists, its use/misuse is entirely subjective. Barring any objection I will remove the entry later today. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:37, 10 June 2013 (UTC) Ryan

I've gone ahead and removed it. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:53, 17 June 2013 (UTC) Ryan

Power Rack image
Sooooo, am I the only one that noticed that the image for the power rack has the safety bar *above* the level that the user will be exercising at? Might wanna get a better image, since anyone unfamiliar with power racks might think that's how they're supposed to be set up, and then break their back or something without the safety bars in place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:06, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

Bizarre phrasing
"If price and space aren't the matter, go for a power rack as you can perform more exercises, especially with its rigid construction."

This needs to be changed, this isn't an article for advice on weight training purchases. Also very informal.

title: Talk:Power rack


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Studio for Interrelated Media

The result was delete because it was a copyvio listed at Copyright problems for over seven days, not because of any consensus or lack thereof here. MER-C 17:11, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

Studio for Interrelated Media

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Non-notable academic department at a college. Searches show almost no coverage other than from the college itself. The article is basically an unreferenced ad for the department. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 01:08, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Arts-related deletion discussions. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 01:08, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 01:08, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Massachusetts-related deletion discussions. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 01:08, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Education-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 01:14, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

Note significant text lifted from here. I leave it for someone else to judge whether it's G12. It's currently G11 ish but I haven't had time to look for sources to see if content issues can be fixed. StarM 02:11, 17 August 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Redirect to Massachusetts College of Art and Design. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 03:43, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment: Tagged with after copyvio search turned up a confidence of 63.2%. Aasim 18:02, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Also listed at Copyright problems. Aasim 18:02, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Stifle (talk) 15:43, 27 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/How To Study Chinese

Speaking and Pronunciation

 * Learn pinyin. Not only is it used throughout this book to explain proper pronunciation, it is needed to look up words in dictionaries and to type in Chinese.
 * Pay attention to the tones. Since there are so few syllables in Chinese, there are many homonyms, making attention to tones very important. Learning to write the pinyin with correct tones at the same time as you learn the characters will improve your pronunciation and your listening comprehension.
 * Read the text aloud. Speaking (and hearing yourself speak) will help reinforce the text in your memory. Exaggerating the tones can help you remember them. In Chinese, character (something that when writing takes a space unit), word (which may include some characters or a single character), and sentence may be different from English. When speaking Chinese, the pronunciation of each character should be a single unit.
 * Find a language partner. There may be a Chinese language club in a nearby city or university. There are also free websites on the Internet that can help you set up a language exchange using Skype or other VoIP programs. Two examples are The Mixxer and E-Tandem.
 * Use a Text To Speech (TTS) service. In other words, have a computer read the text for you. Free examples include Google Translate and imtranslator.net. Google Translate can not only read the text (the volume icon, not available for large texts) but also give you the pinyin (the A with the umlaut), and, of course, translate.
 * Consume Chinese media. Immersing yourself in Chinese after learning the basics will make learning easier. To learn pronunciation, make the voices of native speakers your constant companions, and after finishing this book, continue to immerse yourself—you will have learned enough to take on Chinese "in the wild". A wide variety of multimedia options exist for exposing your ears to native Chinese speakers. Two of the best sites for easy listening materials are Popup Chinese and ChineseClass101.com. Advanced learners can listen to broadcasts of Xinhua, China's official news network, or visit Youku, a Chinese incarnation of YouTube (YouTube is blocked in China, and Facebook as well, for that matter). Download as much audio as you can from these sites to your MP3 player and start listening. You can listen to Chinese whenever you're in the car, commuting, or doing mechanical tasks. Note that, since Internet Explorer 6 is still a popular browser in China, Chinese websites may seem a bit quirky, and video streaming services may not work at all on modern browsers.

Reading and Writing

 * Practice writing—a lot. When you study, write a character at least ten times, and more if you have trouble remembering it. You can find special grid paper for writing practice with Chinese characters on the Internet; for example, PDF sheets are available on UVM's web site, and a practice sheet generator is available at www.chinesetools.eu (or original site, French). The output is set up as a grid, so that a typical printer can print 11 characters with 8 boxes each per page in portrait mode, giving each character one row, or 5 characters with 17 boxes each, and so on. In landscape mode, a printer can print 8 characters with 11 boxes each per page, or 4 characters with 23 boxes each giving each character two lines. Remember to quiz yourself periodically to test your memory and to find which characters you need to practice more. As you write, think of the sound and meaning of the character, or say it out loud. Check out the East Asian Calligraphy wikibook for more help with Chinese writing. Learn the correct stroke order initially and write carefully, looking at the printed character each time before copying. Actually writing is important to establish a 'motor memory' of each character, which will allow your writing to flow more easily.

 * Use a flashcard program. Many people who use flash cards memorize information, but there's often much time wasted reviewing what they already know well, or in relearning what they forgot. The free programs Anki and Mnemosyne, can optimize your review schedule using their algorithms. They can also use audio for pronunciation help and 3-sided cards to study reading, writing, and translation separately. You can download free cardsets, export your own, or write them yourself to fully customize your character selection.

 * Look for radicals. Radicals are components of Chinese characters that you will see repeated over and over again. Learning the meaning of radicals will help you to see the connections between similar categories of words. Many characters are comprised of radical-phonetic pairings, where the radical is the "root" that hints at the meaning of the word, while another part of the character hints at the sound of the word. Learning to spot radicals is also useful since they can be used when looking up words when you don't know the pinyin in Chinese dictionaries.

 * Buy a dictionary. They're useful for looking up new words or just browsing. Beginner's dictionaries have larger fonts, usage examples, and Pinyin pronunciation, all of which are sometimes missing in comprehensive dictionaries. CC-CEDICT is a thorough Chinese-English dictionary available under Creative Commons. KTdict C-E is a free iOS app that uses CEDICT. A good physical dictionary that provides many example sentences and phrases is The Starter Oxford Chinese Dictionary (Simplified characters only). A good online dictionary would be nciku. It is searchable by pinyin, characters, and sketches, via a drawing panel. It not only contains definitions, also shows the stroke order of a character, and gives examples of its use.

Suggested Reading Materials

 * Children's story books (the characters are easier, many include pinyin or zhuyin for difficult characters)
 * Xinhua is the official Chinese news network, but again, it is mostly for advanced learners.
 * LWO Flashcard program
 * Pinyin/Pinyin-English News Summary

Chino/Cómo estudiar chino Cinese/Come studiare il cinese Chiński/Jak uczyć się chińskiego

title: Chinese (Mandarin)/How To Study Chinese


text:
Talk:Arthur Thomson (physician)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Arthur Thomson (physician)


text:
aprendiz

Noun

 * 1) apprentice, trainee

Etymology
, with spelling influenced by. .

Noun

 * 1) apprentice (a trainee, especially in a skilled trade)

Noun

 * 1) apprentice
 * 2) trainee

title: aprendiz


text:
Wikipedia:Conflict of interest/Noticeboard/Archive 149

Batch ending 9 August
A new section, because the previous one was full. MER-C 15:06, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
 * , pardon my ignorance, but what does the above list mean?ThatMontrealIP (talk) 12:24, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
 * , see above. The edit that adds Template:Reply to must meet the following requirement for notifications to work: it must add new lines of text, not just edit existing lines and it must be signed at the end of the message. TSventon (talk) 13:49, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
 * These are new articles that are disproportionally more likely to be promotional, COI and/or UPE. (Expect false positives.) MER-C 13:52, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
 * , would it be possible to tweak the title to New promotional articles batch ending (or similar) for the benefit of people reading the page for the first time? User:ThatMontrealIP is probably not the only one to be initially confused. TSventon (talk) 15:29, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I'll bear that in mind when I post the next batch. MER-C 16:28, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Batch ending 23 August
Let's all get behind the WMF's "initiative" to increase "diversity" by reducing notability guidelines! MER-C 10:14, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

Batch to 7 September
Quarantine time again! MER-C 11:43, 7 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
User:Pridedevils/sandbox

CurbStand is a mobile app that allows people to find, pay for and also tip valet parkers. CurbStand was founded in 2013 by Owen De Vries, Nicole Duncan, and Moncef Abbou. Curbstand is based out of Los Angeles, California and its app is currently available at valet stands in Los Angeles, Dallas, Miami, Austin, Houston, Fort Lauderdale, Boston, and Denver.

Overview
Users use the CurbStand app to find their CurbStand valet and grab their ticket from an attendant, find their location on the app’s interactive map, check-in with their ticket number, and pay and tip for the valet parking service without having to use cash. The app also includes a “Request My Car” feature, which allows users to have their valet driver summon their car for them ahead of time. After users give their valet attendant their ticket, they are free to go.

In September 2014, CurbStand completed a $3 million funding round, after which the company hired a new CFO and CTO to help with its growth. In early 2015, CurbStand acquired competitor Curby for an undisclosed mix of stock and cash.

title: User:Pridedevils/sandbox


text:
Talk:United States Government

Lord Emsworth, did you use AP guidelines for this book ? If so, we could use that to promote it in a tagline, "written for AP history" or something. --Karl Wick
 * it has been a few years since i took ap us government in high school, but our class definately covered a good number of high profile supreme court cases (brown v. board of education, engel v. vitale, roe v. wade, etc) that aren't mentioned here. we also wrote essays about topics i've now forgotten. i'm not sure if the burden of explaining how to write the essays should fall to the textbook or to the instructor. perhaps if you're going for some kind of AP certification you could check out AP study guides from the public library or request old tests from the college board (my high school teachers did this). --Thepedestrian 21:59, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

This needs to be moved to U.S. Constitution and Government. --Jiang 04:12, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Or simply United States Government. (The Constitution is included.) --Jiang 04:03, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

This should be called "U.S. Federal Government." - Maurreen, Oct 2004

It's not abundently clear to me exactly what the intended idea behind this text was. If it is an exposition on the federal system of government in the U.S., I don't quite understand the approach, which appears to focus on the Constitution and its provisions. If it is intended as a Constitutional History or Constitutional Law text, then it needs to be approached not on a section by section basis, but through recognized themes, like Executive Powers or Federal v. States Rights. DSYoungEsq 22:07, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Further on this subject: Part II should be reworked. If I understand the structure of the book, Part I is the history of why we have our current Constitution, Part II is an explanation of what the Constitution says, Part III is an analysis of how the federal government is set up under the constitution, and Part IV is intended to be a discussion of what issues have arisen under that structure as time has passed. But Part II has things in it (the first two sections) that really belong in Part III, etc. DSYoungEsq 17:59, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
I've proposed that American Government be merged into this wikibook. I'm certain the chapter on third party history can be integrated. --Thereen (discuss • contribs) 07:55, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States Government


text:
have someone by the short hairs

Verb

 * 1)  To have someone in a difficult situation in which he or she is without alternatives and can be controlled.

Translations

 * Russian: держа́ть на коротком поводке

title: have someone by the short hairs


text:
Talk:Dean Cavanagh

Untitled
He says he hates the "moronizing" of British TV yet he is the writer of "Honky Sausages",one of the worst shows ever(and because of that, highly entertaining). I note this show is not on his CV now!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:41, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Cleanup
The External links section seems too long. RJFJR (talk) 20:57, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

Here follows the bloated external links section that violates WP:ELNO. These may be integrated as citations where relevant, but please don't dump them back unprocessed. --  Ohc  ¡digame! 09:31, 13 August 2014 (UTC) Links to articles about Dean Cavanagh
 * Dean Cavanagh interview on Louder Than War
 * Dean Cavanagh on The Internet Movie Database
 * Dean Cavanagh Sabotage Times
 * Dangerous Minds 8/16/2012 interview with Cavanagh on his film, "Kubricks"
 * Dean Cavanagh at Opus Art Gallery
 * Dean Cavanagh on Joe Strummer
 * Irvine Welsh & Dean Cavanagh Yorkshire Evening Post
 * Dirty, Pretty Brilliant Things The Observer
 * Irvine Welsh talks about The Wire and Dean Cavanagh
 * SurfWax Profile on Dean Cavanagh
 * BFI Database on Dean Cavanagh
 * Dean Cavanagh interview, December 2010
 * Dean Cavanagh at Saatchi Gallery
 * News of the World call for Wedding Belles to be banned
 * BBC's Newsnight Review on Wedding Belles
 * The Believer magazine interview
 * Scotsman review of Wedding Belles
 * Good Arrows Launch at The Groucho
 * Wedding Belles Making Waves, Telegraph & Argus
 * Dean Cavanagh Diso Heist, 20 Jazz Punk Greats
 * Pasadena Weekly interview
 * Four Funerals and a Wedding The Times
 * Babylon Heights in San Francisco
 * Dean Cavanagh on Van Morrison & Astral Weeks
 * Babylon Heights in New Zealand
 * Profile at Time To Read
 * Battery In Your Leg Piece on Dean Cavanagh
 * Dean Cavanagh at Dollee Playwrights
 * Dean Cavanagh's entry on IMDB
 * Author Spotlight on Dean Cavanagh at Random House
 * Dean speaks out against Bradford Council in local press
 * Metro newspaper interview
 * Done Deal Pro US interview
 * Dean Cavanagh Ego Death Squad@bandcamp
 * Dean Cavanagh and Irvine Welsh, Yorkshire Post
 * Dean Cavanagh & Irvine Welsh at Literary Festivals UK
 * Feature on Dean Cavanagh & Irvine Welsh at Filthy McNasties, Islington
 * Disco Biscuits at Amazon.com
 * Junction Films on Wedding Belles
 * Cavanagh interview with Zani magazine
 * Sex, Drugs & Midgets, Telegraph review
 * Dean Cavanagh on Johann Cruyff & The 1978 World Cup

WOAH!
This reads like 1,000 words of self-promotion and badly needs somebody to inject some scepticism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:05, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dean Cavanagh


text:
Talk:David Boston

External links modified
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title: Talk:David Boston