text:
Talk:Intercollegiate sports team champions/Archive 1

Wrestling
Shouldn't the National Collegiate Wrestling Association men's division also be mentioned in this article?Jzcrandall (talk) 19:51, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

The article states, "This list is reserved for champions of sports in which the NCAA did not also recognize a champion in a given year. Thus, non-varsity and/or club-level champions are excluded for sports that had a contemporary NCAA champion." An example would be the ACHA for men's ice hickey. The NCAA, which attracts the best college hockey players, crowns a men's ice hockey champion who is universally recognized as the collegiate national champion. This seems to be analogous to the wrestling situation. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:31, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Citations needed for user revisions
1. The following revision made an uncited deletion to Varsity 8 Men's Rowing:

20:20, 7 June 2010 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) (173,866 bytes) (→Men's Varsity Heavyweight Eights)

User changed the 3-way title for "Dartmouth, Navy and Pennsylvania" to just "Dartmouth." However, the reference at "http://www.ecac.com/affiliates/IRA/awards/varsity_challenge" states:

Varsity Challenge Cup

Presented to the IRA by Dr. Louis L. Seaman of Cornell University in 1898, the silver cup is awarded annually to the Varsity Heavyweight Eight Champions. It shows "1992 Dartmouth, Navy and Pennsylvania."

Jeff in CA (talk) 17:40, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

2. Men's rugby claim for 1974 Texas A&M championship is uncited. Needs citation; in particular, to demonstrate national scope of purported title.

Jeff in CA (talk) 02:37, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Australian Rules Football
The veracity of the claim that recognized national championship events for Australian Rules Football were held in recent years is challenged. It appears that there may have been as few as two or three collegiate teams, which would cast serious doubt on such claims. Unless further citations are offered in support, this one is subject to deletion. Jeff in CA (talk) 18:54, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

As no supporting information has emerged, the following text has been deleted:

* 2005 North Carolina
 * 2008 __?__ def. North Carolina

Jeff in CA (talk) 18:30, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

Administrative Message
On 16 October 2011, an administrative message appeared at this article regarding purported inconsistency in citation style. However, the primary author of this article has consistently applied and enforced an approved Wikipedia citation style and template throughout the article. All citations adhere to this Wikipedia template. The author requests further clarification and specifics from an administrator to be posted before 8 November 2011. If none is provided at that time, the administrative message will be removed; however, discussion of this topic on this page will still be encouraged. Jeff in CA (talk) 21:30, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

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 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.ianseo.net/Details.php?toId=268
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090216152418/http://recsports.ufl.edu:80/sc_waterski.aspx to http://www.recsports.ufl.edu/sc_waterski.aspx

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090706171000/http://illinipaintball.com:80/results.php to http://www.illinipaintball.com/results.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090413050915/http://www.us-polo.org:80/intercollegiate_polo.htm to http://www.us-polo.org/intercollegiate_polo.htm
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061214224123/http://www.thewwa.com/collegiatenationals.shtml to http://www.thewwa.com/collegiatenationals.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091029164550/http://www.ncwsa.com:80/index.php/nationals/nationals-results/508-madison-pulls-off-huge-comeback-to-take-division-ii-nationals to http://www.ncwsa.com/index.php/nationals/nationals-results/508-madison-pulls-off-huge-comeback-to-take-division-ii-nationals

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Help Requested
The sports with the most gaps in the lists of champions are: • Archery • Badminton • Judo • Polo (pony) • Match-race sailing (Douglas Cup) • Nordic skiing • Triathlon • Weightlifting

Any help to fill in the missing accurate information for the appropriate years is welcome! --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:04, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Your help is needed. Please help bring the recent results of following sports up-to-date for the years shown:
 * Badminton 2011-15 2012, 2014
 * Canoe/kayak 2012-15 2015, 2016
 * Cycling 2009-15
 * Handball 2013-15
 * Karate 2011-15
 * Polo 2012-15
 * Powerlifting 2012-15
 * Racquetball 2012-15
 * Snowboard/ski 2012-15
 * Team handball 2012-15
 * Triathlon 2012-13, 2015
 * Waterskiing 2011-15
 * Weightlifting 2012-13
 * Jeff in CA (talk) 23:55, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

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Talk:Derf Scratch

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title: Talk:Derf Scratch


text:
Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 124

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text:
Cookbook:Preparing Yeast

| Bread

This technique is also known as 'blooming'.

Though instant yeasts are now available which can be mixed directly with the dry ingredients in a recipe, many people find that this technique still improves the quality and rising times of bread. Proofing is also the easiest way to determine if an old packet of yeast is still viable.

Ingredients

 * ½ cup (125 ml) of warm water or other liquid reserved from the bread recipe
 * 1 teaspoon of sugar
 * 1 tablespoon of yeast, or as called for in the recipe
 * ¼ teaspoon of ginger (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Make sure the water is warm and between 112 and 120°F (44 - 49°C). Hot water (above 49C/120F) could kill the yeast, and water above 60C/140F definitely will. Cold water will significantly slow yeast growth. A general guideline is to stick your finger into the water; if you find it warm and comfortable, so will the yeast.
 * 2) Thoroughly stir the ingredients into the water, making sure everything dissolves properly (yeast, in some forms, is rather prone to forming clumps at the bottom). Let this mixture sit in a warm place until there is a bubbly froth on top. Depending on the type of yeast, this will take between 10 and 30 minutes, and should yield a "head" of at least one centimeter. Use as indicated in your recipe. If no bubbles develop, discard and obtain new yeast.

Yeast Cake Substitution
Many older cookbooks will often have recipes calling for a "yeast cake". This is a small cake of active yeast, often 0.6 ounces (17 grams) in weight. They are not normally used today since they are highly perishable and have a short shelf life, even when refrigerated (about 10 days). 1 Yeast Cake can be substituted with 1 packet or 2 1/4 teaspoons of Active Dry Yeast. To substitute a 2 ounce yeast cake, use 3 packets or 6 3/4 teaspoons of Active Dry Yeast.

title: Cookbook:Preparing Yeast


text:
cambiarsi

Verb

 * 1) to change (oneself)
 * 2) to get changed change one's clothes
 * 3) to change places, swap
 * 1) to change places, swap

title: cambiarsi


text:
Labigastera nitidula

Labigastera nitidula is a European and North African species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

Distribution
Turkmenistan, Czech Republic, Sweden, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, Austria, France, Switzerland, Israel, Algeria.

title: Labigastera nitidula


text:
Gyosaku Morozumi

Gyosaku Morozumi (Japanese: 両角業作) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, commanding the Japanese ground forces for the Battle of Mindanao in 1945, especially in the closing months of the war.

Biography
Morozumi was born in Nagano prefecture. He graduated from the 22nd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in May 1905, serving initially with the IJA 58th Infantry Regiment, a new regiment which had been raised as a reserve force in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War. As a second lieutenant, he returned to the Army's Infantry Warfare School, where he specialized in armor. His rise through the ranks was uneventful, serving a staff post with the Inspectorate General of Military Training, and a field posting as battalion commanders within the IJA 59th Infantry Regiment, IJA 1st Infantry Regiment, IJA 29th Infantry Regiment and IJA 65th Infantry Regiments and as commander of the Hongo Regimental District. The IJA 65th Regiment was one of the units at the Battle of Nanking in 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War and was accused of the massacre of prisoners of war following the battle's end.

Morozumi was promoted to major general in August 1939. At the start of the Pacific War, he was assigned to the IJA 39th Division, which was still engaged in operations on the Chinese mainland, including the Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang and the Central Hubei Operation. In 1943, he became commander of the IJA 5th Depot Division In March 1944, Morozumi was promoted to lieutenant general and was given command of the IJA 30th Division, which was a garrison force based in Korea. However, in November of the same year, the IJA 30th Division was ordered to the Philippines and Morozumi was based in Surigao in northeastern Mindanao under the overall command of the IJA 35th Army. After General Sosaku Suzuki, commander of the IJA 35th Army transferred to Leyte in order to better coordinate defenses against the invading Allies in the Battle of Leyte, Morozumi was left in command with the defenses of the island of Mindanao, which soon came under attack by the American 24th, 31st, and 40th Infantry Divisions and the Philippine Commonwealth military including local resistance fighters.

By April 1945, his forces were split and isolated. Morozumi was officially confirmed as commander of the IJA 35th Army after Suzuki was killed in battle on 19 April. However, in practice, Morozumi largely ignored his appointment, knowing that communications were too poor to permit any real supervision of the other elements under his nominal command. He surrender his forces on Mindanao to Brigadier general Joseph C. Hutchinson, Acting Commander, 31st Infantry Division on 8 September 1945.

title: Gyosaku Morozumi


text:
User:River~enwikibooks/Sedona

Lester Levenson Lester's Realization “I was at the end of my rope. I was told not to take a step unless I absolutely had to because there was a possibility that I could drop dead at any moment.

“This was a terrible, shocking thing to suddenly be told that I couldn’t be active anymore, having been so active all my life. It was a horrible thing.

“An intense fear of dying overwhelmed me, the fear that I might drop dead any minute. This stayed with me for days. I went through a real, horrible, low, spinning period there, in the grip of intense fear of dying or of being a cripple for the rest of my life in that I wouldn’t be able to be active. How could I take care of all that, and me. I felt that life would not be worthwhile any more.

“This caused me to conclude with determination, 'Either I get the answers, or I’ll take me off this earth. No heart attack will do it!' I had a nice easy way to do it, too. I had morphine the doctors gave me for my kidney stone attacks.

“After several days of this intense fear of dying, I suddenly realized, 'Well, I’m still alive. As long as I’m alive there’s hope. As long as I’m alive, maybe I can get out of this. What do I do?'

“Well, I was always a smart boy, always made the honor roll. Even got myself a four-year scholarship to Rutgers University at a time when scholarships were very rare through competitive examinations. But what does this avail me? Nothing! Here I am with all this brilliance, as miserable and scared as can be.

“Then I said, 'Lester, you were not only not smart, you were dumb! Dumb! Dumb! There’s something wrong in your intellect. With all your knowledge, you’ve come to this bottom end! Drop all this knowledge you’ve so studiously picked up on philosophy, psychology, social science, and economics! It is of no avail! Start from scratch. Begin all over again your search for the answers.

“And with an extreme desperation and intense wanting out—not wanting to die, I began to question, 'What am I? What is this world? What is my relationship to it? What do I want from it?'

“'Happiness.'

“'Well, what is happiness?'

“'Being loved.'

“But I am loved. I know several very desirable girls with beauty, charm and intellect who want me. And I have the esteem of my friends. Yet, I’m miserable!

“I sensed that the closest thing related to happiness was love. So I began reviewing and reliving my past love affairs, looking at the points where the little happiness that I had were. I began to pull up and dissect all my high moments of loving.

“Suddenly, I got an inkling that it was when I was loving that I had the highest feeling!

“I remembered one evening, a beautiful balmy evening, in the mountains when I was camping with Virginia. We were both lying on the grass, both looking up at the sky, and I had my arm around her. The nirvana, the perfection of the height of happiness was right there. I was feeling how great is love for Virginia! How wonderful is knowing all this nature! How perfect a setting!

“Then I saw that it was my loving her that was the cause of this happiness! Not the beauty of the setting, or being with Virginia.

“Then I immediately turned to the other side. Boy it was great when she loved me! I remembered the moment when publicly this beautiful, charming girl told the world that she approved of Lester, she loved Lester—and I could feel that nice feeling of approval. But I sensed that it was not as great as what I had just discovered. It was not a lasting feeling. It was just for the moment. In order for me to have that feeling continuously, she had to continue saying that.

“So, this momentary ego approval was not as great as the feeling of loving her! As long as I was loving her, I felt so happy. But when she loved me, there were only moments of happiness when she gave me approval.

“Days of further cogitation gradually revealed to me that this was correct! I was happier when I loved her than I was when I got that momentary ego-satisfaction when she loved me. Her loving me was a momentary pleasure that needed constant showing and proving on her part, while my loving her was a constant happiness, as long as I was loving her.

“I concluded that my happiness equated to my loving! If I could increase my loving, then I could increase my happiness! This was the first inkling I had as to what brings about happiness. And it was a tremendous thing because I hadn’t had happiness. And I said, 'Gee, if this is the key to happiness, I’ve got the greatest!' Even the hope of getting more and more happiness was a tremendous thing, because this was the number one thing I wanted—happiness.

“That started me on weeks and weeks of reviewing my past love affairs. I dug up from the past, incident after incident when I thought I was loving, and I discovered that I was being nice to my girlfriends, trying to get them to love me, and that that was selfish. That was not really love. That was just wanting my ego bolstered!

“I kept reviewing incidents from the past, and where I saw that I was not loving, I would change that feeling to loving that person. Instead of wanting them to do something for me, I would change it to my wanting to do something for them. I kept this up until I couldn’t find any more incidents to work on.

“This insight on love, seeing that happiness was determined by my capacity to love, was a tremendous insight. It began to free me, and any bit of freedom when you’re plagued feels so good. I knew that I was in the right direction. I had gotten hold of a link of the chain of happiness and was determined not to let go until I had the entire chain.

“I felt a greater freedom. There was an easier concentration of my mind because of it. And I began to look better at my mind. What is my mind? What is intelligence?

“Suddenly, a picture flashed of amusement park bumper-cars that are difficult to steer so that they continually bump into each other. They all get their electrical energy from the wire screen above the cars through a pole coming down to every car.

“The power above was symbolic of the overall intelligence and energy of the universe coming down the pole to me and everyone else, and to the degree we step on the gas do we use it. Each driver of the cars is taking the amount of energy and intelligence that he wants from that wire, but he steers his car blindly and bumps into other cars, and bumps and bumps.

“I saw that if I chose to, I could take more and more of that overall intelligence.

“And so I dug into that. I began to examine thinking and its relationship to what was happening. And it was revealed that everything that was happening had a prior thought behind it and that I never before related the thought and the happening because of the element of time between the two.

“When I saw that everything that was happening to me had a thought of it before it happened, I realized that if I could grab hold of this, I could consciously determine everything that was happening to me!

“And above all, I saw that I was responsible for everything that had happened to me, formerly thinking that the world was abusing me! I saw that my whole past life, and all that tremendous effort to make money and in the end, failing, was due only to my thinking!

“This was a tremendous piece of freedom, to think that I was not a victim of this world, that it lay within my power to arrange the world the way I wanted it to be, that rather than being an effect of it, I could now be at cause over it and arrange it the way I would like it to be!

“That was a tremendous realization, a tremendous feeling of freedom!

“I was so ill when I started my searching; I had one foot in the grave. And when I saw that my thinking was cause for what was happening to me, I immediately saw my body from my chin down to my toes as perfect. And instantly, I knew it was perfect! I knew the lesions and adhesions of my intestine due to perforated ulcers were undone. I knew everything within me was in perfect running order.

“And it was.

“Discovering that my happiness equated to my loving, discovering that my thinking was the cause of things happening to me in my life gave me more and more freedom. Freedom from unconscious compulsions that I had to work, I had to make money, I had to have girls. Freedom in the feeling that I was now able to determine my destiny, I was now able to control my world, I was now able to arrange my environment to suit me. This new freedom lightened my internal burden so greatly that I felt that I had no need to do anything.

“Plus, the new happiness I was experiencing was so great! I was experiencing a joy that I had never known existed. I had never dreamed happiness could be so great.

“I determined ‘If this is so great, I’m not going to let go of it until I carry it all the way!’ I had no idea how joyous a person could be.

“So, I began digging further on how to extend this joy. I began further changing my attitudes on love. I would imagine the girl I wanted most marrying one of my friends, or the boy I would want her to marry least, and then enjoy their enjoying each other. To me, this was the extreme in loving, and if I could achieve it, it would give me more of this wonderful thing that I was experiencing.

“And so I worked on it. I took a particular fellow, Burl, and a particular girl, and I wouldn’t let go until I could really feel the joy of their enjoying each other.

“Then I knew I had it—or almost had it.

“Then later on, I had further tests of this in talking to people who were opposing me no end when I was trying to help them. I would consciously feel the greatest love for them when they were attacking me. And the joy of loving them was so wonderful, I would, without any thought, thank them so profusely for having given me the opportunity of talking with them, that it threw them into a dither.

title: User:River~enwikibooks/Sedona


text:
François Wenner

François Wenner (19 July 1889 – 4 December 1965 ) was a Belgian colonial administrator. He was commissioner / governor of Lusambo Province in the Belgian Congo from 1940 to 1944.

Early years
François Wenner was born on 19 July 1889 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. He entered the Belgian army, leaving as a commandant in 1918. He joined the colonial service on 4 July 1920.

Colonial service
Wenner left for the Congo in 1920 as a colonial administrator at Lebo, Bas-Uélé, and then in the Sankuru region. He was appointed district commissioner, first class on 1 January 1929. He was district commissioner of Sankuru District, with headquarters at Lusambo from September 1931 to January 1932.

On 11 September 1940 Wenner succeeded Constant Wauters as commissioner of Lusambo Province. His position was renamed to governor in 1941. He left office on 9 June 1944, and was succeeded by R.P. Preys. In 1947 he was appointed governor of Équateur in place of Van Hoeck, the interim governor who had replaced Eugène J.F. Henry. In 1950 he was replaced by Luc Breuls de Tiecken.

Last years, death and legacy
Wenner was made a member of the Royal Order of the Lion on 8 April 1947. On 20 August 1949 he was promoted to commander of the order. On 17 April 1957 F. Wenner, honorary provincial governor of the Belgian Congo, was among the guests at the inauguration of the Franco-Belgo-Luxembourgeoise tourism exposition. Wenner died in 1964. He had two children, a daughter Sanki (1921–2001) and a son Jean-Paul (1930–2001). He made an important collection of African art, including the famous statue of Tulantshedy Matak, Kuba Regent, who lived in the 17th century. He exhibited this statue at the Antwerp exhibition of 1937 with 16 other royal Kuba statues.

title: François Wenner


text:
Geometry/Circles/Radii, Chords and Diameters

A circle is a set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a single point; that single point is called the centre of the circle and the distance between any point on circle and the centre is called radius of the circle.

http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/d/dd/Circle-2.png

Chord

a chord is an internal segment of a circle that has both of its endpoints on the circumference of the circle.
 * the diameter of a circle is the largest chord possible

Secant

a secant of a circle is any line that intersects a circle in two places.
 * a secant contains any chord of the circle

Tangent

a tangent to a circle is a line that intersects a circle in exactly one point, called the point of tangency.
 * at the point of tangency the tangent line and the radius of the circle are perpendicular


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/St. Mark's Pro-Cathedral (Hastings, Nebraska)

St. Mark's Pro-Cathedral (Hastings, Nebraska)

 * ... that Boston architect Ralph Adams Cram designed St. Mark's Pro-Cathedral (pictured) in Hastings, Nebraska?
 * ALT1:... that construction of St. Mark's Pro-Cathedral (pictured) in Hastings, Nebraska, was completed in 2001, 79 years after the cornerstone was laid?

Created/expanded by Farragutful (talk). Nominated by Orlady (talk) at 16:00, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Symbol possible vote.svg The bulk of the Architecture section is copied (at best, very close paraphrase) from source no. 4. This will need to be rewritten. Cmprince (talk) 11:32, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I've done some rewriting of the article, although I must note that it's difficult to describe architecture without using the esoteric terminology found in that cited source. I did find that having a photo of the church exterior made it easier to understand the description -- and thus convert parts of it into my own words. See how it looks now. --Orlady (talk) 18:36, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg Age and size check out. I copied one source each for the lead paragraph and one for the hook fact, and all sources check out. No QPQ needed for non-self-nom. No obvious problems with the image. And Orlady did a great job cleaning up the paraphrasing. Nice save! Cmprince (talk) 22:55, 17 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Beverley Knight

Upcoming additions
Just to let you guys know i'll be dramatically updated Beverley's page in the next couple of days. Ive almost completed her biography, and will be finishing off other little projects in the next day or two. Rimmers 21:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Category:Gay icons
In order for this person to remain in Category:Gay icons, the article needs to mention this "fact" and cite reliable sources to support it. What's said about "Tyrone Jamison" may support this. But, we need a notable source to use the actual term to describe her. Otherwise, it's original research. --Rob 17:07, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * When I get around to it, I'm going to be adding a new section entitled philanthorpy which will include info about all her charitable work (and how its reflected in her lyrics). The section will make her links to the gay community explicit...I just need to get around to writing it! Rimmers 00:49, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, sounds great. --Rob 00:52, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

"Under construction"
I've just added the UC tag to the creativity section of the article; I've been meaning to expand it for weeks now, so I'm finally getting around to it. Over the next couple of days I'll be adding a few new sub-sections - Stage personna and Lyrical inspiration.

I've been researching for another section dealing with her personal life too - which will cover religion, philanthropy, Tyrone Jaimson and a few other areas; hopefully should get that done by next weekend! Rimmers 20:26, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Date of birth
There is an ongoing 'editing war' regarding Beverley Knight's year of birth. I favour 22 March, 1972, but 1973 has it's fans. Anyone care to supply some hard evidence to support either, or even an alternative date ?Derek R Bullamore 23:21, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It's 1973.

 * For example, here is an extract from the biog on her official site: "It’s hard to believe that Wolverhampton born Knight has been recording for over 10 years. “I’m 32 now – 33 the week the album (Voice - The Best of Beverley Knight) comes out!"

 * So for her to have turned 33 earlier this summer she will have been born in 1973. Rimmers 16:44, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

X Factor
She called Simon Cowell a "puppet master" and she'd like to give the contestants "real music advice, not TV advice". She also mentioned "I couldn’t sit next to Cheryl Cole and hear her tell someone how great they are, while I’m sat there thinking, No you’re not”

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:48, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Name
Surely there should be some mention that on at least four releases the name was spelt "Beverly Knight". Those listed at Discogs are:- Skinsmoke (talk) 11:45, 17 January 2012 (UTC)
 * 2005 - Aphrodite and Beverly Knight - Sometimes (image shown)
 * 2005 - Beverly Knight - Keep The Fire Burning (Howarth's House Mix) (no image shown)
 * 2008 - Hajj and Emanuel ft Beverly Knight and Bryan Chambers - The Pressure (image shown)
 * Unknown year - Beverly Knight and Family Love - Never Give Him Up (image shown)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090712044113/http://www.beverleyknight.com:80/2009/03/hi-its-me-bev to http://www.beverleyknight.com/2009/03/hi-its-me-bev/

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Update
"She is planning her American debut sometime in 2015." looks out of date. It's now well into 2017. —DIV (<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:41, 21 April 2017 (UTC))
 * Also, the "2013" and "2015–" sections/headings need to be fixed up. E.g. What happened to 2014?
 * —DIV (<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:47, 21 April 2017 (UTC))

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Lead too long and detailed
It seems to me that the lead is too long and detailed. See Manual of Style/Lead section. Jontel (talk) 11:48, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

2018 and 2019
I find it hard to believe that Beverley Knight was completely inactive during 2018 and 2019. Currently, her page has a noticeable gap between 2017 and 2020. Surely this should contain something? I don't follow Knight closely enough to fill it without a deal of research, surely someone can flesh this out? – Dyolf87 (talk) 14:05, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beverley Knight


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Homosexual interpretations of Batman

The result of the debate was  delete . Wait a minute, I can't see why we can't have this as a redirect. Johnleemk | Talk 16:05, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Homosexual interpretations of Batman

 * Delete This section of the Batman article has been agreed upon by a number of editors and has withstood attack as well as suggestions it be removed, for over a year now. The consensus has consistently been that it would be against the rules to remove the material to its own article since it is against policy to get rid of provocative material in this fashion. The argument that the article is too long is spurious on its face: for example, today's featured article Sun is 51K long, while the Batman article is only 44K long, and there are other sections that could be spun off if so desired. Haiduc 02:29, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Delete There is no reason for this to have its own article. Carlo 02:41, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep — Well written article with plenty of references. Should have found the Batman talk page earlier. Merge it back into Batman.
 * It's a disputed fork from the main Batman article. Delete this fork and keep the information in the main Batman article, per consensus on the talk page.  -- E lkman - (talk) 03:50, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Although I am not as pessimistic regarding the intentions of the article's creator (I feel he/she/hir probably had good intentions), those reasons do not warrant the action taken. Therefore, delete this article and keep the information in Batman where it belongs. CaveatLectorTalk 04:01, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete and put it back where it came from. Fan1967 04:03, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete rubbish.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 04:38, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 05:20, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete this and keep the material in the Batman article per others. Hbackman 05:40, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete and keep the material in the Batman article -- Samuel Wantman 08:18, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Oliver Keenan 09:07, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge into Batman or Seduction of the Innocent. Robin Johnson 11:14, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Pretty funny, but merge back into Batman. Lankiveil 11:16, 20 March 2006 (UTC).
 * Err, delete POV fork. Keep content at Batman. CanadianCaesar The Republic Restored 11:42, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as a POV fork. Jud e (talk,contribs,email) 11:56, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. It could use some rewriting to make it more encyclopedic, but it's a reasonable issue regarding a notable fictional character; although it might otherwise be better dealt with in the main article, this is already 44 kb, too long according to Article size. ProhibitOnions 12:59, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Pov magnet. Osomec 13:04, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV fork, nonsense. --Ter e nce Ong 13:14, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep I think it's the begining of an article that will be strong enough to stand on it's own merits. -- Ipstenu 14:38, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, since this information is already doing fine in the Batman article. I'm not convinced there's much more to say than is already there. -- Mithent 14:39, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete this and Keep the material in the Batman article. Well sourced description of a legitimate and widely-held point of view. No good reason for removing it from the Batman article has been articulated. Dpbsmith (talk) 14:54, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge it back or Keep. Material too good to throw away. --kingboyk 17:12, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect (merge and delete is banned per GFDL). Unless this was split out, in which case revert and delete. Just zis Guy you know? 18:32, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello, this isn't especially related to the issue at hand, but it is incorrect that the "merge and delete" option is "banned per GFDL." See this discussion between Rossami and DPB Smith; for methods of doing it, see this post. Regards — Encephalon 23:10, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect with Batman (not the entire article, just a brief summary). Catamorphism 19:44, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep. Sourced, verifiable, basically well written and intersting. Batman is 44K with this material, so breaking it out would be reasonable. I would not support reducing it to a brief summary in Batman - why take legit information out of the encyclopedia? BD2412  T 22:40, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep per BD2412 -- and I'm usually a mergist. --M @ r ē ino 02:24, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment. I believe the best thing to do is to have this information in the main article. There it presently resides, and sits very well with the rest of the article which provides it context, lacking in the fork. The (possiblly POV) fork has nothing that the version in the original article Batman doesn't—unsurprisingly, as it looks like it was simply removed from the original article. (An editor later reverted the deletion from the original, so this same text now lies in two pages). The removal accomplished little: it reduced the size by a miniscule 4k. Furthermore, Batman is a Featured article: part of its value is that it includes this thoughtful, well-written section on an interesting subject, the sort of commentary that is sorely lacking in most comic and pop-culture type articles on WP. Deleting the section is therefore a poor choice, IMHO: we damage a featured article by removing one of its most interesting sections, and then place this well-written information to what amounts to a POV fork, where bereft of context it is distinctly suboptimal. All for the supposed benefit of reducing the article from 44kb to 40kb. If 44kb was a perfectly acceptable length for the FA director, then it ought to be perfectly fine for Wikipedia, I imagine. ;-) Therefore, delete Homosexual interpretations of Batman, please. There is no need to merge anything, as the text was originally at Batman (and still is, along with the pictures and references). The references in the original have to be sorted out by someone familiar with the article, though: there appear to be two sections. — Encephalon 23:03, 24 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Eugenia Trinchinetti

María Eugenia Trinchinetti (born 17 July 1997) is an Argentine field hockey player and part of the Argentina national team. She plays with the Argentina national field hockey team, winning silver medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Career
She won a gold medal at the 2019 Pan American Games.

title: Eugenia Trinchinetti


text:
Mylanta

Proper noun

 * 1) An antacid medication of aluminum and magnesium hydroxide.
 * 2) * 2003 April 6, David X. Cohen, "The Why of Fry", Futurama, season 5, episode 8, Fox Broadcasting Company
 * Philip Fry: I remember the square-dancing stomachs, although that might have been a Mylanta commercial.

title: Mylanta


text:
Babylonian revolts (484 BC)

The Babylonian revolts of 484 BC were revolts of two rebel kings of Babylon, Bel-shimanni (Akkadian: Bêl-šimânni) and Shamash-eriba (Akkadian: Šamaš-eriba), against Xerxes I, king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

Babylonia had been conquered by the Persians in 539 BC, but through the fifty-five years of Persian rule, the Babylonians had grown dissatisfied with their foreign overlords. Babylon's prestige and significance had diminished as the Persian kings did not become absorbed by the native Babylonian culture and continued to rule from capitals outside of Babylonia. Furthermore, the Persian kings failed in the traditional duties of the Babylonian king in that they rarely partook in Babylon's rituals (which required the presence of a king) and rarely gave cultic gifts in Babylonian temples. Babylonian letters written shortly before the revolt paint a picture of dissatisfaction and concern, as the Persians withdrew the income of Babylonian temple officials without explanation and tax pressures and exploitation of resources increased throughout Babylonia. It is possible that the revolts were not just motivated by a wish to re-establish an independent Babylonian kingdom, but that the revolts also had religious undertones, something which might connect them to a religious uprising somewhere in the Persian Empire written about in Xerxes's inscriptions.

The revolt began in July 484 BC, the fourth month of Xerxes's second year as king. The citizens of Sippar (north of Babylon) proclaimed Shamash-eriba as king of Babylon and he also took for himself the title king of the Lands. In the same month, a second rebel king, Bel-shimanni, was recognised in Borsippa and Dilbat (south of Babylon). Shamash-eriba was still in control of Sippar at this point, which means that the two rebels were contemporaries, either allies or, more likely, rivals. Bel-shimanni's revolt was brief, only lasting about two weeks, most probably either being defeated by Shamash-eriba or willingly giving up his claim and joining with the northern rebel. By September, Shamash-eriba was recognised not only in Sippar and Borsippa, but also in Kish and Babylon itself. The Persians defeated him in October and re-established control of Babylonia.

The extent to which Babylon and the Babylonians were reprimanded by Xerxes is unclear. Traditionally, historians have ascribed widespread destruction to the aftermath of the revolts, with Xerxes supposedly having greatly damaged the temples of Babylon and removing the Statue of Marduk, Babylon's main cult image, from the city. The veracity of such claims is unclear, as no evidence exists whatsoever of any damage being done to the cities of Babylonia in 484 BC. Other forms of retribution are evident from the historical evidence; the text archives of a majority of Babylonia's most prominent families end in 484 BC, suggesting targeted revenge against the supporters of the revolts. Additionally, the Persians appear to have worked on dismantling the religious hegemony Babylon held over Babylonia by encouraging the rise of local cults in other Mesopotamian cities, most notably in Uruk.

Background
The Neo-Babylonian Empire, the last great Mesopotamian empire to be ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia itself and the final and most spectacular era in Babylonian history, was ended through the Persian Achaemenid conquest of Babylon under Cyrus the Great in 539 BC. After its conquest, Babylon would never again rise to become the single capital of an independent kingdom, much less a great empire. The city, owing to its prestigious and ancient history, continued to be an important site, however, with a large population, defensible walls and a functioning local cult for centuries. The Babylonians worshipped the gods of the Mesopotamian pantheon and the citizens of Babylon above all others revered the god Marduk, the patron deity of the city. Though worship of Marduk never meant the denial of the existence of the other gods, it has sometimes been compared to monotheism.

Though Babylon did become one of the Achaemenid Empire's capitals (alongside Pasargadae, Ecbatana and Susa), retaining some importance through not being relegated to just a provincial city, the Persian conquest introduced a ruling class which was not absorbed by the native Babylonian culture, instead maintaining their own additional political centers outside of Mesopotamia. Since the new rulers did not rely on Babylon's significance for their continued rule, the city's prestige had been irreversibly diminished.

Although the Persian kings continued to stress Babylon's importance through their titulature, using the royal title king of Babylon and king of the Lands, the Babylonians became less and less enthusiastic in regards to Persian rule as time went on. That the Persians were foreigners probably had very little to do with this resentment; none of the traditional duties and responsibilities of the Babylonian kings required them to be ethnically or even culturally Babylonian; many foreign rulers had enjoyed Babylonian support in the past and many native kings had been despised. More important than a king's origin was whether they fulfilled their royal duties in line with established Babylonian royal tradition. The Persian kings had capitals elsewhere in their empire, rarely partook in Babylon's traditional rituals (meaning that these rituals could not be celebrated in their traditional form since the presence of the king was typically required) and rarely performed their traditional duties to the Babylonian cults through the construction of temples and giving of cultic gifts to the city's gods. As such, the Babylonians might have interpreted them as failing in their duties as kings and thus not having the necessary divine endorsement to be considered true kings of Babylon.

Babylon revolted several times against Persian rule in an attempt to regain its independence and the revolts of 484 BC against Xerxes I were not the first time the city rebelled. Xerxes's father and predecessor Darius I ((r. undefined – undefined)522–486 BC) faced the rebellions of Nebuchadnezzar III (522 BC) and Nebuchadnezzar IV (521 BC), both of whom claimed to be sons of Nabonidus, Babylon's last independent king.

Historical evidence and chronology
The Babylonian revolts against Darius are easily dated to 522 and 521 BC due to the number of contemporary sources. The revolts of Nebuchadnezzar III and Nebuchadnezzar IV were part of a wider series of uprisings throughout the Persian Empire due to unrest and dissent following the deaths of Persian rulers Cambyses II and Bardiya. The large number of uprisings were only suppressed by Darius with great difficulty and as a result his victory widely commemorated in texts and monuments.

Although there was contemporary dissent within the Persian Empire in the 480s BC as well, notably an ongoing revolt in Egypt, the resistance against Persian rule was not as widespread as it had been forty years earlier. Perhaps as a result of this, the Babylonian revolts against Xerxes were not as widely commemorated as those against Darius I. There are no known documents or monuments made by Xerxes that speak of his Babylonian victory and no contemporary Babylonian chroniclers recorded the events of the year. No known later Babylonian documents reflect on what transpired either and though a handful of later Greek historians, such as Herodotus, wrote of a Babylonian uprising against Xerxes, they appear to have lacked precise knowledge of the events that transpired and their dates.

In general, evidence in regards to the revolts is sparse and whether all of historical evidence traditionally associated with them is actually related and how it fits together is unclear. The most important evidence are contemporary Babylonian documents that date themselves to the reign of the rebel kings of 484 BC; Bel-shimanni and Shamash-eriba, confirming the existence of the rebels, their names, and their revolt against Persian rule. In addition to these documents, the Daiva inscription by Xerxes, which records the suppression of a religious revolt somewhere in his empire, could be a reference to the revolts, though the inscription does not specify where the revolt took place or who partook in it. Other evidence comes in the form of the works of later Greek and Roman historians. Herodotus wrote that Xerxes captured Babylon after an uprising and removed a statue from the Esagila (Babylon's main temple) as punishment. The Greek historian Ctesias (typically considered unreliable) wrote that Xerxes dealt with two different Babylonian revolts on two separate occasions, the first one being defeated by his general Megabyzus and the second one being defeated by Xerxes himself. The Greco-Roman historian Arrian wrote that Xerxes faced a Babylonian revolt on his way back from Greece in 479 BC and punished the Babylonians for their uprising by closing the Esagila.

As Babylonian tablets do not record years in relation to anything other than the first year of a king, the tablets dated to the reigns of Bel-shimanni and Shamash-eriba do not in of themselves provide enough evidence to determine when their revolts took place. As the tablets are dated to the summer months, one method to determine when the revolts took place would be to examine which of the regnal years of Xerxes are missing tablets dated to the summer. However, several different possibilities are then available as there are no known tablets dated to Xerxes's reign from the summers of 484 BC, 479 BC, 477 BC, 475 BC, 473 BC, 472 BC, 468 BC or 466 BC.

The first attempt to date Bel-shimanni and Shamash-eriba was made by Arthur Ungnad in 1907, who suggested that they had rebelled during the late reign of Darius I or early reign of Xerxes. He based this on the names of the people mentioned in the legal contracts dated to the two rebels, since these figures were also mentioned in legal contracts written during the reigns of Darius and Xerxes. Based on information contained in the tablets recognising Bel-shimanni, was in 1934 confidently able to pinpoint his reign to Xerxes's second year as king (484 BC).

In 1941, George Glenn Cameron suggested that Shamash-eriba's revolt had taken place in Xerxes's fourth year (482 BC), coinciding with Xerxes supposedly dropping the title king of Babylon. In 1992, Pierre Briant proposed that a better fit would be Xerxes's sixth year (480 BC), since a rebellion in Babylon could help explain why Xerxes mismanaged his ongoing war in Greece. Shamash-eriba's uprising also taking place in 484 BC was not suggested until 2004 by Caroline Waerzeggers, who partly based her date on the archival context of several of the contracts dated to his reign and evidence from previously unpublished cuneiform material. John Oelsner examined her evidence in 2007 and also agreed with 484 BC as the most probable date. Since 2007, 484 BC has been the near-universally accepted date for both revolts. Further evidence examined since then, such as an abrupt end to many Babylonian archives in 484 BC, makes it clear that something remarkable occurred during this year.

Reconstruction of events
Through examination of the cuneiform evidence, it is possible to approximately reconstruct the events of 484 BC. It is apparent that the Babylonians were dissatisfied with Persian rule; preserved letters from the Babylonian city of Borsippa, written shortly before 484 BC, suggest a generally worried atmosphere in the city. The incomes of the city's temple officials had been withdrawn by Persian officials without any explanation. Although it is unclear whether this type of sudden and unexplained interference by imperial authorities was restricted to Borsippa or widespread throughout Babylonia, it might have been what allowed the rebel leaders to gather significant enough support to revolt. In addition to this specific example, tax pressures and a general exploitation of Babylonian resources had gradually increased throughout the reign of Xerxes's predecessor, Darius. As the Babylonian establishment was closely linked to religious matters and the Daiva inscription refers to a religious revolt, it is possible that the Babylonian revolts were religious in nature.

The contents of Babylonian text archives deposited in 484 BC prove the existence of a large interconnected network of urban elites throughout Babylonia prior to the revolts. Texts deposited in the archives of different families and individuals overlap significantly in style and several figures appear in texts from different archives, proving the existence of inter-personal relationships among Babylonia's elites. These archives implicate several figures as supporters of Bel-shimanni's and Shamash-eriba's revolts, including the governor (šākinṭēmi) of Babylon itself, prebendaries of temples in Sippar (with frequently mentioned figures being the archive owners Marduk-rēmanni and Bēl-rēmanni) as well as the powerful Ša-nāšišu family, which controlled the most important religious and civic offices of both Babylon and Sippar in the reign of Darius. Caroline Waerzeggers identified the Ša-nāšišu family in the years leading up to 484 BC as "ideally positioned to facilitate coordinated action".

Though contemporary Babylonian documents offer little in regards to events transpiring at a political stage, they can be used to establish a sequence of events as they allow researchers to determine which cities recognised the rule of Bel-shimanni and Shamash-eriba and on what days their rules were recognised. After the death of Darius, Xerxes's rule was initially accepted in Babylonia, despite mounting unrest in the region and an ongoing revolt in Egypt. In the fourth month of Xerxes's second year as king, July 484 BC, the citizens of the city of Sippar proclaimed Shamash-eriba, of unclear origin, as king. He took the title king of Babylon and of the lands. Shamash-eriba's proclamation as king, though he did not yet control Babylon itself, was the first open act of revolt from the Babylonians since the uprising of Nebuchadnezzar IV in 521 BC. Tablets recognising Bel-shimanni in Borsippa and Dilbat, cities south of Sippar, are known from just ten days after the earliest tablets recognising Shamash-eriba. As most Babylonian names did, the names of both rebels incorporate the names of Mesopotamian deities. Shamash-eriba's name incorporates the deity Shamash, a sun god and the patron deity of Sippar (where Shamash-eriba's rebellion began). Bel-shimanni's name incorporates Bêl, meaning "lord", a common designation for Marduk.

As Shamash-eriba was still recognised by the citizens of Sippar at this point, there was suddenly two contemporary Babylonian rebels. Though both fought against the Persians, Waerzeggers speculated in 2018 that they, as rival claimants, might also have fought against each other. As the ruler of Sippar, Shamash-eriba's revolt initially gained ground in northern Babylonia whereas Bel-shimanni power-base was south of Babylon, in Borsippa and Dilbat. Nothing is known of the background of either of the rebel leaders. Caroline Waerzeggers suggested a number of possibilities in 2018, writing that the most likely possibilities were that they were army officers, local governors or religious leaders. As their names are Babylonian, both were probably native Babylonians.

As tablets dated to the reign of Bel-shimanni only cover a period of about two weeks, it is clear that his reign was terminated through some means and Shamash-eriba later remained as the only contender facing Xerxes. Bel-shimanni might have been defeated by Shamash-eriba or willingly merged his uprising with that of his northern contender. Halfway through September, the cities of Sippar, Babylon, Borsippa and Kish are known to have supported Shamash-eriba's rule. As no documents recognise Shamash-eriba's rule after October, it is likely that the Persians defeated him in that month.

Aftermath
Though the revolts themselves were only brief interruptions of Persian dominion, their aftermath saw large-scale and significant changes to political institutions and society in Babylonia as the Persians cemented their control of the region.

Xerxes as a "destroyer of Babylon"
It is disputed and unclear whether Xerxes's response in Babylonia was measured or violent and what its long-term effects were on Babylonian society. The orthodox view, most clearly expressed by George Glenn Cameron in 1941 and Franz Marius Theodor de Liagre Böhl in 1962, is that Babylon was harshly reprimanded, with Xerxes ruining the city, taking away the Statue of Marduk (Babylon's main cult image of Marduk), which in turn prevented the celebration of Akitu (the Babylonian New Year's festival, which required the statue's presence), splitting the large Babylonian satrapy ("Babylon-and-across-the-River") into two smaller provinces, and removing the title king of Babylon from his royal titulature. Other researchers, such as Hans-Jörg Schmid in 1981, further embellished the details of this supposed retribution, considering it possible the Esagila was destroyed and that the river Euphrates was diverted.

Evidence to support Xerxes unleashing heavy retribution upon Babylon include that Daiva inscription, which supposedly encapsulates Xerxes I's intolerant religious policy, as well as the decreasing number of clay tablets from Babylonia after his reign, perhaps illustrating the region's decline. Other researchers, such as Amélie Kuhrt and Susan Sherwin-White in 1987, consider the ideas forwarded by Böhl and others as being "based on a careless reading of Herodotus combined with incomplete Babylonian evidence and an implicit wish to make very disparate types of material harmonize with a presumed “knowledge” of Xerxes’ actions, policies and character".

The primary evidence that the Statue of Marduk was removed from the Esagila comes from Herodotus, but the relevant passage in his text only reads that the "statue of a man" was removed, with no indication that this is supposed to be the statue of the god. Xerxes cannot be responsible for suspending the Babylonian Akitu festival since the festival had already been suspended for quite some time before Xerxes became king. Furthermore, the title king of Babylon was not abruptly dropped by Xerxes, who continued to use it (albeit less often) in the years after the Babylonian revolts. There is even evidence that Xerxes's successor, Artaxerxes I, used the title at times. The gradual disappearance of the title might reflect the stabilisation of the Persian Empire into a more integrated political unit, rather than some instant punishment against Babylon. Following re-assessments in the 1990s, most modern scholars agree that viewing Xerxes as the "destroyer of Babylonian temples" would be erroneous and based on uncritical misreadings of classical sources alongside an attempt to forcefully fit sparse Babylonian references into the hypothesis.

The lesser number of clay tablets from the reign of Xerxes and later might be attributable not to Persian oppression but to a multitude of other factors, such as accidents, the appearance of new forms of recordkeeping and new writing technologies or the further spread the Aramaic language. The ruins of major cities in Babylonia show no evidence of having suffered any destruction whatsoever in the 480s BC.

End of the Babylonian archives
The Neo-Babylonian Text Corpus is a collection of documents and texts which document the history of Babylonia under Assyrian, Babylonian and subsequent Persian rule. Two-thirds of the large number of tablets were deposited in a single year, 484 BC. The texts are relatively decentralised and organic in content up until documents written in 484 BC, which are more homogenised and politicised. This suggests widespread support of Bel-shimanni and Shamash-eriba among many of the authors. Caroline Waerzeggers wrote in 2004 that the archives were probably abandoned (or otherwise deposited) in the aftermath of the revolts, possible as the result of Persian intervention as an effect of targeted revenge against those who supported the revolts. Those archives that continue beyond 484 BC were written by local clients of the Persian governing elite in Babylonia, such as managers and caretakers of estates owned by Persian landlords. Many of them were of rural origin, tied to the Persian state through its systems of governance.

In contrast, those whose archives cease in 484 BC were overwhelmingly people who lived in the cities, their ideology not rooted in their relationship to the new Persian overlords but to the political tradition of Babylonia in the form of the country's temples and cities; urban institutions had been established long before the Persian conquest and were run by a small number of families intimately connected through status, education, employment and marriage. Most of the closed archives are from the main rebel centers of 484 BC; Babylon, Borsippa and Sippar, whereas surviving archives are mainly from cities such as Ur, Uruk and Kutha, which may not have supported the uprising. The contrasting origins and status of the people whose archives survived 484 BC and those whose archives did not point to a clear political division between the two groups. Waerzeggers argued in 2004 that the former group represented a pro-Babylonian faction aspiring to overthrow Persian rule whilst the latter represented a pro-Persian faction content with Persian dominion. The end of the archives coincides with the disappearance of elite families with roots in Babylon from southern Babylonia, suggesting that the Persian retribution at least partially focused on dismantling what remained of the pro-Babylonian faction in the aftermath of the revolts. It is probable that repercussions against these individuals was not limited to just closing their archives and probably reflected the removal of previously enjoyed privileges in several areas.

The end of the archives does not appear to have been unexpected for their owners. The most precious and valuable types of tablets, such as property deeds, are not found among the contents of the corpus, the owners probably having taken these with them.

Religious reorganisation of Uruk
It is unclear whether the city of Uruk supported the 484 BC revolts. No evidence exists that any city in southern Babylonia supported the revolts, but this might be attributable to poor documentation, since it is clear that cities in the south suffered from the effects of Persian retribution in the aftermath of Shamash-eriba's defeat. Evidence from Uruk in particular demonstrates that the city experienced a dramatic series of societal changes in 484 BC.

By 484 BC, a small number of prominent families of Babylonian origin had dominated the local politics of Uruk for generations. These were all driven out from the city after the end of the revolts and replaced with a new group of locals. As noted by Waerzeggers and Karlheinz Kessler in 2004, this shift in the elites of the city had considerable effects on local culture and politics as the new families implemented their own cultural and political programs separate from those of Babylon. Perhaps most dramatically, the city's most prominent place of worship, the Eanna temple, was closed and dismantled; replaced with new temples and new theological leanings distinct from those that had previously been imposed through influence from Babylon. The most prominent of these new temples were the Rēš and the Irigal (or Ešgal), both of which would survive for centuries thereafter.

By this time, Uruk's principal deities were the goddesses Ishtar and Nanaya, typically described in inscriptions as the "owners" of Uruk's primary temples. In the aftermath of the Babylonian defeat, Ishtar and Nanaya were replaced at the top of the local pantheon by the god Anu, with the city's civic religion being reorganised into a nearly hegemonic cult of this god. Evidence for Anu's rise include the shift of naming patterns to names that more frequently incorporate Anu, as well as Anu from 484 BC onwards being described as the owner of Uruk's temples instead of Ishtar and Nanaya.

Anu had been important in Uruk for some time but was also the ancestral head of the Mesopotamian pantheon. His rise to the top of the pantheon at Uruk might have been a symbolic assertion by the city to counter the central religious authority of Babylon. A collection of texts describing the Esagila and rituals dedicated to Anu in Uruk might be an example of the priests of Uruk being influenced by the priests dedicated to Marduk in Babylon, meaning that they might have viewed their new main temple, the Rēš as a counterpart to the Esagila in Babylon. Architecturally, the Rēš was very similar to the Esagila and in cuneiform signs, its name was inscribed as É.SAG, conspicuously similar to the rendering of the Esagila's name, É.SAG.ÍL.

Paul-Alain Beaulieu believes that it is possible that Anu's rise was either imposed or encouraged by the Persians in the aftermath of the defeat of the Babylonian revolts. Persian authorities might have perceived the cult in Uruk as a counterweight to the religious hegemony exerted by Babylon. Encouraging the new elite families of Uruk to create a renewed local civic cult independent of the theology advocated by Babylon might have been a step in working against unity among the Babylonian cities.

title: Babylonian revolts (484 BC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Scott (playwright)

The result was   delete. Article's subject is found to not be notable. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 01:41, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Robert Scott (playwright)

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:CREATIVE. Notability claim seems to hinge on awards and reviews. The AASCA gives an award to every qualifying play performed at the festival. The Short+Sweet Wildcard award is for a single night of a multinight festival (and winning is sourced to a WP:SPS, the festival's site doesn't seem to bother listing it.) The reviews listed in the opening are from a university paper, the NODA website (doesn't mention Scott), and PlaysToSee, which is a user-submitted review site and thus not significant. Other references uses: APP.com (Asbury Park Press) is just a single-sentence passing reference. Goarticles.com appears to be a self-publishing platform, and thus a WP:SPS. Other sources are subject's own theatre group and band. Nat Gertler (talk) 03:35, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

I'm sorry. This was my first edit and this morning I have noticed it's now up deletion. Thanks for the message above although I still comfused to what I have done. What is it you would like me to do to rectify the problem to keep this page? What evidence would suffice? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Playsthething (talk • contribs) 08:00, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Newspaper sources have now been added. What else do you think will help save the page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Playsthething (talk • contribs) 08:48, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Arts-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:42, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of United Kingdom-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:42, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:42, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 13:43, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Fair point about the AASCA and I agree that maybe this should be removed. (Which I have done). I don't understand where you've got The Short+Sweet festival site doesn't bother listing it. I've just found it withing 30 seconds. The NODA review doesn't mention Scott but it is about his play. It is cited under the fact that reviews have given special mention to particular lines. I'm also a little confused as the writer above is. What exactly is regarding as a submittable review. If NODA doesn't count as it doesn't mention a name, playstosee isn't notable enough, a university one doesn't count then we aren't leaving much option except newspapers. (Which I note have been added since my article was put in for deletion) Ashbury park press only gives one line - but it's still a line which backs up the point he is working with this particular group. Whether it is one line or a page it still backs the point up. Also in the case of this particular point, the play is scheduled this month and so maybe there will be more information available then. I'm also not sure about goarticles.com. Why doesn't this count? I'm not trying to be rude, far from - I just want more clarification into why some of these don't count. How is this self promotion?

I have also added several more cites. One for IMDB as I've noticed when reading about articles for deletion that IMDB is a credible source. I hope this helps in resolving the matter. I also ask with the writer above for advice on how to improve this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JackHowardFacts (talk • contribs) 15:14, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * First off, my apology for missing the listing at Short+Sweet; I'd made the mistake of searching for Robert Scott rather than the play name, and thus missed this page... but as that page makes clear, the awarding of a wildcard slot is just means it was the play from that day's performances that was chosen to move on to the finals, it is not an award across the entire festival.
 * My discussion above is about the notability of the subject as demonstrated by the sources. So the APP sources is perfectly acceptable as a source for information, but being mentioned in one sentence does not indicate any real notability, it's not what we call significant coverage. We also consider self-published sources (including ones done through some sort of automatic publishing system without presumed editorial control) not to be real indicators of notability, because any one person with no real weight behind them can post them. (Also, if you click on these words right here, you'll see an explanation that we absolutely bar self-published sources from being used in biographies of living people (with the exception of the subject making noncontroversial claims about themself.) That's what the Goarticles source qualifies as, a self-published source. The question of whether NODA counts goes to trying to establish notability under the guidelines for notability of creative folks such as authors, to see if they qualify under #3: "The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work. In addition, such work must have been the subject of an independent book or feature-length film, or of multiple independent periodical articles or reviews." NODA does not appear to be a periodical. I hope that this clarifies some of what I was saying above for you. --Nat Gertler (talk) 16:46, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Thank you for your feedback. I have edited the page and taken out go-articles as I now understand what you mean. I've also added a significant number of newspaper articles for more notability. (Also as earlier mentioned I have added IMDB notability too). Hope this helps. JackHowardFacts (talk) 14:54, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

More notability given by online newspapers and magazines. JackHowardFacts (talk) 15:24, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If there is a case to be made on notability, it's in the Derby Telegraph material. Many of the other items added are simply event listings, which are fine for showing that something exists but doesn't show it's of import. IMDb listings are understood not to confer notability, as they are a database and seek to list everyone with a credit on projects within their purview. (Also, its ability to have users submit information keeps it from being considered a proper reliable source.) I have not yet taken the time to look into the Telegraph to see if this is a regional paper that carries some weight, or just a local paper doing a "hometown boy makes good" type of story. (I would appreciate any fellow experienced Wikipedia editors taking the time to voice their views on that.)
 * I also find curious the number of editors whose edits seem to have focused solely on Robert Scott. I would like to recommend that such editors review Wikipedia's guidelines on conflicts of interest, and if a conflict does exist, that the editors declare their conflict. --Nat Gertler (talk) 18:02, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sing! 11:27, 16 February 2015 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 01:14, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inflated, and poorly sourced. I do not see notability per our guidelines here. Drmies (talk) 03:39, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete If the company he runs (Medusa Theatre group) were written up, or if he or one of his plays was written up in a newspaper other than the hometown Derby Telegraph,  or if he had lengthy profiles on the pages of theaters more notable than the Medusa (the small company theater he apparently helped establish in Derby in 2011) then...  but as is, not.E.M.Gregory (talk) 21:18, 27 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:US Quadball

Untitled
I edited some of the grammar and wording in the lead and history sections for better comprehension. The History section is still very confusing because the original content isn't very clear, and not well cited. It also makes NO REFERENCE TO HARRY POTTER and needs to give better information regarding that, and it's logistical formation and the actual USQ. Thend15 (talk) 18:02, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Dylford17 (talk) 16:25, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

I am slightly confused about the fact that this page mentions US Quidditch was founded in 2005? While I understand that quidditch as a real-life sport was founded in 2005, according to International Quidditch Association the Intercollegiate Quidditch Association was founded on November 11, 2007, was then renamed to International Quidditch Association in 2010, and then we saw the USQ/IQA split happening after the March 19, 2014 announcement. (See also International Quidditch Association.) So I think at most you could say USQ was founded in 2007, but I think it would be more honest to say it was founded in 2014, with it's predecessor being founded in 2007. Mostly, I just think the history part needs to be updated to split between the history of quidditch and the history of the IQA/USQ. MissTimeturner (talk) 05:25, 18 February 2017 (UTC)

Some proposed changes
US Quidditch does not refer to itself as United States Quidditch Association. Source: https://www.usquidditch.org/about/mission/ Mary Kimball is the Events Director. Jillian Flom is the Events Manager: https://www.usquidditch.org/about/leadership/. The current edition of the US Quidditch rulebook is 11. Source: https://www.usquidditch.org/about/rules/ Mary at US Quidditch (talk) 23:16, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

✅ Board of Directors also added to infobox.  Spintendo  ᔦᔭ   06:32, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

"Quadball was founded in 2005" is misinformation
Quadball was founded in July 20221.

1 "In July 2022, the new name of 'Quadball' was announced", Quidditch (real-life sport) Wallby (talk) 20:21, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:US Quadball