text:
Bacteria and the body

Welcome to the Bacteria-on-your-skin learning project.

This article over at Physorg.com noted that there are many more bacteria growing on the skin of healthy individuals than we previously knew. Included in the article are distributions of different bacteria on people's skin.

Estimating values from the article, it appears, on average: 50% of bacteria are "actinobacteria" then with a wide varibability between subjects are proteobacteria. On one subject, 24% of his or her bacteria was "other".

What are these different types of bacteria that probably grow on skin then?

Firmicutes
According to Firmicutes:

The Firmicutes are a division of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure. A few, the Mollicutes or mycoplasmas, lack cell walls altogether and so do not respond to Gram staining, but still lack the second membrane found in other Gram-negative forms. Others, such as Megasphaera, Pectinatus, Selenomonas, and Zymoph Actinobacteria. They have round cells, called cocci (singular coccus), or rod-shaped forms.

Many Firmicutes produce endospores, which are resistant to desiccation and can survive extreme conditions. They are found in various environments, and some notable pathogens. Those in one family, the heliobacteria, produce energy through photosynthesis.

The group is typically divided into the Clostridia, which are anaerobic, the Bacilli, which are obligate or facultative aerobes, and the Mollicutes. On molecular trees the first two groups show up as paraphyletic or polyphyletic, as do their main genera, Clostridium and Bacillus. It is likely these groups will undergo revision.

Firmicutes play an important role in beer, wine, and cider spoilage.

Researcher Jeffrey Gordon and his colleagues found that obese humans and mice had a lower percentage of a family of bacteria called Bacteroidetes and more Firmicutes. But they are not sure if Firmicutes cause obesity or if people who are obese grow more of that type of bacteria.

While there are currently more than 274 genera within the Firmicutes phylum, Notable genera of Firmicutes include... Wow. Not having advanced training in biology, that is way over my head. Let's break it down...

Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria are classified as bacteria that retain a crystal violet dye during the Gram stain process. Gram-positive bacteria will appear blue or violet under a microscope, whereas Gram-negative bacteria will appear red or pink. The difference in classification is largely based on a difference in the bacteria's cell wall structure. Okay, so what?

In the original bacterial phyla, the Gram-positive forms made up the phylum Firmicutes, the name now used for the largest group. It includes many well-known genera such as Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Clostridium. It has also been expanded to include the Mollicutes, bacteria like Mycoplasma that lack cell walls and so cannot be stained by Gram, but are derived from such forms.

The actinobacteria are another major group of Gram-positive bacteria; they and the Firmicutes are referred to as the high and low G+C groups based on the guanine and cytosine content of their DNA. If the second membrane is a derived condition, the two may have been basal among the bacteria; otherwise they are probably a relatively recent monophyletic group. They have been considered as possible ancestors for the archaeans and eukaryotes, both because they are unusual in lacking the second membrane and because of various biochemical similarities such as the presence of sterols.

The Deinococcus-Thermus bacteria also have Gram-positive stains, although they are structurally similar to Gram-negative bacteria.

Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria may have a membrane called an S-layer. In Gram-negative bacteria, the S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane. In Gram-positive bacteria, the S-layer is attached to the peptidoglycan layer. Unique to Gram-positive bacteria is the presence of teichoic acids in the cell wall. Some particular teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, have a lipid component and can assist in anchoring peptidoglycan, as the lipid component is embedded in the membrane.

That still doesn't tell me a whole lot of useful information. That makes me wonder if learning about Firmicutes could give me any knowledge that can enhance my health, happiness or wellbeing.

Endospore
An endospore is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria from the Firmicute family. The primary function of most endospores is to ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress. They are therefore resistant to ultraviolet and gamma radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants. Endospores are commonly found in soil and water, where they may survive for long periods of time. Some bacteria produce exospores or cysts instead.

So this is what about 25% of the bacteria on my skin produce. I am morbidly fascinated.

Actinobacteria
50% of the bacteria on my skin might be actinobacteria... From Actinobacteria

The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. Most are found in the soil, and they include some of the most common soil life, playing an important role in decomposition of organic materials, such as cellulose and chitin. This replenishes the supply of nutrients in the soil and is an important part of humus formation. Other Actinobacteria inhabit plants and animals, including a few pathogens, such as Mycobacterium.

Some Actinobacteria form branching filaments, which somewhat resemble the mycelia of the unrelated fungi, among which they were originally classified under the older name Actinomycetes. Most members are aerobic, but a few, such as Actinomyces israelii, can grow under anaerobic conditions. Unlike the Firmicutes, the other main group of Gram-positive bacteria, they have DNA with a high guanine and cytosine concentration.

Interesting things to note: some produce spores, and some decompose organic material.

Proteobacteria
Perhaps, an estimate of around 25% of the bacteria on our skin may be proteobacteria.

Proteobacteria says: The Proteobacteria are a major group of bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable genera. Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, and is named for the Greek god Proteus (also the name of a bacterial genus within the Proteobacteria), who could change his shape, because of the great diversity of forms found in it.

All Proteobacteria are Gram-negative, with an outer membrane mainly composed of lipopolysaccharides. Many move about using flagella, but some are non-motile or rely on bacterial gliding. The last include the myxobacteria, a unique group of bacteria that can aggregate to form multicellular fruiting bodies. There is also a wide variety in the types of metabolism. Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic and heterotrophic, but there are numerous exceptions. A variety of genera, which are not closely related, convert energy from light through photosynthesis. These are called purple bacteria, referring to their mostly reddish pigmentation.

Gram-negative
From Gram-negative

Gram-negative bacteria are those that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol. Gram-positive bacteria will retain the dark blue dye after an alcohol wash, whereas Gram-negative bacteria do not. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain is added after the crystal violet, which colors all Gram-negative bacteria a red or pink color. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinctly different types of bacteria based on structural differences in their cell walls.

Many species of Gram-negative bacteria are pathogenic, meaning they can cause disease in a host organism. This pathogenic capability is usually associated with certain components of Gram-negative cell walls, in particular the lipopolysaccharide (also known as LPS or endotoxin) layer.

Interesting things to note
Many proteobacteria are pathogenic, gram negative, and RNA.

Conclusions and what I have learned
It is interesting to know that the various bacteria on my body have different classifications. I assumed this was the case considering my previous schooling but had no idea what they were or the different characteristics of each.

It would be interesting to know what the hygenic habits are of the participants of this study. When was their last shower? How clean do they keep their rooms. What sort of environments do they frequent. It seems using an ecological systems approach more data/insights could be gleamed about the methods of creating the most healthy environments. While all these individuals are "healthy" perhaps some of them have a sore throat more often than others or perhaps some have colds more often than the others.

This learning project is an experiment in Wikiversity for my own satisfaction and learning. Please, if you are interested, add to it, edit it, improve it etc.

title: Bacteria and the body


text:
Ted Mitchell

Ted or Tedd Mitchell may refer to:

 * Ted Mitchell (American football) (1905–1985)
 * Tedd L. Mitchell (born 1962), American physician and academic
 * Ted Mitchell (EastEnders), fictional character

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ted Mitchell


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Computing/2019 September 13

= September 13 =

After win 10 update, can't see files
The latest Windows 10 update (1903, OS Build 18362.356) basically reset everything, as if I had a new computer. Most seriously, File Explorer does not display any files. I know they're there because Notepad++ can access them. How do I get File Explorer to recognize the files? Thanks. --Halcatalyst (talk) 14:03, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I am 98% sure that Notepad++ uses CommonDialog Controls meaning that the Notepad++ Open file screen is using Explorer to display files.
 * If you hold down the Windows key, then tap the letter E and release the Windows key a new File Explorer window should pop up. Have you tried that? What happens? Can you make a screenshot or even a photo of the screen and upload it to a image sharing site like Imgur.com and share the URL here? You may also wanna try holding the windows key, pressing R and then releasing the Windows key. In the windows that pops up type the following: C:\ then press Enter.
 * Do you see the taskbar with the start menu button in the bottom of the screen? If not then explorer.exe needs to be restarted. Poveglia (talk) 16:02, 13 September 2019 (UTC) Poveglia (talk) 15:49, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Try pressing F5.  I've noticed this on some Win10 machines in the last week, mounting remote devices. They initially load an empty directory, but a refresh shows everything, as expected. Andy Dingley (talk) 15:57, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Good point I've seen the same thing happen on local but external USB drives and F5 fixed it. Poveglia (talk) 16:03, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

 * When you've had enough try this: https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=windows%207%20professional%20OEM&sprefix=windows+7+profe%2Caps%2C268 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:58, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
 * You misspelled "Linux". Poveglia (talk) 19:57, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Another fine alternative too. I recommend Q4OS. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:41, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

Thanks for your replies. Here’s the imgur URL: https://imgur.com/a/Re9gLAd

Windows E, C:\ and F5 continue to show empty. I do see the taskbar. --Halcatalyst (talk) 20:28, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

I poked around in Properties and found out that the empty directories were in c:\users\TEMP instead of c:\users\hal, where all is well. However, when I click on This PC, I get the empty folders again. How can I make File Explorer start at c:\users\hal rather than at TEMP? --Halcatalyst (talk) 21:26, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I am curious whether this has something to do with a corrupted user profile. Are you using a Domain Server in this setup, or is this a simple, standalone home system with Local Users? You may want to check the properties of the user profile. The web is full of tutorials on how to move or rename your home folder, such as this one; I would say that you should at least check the registry or user profile manager app, and see if it's somehow reassigned your profile's home folder (and others) to the wrong value? It's just a shot in the dark... Elizium23 (talk) 07:46, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

My first guess would be https://www.thewindowsclub.com/reset-folder-view-in-windows (and make sure to select "Show hidden files, folders and drives"). Poveglia (talk) 01:32, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

Convert PDF back to Latex
Is there a tool that can convert a PDF back to Latex? I've got a PDF of a thesis that was obviously created in some sort of a Latex program. It looks something like this, but the text is single-column, so I'm thinking it should be easier to change it back. I want to turn it into a reflowable format like DOC or EPUB to read it more easily since it's set in a very small font which makes for long rows that are hard to read. Obviously there's OCR and the text can be copy-pasted but I'd like to preserve the formatting too (with as little manual editing as possible). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:05, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

 * PDF supports including bitmaps, and if the equations were bitmaps, then OCR would be the only option. But I looked at the PDF file, and I'm glad to say those don't appear to be bitmaps. That is, they don't look pixelated when I zoom way in, and I can highlight the equations one character at a time. So, theoretically, you should be able to convert back to LATEX without using OCR, if you can just find the right program to do it. SinisterLefty (talk) 20:38, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Well yeah, the right program is what I'm looking for. Any ideas? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:39, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I googled "PDF to Latex" and there were quite a few options. Maybe try Inftyreader? What operating system are you on? Poveglia (talk) 01:42, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks, InftyReader converts very well, unfortunately the full version is too expensive for me and I've got 150 pages to process, so 5 pages per day in the trial version won't do. What other suggestions do you have? (I have Windows and Linux) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:35, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Google showed quite a few more options. Just search for "pdf to latex". Poveglia (talk) 03:07, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm surprised that it worked well. Last year when I did an automatic Word to TeX conversion (with another program), the results were unacceptable.  But if it works well, the one-year version is $45 US, so even if you use it only for that, it is amounts to 30 cents per page.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 17:05, 14 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Word to latex is much more difficult than latex-generated pdf to latex. Poveglia (talk) 03:02, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

Depending on how much work you're willing to do, if there isn't too much math you could use pdftotext and then hand-massage the output into something usable. Anything like equations will be garbled pretty badly and you'll have to format them yourself. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:01, 16 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
tennisman

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1)  A male tennis player.

Etymology
, from 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) a male tennis player

title: tennisman


text:
Talk:Spanish/Spanish One

Hi, I'm new to this, but I'm a Spanish teacher and I'd like to contribute to this portion of the site and perhaps help my students to participate in building it too. We could help set up vocabulary lists and preliminary grammar lessons.

I've got a preliminary vocab list up. I don't know much code, so maybe someone else could help make it look nicer. I'll keep adding to the vocab.Fturnertl 19:07, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

I'm also working on the flashcards. It would be nice to be able to introduce the vocab, link to a couple of activities and then link to the salón de clase flashcards (or whatever we should call them). It would be great if someone who knows code better than I could help with these. Ideally, we'd have Spanish on one side (it would be great if it had audio so that students could HEAR the word),English and/or an image on the flip side.Fturnertl 16:29, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Active?
So is this course active or not? Instead I would freeze it and offer another Spanish course of the same level.--Juan 15:23, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish/Spanish One


text:
Talk:Court Hill

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title: Talk:Court Hill


text:
Tourism/Introduction

This topic will assist you in developing an understanding of the many aspects of the tourism industry, and an appreciation of its place in the global and local economies.

This topic is used in:
 * International tourism

Learning support and certification
Formal learning support and certification services for this topic is offered by:

Introduction
Tourism is one of the world's fastest growing industries as well as the major source of foreign exchange earnings and employment for many developing countries.

World tourism demand continues to exceed expectations, showing resilience against extraneous factors. According to the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, released (November 2006):

 * In the first eight months of 2006 international tourist arrivals totaled 578 million worldwide (+4.5%), up from 553 million in the same period of 2005, a year which saw an all-time record of 806 million people traveling internationally.
 * Growth is expected to continue in 2007 at a pace of around 4% worldwide.

Tourism is vital to the well being of many countries, because of the income generated by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry and the opportunity for employment and economic advancement by working in the industry.

What defines tourism
The concept of tourism refers to the broad framework that identifies tourism’s essential characteristics and distinguishes tourism from similar, often related but different phenomena The two terms ‘travel’ and ‘tourism’ can be used in isolation or together to describe three concepts:

 * The movement of the people
 * A sector of the economy or an industry
 * A broad system of interacting relationships of people, their needs to travel outside their communities and services that attempt to respond to these needs by supplying products

 * International Tourism: Consists of inbound tourism, visits to a country by non-residents, and outbound tourism, residents of a country visiting another country
 * Internal Tourism: Residents of a country visiting their own country
 * Domestic Tourism: Internal tourism plus inbound tourism (the tourism market of accommodation facilities and attractions within a country)
 * National Tourism: Internal tourism plus outbound tourism (the resident tourism market for travel agents and airlines)

According to the WTO tourists are people who: “travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.”

Devised by WTO was endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission in 1993 following an International Government Conference held in Ottawa, Canada in 1991.

Before people can experience tourism they usually need at least:

 * 1) disposable income, ie. money to spend on non-essentials
 * 2) leisure time
 * 3) tourism infrastructure, such as transport and accommodation.
 * 4) Other factors such as health and motivation to travel are also important.

As a service industry, tourism has numerous tangible and intangible elements. Major tangible elements include transportation, accommodation, and other components of the hospitality industry. Major intangible elements relate to the purpose or motivation for becoming a tourist, such as rest, relaxation, the opportunity to meet new people and experience other cultures, or simply to do something different and have an adventure.

Following is a range of aspects to do with the tourism industry. Please feel free to expand the dot points with your own findings and research.

Structure and organization
The tourism industry is based on many different components and interrelated parts. For example, transport, accommodation, attractions, activities, marketing and government regulation. Many businesses span more than one sector and the impacts in one part of the tourism industry have significant implications for other sectors.

The tourism industry includes:

 * 1) those sectors which enable the tourist to travel to and from the destination (for example travel agents, airlines, bus companies, tour operators and rental car companies)
 * 2) those sectors which are part of the product at the destination (for example, accommodation, facilities and attractions)
 * 3) the human component of tourism (the labour force)
 * 4) public sector or government agencies, regional tourism organisations, professional associations and industry training organisations.

((Figure 4.1 P94 – Tourism,Principles,Practices, philosophies))

International Organisations
World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) is the most widely recognised and the leading international organisation in travel and tourism today. It is a specialised agency of the United Nations. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy and a practical source of tourism know-how. With its headquarters in Madrid, Spain the World Tourism Organisation plays a central and decisive role in promoting development of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism, with the aim of contributing to economic development, international understanding, peace prosperity and universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Its membership includes 150 countries and territories and more than 450 affiliate members representing local governments, tourism associations, educational institutes and private sector companies including airlines, hotels and tour operators.

Other international organisations which have a specialised interest in tourism include the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) which is a specialised agency of the United Nations and is concerned with the development of international civil aviation, and the International Governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation (IMCO) which is an inter-governmental organisation concerned with co-operation in sea transport.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is an association of airlines concerned with the development and regulation of the air transportation industry. Members comprise of approximately 80% of the world’s international airlines.

Regional International Organizations
The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) is a mix governmental and non-governmental bodies that work together to promote tourism industry professionalism in the Asia and Pacific area. http://www.pata.org

European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) this is a regional organisation with a specialised interest in tourism and concerned with co-operation and co-ordination of European airlines. www.ecac-ceac.org

European Travel Commission is a strategic alliance that provides for the collaboration between thirty-three European national tourism organisations. The commission’s goal is to attract customers from overseas markets to come to Europe through promotional campaigns and industry trade shows. www.visiteurope.com

National Organisations
Public (government) sector

The major reason for government involvement in tourism is concerned with the welfare of their citizens and the overall welfare of their country. This relates to areas such as economic stability, protection of natural resources, national security, public health and employment. Tourism activity can occur in all of these areas so governments are concerned that it is regulated and directed so as to ensure maximum benefit for the country and the negative factors are minimised.

The degree of control differs between each country. State organisations in the former Soviet Union had almost total control of tourism from the formation of policy to running the only travel agency Intourist, airline Aeroflot and over 40000 rooms.

The only remaining countries that still control tourism completely so that independent travel is impossible are North Korea and Turkmenistan.

In capitalist countries, the mix of private-sector and public-sector involvement in tourism varies considerably between each country.

The United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism in Rome in 1963 adopted the following resolution:

 * The Conference considers that it is incumbent on governments to stimulate and co-ordinate national tourist activities, convinced that this task can, in the main, be carried out through the medium of national tourist organisations.

Virtually every country in the world has a national body responsible for tourism. It can be part of a ministry, a constituted part of a government department or an organisation with a separate legal status. Generally the role of a NTO will be to ensure appropriate development and promotion of a nation as a tourism destination. This can include the following functions:

 * research
 * information and promotion within the country
 * overseas promotional activities
 * international relations
 * development of tourist areas
 * overall tourism policy and promotion
 * in supporting key tourism interests in a time of financial crisis

A list of NTO’s worldwide is found at http://www.towd.com For example:
 * Canadian Tourism Commission
 * Tourism New Zealand
 * Japan National Tourist Organisation

Local Authorities
Below the National Tourism Organisations, in most countries, there is often a complex web of organisations which complement the work of the NTO at the regional and local level. Their activities are often a scaled-down version of the NTO’s work at a regional level; they often implement national policy and pursue integrated activities with the NTO providing guidance.

((Presentation ‘Key elements of Tourism’ to be inserted here))

Direct elements of the Tourism Industry - Those areas of the tourism industry which come into direct contact with tourists
 * Sales
 * Accommodation
 * Transport
 * Activities
 * Attractions
 * Ancillary Services

Indirect elements of the Tourism Industry - Often called support sectors. Those parts of the tourism industry which may not come into direct contact with tourists, but without the rest of the industry could not function. Tourism, for some countries, is of almost importance. Countries such as Grenada etc.
 * Infrastructure
 * Roads
 * Airports
 * Communications
 * Public Toilets
 * Signs
 * Manufacturing
 * Building Industry
 * Electricity
 * Water supply
 * Sewerage and waste disposal

Water Transportation
Transport by water can be an attraction in itself whether you are travelling on a cruise ship in the Mediterranean or on a ferry between Wellington and Picton. Travelling by water has been more popular as tourists seek to avoid the frustrations of air travel with its airport delays, congestion and the lack of comfort in the air (unless travelling first class!). Cruising has undergone a revival and all forms of recreational pursuits on the water including yachting and jet boating have expanded to fulfil this demand.

Air
Advances in aviation technology has meant that travel by air is now relatively safe, economical, quick and reasonably comfortable. The development of the jet airliner after World War II to the first jumbo jet, the Boeing 747 in 1970 led to rapid falls in seat cost per passenger kilometre. The advances have continued with the Airbus ‘super jumbo’ A380 a double-decker aircraft seating between 550-800 passengers enters service in late 2007 with Singapore Airlines operating the aircraft on the London -Singapore – Sydney route.

A380 cabin cross section showing economy class seating

There are two basic type of air transport operation:

 * 1) Scheduled services
 * 2) Charter services

Scheduled services operate on defined routes, domestic or international, for which licences have been granted by the governments concerned. The airline must operate on the basis of their timetable regardless of the passenger loading.

Fully state owned carriers such as Singapore Airlines and the Emirates are known as the national flag-carriers. Even when the carrier has been privatised as in the case of British Airways the airline is still seen as the national flag carrier. Air New Zealand was privatised but after the 9/11 disaster 80 per cent of the carrier was returned into public ownership. Air transport is very important to the national economy of a country and a government will often assist in times of crisis.

Low Cost Airlines LCA’s or LCLF (low cost low fare) carriers has been a major development in scheduled services in the last decade. A total of 80 million people travelled on European no-frills carriers in 2004 up from 47 million in 2003. These airlines create a cost-competitive advantage by using some of the following means:

 * operate from secondary airports which have lower landing fees and are less congested allowing quicker turnarounds and more flights
 * operate on high density, short-haul routes with one class of seating
 * charge passengers for food, drink and entertainment
 * sell only via the Internet
 * tickets are inflexible – generally non-refundable
 * not operating frequent flying programmes and keeping airport passenger services to a minimum

Charter services do not operate according to a published timetable and so do not have to operate with uneconomical loadings. They are not advertised or promoted by the airlines themselves as they are usually charted by intermediaries – usually tour operators. Many charter flights are sold as part of a package holiday in which the price paid includes flights, accommodation and other services.. Such packages are frequently cheaper than regular schedule airline fares. Furthermore charter airlines frequently operate on routes, or to airports, where there is no scheduled service. Much of the traffic through small and medium sized airports in the United Kingdom consists of charter flights, and the survival of these airports often depends on the airline landing fees they get from the charter companies.

Although charter airlines typically carry passengers who have booked individually or as small groups to beach resorts, historic towns, or cities where a cruise ship is awaiting them, sometimes an aircraft will be chartered by a single group such as members of a company, a sports team, or to travel to a major event.

Many airlines operating regular scheduled services (i.e., for which tickets are sold directly to passengers) have set up charter divisions, though these have not always proved competitive with the specialist charter. In New Zealand, Freedom Air was established by the Mount Cook Group in response to the competition from the charter airline, Kiwi Air (went in to voluntary liquidation in 1996). Freedom Air now operates as a scheduled airline from smaller airports eg Dunedin and Hamilton. The economics of charter flights demand that the flights should operate on the basis of near 100% seat occupancy.

Land Transportation
Land transportation can be used for travelling from home to a host destination, within the destination and between the host destinations.

Motorcars

Tourists can use privately owned cars for independent and flexible holidays both domestic and international. They can take day excursions or longer trips. The explosion in private car ownership has changed the tourism industry by establishing a need for motels, bed and breakfasts, home stays, roadside cafes and car ferry services particularly in Europe.

The car rental business is divided into two categories, the large international companies e.g. Hertz, Avis, Budget and the small, locally based companies. The larger companies will have contracts with airports and railways maintaining a desk at the location for easier collection of vehicles, links with airlines and hotels, (some large hotel chains offering desk space in their reception area) and access to their business through a computer reservation system (CRS) and website.

Rail

Rail travel has declined in popularity because of the rise in ownership of private vehicles, the advent of jet aircraft and the failure of rail operators around the world to adapt to changing tourists needs. The Orient Express (www.orient-expresstrains.com), the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Tranz Alpine railway (www.tranzscenic.co.nz) are all well known for their sight seeing appeal and are attractions in their own right. Rail can provide efficient links between airports and city centres and can carry large numbers of passengers and luggage. E.g. London, Frankfurt, Paris and Rome. Trains often have an advantage over coach travel as they are a lot faster. Inter-city express services operate in Britain, Europe, U.S.A. and Japan. For rail travel within a city, tourists tend to travel by underground trains such as the ‘Tube’ in London, Le Metro in Paris and the ‘Bart’ in San Francisco, Hong Kong, Singapore, Rome and Prague also have their own underground rail systems. Tickets offering unlimited travel by train, marketed to inbound tourists and only sold prior to departure, have boosted sales of rail travel. These included Eurailpasses in Europe and Britrail pass in Britain.

Campervans

These are becoming increasingly popular both in New Zealand and overseas especially in the USA where more than 25 million Americans make use of them each year. While not cheap to hire, they have the advantage of flexibility and independence providing both transportation and accommodation.

Coach

Coach operations can be categorised as follows:
 * express coach services, domestic and international
 * private hire services
 * tour and excursion operations
 * transfer services

Greyhound in the USA is one of the most famous inter city express coach operators but must compete with budget airlines and AMTRAK rail services for its customers. In New Zealand, the Intercity bus service operates between major cities. Coaches can be hired by groups to travel to special events e.g. Millbrook concerts or for educational purposes e.g. tourism students educational tours. Escorted package tours are the most visible use of coaches in the travel industry where there is a combination of accommodation, sightseeing by coach and transportation between cities. E.g. Trafalgar Tours, Contiki Tours. The majority of coaching holidays are booked by the over-45s. City sightseeing tours for half-day or full-day are usually undertaken by coaches or mini-buses. They can be specialised coaches such as London’s double-decker buses or open-decked used in Auckland.

Transfers from airports to hotels are often by provided coach transportation especially when the distance makes the cost of travelling by taxi prohibitive. Some accommodation providers will also provide complimentary transfers by mini-coach or they will be included in the cost of the package holiday.

Accommodation
The accommodation sector provides an enormous variety of accommodation types to suit a wide range of visitors. Accommodation ranges from luxury 5 star hotels which provide facilities and services such as 24 hour room service, gyms, swimming pools etc. to camping grounds where the visitor is provided with a patch of ground on which to pitch a tent. Classification of different types of accommodation is very difficult as they can mean something different in another country. In the USA, the meaning for an ‘inn’ is hotel or motel style accommodation usually operated by a chain e.g. Holiday Inns. In Britain, and ‘inn’ would describe pub-style accommodation offering bed and breakfast style accommodation.

Grading Systems
There are many grading systems recognised by visitors and the accommodation industry. Grading Systems are used to encourage and ensure a consistency of quality.

Systems may be administered by public organisations or privately by organisations such as accommodation chains and franchises. The most recognisable of these grading systems is the “star” system where individual accommodation is rated depending on its levels of service, cleanliness, décor and facilities. For instance most people recognise that a 5 star hotel will have excellent service, be exceptionally clean and tidy with housekeeping staff on call 24 hours, have up to date, luxurious décor and have a wide range of facilities on offer. A 3 star hotel on the other hand will have fewer facilities, less luxurious décor and more limited service, e.g. a limited 24 hour room service menu instead of the entire restaurant menu.

While this “star” system is recognised internationally it is not administered at an international level, but rather at a national or in some cases regional level. This leads to inconsistencies as to what the star grades actually mean. Many national tourism organisations are now actively developing standardised grading systems and encouraging accommodation providers to allow their accommodation to be graded.

The benefits of this are:
 * 1) Visitors can easily choose accommodation which will suit their needs and budget, while being assured of quality.
 * 2) Accommodation providers have a clear understanding as to what standards are expected of them.
 * 3) Accommodation providers can use their rating on their promotional material.
 * 4) As more accommodation businesses join the grading scheme the over all quality of a destinations accommodation improves.
 * 5) This gives visitors an overall impression of the destination as one of quality.

New Zealand uses the Qualmark model to grade its accommodation. This model is recognised internationally and uses a Qualmark star grading of 1 to 5. Accommodation is rated by type:
 * Hotel
 * Backpacker
 * Holiday home
 * Holiday park
 * Student accommodation
 * Self contained & serviced
 * Exclusive

In the United Kingdom, accommodation is graded according to stars, diamonds or crowns. In the USA a 5 star hotel would be graded as ‘deluxe’ then to ‘first class’ to ‘superior’ and the minimum grading would be ‘tourist’ or ‘budget’.

Activities and Attractions
All destinations require features that will attract tourists to come and see and experience these activities and attractions. They can range from physical features; beauty of the mountains to the quality of a beach to activities such as jet boating down a river or shopping and entertainment.

Attractions can be categorised as either natural which includes mountains, geothermal areas, forests or constructed attractions which must be created and maintained. Examples of constructed attractions are amusement parks, museums and art galleries, wildlife parks, events, staged entertainment, cultural exhibitions, gardens and historical buildings.

Sales
Also known as the travel sector, sales involves the distribution of tourism products to the consumer through retail travel agents, tour operators and wholesalers. As already demonstrated the tourism product is diverse and includes transport, attractions/activities, accommodation and ancillary services. The sales sector is especially important in tourism because the customer and the service are geographically separated. For example, a customer in Brisbane may purchase the bulk of their Central Otago skiing holiday at home, before they leave, including: air tickets, transfers, hire car, hotel accommodation and ski passes.

The tourism product can be sold in a variety of ways:

1.The customer purchases directly from the supplier (principal) Many companies such as Air New Zealand are encouraging their customers to do this, especially for domestic flights. The growth in internet use and the ease of gaining information and booking via the web means more and more visitors are choosing to book tourism products themselves.

Advantages for the supplier are more profit as no commission has to be paid to intermediary, save time and reduce possibility of mistakes and supplier maintains control of sale e.g. a hotel could offer an upgrade to a suite to promote future business with customer. Disadvantages would be increased cost to supplier in establishing an office to promote their product and can antagonise intermediaries

2.The customer accesses the supplier through an intermediary Intermediaries include retail travel agents, conference planners and information offices (I-Site in New Zealand). Sometimes organisations usually considered to fall within the other sectors may also act as intermediaries e.g. a hotel booking guests into an activity and taking payment, or a tour company booking clients into accommodation. Intermediaries usually gain a commission of between 10 and 20% for making bookings.

An intermediary will provide a service that adds value for the traveller. For example, a travel agent may negotiate with an airline for special rates or conditions, or they may offer value in other ways such as providing specialised knowledge or a greater range of choices for itinerary planning. Travel agents may specialise in particular destinations, modes of travel or provide services for niche market segments.

3.The customer accesses the supplier through two intermediaries. Travel agents will often use wholesalers to book products for their clients. Wholesalers negotiate with suppliers and sell products such as all-inclusive tours. Many retail travel agencies have wholesaling arms e.g. the retail travel agency chain House of Travel has the wholesale arm Travel Plan.

Wholesale tour operators put together tours combining transport, accommodation, activities and in the case of fully inclusive tours ancillary services such as food etc. These tours are usually sold via a travel agent. Some tour operators do deal directly with the public i.e. Contiki.

The travel agents role is different to other retailers because they do not purchase a product for resale to their customers.

Commission

Travel agents and tour operators can earn their income from commission paid by the service provider they are representing, and not by the purchaser. Airlines are reducing the levels of commission they currently pay to agents making it necessary to sell more to make larger amounts of commission these days. Examples of commission rates to travel agents include 5-9% on international air tickets, 10% for a tour package, cruise or accommodation (this can be more depending on the preferred status held with the supplier), and 33% for travel insurance.

With the current changes to the commission system such as a single capped fee, direct booking over the phone or internet and e-ticketing, agents are working harder to make their commission. The focus on selling domestic fares is lower as there is very little to be made on these bookings now days and more concentration is taking place on the add-ons to the international flights.

Some travel agencies also generate income from bureau de change or traveller’s cheque operations. Traditionally, this has been a significant source of income for some major travel chains such as Thomas Cook and American Express. However, with electronic banking, direct booking and the introduction of the Euro, their income is also decreasing. It represents a saving for the consumers who are benefiting by saving on commission.

Ancillary Services

 * Otherwise known as support services.

ancillary services of tourism Ancillary Services are the 'Extras' of a holiday, such as; -Travel Insurance -Park/Event Tickets -Car Hire -Car insurance -Airport Parking -Money; Foreign Exchange -Luggage -Tour Guide -Chauffeur Service

These are the things you would need to complete your holiday, apart from booking your hotel and accommodation the ancillary's is what makes the holiday and are all the extra important pieces you would need to sort out. For example with travel insurance if your luggage is lost at the airport the travel insurance would cover that and help and secure you along the way of finding your luggage no matter what it took.

Car Hire/Insurance/Airport Parking all come under the same category, you would need to have a valid driver's license to drive over in a different country therefore if you was going somewhere, were you would need to travel to far distance places a car hire would be very reasonable and useful, then you would have to pay for the insurance on that car to use it abroad and pay for the parking at the airport.

Again if you are visiting different parks, in Florida maybe you would need to have a car to travel to all the different parks or events that might be happening on your holiday, therefore you would need to purchase your park/event tickets. Before you even go on holiday if it's an outbound holiday you would have to change your currency for example if you was going on holiday to Spain you would have to change pounds to euros or Florida; pounds to dollars. There are many different aspects to ancillary's which are very important and make up your holiday and make it secure and easier for you, if don't have many of these aspects covered especially if you know you need them to get through your holiday then you probably aren't going to get very far and if anything goes wrong.

Ancillary services refers to organisations that do not have a direct role in travel and tourism, but play a supporting role, perhaps offering related products and services. Example of a travel agency, the main products it sells are holidays and flights, but it will offer a wide range of ancillary services in order to provide a full service for its clients and earn extra revenue. Examples include insurance companies that offer travel insurance and car parks operators that provide parking facilities at airports as well as in other locations. Some other examples are:

•	luggage •	foreign exchange •	car hire •	luggage transportation •	theatre and event tickets •	tour guiding

The commission earned on the sale of these items is often higher than the travel agent receives for selling holidays and flights, so they are an important source of extra income. There are a growing number of companies that specialise in offering ancillary services to the travel trade and direct to the public. Selling extras is also an important source of income for tour operators.

Food and Beverage
One of the most important experiences while on holiday for a lot of travellers is the consumption of food and beverage, enhanced when the food and drink in question is exceptional and/or exotic which is often the case on holidays abroad.

Countries with well-established reputations for their food and drink have ensured that these attractions are promoted prominently in their tourism campaigns. Tours are now from New Zealand offering tuition in French cooking and the many food and wine festivals around the world attract both domestic and international tourists.

One of the most famous Festivals is Oktoberfest, held annually in Munich, Germany for 2 weeks. The Speights brewery tour in Dunedin is world renowned with tourists having to book in advance.

Research conducted by Tourism New Zealand has shown that ‘Interactive Travellers’ to New Zealand are especially interested in experiencing the country’s local food and wine.

The dominance in the UK and around the world of transnational corporations such as McDonalds, KFC and Burger King has changed the eating habits of travellers. The more unadventurous of tourists can now be comfortable eating food similar to the food at home. Research conducted by Tourism New Zealand has shown that ‘Interactive Travellers’ to New Zealand are especially interested in experiencing the country’s local food and wine.

Shopping
Shopping has become the number one activity of tourists in the world. Designer brand outlets are very popular destinations throughout the United States attracting millions of visitors each year from countries such as China, Brazil, and UK. Top US destinations include Orlando Premium Outlets, Woodbury Commons Premium Outlets, Las Vegas Premium Outlets and Desert Hills Premium Outlets near Palm Springs.

Shopping can be both an attraction and a basic facility which tourists will expect at a destination. This can include souvenir shopping or purchasing basic necessities such as shampoo. Products which identify with a destination are always popular. In New Zealand, anything to do with the kiwi is sold in huge numbers in Hawaii its pineapples and macadamia nuts.

Insurance
Insurance is a very important aspect of a tourist’s travel arrangements. Most policies will cover the following:

 * medical care and hospitalisation
 * personal accident
 * cancellation/curtailment of holiday
 * delayed departure
 * baggage loss
 * money loss
 * personal liability

The traveller must ensure that medical coverage is sufficient to meet their needs particular in countries where hospital care is very expensive. In the USA, costs in excess of $1 million are not uncommon for serious illnesses.

Foreign Transactions
The cost of an international trip can be substantial and often difficult to estimate in advance. Several factors can influence this with the key one being fluctuating exchange rates. Local taxes and tipping may be add-ons to prices that were not anticipated in advance. It is also important to consider the e cost of living between countries and how that contributes to the travellers perceptions of value.

An example of cost of living in countries would be those who want to travel to Scandinavia. The cost of living is very high especially when buying food. In somewhere like Bali the cost of living is not as high – food and souvenirs are much cheaper but it must also be remembered that tourists help to boost the economy. Hence, after the bombing in Bali in 2003 the economy took a dive until tourists deemed it safe to travel there again.

International travellers have an increasing number of ways they can pay for goods and services while in a foreign country. These include:
 * Taking cash from home. However, this may lead to theft or loss, and some countries have restrictions on the import or export of their currencies.
 * Taking traveller’s cheques. Used widely around the world, traveller’s cheques provide security with compensation for theft and loss. Standard premium charge of 1%.
 * Arrange for the advance transfer of funds to a foreign bank.
 * Use travel vouchers provided by travel intermediaries. Tour, transport, accommodation or meals may be purchased in advance.
 * Use a credit card to purchase goods and services or for cash advances. Fees may apply and if there is a delay between purchase transaction and debit of the holder’s account, currency exchange fluctuations may alter the amount of the purchase.
 * Use an eftpos card to access money/make purchases. The card needs to have the internationally recognised symbol on the back of it and then funds are accessed direct from bank account and are available from ATM machines 24 hours a day.

Commission Charges
The standard commission charged is 1.5% which can be a relatively small amount if the traveller is not purchasing much. Therefore, there is a minimum charge which is passed on to the client of $5.00 if the 1.5% commission is less than $5.00. This discourages people from only exchanging small amounts of traveller’s cheques over the counter.

Currency Codes
Currency codes are three letter standard abbreviations which identify the currency of the country. Eg. NZD = New Zealand Dollars, GBP = Great British Pounds The introduction of the EURO has reduced the number of foreign currencies now used in Europe and makes it easier for the traveller when carrying traveller’s cheques, for instance.

Currency Exchange Rates
International transactions require buyers and sellers to deal in foreign currencies. The price of one currency in terms of another is called the exchange rate. Currency exchange rates are usually floating and values fluctuate depending on supply and demand in the global marketplace. Fluctuation, either appreciation or depreciation, depends on a number of economic and political considerations. If a country, for example, suffers a war or terrorist attack then it becomes politically unstable and people will not go there. If it is not receiving large numbers of tourists anymore then the economy suffers and the value of the currency will drop.

Changes in exchange rates are usually small in the short term, but over a period of weeks or months, trends can result in substantial differences. Changes in some currencies can have knock-on effects for others too. For example, the value of the New Zealand dollar is linked to the US dollar and the Japanese Yen.

International travellers have an increasingly wide range of ways in which they can now pay for their goods and services abroad. These can include:

 * Traveller’s cheques - which are still widely used as they are readily available and recognised throughout the world and offer the security of replacement if lost or stolen.
 * Both credit card and cash card usage are increasing but it is recommended that travellers also take an assortment of notes and travellers cheques in case of card theft.

Tourist publications and information
Traditionally this information has been in the form of brochures, but the Internet is now an increasingly important source of information for tourists and for tourism operators. Availability of current information for tourists is vitally important e.g. weather, local transportation, attractions etc. Travel guides such as the Lonely Planet series are immensely popular and continue to be updated and extended each year. Some guidebooks are now taking the form of travel blogs and wikis, such as Wikivoyage and Wikitravel. Podcasts prove to be very useful as the audio information can be downloaded over the Internet to a computer, then transferred automatically to a portable audio player. Virgin Atlantic was one of the first companies to offer this service when they launched a guide to New York. The key benefit is that it is free, can be instantaneously updated and quick and easy to use while on the move.

i-SITE offices in New Zealand have a vital role in providing information on local and national visitor attractions and activities, accommodation and transport. They are operated and funded by local councils e.g. Dunedin City Council.

Entertainment
This category includes cinemas, theatres, nightclubs, bars, casinos and shows. Many tourists will look for entertainment and expect these facilities to be available especially in cities. If it is not available, this is reflected highly in visitor’s surveys as a reason for dissatisfaction.

Indirect Elements
Infrastructural needs

Infrastructure is critical to the success of the tourism product. Without suitable access to a destination whether by road or air, the tourist will not be able to visit. Airports must have certain facilities to gain status as in international airport e.g. Duty Free facilities.

Communications also play a vital role especially today when people expect cell phone coverage and internet access to keep in touch with family and friends or for business.

Access to clean public toilets can be very important to the satisfaction of a tourist’s holiday. Clear signage is vital for independent travellers both within the cities to show routes to attractions, on roads to point out the way to destinations and also within and outside tourist attractions providing information.

The manufacturing and building industry are vital to providing the superstructure tourists need – hotels, restaurants, shops and attractions.

Economic Impacts of Tourism
Tourism is considered by many to be the largest industry in the world and the fastest growing. Tourism can provide many benefits for host communities and countries but there are also negative effects. Impact studies are carried out with the aim of improving our understanding of the positive and negative impacts of tourism so that steps can be taken to lessen the negative effects and work at sustainable tourism development. In other words, sustainable tourism development is concerned with maximising the benefits while minimising the negative effects.

Tourism is seen by governments as a useful tool for economic development. The economic benefits tourism may offer include:

 * Employment: tourism is a labour intensive industry,
 * Entrepreneurial opportunities,
 * Generate tax revenues,
 * Development in rural regions,
 * Foreign exchange generator,
 * Tourism promotes other industries, particularly in services sectors of the economy.

Tourism contributes in four major areas of the national economy:

 * Income
 * Balance of Payments
 * Employment
 * Regional economic development

Income
Salaries, interest, rent and profits all contribute to income generation. In the tourism industry, which is labour intensive, the greatest proportion of income will be derived from salaries paid to the workers both directly serving tourists or from those benefiting indirectly from tourists’ spending.

Tourism is the main income generator for one-third of the developing nations but is also a major generator in the Western world. In New Zealand, tourism is of prime importance in areas where there is little other industry such as in Wanaka and the Bay of Islands. Interest, rent and profits can generate income from loans to companies building hotels or rental paid to the landowner for a tourism attraction.

Taxation also contributes to income in the form of G.S.T. in New Zealand and V.A.T. in the United Kingdom. In Fiji, there is an accommodation tax of 3% levied on hotel rooms. Departure taxes are now levied by most countries and some including the USA also have an arrival tax.

The sum on all incomes is called the national income and the importance to a country’s economy is measured by looking at the proportion of national income created by tourism. In New Zealand, for the year ended 2004, tourism contributed $6.2 billion or 4.9% of New Zealand’s total industry contribution the GDP.

Multiplier Effect
The tourist income multiplier or ‘ripple’ effect accounts for the indirect impact of tourist spending on the economy. The multiplier is expressed as a ratio between one dollar of tourist spending and the number of times it is re-spent. For example, a multiplier of 0.72 has been calculated for Fiji. This means that 72 % of each dollar of original visitor spending is re-spent in the Fijian economy.

Some major weaknesses have been identified in calculating economic multipliers. One particular problem is the difficulty involved in collecting accurate data of tourist expenditure. Tourism involves a large number of sectors in the economy and tourists spend their money on extremely diverse goods and services. Also, tourism comprises many small, owner-operated businesses. It is likely that a number of operators do business informally, though cash or barter transactions and some transactions are never recorded. Due to the difficulties in obtaining accurate data on how much money is spent by tourists and the numerous small and informal businesses in the industry, multiplier ratios can only be approximations.

Leakages
Determining the economic impact of tourism is more complicated than simply calculating tourist expenditure. The value of tourist expenditure to the host country is reduced by the value of imported goods and services required to satisfy the needs of tourists. This is referred to as leakage. If the host country has constraints on its ability to supply goods and services to tourists, the grater the number of visitors the more imports will be required and the multiplier ratio will fall. Imports may include materials for construction, petrol, information technology and even food and water for some small island communities. Leakages explain why only a portion of the income generated is re-spent in the local economy.

Balance of payments
International tourists contribute to a receiving country’s balance of payments through money being spent credited to their balance of payments. A New Zealander spending money in Australia, places a debit on New Zealand’s and a credit on Australia’s balance of payments. The outflow of New Zealand money being spent abroad by New Zealanders is an import, while the inflow of foreign tourists’ money spent in New Zealand counts as an export.

The total value of receipts minus the total payments made during the year represents a country’s balance of payments of the tourism account. International tourism is an ‘invisible’ export which helps to balance imports and thus improve the balance of payments.

Employment
The UNWTO has estimated that around 260 million people work in jobs directly related to tourism worldwide and will represent approximately 8.3% of total world employment.

In tourism dependant countries such as the Caribbean, as many as 25% of all jobs are associated with the tourism industry. An estimated 102,700 full-time employees (or 5.9% of total employment in New Zealand were actively engaged in producing goods and services for tourists in 1994. Developments in technology are affecting labour opportunities in employment. Computer reservation systems are replacing manual systems and as a result fewer agents are working in airlines and hotel chains. The increasing use of the Internet for reservations has also reduced numbers of travel agencies are airline offices.

Call centres are replacing branches, often situated in low-wage countries like India. The success of the tourism industry relies on the supply of a skilled labour force to serve the needs of the tourists.

Investment and development
The level of investment in tourism can determine the success of a region. The investment can be private of public. Often there is a ‘chicken and egg’ situation where there is an unwillingness to invest until there is a flow of tourists but the tourists will not come to the region until there is facilities e.g. hotels, restaurants to attract them.

Often there is a flow on effect and other industries will be attracted to the area to provide services for both tourists and workers

Another consideration in calculating the economic effects of tourism involves the opportunity costs. Money and other resources, committed to tourism could have been used for different purposes, providing alternative benefits for the host community. Labour is a good example. If local workers are employed in tourism then other industries such as fruit picking or agriculture may suffer. If there is a shortage of skilled labour, workers may be imported from other countries, resulting in further leakages from the economy. Capital expenditure on developing tourism-related establishments precludes spending scarce resources on other types of development with alternative uses. Inflation can be caused by high levels of expenditure by foreign tourists which increase the prices of food, transportation, and clothing and as in the case of Queenstown, land values,

Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism
A cost-benefit analysis for tourism developments should assess the social and environmental impacts as well as economic effects. Sustainable development means that tourism is designed to fit with the social and natural environment and not cause the destination to become less desirable for visitors and permanent residents. Social and environmental can also have the negative impact, for example, tourist that coloring the tree, destroy the pathway of the forest and so on

Glossary
This Glossary is based on original wook done in wikibooks.

attraction - a place, event, building or area which tourists want to visit

biodiversity - a variety of wildlife in an area

business plan - an action plan that entrepreneurs draw up for the purpose of starting a business; a guide to running one's business

component - a constituent part

culture - people's customs, clothing, food, houses, language, dancing, music, drama, literature and religion

destination - the end point of a journey

diversity - variety; multiplicity; range; assortment

domestic - within one's own country. A domestic tourist is a person who engages in tourism in his/her own country; domestic flights are those within the airline's own country.

economy - wealth of resources of a community

ecosystem - an area where living and non-living things interact

eco-tourism - a combination of tourism and the environment (e.g. planning before development; sustainability of resources; economic viability of a tourism product; no negative impact on either the environment or local communities; responsibility for the environment from developers, the tourism industry and tourists; environmentally-friendly practices by all parties concerned and economic benefits flowing to local communities)

endangered species - in severe danger of becoming extinct in the near future unless immediate steps are taken to protect the species

environment - the diverse community activities and cultures of a country's inhabitants, as well as its scarce and sensitive natural resources

event - an occurrence of importance

excursionist - a temporary visitor, staying less than 24 hours, including cruise travellers but excluding travellers in transit

fauna - all the animals of a particular area

flora - all the plants of a particular area

gateway - the point of access to a country or region, usually an airport or seaport, although certain frontier points and railway stations can be given the designation

global - worldwide

Greenwich meridian - the meridian of longitude that passes through Greenwich (London) and from which all other meridians are numbered; also known as the prime meridian or the zero meridian

heritage - a very broad expression that describes anything that has a link with some past event or person (e.g. cultural heritage refers to past customs and traditions with the unspoken implication that these are worthwhile or creditable)

heritage site - a place that capitalises on its connection with heritage

human-made attraction - an attraction created by people

icon - a symbol representing something

inbound tourist - tourist coming into a country from another country

international tourist - tourist travelling to and between foreign countries

itinerary - the written details of a customer's travel arrangements in the form of dates, times and destinations

local - belonging to a particular place or region

macro business - a large, formal business that employs many people

micro business - a small, often informal, business that employs very few people

natural attraction - a tourist attraction that has not been made or created by people

natural disaster - a destructive force (e.g. earthquake, flood, volcanic eruption)

outbound tourist - a tourist departing to a destination beyond the borders of the country of residence

profitability - capacity to make profit

region - an area of land having more or less definable boundaries

sector - a part or branch of the whole industry that provides particular goods and/or services

service - work done for the benefit of another

service delivery - the manner in which customer needs are met

service provider - a person or company that supplies a particular service

short haul - 1-3 hour flight

souvenir - a product purchased by a tourist as a reminder of a holiday

sustainable - something which can be kept in the same or a better condition for the future

tourism - the all-embracing term for the movement of people to destinations away from their place of residence for any reason other than following an occupation, remunerated from within the country visited, for a period of 24 hours or more

tourism geography - the knowledge of countries, regions, major cities, gateways, famous icons, monuments, building structures, and geographical features such as rivers, seas, mountains, deserts and time zones

tourism industry - a group of businesses that provide services and facilities for consumption by tourists

tourism infrastructure - roads, railway lines, harbours, airport runways, water, electricity, other power supplies, sewerage disposal systems and other utilities to serve not only the local residents but also the tourist influx (suitable accommodation, restaurants and passenger transport terminals form the superstructure of the region)

tourism product - different things to the various members of the tourism industry. To the hotel it is `guest- nights'. To the airline it is the `seats flown' and the `passenger miles'. To the museum, art gallery or archaeological site, the product is measured in terms of the number of visitors. For the tourist the product is the complete experience resulting from the package tour or travel facility purchased, from the time they leave home until their return.

tourist - one who travels for a period of 24 hours or more in a place other than that in which he or she usually resides, whose purpose could be classified as leisure (whether for recreation, health, sport, holiday, study or religion), business, family, mission or meeting

tourist facility - a feature created for utilisation by tourists

tourist route - a route developed to attract tourists to an area to view or experience something unique to that area (e.g. wine route, whale route, heritage route, battlefield route)

tourist trend - a general tendency to visit a country, region or destination or to pursue a specific tourist activity

world heritage site - a site designated by UNESCO as being of special historical, cultural or natural importance

BB - Bed and Breakfast

Review Questions

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title: Tourism/Introduction


text:
Guitar/Chord Reference

= Open Chords =

Open chords tend to sound "richer" than corresponding barre chords due to the fact that open strings resonate freely without any hindrance. Open chords typically sustain longer than their barre chord equivalent. An open chord is any chord that has one or more strings sounded without being fretted. Guitarists tend to use this name to refer to the chords that contain open strings that are played in the first position (first four frets).

Barre chords
Barre chords use a movable shape that can be shifted up in pitch and down in pitch along a string to give different keys.

Open seventh chords
Seventh chords, strictly speaking from a music theory perspective, means any seventh chord, including major, minor, dominant seventh, diminished and so on. In a beginning guitar context, however, "seventh chord" often means a dominant seventh chord, which is a major triad with a flatted seventh. The G dominant seventh chord, or G7 chord, is the notes G, B, D and F.

Chords in C major
Note that the chords in the key of C major consists of 3 major chords, 3 minor chords and 1 diminished chord. This holds true for all major keys.

Apprendre la guitare/Accords

title: Guitar/Chord Reference


text:
Rostamabad, Nishapur

Rostamabad (, also Romanized as Rostamābād) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 225, in 60 families.

title: Rostamabad, Nishapur


text:
Serranía del Perijá

The Serranía del Perijá, Cordillera de Perijá or Sierra de Perijá is a mountain range, an extension of the eastern Andean branch (Cordillera Oriental), in northern South America, between Colombia and Venezuela, ending further north in the Guajira Desert, a total distance of about 310 km. It separates the Maracaibo Basin from the Cesar-Ranchería Basin. Some of the area has been considered as a Flora and Fauna Sanctuary.

Geography
Starting at the southernmost point, near Ocaña, Colombia, this mountain range forms the boundary between the Colombian departments of Norte de Santander and Cesar, and then as the range progresses north, it forms the international boundary between Venezuela (Zulia State) and Colombia (Cesar Department). Included in the range are the Sierra Motilones, Sierra Valledupar, and Sierra Oca. The highest point is Cerro de Las Tetas at 3630 meters, followed by Cerro Irapa at 3540 m., Serranía de Macuira at 864 m., and Cerro Aceite at 853 m.

Peoples
The range is 58% in Venezuela, and 42% in Colombia. Venezuela has set aside a substantial part of the central part of the range as a national park (Sierra de Perijá National Park), and Colombia has a smaller one. In the Venezuelan portion there are Amerindian reservations for the Yucpa and Barí people, and in Colombia for the Iroko and Sokorpa people. Venezuela has started a colonialization border plan building new communities along the border in the Perijá. The town of Cojoro was the first one completed, followed by communities for the Wayuu and Goajira peoples.

Economy and politics
The climate is mostly tropical humid forests, with cultivation of coffee and papaver flowers. It is also a hot spot in the Colombian conflict serving as home to parts of two FARC blocs called the Caribbean Bloc of the FARC-EP and the Middle Magdalena Bloc of the FARC-EP., and an ELN guerrilla column, that have also strayed into Venezuelan territory.

title: Serranía del Perijá


text:
Botany Ink Drawing/Lesson 1

Last Lesson: Next Lesson: Lesson 2 Lesson 1 - pencils, ink and papers is the first lesson of Botany Ink Drawing subject.

What to do?

 * 1) buy a black pencil (B and softer), rubber, ink in pencil and white A4 paper
 * 2) draw a few pictures of this photograph
 * 3) upload your work in the gallery and sign down that those are yours

Questions
What does 'ink in pencil' mean? I have a good quality fountain and ink pen. Let me know so I can go shopping. --ValerietheBlonde 03:55, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi and welcome! Would this description on Wikipedia be enough:

 * Pencil (what is B pencil)
 * Ink? Anyway your fountain and ink pen would be enough, but we would need soft pencils.--Juan 09:59, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Okay, I'll go shopping tomorrow. Thanks! --ValerietheBlonde 18:25, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Botany Ink Drawing/Lesson 1


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Odhiambo Siangla

 *

The result was delete. It'd be happy to userfy this on request. Petros471 16:16, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Odhiambo Siangla
Delete The subject of this biography may not be sufficiently notable for WP. The listed awards appear to be only scholarships and student awards. I could find no WP notability criteria for artists, but presumably they would include major shows reviewed by prominent art critics. Although "Odhiambo Siangla" produces a moderate number of google hits, most of these seem to be self-created or WP mirror sites. Possibly the page should not be deleted but instead converted to a user page. Nesbit 14:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment The relevant criteria seem to be these from WP:BIO
 * Published authors... who received multiple independent reviews of or awards for their work
 * Painters, sculptors, architects, engineers, and other professionals whose work is widely recognized (for better or worse) and who are likely to become a part of the enduring historical record of that field
 * The talk page of the article tells us that Siangla presented his work alongside other artists at a museum show in 1996. The show was summarized in a book by other authors published in that year. I found the book, which is now apparently out-of-print, on Amazon. The article tell us that Siangla later authored and published a book Conquering Space which I have been unable to locate by web and database searches. As mentioned, the awards are student scholarships, which, though meritorious, are not really notable. Unless verified evidence is presented, it seems clear to me that the body of work has not received 'multiple independent reviews' nor is it 'widely recognized.' Nesbit 16:49, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Weak keep. I suspect that he may not be notable enough either as an artist alone or as an academic alone; we do have guidelines for academic figures, and he doesn't seem to meet them.  However, although he does seem to have a user account, and uploaded the image using it, the article was in fact created by someone else, or at least using another account.  Not sure that making a user page is appropriate.  This also suggests non-trivial interest by people other than the subject himself, and tips the scales in favour. - Smerdis of Tlön 17:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete I see no references here, and as such none of the information in the article can be taken at face value. While there are a few awards attributed to him, there is no verification of those. I'd also submit that just because another account created the article, it wouldn't be the first time we've had sockpuppetry or a friend/relative create a vanity article about someone here.--Crossmr 17:21, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * weak delete (userfy acceptable) AGF would suggest that I assume Jamarenyo & Siangla are different people until proven otherwise, but it does require willful suspension of disbelief.  As for notability claims, it seems appropriate to judge on the WP:PROF scale, and I don't see him passing that bar. Pete.Hurd 17:35, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * its not that I'm assuming bad faith, I'm just saying I don't see that as a valid reason for keeping this article. You can assume good faith while being realistic.--Crossmr 18:45, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * agreed, my comment was not intended to be read as a criticism of your position. Pete.Hurd 20:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  22:31, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep I think that the article needs to be cleaned up and strengthed. I dislike how an article goes staright to a nomination for deletion. This should have been put on a remedial track. --South Philly 00:36, 12 August 2006 (UTC)


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Mantegna funerary chapel

The Mantegna funerary chapel (Italian – cappella funeraria di Andrea Mantegna) is one of the chapels of the Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua. It houses the tomb of the painter Mantegna and his last two paintings – Baptism of Christ (1506, on the high altar and probably completed by his son Francesco) and Holy Family with St John the Baptist, St Elizabeth and St Zacharias (1504–1506). Its frescoes from 1507 were painted by his sons Ludovico and Francesco and by a young Correggio. The tomb bears a bronze figure of Mantegna by Gianmarco Cavalli.

History
Court painter to the Gonzagas for over 40 years, Mantegna's prestige meant he was granted a funerary chapel in the basilica which served their Marquisate of Mantua – this was the first side-chapel on the left beside Leon Battista Alberti's nave. Correggio was probably in Mantua at the time of Mantegna's death and probably came up with the overall scheme as well as doing much of the actual painting. In general the chapel was inspired by the plan for the chapel of pope Innocent VIII in the Belvedere in the Vatican, painted between 1488 and 1490 and destroyed in the 18th century. Historic descriptions record (among other things) its Stories of St John the Baptist and its trompe l'oeil marble fittings, vaulting, festoons, domes, putti and cherubs.

title: Mantegna funerary chapel


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眾人

Noun

 * 1) everybody; everyone
 * 2)  normal people; ordinary people; commoner
 * 3)  serf (in the Shang and Zhou dynasties)
 * 1)  normal people; ordinary people; commoner
 * 2)  serf (in the Shang and Zhou dynasties)
 * 1)  serf (in the Shang and Zhou dynasties)

Synonyms

Adverb

 * 1)  in public

title: 眾人


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Another Earth (album)

Another Earth is the second album by saxophonist Gary Bartz which was recorded in 1968 and released on the Milestone label.

Reception
Scott Yanow of Allmusic commented: "this adventurous music is quite colorful and always holds one's interest".

Track listing
All compositions by Gary Bartz except as indicated
 * 1) "Another Earth"  - 23:50
 * 2) "Dark Nebula" - 5:07
 * 3) "UFO" - 4:52
 * 4) "Lost in the Stars" (Kurt Weill) - 4:06
 * 5) "Perihelion and Aphelion" - 3:48

Personnel

 * Gary Bartz - alto saxophone
 * Charles Tolliver - trumpet (track 1)
 * Pharoah Sanders - tenor saxophone (track 1)
 * Stanley Cowell - piano
 * Reggie Workman - bass
 * Freddie Waits - drums

title: Another Earth (album)


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User:Humaapkehainkaun

Jitendra Kumar is a Jail Superintendent in Bihar, presently posted as Central Jail Superintendent of Purnea central jail.He is well known in Bihar for his reformation works inside the prisons for the upliftment of prisoners.

title: User:Humaapkehainkaun


text:
Tarikh Yamini

The Tarikh i Yamini, or Kitab i Yamini, written in Arabic in an embellished, flowery rhetorical rhymed prose, is a history of the reigns of Sebuktigin and Mahmud.

Written by the historian Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi (or al-Utbi). His work comprises the whole of the reign of Sebuktigin, and part of that of Mahmud, down to the year 410 Hijra (1020 AD). The Tarikh Yamini also contains information chronicling Sultan Mahmud's expeditions as well as the end of the Samanid Empire. Al-Utbi, being Mahmud's secretary, did not accompany the sultan, therefore his topography is deficient and his writing style consists of an explicit orthodox nature. He also states that he intentionally suppressed many events, unnatural or strange that he found skeptical that did not fit the objectives he had set down in the preface.

Content
The Tarikh Yamini starts in 965 CE, but the Samanids are not mentioned until Nuh ibn Mansur's reign in 976, while it goes into detail about the Buyids prior to 983. During the Qarakhanid invasion of the Samanid kingdom in 991, the Tarikh Yamini states that the Samanid governor Fa'iq, son of Simjurid Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri, invited Hasan b. Sulayman{Bughra Khan} to invade Bukhara.

Al-Utbi gives contradictory information owing to the names and number of Farighunid rulers. Specifically never naming, Abu'l Haret Muhammad, the second Farighunid ruler.

Al-Utbi states when Sebuktigin defeated Jayapala in 988, the Afghans and Khaljis of the territory he conquered between Lamghan and Peshawar surrendered and agreed to serve him. Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui citing the 13th century Persian translation, claims that Al-Utbi mentions the "Afghans" were pagans given to rapine and rapacity, they were defeated and converted to Islam.

Though, plagued by incorrect dates and incorrect topography, the Tarikh Yamini does contain valuable information concerning Sultan Mahmud's invasions of India.

Pgn34 In Introduction: The Translator James Reynold (translating from Persian version of Arabic Tarikh Yamini) states: He cannot find the word Somnath, or the story respecting the idol broken by Mahmud, although the expedition in which this event is alleged to have occurred, appears to be included in this Chronicle of Utbi.

Original Al-Utbi - Tarikh Yamini in Arabic is short book of 70 pages only. English version by James Reynold consist of 555 pages cannot be verbatim exact copy.

Hence, Abdul Sharaf of Jabardican who translated it to Persian added his own interpretation.

Early translations
The 13th century Persian translation of the Tarikh i Yamini, by Jurbadqani, takes many liberties and introduces images not found in the original and can be considered an independent work of art; however, it is a fairly reliable copy of the narrative.

Modern era
The Tarikh i Yamini was translated from Persian into English in 1858 by James Reynolds under the title, Kitab-i-Yamini.

title: Tarikh Yamini


text:
Instructional design/Micro-level instructional methods

About Micro-level Instructional Methods
The classification of instructional methods as "macro" and "micro" is attributable to Dr. Charles Reigeluth in his 1983 book, Instructional Design Theories and Models. Micro refers to instructional methods used to teach a single idea. Macro instructional methods, on the other hand, are used to teach multiple ideas.

Topic:Instructional Design


text:
Impfondo Airport

Impfondo Airport is an airport serving the city of Impfondo, Republic of the Congo.

The runway has an additional 63 m of paved overrun on each end. East approach and departure will cross the Ubangi River, which is the international border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

title: Impfondo Airport


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/nehamanaliescorts.com

Links

 * nehamanaliescorts.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * COIBot domainredlist search for link nehamanaliescorts.com gives:
 * nehamanaliescorts.com (Automonitor: reported to en:MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist (diff))
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is blacklisted by escort on [//nl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist nl.wikibooks.org]
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is blacklisted by escort on [//nl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mediawiki:Spam-blacklist nl.wikibooks.org]

Additions

 * Displayed all 2 additions.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eastern Wrestling Alliance

The result was delete--Ymblanter (talk) 08:31, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Eastern Wrestling Alliance

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

No secondary source. Wikipedia is not a directory. However, I found this : http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/eastern-wrestling-alliance-taking-hold-of-local-fan-base/article/66124. I propose this article on :fr. --Sismarinho (talk) 18:53, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Massachusetts-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:10, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:10, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete: Tiny local promotion with no non-primary coverage beyond press releases; it's a damning thing that the local metropolitan daily (the Springfield Republican) has zero hits for the subject.  The Washington Examiner article cited above is about a different promotion of the same name.   Ravenswing   07:41, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete The Washington Examiner article seems to be about a different promotion with the same name, so this one unequivocally fails GNG.LM2000 (talk) 13:44, 13 February 2015 (UTC)


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Talk:Java Programming/Integer variables

Merge with Learning JAVA
The two pages are fairly similar. They both cover basic variables, how to declare them, and so on. I'm not against the multi-department layout for the Java topic, but the current implementation seems overly redundant.

 * The two courses are similar in that they cover essentially the same material, but they are designed for different audiences. Introduction to Programming in Java is the companion to Introduction to Programming and both are being written for student with no programming experience of any kind. We are trying very hard not to make any assumptions anywhere in this course, to clearly define every term as we use it and to build up the students understanding of programming in a logical, natural and engaging manner. When I started working on Introduction to Programming and decided that it needed a companion course with real, runnable, examples, I looked at Learning JAVA and though it is a fine course, it isn't appropriate for a raw beginner. It makes too many assumptions and moves too quickly. Dmclean 22:25, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I see the difference. I'll remove the tags. MetaBohemian 21:06, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Casting error?
public class Integer1 {   public static void main(String[] arguments) {       byte i = 127; System.out.println("i is " + i); i = i + 1; System.out.println("i + 1 is " + i); } } '''What do you expect the value of i + 1 to be? Compile and run it.'''

I expected the value to be -128. Instead, I got: possible loss of precision found  : int required: byte i = i + 1; ^ 1 error (I note it lines the caret under the addition operator...) After some experimentation, it appears the correction is: i = (byte) (i + 1); --KevinCole 19:59, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

Abbreviated assignment syntax introduction
In the Character section, the more abbreviated form of assignment with addition (i += 1;) is introduced in the code w/o explanation or comment following. Common to many languages, but it assumes the reader has experience with other languages. (I see it gets introduced later on the page.) --KevinCole 21:35, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Java Programming/Integer variables


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perdersi

Verb

 * 1)  to lose
 * 2)  to miss out on; to miss
 * 3)  to fade away or disappear
 * 4)  to get mixed (into); to blend (into); to become part of the whole (of)
 * 5)  to lose oneself; to indulge
 * 6)  to lose one's way; to get lost
 * 7)  to get confused
 * 8)  to disappear due to time; to become extinct, defunct, or obsolete
 * 1)  to get mixed (into); to blend (into); to become part of the whole (of)
 * 2)  to lose oneself; to indulge
 * 3)  to lose one's way; to get lost
 * 4)  to get confused
 * 5)  to disappear due to time; to become extinct, defunct, or obsolete
 * 1)  to get confused
 * 2)  to disappear due to time; to become extinct, defunct, or obsolete
 * 1)  to disappear due to time; to become extinct, defunct, or obsolete
 * 1)  to disappear due to time; to become extinct, defunct, or obsolete

Usage notes

 * For the first two senses, the reflexive is used mostly for emphasis, but the root word can be used instead.

title: perdersi


text:
Arboriculture

Arboriculture is the cultivation, maintenance, and management of woody stemmed perennial plants; primarily trees.

Arboriculture is the applied science of managing persistent, woody plants individually or in the context of the plants and environmental features of the immediate surround (as contrasted to forestry, for example, or orchard agriculture). A working knowledge of arboriculture involves an understanding of the biology of trees, vines and shrubs, and a skill set of how to go about achieving goals associated with their growth, health, risks, and benefits. While the focus of study is principally on the tree, a working knowledge of trees requires an introduction to the fields of study which cover the environments in which trees thrive, or fail to thrive. As well as the system of classification of species, and the evolutionary ecology of trees, their pests, and their allies. Along with a good measure of practical instruction on management methods, practices, practical concerns, and professional codes of conduct.

While it is convenient for the present to use the term "tree" when referring to the focus of the study of arboriculture, it should be pointed out early that grouping plants into the categories of tree, shrub, vine, or bush is a matter of common usage and convenience regarding the shape and size of plants. Grouping together by form plants which may be entirely unrelated. In fact, the leguminous trees such as the locust tree, the golden-chain tree, and redbud(Robinia, Laburnum, Cercis) are botanically more closely related to clover or to sweet peas than they are to pine trees, or even maples.

Arboriculture is the branch of environmental horticulture concerned with woody stemmed perennial plants, whether upright or prostrate, having a single stout trunk or a multitude of small vines, deciduous or evergreen, broad-leaved or having needles. Or even among the grasses, the bamboos; and related to lillys, Joshua trees.

The structure of trees and the functioning of biological processes within them differs among the wide diversity of plants considered to be woody stemmed perennials. They all have in common the most basic biological functions of vascular plants.

title: Arboriculture


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Heritage Records (England)

Heritage Records was a British independent record label located in London, England. It was founded in 1959 by Tony Standish, specialising in blues and early jazz recordings. Only nine completed LPs are known to exist on this label - as well as one unfinished album by Smith Casey in 1963 which did not reach the release stage. The rarity of this label is compounded by the fact that most LPs on the label were only issued as limited editions (99 copies), which makes it difficult to locate any of them. The label was catalogued from HLP 1001 through to HLP 1011 - though as yet, HLP 1009, and HLP 1010 remain undiscovered. In 1963, Standish returned to his native Australia and opened his Heritage Records shop above Frank Traynor's Folk Club in Melbourne. Because of this the Heritage label is often mistakenly thought of as an Australian label, despite the label and its releases all being based in London, England.

Besides re-issuing pre World War II blues recordings of Blind Blake, Papa Charlie Jackson, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Ramblin' Thomas and others; it released contemporary recordings of Lightnin' Hopkins with his brother Joel, Snooks Eaglin, Buster Pickens, Black Ace, and Maxwell Street blues artists such as Blind Jim Brewer and Arvella Gray.

title: Heritage Records (England)