text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Lilian Knowles

The result was: promoted by Allen3 talk 00:32, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Lilian Knowles

 * ... that Lilian Knowles was Britain's second professor in Economic History and had been one of Girton College's steamboat ladies?

Created by Msrasnw (talk). Self nominated at 15:39, 9 February 2015 (UTC).
 * Reviewed: Template:Did_you_know_nominations/Charles Hailey

 * Symbol question.svg Only one or two sentences appear only cited. The sourcing must be fixed. George Ho (talk) 04:57, 17 February 2015 (UTC).

 * Sorry about that. They were sourced but another editor lost the connections when doing some useful formatting. Now all is sourced again. Thanks (Msrasnw (talk) 10:21, 17 February 2015 (UTC))
 * Do you think it could be usefully put in the March (Women's History Month) and if so would you know how to do that? Best wishes (Msrasnw (talk) 11:46, 17 February 2015 (UTC))
 * Can you cite each sentence? At least there's some improvement, but more improvement is needed. George Ho away from home (talk) 22:19, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks and sorry. I think each sentence now has relevant citations attached. (Msrasnw (talk) 13:35, 18 February 2015 (UTC))
 * I am trying to fix the writing as much as I can. Can you double-check your spelling (although it may be optional)? George Ho (talk) 06:43, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I have corrected a couple of errors and can't see anymore - thanks (Msrasnw (talk) 07:53, 19 February 2015 (UTC))
 * Not to mention a few fragmented sentences. George Ho (talk) 09:07, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Dear George, jolly sorry. I think I might be getting old. Done a few more correction and hope all is ok now. Is it?
 * Symbol redirect vote 4.svg I hope someone else here can accept at least one or two fragmented sentences as exceptions. Otherwise, I guess I should have pressured more. George Ho (talk) 00:34, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * So sorry to have caused the problem. I am not clear what is wanted and where the problems lie. But don't worry. Best wishes anyway. (Msrasnw (talk) 10:10, 23 February 2015 (UTC))
 * Symbol confirmed.svg Lots of refs including a ref for the hook to a reliable source. Only one image (which I added). Interesting lady. Neutral and no paraphrasing spotted. I tried to make the hook more focussed by removing her birth name and birth and death year as these are unlikely to catch any extra attention to the hook. Victuallers (talk) 12:34, 28 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Vancouver/Archive 2

Coal Harbour help requested
I've recently updated the languishing Coal Harbour neighbourhood article, but it could still use significant attention to facts, history, photos, etc. --Ds13 20:19, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)

Marijuana in Industry - opinions?
Hoping someone can add their two cents on if marijuana's role in Vancouver industry should or should not be mentioned in the industry section.

Marijuana is apparently worth as much as $4bil or more as an industry (some quick refs,, , and there are many more that I will dig up should discussion commence), making it among the largest in all of BC. News and police reports have claimed that the industry is mainly located in Vancouver, where police are more tolerant and the sentences and fines way lower than even the rest of BC. My doubt in adding marijuana revolves around the lack of hard data inherent in an illicit industry, with both police/prohibitionist and pro-pot statistics inherently skewed and/or unprovable, and therefore perhaps unencyclopedic.

Of course, I will be adding Vancouver's considerable role as a centre of the forestry industry, as well as a major capital market for small and medium scale mining ventures, which are larger industries than, say, the film industry, which has been noted with justifiable relevance.

It's just this weed thing is prickly. So... any takers? Clapaucius 03:15, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it belongs in the Industry section. In fact, I'm surprised at your comments that police reports claim that the "industry" is mainly located in Vancouver.  On a percentage basis, perhaps, due to the concentration of population in Vancouver.  But unlikely on a per capita basis.  The practice occurs widely and extensively throughout BC.  The Vancouver police undoubtedly chafe at the leniency of the city's enforcement of marijuana production and use.  So they would want to portray it as a serious epidemic.

 * As to writing about it: I agree with you that this would require major research and it is not easy due to the contested political ground surrounding the issue.  I would say if someone wants to do that they should create a separate article.  However, as you note, it will be difficult to make it encyclopedic.  Sunray July 5, 2005 19:49 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I figured as much. As an actual income and wealth generator, I'm sure marijuana is fairly significant, but there's really nothing to back that up other than an apparent media consensus between the opposing forces of prohibition and legalization (and the shades of green or blue in between). Maybe if it's decriminalized there'll be more to go on. - Clapaucius 7 July 2005 05:41 (UTC)

I don't think it is an industry; it is an illegal practice. If you’re going to put that on the page might as well put prostitution and car scrapping as well. Marijuana is a dirty substance that ruins the mind and causes liver and lung problems. This harmful drug and others should be banned. Society would be in a lot better position and people would go get jobs instead of stealing your money to buy drugs. I believe 90% of all crimes are drug related and I don’t think Wikipedia should be encouraging criminal activities on the Vancouver page. Matthew Samuel Spurrell 6 July 2005 12:58 (UTC)

as drugs go, marajuana is pretty harmless. i can elaborate if need be. Gabrielsimon 6 July 2005 20:00 (UTC)

harmless drugs? then what's all the fuss about legalising marijuana? i agree with matthew. Peregrine  AY   7 July 2005 08:49 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we should stick to the original question of whether to include a reference to grow ops in the Industry section of this article. I know I opened the door by touching on the politics of the matter.  I repent.  So far the concensus seems to be to not cover this as an "industry."  Sunray July 7, 2005 15:12 (UTC)

I don't believe it is an official industry and should not be included in that section. The government does not get tax dollars from it and it's hard to say if it helps or damages British Columbia's economy. Zhatt July 7, 2005 19:15 (UTC)

I believe that marijuana (and other drugs) are an important Vancouver topic, but they don't belong in "industry", which surely should be concerned with legitimate business. But Vancouver does have its own distinctive crime profile, including grow-ops and Pacific Rim–related organized crime. I would like to see a heading to that effect. It's certainly of interest that the U.S. (supposedly) came close to naming Canada as a "drug-friendly country", largely because of the marijuana imported from B.C. PaulV 23:16, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Ethnicity statistics
The top ten ethnicity group statistics do not match the 2001 census source! Anybody want to fix it? Peregrine  AY   7 July 2005 08:49 (UTC)

Talk:Vancouver/Archive1
I archived fixed issues and answered questions, and left unanswered issues here. Peregrine  AY   7 July 2005 09:14 (UTC)

Please add any appropriate music venues to the category. I noticed that some of the more popular clubs in the city like the Commodore and Orpheum Theatre have no articles of their own.. --Madchester 07:57, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Then make them. · Zhatt  ·  17:10, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

I'm not from Vancouver... it's best for ppl familiar with local music scene to make those articles. :-) --Madchester 19:24, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Articles of their own: they should; there's already a picture of the Smiling Buddha on the Chinese Canadian Cuisine page, and it should be in a "closed" or "changed" category (e.g. Celebrities=The Retinal Circus; Isy's=Metro, the Cave d.196x and so on.Skookum1 16:11, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Earthquake risk
I've read a few articles here and there talking about how Vancouver faces the high possibility of a subduction quake. I was just wondering if there is call to put it under the misc section? They also discuss how Vancouver from a structural and technical standpoint has not been well prepared in the event of this kind of emergency. --<IP_ADDRESS> 17:08, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Ethnic groups
It has been observed above that the stats on ethnic groups do not match the census. Moreover, the statistics given are for Greater Vancouver, not the City of Vancouver. An overhaul is needed. Sunray 14:55, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Resident name
A person from Toronto is a Torontonian, a person from Calgary is a Calgarian. What is a resident of Vancouver called? Vancouverite? Vancouveronian?

Perhaps this should be mentioned in the article if someone knows the definitive answer

 * Pretty sure we're called Vancouverites but I haven't seen any definite proof such as a government publication or alike. - Luckyluke Oct 22, 2005

Most residents of the communities in the BC Lower Mainland are -ites Vancouverites, Burnabyites, Surreyites, etc. I can only think of one exception, and there may be others - Deltans for Delta residents. Wikipedia itself references Vancouverites - Zedcaster 18:54, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Actually for Surrey it's Surreyoids, at least colloquially; also Richmondoids. Haven't heard that applied to other muni's Skookum1 02:28, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm also pretty sure that Vancouver residents are Vancouverites Peregrine[[User_talk:PeregrineAY|AY]] 01:14, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

History
I've been told that Vancouver was the first and only city in the British Empire to be granted its charter during the brief reign of Edward VIII in 1936. Can anybody corroborate this?

Vancouver Civic History reply
When I went and googled Vancouver City Charter and found this interesting chronology:

http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/ctyclerk/election_systems/chapter1.html

but there's nothing to go with 1936. The current City Charter dates from 1952; I'd thought it was a city before that but ?? Or the 1952 charter replaces an older one, but if so it would be 1885 or 1886 (can't remember which; 1886 I think). Found this other account:

 * Administrative history:

 * The Law Department originated 9 Aug. 1886 when a part-time City Solicitor was appointed to handle the City's legal affairs (drafting City by-laws, drafting charter amendments, interpreting legislation, representing the City in court actions, and giving legal advice to City Council). On 18 July 1910 the first full-time City Solicitor (and counsel for the City) was appointed, and authorized to hire several support staff. Despite numerous configurations of position titles over the years, the functions of the City Solicitor's Office (1886-1936) and the Law Office or Law Department (1937-1995, designations alternated during the earlier years) have remained remarkably consistent. These were/are:

 * 1. By-law writing
 * 2. City internal legal advisory
 * 3. City of Vancouver counsel
 * 4. Provincial legislation interpretation
 * 5. Vancouver Charter writing

so "drafting charter amendments" indicates there already was a charter in 1886.

I'm wondering if maybe what you're thinking was when he dropped through town as a prince - ?? a few of them did, can't remember if he was one of them, and I wouldn't know if there was a changed version of the chapter readopted between 1885/6 and 1952; could be. Edward VII was around when he was the Duke of Cornwall and York, and his brother the Duke of Clarence, early in the '00 decade; and another prince came through 1912-13; can't remember who (that might have been Clarence; not taking the time to pull the book out and look...). I know the later Duke of Windsor had a ranch in Alberta where he quietly hid out at times; or was it before? But I've never heard much about him having been in BC, except maybe to get off the train, go catch a drink and hop the boat for the Orient. Wish I'd been a fly on the wall in 1902 when the later Edward VII was partying away upstairs at the Bodega gentleman's club on Carrall with the ship captains, stockbrokers and mill owners of the club (such society as there was, you see)....billiards, brandy/whisky, cigars, cards, ladies, who knows what else going on; the Bodega was one of those places with a hidden carriage-lane out back for quick getaways if the wife showed up looking for you....Skookum1 06:39, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Sam Sullivan
Sam Sullivan isn't the Mayor Yet! The link isn't even to his own page.
 * Update: Sam Sullivan is currently Mayor of Vancouver. Peregrine[[User_talk:PeregrineAY|AY]] 01:14, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Republic of East Van vs Republic of Vancouver
I've never heard the latter, only the former.Skookum1 21:33, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * That's the People's Republic of East Vancouver, Skookum. Corvus 04:47, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Right you are, as Yoda would say. Forgot the Marxist-Leninist bit; I've heard it in the contracted form, too - which maybe has more of a connotation with the other angle on "East Van" (see my list on BCism on the talk page of Canadian English.Skookum1 18:09, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

While I've heard plenty of people refer to the P.R.E.V., they mean only a small area or a group of people, never the entire city. This nickname is more suited to the Commercial Drive article than Vancouver's. Corvus 03:55, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Big Smoke/Left Coast
Added these two the nicknames list and corrected sp. of Hongcouver, which is always spelled that way when it does appear. The Big Smoke is now used by Toronto, but it was Vancouver's nickname from the railway era or before; same thing with coopting Hollywood North to mean all of Canada's film/TV industry (i.e. Toronto's) instead of just Vancouver's, which was the original meaning.Skookum1 21:43, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Prononciation of Vancouver - IPA?
"Vancouver (pronounced [væːnˈkʰuv̥ɚ])" - Oh, really? Whose dialect? What's the source on this; if it's the Dictionary of Canadian English it's not to be trusted as it assumes all anglo-Canadians speak like TO/CBC. I know a bit of IPA and "væːn-" doesn't look right, nor does -v̥ɚ, and if you'll looke at the Vankewver vs Vankoover section on the talk page of Canadian English you'll see that -kʰu- maybe isn't quite right for the middle syllable either. There's no one standard way to pronounced Vancouver, in fact; I don't think the IPA should be here; unless someone wants to put in the way a native English speaker from Vancouver actually says it; not how it is in a Toronto-produced dictionary.Skookum1 01:04, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks to me like a straight-forward transcription of the way it's pronounced in Canadian English. We could take out the phonemic elements and write it phonetically (/vænkuvɚ/), maybe, but the extra information in the phonemic transcription is certainly useful to non-English or non-Canadian English speakers. As for the specific issues you have, [væ:n] and [v̥ɚ] is perfectly acceptable IPA (the : denotes a lengthened vowel; the diacritic under the v denotes voicelessness; ɚ is a rhotic reduced vowel that is about equivalent to ər). I've also never heard it pronounced "Vankewver", with a /ju/ dipthong; without a convincing citation, I'd doubt linguistic expertise that comes from a newspaper article. — Saxifrage | ☎ 05:49, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

From the letters column of the paper, or maybe in the Straight; not that that needs a cite, but I've heard it a couple of times from people in cafes. I'm from here, am not aware of it, never heard of it before; could be the people in the cafe had seen it in the paper, repeated it thinking people would think they knew what they were talking about, and it built steam that way. To me there's a definite difference between the way BCers speak and people "who aren't from here", meaning Albertans, Ontarians, Scotians and such. This weekend the town's full of Prairie and Ontario people - the place is actually having fun for a change - but you can hear from 20 yards away that they don't speak the way Vancouver/BC people speak; maybe it's just they're louder (I mean, it's Grey Cup...) but we've always heard some different twang or bark from people who live in Alberta; it's their friendlier demeanour too, in a large part. But this kind of thing has never been studied and so can't be cited; and so must remain out of Wikipedia. And because it doesn't get put in print, nobody thinks that it might be the case and goes to look for it; linguistics in particular only documents what itwants to find, IMO. On the other hand, if something's not written about, no one will ever study it or know it existed. But if only cites from higher authorities validate an article, and those higher authorities are busy elsewhere with pet agendas, is that....you see where I'm going.

I'm just wary of there being an "official" prononciation also, as this is such a multicultural place and people in the East End spoke different than people out in Point Grey or that particular stuffy almost-English way you get in Kerrisdale, and the Valley was different altogether because of the heavy Dutch-German-Scandinavian (and in my town, Slavic, French, Finnish and a few other things) flavour to the place. And yeah, back then, people from the east sounded funny; I remember going east for the first time in a high school exchange and felt less at home than I'd been in Seattle or LA (as LA used to be; I'm talking 1971 and I'd been in LA in 1967); it's taken for granted by us (fully BCified people, wherever we're from) that people from other provinces speak differently, even more differently than people from Seattle, for instance. We adapt to them, too - apparently I picked up a Nova Scotia South Shore neo-Irish thing for a couple of years because of the crew I was working with out here, but I can't hear it; at other times I've sounded Californian or Dixian or Australasian (when my accent wasn't "set" as it is now; I'm 50). And the Bob'n'Doug thing spread through here like wlidfire once it got trendy (and hyped on the national media, like that "I Am Canadian" beer commercial). The early city was thick with Scots and various kinds of Irish and English county-dialects, and not a few high-profile American businessmen and workers, too; the Okanagan was more English than Vancouver, and more genteel. ("Entirely too Scotch" Aleister Crowley declared about Vancouver when he came through in the 1910s or 20s)

I visited Vancouver once again from Manitoba (lived in Vancouver 1990-1994) for the Grey Cup (though stayed two weeks) and I certainly did not detect a different accent amongst the native Vancouverites and nor did I think that BC residents spoke any different from Prairie people when I resided there. Some people in Southern Ontario speak somewhat differently and then of course there are the distinctive accents heard in the Maritimes and Newfoundland. Definitely from Thunder Bay west to the coast there is no difference in dialect. Certainly people in from different socio-economic backgrounds speak somewhat differently; those from the middle and upper classes tend to have a larger vocabulary and better pronounciation skills. I think this is what the writer above is referring to. Had a great time in Vancouver and it's as beautiful as ever but the nightlife leaves plenty to be desired (just about the worst in Canada; is everybody really that house poor?) and the liquor laws are absolutely Victorian. No off sales after 11:00? Come on people, live a little. Excellent restaurants though, and reasonable. --<IP_ADDRESS> 23:14, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess it wasn't clear from my long explanation that any "indigenous" accent in Vancouver has long been submerged by massive waves of immigration from other parts of Canada and the world. What there had been "before" was a particular milieu of accents - Scots, German, Dutch, Scandinavian, Chinese, Japanese - and a particular second or third-generation mishmash of those immigrants' children; even those of English stock here tended to come straight from the Isles, rather than by way of Canada.  Suffice to say that in the 1970s the sound of an Ontarian was distinct to us; even as the sound of a CBC/CTV newscaster is distinctly "odd" and rather stiff sounding.  It's hard to explain to other Canadians that "Canadian" was an ethnicity here in the same way that American and British and French-Canadian were; now that we've been "homogenized" and given that there was never any room/time for an accent to establish itself "properly" of course you didn't hear anything during a visit to Vancouver; any linguistic distinctiveness here has been "killed off" or at least died out.  Like I said, apparently I sound more like a Maritimer since various social/sport involvements in the 1990s; at other times I'll launch into a full cowboy/redneck drawl/lurch.

 * Also, any remaining distinctive BC accents, should they exist, will definitely not be found in Vancouver. I'm excluding First Nations English, which is always distinct, whether in Vancouver or outside of it.  But the distinctive lilt and cadence of how an oldtimer from the Chilcotin (Chilli-COOTin as they'll call it) or Omineca, or the outright cowboy twang found in Williams Lake and the canyon towns and (when not affected by urban cowboys) in Kamloops and the Okanagan.  What I maintain is that the linguists, like the ethnomusicologists before them, dismissed out of hand the idea that BC might have a distinctive culture/dialect and so didn't bother to stop and study it.  And because it's not studied, it's not "documented"; even the CJ contribution to BC English has not been studied, and that includes the way it's influenced the delivery of English even when all the Chinookisms are gone (they hang on in some areas; I've just been reading Paul St. Pierre's Tell Me A Good Lie, in which he comments that Chilcotin folks still pepper their speech with the major Chinookisms (hyas, hiyu, hyak, skookum, tenas, mesachie, tamanass, chuck, mowitch etc. - if you want to know what they mean there's a lexicon at http://www.cayoosh.net/hiyu)

But even without all the variation in English, point is that a good chunk of the community here always spoke another language, usually their mother tongue, and so there was no one way to pronounce it correctly because we never got stuffy about it; I'd rather see no IPA than an IPA that wasn't authentic/ if that's from the CBC style guide or one of the Canadian universities; it's sad that they can be used as a cite (the CBC) because their mandate - in the original charter, quoted here nearly verbatim - is "to prevent the growth of regional cultures", i.e. to maintain or foster a homogenized culture, to prevent centrifugal cultural forces from being shaped by the geography into splintering-off smaller nations/provinces or gobbled-up states. And I'll grant there was no continuity out here; between the ethnic populations (most of our parents included) and the great variation between towns depending on who had settled there and how and if and where it was isolated; believe me, different places had a different flavour in their speech. I know without cites this can't be in a Wikipedia article; I guess I'll excerpt this stuff and put it in a blog or something; there were no linguists giving consideration to this back in the '40s, '50s, '60s, and things have changed so much that it's kind of too late; linguistics in BC focusses on the native languages - rightfully so - but it's the "fuzzy history" assumptions about all Canadians being essentially the same that bothers me; to me, that's propaganda and revisionist fudging of the facts. Synthetic natoinalism, and in denial of the local identities and uniquenesses of the reality on the ground...

I digress; and as I've said last night I've really got to get a blog page going for my side rants so I don't clog wikispace with my ramblins....Skookum1 07:15, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

As for the IPA, I understood some of it; but I saw the voicelss v-thing and the final vowel and spent a little while playing with how I say it; trying not to emphasize anything. Guess I could make a quickie mp3 and load it up; say it ten times and you IPA it for me, or compare it to that one. BTW over in Canadian English there's talk of a vocal examples board; might be good for a click-here thing for prononciations of Capilano, Kitsilano, Tsawwassen etc. BTW what's the æ in IPA; I've been studying Old Norse lately but it's not like theirs is it? More like English's version - wide "ae" (dno't know the linguistic term). Anyway, I'll say Vancouver a few times and post a link to a quickie mp3 and you give 'er a go and tell me if that IPA works.Skookum1 07:01, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * (IPA is a useful reference here.) The "ash" æ is the "a" sound in "bat". I can't find the section about an example board at Talk:Canadian English—what do you mean, exactly? — Saxifrage | ☎ 07:23, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Right at the top of the Talk page; title is "Suggestion for Spoken Article"; maybe worth going forward on, esp. given variety of placenames in BC that need prononciation clues (native or otherwise). Good thing you sent me the notes today; I'll make those sound-clips of how I say Vancouver and other things before I go out.Skookum1 22:21, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

I would also like to take issue with the IPA transcription of "Vancouver" as well. I agree with it except for the voicelessness of the second /v/ (voiced labiodental fricative). I am assuming that the reason for this in the transcription is from the aspiration of the /k/. I would agree, since aspiration increases voice onset time (VOT), that the /u/-vowel is partially devoiced, but that phonation has occurred by the time that /v/ comes around. Furthermore, that /v/ is intervocalic, the only location in English that results in a fully-voiced stop or fricative. Does someone have some evidence that the second /v/ is devoiced, or partially so? ColinKennedy 21:19, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I suspect that the devoicing was put there to represent how Vancouver is typically pronounced, and I do hear the partical devoicing in my own pronunciation during fast speech and even possibly careful speech. However, I think using fast speech for a canonical pronunciation transcription is misguided and a voiced /v/ is more appropriate for its purpose as a guide. — Saxifrage | ☎ 21:29, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Removed comment about "Van" nickname
Here's what I cut out, which was new as of today: "(used strictly outside of 'Van')". Since when? Sure, there's a tendency for people in the Valley 'burbs to use this term, but it's not as if people inside the city don't use it in various ways. Whatever gave you the idea that it was "used strictly outside of 'Van'"? (speaking as a native Vancouverite)Skookum1 00:17, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll second this. Though it should be mentioned, and I'm sure you'd agree Skookum1, that most native Vancouverites call the city in general "Vancouver," with the term "Van" usually preceded by "East" when referring to that half of the city, and any other nickname rare or limited to usage by recent or transitory residents. --Clapaucius 08:06, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

For the most part, EXCEPT when in other parts of BC, even just in the Valley. I would never speak of Vancouver as Van when I'm in the city, except to saw "how long you been in Van?" or some other toss-off in casual speech. Yeah, as slang, I guess I do use it. But I went to high school in the Valley (MSS Grad '72, so I've pretty much lived "in the city" since). I wouldn't have REASON to use Van, usually, when I'm actually in Vancouver. But if I'm in one of the burbs, even North Van or Burnaby, the alternative to "when you going (over) to the city?" is "when you going to Van?". Haven't heard it all in Victoria; Victorians I know seem to always pronounce things "the whole way" and don't cut corners; milder slang content, too, come to think of it, other than Britishisms. Mid-Island, i.e. Nanaimo, they may use Van but I've not been over there enough to say. Sure thing in Whistler or Squamish as with the valley - "when you going to Van?" or "when'd you get back from Van?" are pretty stock. How many of those people are actually born and raised in the City of Vancouver....well, that's asking the moon, isn't it? Do you know how rare we actually are? (I'm one).Skookum1 05:04, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh heh... I was only raised here. I do have a friend that is probably among the rarest of the rare, though - born and raised in the West End. I think he's actually the only one... --Clapaucius 07:47, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

PS there's also West Van and North Van, which in ordinary speech are far more common than their full versions; and I've heard people speak of being in or going to South Van. Can you imagine how much messier it would have been if there was a North End and North Side as well as a North Van, and Mission City had been given an alternative-choice name, East Vancouver? (Or North Seattle, as it was the rail link between the CPR and the trains to Puget Sound until 1910 or so), and the City of South Vancouver had remained separate but there was still an area of Vancouver called South Van, that wasn't? (i.e. like South Granville, which isn't...isn't south I mean). Skookum1 05:04, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Vancouver flag?
Why is the Vancouver Flag not showing?Elvarg 01:55, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It was deleted due to copyright concerns. Denelson83 02:06, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't the flag be covered by the same "symbol" license as the coat of arms? Was there a specific concern brought up over the use of the flag by the Corporation of the City of Vancouver? Or did someone just not tag it right? Just curious, as if the latter is the only of my ruminations to hold truth, I would surely upload the image again, from the city symbol website. --Clapaucius 08:10, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

"Little Hollywood" and "The Beach" - Never heard of 'em
Little Hollywood showed up today; I'm in the industry and have never heard that, nor in any local rag or coffeeshop rumble; noticed "the Beach" next to it; never heard that either, unless it's a Torontoism (a termed used by transplants from the Bigger Smoke aka Hogtown). Heard nearly all the others, although some refer to specific parts of the city, but these two I haven't heard in 33 years of living here. Skookum1 23:44, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Criteria for nicknames for Vancouver?
Does the growing collection of nicknames for Vancouver concern anyone else as being trivial/subjective/unencyclopedic? I'm a long-time Vancouver resident and I perceive that at least a few entries on that list might simply be personal favorites but unless these are (or used to be) commonly used by a significant number of people, I don't think they belong there. Let me challenge a few here: Listing names known or used popularly or by media probably makes sense, but I'm seeing this list expand with no clear criteria for inclusion/exclusion. Thoughts? --Ds13 01:37, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * "New Asia", "New China", "Vandia", "Paradise": Can anyone cite significant popular or media use of these?
 * Vandia and Paradise I've never heard of, other than the latter in the lyrics to the famous Joni Mitchell song (which was written, actually, about Vancouver, FWIW). But the other two I suspect may be common street slang among young Asians, whether in English or in Chinese or another Asian language.  "New China City" I think I've heard of, as the translation for one of the Chinese names for the city, colonialistically agressive though it is (if its were ironic that'd be different).  If New Asia or New China were to be used by non-Asians, it would be considered racist.  Not that I like it, but other-language nicknames are somewhat legitimate; that's actually what "Big Smoke" is, theoretically - an adapation from the Chinook Jargon, where "smoke" means "fog" and "cloud".  But as far as translated names go we don't list Gold Mountain as a synonym for North America either - Gold Mountain is what "Gum Shan" means in Chinese (Cantonese anyway; not sure about the Mandarin unless it's the same).  The local-area names like the People's Republic of East Van should be on neighbourhood pages, not on the main city page.Skookum1 00:06, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * "Lower Mainland": this seems just plain wrong/misunderstood if used as a name for the City of Vancouver
 * Totally agree; there's even a subtle distinction between Greater Vancouver (where that resolves to; probably a redirect) and Lower Mainland as well as vs. Lower Fraser Valley vs Fraser Valley; and in outside-BC media there's a bad habit of referring to places like Lytton and Williams Lake or Prince George as being in the Fraser Valley; but you have to live here for a while, or be from here, to understand the differences and the whys and wherefores. Southwestern British Columbia also takes in a bit more - e.g. Whistler, Squamish, than does Lower Mainland; best described as a combination of Greater Vancouver and the Fraser Valley, though there is some overlap.  "The Mainland" in Victoria is often a synonym for Vancouver; the Interior is included, but only abstractly because, when the phrase is used with its normal slight vitriol ("Mainlanders" even moreso) it's the urban life of the lower coast they're talking about, not the Interior cities and ranches etc.Skookum1 00:06, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * "The City", "The Coast": obviously I've heard and seen these used, though likely not with capitals intended for proper nouns, and I perceive these as generic references to the entire metropolitan sprawl on the coast, not simply the City of Vancouver.
 * I hear them spoken that way - or rather I hear "the City" that way, whether it's in use in the 'burbs, the North Shore, or up in Whistler or Lillooet. "The Coast" does appear in print by itself, like the Interior and the Island (meaning Vancouver Island).Skookum1 00:06, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I just removed some of these "nicknames," many of which seem made up (sadly, I saw ultralame "The Couv" mentioned on CBC). All in all, though, this section is silly, like the tailpipe of the article, which itself seems to follow no particular standard.--Clapaucius 09:31, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Had to be done; although just because Torontonian CBC writers invent terms for transplanted broadcasters in BC to inflict on us doesn't mean that they're in use, or useful. Hipster-speak might be valid if it's in wide enough use; that's more like a re-branding term, like "Seriously Westcoast since 1916" (capital-W "Westcoast") and the increasing use of "Westcoast" in marketing and media.  It's like Znaimer's attempt to rebrand Vancouver Island "VI-Land" with his new TV station; almost worked but it got old after a while; especially when both CITY-TV stations around here shifted there image to the usual BCTV/Global-clone corporate/tabloid format from what had been interesting experiments in new broadcasting styles.Skookum1 00:06, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Just took out "VanCity" too; that's a corporate name but it's not part of speech or appearing in print other than to refer to the credit union.Skookum1 00:10, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Skookum, can you please cite popular use, examples, or publication of the name "Rainburg" (in reference to Vancouver) that you just added to the list? --Ds13 00:24, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll try and find one; speaking of Terminal City I think I've seen it in there, and in the Straight; but I'll take it out for now, just for fussiness' sake. It was fairly common in the '70s; Rain City is newer, more post-'86 to me.  You got any cite for Rain City, BTW? (Rain City Grill doesn't count) Skookum1 00:33, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for doing that housekeeping, Skookum. No, I have no proof of any of those being names for Vancouver. The burden of proof is on the person who added it, which isn't me. ;-)
 * * Maybe there's historical significance, but I'm pretty sure if someone said she was from "Terminal City" today, she'd get mostly blank stares. I'll yield to historical or media experts on this.
 * It'd be easy enough to dig out quotes from Fotheringham, Hutchison, or Maj. Matthews (Vancouver City Archivist, compiler of Early Vancouver) or many others. The phrasing is actually the Terminal City, as in "the Big Easy", "the Windy City", "the Big Apple"; not a nickname but an appelation and common in editorial writing and also was a self-branded thing for a while; hence "the Terminal City Club", which is the rival gentleman's/society organization to the slightly older Vancouver Club (in my other note was wrong; I thought the one was a synonym for the other; their swank clubhouses are only a block from each other on West Hastings Street (either side of Burrard, each the second building from the corner; best view is to be had from the Cordova extension).
 * * I think "the coast" is just a direction and/or vague geograhic region, not a name for a city -- there's no distinction there between Vancouver or Richmond or Sechelt or Gibsons.
 * Not a name for the city, surely, but see following reply (written first, same answer).
 * * Prince Rupert is also "the coast" if you're from the interior.
 * * If you were in Prince George and Quesnel and asked someone "you going to the Coast?", or more usually "you going down to the Coast", the meaning is obvious; if you were speaking of Prince Rupert you'd just say "Rupert" or wherever else out there you were going (Kitimat, Stewart and Kemano are the only other towns actually on the North Coast other than Prince Rupert and Port Simpson; there might be one at the mouth of the Nass, I'm not sure at the moment. "North Coast" is the formal sense for that area of "the Coast"; and I think if you were in Smithers or Burns Lake, even, if you said "are you going to the Coast?" it would mean the Lower Mainland.  But it wouldn't necessarily mean Vancouver; more the Lower Mainland than anything else, and would also include the Island.

 * * "the Lower Mainland", as you point out, probably shouldn't be on the list either since it's a name for a region of several cities and municipalities and only occasionally means the actual City of Vancouver. --Ds13 00:59, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * or, something much bigger than the City of Vancouver; and it is Greater Vancouver which dominates it; but the sense of the Lower Mainland comes from the days of the Island colony (1849-1866) when an obvious distinction was made between the tiny Fraser lowland and the vast plateaux, canyons and mountain ranges of the Interior; which were the "upper" Mainland, though never titled as such.

I'm thinking the whole section should be nixed in favor of a paragraph - have a look at the New York City article, the first section under 'Culture of New Yorkers'. They go through the nicknames there but also speak about the context, which makes for a much better read and would make it a smidge less likely people would throw in very trivial entries. --GiantSloth

 * I think that's a Very Good Idea. --Ds13 17:51, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and did that, not sure if the location under 'Lifestyles' was the most appropriate (maybe it should be at the very top?), although I think 'Living' and 'Lifestyles' should be combined. Anyhow, I dropped a few references in there, if I removed somebody's and they feel like it should go back in, go ahead, I don't feel strongly about it.  I removed "People's Republic of East Van", "The Coast", and "The Left Coast" because none of these actually refer to Vancouver itself, and "The Couv" and "Rain City" because I don't believe those are really used, although I left in "The Terminal City" since it was an historical reference. GiantSloth 22:41, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Presenting the topic this way is a net improvement. Nice editing, GiantSloth! --Ds13 04:39, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I was going to suggest this very thing. Good job of it! — Saxifrage | ☎ 04:55, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks kindly Saxifrage and Ds13, glad to have it well received GiantSloth 00:38, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

I was one of the original critics of this unsubstantiated nickname thread, and I see Skookum has removed Vancity again, but I actually believe that's one of the legitimate ones. As someone pointed out earlier, it is a popular way to refer to the city, especially among young people, in online blogs (Google for "vancity blog" and look beyond the obvious credit union references), and in song lyrics (Google for "vancity lyrics"), especially hip hop. So I submit that Vancouver City Credit Union is the brandname you object to, but Vancity (what the credit union has shortened it to themself -- it's not its official name either) alone has become a popular way to refer to Vancouver in the last decade or two. --Ds13 18:11, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "the last decade or two?" C'mon, I'm not that old.  If that term's "popular" with the under-22 set for the last two or three years, or if it's evolved in blogspeak, it's no WAY a couple of decades old; a decade is ancient history.  And if it's legitimate, or on oral witnessing for something so recent and so obviously webbish/hopadelic in origin then it's not mainstream and it's certainly not historic.  If it's legit, then so is Rain City (and my older variant of that, Rainburg), and Left Coast, and more.

 * Trendspeak should not qualify.Skookum1 18:50, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure, I'm definitely interested in consistently applied criteria. Not that Google hits are the ultimate authority in anything, but it can demonstrate popular usage, so I've demonstrated that your claim of Vancity being "solely a brandname, like VanKam" is false. This claim was your rationale to delete the content. Cite popular usage of Rainburg, and I'll buy your argument.  --Ds13 19:35, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Source of Lotusland
I think there's speficic cite for this coinage, and I think the coiner was Allan Fotheringham; either him or cartoonist Len Norris. The reference in full is "Land of the Lotus-Eaters" (from Homer's Odyssey) and wasn't meant in reference to the "laid back" atmosphere (hah! - this city hasn't been laid back in years!) but the eccentric and sometimes utterly mad goings on in British Columbia politicis and high society; specifically Lower Mainland-Greater Victoria high society/politics (the Interior and North Coast was apparently exempt). The deeper irony or dark serendipity here is that the Lotus in question was the black lotus of Libya - the opiate of that region, equivalent to the white poppy, which is of course one of this city's "most important historical trade goods", so to speak. Yeah, so anyway; the Lotus Land thing is more about people living in medicated otherworld, or as if they were in one, or should be in one; and the way nobody returns phone calls here, like they're on drugs and forget anything that's not immediately in front of them. "Lotus Land" is part of the "wacky BC" stereotype fostered and developed by the national media, also, IMO, in order to rationalize British Columbia to the more rational parts of the country.....Los Angeles, by the way, had the original version of this which Foth or Norris parodied- "La La Land".Skookum1 08:17, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Good point, my fault for making an assumption there (that was more my previous understanding of it rather than a researched go). Maybe a seperate sentence along the lines that you've outlined here would be in order? GiantSloth 20:04, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Vancouver/Archive 2


text:
User:Pertn

Hi. I'm pertn. I edit some pages here and there. Usually I read Wikipedia and use it as a source. However, I change things I know to be wrong, add some facts here and there, and I try to balance articles I feel are POV.

I am a supporter of free speech and openness. From my recent edits it seems one of my main interests here is make sure that Wikipedia is not an arena for delivering ad-hominem attacks and smearing towards political opponents.

title: User:Pertn


text:
Samuel Katz

Samuel Katz may refer to:

 * Sam Katz (American politician) (born 1949), American politician
 * Samuel Katz (pediatrician) (1927–2022), American pediatrician and virologist
 * Sam Katz (born 1951), mayor of Winnipeg
 * Sam Katz (rugby union) (born 1990), English rugby union player
 * Shmuel Katz (politician) (1914–2008), Israeli militant, writer, historian and Knesset member

title: Samuel Katz


text:
File:Hamed vs Vazquez.jpg

Sports event poster publicizing the Naseem Hamed vs. Wilfredo Vazquez professional boxing match on April 18, 1998.

Fair use rationale in Naseem Hamed vs. Wilfredo Vázquez
Though this image is subject to copyright, I feel its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because: }
 * 1) It is a historically significant promotional poster of an extremely notable sports event.
 * 2) It is of much lower resolution than the original (copies made from it will be of very inferior quality).
 * 3) The image is only being used for informational purposes.
 * 4) Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject(s) of this article and the sporting event promoted in the image

title: File:Hamed vs Vazquez.jpg


text:
Talk:Davide Baiocco

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Davide Baiocco. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081207045543/http://www.juventus.com/site/filesite/finance/bilanci_relazioni/22_apr_2002_eng_.pdf to http://www.juventus.com/site/filesite/finance/bilanci_relazioni/22_apr_2002_eng_.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:54, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Davide Baiocco. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060511150844/http://www.calciocatania.net/societa/prima_squadra/giocatori/baiocco.php to http://www.calciocatania.net/societa/prima_squadra/giocatori/baiocco.php

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:23, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Davide Baiocco


text:
Japanese/Kana chart

The grayed kana are no longer applicable in standard Japanese, but still may be encountered within certain contexts, for example older names and works of fiction.

title: Japanese/Kana chart


text:
Swedish/Lesson 4

Parents:
Collectively, parents are known as "föräldrar".

Just like in English, the Swedish language has several words for mother and father, ranging from formal to casual. Starting with the words for mother, we have: The most common words for father are: Note that when addressing your folks with the casual terms, you use the definite forms farsan and morsan.
 * Moder (arch. mother)
 * Mor (mother)
 * Mamma (mom)
 * Morsa (mom, casual)
 * Fader (arch. father)
 * Far (father)
 * Pappa (dad)
 * Farsa (dad, casual)
 * Farsgubben (old man)

Siblings
The words for syskon (siblings) are for brother: and for sister: The same goes here. You address them brorsan and syrran.
 * Broder (arch. brother)
 * Bror (brother)
 * Brorsa (bro)
 * Syster (sister)
 * Syrra (sis)

The word syskon itself is more commonly used (for people) in Swedish than the English word siblings. You would always translate "My brothers and sisters" with "Mina syskon", never with "Mina bröder och systrar", unless possibly if you want to make a special point about the differenses between them.

Children
Children in general are referred to as "barn", in both singular and plural.

A male child is called A female child is
 * Son (son)
 * Pojke (boy)
 * Gosse (young boy)
 * Kille (casual form of boy; also guy for adults)
 * Dotter (daughter)
 * Flicka (girl)
 * Tjej (casual form of girl; also girl/chick for adults)

Maternal Grandparents
Collectively, your maternal grandparents are "morföräldrar"
 * Mormor (maternal grandmother)
 * Morfar (maternal grandfather)

Paternal Grandparents
Collectively, your paternal grandparents are "farföräldrar".

 * Farmor (paternal grandmother)
 * Farfar (paternal grandfather)

Great Grandparents

 * Mormors mor (maternal grandmother's mother - mother's mother's mother)
 * Farfars far (paternal grandfather's father - father's father's father)
 * Farmors farfars mor (paternal grandmothers paternal grandfathers mother - father's mother's father's father's mother)

To build further, just add an s after every other generation

Grandchildren
The formation of words for grandchildren follows the same pattern as for grandparents: To generically describe grandchildren, use: (someone please add phonetics)
 * Dotterson (daughter's son)
 * Dotterdotter (daughter's daughter)
 * Sondotter (son's daughter)
 * Sonson (son's son)
 * Barnbarn (children's children)

A Little More Extended Family

 * Faster † (father's sister, or aunt)
 * Moster † (mother's sister, or aunt)
 * Morbror (mother's brother, or uncle)
 * Farbror ‡ (father's brother, or uncle)
 * Kusin (cousin, child of a parent's brother or sister)

† Sometimes also called "tant", which is also used as a common name for elder ladies. It's also possible to refer to an uncle with the less common word "onkel".

‡ "Farbror" is also used as a common name for old men.

title: Swedish/Lesson 4


text:
Herbert Bullmore

Herbert Henry Bullmore MB ChB Edin MRCPE FRACP (12 July 1874 – 28 December 1937) was a rugby union player who represented Scotland, a leading physician and the grandfather of Australian media magnate Kerry Packer.

Life history
Bullmore was born in Ipswich, Queensland in 1874, the only son, along with five daughters, of grazier and unsuccessful political candidate Edward Augustus Bullmore, Esq and Caroline Frederica Bullmore, and was educated at Ipswich Grammar School, Queensland. While in Australia, Bullmore made a name for himself as a sportsman, going as far as being chosen to represent Queensland at rugby union. Bullmore spent three years studying law, before deciding to undertake medical studies at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, graduating in 1902. During this time Bullmore continued to indulge his sporting nature, gaining a blue in football and rowing and starring as a sturdy second-rower for the university rugby union team. From 1901 to 1902 Bullmore was President of Edinburgh University Union. By dint of his medical degree at Edinburgh, Bullmore was available for selection to the Scotland rugby teams and was selected to represent Scotland as a forward in a match against Ireland in Belfast on 22 February 1902, with Scotland losing 5–0. Bullmore served as a resident at the Royal Infirmary and at the Children's Hospital, Edinburgh, gaining his Membership of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1904. He then practised in Bath for a while before returning to Australia to practice as a consulting physician in Sydney.

Appointed an honorary physician at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, in 1912, Bullmore treated leading Australian cricketer Victor Trumper during Trumper's final days suffering from Bright's disease. Bullmore would later also be appointed honorary physician at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, in 193, was an honorary major in the Australian Army Medical Corps and one of the founders of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians.

While Bullmore retired from rugby, soccer and rowing to concentrate on his medical career, he continued to be involved in sporting interests, including motor cycling, tennis, golf and angling.

Bullmore died suddenly at his residence "Altona" in Point Piper, Sydney on 28 December 1937. His funeral was held at All Saints Church, Woollahra and was cremated. His estate was worth £9,944.

Personal life
Bullmore married Melbourne-born Elfrida Buttner, the daughter of Dr Alexander Buttner, at St Andrew's Church, Ashley-place, London on 24 August 1904 and together they had a son and four daughters. Bullmore's son Herbert James Bullmore was a Flyer-Officer in the Royal Australian Air Force who was killed in action in New Guinea during World War II, while one of Bullmore's daughters was Mary Horden, fashion editor of The Australian Women's Weekly from 1946 to 1957 and another was Gretel Packer, the wife of Sir Frank Packer and the mother of Australian media magnate Kerry Packer.

title: Herbert Bullmore


text:
Hobson-Jobson

Etymology
Derived from adapting the call ''Hassan! Hussein! (, a lament for the grandsons of the Prophet Muhammad) to Hobson and Jobson'', a pair of comic figures popular in the nineteenth century. Note that the conventional derivation from "Ya Hassan! Ya Hussein!" is incorrect. Coined in the linguistic sense by Yule and Burnell in their dictionary Hobson-Jobson.

Noun

 * 1)  Any Indian religious observance, especially the Muharram.
 * 2)  The assimilation of borrowed lexis, either partial or whole, to word forms of the borrowing language.
 * 3)  A word or phrase borrowed by one language from another and modified in pronunciation to fit the set of sounds the borrowing language typically uses.
 * 1)  The assimilation of borrowed lexis, either partial or whole, to word forms of the borrowing language.
 * 2)  A word or phrase borrowed by one language from another and modified in pronunciation to fit the set of sounds the borrowing language typically uses.
 * 1)  A word or phrase borrowed by one language from another and modified in pronunciation to fit the set of sounds the borrowing language typically uses.
 * 1)  A word or phrase borrowed by one language from another and modified in pronunciation to fit the set of sounds the borrowing language typically uses.

Translations

 * Finnish: erikoislaina
 * Spanish: traducción mocosuena

title: Hobson-Jobson


text:
User:Vuara/Glossaries

http://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/glossary.html

Glossaries

• Glossary of Fine Art Terms (from ArtLex) • Glossary of Greek and Roman Mythology (from Encyclopedia Mythica) • Glossary of Christian Saints (excerpted from the Catholic Encyclopedia, Catholic Forum, Catholic Online and Olga's Gallery)

title: User:Vuara/Glossaries


text:
User:RomilyC/sandbox

Here is where I will edit Lapita Culture page...

"distribution" from Lapita Culture page

Lapita pottery is known from the Bismarck archipelago to Samoa and Tonga. Currently, the most eastern Lapita site is Mulifanua in Samoa, where 4,288 pottery sherds and two Lapita type adzes have been recovered. The site has a true age of circa 3,000 BP based on 14C dating on a shell. The domesticates spread into farther Oceania, as well. Humans, their domesticates, and species that were introduced involuntarily (perhaps as the Polynesian rat was) led to extinctions of endemic species on many islands, especially of flightless birds.

My re-write of "distribution"...

Lapita pottery has been found in near and remote Oceania; from the Bismarck Archipelago in the west, as far East as Sāmoa and as far South as New Caledonia [Bedford]. A site in Mulifauna village in Sāmoa uncovered two adzes that strongly indicate Lapita influence, carbon dating of material found with the adzes show the age of the site to be roughly 3,000 B.P [original citation]. Radio carbon dating puts Lapita sites in New Caledonia as early as 1,110 B.P [shutler]. Exact dates and sites for northern reaching Lapita influence are largely still up for debate [bedford].

"Dating" section

'Classic' Lapita pottery was produced between 1350 and 750 BCE in the Bismarck Archipelago. A late variety might have been produced there up to 250 BCE. Local styles of Lapita pottery are found in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Pottery persisted in Fiji, whereas it disappeared completely in other areas of Melanesia and in Siassi.

In Western Polynesia, Lapita pottery is found from 800 BCE onwards in the Fiji-Samoa-Tonga area. From Tonga and Samoa, Polynesian culture spread to Eastern Polynesia areas, including the Marquesas and the Society Islands, and then later to Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. However, pottery-making did not persist in most of Polynesia, mainly due to the lack of suitable clay on small islands.

My edits:

'Classic' Lapita pottery was produced between 1,600 and 1,200 BP in the Bismarck Archipelago [Spriggs]. Remnants of Lapita designs and techniques were found after 1,200 BP in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia (spriggs, bedford). Lapita pottery styles found in Fiji around 1,000 BP and continued into Western Polynesia (spriggs).

In Western Polynesia, Lapita pottery becomes less decorative (bedford) and continues to simplify until it appears to cease in in Samoa by 800 BP and in

Tonga about 2,000 years ago. [spriggs]

title: User:RomilyC/sandbox


text:
Talk:Whale penis

I don't think redirecting to an anchor works. Labia Ears 07:23, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whale penis


text:
User:Paulcharles

Paul Charles is a British author, screenwriter and journalist. He is the author of From Beyond Belief, Kicking Tin and I Killed Kirsty, and the principal screenwriter on Whitby NY. He has written for the Financial Times and appeared on BBC Radio as a business journalist. He now earns his living from his writing, and fully supports Wiki and the work of GNU / Free Software Foundation. You can read his blog here

title: User:Paulcharles


text:
Talk:California

There is a fairly popular street theory that the word derives from the Latin words "Calor" and "Fornia", meaning "hot sex". The Latin seems more or less correct, but I was wondering if that is the accurate etymology.

--<IP_ADDRESS> 01:39, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * California was named for Queen Califia. The Spanish Roman Catholic priests and explorers were not really in the habit of naming places for hot sex. —Stephen 02:45, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:California


text:
User:Amm2737

I'm a writer who has also edited Wiki under the name: AM in Pittsburgh.

I enjoy writing about women in history who are waiting to have their story told.

title: User:Amm2737


text:
Anton Bezenšek

Anton Bezenšek (15 April 1854 – 11 December 1915) was a Slovene linguist, journalist, shorthand expert, and lecturer, who spent most of his life in Bulgaria. He is known as the scholar who adapted the Gabelsberger shorthand system to the South Slavic languages.

Bezenšek was born in a small village of Bezenškovo Bukovje near Frankolovo, Slovenia, in what was then the Austrian Duchy of Styria. He attended the Celje First Grammar School at the age of 12 and graduated with honours. In 1873 he was elected for a chairman of a school student organization, and learnt the Croatian adaptation of Gabelsberger Shorthand. Later, he entered the University of Zagreb, where he studied Greek, Latin, and Bulgarian in the philosophy faculty. As a student, he delivered a shorthand course, which was attended by 236 people in 5 years. After graduating, Bezenšek visited Prague, Dresden and Ljubljana, obtained a teaching permission, and worked in Zagreb as a chief stenographer in Parliament. In his 1890 biographic notes, he expressed ideas about a common South Slavic shorthand system: "It would be of benefit to the spread of shorthand among South Slavs to establish a South-Slavic Shorthand Union, like the German or Northern Shorthand Union, ... it should have an agency of its own and should hold an annual congress once in Zagreb, once in Belgrade, once in Sofia, once in Ljubljana."

Responding to an invitation from the Bulgarian government, and after being recommended by his colleague Spas Vatsov, Bezenšek moved to the recently formed Principality in 1879, and worked as a chief stenographer at the National Assembly in Sofia. He agreed on a salary, which was lower than what he could have earned for a professorship. On 25 September 1879 he conducted the first shorthand course in Bulgaria.

In 1884 one of the chief stenographer's students reported against him, and Bezenšek was fired from his job at the National Assembly, but instead of accepting proposals for a return to Slovenia and Croatia, he decided to move to Plovdiv, which was then the capital of Eastern Rumelia. From 1885 until 1905, he worked in high schools there, introducing Ethics into the curriculum, as well as applying modern methodologies for studying foreign languages—e.g. his New Practical Manual for Easily Learning the German Language (Ново практическо ръководство за лесно изучаване на немския език).

Bezenšek moved to Sofia again in 1906, and stayed there till his death. He remained an active scholar, issued a lot of publications and translations, and had been a lecturer at the Sofia University from 1911. Bezenšek played a significant role for fostering the dialogue between Bulgarians and Slovenians, publishing a number of works in Slovenian on Bulgarian matters and vice versa.

title: Anton Bezenšek


text:
Cork and Youghal Railway

The Cork and Youghal Railway (C&YR) was a company that built and operated a short 27 mi railway built in the early 1860s in Ireland linking Cork with Youghal, a small resort with harbour at the mouth of the Munster Blackwater. There was an additional 6 mi branch to Cobh (Queenstown), a deepwater port in Cork Harbour associated with transatlantic liners. The railway was forced into administration within a few short years due to the bankruptcy of major shareholder David Leopold Lewis and was taken over by the much larger Great Southern and Western Railway (GS&WR). The branch to Cobh became the main line and by the late 1980s was the only part of the previously extensive rail network around Cork City to remain operational apart from the main line to Dublin. 2009 saw the Midleton branch re-open to Cork while the remainder of the route is being converted to a greenway in the 2020s.

C&YR
A group company called the Cork and Waterford Railway was established in the 1840 which explored a route between the two major south coast cities via Youghal and Dungarvan. Had this come to fruition it has been commented the traffic levels on the line would likely have been significantly larger.

The rights to build a line from Cork to Youghal was established in law in 1854. The C&YR was initially under the chairmanship of Isaac Butt, member of Parliament for Youghal, and leader of the Irish Party in the House of Commons. Little progress seems to have been made until the arrival of a financier from London, David Leopold Lewis. Lewis had grand plans to turn Youghal into a "Brighton-by-the-sea" resort and approached the project with gusto, not only buying C&YR shares at a 40% premium, acquiring a pleasure steamer for trips up the Munster Blackwater, and culminating in the purchasing of most of the town of Youghal from William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire in 1861.

Butt was replaced in 1859 by Cusack Patrick Roney who had board level experience with the Cambridge and Lincoln Railway Company and Eastern Counties Railway in England; and the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada. Murray and McNeil credit Roney with keeping the C&YR enterprise going despite the activities of Lewis; though Roney does seem to extol the railway; Youghal with its rejunvination by Lewis; and the Lewis pleasure steamship trip up the Blackwater in his book How to Spend a Month in Ireland.

10 November 1859 saw the Dunkettle to Midleton section of the line opened for traffic by George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland who also cut the first sod of the Cobh branch and knighted John Arnott, the incumbent Lord Mayor of Cork and a C&YR director, all on the same day. Passengers were conveyed the two miles from King Street in Cork to Dunkettle by horse omnibus, an extra 40 minutes being allowed. Services extended to Youghal from 23 May 1860. From 1 October 1860 until May 1861 a temporary way was laid to the new terminus at Cork Summerhill, passing over the tunnel of the Dublin main line and convenient to the GS&WR Penrose Quay station, carriages on that section being hauled by Flemish horses. Following the laying of the permanent way the first scheduled first steam-hauled train for Youghal departed Cork Summerhill on 30 December 1861 at 09:45.

The progress on the line to Cobh was delayed by The Admiralty being concerned that the six span steel bridge to Fota Island and the Belvelly bridge to Great Island would be a hindrance to navigation. Transatlantic liners had been calling at Cobh since the 1850s and the traffic on the Cobh branch was to exceed than on the Youghal line. The C&YR seems to have been marketed as the Cork, Youghal and Queenstown Direct after this time, and seems to have been successful in capturing traffic from the Cork, Blackrock and Passage Railway and their ferries.

Lewis's financial over-ambition caught up with him in 1865, he was to be made bankrupt for the third time, owing £850,000. His only assets being C&YR shares this contributed to the GS&WR taking over operation of the railway from 1865 and buying it completely in 1866 for £310,000. Lewis was sent to gaol and died in 1868 with this emerging to have been his third bankruptcy. Roney also was to die in 1868 before he was 60.

GS&WR
The GS&WR found the C&YR to be in a run-down condition but took steps to improve it to GS&WR standards, to the extent shareholders complained about the expenditures. The GS&WR implemented a junction from their line to the C&YR line in 1868. and doubled the line first to Cobh Junction in 1869, and then to Cobh in 1882, making in the main line with mileposts from Dublin Kingsbridge (Heuston). The line to Youghal then became the branch and the mileposts measured from Cobh Junction as zero. The GS&WR also paid substantially for a deep water harbour at Cobh.

From 1 July 1876 the Dublin to Cork daily mail train was extended to Cobh. It was known as the "American Mail" as it was possible to take mail from liner, transport it to Dublin for the steam Packets to mainland Britain and train to London, thereby cutting the delivery time by a day.

In 1893 the GS&WR closed their Dublin Penrose Quay station and the Summerhill station and replaced them with Cork, originally known as Glanmire Road.

As with other railways Civil unrest took its toll with the bridges to Great Island destroyed on 8 August 1922. The Daytime mail trains were stopped from running through to Cobh after this point.

GSR, CIÉ and Irish Rail
The lines passed to the Great Southern Railways (GSR) with the amalgamation of 1925. Nationalisation into CIÉ followed some twenty years later in 1945 with control passing to Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail) in 1987. Up to the 1960s Cobh had been the main departure point for Irish Emigrants to America, thereafter transatlantic air travel began to dominate and the liner trade died off. More recently this has been replaced to some extent by Cruise Ship tourists.

The last regular scheduled passenger train between Cobh Junction to Youghal ran on 2 February 1963 and was subsequently replaced by a bus service. On 30 July 2009 following a 35-year campaign the line was re-opened to Midleton at a cost of €75m. In July 2015 Irish Rail indicated they had no intention of re-opening to Youghal as funds would be better spent on the existing network. They indicated they supported a greenway as it would free them from existing maintenance costs whilst retaining a license to re-open the route in the unlikely event that became an option. By April 2020 a €15 million euro project to open the Midleton to Youghal Greenway had begun but was being delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Route
The initial main line runs in a relatively straight direction from Cork to Youghal some, 28 mi to the east.

The branch to Cobh (formerly Queenstown) forks off south at Glounthaune (formerly Cobh Junction), some 6 mi from Cork. Bridges and other works take the railway via the small Harpers Island and larger Fota Island to the port town of Cobh on Great Island, the largest island in Cork Harbour.

Rolling stock
The C&YR bought seven with 5 ft driving wheels from Neilson and Company, and also three of the  configuration with 6 ft driving wheels from the same company. All passed to the GS&WR on takeover. The company commenced with eight passenger coaches from Ashburys, Manchester, England. 20 freight wagons were built locally by Long & Co. of Youghal. Long also built a director's saloon carriage, named Crinoline. By the time of takeover the C&YR had accumulated 25 passenger carriages and 29 wagons, all of which passed to the GS&WR.

The Railway magazine note the GS&WR used the tank locomotives designed by Alexander McDonnell in 1883 as the preferred locomotive for the lines.

The second half of the 1950s seen the replacement of steam locomotives with diesel locomotives and railcars. The lines are currently worked by diesel railcars as part of the Cork Suburban Rail services.

Services
The regular general service for the line remained fairly constant at about five scheduled services each way to Youghal, supplemented by freight and special trains. The Cobh branch has typically had an hourly service since 1863.

Accidents
The line has been relatively free of accidents. The most serious was a collision at Summerhill in which over 100 people were injured, though without fatalities, where a train ran through a signal on 9 July 1882. The derailment of a MacDonald at points may have been due to the wheel profiles being rather sharp and the track being slightly out of gauge. A more recent accident was the overrun of a General Motors Diesel into the part of the Cobh station converted into a heritage centre - there were no injuries but one outcome was locomotives were required to have working speedometers or be retired from service until fixed.

Another accident took place on the C&YR line, at Dunkettle railway station, on 8 May 1911. An assistant platelayer, James Walsh, was struck by the buffer of the engine of an express passenger train travelling from Cork to Queenstown (Cobh). Walsh was transported to hospital in Cork City but died shortly afterwards.

title: Cork and Youghal Railway


text:
User:Zeyaraun

My name is Zeyar Aung.

I am a Myanmar national. I currently stay in Singapore. I am a computer programmer. I am a frequent Wikipedia browser. I am particularly interested in Myanmar-related articles.

Have a nice day!

Zeyaraun 03:45, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Zeyaraun


text:
Talk:International reactions to the Qana airstrike

Where were the MEN of Qana?..
According to Hezbollah, Israel has destroyed a "residential appartment building". In the middle of the night. Killing 60 (later reduced to 28) civilians.

All of them -- "women and children".

Where, a reasonable person must ask, were them men of these civilians families?

The only answers I can think of are not very flattering for Hezbollah:

 * 1) The men were outside reloading the rocket launchers, their corpses removed for better propaganda effect.
 * 2) The building was a harem.
 * 3) The building was empty when bombed (following the advice in Israeli leaflets), with "innocent" corpses brought in the morning from morgue(s) for propaganda.
 * 4) The male (fighters?) corpses were removed by Hezbollah for propaganda.

The last one is the most charitable towards Hezbollah (and explains the 60 vs. 28 mishap in the number of casualties).

What is the opinion of Hezbollah sympathizers? What's their explanation for there being no males among the Qana victims? In my POV, Hezbollah's propaganda overplayed its hand... By how much?

I'm not alone in doubting, by the way. A carefully assembled collection of the published photographs from the incident (see ) shows the same few corpses photographed all day long by different photographers as they arrived to the site and were greeted by "locals" (or Hezbollah's propaganda-operatives?)...

пан Бостон-Київський 18:44, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's strage. Perhaps this should be mentioned in the article, if it can be verified. I remember seeing a list of the people who died there -- I should look for it again. ehudshapira 00:35, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge into Qana article
This should be merged with [2006 Qana airstrike]. Perhaps it was split before Qana was split from the main article? ehudshapira 00:35, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I unsuccesfully tried to AfD it. Now, one month from the airstrike, it should be obvious that an "international reaction" article for such minor historical event is not justified, but perhaps wikipedia IS an indiscriminate collection of information... Medico80 09:13, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Two years after the event, this article still seems unjustified. I tried to AfD it, but was unsuccessful as well. Rabend (talk) 03:28, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on International reactions to the Qana airstrike. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L30811953.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080620075602/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060810/ignatieff_mideast_060810?s_name=&no_ads= to http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060810/ignatieff_mideast_060810?s_name=&no_ads=

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:39, 12 April 2017 (UTC)


text:
Southeast Asian Languages/Philippine Languages/Lesson:Introducing Yourself

 * Kumusta? : How are you?
 * Mabuti. : Fine.
 * Ako si ____. : My name is ____. (literally I am ____.)
 * Anong pangalan mo? : What is your name?

Back to main page.


text:
User:Eggplantpasta~enwikibooks

Hello. My real name is Brett Roper but I was forced to use the name Eggplantpasta because being the 74715th user on Slashdot the more sensible names of Brett and Eggplant were already taken.

I'm a computer programmer from Perth, Western Australia.

Feel free to email me (after removing the spam filter) at brett at pudiga dot org.

title: User:Eggplantpasta~enwikibooks


text:
Components of the immune system

The immune system includes: These are further divided into humoral and cellular components.
 * Innate immunity or (nonspecific immunity) which consist of 4 type of barriers:
 * Physical barriers
 * Physiological barriers
 * Cellular barriers
 * Cytokine barriers
 * Adaptive immunity or (specific immunity)

The humoral components of the innate system include the complement system, the coagulation system, and cytokines. The cellular components include neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, NK (natural killer) cells, eosinophils. Besides these, there is the anatomical barrier that includes mechanical factors, chemical factors, biological factors.

title: Components of the immune system


text:
Sosnovka, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai

Sosnovka (Сосновка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Sosnovsky Selsoviet, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 441 as of 2013. There are 6 streets.

Geography
Sosnovka is located 48 km northeast of Zarinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Malinovka is the nearest rural locality.

title: Sosnovka, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai


text:
Music of the 20th Century

The twentieth century brought about drastic changes in the way classical music was written and performed. Some composers pushed the preceding Romantic period music to more extended harmonies and fluid compositional form. Others decided to create totally new harmonic systems to create strikingly different music from that of their predecessors. Overall, this century brought about many innovations and ideas that both freed the composer from conventional restraints and brought about some of the fiercest debates on what music "is."

title: Music of the 20th Century


text:
Talk:Dunya Maumoon

Likely successor?
The added reference about this claim has, originally, being taken from wikipedia (word-to-word), which does not cite any reference to the claim. So basically what we have is a self-reference and I think this should be removed. --Oblivious 14:36, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You're correct that the reference is copied from Wikipedia — well spotted. I've replaced it with a different reference. -- Vardion 03:17, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

COI
See this edit summary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/AhmedZaidhan --2603:7000:2143:8500:F00A:A78B:EFAC:D36A (talk) 16:37, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

 * User:Suffusion of Yellow - the above may interest you. --2603:7000:2143:8500:F00A:A78B:EFAC:D36A (talk) 16:39, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dunya Maumoon


text:
MediaWiki talk:Anontalkpagetext

Another editprotected request...
Can we please upgrade this page to something more useful, like the following? Thanks :D. AmiDaniel 22:51, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

✅ sebmol ? 22:57, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you :D. I'm off to bake you a cookie as we speak :P. AmiDaniel 00:17, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Anontalkpagetext


text:
Chords (music)

A chord is a combination of three or more notes. The most complementary groups of notes make up popular chords. Because of the broad nature of this definition, types of chords have been developed that "sound good" according to the western philosophy of music.

While two notes technically constitute harmony, two-note groups are not considered chords.

Types of chords
The following chords can be played in any key. To understand them, one should have the basic knowledge of a scale first. When considering what quality a chord is (major, minor, etc.), all that matters are the names of the 3 notes; it does not matter whether some notes are doubled or played in different octaves (known as a chord inversion). For example, a C major triad must have a C, an E and a G, but it doesn't matter which is on bottom, nor does it matter if there are 2 E's or 2 G's.

Other notes, such as 9ths and 13ths, can be added to a chord, but this learning resource focuses on basic chords and their structure. Depending on the lowest note of the chord and the notes added or removed, formation of a chord is known as an “inversion” or a “voicing.”

Major Chord
The major triad is often symbolized with a capital letter (C | Cmaj). It is three notes: the first, third, and fifth note of a scale. Alternatively, you can find this chord by adding a note a major third (4 half-steps) up from the root note and then a minor third (3 half-steps) up from that. If you add the half-steps of a major and minor third you will notice the third note is 7 half-steps up from the root making a perfect fifth. This interval will remain the same in major and minor chords. All primary triads are created by stacking intervals of a third. It is a very whole sounding chord, and is found within most, if not all popular songs.

C Major triad: C - E - G

Minor Chord
The minor triad is often symbolized with a lower case letter, or 'min', or just an 'm' (c | Cmin | Cm). It is composed of three notes: the first, flat-third, and fifth. The lowered third represents the third note of a minor scale. Alternatively, you can find this chord by adding a note a minor third (3 half-steps) up from the root note and then a major third (4 half-steps) up from that. The quality of this chord is not as full as the major chord, and has a darker complexion. It also is found in a majority of popular music.

C Minor triad: C - E♭ - G

Diminished Chord
The diminished triad can be symbolized with either a '°' or with the abbreviation "dim" (C° | Cdim). Its components include: the first, flat-third, and flat-fifth. Alternatively, you can find this chord by adding a note a minor third (3 half-steps) up from the root note and then another minor third (3 half-steps) up from that. If you add the half-steps of two minor thirds together you will notice the third note is 6 half-steps up from the root making a diminished fifth, giving the chord its name. Having 2 lowered notes, a diminished chord does not have great euphony. It sounds slightly out of place, but adds a certain musical flavor.

C Diminished triad: C - E♭ - G♭

Augmented Chord
The augmented triad is usually symbolized with a '+' or 'aug' (C+ | Caug). It is rarely seen in contemporary music (jazz theory, for example, prefers the #5 notation), but is one of the most significant triad structures. It combines the first, third, and a raised fifth. Alternatively, you can find this chord by adding a note a major third (4 half-steps) up from the root note and then another major third (4 half-steps) again. If you add the half-steps of two major thirds together you will notice the third note is 8 half-steps up from the root making an augmented fifth, giving the chord its name. An augmented fifth sounds the same as a minor sixth (note) but is notated differently and consequently will sound different in context.

As all the notes of the augmented triad are spaced equally, there are only four augmented chords. C, E, and G# augmented chords all contain the same number of notes. All three notes of the augmented triad are found within the accompanying whole-tone scale.

C Augmented triad: C - E - G#

Dominant Seventh Chord
A seventh chord is attached to any other chord by the addition of the number '7' (C7). It can be attached to pretty much any chord, not just the major chord: (C7 | dim C7). Opposed to the addition of the seventh note of the scale, a flat-seventh note is added (in the key of C, this is Bb rather than B). When the third note is flat it is known as a minor 7. Therefore, "dominant 7" refers to a flattened seventh note, while a "minor 7" refers to both a flattened seventh and a flattened third note.

These chords, especially the dominant 7, tend to be popular in jazz and blues music, since they lend themselves to the "blues scale," which itself includes the flattened seventh note.

Dominant 7: C - E - G - B♭

Minor 7: C - E♭ - G - B♭

Major Seventh Chord
Like a dominant seventh chord, a note is added to the triad to create a major seventh chord. While a '7' represents the dominant seventh chord, the letters "maj" and a '7' represent a major seventh chord (C maj7). The note added to this chord is the seventh note of the root's major scale. This chord is used to emphasize the major scale or tonality of a phrase, and to clarify that the dominant seventh should be avoided. A sharp fourth (Lydian) note may be acceptable as a grace note over this chord.

C - E - G - B

Minor (Major Seventh) Chord
The minor major seventh chord (Cmmaj7) is used in Horace Silver's "Nica's Dream" and Bronislau Kaper's "Invitation." The chord includes both a minor third note and a major seventh note. Although the name of the chord appears to be an oxymoron, the major seventh is an extension of the chord, and therefore can be seen as containing two components: a minor component in the lower part (Eb in the key of C), and a major component (B in the key of C) in the upper part. The scale accompanying this chord is the melodic minor scale.

C - E♭ - G - B

Half Diminished Seventh Chord
A half diminished 7th chord (Cø7) adds a flat-seventh note to the diminished chord. This is the diminished 7th chord that is "diatonic" (occurs in the major scale), and can be built using the 7th, 2nd, 4th and 6th notes of the major scale. The "Half-Diminished" part of the chord's name refers to the fact that the note a minor 7th above the chord's root is used rather than the note a diminished 7th above the root. A common substitute notation for this chord in jazz is Cmin7(♭5), since another way to build this chord is to flat the 5th of a minor 7th chord.

C - E♭ - G♭ - B♭

Fully Diminished Seventh Chord
Like a half-diminished chord, a 7th is added to a diminished chord, but the 7th is flattened twice to create the interval of a diminished 7th (In the key of C, this is B♭♭ (or A) rather than B♭). Fully diminished 7th chords (C°7) can also be made by adding a note a minor third above the flat 5th of the chord, creating a chord that is a stack of only minor thirds. This chord is not diatonic (does not occur in the major scale), but it does exist in the harmonic minor scale as the 7th chord built off of the raised 7th of the scale (in the key of C harmonic minor, B, D, F, A♭). It is widely considered one of the most dissonant 7th chords, and has a lot of unique harmonic applications due to its repeating structure.

C - E♭ - G♭ - B♭♭ or C - E♭ - G♭ - A

Sixth Chord
The sixth chord is a four note chord, adding the sixth note of the root's major scale to a triad. Major and minor triads can become sixths, represented by the addition of a '6' (e.g. Cm6).

Major: C - E- G - A

The major sixth is functionally similar to the major seventh but provides a clearer resolution. However, in jazz theory the major seventh is preferred over the major sixth due to its clarification of the major seventh over the dominant seventh.

Minor: C - E♭ - G - A

The minor sixth is functionally similar to the minor major seventh and is used on particularly tense sections of ballads as an emotional "climax."

Suspended (Sustained) Chord
The suspended chord, also called sustained chord, is symbolized with "sus" or "sus4" (Csus | Csus4).

In the normal (major) triad in C, the note E is the "third" because is it an interval of a third above C. However, in suspended chords the "third" of the chord is replaced by a fourth. Traditionally the fourth would resolve to the third (E) of the chord, although the sus4 chord can stand on its own and doesn't always resolve to a normal triad.

A Csus chord is composed of the notes C, F, G instead of C, E, G (the normal triad).

Another version of this chord is symbolized with "sus2" (Csus2).

A sus2 with C as its root would be C, D, G.

Sus4: C - F - G

Sus2: C - D - G

Add2/Add4 Chord
This chord is just like a suspended chord in that it uses the second and fourth note. The difference is that, whereas in a suspended chord the third note is omitted, in an "Add2/Add4" chord, the third is kept.

Add4: C - E - F - G

Add2: C - D - E - G

quiz
{Which of the following describes a major chord? - It is composed of the first, flat-third, and fifth. + It is three notes: the first, third, and fifth note of a scale. - It combines the first, third, and a raised fifth. - Its components include: the first, flat-third, and flat-fifth.
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. This describes a minor chord.
 * Correct! This is the definition of a major chord.
 * Incorrect. This describes an augmented chord.
 * Incorrect. This describes a diminished chord.

{Which chord is described as having a darker complexion compared to the major chord? + Minor Chord - Major Chord - Diminished Chord - Augmented Chord
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The minor chord has a darker complexion than the major chord.
 * Incorrect. The major chord has a fuller and brighter sound.
 * Incorrect. The diminished chord is described as sounding slightly out of place.
 * Incorrect. The augmented chord is one of the most significant triad structures.

{Which chord is symbolized with a '°' or with the abbreviation "dim"? - Major Chord - Minor Chord + Diminished Chord - Augmented Chord
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. The major chord is symbolized with a capital letter.
 * Incorrect. The minor chord is symbolized with a lower case letter, or 'min', or just an 'm'.
 * Correct! The diminished chord is symbolized with either a '°' or "dim".
 * Incorrect. The augmented chord is usually symbolized with a '+' or 'aug'.

{Which chord is made up of the notes C, E♭, and G? - C Major + C Minor - C Diminished - C Augmented
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. C Major is made up of the notes C, E, and G.
 * Correct! C Minor is made up of the notes C, E♭, and G.
 * Incorrect. C Diminished is made up of the notes C, E♭, and G♭.
 * Incorrect. C Augmented is made up of the notes C, E, and G#.

{Which chord is described as sounding slightly out of place but adds a certain musical flavor? - Major Chord - Minor Chord + Diminished Chord - Augmented Chord
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. The major chord is described as having a very whole sound.
 * Incorrect. The minor chord has a darker complexion than the major chord.
 * Correct! The diminished chord is described as sounding slightly out of place.
 * Incorrect. The augmented chord is one of the most significant triad structures.

{Which chord replaces the "third" of the chord with a fourth? - Major Chord - Minor Chord - Diminished Chord + Suspended (Sustained) Chord
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. The major chord uses the first, third, and fifth notes of a scale.
 * Incorrect. The minor chord uses the first, flat-third, and fifth notes.
 * Incorrect. The diminished chord uses the first, flat-third, and flat-fifth notes.
 * Correct! The suspended chord replaces the "third" of the chord with a fourth.

{The dominant 7 chord is popular in which genres of music? - Classical + Jazz and Blues - Rock - Country
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. While dominant 7 chords can appear in classical music, they are not particularly associated with it.
 * Correct! Dominant 7 chords are popular in jazz and blues music.
 * Incorrect. While dominant 7 chords can appear in rock music, they are not particularly associated with it.
 * Incorrect. While dominant 7 chords can appear in country music, they are not particularly associated with it.

{Which chord is described as having a lot of unique harmonic applications due to its repeating structure? - Major Chord - Minor Chord - Augmented Chord + Fully Diminished Seventh Chord
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. The major chord is described as having a very whole sound.
 * Incorrect. The minor chord has a darker complexion than the major chord.
 * Incorrect. The augmented chord is one of the most significant triad structures.
 * Correct! The fully diminished 7th chord has a lot of unique harmonic applications due to its repeating structure.

title: Chords (music)


text:
Anil Kumar Bajpai

Anil Kumar Bajpai (born 26 February 1957) is an Indian politician and former member of the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi. He represented the Gandhi Nagar constituency of Delhi and is a member of the Bharatiya Janta Party political party.

Early life and education
Anil Kumar Bajpai was born in Farrukhabad. He attended the Chaudhary Charan Singh University and attained Bachelor of Arts degree.

Political career
Anil Kumar Bajpai has been a MLA for one term. He represented the Gandhi Nagar constituency and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party political party.

title: Anil Kumar Bajpai


text:
Top-rated United States television programs of 1994–95

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1994–95 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


text:
Handbook of Descriptive Statistics/Measures of Central Tendency/Arithmetic Mean

Description
Most commonly used measure of central tendency.

 * $$\overline{x} = \frac1n\sum_{i=1}^n x_i$$

Wikipedia article: Arithmetic mean

Usages

 * The mean may be conceived of as an estimate of the median. When the mean is not an accurate estimate of the median, the set of numbers, or frequency distribution, is said to be skewed.

 * The arithmetic mean is greatly influenced by outliers. For instance, reporting the "average" annual income in Redmond, Washington as the arithmetic mean of all annual incomes would yield a surprisingly high number because of Bill Gates. These distortions occur when the mean is different from the median, and the median is a superior alternative when that happens.

 * In certain situations, the arithmetic mean is the wrong concept of "average" altogether. For example, if a stock rose 10% in the first year, 30% in the second year and fell 10% in the third year, then it would be incorrect to report its "average" increase per year over this three year period as the arithmetic mean (10% + 30% + (−10%))/3 = 10%; the correct average in this case is the geometric mean which yields an average increase per year of only 8.8%.

Distributions

 * Include standard values for common distributions, if they exist. For example, a normal distribution always has a skew and kurtosis of zero.
 * Include standard error for normal distribution, and for other distributions also if possible.

For a normal distribution, the standard error of the mean is:

 * σM = σ / sqrt(N)

 * Sampling distribution.

Calculation
Include any alternative methods of calculation, especially for large data sets, or when other measures have already been calculated.

Microsoft Excel
It is relatively easy to determine the arithmetic mean, or average, in Microsoft Excel (v. '97, 2000, 2002/XP) by using a simple equation. Follow these steps to determine the mean in Excel for a set of data:

 * 1) Highlight an empty cell in the worksheet in which the mean will be calculated.
 * 2) Assuming that there are ten data points in cells A1 through A10, the following equation could be typed in the empty cell: "=AVERAGE(A1:A10)". Alternatively, this equation can also accept arguments in the form: "=AVERAGE(A1,A2,A3,...,A10)"

Refer to Microsoft Excels application documentation for further help.

Minitab
In Minitab (v. 14), finding the arithmetic mean is as simple as choosing options from the menu to display several descriptive statistics at once, including the arithmetic mean. Assuming again that there are ten valid data points in column C1, follow the steps below to display the mean:

 * 1) Go to the Menu bar at the top of the Minitab application and choose the following options: Stat -> Basic Statistics -> Display Descriptive Statistics...
 * 2) In the box labeled "Variables:" on the right hand side of the dialog box that appears, type "C1" and then click on the "OK" button in the bottom center of the dialog box. The mean will then be displayed in addition to other useful statistics in the 'Session' window of Minitab.


text:
Talk:Brien McMahon High School

needs references. Welcome Victuallers 17:40, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

John Mayer is also claimed as an alumni by the Fairfield Warde High School article. Which one did he go to? Who cares? Deputydog23 01:38, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brien McMahon High School