text:
Talk:Spring-heeled Jack/Archive 1

Note: permission to use some copyrighted material
While most of this article is an original creation made by myself based on the sources credited at the main page, a few paragraphs have been trancripted from Jacqueline Simpson's excellent leaflet on the subject (specifically at the Official recognition & The legend spreads subsections), while some others have served as a basic model and have been rewritten with further information. Ms. Simpson, whom I contacted a few months ago regarding my interest on the legend of Spring Heeled Jack, has generously granted permission to use her work, giving her with the proper credit, which I hereby do.

Unfortunately, there are many websites who have plagied Jacqueline's article without knowing how easy it is to obtain her permission to distribute and reproduce it, in part or as a whole, at no economic cost, but with the sole and simple (and most fair in my humble opinion) exigence of recognizing her hard work. I have no intention of publishing Ms. Simpson's email address, so if any confirmation of this copyright permission is needed by an administrator of the Wikipedia, let me know and I'll be happy to put you in contact with her. Shauri 00:54, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image
Dear Bivariate-correlator, I sincerely appreciate your contribution to the article by adding a new image, which I find most interesting. I feel compelled, however, to revert it back to the one originally posted, for a number of reasons that I hope you'll understand.

 * It is uncredited, and you know, all images within Wikipedia must have their image description page updated with the proper source and copyright status of the image from the list at the image copyright tags.
 * As long as its source cannot be checked, it is impossible to know whether the depicted character is indeed Spring Heeled Jack or not. This is specially important as it doesn't seem to resemble the traditional description of SHJ.
 * It appears to be a more recent illustration, rather than a contemporary one.

That said, I insist on thanking you for your contribution, and I encourage you to add another pictures and/or more information, as long as they're verifiable. For example, I've been searching for old illustrations or pictures of London, preferably from the neighborhoods mentioned at the article's main page. If you could help me with that, I'd be even more thankful :)

Cheers! -- Shauri 14:29, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The (modern) Springheel Jack image originally appeared on the front cover of a 1975 Ripley's Believe it or not comic digest. The contemporary images displayed in the article don't seem to be consistent with the paranormal nature of the Springheel Jack archive reports. Indeed, the pictures seem to portray an ordinary human. Bivariate-correlator 25 Mar 2005.

 * No one's discussing the merit of the image you've provided. On the contrary, I'd be glad to see it displaying at the article. The issue is, a verifiable source is neeeded to check its origin and copyright status. Furthermore, I've found excellent illustrations that I'd love to see posted here, but that's impossible due to copyright problems; hence the importance of adding that information to the image description page before adding it to an article.
 * One more thing: I've checked the front covers Ripley's Believe it or not comics of February, April, July, August, September, October & December 1975 editions, but to no avail, since the image doesn't appear on any of them. Could you please provide a little more info? And by the way, thank you so much for your interest and your help; don't think your edits of my many typos have gone unnoticed ;) Please, don't hesitate to edit as much of the article as you consider necessary. Your help is deeply appreciated. Hugs -- Shauri 15:07, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I have owned this particular comic digest since late 1975. Here are the full details:
 * Gold Key Mystery Comics Digest No. 25, September 1975. Ripley's Believe It or Not!, pages 3-9, The Horror Called Spring-Heeled Jack. The individual comic version was originally published in 1971.

 * Perhaps someone can gain permission to use the front cover photo for inclusion in the Wikipedia Spring Heeled Jack article. Bivariate-correlator 25 Mar 2005.

 * I'll try and see what I can do. -- Shauri 17:06, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Use of Magazine cover pictures is generally considered to be acceptable under Fair use. <IP_ADDRESS> 20:18, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Demons
OK, I'm confused. In the section on theories of what Spring Heeled Jack may have been the article states that some people have speculated that Spring Heeled Jack may have been: A minor demon, accidentally summoned into this world by practitioners of the occult (a theory that has been incorporated into the RPG Feng Shui).

The following alternate theory has now been added and reverted a couple of times: ''Some believe that demons can manifest in various forms and physically imitate paranormal phenomena such as UFOs or monsters. This theory proposes that the phenomenon has been active throughout history, and masquerades in various forms to different cultures''

Rather than enter a revert war can we please discuss how the above statement is a seperate theory of what Spring Heeled Jack might have been. It seems to me that, at best, it is an expansion of the demon theory and could be incorporated into that bullet point, but it seems to be more a discussion of how demons may or may not appear in the world. This article is about Spring Heeled Jack, contending that he may have been a demon seems fair enough but surely further discussion as to the nature of demons and their various manifestations throughout that ages is best left to an article on demons. JeremyA 04:17, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I absolutely agree with that. I didn't know the first time I reverted that it was you who first wrote it, Bivariate, or I would have tried to talk to you at this page, just like Jeremy has done now.
 * Besides from fully agreeing with Jeremy's thoughts, I also think that the worst danger when writing about paranormal phenomena in a serious environment, like Wikipedia is, is falling into the temptation of making personal assumptions or theories, based on others' theories. And it appears to me this is exactly the case, for in no point, not once, is SHJ mentioned at the referred website. This also leads to another unpleasant thing, that being, exposing theories without a proper (and exact) reference.
 * I commit myself to reconcile the concept you've proposed into the basic bullet point of the "SHJ as a demon" theory, and to keep the reference you've posted, but just as Jeremy has said, I suggest that we leave the full development on the theory on how demons can appear into this world for the Demonology article. Shauri 05:09, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The RPG Feng Shui paranormal theory implies that a "demon" was somehow accidentally invoked, and subsequently decided to manifest itself as Spring Heel Jack. This hypothesis also implies that the "demon" had no initial premeditated intention to manifest in the form of Spring Heel Jack. Rather, the entity was accidentally summoned. The alternate occult theory proposes a deliberate premeditated attempt on the part of "demons", in order to manifest in various forms and physically imitate various paranormal phenomena, including entities such as Spring Heeled Jack. This theory proposes that the phenomenon has been active throughout history, and masquerades in various forms to different cultures. This theory proposes that a nonhuman intelligence source has staged whole events during history in order to propagate and reinforce certain erroneous belief systems. For example, the fairy faith in Middle Europe, vampire legends, anomalous creature sightings (Spring Heeled Jack may be one example), poltergeist phenomena, etc. But ultimately all of these anomalies are nothing but a cover for the real phenomenon. This theory has several proponents, including well-known writer, John Keel, and computer scientist, Dr. Jacques Vallee. There are references to Spring Heel Jack in Keel's 1970 book, UFOs Operation Trojan Horse. I submit that the alternate paranormal theory should be included in the Spring Heel Jack Wikipedia article. This theory is actually more commonly accepted than some of the other theories presented. One example is the hypothesis that Jack was an extraterrestrial entity, somehow stranded on Earth. This theory is hardly "respectable" to the scientific community. Even so, this shouldn't preclude its inclusion. This should also apply to the alternative paranormal hypothesis. With regards to using an alternative reference, I have no objections. There are several other web page articles that could be used. Bivariate-correlator 28 Mar 2005.

 * John Keel, the same of The Mothman Prophecies? Oh, that sheds a different light on the subject, since I did consult a book by him some months ago regarding SHJ, although I didn't use it as a reference when writing the article... I guess I'll pay the library a visit today. I must say I've read through your message with interest on this theory, which I had never heard prior to this moment. After reading it, I ran a Google search and I found some references to the subject, so I have no problem in keeping this theory into the Paranormal conjectures subsection of the article. However, if you don't mind, I prefer to use Keel's book as reference of this theory, instead of the webpage you've posted, due to the lack of mentions to SHJ at it. Also, please let me write the sentence based on this theory to be finally included at the article. Thanks for an interesting cooperation! -- Shauri 06:38, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Please read
I've been alerted that the John Keel and Jacques Vallee articles already contain detailed information on their theory, thus an explanation of such ideas at Spring Heeled Jack would be considered redundant. However, I'm keeping a basic mention linking SHJ with Keel's hypothesis, while directing to those articles for further reading on their complete thoughts (yes, it is me under IP <IP_ADDRESS>, I merely forgot to log in). So please, no reverting to previous version(s) due to my edit, I did it for a good reason. Thanks, -- Shauri 17:06, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

German modified boot experiments conducted during WW1 or WW2?
According to Jerome Clarke's book, UFO Encounters & Beyond, German soldiers experimented with springs concealed in boot heels during World War II. Another web page also mentions WW2: "Spring Heeled Jack - An inspiration."The Spring Heeled Jack article mentions WW1 for the German experiments. This is at variance with the above cited articles. Which is correct?

Bivariate-correlator 31 Mar 2005.

 * It's an interesting point, and I am aware of the contradiction between some sources. In fact, when I was writing the basic outlines of this project I only had news of the WW2 version, which upon further research I changed to WW1 (with proper references and notes) when I actually undertook the full development of the article. So far, the only WW2 versions I've read are a couple of websites which cite no references to support that claim, namely this one here and the one you mention, which I've also read some time ago. The webpage I've pointed above deserves no consideration due to its incompleteness and total lack of seriousness (like calling SHJ "this Dracula-like being"). The one you address is a forum on Jack the Ripper where someone posted a text of dubious origin about SHJ (I've tried to locate it at any other place of the web to no avail), plagued of flagrant errors like dating the Ripper's murders in 1877 instead of 1888 (factual mistakes that are flamed at the same thread by other users of that forum). However, until now, I had no news of books supporting that version, and I thank you for bringing that to my attention. The WW1 version is mentioned by Mike Dash and Steve Moore at Fortean Studies and by The Triangle, which struck me as more solid sources than two below-average (to say the least) websites. Also (and although it's just mere speculation on my part), the spring heeled boots appear more consistent with 1910's warfare than the 1940's, when mechanized and air units had acquired a much more preminent role, while significantly diminishing infantry's importance (not that infantry wasn't important, just not as important by itself as in WW1 times). This contradiction between the sources could even suggest an unauthentic origin of the whole anecdote.

 * In any case, now that you've informed me of this significant new reference of Clark's book, and especially since this article has become Featured, adhering to either version would be an unforgivable mistake as long as there exist other sources that assert something different. Choosing a particular book over the others would be POV. Therefore, I'm rephrasing the proper paragraph in order to still make reference to the story (which is a simple illustrative anecdote anyway, not central to the corpus of the article), but in an appropriate NPOV way. -- Shauri 12:43, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Edits to SHJ Description Paragraph
There are other web page references that include certain aspects of Spring Heeled Jack's appearance which don't appear in the Wikipedia article:
 * Bony fingers
 * Metallic helmet
 * Pointed ears
 * Glittering garments
 * Flashing chest lamp
 * Ability to spray victims with an anesthetic gas
 * Iron tipped fingers (similar to "sharp metallic claws at his fingertips" used in Wikipedia SHJ article)

One article also states that a similar SHJ type entity continued to manifest itself in the United States, circa 1880-1945!

I readily admit that it is preferable to consult original archive newspaper articles, i.e., microfilms or online clipping services. Many web page articles, including guestbook pages, often contain anecdotal information, which hasn't been verified. However, standard journalistic practice dictates that all leads should be followed up.

References

 * http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/TheBestiaryProject.htm
 * http://ufocasebook.conforums.com/index.cgi?board=legacy&num=1034443910&action=display&start=75
 * http://www.windlegends.org/mythical.htm
 * http://www.thecobrasnose.com/xxghost/shj.html

What Wikipedia is not
Well, it's you who suggest the inclusion of this information in the article, and remarkably, it's also you who provide the reason why it must not be included. I know your intentions are good when you suggest an expansion of SHJ's description based on the information you found at the web, and you are right when you say that "standard journalism practice dictates that all leads must be followed". That's commendable, for a newspaper or any other kind of journalistic activity. However, that's exactly what Wikipedia is not. That's why including these unverified claims into the article is out of the question. Please see Wikipedia: No original research and Wikipedia: Verifiability. Regards, Shauri 22:36, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Shauri, you have clearly misinterpreted some of my previous comments, hence I wish to clarify what I said. First, I never suggested that the additional web references pertaining to extra aspects of Spring Heeled Jack's appearance should be included, regardless of their verifiability. Rather, the extra web references, including the salient points, were included on the SHJ talk page for the purpose of further investigation regarding their possible verifiability. In fact, anyone is welcome to check the verifiability of these claims. For example, I recently checked my own fairly extensive library of Fortean and anomalous phenomena type publications, but have so far not found any matching information, which verify the claims found in the additional SHJ web articles. Until such verification is found, I agree that these claims should not be included in the Wikipedia SHJ article.

 * Second, I never made any suggestion suggesting that Wikipedia original research should be included in the SHJ article. My comment: "standard journalistic practice dictates that all leads should be followed up" was intended to mean that all additional claimed information should be subsequently checked for verifiability. One example is the contradiction between some web page sources regarding German army modified boot experiments. After I found the published WW2 reference in Jerome Clarke's book, it was necessary to update the Wikipedia SHJ article.

 * My intention is to seek out all pertinent information relating to SHJ, check the verifiability, and then submit my findings to the SHJ talk page.

Featured Article!
Exactly 24 days after being created as a stub, Spring Heeled Jack has been promoted to Featured Article! From the depths of my heart, thanks to JeremyA and Allen3 for their help, their patience and their guidance. My wholehearted thanks as well to Everyking, Mgm, Alkivar and ALoan, who supported its nomination and gave it an unanymous 5-0. Thank you! I love you all! :) -- Shauri 04:03, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * what a beautiful article. never heard of this before. text, layout, illustrations -- all top notch. thanks to everybody who worked on it. going to be coming back to savor it tomorrow. keeper, this spring heeled jack. SaltyPig 05:43, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

 * Congratulations, a magnificent article! Let see Britannica beat this!! Apwoolrich 07:49, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The Spring Heeled Jack article is really interesting from start to finish, very well written and informed. By far the best internet-based reference work I have seen. The individuals responsible for compiling the information obviously worked with meticulous care and accuracy. Lordgiffnock 03:03, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * On behalf of everyone who has worked on this article, thanks to all of you for your kind words. Seeing that you found it a pleasant read, that you enjoyed its pictures and style and that, basically, you've had a good time learning about SHJ through our humble work fills me with joy. Thank you! :) Shauri 21:22, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Punctuation
Does it seem to anyone else that it should be Spring-Heeled Jack rather than Spring Heeled Jack? jengod 23:09, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * You have raised an interesting point. When one does a google web search, both Spring-Heeled Jack and Spring Heeled Jack seem to be commonly used. Which is correct? The BBC article uses Spring-Heeled Jack as the main title. Lordgiffnock 03:23, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * To my eye, since spring and heeled are related and used adjectively, they should be hyphenated. jengod 22:21, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * It is interesting indeed, and when it came to create a page for SHJ, I hesitated between both forms, since both have been widely used (check the way it is written in the pictures of the old penny dreadfuls). Since I had to choose between them, I went for the form used by most of the authors I've consulted (check the article's References), which is Spring Heeled Jack, while also creating Spring-heeled Jack as a redirect page. Shauri 17:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jumpin' Jack Flash
I've heard that Spring Heeled Jack is the basis for Mick Jagger's "Jumpin' Jack Flash". Corroboration, anybody? — J M Rice 20:15, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Another interesting point that I've wondered myself, but I have no information of solid sources to back it up. Indeed, some confirmation would be most apreciated and included in the SHJ in popular culture section of the article. Shauri 17:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow good question...makes sense. We can draw the parallel and question if that's the basis--Elysianfields 22:06, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Urban legend
How can Spring Heeled Jack be an urban legend as it doesn't fit even Wikipedia's definition? Something happened to at least some of the 'victims' so it can not be 'a kind of folklore consisting of stories often thought to be factual by those circulating them'. Rsloch 1 June 2005.

 * The urban legend was based on such reports. The definition of urban legend is, by its own nature, flexible. The same phenomenon occurs with, i.e., Alien abduction, where numerous reports of "victims" exist, which have created an urban legend out of them. Shauri 17:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not understanding Rsloch's argument at all. First off, we don't know what, if anything, really happened to anyone. Second off, it precisely is folklore thought to be factual, so it's an exact fit in that respect. DreamGuy 02:26, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Controversy
I wouldn't have made so much of a fuss, except that this article was put forward as "one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community" yet it FALSELY implied that this character of legend was a real person.

The article should have clarified the degree to which there is controversy over whether Jack really existed.

A better title for the article would have been "The Spring Heeled Jack controversy" or "The legend of Spring Heeled Jack".

Treating him like he's real in the intro, and then revealing that it's just a legond halfway through the articcle is like the headline vs. body games of the disreputable tabloids

THIS KIND OF TRASH REALLY HURTS WIKIPEDIA'S REPUTATION. PLEASE DON'T DO IT AGAIN. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 21:17, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Controversy? Not really
Usually, I'm glad to hear constructive criticism that may lead to enhancements not only to this article, but also to any other in Wikipedia. I've enjoyed the very constructive debate that Bivariate-correlator offered here, and I'd be happy to hear any thoughts in that direction. However your claims, Ed Poor, deserve no consideration whatsoever for multiple reasons, namely:
 * Among the hundreds of people who have read this article (during the two weeks it spent in Peer Review, the time it was under close exam when being FACed, the extensive review it passed when being nominated for the March 2005 International Writing Contest, where it obtained the third place, and most especially after being included at the Main Page), just you, and no one but you, has interpreted that the SHJ story is fictional or legendary. There are extensive contemporary records of his exploits, showing that it was a real person (or creature, depending if you believe in the paranormal or not), including, but not limited to:
 * - newspapers of the time
 * - public session records at the Mansion House and the London Mayor Office
 * - Lambeth and Limehouse Police records
 * - books
 * When you blatantly scream that this article"FALSELY implies that this legend was a real person", one cannot help but to be amazed at the lack of reading comprehension that you show. It is even funnier to read your claim that the article first presents it as a real person and later reveals that he was fictional. Where exactly do you find proof of this argument at the article? At the paragraph that says that "skeptical authors have deprecated the SHJ legend"? If that's the case, I'll rephrase that somewhat poetic sentence (which meant an urban legend, not a mythological one) to a more precise "SHJ story" and voilá! Your argument has fallen. More proofs please?
 * It is also clearly explained that this phenomenon sparked an urban legend as a result of publicity (much like most unexplained phenomena has, like UFOs, Mothman, ghosts and the list could go on forever). With that factual base, it later entered fictional entertainment; it was not born as a legend, but the other way around. I honestly can't understand why this very clear concept is still so obscure to you... and to you only.
 * Your non sequitur claim that "it should have clarified the degree to which there is controversy over whether Jack really existed" is also laughable. It looks as if you had overlooked entirely the Theories section where most of the possible explanations of a widely recorded phenomenon are developed, all of them elaborated by respectable writers and investigators whose works are referenced and are available for double checking. And all of them, each and every author on the subject, be it supporter of the rational or the paranormal explanations, agree on the basic fact that SHJ, whether it was someone or something, did exist. The arguments deal on its nature, not its very existence.
 * Your contempt for the rules of Wikipedia etiquette is unacceptable, and this gets even more infuriating when you show that you're aware of it when "apologizing" for shouting in caps at your edit summary. Calling this article "TRASH" is also beyond any possible consideration. There exists no excuse whatsoever for such despicable manners both in form and in content, and at least an apology at this Talk Page is in order not only to me as the main contributor to this article, but also to every contributor who has put his/her effort here, and to all the Wiki community as well.

The position of this article is backed by all the referenced sources, which I repeat, are available as proof of the presented facts. Until you are able to present at least one solid source that actually demonstrates that SHJ never existed, that the Lord Mayor of London didn't call for two recorded public sessions to address the subject in January 1838, that The Times, the News of The World and any other newspapers never published reports of his activities and that all the existing archives contain forgeries, that the police records are inexistent, etc., I suggest that you refrain yourself from making any edits to this article on the grounds of unverifiability. I see that your previous attempts to edit this article according to your extravagant ideas have already been reverted by other readers who understand the concept of this article properly, like everyone else but you has. There is no need to ridicule yourself even more than you already have. Shauri 17:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Problems
As detailed by Mike Dash in his article "Spring-Heeled Jack: To Victorian Bugaboo from Suburban Ghost" (Fortean Studies v3, pp 7-125, 1996), there is in fact an extensive paper trail regarding the historical sightings of SHJ. To say that he didn't exist is, simply, incorrect.

However, the Wiki entry on SHJ has some problems.

For one, Peter Haining's work should be disregarded. Quoting Dash: "Haining enlivens and embroiders other accounts with circumstantial detail that was nowhere reported at the time and which he cannot possibly know is accurate...the author (Haining) laces his embroidery with outright invention which is nowhere admitted to, and which has passed into the Fortean literature without being questioned."

For example: there is no historical evidence that Lucy Scales' sister was named Margaret. There is no historical evidence of the initial "W" being seen on SHJ's cloak. There is no historical evidence that the attack on Polly Adams ever took place.

For the research and writing of his article Dash went through the newspapers of the era, doing primary research. (Dash's article is being turned into a book). Peter Haining, on the other hand, has a well-earned reputation for claiming to possess evidence which he is unable to provide. (In doing research for the Encyclopedia of Fantastic Victoriana I found Haining's work on penny dreadfuls to be consistently incorrect). Jessnevins 11:59, 14 June 2005.

Oh my God!

 * OMG! Jess Nevins himself has visited the SHJ article?? Well, Jess (if you don't mind me calling you that), feel free to edit absolutely anything you believe to be changed. You don't get a specialized writer to read something you wrote every day!
 * I feel compelled, however, to say a couple of words. I had the chance to read your position on Haining's works when I consulted your Encyclopedia of Fantastic Victoriana (which is, as you may see, credited as one of the sources for the article), whom you call something like "a serial liar whose work is not to be trusted". Being only an amateur on the matter, I had no chance to go deeper into the sources to actually dismiss his book, especially since (as you know) many other sources are based directly on it. By the time you wrote that book, you said you still had not had the chance to read Dash's article, and unfortunately, at that version you didn't go deeply enough into the SHJ story to contribute further in that direction. Dash's work is unavailable in Spain, though I managed to get a briefing by a friend from Salisbury, UK; of course, that's certainly not enough follow his research fully. Hence the alledged "bias" that you mention.
 * Due to the inherent nature of the SHJ phenomenon, the subject is open to a lot of discussion and arguments; this is not maths we're talking about. I formed my view of the whole issue through those sources that were available to me, and that's how I made this article, which (to be honest) I didn't expect at all to have such repercussions. I tried and give an amateur's idea of the story as it's told by most authors, as well as the possible explanations and the lasting influence in the UK's popular culture. But, like I said, I have no intention of putting it as the "ultimate truth" on a phenomenon which cannot have such an unanimous explanation; most specially when a true professional like you has something to say on the matter.
 * I'm honored that you actually took your time to read this humble article, and I repeat, please, don't hesitate to edit anything you want, even the whole text if you believe that's the right thing to do. By the way, I really LOVED your book... any chance that you could sign a copy for me? :)
 * Hugs, Shauri 17:55, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the kind words!
I think an easy fix would be some qualifying words around the Haining material. But, really, the best thing for me to do would be to send you a copy of Dash's article, and let you do the fixing--I'm flattered you think so highly of me, but it's your entry, and you should be the one to do the sort of large-scale editing required. (I tried to find your e-mail address but failed--e-mail me at the address given on my site) Jessnevins 11:25, 16 Jun 2005

Interesting info on Polly Adams etc
This article is a great addition to Wikipedia! I'm currently doing research on SHJ for a lecture I'm giving on him in London in July, as well as for a series of walks I do around his East End haunts. It was dissappointing to see the scarcity of info on Springy online till now. I'll also be designing my own website on SHJ to accompany the talk. Anyway, I thought I'd add that an informant tells me that he remembers seeing the Polly Adams story in a surviving edition of one of the early Penny Dreadfuls. I know she's not mentioned in the late 19th century editions but this earlier sighting could be true. I certainly doubt that it was a real event. Mike Dash did some great newspaper research and I'm sure if the event was real it would have been reported and he would have found it! However he doesn't seem to have investigated the Penny Dreadful angle very much, for one his account in FS Vol 3 on this is miniscule and inaccurate (SHJ was a villain in the original stories and only becomes an anti hero in the later additions) and his lack of research here is also indicated by his claim that SHJ did not have pointed ears or a long nose in the original reports, claiming this was a later invention, when in fact this is exactly how he is shown in the Penny Dreadful artwork, some of which dates to at least the mid 19th Century. Given this it could be an explanation of why Dash failed to find any newspaper reports of Adams, and why Haining may have been honest about his sources, it came from Victorian fictional accounts! As for the SHJ phenomena itself, personally I go with the mass hysteria and copy cat hoaxer theory for SHJ in the main, though also think there is what I call a 'parapsychogenic' effect going on, which is close to the Keel theory...

Steve  26 June 2005

Further information now available
Those interested in Spring-heeled Jack may like to know that my Fortean Studies paper (slightly updated) is now available online at mikedash.com. The source material on which it is based, and which formed a lengthy appendix to the original paper, has not been posted yet as I am currently compiling a second, significantly enlarged edition of my Calendar of Sources (now up to nearly 200 contemporary accounts and about 80,000 words of primary source material). If people with a serious interest in the subject (particularly Shauri) wish to contact me via my site I will be happy to provide them, privately, with the current working draft. It supplies everything that is reliably known on the subject - or at least tries to. To tackle some of the queries raised on this page:

- contemporary British sources invariably use the form Spring-heeled Jack. Not Spring Heeled, Spring-Heeled, Spring Heel, Spring-heel, Springheel. Some recent discoveries I have made in the archives of a paper called the West Kent Guardian indicate that the first name used to describe SHJ (late December 1837) was actually Steel Jack.

- reports of German spring-heeled boot developments allegedly date to WWII not WWI, but since the source here is Haining it may be best to disregard them. I have a newspaper clipping referring to similar Russian experiments in the town of Ufa during the 1980s.

- continuing research into Haining's alleged sources has brought up additional problems with his book. Those who have read it will know that he provides, in essence, three pieces of evidence to suggest that the Marquis of Waterford was Spring-heeled Jack:

[i] The supposed 1837 attack on Polly Adams, soon after she encountered a 'pop eyed' nobleman resembling Waterford

[ii] The monogrammed 'W' allegedly seen on Jack's cloak by Mr Ashworth's servant in Feb 1838

[iii] The privately published memoirs of Sir Frederick Johnstone, one of Waterford's companions, which supposedly mention plans for a spectacular stunt in London, laid in the autumn of 1837. This book apparently appeared in 1858.

Despite extensive searches, I have been unable to stand any of these up. There is no mention of 'Polly Adams' in contemporary sources or in any SHJ literature prior to Haining. No mention of a monogram in the solitary newspaper article about the Ashworth assault that I have uncovered. And so far as I can tell, no memoirs by Johnstone actually exist (at least, they're not in the British Library, COPAC, the London Library, or bookfinder.com). I will be doing further research on this last problem later this year.

Also, Haining is certainly wrong to say that Waterford's known pranks were essentially good natured. Some of them were highly violent.

As I mention in my paper, the Waterford theory is nonetheless attractive because it explains

[i] How Jack was able to move about so widely around London (poorer people at a time before urban mass transit were simply not that mobile) and

[ii] How he could afford the numerous costumes apparently adopted in the first (Sept 1837-Jan 1838) phase of the panic - steel armour, dressed as a bull, baboon etc. (Incidentally, these descriptions need to be treated with caution as many if not all emerged durng the formation of contemporary urban legends and could not be verified by newspaper reporters of the time.)

The most recent evidence shows that the association of Waterford with SHJ dates back at least as far as 1884. There is however still absolutely no firm evidence to support it.

- I acknowledge that my original research on Penny Dreadfuls was limited - indeed it was, rather unwisely, based mostly on Haining. When I started work on the subject back in 1982 it was much harder to get hold of good information than it is now, and I foolishly assumed that Haining, who had published extensively on Penny Dreadfuls, knew what he was talking about in this field at least, even though he was demonstrably unreliable elsewhere. Since then I have learned, from Jess and several other sources, that his work is not at all well regarded by real experts on this subject. I would recommend that those with an interest in Dreadfuls join the excellent bloodsanddimenovels group at Yahoo Groups to get a handle on the latest research. Nonetheless, I certainly stand by the assertion that no factual evidence dating to before the 1950s describes Jack's appearance in the outlandish way modern UFO authors do. SHJ Dreadfuls are rare; there is no evidence any UFO writers consulted any of them before producing their books, and knowing the sloppy writing habits of the majority of the authors concerned, I'd be astonished if they had gone to such efforts. (Haining makes a big play at one point in his book of having consulted 'records of the police at Bergen' in Norway. In fact he drew his information straight from the 'Annual Register' for 1838.) Frankly it is much more likely the UFO authors' 'evidence' was 'imagined' to make the books in question more exciting.

Sorry to sound grumpy. I'm afraid that wasting literally weeks of one's life trying to trace the dubious assertions made by later writers back to their non-existent sources in musty archives has that effect!

- Finally, those with a detailed knowledge in the subject may like to know that there has been a significant recent breakthrough in the form of the discovery of a Victorian magazine article based in part on the contents of three lost 1838 pamphlets on Jack. These pamphlets once formed part of the collection at the British Library, but were destroyed by German bombing during World War II. This is the first time that reports drawn from these sources have been rediscovered, and as a result we now have five or six new cases. In addition, one 1838 illustration of Jack has been recovered and I have hopes more may be waiting to be found. This probably won't mean much to many people, but it is actually the most exciting development in SHJ studies for years - so thanks to Theo Paijmans for posting the article in question to the bloodsanddimenovels group.

Further research is ongoing.

Mike Dash

www.mikedash.com

1 July 2005

Errors in Wikipedia article on Spring-heeled Jack
Unfortunately, as Jess Nevins has already pointed out, several errors have crept into the Wikipedia article on Spring-heeled Jack. I have listed them below and I hope the author of the article will be able to incorporate corrections into the text.

I would like to stress that in listing errors I am not implying criticism of Shauri's work. Her article was carefully compiled from available sources and is conspicuously better written, better balanced and more carefully put together than anything previously available on the subject on the net. From what she's said on this forum, she tried hard to access my work on the subject and was unable to - I blame myself for this for not having made my material more readily available to a wider audience at an earlier date.

What this does illustrate, nonetheless, is the vital importance of two maxims that are dinned into every historian: never assume that all the sources you consult are of equal value and equal reliability; and prefer, wherever possible, accounts from primary sources to secondary sources.

The accretion of myth and legend around Spring-heeled Jack has been considerable over the years, and the internet has sharply accelerated the process. A sentence or two of inaccurate, exaggerated rubbish published on one web site quickly gets copied and passed on by others. I have gone carefully through Shauri's article and made the points listed below precisely because the Wikipedia article on SHJ pops up so high on the Google rankings that it is likely to be widely read by people with an interest in the subject, and because Shauri's work is so obviously well researched and carefully compiled that it will be assumed by readers to be accurate.

So, thanks again, Shauri, for putting so much effort into the article. I hope you can find time to make corrections. The Spring-heeled Jack story is such a remarkable one that it really deserves to be freed of all the junk and rubbish that has collected around it over the years.

Mike Dash

www.mikedash.com

5 July 2005

Note: My Fortean Studies paper on Jack (FS vol.3, 1996) contains as an appendix a complete transcript of all 85 contemporary sources relating to the subject and published in the period 1838-1996 that were known at the time of writing. As of now my revised an d expanded Calendar of Sources lists just over 200 articles published in the period 1837-2005; again, this calendar includes full transcripts of all known contemporary sources together with at least partial transcripts of every piece of secondary material that either adds something to our knowledge of the case or presents a novel interpretation of it. Where I comment: 'There is no evidence that...', the statement should be taken to mean that the Calendar of Sources contains nothing to support the contention in question.

Intro

•	There is no evidence SHJ attacks peaked in the period 1850–70; in fact absolutely no contemporary sources from this period have yet been discovered, though probably some exist.

Description

•	There is no evidence Jack’s eyes were either ‘protuberant’ or ‘red’. The only description we have of them states that ‘his eyes resembled red balls of fire’, but this effect was apparently caused by his fire breathing. Times 22 Feb 1838.

•	Only one eyewitness (Jane Alsop) described Jack’s clothing as resembling white oilskin. Another (Lucy Scales) described him simply as wearing a cloak and ‘bonnet’. Sources: Times 22 Feb 1838, Morning Post 7 Mar 1838.

•	No accounts of Jack wearing a black oilskin garment exist.

•	No witnesses described Jack as ‘athletic and sturdy’. 1838 accounts describe him as of ‘tall, thin, and gentlemanly appearance, enveloped in a large cloak’ (Morning Post 7 Mar 1838.), ‘a tall person wrapped up in a large cloak’ (Morning Herald 23 Feb 1838), and as young, tall and thin (witness Richardson, Times 3 Mar 1838).

•	Absolutely no completely reliable reports of Jack’s alleged leaping exist. In the 1838 cases, Jack was described by eyewitnesses as making his escape by scampering across the fields (Alsop) or walking quickly away (Scales). Sources: Times 22 Feb 1838, Morning Post 7 Mar 1838.

•	No known reports refer to Jack having ‘an uncommonly deep voice’.

Early reports

•	There is no evidence that accounts of SHJ go back beyond 1837. No writer on the subject has ever produced any source, contemporary or otherwise, to reliably suggest that there were reports in either 1808 or 1817.

•	There are no contemporary reports concerning an attack on a businessman in Sept 1837.

•	No trace has ever been found of reports of Jack’s supposed assault on Polly Adams. The earliest known account of this case appears in Haining’s 1977 book.

•	There are no contemporary accounts of Jack’s supposed attack on Mary Stevens. The earliest known account of this case appears in Elizabeth Villiers' book on highwaymen, Stand and Deliver (1928) pp.241–2. This account makes no reference to Jack breathing fire, ripping Stevens’s clothes, or touching her with hands ‘cold and clammy as those of a corpse’. Even though Villiers’s account is quite a dramatic one, it simply describes SHJ pinioning the girl and kissing her.

•	No contemporary sources describe any attack on a coachman, escape over a nine foot wall, or babbling laughter. The earliest reference to Jack’s supposed shrieking laughter appears in Villiers’s book, 90 years after the fact. One would never guess this from the frequency with which this particular description appears in secondary sources and on the internet.

•	No contemporary sources describe any incident in a Clapham churchyard.

Official recognition

•	No ‘special police task force’ was ever formed to hunt for Jack. Investigation was carried out by the ordinary police and by the investigating magistrates at Lambeth–street court and their private police officer, Lea.

•	There is no evidence that the Duke of Wellington ever rode out in search of SHJ, much less actually encountered him.

The Scales and Alsop incidents

•	The Scales incident was not ‘widely reported in the press’. Only a solitary report, in a single paper, appeared. This was almost certainly because Alsop came from a comfortably well-off family, whereas Scales came from a family of tradesmen.

•	The date of the Scales attack was 28 February 1838, not 18 February.

•	There is no evidence that Lucy Scales’s sister was called Margaret.

•	The Scales attack took place half way along Green Dragon Alley, not at its entrance.

•	Jack did not ‘leap upon’ Lucy Scales. He ‘waited at an angle in the passage’ while she approached him.

•	There were only two witnesses to this attack — Lucy and her sister — and neither described Jack ‘bounding away’, much less leaping onto the roof of a house. As noted above, he simply ‘walked away in an instant’ (source for all the above: Morning Post 7 Mar 1838).

•	The Alsop incident took place 8 days before the Scales attack, not two days after it.

•	 As noted above, Jane Alsop said nothing about Jack having ‘great claws’ or hands ‘cold as ice’. Her actual description was that he ‘commenced tearing her gown with his claws, which she was certain were of some metallic substance’ (Times 22 Feb 1838).

•	William Scales did not testify before magistrates separately from his sister. They appeared together, at Lambeth–street police court, on 6 March 1838. (Morning Post, as above.)

•	Jack’s appearance in Turner Street did not take place a week after the attack on Jane Alsop. It occurred three days later, on 23 February (Morning Herald 27 Feb 1838).

•	Mr Ashworth’s servant made no mention of the timbre of Jack’s voice. Nor is any mention made of ‘glowing red eyes’, ‘an angry and frustrated groan’, of Jack ‘waving his clawed fist’, or darting off over nearby rooftops. No mention was made of ‘a golden embroidered letter “W”’ either. All of these elements are later inventions.

To be absolutely clear, the Morning Herald’s 27 February account of this incident — the only contemporary source currently known to exist — runs to only 80 words and reads, in its entirety, as follows:

‘On Sunday night one of the ‘Spring-heeled-Jack’ gang visited the house of Mr Ashworth, 2 Turner Street, Commercial Road. About eight o'clock a person called and inquired for Mr Ashworth, but before the boy who opened the door could give an answer ‘Jack’ had thrown off his cloak and presented a most hideous appearance. The screams of the poor lad having alerted the family, the villain, unable to accomplish any further mischief, succeeded in effecting his escape.’

The legend spreads

•	No contemporary reports of appearances in 1843 are known.

•	There is no evidence that Jack’s alleged murder of Maria Davis ever took place. The evidence Haining presents for its reality has been fabricated. Locating the supposed attack in Jacob’s Island — made so famous by Dickens in Oliver Twist — is intrinsically suspicious. See my commentary on the case in Fortean Studies 3 (1996) pp.26–8.

•	There is no reason to associate Spring–heeled Jack with the Devil’s Hoofmarks case of 8 Feb 1855. Contemporaries did not. There is absolutely no resemblance between the two phenomena. See Mike Dash, ‘The Devil’s Hoofmarks: Source Material on the Great Devon Mystery of 1855’, Fortean Studies 1 (1994) pp.71–150; a pdf download of this paper is available from my website.

The last sightings

•	Jack made no known appearances in London during the 1870s. Peckham, where a ‘ghost’ identified by one London paper as SHJ did appear in 1872, was not part of London at this time. The local Peckham newspapers, one of which covered the case extensively, did not identify the ‘ghost’ seen there as Spring–heeled Jack. Fortean Studies 3 pp.15–16, 70–86.

•	No contemporary reports suggest that a Private Regan encountered SHJ at Aldershot in 1877. Regan’s name first appears in an exaggerated account dating to 1954. Ibid p.28.

•	No contemporary report suggests Jack wore a helmet or oilskin costume at Aldershot, was tall and muscular, or breathed fire. The shots that were fired at him were all blanks. There are no reports of Jack ‘grinning’ at or taunting sentries. Local papers do not refer to any extraordinary agility, although a report in The Times and accounts in the Illustrated Police News do. One sensational report on the case that appeared at the time (World 11 Apr 1877 reprinted in Illustrated Police News 28 Apr) was roundly condemned by local Aldershot papers as inaccurate.

Contemporary descriptions are limited, but include:

‘dodging about the sentry box in a fantastic fashion for some little time’ (Sheldrake’s Aldershot & Sandhurst Military Gazette 17 Mar 1877)

‘the would-be ghost went direct the sentry-box, slapped the solder several times in the face, and before he could recover from his confusion, made off across the common with astonishing bounds’ (Times 28 Apr 1877)

‘he suddenly pounced upon a private in the 3rd battalion 60th Rifles, sentry by a powder magazine near the Basingstoke Canal. It appears that the ghostly visitor sprang on him from behind, and endeavoured to snatch away his rifle. A sharp struggle ensured, which ended by the solder receiving a pair of black eyes’ (ibid)

‘a tall man dressed in a tightly-fitting white coat’ who ‘distanced all its pursuers and was eventually lost to sight in some bushes’ (ibid)

‘His method of proceeding seems to be to approach unobserved some post, then climb the sentry box, and pass his hand (which is arranged to feel as cold and clammy as that of a corpse) over the face of the sentinel’. Also, ‘having nearly frightened the sentry out of his wits, by slapping his face with his death-like hand, he disappeared, hopping and bounding in to the mist.’ (Both Illustrated Police News 8 Sep 1877 — neither the most sober nor the most reliable of sources, incidentally.)

In fact, all later accounts become more dramatic, as one would expect thanks to a natural process of progressive elaboration and exaggeration of sensational incidents over time (this mechanism was analysed and described, in the case of accounts of the Indian Rope Trick, by Wiseman & Lamont in Nature v282 n6597). Thus:

‘Jack used to spring across the canal while the sentry, pacing his beat, was walking away from it, and then on to the man’s shoulders, sorely frightening him, and usually disarming him by carrying off his rifle.’ Notes & Queries 10S, VII, 22 Jun 1907

‘Night after night sentries would be bonneted, cuffed and thrown down by an invisible assailant. Cavalry, infantry and artillery were all alike impartially victimised. In our own cavalry barracks, the story told next day by the nerve–shattered wrecks who had been on sentry–duty the night before was that Spring–heeled Jack came flying — without any preliminary warning — over the top of the stable buildings, dropped on their shoulders, knocked them down and was gone before they could recover their feet. Other reports were to the effect that a snow–white figure suddenly appeared from nowhere, hurled sentries about with superhuman strength and vanished into thin air. All accounts agreed that Spring–heeled jack’s movements were absolutely noiseless.’ Lord Ernest Hamilton, 40 Years On (London, 1922). NB This account by Hamilton describes earlier appearances by Jack at Colchester barracks, but goes on to state that SHJ appeared in Aldershot ‘in identical fashion’.

‘On certain dark nights sentries at outlying posts would be startled by seeing a mysterious and awe-inspiring figure descend on them in a series of gigantic bounds, and, when chased, this remarkable apparition would lead its pursuers a dance straight across country, literally by leaps and bounds. On one occasion it was said to have jumped the Basingstoke Canal when hard pressed.’ Major General Sir John Adye, Soldiers and Others I Have Known (London, 1925) •	No known contemporary account describes Jack as ‘leaping over houses’ at Newport Arch, near Lincoln. Shots were fired at him, but no account states that they sounded ‘as if they were hitting a hollow metallic object, like an “empty bucket”.’ The only known contemporary report — Illustrated Police News 3 Nov 1877 — says:

‘For some time past,’ says our contributor, ‘the neighbourhood of Newport, near Lincoln, has been disturbed each night by a man dressed in a sheep skin, or something of the kind, with a long white tail to it. The man who is playing this mischief has springs to his boots, and can jump to a height of 15 or 20 feet. The other night he jumped upon a college, and got into a window on the roof, and so frightened the ladies that one has not yet recovered from the shock. Some other people were so much frightened by this object, that every night a large mob of men, armed with sticks and stones, assemble and attempt to catch him, but to no avail. The nuisance became so great that two men got guns out and chased him. The picture represents him jumping up the Newport Arch, a very old Roman building built in 45AD; as he was jumping up he was shot at, but so tough is the hide he wears, that the shot did not penetrate it, and running over the house tops on the other side he escaped, but soon appeared in another part of the town. He was again chased, and as he was running on the wall of the new barracks was shot at by a publican, but the shot did not appear to take effect.’

•	Jack did not appear at St Francis Xavier’s Church in Everton in 1904. His alleged appearance at the church dates to the 1880s. The actual account is non–contemporary and vague in the extreme. According to an interview reported by Richard Whittington–Egan in Liverpool Colonnade (Manchester 1976) pp.139-40:

‘An elderly man, still living, has also told how, one night in 1888, when he and a number of his fellow-members of Everton’s St Francis Xavier’s Boys’ Guild were playing in the school-room, someone came rushing in with the news that the dread Spring-Heeled Jack was in Shaw Street. Out into Haigh Street ran the boys, and up William Henry Street. When, however, they reached Shaw Street, they saw no sign of the weird creature, although an excited crowd told them that he was crouched on the steeple of a nearby church.’

•	No Liverpool witnesses in either 1888 or 1904 described ‘a tall muscular man, fully dressed in white and wearing an “egg shaped” helmet’. No accounts describe hysterical laughter, Jack running towards a group of dismayed women, or taking a gigantic leap over their heads.

The press reports in the Liverpool papers of the time actually describe an apparent poltergeist case and make no mention of SHJ. London papers of the same date do, but not in the exaggerated terms employed by later authors, who are plainly guilty of extensively elaborating their accounts. The most detailed account appeared in the News of the World (25 Sep 1904) - not, then or now, a paper of good repute - and even this states merely:

‘Everton (Liverpool) is scared by the singular antics of a ghost, to whom the name of ‘Spring Heel Jack’ has been given, because of the facility with which he has escaped, by huge springs, all attempts of his would-be captors to arrest him. William Henry-street is the scene of his exploits, and crowds of people assemble nightly to seen them, but only a few have done so yet and, ‘Jack’ is evidently shy. He is said to pay particular attention to ladies. So far the police have not arrested him, their sprinting powers being inferior.’

Years later, an elderly woman named Mrs A. Pierpoint, who had lived in the area at the time, gave an account to a Liverpool newspaper suggesting that the ‘Spring–heeled Jack’ rumour had originated in the activities of a local lunatic. The Liverpool Echo of 19 May 1967 reported:

‘Mrs Pierpoint also had a story to explain the so-called “Spring-Heeled Jack” of that same district at the time. “He was a local man slightly off balance mentally,” she said. “He had a form of religious mania and he would climb on to rooftops of houses crying out: ‘My wife is the Devil!’ “They usually fetched the police or a fire-engine ladder to get him down. As the police closed in on him, he would leap from one house roof to the next. That’s what gave rise to the ‘Spring-Heeled Jack’ rumours.”’

Skeptical positions

As noted above, there are no contemporary reports of ‘devilish features’. Nor does any witness of the Victorian period seem to have suggested that one person or entity was responsible for all SHJ reports from 1837–1904. Apparent similarities between the reports of this era are almost entirely the product of the work of later writers. Contemporary descriptions of ‘Jack’ differed considerably one from another and contemporary newspapers invariably attributed his appearances to the work of jokers and petty criminals.

Footnotes

Note 3. There is no evidence that SHJ was ever known as ‘Springald’ in the 1830s. Jack’s original name appears to have been ‘Steel Jack’, probably a reference to his supposed appearances clad in armour. West Kent Guardian 30 Dec 1837.

Note 6. There is no doubt whatsoever that the witness’s name was Scales, not Squires.

Note 8. Despite Cohen's claim, he cannot have consulted 'Limehouse police records' for 1838 as no such records exist. Surviving police records of the period are gathered in the British National Archives under the head MEPO (Metropolitan Police) and are not divided up by district. Despite extensive searches in existing MEPO records, incidentally, no material relating to the Scales assault (or indeed any other supposedly committed by Jack) has yet been found. Cohen gives no references and I have no reason to believe he ever consulted any MS sources in preparing his article.

 * No reactions to this? If this article really contains false informations it should not be featured (candidate for removal). I'll place the fac-error template on it. --<IP_ADDRESS> 08:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I love it when anonymous IP, newbie idiots find some flaw and overreact by placing tags on everything. Maybe you should get a REAL wiki account first, login and create your own articles before tearing up the hard work of others. This is yet another example of why I think IP's should not be allowed to edit or vandalize anything, just play in the sandboxes until they create an account. --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 09:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Err, Ghost, I'm at wikipedia about six times longer than you have edits, so who's the newbie... And I don't need an account for valid edits *plonk* --<IP_ADDRESS> 10:48, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * *Tsk* *tsk*, what happens with your manners, please? Let's just all be nice... no need to create a dispute where there currently is none to be had. And yes, you may not need an account to make valid edits, but usually people will react just the way Ghost did to anonymous edits, especially to those with high significance like placing a NPOV tag. A friendly word of advice: if you plan to stick around, create one; it's extremely easy and it will give your edits a higher measure of consideration. Hope you enjoy your time in English Wiki! Shauri Yes babe?  12:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

My dear Ghost, please don't worry. In fact, I should have corrected some issues adressed by Mike some time ago. But with all honesty, I got very tired of the subject after the long research that led to the writing of the article, so I've been stalling its review. It'll force me to put my other researchs on hold, but I'll address Mike's concerns asap. I do believe that a NPOV tag is too harsh a measure, tho, since it´s not like anything at the article is invented by me or any other users, but taken from existing sources. I believe Mike is the greatest modern authority on the subject, however, so a revision of a few points is in order. I´ll get to work right away. I´m replacing the NPOV tag with an "Under Work" one while I'm addressing the mentioned points. Shauri Yes babe?  10:03, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Apologies to the IP, who placed the tag to begin with and whom I've since discovered is a part of the German Wiki Talk. I admit, I too overreacted. But, as you say, the NPOV tag was a bit harsh. By the way, it was my pleasure to support you for admin  my dear:) --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 10:50, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Shauri - I'm very pleased to see you're able to spare time to make revisions. I believe your article has the potential to make a big difference to the long term perception of SHJ - and to correcting the numerous errors all too often perpetuated on the net. Thanks Mikedash 11:05, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Spring Heeled Jack and Monkey-man of New Delhi
Has anyone noticed a similarity to Monkey-man of New Delhi? Purportedly:

 * both had glowing red eyes
 * both had helmets
 * both had claws
 * both scratched their victims

I really don't buy the paranormal explanations, but if one tries to explain these two phenomenons by some kind of mass hysteria, it gets even weirder. What makes human mind imagine helmets? GregorB 19:20, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * "What makes human mind imagine helmets? " hahahaahaha that was pretty funny but yeah you have to question that, but there are plenty of reports of mass hysteria where multiple people "see" the same thing in stunning clarity and detail. I'm with you on this one though.-Elysianfields 22:13, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

The Ripper Connection
Hola Shauri, First I must add my voice to the chorus of praise you have gotten for this article. It is one of the best I've had the pleasure to read and reread...great story, very well told and very throughly researched! The first time I read it, though, I could not help but think of Jack The Ripper....could there be some connection between the two, besides simply a shared first/last name? Consider, SHJ was fairly quiet in the years just before the Ripper first struck. Then suddenly there was a rash of appearences again. Perhaps these were products of mass hysteria, as some here have suggested, but maybe there was something more. Also, the last reported sighting of SHJ was in 1904, the same year the last of the serious Ripper suspects is said to have died. What I'm getting at here is, besides being the inspiration for such benign, fictional heroes such as Zorro and Batman, might SHJ also been an inspiration for the first modern serial murderer? This could be an angle worth exploring. But I yield to your superior expertise and judgement on the matter. Best to you M'dear ;) --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 15:44, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Moon's gravity
In the "Paranormal conjectures" section, the article states that "Supporters of this theory believe this would explain his [...] jumping ability (by suggesting that he may have been native of a planet with greater gravitational pull, like astronauts experienced on the Moon)". Just wondering, isn't it the case that it's just the other way round, i.e. moon's gravity is less than the earth's, so astronauts would experience a smaller gravitational pull? Strangely, I couldn't find anything about this on the "Moon" article, so any clarifications would be welcome.

Revision time
All right! I've made a list of the points Mikedash have suggested as needed of revision. I'll rewrite the proper parts with the information he has provided at his very detailed paper on the subject, which is (trust me) by far the best serious source made ever on Spring Heeled Jack. Before you ask, allow me to tell you "why" I trust him so much as to review many significant points of the article. To whom of you who don't know Mike Dash, please let me introduce him: Mike is one of the most serious and dedicated investigators of anomalous phenomena of the world, despite his youth, and he was editor for 20 years of the English magazine Fortean Times. Mike has humbly and graciously pointed out several mistakes on this article, which are product of the vast quantity of exaggerated and distorted sources that abound on the matter. Unfortunately, his work hasn't been available to me until now, and despite I knew its existence when I wrote this article back in March, I had no way to get it at the moment. Hence, as I get to address each concern he raised, I'll scratch it from the list below. May take me a while, so feel free to help if you want!

 * There is no evidence SHJ attacks peaked in the period 1850–70.
 * There is no evidence Jack’s eyes were either ‘protuberant’ or ‘red’. The only description we have of them states that ‘his eyes resembled red balls of fire’, but this effect was apparently caused by his fire breathing.
 * Only one eyewitness (Jane Alsop) described Jack’s clothing as resembling white oilskin. Another (Lucy Scales) described him simply as wearing a cloak and ‘bonnet’. I must indicate here that, to the best of my knowledge, the "tightly-fitting white coat" is also mentioned at the Aldershot incidents; am I wrong, Mike?
 * No accounts of Jack wearing a black oilskin garment exist.
 * No witnesses described Jack as ‘athletic and sturdy’. 1838 accounts describe him as of ‘tall, thin, and gentlemanly appearance, enveloped in a large cloak’, ‘a tall person wrapped up in a large cloak’, and as young, tall and thin. Some mentions to this matter remain at other parts of the article. I'll correct them as I get there.
 * No completely reliable reports of Jack’s alleged leaping exist. Admittedly a sensitive point, but in the context, the reference to leaping is intended to show what several witnesses expressed (i.e. Aldershot and Lincolnshire episodes). At said events, it was stated that Jack did leap. I cannot judge the (un)reliability of the witnesses' testimonies (which did exist) on the basis of NPOV. However, a footnote will be added to express Mike's considerations. Also, I will correct other cases where Haining and others allege the existence of leaping by Jack (i.e. Scales) and, according to Mike, he did not make his escape that way.
 * No known reports refer to Jack having ‘an uncommonly deep voice’.
 * There is no evidence that accounts of SHJ go back beyond 1837. No writer on the subject has ever produced any source, contemporary or otherwise, to reliably suggest that there were reports in either 1808 or 1817.
 * There are no contemporary reports concerning an attack on a businessman in Sept 1837.
 * No trace has ever been found of reports of Jack’s supposed assault on Polly Adams. The earliest known account of this case appears in Haining’s 1977 book.
 * There are no contemporary accounts of Jack’s supposed attack on Mary Stevens.
 * No contemporary sources describe any attack on a coachman
 * No contemporary sources describe any incident in a Clapham churchyard.
 * No ‘special police task force’ was ever formed to hunt for Jack. Investigation was carried out by the ordinary police and by the investigating magistrates at Lambeth–street court and their private police officer, Lea.
 * There is no evidence that the Duke of Wellington ever rode out in search of SHJ, much less actually encountered him.
 * The Scales incident was not ‘widely reported in the press’. Only a solitary report, in a single paper, appeared. This was almost certainly because Alsop came from a comfortably well-off family, whereas Scales came from a family of tradesmen.
 * The date of the Scales attack was 28 February 1838, not 18 February.
 * There is no evidence that Lucy Scales’s sister was called Margaret.
 * The Scales attack took place half way along Green Dragon Alley, not at its entrance.
 * Jack did not ‘leap upon’ Lucy Scales. He ‘waited at an angle in the passage’ while she approached him.
 * There were only two witnesses to this attack — Lucy and her sister — and neither described Jack ‘bounding away’, much less leaping onto the roof of a house. As noted above, he simply ‘walked away in an instant’
 * The Alsop incident took place 8 days before the Scales attack, not two days after it. The dates at the footnotes haven't been corrected yet. Since I plan to rearrange that section, I'll add the proper dates later.
 * Jane Alsop said nothing about Jack having ‘great claws’ or hands ‘cold as ice’. Her actual description was that he ‘commenced tearing her gown with his claws, which she was certain were of some metallic substance’.
 * William Scales did not testify before magistrates separately from his sister. They appeared together, at Lambeth–street police court, on 6 March 1838.
 * Jack’s appearance in Turner Street did not take place a week after the attack on Jane Alsop. It occurred three days later, on 23 February.
 * Mr Ashworth’s servant made no mention of the timbre of Jack’s voice. No mention was made of ‘a golden embroidered letter “W”’ either.
 * No contemporary reports of appearances in 1843 are known.
 * There is no evidence that Jack’s alleged murder of Maria Davis ever took place. The evidence Haining presents for its reality has been fabricated.
 * There is no reason to associate Spring–heeled Jack with the Devil’s Hoofmarks case of 8 Feb 1855. Contemporaries did not. There is absolutely no resemblance between the two phenomena.
 * Jack made no known appearances in London during the 1870s. Peckham, where a ‘ghost’ identified by one London paper as SHJ did appear in 1872, was not part of London at this time. The local Peckham newspapers, one of which covered the case extensively, did not identify the ‘ghost’ seen there as Spring–heeled Jack. I also removed here the reference to Sheffield newspapers, which according to Mike's paper did not identify the "Park Ghost" as SHJ, although the local folklore did.
 * No contemporary reports suggest that a Private Regan encountered SHJ at Aldershot in 1877. Regan’s name first appears in an exaggerated account dating to 1954.
 * No contemporary report suggests Jack wore a helmet or oilskin costume at Aldershot, was tall and muscular, or breathed fire. The shots that were fired at him were all blanks.
 * No known contemporary account describes Jack as ‘leaping over houses’ at Newport Arch, near Lincoln
 * Jack did not appear at St Francis Xavier’s Church in Everton in 1904. His alleged appearance at the church dates to the 1880s.
 * No Liverpool witnesses in either 1888 or 1904 described ‘a tall muscular man, fully dressed in white and wearing an “egg shaped” helmet’.
 * There is no evidence that SHJ was ever known as ‘Springald’ in the 1830s. Jack’s original name appears to have been ‘Steel Jack’, probably a reference to his supposed appearances clad in armour.
 * There are no contemporary reports of ‘devilish features’. ''With this, I was mentioning SHJ's features as depicted by the contemporary penny dreadfuls and Alsop's testimony about the "eyes that shone like balls of fire". I'll rephrase it removing the "devilish" adjective.
 * There is no doubt whatsoever that the witness’s name was Scales, not Squires.
 * Despite Cohen's claim, he cannot have consulted 'Limehouse police records' for 1838 as no such records exist.

That's about all of them. A few of these points may remain mentioned at the article, with a proper reference of its source and Mike's rebuttal (or correction). I believe this would be important, mainly because it will serve to rectify some widely accepted myths, rather than ignoring them completely. Feel free to provide your input here - it would be greatly appreciated. Thanks for your attention everybody! - Shauri    smile!  14:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Description of Aldershot Jack
Shauri - to answer the question you pose in 17/Revision Time, all available descriptions of the Aldershot Jack were given in my earlier post (13) - yes, you're right, one does mention a white tight fitting coat, but I'm not sure that necessarily compares to the white oilskin outfit reported in 1838 (which to me implies a shiny garment, though not necessarily the skintight bodysuit I know a lot of people envisage).

What we need to remember here is that white is the traditional colour of ghosts, hence also the colour likely to be adopted by anyone pretending to be a ghost. There are actually numerous cases of pranksters wearing white to do this. The interesting Hammersmith case of 1804, which involved the inadvertent killing of a man who had been posing as a ghost in that village for some days (see my original paper on SHJ), revolved around a man dressed in white. In the Peckham Ghost scare of 1872, said by some newspapers to be the work of Jack, the perpetrator apparently wore a dark coat with a white lining that could be reversed to allow him to adopt the appearance of a ghost. On that basis, I wouldn't necessarily say that the fact the Aldershot Jack wore a tight fitting white coat links him to any earlier appearances or implies anything definitely supernatural.

Good luck with the rest of the edits. Mikedash 17:14, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Severe bias in the article
While it's nice to see people pop in who write for Forteana Magazine and so forth, I would submit that their input, and the current version of this article, is highly slanted to the notion that Springheeled Jack really existed. It's one thing to cite sources claiming what witnesses report and another thing to report these claims as if they were factual. This article is a godawful mess. Articles writtten with a neutral stance report what others say, they don't take sides. This article takes sides in a major way, repeatedly making claims about paranormalism and historicity that simply have not been proven. DreamGuy 02:35, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think so: the accounts of Springheeled Jack are historical. They existed. Contemporary accounts report that people said they saw things. Now, whether these accounts are reliable or what precisely they saw, if at all, is debatable, but the accounts are there. The article lead makes it clear that Jack was "said" to have existed, and the rest of the article is written to reflect the accounts accurately. It talks about the skeptics, and it puts forward their citicism as well as the paranormal theories, so where is the bias here? I would say that the position is not that Jack necessarily existed, but that there has to be a recognition that these accounts, and the various phenomena surrounding them, mass hysteria, theories, paranormalism or otherwise, did exist. Perhaps you could point to some examples in the article? --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 02:55, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well put Khaos! I think the author did an outstanding job in maintaining a neutral tone in this article, yet still kept it a compelling read. She has made it clear that she, personally, believes SHJ was a combination of hoaxers, hallucinations and hype. But she leaves it up to the readers to decide for themselves. Which is exactly as it should be.--R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 10:46, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, Khaos, the REPORTS are historical. They should treated and worded as REPORTS, not as things that DID happen. The article is not currently written that way. It's a matter of going through to say so and so reported/claimed/stated/said/according to/etc. This is a simple matter of basic objectivity in language, as standard applied in news reporting and encyclopedias that apparently many writers here just don't understand. You sound like you are arguing for a common sense approach, but that approach is not how the article actually reads at this point. DreamGuy 19:57, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Re Dream Guys comments
I think that Dream Guy  has put his finger on an interesting problem when dealing with "fringe history"  The validity of eyewitness reporting. The Case of Rhynwick Williams (AKA the London Monster) is a case in point. There are literally 100's of eyewitness reports of a man who slashes at young womens buttocks and noses. but the variety of descriptions, both of the perpetratour and modus operandi indicates that there were several people involved or there were examples of Mass hysteria.There was however little or now physical evidence against Williams (who was convicted anyway) People are always willing to rubbish Eyewitness testemoney (god why doesn't this thing have a spellchecker for us dyslexics?) if it conflicts with their views. Its certainly a soft target. I Leave you with an anecdote (saw it on a tv programme about 5 years ago but cannot Verify it for all you geeks out there). In 1968 an event was witnessed in central scotland by a total of eight separate witnesses. One was a retired high court judge, two were serving police officers and another was a priest. Under then scottish law eight witness testemonies would be enough to convict someone of first degree murder without any other proof and without it even being neccisary to produce a body. But these people have been accused of hysterial, drunkenness and down right lying because they didn't witness a murder. They all saw the Loch Ness Monster at the same time. What price eye witness testemony now?

By the way, Great Great Article. I've been keeping a lookout for SHJ material since comming across him about 15 years ago. For Shauri, I direct you to the Old testament: "heed not the crackling of thorns under the pot, for such is the laughter of fools."

B

title: Talk:Spring-heeled Jack/Archive 1


text:
User:JWSchmidt/Blog/17 March 2007

Stable versions  Anyone who has spent time dealing with vandalism has probably thought about ways to limit vandalism and ways to help detect vandalism. One recent helpful innovation is the change to the recent changes tool that shows the number of characters added or removed by each edit. Last summer Jimmy Wales wrote about plans for "version flagging", a proposed new wiki editing process in which there would be a distinction between wiki page versions shown to the public and the newest page versions produced by some editors. The idea being to let everyone edit the wiki pages, but allow the community to review some edits before the edits go public. "Some editors" in this case means wiki editors who do not register a user name or editors who only recently created their user account.

Rumor had it that the German Wikipedia would be the first to test some kind of system for allowing edits to protected articles, review of those edits, and approval of the edits by long-term registered users (here "long-term" means about four days). This system was to apply to the relatively few articles that are protected or semi-protected. This blog post marks the start of my attempt to find out if anything has or will come of this proposal.

The Wikipedia Signpost of 20 March 2007 reported that a contractor was hired to work on "stable versions". The project seems to be moving towards a system where people browsing Wikipedia will be able to request that they see only only reviewed versions of pages.

April 28: With a bit of luck, it can undergo the review process and perhaps be tested on a Wikipedia soon - Rob Church (blog)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:JWSchmidt/Blog/17 March 2007


text:
Talk:Algebra/Variables

I just rewrote the page. As such an archived the previous discussions relating to the old page. There is a lot left to be added, specifically there should be a rather lengthy problems section. I am now thinking that order of operations should wait until its own section? We shall see. Thenub314 (talk) 08:57, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Natural numbers
A recent edit changed "whole numbers" to "natural numbers" in a few places. This made sense because the text then gave as examples of whole numbers 1, 2, 3, … etc. I really wanted to stick with the term "whole" because I felt is was a bit more familiar, and I wanted to keep the terminology friendly at least until the formal definitions that come later in Sets. Thenub314 (talk) 21:00, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Set notation
Hi I was hoping to remove the symbols { and } from the paragraph here. I wanted to avoid using set notation until after it is introduced section on sets a bit later on in the book. As the students I taught often don't understand what the notation means. I also was hoping to change leading sentence in Evaluating expressions to emphasize the idea that "variables are numbers". But I wanted to make sure there were no objections. Thenub314 (talk) 15:04, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Editorial Opinions Welcome
I have no objection to any changes you want to make to the Algebra book.

I am currently working my way through it trying to make it "more conversational" while still keeping the rigor. The set notation is probably a style remnant from initializing arrays. Nfgdayton (talk) 19:30, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Need to at least add answers to the problems given.
There are no answers given for teh problems shown at the bottom of th spage. This is needed. More practice problems would be nice as well. Kweeks (talk) 11:35, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Algebra/Variables


text:
Film Scoring/Creating the sound of fear

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffe; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"  |

Overview

 * Single notes
 * Some of the instruments of a symphony orchestra create a mood when you play even a single note.

 * That means all you have to do is play a single note to create a film score.

 * Wow! Even filmmakers who are not musicians can do that.

 * Example
 * You can create the sound of fear by playing a violin trill. At a certain pitch, the violin trill sounds really scary.

 * The purpose of this lesson
 * The purpose of this lesson is to show you that you can create a film score just by playing a single note... if you use the right musical instruments.

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" rowspan="2" |

The Sound of Fear
The texture of the sound of certain musical instruments automatically creates a mood. You don't have to do anything special. Just play that one note.
 * Creating moods with individual notes

A trill is a special musical sound created with rapid bowed instruments such as a violin.
 * "It gives me a trill!"

The average filmmaker can never play a trill on a real violin. Not in a million years.

With GarageBand and Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra, filmmaker just press one key on the keyboard to get a wonderfully realistic trill sound.
 * Your computer makes it possible

For filmmakers with no musical talent, this is a miracle. Using the software instruments in the Macintosh computer, a filmmaker can create fantasitc sounds for motion pictures.

Just playing a violin trill is not enough. When you play a violin trill with GarageBand, the trill turns on and then it turns off. Not realistic.
 * There is a problem

To make the trill seem realistic, you must adjust the volume of the sound so it fades in and fades out. That is simple!

This entire process is fast. Super fast!
 * That's it!

Once you have found the correct musical instrument, you simple adjusted the volume of the note.

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"  |
 * style="width: 40%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"  |

Required Software

 * Apple's GarageBand
 * This course is designed for Apple's GarageBand.

 * For filmmakers, GarageBand is easy to use. And after you find all the hidden features, it is powerful enough to use for film scoring by non-musicians.

 * plus

 * Apple's Jam Pack : Symphony Orchestra
 * A source of symphony orchestra sounds is Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra for GarageBand. This is a fantastic combination for filmmakers who are not musicians who want to create film scores.

 * and/or

 * The free Boldt packages
 * Another source of symphonic musical instruments is Ben Boldt's instrument packages] for GarageBand. Note: these packages do not have a violin trill.  But they have other great sounds.

 * If you are using GarageBand with the free Boldt packages, you must hunt through all the instruments and find the best one (along with the best pitch) for the sound of fear.

 * Not recommended
 * An alternative to Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra is MOTU Symphonic Instrument. However, your instructor does not recommend using MOTU Symphonic Instrument with GarageBand.  Too awkward.

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next page

 * The next page explains the how to get started with GarageBand.
 * Page 1: Getting started with GarageBand and a symphony orchestra [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

 * }

title: Film Scoring/Creating the sound of fear


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/galerie-la-ligne.ch

Links

 * galerie-la-ligne.ch resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 5 additions.


text:
User:SoonLorpai/sandbox

Solution
The SGP is the Steiner quadruple system S(2,4,32) because 32 golfers are divided into groups of 4 and both the group and week assignments of any 2 golfers can be uniquely identified.

There are many approaches to solving the SGP.

Radix
Variables in the general case of the SGP can be redefined as $$n = s^k$$ golfers who play in $$g = s^{k-1}$$ groups of $$s$$ golfers for any number $$k$$. The maximum number of weeks that these golfers can play without regrouping any two golfers is $$\tfrac{k^n-1}{k-1}$$. The radix approach assigns golfers into groups based on the addition of numbers in base $$k$$.

Applications
Working in groups is encouraged in classrooms because it fosters active learning and development of critical-thinking and communication skills. The SGP has been used to assign students into groups in undergraduate chemistry classes and breakout rooms in online meeting software to maximize student interaction and socialization.

Social Golfer Problem

title: User:SoonLorpai/sandbox


text:
Talk:Communication design/Archives/2014

Request expansion
This article definitely can be expanded. How about adding famous designers and their works so that readers can get a better understanding of communication design? OComm2014 (talk) 20:48, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Communication design/Archives/2014


text:
Lucas Colitto

Lucas Andrés Colitto (born 1 June 1994) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a winger for Deportivo Cuenca.

Career
Born in San Martín, Buenos Aires, Colitto began his career with Defensores de Belgrano. He made his professional debut on the 4 August 2012, in away fixture against Atlanta. Colitto would score his first goal for Defensores de Belgrano on the 27 October 2012, against Flandria.

In the summer of 2014, Colitto left the Buenos Aires outfit to join Portuguese side F.C. Arouca. Colitto debuted for the Arouquenses on the 31 August 2014 in a 2–0 away loss to C.D. Nacional.

title: Lucas Colitto


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Bronisława Janowska

The result was: promoted by 97198 (talk) 12:41, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Bronisława Janowska

 * ... that Bronisława Janowska (artwork with women pictured) rejected the marriage proposal by the man she loved because he was divorced?
 * Reviewed: Template:Did you know nominations/Palladio (Jenkins).

Created by Poeticbent (talk). Self nominated at 19:07, 10 February 2015 (UTC).

 * Symbol confirmed.svg. A new article of adequate length, posted before due date, hook reference verified, no copy vio noted and img is free. Good to go.-- Nvvchar . 21:08, 13 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Development studies

Notable academics
I think it might be useful if this section gave details of the affiliation of these people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:10, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Human security
Given the important relationship between development studies and human security and the emergence of human security in international discourse, I felt this article would benefit from a brief paragraph on the relationship between the two. I have attempted to demonstrate how human security brings a fresh approach to development issues and how it defines development and security as inseperable issues. Timschocker (talk) 14:34, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Debates
Under this heading LEDCs, LDCs and OECD should be spelled out. Persons viewing the Development studies article may not have encountered these specialty terms before.

Marginalization of Academic Periphery
The list headed `Academic Departments' omits many universities with important Development Studies programmes that are located peripherally to Northern centres, e.g., several universites in New Zealand. Thus, the page reflects a centrist (Northcentric) ideology that can be accused of being geographically and culturally biased and hegemonist, or neocolonialist. Trevorking (talk) 22:50, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Lead should be rewritten
The lead paragraph does not even explain what development studies is. Also, degrees offered by different colleges should not be mentioned in the lead at all, that should be its own section in the body. I'm not familiar with the subject at all personally, but thought I would point this out Pythagimedes (talk) 02:16, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Development studies


text:
Ruby Programming/Syntax

 * Syntax
 * Lexicology
 * Identifiers
 * Comments
 * Embedded Documentation
 * Reserved Words
 * Expressions
 * Variables and Constants
 * Local Variables
 * Instance Variables
 * Class Variables
 * Global Variables
 * Constants
 * Pseudo Variables
 * Pre-defined Variables
 * Literals
 * Numerics
 * Strings
 * Interpolation
 * Backslash Notation
 * The % Notation
 * Command Expansion
 * Regular Expressions
 * Arrays
 * Hashes
 * Ranges
 * Symbols
 * Operators
 * Assignment
 * Self Assignment
 * Multiple Assignment
 * Conditional Assignment
 * Scope
 *
 *
 *
 * Control Structures
 * Conditional Branches
 *
 * modifier
 *
 * modifier
 *
 * Loops
 *
 * modifier
 *
 * modifier
 *
 * ...
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Exception Handling
 *
 *
 * modifier
 * Miscellanea
 *
 * Method Calls
 *
 * Iterators
 *
 * Classes
 * Class Definition
 * Instance Variables
 * Class Variables
 * Class Methods
 * Instantiation
 * Declaring Visibility
 * Private
 * Public
 * Protected
 * Instance Variables
 * Inheritance
 * Mixing in Modules
 * Ruby Class Meta-Model

title: Ruby Programming/Syntax


text:
Phaedropsis bipunctalis

Phaedropsis bipunctalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1895. It is found in Grenada in the southeastern Caribbean Sea.

title: Phaedropsis bipunctalis


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/en.rail.cc

Links

 * en.rail.cc resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * en.rail.cc is hosted on rail.cc
 * rail.cc resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is revertlisted by \brail\.cc\b on [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:XLinkBot/RevertList en.wikipedia.org]
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is revertlisted by \brail\.cc\b on [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:XLinkBot/RevertList en.wikipedia.org]

Users

 * Billinghurst
 * User is whitelisted: User is in trusted groups sysop, checkuser, reviewer on some wikis
 * Billinghurst
 * User is whitelisted: User is in trusted groups sysop, checkuser, reviewer on some wikis
 * User is whitelisted: User is in trusted groups sysop, checkuser, reviewer on some wikis

Additions

 * Displayed all 22 additions.


text:
Variel Sánchez

Variel Alejandro Sánchez Ordóñez (born 14 December 1989) is a Colombian actor and airplane pilot. He stood out for Vicente Guerra, in the first season of A mano limpia. He subsequently participated in the series The Girl, series for which he won two awards for best supporting actor at the TVyNovelas Awards Colombia, and India Catalina Awards in 2017. And recently in the series El Barón, and Loquito por ti.

Biography
Sánchez born on 14 December 1989 as Variel Alejandro Sánchez Ordóñez in Bogota, Colombia. He is the son of renowned Colombian actor Julio Sánchez Coccaro. He is married to actress and model Estefanía Godoy, with whom he has two children. He studied body expression at the Chrysalis a Butterfly School, and at Clara Luna, a theater and singing school. In addition to that he graduated as a commercial airplane pilot, but currently does not work in such a job.

title: Variel Sánchez


text:
kakko

Etymology
Dialectal variant of.

Noun

 * 1) a type of bread originating from Satakunta made of barley and lesser amounts of wheat
 * 2)  dumpling

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

title: kakko


text:
Ada Programming/Keywords/abs

This keyword is used for the operator that gets the absolute value of a number.

y := x;

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Keywords

Ada Quality and Style Guide

|Abs Keywords:Abs

title: Ada Programming/Keywords/abs


text:
Mirny, Rodinsky District, Altai Krai

Mirny (Мирный) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Mirnensky Selsoviet, Rodinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,552 as of 2013. There are 13 streets.

Geography
Mirny is located 9 km north of Rodino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rodino is the nearest rural locality.

title: Mirny, Rodinsky District, Altai Krai


text:
Central Girls Football Academy

Central Girls Football Academy is a women's football team based in Grangemouth, Central Scotland.

From 2018, they have been members of the Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL), the highest level women's football league in Scotland. They currently compete in its second tier, SWPL2, having won the third-tier Scottish Women's Football League Division 1 North in 2017. The club's motto is "Imagine, Believe, Achieve".

Central also have a team that play in the fourth tier of Scottish women's football in the SWFL2 Central league. The SWFL team play their home games at Inchyra Park, Grangemouth.

Foundation
The club was founded by football coach Ian Dibdin. In the early 2000s, whilst working within youth development at Falkirk Football Club under Ian McCall, Dibdin was invited to work on expanding the Falkirk girls section. Under this initiative, Dibdin designed and set up women's programs for Falkirk and Stenhousemuir football clubs. In January 2014, Dibdin founded Central Girls Football Academy.

2015–2017
In 2015 the team won the SWFL Division 2 Central and were promoted to the SWFL Division 1 North.

On 5 November 2017, Central beat Inverness 6–0 to win the SWFL North league and gain promotion to the SWPL2 for the 2018 season. Central won 17 of their 18 league games, scoring 102 goals and conceding only 18 during the campaign.

2018 (SWPL 2)
During the 2018 SWPL launch, captain Ellie Kane intimated Central intended to challenge for that years SWPL2 title. On 11 February, Central began the campaign with a 3–1 win away to St Johnstone.

In April 2018, Central midfielder, Chelsea McEachran won the first SWPL Player of the Month award of 2018 for February/March at only 15 years of age.

In July 2018, Central captain Ellie Kane and midfielder Kim McAlpine left the club to take up university scholarships in the United States. Both spoke highly of Central coach Ian Dibdin with McAlpine stating she hoped to return to Central after her four-year scholarship to Carson–Newman University, Tennessee. Kane left for University of South Alabama, also on a four-year scholarship.

Youth and development
The club has had considerable success at youth level, winning many titles.

In 2014 the Central Under-14 team won the UK Championships. In 2015, the Central Under-15 team won the Scottish Cup when they beat Glasgow City 5–0. In 2016 the team won UK Championships again at Under-16 and Under-17 level.

Eight players of the 2017 SWFL winning team played in and won the Under-14 UK Championship in July 2014.

In July 2018 Central won the Under-15 UK Championship. The win gave Central a UK Championship haul with titles at U14, U15, U16 & U17 level. Later in the same month, the under-15 team also won the Home International Coalfields Cup held in Kelty, Fife. The team beat Boroughmuir Thistle 3–1 in the final, on 30 July 2018.

Matchday programme
The Central Girls Football Academy SWPL Match Day programme is called View from the Centre. Each edition contains match reports, player profiles, league updates and opposition news.

Current squad
Source:

Personnel
Source:

title: Central Girls Football Academy


text:
Powellvenator

Powellvenator (meaning "Jaime Powell's hunter") is an extinct genus of coelophysoid theropod dinosaur that lived during the latter part of the Triassic Period in what is now northwestern Argentina. Fossils of the dinosaur were found in the Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin. The type species, Powellvenator podocitus, was named by Martin Ezcurra in 2017.

title: Powellvenator


text:
Talk:Support vector machine/Archives/2017

Wrong formula for regression (?)
The formula reported for regression appears to be wrong (to me) in the "subject to" part. In particular, the left-hand sides are the same except the signs (the first one is the opposite of the second one). As it is it does not make sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:52, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree that it looks wrong—it looks like the absolute value of the expression ought to be no greater than epsilon. But reference [73], in its expression (2), writes it in the same odd way. Loraof (talk) 22:06, 17 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Actually the two constraints do have the effect of saying that the absolute value of the expression must be no greater than epsilon. With simplified notation the constraints say $$z\le \epsilon$$ and $$-z\le\epsilon.$$ If z≥0, the first constraint says z must be no greater than epsilon in absolute value, while the second constraint says that a negative must be no greater than a positive, which is nonbinding. And if z<0, the second constraint says that the absolute value of z must be no greater than epsilon, while the first constraint says nonbindingly that a negative must be no greater than a positive. So the combined effect is that $$|z|\le \epsilon.$$ Expressing it in absolute value form is more intuitive and readily readable, but expressing it as the article does is how you actually give the instruction to some regression packages. Loraof (talk) 03:51, 18 August 2017 (UTC)