text:
Derivatives

Notation
We denote the derivative of a function $$f$$ at a number $$a$$ as $$f'(a)\,\!$$.

Definition
The derivative of a function $$f$$ at a number $$a$$ a is given by the following limit (if it exists): $$f'(a)=\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}$$ An analogous equation can be defined by letting $$x=(a+h)$$. Then $$h=(x-a)$$, which shows that when $$x$$ approaches $$a$$, $$h$$ approaches $$0$$: $$f'(a)=\lim_{x\rightarrow a}\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}$$

As the slope of a tangent line
Given a function $$y=f(x)\,\!$$, the derivative $$f '(a)\,\!$$ can be understood as the slope of the tangent line to $$f(x)$$ at $$x=a$$:

As a rate of change
The derivative of a function $$f(x)$$ at a number $$a$$ can be understood as the instantaneous rate of change of $$f(x)$$ when $$x=a$$.

Vocabulary
The point A(a; f(a)) is the point in contact of the tangent and Cf.

Definition
If f is differentiable in a, then the curve C admits at a point A which has for coordinates (a ; f(a)), a tangent : it is the straight line passing by A and of direction coefficient f'(a). An equation of that tangent is written: y = f'(a)*(x-a)+f(a)

First Degree Derivative [First Order Derivative; f'(x)]
The first degree derivative of a function, commonly showing the slope of the tangent line at one point of the function, shows its instantaneous rate of change. Intuitively, the first degree derivative reveals the direction of the function; a positive first degree derivative shows the increasing of a function, and it shows decreasing when negative.

Local
Local minimums/maximums are found from solving for f'(x)=0, for f(x) is differentiable for all x on desired interval. When the first order derivative is zero, it suggests the stop in increasing or decreasing. Whether the point x at f'(x)=0 is a maximum or minimum requires the derivative to the left and right of x. If the derivative is positive on the left and negative on the right; if the graph shifts from increasing to decreasing at point x, f(x) at x would be a local maximum. Conversely, If the derivative is negative on the left and positive on the right; if the graph shifts from decreasing to increasing at point x, f(x) at x would be a local maximum.

Global
Global minimums/maximums are found at the smallest/largest y-values of each graph.

A saddle point refers to the point where f'(x)=0 but the graph maintains its movement direction.

Application
In a function that measures an object's disposition, the first order derivative shows its instantaneous change in position, i.e. velocity.

Second Degree Derivative [Second Order Derivative; f '' (x)]
The second order derivative takes

Inflection Point
An inflection point refers to the point where the function changes its concavity (from sloping up to down, vice versa). The inflection point is found from solving for f '' (x)=0, for f(x) is differentiable for all x on desired interval.

Application
In a function that measures an object's velocity, the first order derivative shows its instantaneous change in velocity, i.e. acceleration.

Power Rule
One of the most commonly used derivative rules for functions in the form of $$x^n$$($$x $$ raised to the $$n$$th power), $$n\in \mathbb{R}$$.

$${d \over dx}x^n = nx^{n-1}$$

Polynomial Differentiations
Taking the derivative of a polynomial requires the differentiation procedure to be applied to each term including the variable $$x $$.

Example:

$$f(x)=x^5+3x^2 $$

$${d \over dx} f(x)= 5x^4+6x$$

Negative Power Differentiations
Taking the derivative of a function in the form $$1 \over x^n$$ can be achieved through rewriting the function with a negative power, $$x^{-n} $$.

Example:

$$f(x)= {{1}\over {x^7}} = x^{-7} $$

$${d \over dx} f(x)= -7x^{-8}$$

Fractional Exponents and Radicals
Differentiating a function with a radical such as a square root,$$\sqrt{x}

$$, can be done through rewriting the function in the form with a fraction as the exponent, $$x^{1/2} $$.

Example:

$$f(x)= \sqrt{x}=x^{1/2} $$

$${d \over dx} f(x)= {1\over2}x^{-1\over2}={1\over {2 \sqrt{2}}}$$

Quotient Rule
This rule is used to differentiate functions written in the form of $$f(x)={h(x)\over{g(x)}} $$.

$$f'(x) = {{h'(x)g(x)-g'(x)h(x)}\over{g(x)^2}}$$

Example:

$$f(x)= {{x^2+14x^5-\sqrt{2}}\over{\sqrt{14}+x^{-2}}} $$

$$f'(x)= {{-2x^{-3}(x^2+14x^5-\sqrt{2})-(2x+70x^4)(\sqrt{14}+x^{-2})}\over{(\sqrt{14}+x^{-2})^2}} $$

Trigonometric Functions
Rules for differentiating trigonometric functions:

$${d \over dx}(sin(x))=cos(x)dx $$

$${d \over dx}(cos(x))=-sin(x)dx $$

$${d \over dx}(tan(x))=sec^2(x)dx $$

$${d \over dx}(cot(x))=-cose c^2(x)dx $$

$${d \over dx}(sec(x))=sec(x)tan(x)dx $$

$${d \over dx}(csc(x))=-cosec(x)cot(x)dx $$

Logarithmic Functions
Rules for differentiating logarithmic functions:

$${d \over dx}ln(x)={1 \over x}dx $$

$${d \over dx}\log_b(x)={1 \over {ln(b)x}}dx $$

Sample Problems
Differentiate the following:

$$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$
 * 1) $$f(x)= 2
 * 1) $$f(x)= x
 * 1) $$f(x)= {x^{1\over2}+x^5-\sqrt{x}}
 * 1) $$f(x)= {{-(x+1)}\over{x^2}}
 * 1) $$f(x)= 2sin(3x)
 * 1) $$f(x)= {{2sin(3x)}\over{cos(2x)}}
 * 1) $$f(x)= sec(3x)tan(2x)
 * 1) $$f(x)= {{lnx}\over4cosec(x)}

title: Derivatives


text:
User:Vrecion

My real name is Pavel Vrecion.

I teach CAD/CAE/CAM at the Czech University of Agriculture, Faculty of Technology in Prague.

Vrecion is also a secret member of the open source penguin liberation army.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Vrecion


text:
The Next Wave (book)

The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation is a 2011 book which is written by Darrell M. West, who is an author and political scientist, now Director of the Brookings Institution. This book is composed of 9 chapters and its topic is a social change with innovation in digital technology. The author shows how changes in nation, society and private life, which are derived from increase in efficiency, are going to be when technology is combined with many parts of government, policies and society, and how we maximize effects of those changes.

Review
Ugur Gokay Ortasoz (University of Lille) reviewed this book for Political Studies Review, writing that "In this empirical work Darrell West informs the reader in a comprehensive manner about the policies and usage of information technology, and he shows how to handle difficulties while still innovating systems for use in both the public and private sectors."

The book was also reviewed for the Contemporary Sociology. The reviewer concluded that "This book will provide policymakers and business leaders with pragmatic evidence that digital technology can promote not only economic efficiency but also social and political innovation throughout society".

A review in Times Higher Education offers the following commentary about this book: "[West] champions technology as a key catalyst for change in many areas of society. [...] with the notable exception of education, where his commentary is thin, West is successful. He offers readers a panoramic view of the radical changes taking place in political and social life, healthcare, the military, commerce, publishing and the media. [...] This revolution, West's next wave, may or may not crash upon our shores, as is the case with all futurology; we must wait and see. Whatever the future holds, this book offers a fascinating window on our possible digital future."

Analysis
The book is inspired by Toffler's The Third Wave.

title: The Next Wave (book)


text:
Martin Boďa

Martin Boďa (born 2 February 1997) is a Slovak professional footballer who plays for Ružomberok as a forward.

MFK Ružomberok
Boďa made his Fortuna Liga debut for Ružomberok against iClinic Sereď on 15 August 2020.

title: Martin Boďa


text:
Talk:Millicent Fenwick

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 September 2018 and 20 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mirandaboes.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:11, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Family
I'd like to know more about her extended family. Her paternal grandparents were John Henry Hammond and Sophia Vernon Wolfe, but who were her maternal grandparents? The parents of her husband were Frederick McLeod Fenwick and Agnes Duff Keese. What was the name of her husband's first wife? Hugh thirdly married Barbara Madelaine West (1917-1985), the daughter of Charles Gifford West, Jr. and Madelaine Horne (1894-1951). Barbara had four children from her first marriage to Louis Ezekiel Stoddard, Jr. (1913-1951). Those things might be added to her biography. Thanks, OfficeBoy (talk) 22:05, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Added info on her ancestors, husband's first wife. --Offenbach (talk) 05:09, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks! OfficeBoy (talk) 14:24, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Death of Mother/age of subject
The Titanic sank in april 1912. When subject was born in february 2010 she must have been 2 years old at the time and not 5 years as mentioned in the article. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:07, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Her mother died on the Lusitania (1915), not the Titanic. --Offenbach (talk) 02:31, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Millicent Fenwick


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Embassy of Romania, Prague

The result was merge to Morzin Palace. (Non-admin closure)--Antigng (talk) 13:47, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Embassy of Romania, Prague

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Fails WP:ORG. Unreferenced for 8.5 years. Embassies are not inherently notable. This one is located in a historical building, but the building has its own article and is notable in its own right. LibStar (talk) 15:22, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bilateral relations-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 15:55, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Czech Republic-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 15:56, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Romania-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 15:56, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Possible redirect to the building's article? Since embassies aren't inherently notable but apparently the building is. Narutolovehinata5 tccsdnew 10:16, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Architecture-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:46, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:46, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Merge (not just redirect) to Morzin Palace as suggested by Naruto. This article contains some information about the building which is not present in the building's article. --MelanieN (talk) 00:00, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Missvain (talk) 05:59, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge to Morzin Palace. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 16:39, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Ὦξος

Etymology
From (compare 🇨🇬), the largest tributary of the river. Related to 🇨🇬. Compare the latterday toponym of.

Proper noun

 * 1) the river Oxus; the river Amu Darya

title: Ὦξος


text:
Talk:Social penetration theory

Untitled
I would like to add an onion model diagram to this page. b_cubed 05:30, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Yc609.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 May 2019 and 2 August 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Marissamweaver.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:39, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 January 2020 and 22 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jackyyacosta.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 8 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aen4662066. Peer reviewers: Lyjslife, ZLyuLililalawawa.

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Last paragraph under "Breadth and Depth"
The last paragraph under "Breadth and Depth" either needs to be pervasively edited for clarity and citations or cut out altogether. It contains figures of speech, grammar mistakes, and statements inconsistent with the clearer part of the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:17, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

I am currently working on this section to make it better in terms of clarification. --Rosiesievers20 (talk) 10:59, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

Outcomes heading under "Rewards and costs assessment"
Under the outcomes section of the "Rewards and costs assessment" has been edited to remove the math markup as it seemed to be unnecessarily used. now is shown within normal type face using stardard markup system LaurenOldroyd (talk) 10:19, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

Improvements needed to this article
I'm glad to see that sections of this article are being worked on by students. Here are some suggestions for improvement, which are probably obvious, but I hope they're helpful. I don't know the topic so I'm just writing from the point of view of Wikipedia style. This isn't meant to be an exhaustive list of problems.

The fourth paragraph of the lead is grammatically weird.
 * Lead

This should be continuous prose instead of a list.
 * Assumptions

A lot of this lacks citations of sources. If a book is being cited, the ISBN for that edition (if there is one) and page number should be included in the citation, so that other people can verify the source for themselves.
 * Onion Metaphor

The onion metaphor diagram would benefit from a diagram to represent the different stages allowing a visual representation to be provided. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shague90 (talk • contribs) 09:38, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

An encyclopedia should not use second-person language ("you"). Although people might get beneficial information for themselves from the article, it should not be written like a self-help book.

Fascinating stuff, but this is crying out for citations of reliable sources so that readers can check for themselves.
 * Rewards and costs assessment

An encyclopedia should not use second-person language ("you"). It is not a manual. If the topic is about people, then say "people".

"A major factor of disclosure is an individual calculation in direct relation to benefits of the relationship at hand." It's really hard to discern what this sentence is trying to say. It needs to be rewritten.

The obscure word "dyad" appears before "dyadic relationship" is defined.

The term "extensive" is not encyclopedic tone. It sounds like a WP:PEACOCK term.
 * Extensive research and applications

"Without doubt, the value of Social Penetration Theory initially lie into the area of interpersonal communication." As well as poor grammar, this is vague and promotional. An encyclopedia should be precise and factual. References should be created using the Cite button on the toolbar, not by writing "(Yum & Hara, 2005)".

There are lengthy examples in computer-mediated communication. Should there also be some in non-computer communication?

This should be continuous prose instead of a note-form list.
 * Criticism

I don't even think there should be a "criticism" section: at each stage that an aspect or application of Social penetration theory is discussed, the arguments and evidence for and against should be considered. It would be more in line with other psychology articles to have an "Evidence" or "Research" section in which the favourable and critical arguments are set out.

The "Changing Minds" ref and "McDaniel" ref need more detail. Who wrote these sources, what works are they part of. Is there a date of publication? If they are web site references, you need the date accessed in case the site changes in future.
 * Notes

A "further reading" section is for books and papers that are not cited in the text but which further illuminate the topic. It looks like these are works which are actually cited in the text, in which case this section should be headed "Sources".
 * Further reading

MartinPoulter (talk) 19:44, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I have set to sorting the references and notes section to make them more detailed. I found that note 6 and 7 are the same external website but under different names. It is an extract from a published book "Changing Minds" but gives no details on publication on the website itself.

LaurenOldroyd (talk) 10:10, 18 March 2014 (UTC)
 * It's going in the right direction, but watch out for unreferenced paragraphs. Cheers, MartinPoulter (talk) 10:58, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

Onion Metaphor Imagery Change
Hello!

I have created an image using the Social Penetration metaphor with the use of the onion & layers. I deleted the previous 2 images on the page as I feel they did not have substantial relevance or add much to what was been mentioned. I used a credible source for the images information & made it clear as possible for readability.

Nick. J. Austin (talk) 10:34, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

Yc609 (talk) 02:35, 8 November 2016 (UTC)== Communication Theory and Framework Peer Review ==

Hello, I am yc609. I'm a student working on improving this page. I think that the overview section is long and cover a great detail on self-disclosure. I think it is better to downsize the section by just briefly introduce the theory. What do you think? I also notice that the page has a whole section dedicated to Social Exchange theory. Although Social Penetration Theory(SPT) and Social Exchange Theory (SET) are closely related to each other, I feel it is better to only address the key ideas most relevant to SPT. Do you feel the same way, or do you have any suggestion regarding how to deal with section on SET? In addition, I want to add " stranger-on-the-train" phenomenon, which can be deemed as the spontaneous self-disclosure rather than strategic one, to the page. However, I am sort of unsure how to integrate it to the page, and under which section it is more suitable for. Do you have any thoughts on this? Finally, as you may also notice, the extensive research and applications part seems to be unproportionally long compared to other sections. Do you think it is OK to add more to this section, or should I focus on deliberating the key ideas in SPT more instead? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yc609 (talk • contribs) 21:08, 2 November 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review from Young
Hey Yin-Ying! I think you made great points in your questions and I totally feel the same! I will respond to them one by one below:

1. Regarding the overview, I absolutely feel the same. Overview should be brief and consist of key takeaways for readers. You can definitely extend the rest of the explanation in a new "definition" section.

2. For the SPT and SET, I think the length of the SET is ok. It's just the other parts are not fully developed thus making the related theory intro seems too long. I think you can either shorten this section to balance the structure or explore other derivation of SPT and add more reference into it.

3. I think the strangers on the train is a great idea! I personally like the example very much. Yet I feel the same struggle of yours that there isn't the perfect place to put it. My advice is either create a new section called phenomena observed, or introduce the example after some related definition /explanation.

4. About the application section-YES!! Mine is ridiculously long too. Especailly the last one-Computer-mediated communication is way too long. There are so many application we can't put everything into it. I think it is better if you can find a way better organize and arrange this section, than adding more materials into it. For example, combining some overlapping research into one field, or dimply shorten some redundant ones.

5. Finally I have a advice regarding the first section- Assumptions. Because there is barely explanation of individual assumption and you may want to improve it by adding a little more description.

In short, you did a great job on detecting those problems and offer suggestions! Can't wait to see the big difference you would make!

Yy362 (talk) 17:50, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review from Leyi
Hi Ying-Ying!! Your Wikipedia page looks really clean and clear (I'm not doing any advertisement here). It is a very user-friendly page, the subtitles are well-organized and the theory in good structure. As to your question, I do think the first part is a bit too long. Given that the first part is a summary of the whole theory, it would be better to offer one paragraph take away than a small essay. As a little suggestion, maybe you can put the self-disclosure part into the overview so that the first part won't be too long. And you can provide tiny examples to explain the self-disclosure in the overview section. I love the examples!! I always love this part. It's the place that academic and real world link together. Great job Ying-ying!

Peer Review from Amanda
Hi Yin-Ying! You have posted some great questions and observations. Social penetration theory is certainly a fascinating (and relatable!) theory, but WOW there's a lot of content on this page! It is all very helpful, but I think that some of your ideas will definitely help to strengthen this page along with helping to organize it a little better! I will answer your points one-by-one below:

1. I agree with you. I think that the overview section is quite long, and if you don't know much about SPT, it is also very overwhelming, especially considering how much content follows on the rest of the page. I think that shortening the overview section could also strengthen it! It seems as though you could even put some of the content from the overview section just right down below, under the assumptions section? The assumptions section is pretty short, and it seems like some of the content in the overview section would actually be able to back-up some of the assumptions. Anyways, I think that shortening the overview section by either deleting some content, or just writing it in a more succinct manner, could really benefit that section in particular, and the page as a whole. It's a lot to cover for just the first "intro" part of the theory!!

2. I agree that there is a lot of content regarding the Social Exchange Theory. I think it's important to keep some information regarding that theory since the two theories relate to one another. However, I think that having the Wikipedia link to SET is the most important aspect - that way, if someone wants to learn more about SET, they can just go to that page instead of reading it on the SPT page. I'm not sure how much information I'd actually take out of the section, but I probably wouldn't add too much more to the section. I do wish, however, that there was a little more (1 or 2 sentences) written about how SPT and SET relate to one another. If I had never read about either theory, I think that I would be pretty confused. I think a more basic, introductory sentence at the beginning of the SET section would be quite helpful.

3. I think that adding a "Stranger on the Train" concept section would really enhance this page, because it's a very interesting concept. I'm wondering if there's any research on the concept? If so, it would be very interesting to read about it and you could incorporate it into the research section. Otherwise, I would maybe create a new section and place it under the "Onion metaphor" section... I was looking at the organization of the different sections, and it seems as though, after reading about the onion metaphor, a reader/learner might be able to understand/comprehend a new idea such as the "Stranger on the Train" idea. That is just my opinion. But I think you should definitely add it, because it serves as a great and enriching addition to the theory as a whole.

4. I think it is OK to add more to the "extensive research and applications" page. In my opinion, you can never have too much research! And I personally learn best when I can read how a theory is applied in real life. However, I see what you mean when you say that it is long. I notice that the "social networking" part of the section is especially long. Perhaps if you added some research to the sub-sections, the section as a whole might even out a little bit? Or, if you added a new sub-section, I do not think that would be a bad thing, either. I say, if you have some good research or application findings, don't hesitate to add them! I think the page already contains some interesting points on research, but it could still be added on to and improved.

Great job, Yin-Ying! This is a big page to edit, but I think you'll make it even better and I look forward to seeing the changes that you make! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Amm564 (talk • contribs) 18:32, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Peer review from Ai-Ling
Hi, Yin-Ying! The general structure of the page is well organized and easy for me to follow the flow. I think your imagery change on the page is great and improves its credibility. As for your questions, I think the introduction of the theory is a little overwhelming for me, especially the second paragraph which includes too many information. You can separate them into two parts. One part for explaining self-disclosure and another part for the objectivity of the theory.

In terms of the social exchange theory, I think you are right about addressing the key ideas of the theory. More importantly, you can write about the relevance between the SET and the rewards and costs assessment at the beginning of the first paragraph to make reader understand why the page includes another theory to explain the concepts of social penetration theory.

In my opinion, you "strange-on-the-train" phenomenon can be added as a subsection under the self-disclosure part. It is easy for readers to understand the phenomenon after gaining the meaning and stages of self-disclosure. I think the phenomenon will be valuable and interesting for readers to understand the process of social penetration theory in a practical way.

It is totally good for you to add more information to the application section, especially to the application in organizational communication. Besides, I think the criticism part needs more credible sources.

Hope my suggestions will help you edit the page. I believe your editing will make the page more attractive and useful for readers. I am looking forward to your final work. Aw1014 (talk) 03:45, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

Parasocial Relationships
Due to the ever-changing world of relational communications, I wonder if this article could benefit from the addition of parasocial relationships to the applications area. I think your current sections 4.3.1 and 4.4.1 could easily be worked in to this application. JRMcCumber1 (talk) 04:17, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

Depenetration Section
The Depenetration section being separated from the other stages comes across as a bit awkward. Why is it important in this article to have this section separated? I feel the article would be more clear without this information. Eghensler (talk) 02:14, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

Proposed changes
I plan to edit this article to include more references to research done about this theory as well as remove/edit some of the talking points that seem to make the article sound bias, also include more linked articles to relevant information pertaining to this theory.Marissamweaver (talk) 02:20, 5 June 2019 (UTC)

Bibliography

Braithwaite D., & Baxter, L.. (2008). Metatheory and Theory in Interpersonal Communication Research. [PDF] In D. Braithwaite & L. Baxter (Eds.), Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication: Multiple Perspectives (pp. 1-15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Donald Baack, Christine Fogliasso, & James Harris. (2000). The Personal Impact of Ethical Decisions: A Social Penetration Theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 24(1), 39. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25074265&site=eds-live&scope=site

Berberoglu, B. (2017). Social Theory : Classical and Contemporary – A Critical Perspective. New York: Routledge. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1449724&site=eds-live&scope=site

Exploring horizontal communication of matrix-structured organization with social penetration theory. (2017). 2017 International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI), Applied System Innovation (ICASI), 2017 International Conference On, 1911. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.1109/ICASI.2017.7988324

critique?
Is there really no critique of that theory? (It seems to me highly critiquable!) denis 'spir' (talk) 10:53, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review from MichaelNW
Hi, I am a graduate student from Georgetown University who is editing the Social Penetration Theory article as part of an assignment for class. I made the following changes:

For the sake of consistency, I wrote social penetration theory as SPT.

In the self disclosure section, I removed the sentence, "In other words, penetration is rapid at the start but slows down quickly as the tightly wrapped inner layers are reached” because it was repetitive.

In the part on De-penetration theory, I reworded “termination of relationship” to “causes the relationship to end.”

In the Breadth and Depth section, the Depth subsection started off with a question. I removed this because I thought it was unnecessary.

Under the Rewards and Costs Assessment section, I combined the Social Exchange Theory and Outcomes subsections.

I removed the following paragraph:

"In addition, the relationship between nonverbal behavior and the social penetration process has been of interest. A study conducted among university drama student actresses discovers that casual acquaintances discussing intimate topics tended to use more intensive nonverbal behaviors than good friends do (Keiser & Altman, 1976)."

I felt that this did not add anything new to the article and the citation did not have a link. MichaelNW (talk) 17:20, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

CCT Peer Review 2019
Hi, I'm a graduate student from the CCT program at Georgetown University. Here are my comments on the page.

1. The page didn’t write references for some examples it stated, so I can’t judge whether the examples are from academic research or just made up by the writer. Actually, they should come from academic articles. See “Disclosure reciprocity”.

2. The way the onion metaphor shows the relationship and the depth of the numbers is not accurate. The onion is cut into wedges. Each wedge is the breadth of the topics in the disclosure. The rising of the numbers should not represent different topics; instead, they are the depth of the same topic. For example, one man can talk about his family and his relationship at the first meet. He might introduce how many family members he has a girlfriend. As the self-disclosure goes deeper, under the same topics of family and relationship, he might tell you the one in his family he hates most, and he actually has divorced before.

3. How about adding a section for critiques? The theory may meet some challenges because the traditional face to face communication is being replaced by online interaction. The writer mentioned some of this point in the application section. I expect to see more content focusing on this point.

Extra references:

Gibbs, J. L., Ellison, N. B., & Heino, R. D. (2006). Self-Presentation in Online Personals: The Role of Anticipated Future Interaction, Self-Disclosure, and Perceived Success in Internet Dating. Communication Research, 33(2), 152–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205285368

Nicole Ellison, Rebecca Heino, Jennifer Gibbs, Managing Impressions Online: Self-Presentation Processes in the Online Dating Environment, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 11, Issue 2, 1 January 2006, Pages 415–441, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00020.x Fanwang0912 (talk) 03:37, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review from MichaelNW
Hello, I am a graduate student at Georgetown University who is editing the Social Penetration Theory article as part of an assignment for class. I made the following edits:

I added a part to the introduction about de-penetration. This new additions reads as, "SPT also examines the process of de-penetration and how some relationships regress over time and ultimately end.”

In the disclosure reciprocity subsection of the self-disclosure section, there was an example about the rising cost of rent in New York City. I removed this example because it did not have a citation and replaced it with one that did. The new example reads as, "For instance, if someone was to bring up their experience with an intimate topic such as weight gain or having divorced parents, the person they are talking to could reciprocate by sharing their own experience.” The citation for this example is below:

Jiang, L. Crystal; Bazarova, Natalya N.; Hancock, Jeffery T. (2013). “From Perception to Behavior: Disclosure Reciprocity and the Intensification of Intimacy in Computer Mediated Communication.” Communication Research. 40. 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211405313. MichaelNW (talk) 17:44, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review from MichaelNW
Hello, I am a graduate student at Georgetown University who is editing the Social Penetration Theory article as part of an assignment for class. I made the following edit:

In the barriers section, there was an example about how people from Japan are less likely to self-disclose as much person information as people from France. I removed this example as it did not have a formal citation. I then replaced it with a similar example comparing the topics of discussion of interpersonal relationship between Japanese and American cultures and included a formal citation. The example reads as follows, "For example, Americans friends tend to discuss intimate topics with each other, whereas Japanese friends are more likely to discuss superficial topics." The citation for this example is below:

Cahn, Dudley D. (1984). "Communication in Interpersonal Relationships in Two Cultures: Friendship Formation and Mate Selection in the U.S. and Japan." Communication. 13. 31-37. MichaelNW (talk) 22:54, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review from MichaelNW
Hello, I am a graduate student at Georgetown University who is editing the Social Penetration Theory article as part of an assignment for class. I made the following edit:

In the barriers section, there was an example on how partners of different religions might hesitate to discuss topics of faith. I though this was a good example, but it lacked a citation. I attempted to find a citation to support this, but was unable to find one. I replaced this example with one I found on a study of self-disclosure among Hindus and Muslims in India. The results showed that Hindus, which are a religious majority in India, tend to disclose personal information more often than Muslims do. I wrote that people of a religious minority might feel less inclined to self-disclose personal information. The examples reads as follows, "One might feel less inclined to disclose personal information if doing so would violate their religious beliefs. Being part of a religious minority could also influence how much one feels comfortable in disclosing personal information." The citation for this example is below:

Croucher, Stephen M.; Faulkner, Sandra L.; Oommen, Deepa; Long, Bridget. (2010). "Demographic and Religious Differences in the Dimensions of Self-Disclosure Among Hindus and Muslims in India." Journal of Intercultural Communication Research. 39. 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2010.520837. MichaelNW (talk) 04:19, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review from MichaelNW
Hello, I am a graduate student at Georgetown University who is editing the Social Penetration Theory article as part of an assignment for class. I made the following edit:

In the barriers section, there is an example about how men are less likely to self-disclose to the stigma that comes with gender and expressing emotion. This was a good example, but it did not have a citation to support it. I found an article on the difference in self-disclosure between males and females in romantic relationships. I added a sentence about how women are more likely to self disclose than men. The new sentence reads as follows, "In romantic relationships, women are more likely to self-disclose than their male counterparts." The citation for this example is below:

Horne, Rebecca M.; Johnson, Matthew D. (2018). "Gender Role Attitudes, Relationships Efficacy, and Self-Disclosure in Intimate Relationships." The Journal of Social Psychology. 158. 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1297288. MichaelNW (talk) 22:11, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review from MichaelNW
Hello, I am a graduate student at Georgetown University who is editing the Social Penetration Theory article as part of an assignment for class. I made the following edit:

In the Applications section, there was a subsection titled Self-disclosure in minority communication. This subsection only had one example, which was about self-disclosure in the lesbian community. I added an example about self-disclosure of sexual orientation among LGBT youths. The study I cited examines the coming out experiences of LGBT youths, looking at who they chose to disclose this information to and whether it had a positive or negative affect on their relationships.

Since both examples in the subsections are specifically about the LGBT community, I felt that it would be appropriate to change the name to Self-disclosure in the LGBT community. The citation for this example is below:

Varjas, Kris; Kiperman, Sarah; Meyers, Joel. (2016). "Disclosure Experiences of Urban, Ethnically Diverse LGBT High School Students: Implications for School Personnel." School Psychology Forum. 10. 78-92. MichaelNW (talk) 00:06, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review from MichaelNW
Hello, I am a graduate student at Georgetown University who is editing the Social Penetration Theory article as part of an assignment for class. I made the following edit:

I added some information to the Self-disclosure in the LGBT community section about how LGBT professionals choose whether to disclose their sexual orientation to their colleagues. The citation for this example is below:

Marrs, Sarah A.; Staton, A. Renne. (2016). "Negotiating Difficult Decisions: Coming Out versus Passing in the Workplace." Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling. 10. 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2015.1138097. MichaelNW (talk) 00:57, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review from MichaelNW
Hello, I am a graduate student at Georgetown University who is editing the Social Penetration Theory article as part of an assignment for class. I made the following edits:

I added some information to the Social networking part of the Computer-mediated communication subsection of the Applications section about how the information that one discloses online depends on the type of website they are using. The citation for this example is below:

Attrill, Alison. (2012). "Sharing Only Parts of Me: Selective Self-Disclosure Across Internet Arenas". International Journal of Internet Science. 7. 55-77.

I added some information to the Online dating part of the Computer-mediated communication subsection about the reasons in which one might choose disclose honest information versus positive information in online dating. The citation for this example is below:

Gibbs, Jennifer L.; Ellison, Nicole B.; Heino, Rebecca D. (2006). "Self-Presentations in Online Personals: The Role of Anticipated Future Interaction, Self-Disclosure, and Perceived Success in Internet Dating." Communication Research. 33. 152-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205285368. MichaelNW (talk) 20:59, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review from MichaelNW
Hello, I am a graduate student at Georgetown University who is editing the Social Penetration Theory article as part of an assignment for class. I made the following edits:

I added some information to the Online dating part of the Computer-mediated communication subsection of the Applications section about how users of an online dating site might present an ideal depiction of themselves as opposed to an honest one. The citation for this example is below:

Ellison, Nicole; Heino, Rebecca; Gibbs, Jennifer. (2006). "Managing Impressions Online: Self-Presentation Processes in the Online Dating Environment." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 11. 415-441. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2006.00020.x.

I added some information to the Interpersonal communication subsection of the Application section. I cited an article that examines marital happiness using the SPT model along with the Attraction Paradigm. The citation for this example is below:

Honeycutt, James M. (1986). "A Model of Marital Functioning Based on an Attraction Paradigm and Social-Penetration Dimensions." Journal of Marriage and the Family. 48. 651-659. MichaelNW (talk) 01:21, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review
Hi!

In general this page has successfully introduced the basic concepts and multiple applications of the Social penetration theory, and the picture of onion layers is super. Also, I am glad to see the Social Exchange Theory is connected and shown on this page. However, under the "Rewards and costs assessment", the introduction about Social exchange theory definitely needs precise in-text citations which can enable the readers to find the original sources. These three paragraphs had mentioned so many authors without proper citations and that could be a problem. Besides, though many applications of the theory were mentioned and well-organized, critiques of this theory are not fully explicated. It is better for readers to understand a theory more completely by introducing its limitations as well. Lyjslife (talk) 19:14, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

CCT 2020 Peer Review from ZL
Hi! I am a student from Georgetown University Communication Theory/Framework Standard course, here are my peer review suggestions: (1)Structure The structure of this article provides detailed knowledge covering big sections "assumptions," "self-disclosure," "rewards and costs assessment," and "applications." I would like to recommend to add another big section "critiques" explaining the limitation of this theory such as a relative narrow scope of the SPT. The article has one legible image of an onion exemplifying the SPT. It can be added more pictures illustrating the examples and theoretical frameworks.

(2) Organization The organization of this article needs to be further improved. The big section "Self-Disclosure" includes lots of small sections such as "onion metaphor," "Sexual communication anxiety among couples," "Stranger-on-the-train phenomenon," and "stages" which I think shouldn't be placed there. Self-disclosure is the core of the SPT, so it's understandable to list many small sections within this big section. But, these small sections focus on different areas such as "stages" is about the process while "sexual communication anxiety among couples" is studying a focused area. Therefore, it is suggested that: "Stages" as a strategy of the social penetration process should be listed as an another new big section and be detailed explained with more examples. "Sexual communication anxiety among couples" should be moved to the application section. "Onion metaphor" is a good instance so I think it will be better to put it in the beginning part. "Stranger-on-the-train" could be moved to the critique part or the end of the "Self-Disclosure" section.

(3) Evidence This article uses 42 sources, thus more references need to be added. The citation form is also problematic. The big section "Rewards and costs assessment" doesn't have any references and citations. For the beginning part, "Assumption" part, "Self Disclosure" introduction part, I think the citations didn't strictly follow the rule. They might need to be fixed.

(4) Content Many areas need to further fixed and some key concepts need to be covered. "Transgression" this key word is not mentioned in the article, which should be one possible direction of depenetration. The section "Rewards and Costs assessment" only explains some core ideas of the social exchange theory, while it forgets to connect how the SET is related and contributive to the SPT. In the application section, it is obvious that "organization communication" and "Media-mediated Communication" are less addressed, since this theory mainly focuses on interpersonal communication. So maybe "media-mediated communication" and "computer-mediated communication" can combine together to form a "media" section.

Suggested References: Since nowadays many communication happen in the virtual space and it is not the same as face-to-face communication, the social penetration process is influenced and shaped by the media change. Though the article referred lots of sources about CMC, researches regarding to social media is relatively less than other big parts. Also, celebrities are utilizing their social media as a method of forming a interpersonal relation with their fans, while the small section "Celebrity's self-disclosure on social media" is relatively less studied. So I think it is worthwhile to contribute one source about this topic.

Utz, S. (2015). The function of self-disclosure on social network sites: Not only intimate, but also positive and entertaining self-disclosures increase the feeling of connection. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.076

Chung, S., & Cho, H. (2017). Fostering Parasocial Relationships with Celebrities on Social Media: Implications for Celebrity Endorsement. Psychology & Marketing, 34(4), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21001 ZLyuLililalawawa (talk) 18:12, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

Connection between Social Penetration Theory and Uncertainty Reduction Theory
In the Self-Disclosure section, an addition of Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT) could be added to show a connection between the two relational theories at play in relationships (SPT and URT). Although the two are quite similar in the initial definition and understanding of each, the two can be used in conjunction to show how both theories supplement one another in relationships. Bua327 (talk) 00:00, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

CMC Edits
In the Computer Mediated Communication section, additional info needs to be added to include current data and research surrounding online dating. Bua327 (talk) 00:03, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

Copyeditor passing by
Whoever looks at this article next could help by appropriately citing sources. Wikipedia uses a citation system that differs from major ones like MLA or APA (confer REFBEGIN). Many of the inline (presumably APA) citations appear to be found in the §Further reading section, so it's mostly just moving the citations to the appropriate sentences. — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 09:02, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Communication Theory
— Assignment last updated by Mdg076 (talk) 20:34, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Social penetration theory


text:
Mercedes Independent School District

Mercedes Independent School District is a public school district based in Mercedes, Texas (USA).

In addition to Mercedes, the district serves the unincorporated communities of Heidelberg, Indian Hills, and Relampago.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

Schools

 * Mercedes High School (Grades 9-12)
 * Sgt. Manuel Chacon Middle School (Grades 6-8)
 * John F. Kennedy Elementary School (Grades PK-5)
 * Ruben Hinojosa Elementary School (Grades PK-5)
 * Zachary Taylor Elementary School (Grades PK-5)
 * William B. Travis Elementary School (Grades PK-5
 * Sgt. William G.Harrell Middle School (Grades 6-8)
 * Mercedes Early College Academy (MECA)(Grades 9-12)

title: Mercedes Independent School District


text:
Allan Asher

Allan James Asher (born February 16, 1951) is an Australian lawyer, consumer advocate and campaigner.

Early life, education and personal life
Asher was born in Sydney on 16 February 1951, one of eight children. He grew up in the western suburbs of Sydney at Eastern Creek. He attended Eastern Creek Primary School and later Rooty Hill High School. After completing high school Asher attended Sydney Technical College (now Ultimo TAFE) to re-do his Higher School Certificate.

He studied economics and accounting at the University of New South Wales, and then law at Sydney University.

In 2012 Asher took up a post as a Visitor at the Australian National University, Canberra.

Early career
Asher's first job was as an audit clerk at an accounting firm.

From 1974 to 1984, Asher was a Senior Executive with the Australian Consumers Association (ACA). In 1984, Asher became the Director of Corporate Affairs with the Overseas Telecommunications Commission (OTC).

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
From 1988 to 2000 Asher was the deputy chairperson at the ACCC. This included a period at the Trade Practices Commission from 1988 to 2005.

The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission is Australia's national competition and consumer regulatory agency. At the end of his term as Deputy chairman (November 2000), the commission was engaged in around 53 civil and criminal prosecutions in the Federal Court of Australia. In addition around 30 enforceable undertakings or administrative settlements were under negotiation. Approximately half of the enforcement matters concerned competition law enforcement.

Asher was appointed as the Consumer Protection Commissioner in 1995 with special responsibility for consumer matters. This role involved extensive liaison with consumer interests both within Australia and internationally including representing Australia at the OECD, UNESCO and APEC. He was responsible for issues connected to e-commerce and global information technology matters.

While at the ACCC Asher played a significant role in the development of the OECD Guidelines for e-commerce and chaired the Policy Committee for 4 years. He represented the OECD at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Work in the United Kingdom
Asher worked for Consumers International, which is a global NGO made up of 240 groups from 110 countries. where he was the Global Policy and Campaigns Director from 2000 – 2001. Consumer's International is a global federation of 243 consumer organisations from 111 countries which promote a fairer society by advocacy of well-functioning market economies, and a rules-based global trading system. Asher was responsible for development advocacy and implementation of policies to promote the welfare of consumers at the global level. Consumers International defends the rights of all consumers including the poor, marginalised and disadvantaged.

Asher joined the UK Consumers' Association in 2001 where he was Director of Campaigns and Communication and a member of the senior management group until 2003. He took executive responsibility for consumer policy research, corporate and public relations, legal affairs and public affairs. Asher was the lead spokesperson for Which? and implemented a campaign to ensure consumer rights in the digital switchover.

From 2003 to 2008 Asher was a board member of the United Kingdom Office of Fair Trading. From 2001 to 2009 Asher was a board member of British Standards (BSI), chairperson of the Consumer Policy Committee in BSI and member of the Strategic Policy Committee.

In 2003 Asher became the CEO of the consumer watchdog organisation EnergyWatch. Energy Watch had 300 staff and 8 offices across the UK and was responsible for the efficient and effective planning, budgeting and implementation of Council and government agreed work plans. Key areas were systematic collection of consumer complaints in the energy sector and research on the underlying cause and systemic changes in industry practice needed to enhance consumer welfare. Energy Watch played an active role in working with governments, industry and consumer groups throughout Europe on consumer protection issues in energy markets. Asher conducted projects throughout Europe including the accession countries to the European Commission of Eastern Europe.

ACCAN
After returning to Australia in 2009, Asher was CEO of the Australian Communications Consumer Action Network (ACCAN). ACCAN is a federation of 130 consumer groups with interests in information and communications technology.

In his time at ACCAN Asher confronted the issue of inadequate customer care and poorly developed customer complaint handling systems maintained by Australian telecommunications companies.

Commonwealth Ombudsman
On 23 July 2010, the Australian Government announced Asher's appointment as Commonwealth Ombudsman from 30 August 2010.

Asher established priorities in several areas. These included issues confronting immigration, in particular administrative problems and poor treatment of asylum seekers.

Asher also encouraged all Commonwealth agencies to revise their written and spoken language to more closely communicate with the public. Another priority was the revision of agency complaint handling systems aimed at promoting social justice for members of the community with language or cognitive disabilities as well as those in remote areas or those suffering from poverty or alienation from the system.

In his role as Ombudsman, Asher also managed development assistance programs through which funding, training and mentoring services are provided to eight Pacific Island States, Indonesia and Timor Leste.

In October 2011, Asher resigned as Commonwealth Ombudsman.

Refugee advocacy
Asher was a participant in the television documentary series Go Back To Where You Came From which was screened on 28, 29 and 30 August 2012 on SBS.

In February 2014, Asher participated in the inaugural event Who is My Neighbour, an information session about issues associated with refugees and asylum seekers in Australia, organised by St James' Church, Sydney.

title: Allan Asher


text:
Hindi

नमस्ते!

Hindi is an Indo-European language spoken as a first language in majority states in northern India and second language in many countries where these people have emigrated. It is written with the Devanagari, script which fairly closely follows the phonetics of the language. Spoken Hindi is very similar to spoken Urdu — as such they are both often classified as part of the Hindustani language.

Feel free to use Wiktionary's Hindi Category to study words.

Basic Hindi in 1,2,3 Steps
To be reorganized
 * /Basic Hindi/
 * /Everyday Phrases/
 * /Mini-tutorial Lesson/

 * 1: Introducing Hindi
 * 2: Speaking and Writing the Hindi language
 * 3: Your first pieces of vocabulary and grammar

Learning More

 * More on pronunciation
 * Extending your vocabulary
 * More useful grammar

Indepth Topics

 * Nouns
 * Verbs
 * Pronouns
 * Tenses

Glossary

 * Nouns
 * Verbs
 * Adjectives
 * Phrases and Idioms

title: Hindi


text:
Karjala

Etymology
. In the sense "Karelia", most likely in the older (and now obsolete) "army" sense of (as borrowed from ), although it could also have the modern meaning "livestock, cattle", if it originally meant "an area that could support large amounts of livestock". Alternatively, Saarikivi (2024) has proposed that the name could originate from a given name like, , if the form is actually original. The municipality in southwestern Finland may be named after ( + ), a village near Mynämäki.

Proper noun

 * 1) Karelia region shared between Russia and Finland

Usage notes

 * The Russian Republic of Karelia is referred to as in Finnish.

Etymology
From. Akin to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

title: Karjala


text:
Jakarta ePrix

The Jakarta ePrix is an annual race of the single-seater, electrically powered Formula E championship, which is held in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the first FIA-sanctioned race in the country since the A1 GP Grand Prix of Nations race in Sentul in 2006 and the first ever motor racing event to be administered directly by the FIA.

The plan to include Jakarta as part of the 2020 Formula E Championship was conceived in Monaco in April 2019, and discussed in New York City in July 2019. In August, the decision was made and the event was officially announced in September 2019, with Jakarta originally intended to hold the event for five consecutive years starting from 2020. It was supposed to have been first held in the 2019–20 season, on 6 June 2020; the race was cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 15 October 2021, it was announced that the race would be the ninth round of 2021–22 Formula E World Championship, becoming the first ePrix in Indonesia and the fourth Asian country to host an ePrix, following China (including Hong Kong), Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia. The event and its planning has been surrounded by several controversies, such as high commitment fees and location uncertainty.

Official names and sponsors

 * 2022 Jakarta ePrix
 * 2023 Gulavit Jakarta ePrix

Circuit
The original circuit was initially to be situated around the National Monument and the Merdeka Square, both in Central Jakarta. The announcement of the location was delayed until January 2022, from the original schedule of December 2021. The executive director of the Center of Youth and Population Research (CYPR), Dedek Prayudi, commented that the 2022 Jakarta ePrix could have been potentially delayed or cancelled as a result of location uncertainty.

Eventually, the location of the circuit would be announced in 23 December according to the main director of PT Jakarta Propertindo (Jakpro), Widi Amanasto. The event's chief organizer, Ahmad Sahroni, said that only two left from all five options for the circuit's location, Ancol or JIEXPO Kemayoran. On 22 December, following multiple postponements, Ancol was selected as the location for the race.

Ancol's location as the race in Ancol caused controversies, due to it being constructed at a mud dump that was used during the previous governorships of Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. While the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) opposed tree logging at the location, the main director of Jakpro, Widi Amanasto said that the trees would not be cut down, but instead be relocated. Jakarta's vice governor, Ahmad Riza Patria, said that the race is not supposed to be held on the swamps.

Fees
Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) cited high commitment fees paid to the Jakarta government for the Jakarta ePrix. Also according to the government regulation number 19 of 2019 concerning Regional Finance Managements, in article 98 paragraph (6); funding of activities for multiple years shall not exceed the end of office, except for national priorities and strategic affairs, as the governor of Jakarta Anies Baswedan is slated to leave the office in 2022. In response to the high commitment fees, Hardiyanto Kenneth, a member of the Regional People's Representative Council in Jakarta, requested their return.

Interpellation
In August 2021, the political parties Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle and Indonesian Solidarity Party attempted a failed interpellation of Jakarta ePrix against Anies Baswedan for being introduced into his 2021–2022 regional priorities. According to Prasetio, the event will potentially burden future governors after Anies leaves the office.

Tender failure
As of 24 January 2022, the tender to construct the circuit was declared failed according to the e-procurement site of PT Jakpro. A member of Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council, Gembong Warsono, alleged an intentional tender failure to enable PT Jakpro to select contractors directly. Despite the failure of the tender, it was later announced on 5 February that PT Jaya Konstruksi Manggala Pratama won the tender.

Accident
On 27 May 2022, the grandstand roof at the Ancol circuit collapsed due to strong winds. On 4 June 2022, a portion of the circuit was on fire.

title: Jakarta ePrix


text:
Dmitry Zaikin

Dmitry Alekseevich Zaikin (Дмитрий Алексеевич Заикин; 29 April 1932 – 20 October 2013) was a Soviet cosmonaut trainer. Zaikin was born in Yekaterinovka, Rostov Oblast. He graduated from Military Fighter Pilot School, Armavir (Krasnodar Krai) and Frunze (now Bishkek), in 1955. He was selected for the cosmonaut training in 1960, as one of a group of the twenty Air Force pilots who would train as the first cosmonauts.

Zayikin was assigned as backup commander for Voskhod 2. He then went on to graduate from the Zhukovsky Military Engineering Academy of Monino in 1968. He left the space service on 25 October 1969 for medical reasons while training for Soyuz missions. He then became an instructor and lead engineer at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center. He left the space program in 1982, and retired from active military duty in 1987.

He was married with two children.

Zaikin died of natural causes on 20 October 2013, as reported by Star City, the Yuri Gagarin Training Centre.

title: Dmitry Zaikin


text:
Cookbook:Purée Mongole

Ingredients

 * 1 lb dry split peas
 * Water
 * Chicken broth
 * Carrot, grated
 * Onion, chopped
 * 1 white turnip, diced
 * 3 stalks celery, chopped
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Ground cloves
 * Turmeric
 * Nutmeg
 * Cumin
 * Curry powder
 * Cornstarch
 * Sour cream, as a garnish

Procedure

 * 1) Add the split peas to a pot. Add the chicken broth and enough water to cover the peas.
 * 2) Bring the peas to a boil, then remove from the heat and let soak.
 * 3) Prepare equal quantities of grated carrot and chopped onion.
 * 4) Add the carrot, onion, turnip, and celery to the split peas. Mix in salt, pepper, cloves, turmeric, nutmeg, cumin, and curry powder.
 * 5) Simmer everything slowly for about an hour, or until the vegetables are well softened. Adjust seasoning to taste.
 * 6) Make a mixture of cornstarch and water with the consistency of thin cream.
 * 7) Bring the split peas to a simmer. Mix in the cornstarch slurry, and cook for a minute or two until thickened.
 * 8) Adjust the consistency with stock (or milk) as desired.
 * 9) Serve hot. If desired, garnish with a floating dab of sour cream and a light sprinkling of nutmeg.

title: Cookbook:Purée Mongole


text:
International Relations/What is International Relations?

What is International Relations?
International Relations is a branch of Political Science dealing with interactions between actors (typically states) in the international system. There are several schools of thought which claim to provide a theoretical model for International Relations, and therefore understand or even predict the behavior of actors on the world stage. Theories of International Relations can be broadly classified into Rationalist and Constructivist groups.

The term "International Relations"
The term "International Relations" is used to describe a phenomenon in its broader sense and therefore is wider than "International Politics" which as a term describes exclusively military and political relations.

The term "International Relations" came to existence at a time when "nation" was considered identical with "state". This identification became much more visible during the second part of the 19th century, when the right of every nation to aquire its own government emerged. This right was particularly outlined at the beginning of the 20th century in the League of Nations Charter, in which the term "state" was actually replaced by "nation". Because of the fact that the League Of Nations was the first important international organization this connection between "state" and "nation" was instituted. From this point on and despite the fact that "International Relations" literally refer to relations between nations, the term is widely used to describe the relations between states.

With the creation of international/ multinational organizations came the transformation of the international environment which changed the role of the state. At this point the international organizations are thought to be one of the international actors along with the states. Because of the shift of influence described above, the term "International Relations" may refer to the relations between international organizations. In this context "International Relations" reflect a more limited view as they are mainly about political and military relations known as "high politics" and economic relations known as "low politics".


text:
Electoral results for the district of The Bogan

The Bogan, an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales was created in 1859 and abolished in 1894.


text:
Nina Curtis

Nina Curtis (born 24 January 1988) is an Australian sailor. She represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in sailing, winning a silver medal.

Personal
Curtis was born on 24 January 1988 in Sydney. She attended Bilgola Plateau Primary School before going to high school at Barrenjoey High School. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in Human Movement from the University of Technology, Sydney after attending from 2006 to 2008. , she lives in Sydney.

Curtis is 167 cm tall and weighs 61 kg.

Sailing
Curtis is a sailor. She started competing in the sport when she was eight years old, after having her parents expose her to it since she was a toddler. She has been coached by Euan McNicol since 2010. From 2008 to 2010, she was coached by Dayne Sharpe. Her primary training base is Sydney, with a secondary training base in Weymouth. She is a member of the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club. She has a sailing scholarship from the Australian Institute of Sport and New South Wales Institute of Sport. Her national team debut was at the Harken International Match Racing Regatta when she was only fifteen years old. In 2007 and 2008, she competed in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. She was named that 2010 Australian Female Sailor of the Year.

At the 2007 Women's Match Racing World Championships in St Quay, France, Curtis finished second. Her teammates included Nicky Souter and Lucinda Whitty. At the 2009 Women's Match Racing World Championships in Lysikil, Sweden, she earned a gold medal.

In 2011, Curtis, Olivia Price and Lucinda Whitty formed their Elliott 6m team. She competed in the Perth 2011 ISAF Sailing World Championships. Her team finished eighth. At ISAF Nations Cup Grand Final in Sheboygan, her team finished third in match racing. At the 2011 Weymouth & Portland International Regatta in Weymouth, Great Britain, her team finished fifth in match racing. At the 2011 European Championships in Helsinki, Finland, her team finished seventh in match racing. At the 2012 ISAF Sailing World Cup in Weymouth, her team finished first. At the 2012 ISAF Sailing World Cup in Miami, her team finished second. At the 2012 ISAF Sailing World Cup in Spain, her team finished third. She competed in the 2012 ISAF Women's Match Racing World Championship in Gottenburg, Sweden. Going into the event, her team was ranked sixth in the world. With five wins and two losses, her team finished third in their group in the group stage. This was her team's final competition before the Olympics.

Curtis has been selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in sailing. She was named to the Elliott 6m team in June 2012. In the lead up to the Olympic Games, she participated at a national team training camp at the Australian Institute of Sport's Italian training centre. At the Olympics, the team won the silver medal.

title: Nina Curtis


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