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Supreme Court of Bangladesh

Supreme Court of Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ সুপ্রীম কোর্ট) is the highest court of law in Bangladesh. It is composed of the High Court Division and the Appellate Division, and was created by Part VI Chapter I (article 94) of the Constitution of Bangladesh adopted in 1972. This is also the office of the Chief Justice, Appellate Division Justices, and High Court Division Justices of Bangladesh. As of January 2024, there are 8 Justices in Appellate Division and 89 Justices (78 are permanent and 11 are additional) in High Court Division.

Structure
The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is divided into two parts: the Appellate Division and the High Court Division. The High Court Division hears appeals from lower courts and tribunals; it also has original jurisdiction in certain limited cases, such as writ applications under Article 101 of the Constitution of Bangladesh, and company and admiralty matters. The Appellate Division has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the High Court Division under article 103 of the constitution of Bangladesh. The Supreme Court is independent of the executive branch, and is able to rule against the government in politically controversial cases.

The Chief Justice of Bangladesh and other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of Bangladesh with prior mandatory consultation with the Prime Minister. The entry point to the seat of judges in the High Court Division is the post of Additional Judge who are appointed from the practising Advocates of the Supreme Court Bar Association and from the judicial service under the provision of Article 98 of the constitution for a period of two years. The current ratio of such appointment is 80%–20%. Upon successful completion of this period and upon recommendation by the Chief Justice an Additional Judge is appointed permanently by the President of Bangladesh under the provision of Article 95 of the Constitution. The judges of the Appellate Division are also appointed by the President of Bangladesh under the same provision. All such appointments come into effect on and from the date of taking oath by the appointee under the provision of Article 148 of the constitution.

A judge of the Bangladesh Supreme Court holds office until they attain the age of 67 years as extended by the provision of article 95 of Constitution (Thirteenth) Amendment Act, 2004 (Act 14 of 2004). A retiring judge faces disability in pleading or acting before any court or authority or holding any office of profit in the service of the republic, not being a judicial or quasi-judicial office or the office of the Chief Adviser or Adviser.

A Supreme Court judge is not removable from office except in accordance with the provision of Article 96 of the Constitution which provides for Supreme Judicial Council empowering it to remove a judge of the supreme court from office upon allowing the delinquent judge an opportunity of being heard. The supreme judicial council is constituted with the Chief Justice of Bangladesh and next two senior judge of the Appellate Division, provided if at any time the Council inquiring into the capacity or conduct of a judge who is a member of the supreme judicial council, or a member of the council is absent or is unable to act due to illness or other cause, the judge who is the next in seniority to those who are members of the Council shall act as such member.

Supreme court judges are independent in their judicial function as empowered through article 94(4) of the Constitution.

Judgments
As per Article 111 of the Constitution of Bangladesh, 1972, the Supreme Court judgments have binding effects and the article provides that the law declared by the Appellate Division shall be binding on the High Court Division and the law declared by either division of the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts subordinate to it.

These judgements are usually summarised in the Bangladesh Supreme Court Digest. There are also many law reports which publish the judgments and orders of the Supreme Court. All these law reports are in printed volumes. The Chancery Law Chronicles offers the online service of judgments of Supreme Court of Bangladesh.

Language
Although Bengali is the only state language of Bangladesh in accordance with the article 3 of the Constitution of Bangladesh, the verdicts given by the judges at the Supreme Court of Bangladesh are frequently in English following the colonial tradition of the British rule, violating the Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.
 * Sheikh Hasina, the incumbent and longest serving Prime Minister of Bangladesh, suggested that the judges should deliver their verdicts in Bengali so that every Bangladeshi can read them, and, later on if need be, the verdicts could be translated into English. Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice of Bangladesh stated that if justice is a virtue and a service to the people, then verdicts should be given in Bengali. He also stated that if the people of the country want that all works in the Supreme Court must be operated in Bengali, then the representatives of the people in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) must enact and implement law to ensure the use of Bengali in the Supreme Court.

Sitting Permanent Judges of the High Court Division

 * 1) Madam Justice Salma Masud Chowdhury
 * 2) Justice Muhammad Abdul Hafiz
 * 3) Justice Dr. Syed Refaat Ahmed
 * 4) Justice A. K. M. Asaduzzaman
 * 5) Justice Zubayer Rahman Chowdhury
 * 6) Justice Md. Emdadul Haque Azad
 * 7) Justice Md. Ataur Rahman Khan
 * 8) Justice Syed Md. Ziaul Karim
 * 9) Justice Md. Rezaul Haque
 * 10) Justice Sheikh Abdul Awal
 * 11) Justice S. M. Emdadul Hoque
 * 12) Justice Mamnoon Rahman
 * 13) Madam Justice Farah Mahbub
 * 14) Justice Md. Moinul Islam Chowdhury
 * 15) Madam Justice Naima Haider
 * 16) Justice Md. Rezaul Hasan
 * 17) Justice Abdur Rob
 * 18) Justice Dr. Quazi Reza-Ul Hoque
 * 19) Justice A. K. M. Zahirul Hoque
 * 20) Justice Sheikh Md. Zakir Hossain
 * 21) Justice Md. Habibul Gani
 * 22) Justice Gobinda Chandra Tagore
 * 23) Justice Sheikh Hassan Arif
 * 24) Justice J. B. M. Hassan
 * 25) Justice Md. Ruhul Quddus
 * 26) Justice Md. Khasruzzaman
 * 27) Justice Farid Ahmed
 * 28) Justice Md. Nazrul Islam Talukder
 * 29) Justice M Akram Hossain Chowdhury
 * 30) Justice M Ashraful Kamal
 * 31) Justice K. M. Kamrul Kader
 * 32) Justice Md. Mozibur Rahman Miah
 * 33) Justice Mostofa Zaman Islam
 * 34) Justice Mohammad Ullah
 * 35) Justice Muhammad Khurshid Alam Sarkar
 * 36) Justice Shahidul Karim
 * 37) Justice Mohammad Jahangir Hossain
 * 38) Justice Abu Taher Mohammad Saifur Rahman
 * 39) Justice Ashish Ranjan Das
 * 40) Justice Mahmudul Haque
 * 41) Justice Badruzzaman Badol
 * 42) Justice Zafar Ahmed
 * 43) Justice Kazi Md. Ejarul Haque Akondo
 * 44) Justice Md. Shahinur Islam
 * 45) Madam Justice Kashefa Hussain
 * 46) Justice Khizir Ahmed Choudhury
 * 47) Justice Razik-Al-Jalil
 * 48) Justice Bhishmadev Chakrabortty
 * 49) Justice Md. Iqbal Kabir
 * 50) Justice Md. Salim
 * 51) Justice Md. Shohrowardi
 * 52) Justice Md. Abu Ahmed Jamadar
 * 53) Justice A. S. M. Abdul Mobin
 * 54) Justice Md Mostafizur Rahman
 * 55) Madam Justice Fatema Najib
 * 56) Justice Md. Kamrul Hossain Molla
 * 57) Justice S. M. Kuddus Zaman
 * 58) Justice Md. Atowar Rahman
 * 59) Justice Khizir Hayat
 * 60) Justice Shashanka Shekhar Sarkar
 * 61) Justice Mohammad Ali
 * 62) Justice Mohi Uddin Shamim
 * 63) Justice Md. Riaz Uddin Khan
 * 64) Justice Md Khairul Alam
 * 65) Justice S. M. Moniruzzaman
 * 66) Justice Ahmed Sohel
 * 67) Justice Sardar Mohammad Rashed Jahangir
 * 68) Justice Khondaker Diliruzzaman
 * 69) Justice K. M. Hafizul Alam
 * 70) Justice Muhammad Mahbub-Ul-Islam
 * 71) Justice Shahed Nuruddin
 * 72) Justice Md Zakir Hossain
 * 73) Justice Md Akhtaruzzaman
 * 74) Justice Md Mahmud Hasan Talukder
 * 75) Justice Kazi Ebadoth Hossain
 * 76) Justice K. M. Zahid Sarwar
 * 77) Justice A. K. M. Zahirul Huq
 * 78) Madam Justice Kazi Zinat Hoque

Sitting Additional Judges of the High Court Division

 * 1) Justice Mohammad Showkat Ali Chowdhury
 * 2) Justice Md. Atabullah
 * 3) Justice Biswajit Debnath
 * 4) Justice Md. Aminul Islam
 * 5) Justice Md. Ali Reza
 * 6) Justice Md. Bazlur Rahman
 * 7) Justice K. M. Emrul Kayesh
 * 8) Justice Fahmida Quader
 * 9) Justice Md. Bashir Ullah
 * 10) Justice S M Masud Hossain Dolon
 * 11) Justice A. K. M. Rabiul Hassan

Former Chief Justice Surandra Kumar Sinha was the first justice appointed from Monipuri or any minority Ethnic groups in Bangladesh. Former Justice Bhabani Prasad Sinha is also from the same community.

Madame Justice Nazmun Ara Sultana was the first ever female justice, and Madame Justice Krishna Debnath is the first female Hindu justice of Bangladesh. There are currently seven female justices in the supreme court.

Controversy
In 2004, Justice Syed Shahidur Rahman was terminated by President Iajuddin Ahmed on corruption allegation.

Former Chief Justice Mohammad Fazlul Karim withheld the oath taking of Justice Md. Ruhul Quddus (Babu) as he was involved in the murder of Aaslam, a pro-Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh student of Rajshahi University, on 17 November 1988, when he was a leader of Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal (JSD), and Justice Mohammad Khosruzzaman was overtly involved in contempt of court on 30 November 2006.

Justice Shah Abu Nayeem Mominur Rahman, an appellate division judge, first ever among these judges, resigned on 12 May 2011 due to supersession, as he was presumed to be the Chief Justice of Bangladesh on 18 May 2011.

Justice Mohammad Nizamul Huq resigned from the post of International Crimes Tribunal (ICT)-1 chairman on 11 December 2012 amid controversy for holding Skype conversations with an expatriate Bangladeshi legal expert based in Belgium.

President of Bangladesh ordered for formation of a Supreme Judicial Council to investigate alleged misconduct of High Court judge Justice Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan after he distributed copies of a 17 February The Daily Inqilab report, termed slain (on 15 February 2013) 2013 Shahbag protests activist and blogger Ahmed Rajib Haider was a moortad (heretic), among the justices of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.

Justice A B M Altaf Hossain was not confirmed as a permanent justice on 12 June 2014 despite recommendation from the Chief Justice of Bangladesh. So he has served legal notices to the top bureaucrats of Bangladesh government to reinstate him within 72 hours.

Chief Justice Surendra Kumar Sinha resigned on 11 November 2017 from Singapore while on a leave, and transiting from Australia to Canada. Later on former Chief Justice Surendra Kumar Sinha was sentenced in absentia to 11 years in jail for money laundering and criminal breach of trust.

Former justice AHM Shamsuddin Chowdhury Manik, a judge of the appellate Division of Supreme Court of Bangladesh gained notoriety for number of controversies.In 2003, he accused traffic police officers of contempt of court for not saluting his car while it was passing. The then Inspector General of Police of Bangladesh Police, Shahudul Haque, issued a rejoinder that said traffic police are under no obligations to salute anyone and they could do so if it was safe. Bangladesh High Court bench of Justice M A Matin and Justice Syed Refat Ahmed issued a contempt of court charge against Haque which automatically removed him from the post of Inspector General according to the law. The government of Bangladesh secured a presidential pardon that protected Haque's job. He was also criticised for his vitriolic attack on various politicians including Speaker and members of the Parliament.

title: Supreme Court of Bangladesh


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Talk:Kamaraj College

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:36, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Graduation Day Kamaraj College.jpg
 * IOT Lecture in Kamaraj College.jpg
 * Microbiology Laboratory Kamaraj College.jpg
 * Saraswathi Kamaraj College Logo.png

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kamaraj College


text:
Night of the Stormcrow

Night of the Stormcrow is a Big Finish Productions audiobook based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It is free to subscribers and released with 1001 Nights.

Plot
A mountainside observatory searches the skies for a vast and deadly creature.

Cast

 * Fourth Doctor – Tom Baker
 * Leela – Louise Jameson
 * Peggy Brooks – Chase Masterson
 * Professor Gesima Cazalet – Ann Bell
 * Trevor Gale – Jonathan Forbes
 * Erica MacMillan – Mandi Symonds

title: Night of the Stormcrow


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/contemporaryrugs.eu

Links

 * contemporaryrugs.eu resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users
No users found.

Additions
No additions recorded.


text:
Web Design/Dynamic websites with PHP

At its simplest, a dynamic website is one that provides customised content to you as you browse. This might depend on information you've provided through filling out an HTML form, or by clicking on products that you would like to add to your shopping cart.

These days, nearly all websites contain some dynamic functionality! We'll start out by seeing how we can respond to information a user enters into a form, and progress gradually to using databases with our dynamic sites.

Note: It is assumed that you are familiar with a little bit of computer programming (variables and if-statements in particular) - if not, please work through the Introduction to programming with Javascript.

Module Aim

 * Setting up your own webserver for testing
 * Responding to user information on forms
 * Web server/browser requests responses
 * Using PHP templates to maintain your site
 * PHP Strings
 * Arrays in PHP

Suggested Activities

 * Setting up your own webserver with XAMPP-Lite, Wampserver
 * Installing Wordpress - our first taste of what's possible with PHP, try out some different templates or even try your own http://urbangiraffe.com/2005/04/12/themeguide1/ has a good getting started template guide.
 * Using PHP to create a template for your website
 * Responding to HTML forms with PHP - From a simple "Thankyou Jerry for your details." through a complete receipt and automatic emails.
 * Calculating Totals and Discounts - Extending your simple receipt to calculate the total for the order, include a postage fee and apply a discount.
 * Work through parts 1-8 of the PHP for Beginners tutorial.
 * Creating Database Tables - Creating your first database table using PhpMyAdmin.
 * PHP Challenges - Get some practise applying your PHP skills! Includes responding to users, designing multi-page forms, getting the data into a database and displaying info from a database.
 * Simple Functions in PHP - get started using functions in PHP with links to more resources.
 * Under contsruction at the moment are the PHP exam questions.

More advanced

 * Email Injection - Learn how to modify your email sending PHP code to make it more secure.
 * The truth about sessions - Learn why you would use sessions in PHP, how you can use them, and what to watch out for in this great tutorial!
 * PHP tutorials - PHP and HTML tutorials
 * PHP sessions - A basic tutorial on using PHP Sessions
 * PHP sessions - Slightly more advanced tutorial on PHP Sessions
 * PHP User Sessions and Security - Site for PHP tutorials and more!
 * Taking Joomla for a test drive - experience for yourself what's possible and learn how to install your own fully fledged content management system (CMS)! Warning, Joomla is a huge application that can take some getting used to just to use!

Wikiversity & Wikibooks

 * Topic:PHP on Wikiversity - some basic guides to PHP still being written
 * Programming:PHP on Wikibooks - an excellent, fully featured wikibook nearing completion
 * Karrigell Tutorial on Wikibooks -- a tutorial using Karrigell, an Open Source Python web framework

Online tutorials

 * PHP for Beginners - Zend Technologies PHP for Absolute Beginners.
 * An intro to PHP - Free2Codes introductory PHP tutorial. Assumes you know nothing about PHP to start with!
 * Simple Templating - A great way to see one of the most-used features of Server-Side scripting: creating simple templates for your sites!
 * Learn PHP
 * Practical PHP Programing - A PHP programing wiki devoted to helping the beginner learn PHP.

Software

 * XAMPP Lite - Set up your own computer as a webserver with PHP.
 * wampserver - Similar to XAMPP but without FTP or mailserver
 * lighttpd - Lightweight, simple webserver with windows installer
 * dWebPro - you can set this up on your hard drive, and then copy it onto a USB device or CD for demonstrations and/or further development. It has plug in modules for MySQL (and other databases) and PHP (plus other programming languages, such as Perl, Python, Ruby and ASP.NET)

title: Web Design/Dynamic websites with PHP


text:
Category:National members of FIDE

Below are the continental associations for the national federations of the World Chess Federation. The following navbox is linked to this category.

title: Category:National members of FIDE


text:
Wikiversity talk:Community service

Having two pages that differ only in pluralization is confusing. - dcljr 22:56, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * These are quite distinct as described. This page relates to possible service projects by Wikiversity groups and person for the good of society, as in helpful research and education efforts for needy communities and groups. Services as used relates to internal and external services to individuals, as in help finding a research tutor, collaborator or a job.  This distinction can be drawn out more -- even explained on each service page. Reswik 18:21, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The distinction should be made clear in the titles of the pages themselves (i.e., at least one of them, and maybe both, should be renamed). - dcljr 20:53, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * At Wikiversity talk:Services I suggested that that page be renamed What can Wikiversity do for me?, or maybe What can it do for me?. - Trevor MacInnis 20:55, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Here's a third similarly-named page: Service community. - dcljr 22:16, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The focus of the Service community page is on services for the Wikimedia commuinty. I agree that one or more of these service pages could be more accurately named. I don't like something like "What can wikiversity do for me" because this has a connotation of selfishness. Services are not necessarily a selfish thing for the provider or even the recipient. Here are naming options for the three pages mentioned:
 * Service [or Services (which includes prominent lnks to the following pages)]
 * Services for individuals
 * Services for Wikimedia projects
 * What do you think? (Btw, I thought JWSchmidt might want to comment on this discussion, so I dropped a note on his user page.) Reswik 01:54, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

types of service
Service-related activities should become a large part of Wikiversity. The three existing pages (Services, Service community and Service) correspond roughly to three important types of service activities:1) services for Wikiversity participants2) services provided by Wikiversity for other Wikimedia projects3) services provided to the whole world beyond Wikimedia Foundation projects.When I started Service community and the related pages (Wikiversity and Wikipedia services and Wikiversity and Wikibooks services) I was thinking in terms of Wikimedia community service projects that would allow scholarly activity at Wikiversity to serve the needs of sister projects like Wikiversity and Wikibooks. I would leave those three pages in the main namespace. If a significant amount of activity is generated for such Wikimedia community service projects then it will probably make sense to have at least one page in the project namespace to deal with meta-level discussion of Wikimedia community service. --JWSchmidt 02:40, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The basic problem here is that service has two connotations, based on whether one is giving or receiving the service(s). Different page names need to be chosen in order to clear up this (potential source of) confusion. The best solution, it seems to me, would be to:
 * rename Service to Community service (since "community" will no doubt be interpreted as "the larger world" by most people visiting this site, we should not use it to refer only to "other Wikimedia projects");
 * keep Services as a central page that points to all the other "service" related pages, and redirect the singular Service to the plural version;
 * rename Service community to Services for other Wikimedia projects (or simply Other Wikimedia projects, which in turn will point to the other Wikimedia-specific pages — which I believe should also be renamed:
 * Wikiversity and Wikibooks services → Wikibooks services
 * Wikiversity and Wikipedia services → Wikipedia services
 * etc...
 * As you can see, I recommend keeping all of these "meta" type pages in the Wikiversity: namespace, as they are discussing Wikiversity itself, not the subject matter of the wiki, which is educational materials. Also, I haven't proposed a separate "services for end users" page, since I figured that would be done at the top of the Services page, with links to the other types of "service(s)" below. - dcljr 20:30, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Unless there's some objection (or further suggestions), I'll start to implement my ideas in a few days. - dcljr 18:28, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The above seems fine to me except for this point:
 * Service community to Services for Wikimedia projects, not other Wikimedia projects. The top of the Services page will need some work. Reswik 22:59, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Community service


text:
Portal talk:Classics

I would greatly appreciate feedback one way or the other, critisisms (constructive ones), suggestions or anything else.

Hey, I'm over in the School of Creative Writing and Literature Studies and I think you've done a great job so far! I think you've included some great stuff. I'm not sure what direction you want to go, but the suggestion I have is to orient what you want people to do. Are you just giving a place for stuff to be read or do you want discussions, etc.? If you want to make it class like, I would suggest more structure (courses with questions are excellent). Keep up the good work and please check out what I've done and let me know what you think! Thanks --Atrivedi 18:46, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Atrivedi - it would be excellent to have some kind of "course outline" for people to follow.

One suggestion for content would be Greek Tragedy - I know that Project Gutenberg has a some texts available.

Abmyers 12:01, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Beginning
Greetings - acting director Basejumper123 has vanished, so I am taking over in his place in a similar capacity. Ninquelosse 17:23, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Hello, to all whom it may concern, i have begun work on the cources for the Wikiversity School of classics. I have listed myself as "acting director" of the school until such a time as a I am granted the position as director by the community or another leader is appointed. I have started with basic cources focusing on the intricacies of the early Greek poets, and I plan to move the school into the suceeding eras of classical literature in due course. Any questions regarding the school or my work within it may be directed to my talk page, which i update regularly Thank You. Basejumper123 19:47, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

What do you mean by Classics?

 * 1. Languages (Greek, Latin, Chaucer)
 * 2. Stories/ Poetry
 * 3. Artwork (of the ancients)
 * 4. All 3 mentioned, or more than this

Wikisquared 12:51, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

What is Classics?
Points of reference: Sample Classics courses:
 * Classics
 * Western canon
 * Literae Humaniores (Oxford)
 * Adelaide Uni?

My conclusion is, just because it's classical, doesn't mean it's part of the Classics. It's not obvious from the Wikipedia page, but as an owner of Great Books of the Western World, that series (which is supposed to be a complete "Liberal Arts" degree in the 1920s, so basically a Classics degree) is divided up as follows:
 * One volume, "The Great Conversation", as an introduction
 * Two volumes of ideas (the Syntopicon, IIRC) -- this is like the "Classical Ideas" section of the Classics Directory
 * 58 other volumes, divided between (again IIRC):
 * Philosophy and Religion
 * Social Science
 * Science
 * Literature

So there you have your Classics. Now, to narrow it down further, both the sample classics courses listed above (but not the Great Books) limit themselves to the ancient era. Whichever example you're following, though, you probably want to move the Architecture stuff out to a glossary or something -- it doesn't seem to be a big component of the degrees listed above.

Based on looking at the course outlines elsewhere, I'd say what you want is something like the following subjects: Ancient History I & II (just refer people to the History dept. for these) Ancient Languages: Greek and Latin (there doesn't seem to be a languages department, so you'll have to develop these)

I was hoping when I started writing this comment that Classics was going to be a Great Books-style thing, but obviously not.

TimNelson 14:03, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

European History
Just a head's up: there is now a department of European History in the School of History. This school should cooperate with them for the greater good, and to avoid redundancy of effort. Also, please inform someone in the Department of European History any time a History-related Classics course is offered; it will then be listed on the History page as well as here. Thanks! Jade Knight 20:37, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

New courses
I think this should have the Iliad, Odyssey, and Aeneid. I don't know a lot about these, so I can't teach 'em, but it's a good idea.

I know a fair amount about Chaucer's Cantebury Tales, but I don't know if that's in the public domain.

Is it? Verin Sedai 00:00, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, at least in the Middle English. Translations may or may not be (depending on when they were published).  You may be more interested in the School of Language and Literature.  If you know a fair deal about Middle English, we could come up with a course on that at Topic:English Language.  The Jade Knight 00:51, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, however these should be created under the relevant departments - Illiad in Greeek, Aeneid under Latin. Cantebury Tales does not really fall under the remit of Classics, which concerns the ancient world - Chaucer is, like Jade Knight says, English. Ninquelosse 17:23, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Re: Latin language texts I just completed my second semester of introductory Latin so I am certainly not an authority on the language. The circumstances of my study, however, may have served to prepare me to contribute to this page. My professor's unpublished "textbook" was little more than a set of handouts and exercises in an OfficeMax binding, and unfortunately it was pure drek. (I truly think the old fellow could not grasp the idea that anyone might not possess a complete understanding of the language as a matter of intuition.) This sent me to the web in a search of alternatives. In the process I collected quite a resource list (and developed an understanding of what goes wrong in Latin language education that dwarfs my understanding of Latin itself.)

More important than resources, however, is that I want to ask the community about the goal of this page:
 * 1) is it to write afresh our own textbook?
 * or, to cobble one together from resources already extant?
 * 1) And finally, what is the ethos regarding integration with sister projects?

This last question, perhaps a Meta-Wiki issue, is particularly relevant since there are already Latin texts and resources within the Wikiverse:

By no means a comprehensive list, I’m sure :

Wikibooks Latin Text - [] "...an elementary Latin course accompanied by a detailed grammar based upon Kennedy's Public School Latin Grammar..." . I don’t think this project has achieved the level of quality and utility found, for example, in the public domain text Latin for Beginners (D’ooge 1909), but it uses an interesting approach. Should Wikiversity link to (and join in) this project?

The page also links to another Wikibook, Spoken Latin  and provides some good information in its:

External links

The Wikipedia Latin page [] - a great overview page. Contains links to Latin textbooks (among its enormous pile of links) _______

I don't know what direction to take. Feedback? --Matthew1958 00:43, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Eurocentrism
Currently, this section is very eurocentric. It should accomodate space for other cultures, and for that purpose, the name might be changed. I suggest "Ancient cultures". There should be space for ancient cultures from all arround the world (Aboriginal Australian, Sanskrit, Chinese, Ethiopian etc. etc.). Wikiversity is a place for people from every part of the world!Nannus 22:09, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Alternatively, The School of classics could be moved down a level. It should not be directly under the Humanities portal. <IP_ADDRESS> 06:36, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I have started including non-european cultures. I have also included oral literature. To single out European classics as something special and give them a special school directly under "Humanities" wihle leaving out all other cultures is no longer up to date. A name change of the school should also be considered.Nannus 23:31, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Even though this isn't part of what the traditional "classics" studies, I love this idea. Wikiversity should be more mature than 19th century European tourists, and sufficiently ancient "classics" of other eras should have a place here :) Ninquelosse 17:23, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Consolation of Schools
May I suggest in the Written Literature - European department, as things are currently limited to Greek, Latin, and Icelandic, to incorporate Icelandic into a greater Germanic heading, covering everything from the East/West/North Germanic traditions--or go further, calling it "North European" to add Slavic and Finno-Ugric material. Perhaps also turn Middle East/Africa to Middle East/North Africa (and add Persian classics). Who knows--maybe a shuffling into "Northern Europe", "Mediterranean/Levant", "India", and "East Asia" -anon 1:03pm 4/20/07

Why Is Marx in the classics?
Come on, people. If it happens after the 1500, it's not classical. -anon 1:03pm 4/20/07

title: Portal talk:Classics


text:
User:Kerran1987/sandbox

Transportation in Plants
Transport in plants – plants are the type of organisms that have an autotrophic mode of nutrition. By taking in carbon dioxide from the air, minerals, and water from the soil, plants make their own food. After that, they release oxygen and water vapor. This process is Photosynthesis.

By this process, plants synthesize their food in the leaves. For trees, leaves are considered to be food factories. For the process of photosynthesis, raw materials should be transported to the leaves. For transport in plants, they need a transport system to move food, water, and minerals around because for them no heart, no blood, and since these plants do not have a circulatory system, transportation makes up for it.

Why is Transportation An Essential Process?
To circulate water, essential nutrients, excretory products, and gases within the plants for various purposes, transportation in plants is necessary. In vascular tissues, this transportation in the plant takes place. By a suction force, water and minerals are transported to various parts of the plant.

Vascular tissues are normally conducting tissues. The formation of these tissues can be done by xylem and phloem of a plant. Without the use of pump how water moves up the plant against gravity in tubes made of dead xylem cells can be explained by only the transportation process.

The Process of Transportation
In plants, there are pipe-like vessels through which water and minerals can enter the plants. These vessels are made up of elongated cells and thick walls. A group of cells forms a tissue that performs a specialized function within the organisms. These are conducting tissues. These conducting tissues are divided into two types which are xylem and phloem.

 * Xylem: It is a vascular tissue that spreads from the top to bottom of the plant. For the transport of water molecules, it helps a lot. It also plays a vital role in the case of dissolved substances from the root hairs to aerial parts of the plant. It transfers water in one direction. Commonly, xylem occupies the central part of the vascular bundle. It mainly includes different types of cells such as tracheid, vessels, and xylem parenchyma and xylem fibers.
 * Phloem: It is also vascular tissue. In a plant where the necessity of food molecules is there, the use of the phloem transportation process will take place. Some elements are there in the phloem such as sieve elements, phloem parenchyma, fibers, and companion cells.

The transportation process in this tissue is bidirectional. In association with xylem, it forms vascular bundles. The edges of vascular bundles are occupied by phloem.

Transport of water in plants
The driving force behind water movement in plants is evaporation through the leaves, which acts like a magnet pulling water up the plant’s plumbing system. However, because water is evaporating from a living surface, it is called transpiration. The problem is that plants want to hold onto their water and not let it all out through transpiration. Therefore plants are constantly struggling to hang on to their water.

Before we get into the juicy details of water movement in plants, let’s back up and review how molecules move in general. Molecules are in constant motion, and through diffusion spread out evenly to take up whatever space is available to them. Of course water molecules diffuse too, but in living things water often diffuses across a membrane. This process is called osmosis. Water moves in and out of cells through osmosis, and always moves from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. Here’s the tricky part though: water concentration is different than solute concentration, which refers to the stuff dissolved in the water, and keeping those two concepts straight is necessary to figure out where water will go inside a plant.

Water is a polar molecule, and forms hydrogen bonds between the positively charged hydrogen atoms and the negatively charged oxygen atoms. Hydrogen bonds make water molecules stick together, a process known as cohesion. When water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other molecules, such as carbohydrates, it is called adhesion. The hydrogen bonds have tension between them, so water molecules stick together and move together. When water is pulled out through a leaf at the top of a plant via transpiration, the rest of the water molecules in the xylem are under tension and are pulled up the plant stem (or tree trunk), like water moving up a straw. The fancy name for this is the cohesion-tension theory. It describes the way water moves through the xylem using cohesion (the water molecules stick to each other) and tension (because transpiration is drawing water out of the leaves).

To discuss the way water moves in plants, we need a new term: water potential. Water potential is the property of water that determines which way it will flow, which depends on the concentration of solutes in the water and the pressure being exerted on the water. Another way to think about this is the water’s capacity to move or do work. Water potential is represented by the Greek letter psi, which looks like this: Ψ. It is pronounced like "sigh" and it looks like King Triton’s trident in The Little Mermaid. Perhaps King Triton was secretly a plant biologist and was measuring the water potential of seagrass.

We can actually measure the water potential of plants indirectly, by measuring the tension of water in a stem. We call this the pressure potential.

All water potentials are compared with the water potential of pure water, which is zero. Two things affect water potential: solute concentration and pressure. In symbols, that looks like this:

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp

In words, the above equation means the two components of water potential are the solute potential and the pressure potential. Solute potential reflects how much stuff is in the water. Any water with stuff dissolved in it (a solution) has a negative solute potential (Ψs), since solutes bind with water molecules and lessen their ability to move and do work.

Pressure potential is the amount of force being exerted on a solution. In living cells, this pressure comes from the contents of the cell pushing against the cell wall. This is positive Ψp. The cell wall pushes back, causing turgor pressure. Turgor pressure causes plant parts to be firm and erect.

When a plant cell loses turgor pressure, the solution the cell is in is hypertonic and the cell is plasmolyzed, which means water leaves the cell and the cell membrane shrinks. If water enters the cell at the same rate it leaves the cell, the cell is flaccid (and the solution is isotonic). When water enters the cell and pushes on the cell wall, the cell is turgid (and the solution is hypotonic). See figure below.

Individual cells can gain or lose water, but what does this look like at the whole plant level? When a plant loses water, turgor pressure decreases and the plant wilts. If pressure potential is negative, water is under tension; this is often the case for water in non-living cells like tracheids and vessel elements in the xylem.

Water travels along a gradient of high water potential to low water potential. Assume the water potential of the atmosphere is -20 and the water potential of a leaf is -2. If this is the case, where does water flow? Water will flow out of the leaf and into the atmosphere (thanks to evaporation). Remember that even though 20 is greater than 2, -20 is less than -2.

Control of Stomata
Stomata are essential to plants, since they take up gas that is used in photosynthesis. But since they are passageways into the plant’s insides, plants have to be able to control the opening and closing of the stomata. Plants only open their stomata when they need to, and politely close them when they don’t. They weren’t raised in a barn. Plants can lose a lot of water via evaporation through the stomata, and open stomata also provide pathogens with a means for entering the plant.

Two cells border each stoma (which is just a tiny hole in the leaf). These cells are called guard cells. Guard cells use turgor pressure to regulate the opening of stomata. When the plant wants to open its stomata, the guard cells take up ions (mostly K+ and Cl-) and sugars through ion channels and pumps. Because the solute concentration is now high inside the guard cells, water moves in and the cells expand. This expansion causes the guard cells to expand and puff out, opening the pore. To close a stoma, guard cells pump ions and sugars out of the cell, and water leaves too, resulting in a limp guard cell and a closed stoma.

Together, the guard cells look like a pair of lips. When the guard cells have water and salts in them and the stoma is open, the guard cells are big and puffy like Angelina Jolie’s lips. When they are closed, the guard cells are much more similar to Jennifer Aniston’s lips.

We know guard cells regulate stomata by moving things in and out of their cells, but the exact conditions for when plants open and close their stomata are not well understood. In most plants, stomata are open during the day; they want to allow gas in and out while photosynthesis is going on.

As with any trend there are renegades who want to go out and do things differently. The plants that shake things up with regard to stomata and photosynthesis are called CAM plants, because they have Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. This is just a different way of doing photosynthesis. Most CAM plants are desert plants, and they open their stomata at nighttime, which is when they fix carbon dioxide. Don’t worry too much about these weirdos now—just know that they’re different and might be worth learning about another time.

Water Movement Between Cells
Now we know how water moves up a plant—but how does water move between cells? Just as security officials monitor what goes through airports, cells restrict what goes in and out of their cells. Each cell has pores in its membrane, called plasmodesmata. The path through the plasmodesmata is called the symplast; if particles travel through the symplast they have gained access to the cell’s insides and the entire plant body.

In contrast to the symplast, some particles aren’t allowed into the inner membrane pathway and instead move through the apoplast, which is a path through cell walls and intracellular spaces. These two pathways regulate the substances that are allowed to travel through the plant. A layer of tissue called the endodermis surrounds the vascular tissue and doesn’t let things in. Because of the endodermis, only particles that move through the symplast get to travel through the plant because they have access via the plasmodesmata.

The pathways through the plant look like this:

Transport of Sugars in the Plant
The process of moving sugars through the phloem is called translocation. Phloem moves sugars from the places they are made (the leaves) to various non-photosynthetic parts of the plant. Since a leaf is the site of photosynthesis, it is called a sugar source. Storage organs such as roots can also be sugar sources if they are releasing sugars, such as after the winter. Phloem makes its deliveries to sugar sinks, which are places that don’t make sugar. Phloem moves in multiple directions; this is different than the direction of xylem movement, which moves water up the plant body.

The way sugar gets into the phloem and around the plant is similar to trucks delivering products from a factory. Sieve tube elements are the trucks that transport sugar, and they line up end to end like an everlasting traffic jam. The trucks (sieve elements) load sugars at the sugar factory’s loading dock (photosynthetic leaves) in a process called phloem loading. During phloem loading, solutes are actively transported into cells using a H+/ATP pump.

After sugars have been loaded, water moves into these cells through osmosis. The flow of water causes pressure to build up, forcing sieve elements to move. When the sugars arrive at their destination (a place where sugar concentration is low), the trucks unload their cargo. Phloem unloading occurs when water flows out of the sieve elements and carries the sugar with it.

Since sugars are being concentrated and making water flow through osmosis, there has to be fancy name for the movement of phloem. It is called the Pressure-flow Hypothesis. This just means that at the sugar sources (the leaves), sugar is found in high densities, which causes water to flow into cells through osmosis. Then the phloem moves to sugar sinks through turgor pressure. And there it is: pressure causes the phloem to flow, and we have the pressure-flow hypothesis.

The water makes its way back into the xylem and can be used again in the plant. The sugars are either used or stored for later; in the summer, sugars move from leaves to storage organs such as roots; in the winter, sugars move in the opposite direction as roots deplete their stored reserves to support new growth.

Transportation of Nutrients
A plant can’t live on water and sugar alone. Plants also depend on nutrients that they can’t make themselves, so they have to get them from the soil. The main nutrients a plant needs are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These are called macronutrients because plants need large quantities of them to be healthy. A few other macronutrients are calcium, magnesium and sulfur.

Some nutrients are essential to plant life, but plants don’t need very much of them. These are called micronutrients, because plants only need small quantities of them. Micronutrients include boron, copper, iron, chloride, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. Consult your chemistry textbook if you want to know more about these individual elements.

Nutrients have to be transported through the vascular tissue too. Roots take in nutrients from the soil and then inorganic molecules move up the plant through the xylem. Phloem takes care of the organic molecules. Nutrients are delivered to where they are needed in the plant, such as new leaves or branches.

Brain Snack
Tiny insects called aphids, also known as plant lice, feed on phloem sap. They puncture a hole in the phloem and feed on sugars. Some ants "farm" aphids, collecting the secreted sugar (or "honeydew") from the aphid. Check out the BBC’s Wild Nature clip of ants farming aphids.

title: User:Kerran1987/sandbox


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Visual Basic/Functions and Subroutines

This lesson will instruct you on the creation and usage of functions and subroutines using Visual Basic 6.0. This lesson assumes that you can navigate the Visual Basic IDE, and create a simple project with which to test code. It is recommended that you read the Introduction to VB6 as well as the Variables and Types in VB6 lesson before starting.

--<IP_ADDRESS> (discuss) 21:22, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

What Are Subroutines?
Subroutines can be thought of as miniature programs. A subroutine has a name attributed with it, much like a variable does. Unlike a variable, a subroutine doesn't hold data. Instead, it holds code. When the code in a subroutine is executed, the subroutine is said to be "called". Therefore, one subroutine can "call" another subroutine. Some subroutines are called automatically when certain actions are performed. For example, the Form_Load subroutine is automatically called when a form loads. This is where you have been inserting your test code before. What you were actually doing was adding code to this subroutine.

Why Use Subroutines?
You may ask yourself why subroutines would even be used. Why wouldn't you simply put all of your code in one place? Subroutines are useful because they eliminate redundancy. Consider a complicated program like a word processor. When certain actions are performed, such as closing the program, opening a file, or closing an individual file, the word processor would probably check to see if you had modified your document. If the user had modified the document since they opened it, the user would be prompted to save the file before performing the action. You could imagine that checking if the document was modified, prompting the user, and acting on the input would require many lines of code. If the programmer had literally typed this code into all of the places in the program where this check was to be made, it would still work fine. However, what would happen if the way the program handles documents changed, and therefore this code needed to be changed? The programmer would have to change the code in every place where this check was made. Even worse, what if the programmer changed the code in a few places but not in another? This would lead to bugs that are difficult to track down. Instead, if this code was put in a subroutine, the subroutine would simply be called from all of these places. If the code then needed to be changed, the programmer would only have to change it in one place; inside the subroutine. By doing this, subroutines eliminate redundant code, making the entire program easier to manage.

Creating A Subroutine
Creating a subroutine involves two lines of code. Luckily though, the Visual Basic code editor is smart, and will insert the second line for you! A subroutine begins with the word "Sub", followed by a space, then a name identifying the subroutine. Two parentheses follow, which are used for a parameter list. Don't worry about these yet, they will be covered later in the lesson.

After you enter the first line and press Enter, the second line will automatically be added for you. These lines represent the start and end of the subroutine. Any code inserted between these lines will be executed when the subroutine is called. A subroutine can be called in one of two ways: using the Call keyword, or by simply stating its name. You can also use the Call keyword, as mentioned above:

Comments
The previous listing introduced a new syntax element: the comment. A comment is a line that is NOT source code. Instead, it is there as guidance to the person reading the code. When programmers write programs, they usually (or at least they should) add comments describing large sections of code that could potentially be confusing. Comments begin with an apostrophe (" ' ") and end with a new line. Everything that you type after the apostrophe is ignored by Visual Basic, which is the entire point of comments. You will see comments in all future listings describing new concepts and syntax.

Subroutine Scope
The declaration of a subroutine has an optional keyword that can be used before "Sub". You may enter a keyword representing scope here. "Private" and "Public" are examples of scopes. You may have noticed that the Form_Load subroutine has the word "Private" before "Sub". This declares that this subroutine has a Private scope. If you don't specify the scope of a subroutine, Visual Basic will use a default scope. You should never rely on default scope, however. Get in the habit of always explicitly declaring the scope of your subroutines.

What Is Scope?
In the context of subroutines, scope represents where in your program the subroutine can be called from. Subroutines with a Private scope can only be called from the source file from where they were defined. Subroutines with a Public scope can be called from anywhere in your program. For example, a subroutine with a Private scope in a form can not be called from another form, whereas it can if it has a Public scope.

Why Use Scope?
Why would you ever limit where you can call a subroutine from? Why wouldn't you make all subroutines Public so that there are no limitations on your program? Subroutine Scope is one of many tools that programmers can use to find bugs. If you know that your subroutine should never be called from a different source file, you should declare the subroutine to be Private. This will prevent you from making a silly mistake and calling this subroutine where it shouldn't be called. This will prevent mistakes that could be extremely damaging and hard to detect. Instead, your program will crash with an error rather than executing the subroutine with unpredictable results.

Parameters
Parameters, also called Arguments, are variables that can be "passed into" a subroutine. A subroutine with parameters looks like this:

A new subroutine has been declared called DisplayAdd. This declaration is different than the declarations that you have seen so far, however, as code has been added between the parenthesis. From your knowledge of variables, this syntax should look somewhat similar to you. x As Integer and y As Integer appear to be variable declarations without the "Dim" keyword. These declarations are separated by a comma. These variables are the Parameters for the DisplayAdd subroutine. Code within the subroutine can access x and y as usual, as if they were normal variables. However, when the subroutine is called, the calling subroutine will also provide values for these parameters. Therefore, the subroutine has now become dynamic. The code can act on input without caring where the input came from. When the Form_Load subroutine calls DisplayAdd with the parameters 5 and 2, the code within DisplayAdd is executed. The first line adds x and y together and displays the result. x and y have already been filled with the values 5 and 2 from the Form_Load subroutine. The calling subroutine doesn't have to use numeric constants, however. It can use variables as well:

This code has identical results. Note that DisplayAdd cannot access a and b. As far as DisplayAdd is concerned, a and b are represented as x and y.  Attempting to access a or b from DisplayAdd would result in an error.

ByRef and ByVal
Parameters can be sent to a subroutine By Reference (ByRef) or By Value (ByVal). ByRef is the default, and means that changes to the variable in the subroutine will result in changes to the source variable outside of the subroutine. ByVal literally copies the values of the variables from the calling subroutine into the called subroutine. By doing this, the variables can be changed, but their values will not change outside of the called subroutine. ByVal can also be a lot slower with large variable types, however, since memory has to be copied from one location to another. If you don't have any reason to do so, there is no need to pass variables ByVal. You can explicitly state the way that a variable is passed to a subroutine by using these keywords before the variable name. Using the ByRef keyword, one could write a Swap function, which switches the values of 2 variables.

Notice that Call was used instead of simply stating the subroutine name. When using the Call method however, you must use parenthesis when calling the subroutine. Note that this program would also have worked without typing "ByRef" anywhere, since it is the default. The ByRef and ByVal keywords are rarely used in simple programs, however, but it's a nice trick for your toolkit.

Functions
Subroutines have a close cousin called Functions. Functions are basically the exact same as subroutines, except that they return a value. That means that the function itself has a type, and the function will return a value to the calling subroutine based on the code that it contains. An example of this would be a function that adds two numbers, shown below. A function is declared the exact same way as a subroutine, except using the "Function" keyword instead of "Sub". To return a value, assign a value of the proper type to the function's name, as if it were a variable.

Functions Or Subroutines?
The best way to determine which is better for your application is by asking yourself a simple question. Will you need to return a value? If so, use Functions. If you don't, use subroutines.

title: Visual Basic/Functions and Subroutines


text:
Talk:Loami, Illinois

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title: Talk:Loami, Illinois


text:
Project management

Learning Project: "Project Management based on Mind Maps" Summary

 * Project code: ?
 * Suggested Prerequisites:
 * Time investment: Please study all these lessons and report how much time it took you.
 * Assessment suggestions: ?
 * Wikiversity Practical Arts and Sciences Portal
 * Wikiversity Project Management School
 * Project Management|Project Management:
 * Stream: ?
 * Level: ?
 * Level: ?

Content summary
In the lessons 0 - 100 listed below Project Management is explained by using MIND Maps, looking at it from various angles. The user (teacher or student) should pick whatever makes most sense for the particular project to get the maximum benefit. Good luck and have fun!

Goals
This learning project offers learning activities to look at Project Management (PM) from all kind of angles. The idea is to show the highly complex and comprehensive structure of PM just as well as the all pervading nature of PM.
 * Wherever one looks, whatever one does, somehow it is always a Project and the managing of it, i.e. Project Management!

Concepts to learn include: /Concepts

Learning materials
Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

You should also read about the Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

Lessons

 * /Overview/
 * Lesson 0: /Introduction/
 * Lesson 1: /Components I/
 * Lesson 2: /Components II/
 * Lesson 3: /Components III/
 * Lesson 4: /Components IV/
 * Lesson 5: Magic Triangle
 * Lesson 6: /Phases/
 * Lesson 7: Project Life Cycle
 * Lesson 8: /Planning/
 * Lesson 9: Project Organization
 * Lesson 10: Project Preparation
 * Lesson 11: /Analysis/
 * Lesson 12: Project Feasibility
 * Lesson 13: Task-Responsibility-Competence
 * Lesson 14: Project Resources
 * Lesson 15: Team
 * Lesson 16: Working with a Team
 * Lesson 17: Multicultural Teams
 * Lesson 18: Team Analysis
 * Lesson 19: /Leadership/
 * Lesson 20: Project Manager
 * Lesson 21: Systemic Manager
 * Lesson 22: /Stakeholders/
 * Lesson 23: /Feedback/
 * Lesson 24: /Conflicts/
 * Lesson 25: Recognizing Conflicts
 * Lesson 26: Understanding Conflicts
 * Lesson 27: Conflict Resolution 1
 * Lesson 28: Conflict Resolution 2
 * Lesson 29: Risk Assessment
 * Lesson 30: Statement of Work
 * Lesson 31: Kick-Off-Meeting
 * Lesson 32: /Meetings/
 * Lesson 33: /Documentation/
 * Lesson 34: /Reports/
 * Lesson 35: /Presentation/
 * Lesson 36: Transfer
 * Lesson 37: /Auditing/
 * Lesson 38: Project Plan
 * Lesson 39: Work Packages
 * Lesson 40: /Quality/
 * Lesson 41: /Creativity/
 * Lesson 42: Product Improvement
 * Lesson 43: /Goals/
 * Lesson 44: Work Place
 * Lesson 45: /Telephoning/
 * Lesson 46: /Budgets/
 * Lesson 47: /Communication 1/
 * Lesson 48: /Communication 2/
 * Lesson 49: /Coaching/
 * Lesson 50: Balanced Scorecard
 * Lesson 51: /Customers/
 * Lesson 52: Customers Needs
 * Lesson 53: Total Productive Management TPM
 * Lesson 54: Corporate Identity
 * Lesson 55: Future of Project Management

title: Project management


text:
User:AYArktos~enwiki/sandbox/RfMdraft

 view edit delete watch Filed:,   (UTC) Deadline:, +7  (UTC)

Articles involved

 * Example

Other steps in dispute resolution that have been attempted:

 * WP:RFC link
 * WP:AN/I discussion

Issues to be mediated

 * Issue 1
 * Issue 2

Additional issues to be mediated

 * Additional issue 1
 * Additional issue 2

Parties' agreement to mediate

 * All parties should sign below, indicating that they agree to mediate the issue. If any party fails to sign, or if a party indicates they do not agree, then the mediation will be rejected. Only signatures and "agree" or "disagree" should appear here; any comments will be removed.

 * Agree.

Decision of the Mediation Committee

 * Accept/Reject/Extend: Reason for rejection (if rejected), additional required information (if extended.)
 * For the Mediation Committee, (Mediation Committee members only.)

title: User:AYArktos~enwiki/sandbox/RfMdraft


text:
Klaus Hemmerle

Klaus Hemmerle (April 3, 1929 in Freiburg im Breisgau – January 23, 1994 in Aachen) was a Roman Catholic bishop in Aachen, Germany. He was ordained as a priest in 1952 and became bishop of the Diocese of Aachen in 1975. He was inspired by Chiara Lubich, who said she was also inspired by him and considered him one of the co-founders of the Focolare Movement due to his teachings on theology and philosophy, and particularly his views on plural thinking and unity.

Additional sources

 * Wilfried Hagemann: Verliebt in Gottes Wort. Leben, Denken und Wirken von Klaus Hemmerle, Bischof von Aachen. Würzburg, Echter, 2008. ISBN 978-3-429-03052-0
 * Thorsten Obst: Das Heilige und das Denken. Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie des Heiligen bei Klaus Hammerle. Würzburg, Echter, 2010. ISBN 978-3-429-03316-3
 * Wilfried Hagemann: Verliebt in Gottes Wort. Leben, Denken und Wirken von Klaus Hemmerle, Bischof von Aachen. Würzburg, Echter, 2008. ISBN 978-3-429-03052-0
 * Thorsten Obst: Das Heilige und das Denken. Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie des Heiligen bei Klaus Hammerle. Würzburg, Echter, 2010. ISBN 978-3-429-03316-3

title: Klaus Hemmerle


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User:Robbyjo

My name is Roby. I am from Indonesia. I can speak several languages: Indonesian, English, Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, Javanese. I understand a bit Portuguese (mostly due to my Spanish), Japanese, and French.

I'm very excited on this Wikibooks project.

Edit: As you probably noticed, I don't contribute to Indonesian Wikibooks anymore since Dec 2003. Too many vandals. If they think they know Indonesian enough, they can finish what I left off.

title: User:Robbyjo


text:
Paleothalamus

The paleothalamus is an obsolete term for the portion of the thalamus that is believed to be phylogenetically (or evolutionarily) older than other parts of the thalamus. Specifically, the midline and medial nuclei of the thalamus, as well as the intralaminar nucleus, are considered to belong to the paleothalamus

The term "paleothalamus" is opposed to the paired (and also considered to be obsolete) term neothalamus, which designates the phylogenetically (or evolutionarily) newer or younger parts of the thalamus, specifically, lateral nuclei of the thalamus, the pulvinar and the geniculate bodies.

Initially, the paleothalamus was distinguished from other parts of the thalamus (i.e. from the neothalamus) on the basis that paleothalamic nuclei were believed to lack reciprocal connections with neocortex (isocortex), unlike neothalamic nuclei, which have manifold reciprocal connections to the neocortex. Today it is known that thalamic nuclei which were previously termed "paleothalamic" also have such reciprocal connections with neocortex. This was the main reason why the terms "paleothalamus" and "neothalamus" were felt obsolete and fell into disfavor.

title: Paleothalamus


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Henry Dundas (1793 ship)

Henry Dundas was launched at Kirkcaldy in 1793 but does not appear under that name until 1810. An American privateer captured her but then released her in April 1814. She disappeared, presumed foundered with the loss of all hands, after having been last seen in December.

Career
Henry Dundas was lengthened and rebuilt in 1802. However, she only enters Lloyd's Register in 1810, and the Register of Shipping in 1811. In 1810, her master is J. Brown, and her trade is Lieth—Teneriffe.

Thereafter, Lloyd's Register and the Register of Shipping give not entirely consistent reports of masters, owners, and trades.

The American warship USS Rattlesnake (1813) captured Henry Dundas on 31 April 1814, but released her after Rattlesnake had divested Henry Dundas of the most valuable part of her cargo. Henry Dundas had been on her way to Lisbon.

Fate
Henry Dundas departed on 4 December from Portsmouth, Hampshire, for São Miguel Island, Azores. There was no further trace of her, and she was presumed to have foundered with the loss of all hands.

Lloyd's Register for 1816 still carried her, but with the addendum, "missing". She did not appear in the 1818 volume. The Register of Shipping continued to carry her, with unchanged information, till at least 1820. Still, she did not appear in Lloyd's List after the announcement that she was missing.

title: Henry Dundas (1793 ship)


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Wikibooks:Naming conventions

Because Wikibooks encompasses many books, pages such as "Table of Contents" may often result where it is unclear which book it may belong to. Thus, to help distinguish a page belonging to one book from a page belonging to another book, a series of naming conventions must be used.

Existing wikibooks that do not follow these conventions are highly recommended to move their pages appropriately so that they conform to these conventions.

Naming conventions for new books
By convention, each module is associated with a book. The associated book forms the first part of the module's title (for example, Cookbook:Rice is part of Cookbook). The books are thus arranged in a hierarchical manner.

Currently, only two sets of conventions are permitted for new books, and it is suggested that a book be conformant solely to one of the two. It is permissible, but not recommended, for a book to mix the two conventions.

General guidelines

 * Do not abbreviate the name of the book in the title - For example, modules that are part of How To Build A Computer should always begin with "How To Build A Computer", and never in an abbreviated form therein, such as "HTBAC".
 * Use descriptive titles throughout - Just because a page is solely within the scope of a book does not mean that titles can be generic beyond the first level. It is recommended that titles at all levels should give a good hint to the content of the module.

The subpage convention
The subpage convention is recommended for new books.

The subpage convention, where titles are given as, takes advantage of the subpage feature of MediaWiki to automatically create a hierarchical structure. Thus, a page in a book's hierarchy will automatically be linked back to the book's main page (using tags like "" ). This is handy for any book that has a linear or tree-like structure with a narrow, well-defined scope.

Examples of books using the subpage convention:
 * Wikijunior Big Cats
 * Wikijunior South America

The namespace convention
The namespace convention, where titles are given as, has its titles made in the similar of the namespaces found in MediaWiki, with parts of titles being delimited by a colon. This is best suited for books with a more general graph-like structure, or if the book covers a wider and less well-defined scope (for example, Cookbook). However, back-links to the book's main page is not provided by default, and must be written manually to each page. This, of course, allows for flexibility as to how these back-links are created and written.

Note that Wikibooks reserves the use of "WB" for its shortcuts, "Transwiki" for Wikimedia's transwiki conventions, and the use of any module titled "bookshelf" for general book organization.

Examples of books using the namespace convention:
 * Cookbook
 * Programming
 * Wikiversity

Naming conventions for existing books
In general, the naming conventions of a book should be enforced over the entire book, and new additions to a book must follow existing book conventions. If a book does not strictly conform to either of the two conventions above, it is advised that they should be made conformant to one of the two above. Naming conventions that have been previously considered acceptable but have fallen in disuse include:

 * The hyphen convention:
 * The disambiguation convention:, named for the convention used in Wikipedia for its disambiguation pages
 * , where there is no mention of the book name
 * , where there is no mention of the book name
 * , where there is no mention of the book name

Naming conventions for templates, categories, images, and other media
For each book with the title Book Title, the template subspace Template:Book Title and category subspace Category:Book Title is reserved for internal use by a book (for example, Category:Wikibooks Pokédex:Normal Pokémon is an category internal to Wikibooks Pokédex). All other templates and categories are reserved for either the Wikibooks proper, usage across multiple books, or future books.

It is recommended, but not a requirement, that images, and other media be named as per the module naming conventions. As such, these pages should follow the conventions of their associated book. The requirement for these pages to conform to naming conventions is less strict compared to modules as they often reside in the background.

In many cases these pages may span multiple books, in which case these conventions need not be followed. Pages relating to the Wikibooks proper (such as policy pages) are also similarly exempt.

da:Wikibooks:Navngivning es:Wikibooks:Convenciones nombrando artículos fr:Wikilivres:Règles de nommage pt:Wikibooks:Nomenclaturas

title: Wikibooks:Naming conventions


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User:Saazunlimited

this is a man that makes u go insane i just love 2 play, eat , cycle , and not studying i m fond of hukka i love it man saaz unlimited i love my mom n my family i want all information on wikipedia thats all just love meeeee....................................................................................

title: User:Saazunlimited


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mufti Mehoob Ali

The result was   delete. Missvain (talk) 07:38, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Mufti Mehoob Ali

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Contested, with no reason given, prod. Unable to find references and none given. Postcard Cathy (talk) 22:22, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete. BLP that fails Notability and has a grand total of zero references. Snowager (talk) 11:29, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:00, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Islam-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:00, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 14:00, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete -Fails WP:BIO and WP:GNG. Anupmehra  - Let's talk!  23:57, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete We have thousands of imams for thousands of villages; there is no reason to assume he is specially notable. A Google search doesn't give anything credible, so fails GNG guideline.  Ethically  Yours! 15:54, 13 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Graphic Design/Statistics about graphic designers

=Statistics= Looking at designers as a whole, only about 60 percent of entering designers stay in the field after two years. By five years, about 30 percent are left. Princeton Review


text:
Talk:Illiopolis, Illinois

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Illiopolis, Illinois. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:53, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Illiopolis, Illinois. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:18, 9 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Illiopolis, Illinois. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071026070131/http://www.csb.gov/completed_investigations/docs/FormosaPlasticsIlliopolisReport.pdf to http://www.csb.gov/completed_investigations/docs/FormosaPlasticsIlliopolisReport.pdf

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:12, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Illiopolis, Illinois


text:
User:Wsumme2/citing sources

Diogenes heteropsammicola is a species of hermit crab that lives within "walking corals" of the genera Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0184311

title: User:Wsumme2/citing sources


text:
User:Wdzah

William Xornam Dzah is a young man who hails from the volta Region of Ghana,He went to through second cycle education at St. Mary’ seminary senior high school and continuing his Tertiary education in Biomedical sciences in the university of cape coast,He is a dedicated young man who loves to give the best he’s got to everything his hands findeth.

title: User:Wdzah


text:
2016–17 Coupe de France preliminary rounds, Bretagne

The 2016–17 Coupe de France preliminary rounds, Bretagne made up the qualifying competition to decide which teams from the Brittany leagues took part in the main competition from round 7. This was the 100th season of the most prestigious football cup competition of France. The competition was organised by the French Football Federation (FFF) and is open to all clubs in French football, as well as clubs from the overseas departments and territories (Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia (qualification via 2016 New Caledonia Cup), Tahiti (qualification via 2016 Tahiti Cup), Réunion, and Saint Martin).

The qualifying rounds took place between August and October 2016.

Second round
These matches were played on 28 August 2016.

Second round results: Bretagne

Third round
These matches were played on 10 and 11 September 2016.

Third round results: Bretagne

Fourth round
These matches were played on 24 and 25 September 2016.

Fourth round results: Bretagne

Fifth round
These matches were played on 8 and 9 October 2016.

Fifth round results: Bretagne


text:
Sheykh Mostafa, Razavi Khorasan

Sheykh Mostafa (, also Romanized as Sheykh Moşţafá) is a village in Sarvelayat Rural District, Sarvelayat District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 12 families.

title: Sheykh Mostafa, Razavi Khorasan


text:
numizmatika

Noun

 * 1) numismatics

Etymology
From, from , , variant of Latin , from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) numismatics

Noun

 * 1) numismatics

title: numizmatika


text:
Talk:Millennium Management, LLC

Improvements to Millennium Management
Hi and anyone else who would like to get involved. I would like to improve this article and I have some ideas and sources, but since my first attempt was reverted (sorry, I forgot to login before I saved) I realize collaboration is not just necessary, but preferred. I noticed the recent work you did on David McCormick's page, and the Bridgewater page, (I hope its OK I looked at your recent edits) and see that you are a methodical editor who can probably teach me a lot about editing on Wikipedia. (If you check my edits, you will see I am relatively new at this.) I wonder if you will allow me to make a few more edits on the Millennium page, with good sources, and you can examine them and see if you think they add to the quality of the page? We can discuss the value of the chart (which I think is detrimental to the page-but you disagree, I see) later on in the process of fixing up the page. thanks for your input. I hope to hear back soon. EveryoneLoves ET (talk) 11:49, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi i would love to build out the Millennium Management page with you. Let's dig in! How about we move the assets under management to the talk page as the page gets built out. And then move the chart back unless it is detrimental to the page? That way it's not overbearing during the journey? (On the chart it's not that I disagree with you it's that when that change was made that I reverted there wasn't an explanation as to why the chart was deleted. So there wasn't anything to disagree with). I'm always big into making lots of smaller changes that are easier for everyone to follow how the page is changing and have a view point on where they are going & what is actually unfolding.WestportWiki (talk) 16:14, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * That's great. I'll move over the Table now, and make a few edits, and you can see what you think. I'll try and save each change as I make it. I usually dont work that way, but if its easier, I'll give it a go. Does this sound like a good approach to collaboration? I guess if you have things you want to add as well, you should do that too, and I'll see what I think. Is that how this is done? EveryoneLoves ET (talk) 11:16, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi looks like you are pretty familiar with editing. Page is looking good. Keep it up. Add a little every day and soon it will be great really covering the ins and outs of the firm.WestportWiki (talk) 14:43, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Not sure I will have time to work on it everyday, but I made my 100th edit while working on this today. Nice. I hope I can do some more, maybe next week. EveryoneLoves ET (talk) 14:47, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi looking forward to seeing this one grow. WestportWiki (talk) 14:52, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * HI Made some edits. I think the page is looking pretty good. I hope you agree. I dont know if I will make anymore edits to this page, and will probably move on. Do you have any suggestions of another page I might work on, similar to this? Thanks for your help.EveryoneLoves ET (talk) 12:57, 16 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi Millennium is a notable company; currently it doesn't paint a picture for the reader of the history over time of the place being heavy on listing people. I would probably build out on the history of the place.WestportWiki (talk) 15:36, 16 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi I absolutely agree with you, however, I have looked for information about the history of the company, and I have not found much of anything that is noteworthy enough to be added to the article. I am going to look again, but I am not too optimistic. I am thinking about possibly expanding the infobox with some more information. I also have a question about something already in the infobox. During my search for sources, I found that almost every article discussing the origins of the company refrains from mentioning Ronald Shear as a co-founder. It is left out of most discussions about Ronald Shear as well. I would like to take his name out of the infobox, and just leave it in the discussion of the history in the body of the article. That qualifier in the infobox makes me feel he really should not be mentioned there. What do you think? Please forgive me if I do not answer you right away. I only have limited time that I can spend doing Wikipedia editing, so I am often not here. Thanks. EveryoneLoves ET (talk) 15:13, 18 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi can we leave it as he was a founder per the article and the source is a legit source (ie it's factually accurate).WestportWiki (talk) 15:46, 18 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi also can we remove the section in the article title key people and just have that content in the infobox as it is just a list.WestportWiki (talk) 16:08, 18 December 2019 (UTC)

Continuation of Article Improvements
Hi,, All the indentations were beginning to make me crazy, so I started a new section. We'll leave Shear the founder, even though I think he is getting too much presence on the Wiki in relation to his contribution, but never-mind. I have an idea for the 'Key people' section. I will remove it and move the names to the infobox, but I would also like to add the "key people" names to the "Employees" sub-section below, with a short description about each. Like what is there now, but expanded. I continue to have little success finding sources with any kind of notable history about the company, but I have not given up. Yet. I am going to remove the outdated names from the infobox. Enjoy the upcoming holidays. EveryoneLoves ET (talk) 11:06, 22 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi, good move on starting a new thread. Have you tried going to a local library and trying lexis or research databases for digging into the history? Also I removed some of the citations as they were of worrying quality (not saying that was intentional just thought we could find major news outlets or trade publications...and if we can't then it's possible that that in of itself tells us that we should take a look at whether the content those citations were being used for should be on the page in the first page...) WestportWiki (talk) 16:48, 22 December 2019 (UTC)

Fixed the infobox and looking for sources
Hi, There was a bullet next to co-chair, so I took it out, and put the references outside the parenthesis. I see that the statement in Corporate Culture is now missing a source. I guess the source that was there was not top-quality. I am sure I can find that information in the sources that are already and still on the page, but it will take me some time, which I dont have right now. I am also still hoping to expand the page a bit. Research is time-consuming. EveryoneLoves ET (talk) 13:52, 24 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi, yes research is time consuming totally agree with you on that. enjoying working to build out the page slowly but surely with you. WestportWiki (talk) 15:27, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

Proposal for list of Employees
Hi -- I just added a logo to the infobox. I would like to propose addtional names and short descriptions of each key person to add to the employees section. Here is my vision. If you like it, let me know, and I'll add it to the article. (I have a source for everything below, I just dont want to spend the time adding them all, since this is not the visual editor and I'd have to fill everything in by hand.) I haven't given up on finding a source for that corporate culture section. I'll work on that soon.

Ajay Nagpal In 2013 Nagpal left his position as head of Barclays prime brokerage business to join Millennium as COO.

Simon Lorne Lorn is the vice chairman and chief legal officer at the firm. Vlad Torgovnik Torgovnik is the chief information officer at Millennium Management and Millennium Partners, as well as the co-founder of Cygnifi.

John Novogratz In December 2009 Novogratz joined the firm to lead their marketing division, the first person with this role at the company. He was previously with the Fortress Investment Group.

--EveryoneLoves ET (talk) 11:30, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, I just cleaned up the page; consolidating citations, removing promotional content and duplicative content. Wikipedia really isn't a list so my recommendation is to build out the history section or an investment products section and where it makes sense to education the reader you could incorporate how those employees played a meaningful role in the natural writing, explaining and building out that respective section. Please don't just add them to an employee section as LinkedIn or the corporate website can serve that function. WestportWiki (talk) 17:58, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

Placement of lawsuit content
In accordance with Wikipedia protocol, I am asking for the elimination of the Lawsuit section of this article; the content therein should be relocated for inclusion in the History section. Thank you, MelC At Millennium Management (talk) 20:59, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Encoded   Talk 💬 21:20, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Millennium Management, LLC


text:
Category:Pages moved from Wikibooks

This category contains pages moved from Wikibooks using Special:Import.

Note: according to the import log, many pages have been imported that do not show up on this page. You can help by finding these pages and adding them to either here or to Category:Pages needing cleanup after Import.

title: Category:Pages moved from Wikibooks


text:
Human Biology

Biology is the study of life. The Wikiversity Division of Human Biology is specifically concerned with human biology. This division will guide you through your study of how and why the human body works the way it does.

Lessons

 * The Human Body: Most likely this will be a large part of the biology department. It will have many subsections and numerous articles for each one.

Resources

 * whaaz provides updates on various topics related to biomedical science. You can also add your own articles.

title: Human Biology


text:
The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England

The Plantagenets: The Kings and Queens Who Made England is a history book written by Dan Jones. It was published in 2012 in the United Kingdom and a year later in the United States, where it was listed on the New York Times bestseller list. The book, which covers the history of the Plantagenet dynasty from Henry II to Richard II, received mostly positive reviews from critics.

Content
The Plantagenets: The Kings and Queens Who Made England is divided into seven sections, termed by Jones as "ages". These sections successively deal with periods in the history of the Plantagenet dynasty's rule over England.

Reception
The Plantagenets: The Kings and Queens Who Made England was positively received. HistoryNet, in their review of the book, described it as "lively and entertaining" and "a must for those interested in medieval history". Becca Selby, writing in The Manchester Historian, gave a positive review, praising the book's writing style, which she likened to that of a work of historical fiction. David Horspool of The Daily Telegraph gave it five stars out of five, calling it "a great story" and described Jones' writing as inspiring the feel of an "impressively confident guide". Christina Hardyment, in a review in The Independent, gave the book a more measured review, praising the work's characterisation and insight, but finding that its presentation of cycles of prosperity and hardship was confusing, and that it lacked "a proper presentation of the profoundly religious medieval mindset", which made understanding the mindset of the featured kings harder. Ben Wilson, writing in the New Statesman, praised the book, declaring that it described the period "with verve", and that Jones' insights into the nature of medieval rule were good.


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Graphic Design/Project List

A great way to learn to do design is to stretch your graphic design muscles. That is, push up your shirtsleeves and get down to doing some projects. Don't worry if the stuff turns out bad or people hate it, it's all a process of learning.

Business card design
Every professional needs a business card. The US standard is 2" x 3.5" (89 mm x 51 mm). Use a .125" (3.175 mm) margin on all sides.

Using a desktop publishing program, such as Scribus, make a business card for yourself, with typography and graphic elements. Plan layout with an eye for hierarchy.

Symbol design
Using Adobe Illustrator or a similar vector-graphics tool, design a stylized icon or symbol representing an animal, taking care to communicate the socially perceived emotional connotations of this animal. The icon should be scalable to the point that it can be used on office stationary as well as blown up to billboard size. The symbol should employ limited colors so as to be easily and inexpensively printable.

Compact disc design
Find an existing or imagined compact disc recording and design a complete package for it, including all copy appropriate for a disc to be sold in a store (song list, copyright information, etc.) You may use photography that you take yourself or any drawings or other computer art, etc. that you create yourself or commission for the project. Design the inside and outside of the CD case as well as the disc itself, keeping yourself open to the possibilities of non-traditional CD cases (transparent, etc.)

Typeface design
Design a complete alphabet with special characters of your own, original font. You may choose a serif or sans-serif font, or a decorative font. Give samples of bold, extra bold, and italic versions of some letters.

Webpage design
Design, using appropriate tools, an entire webpage devoted to a social or political cause of your choosing. Use colors, images, and a style that conforms to the page's message. Importantly don't forget - that the page you are designing for the Visitors only. So first classify your visitors, and use the color schemes which they impress most. And try to design a user friendly navigation system with a low flashy images.

Toy design
Design a novel toy, optimized for maximum "fun-ness" for an audience of your choosing, and its complete packaging. Include suggestions for a marketing campaign promoting the toy.

Personal projects
Design a project that personally touches you. Whether it be a collage or a poster for something you believe in, it is important to perform your skills for your own use as well as for your clients. Combine tools (Adobe with Macromedia with ink, pencil, highlighters and your trusty scanner). Have fun.

title: Graphic Design/Project List