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C++

This is a placeholder for Portal:Engineering and Technology → School:Computer Science → Topic:Computer Programming → C++

Welcome to the C++ programming course. Whether you're not certain which language to pick or you've already decided on C++, you've come to the right place.

C++ is arguably the most versatile language in common use. C++ allows for both high-performance code as well as expressive abstractions and design constructs. The language is not perfect but it does represent an excellent compromise between these potentially conflicting language capabilities. C++ combines "low-level" programming tailored to specific machine architectures with "high-level" programming, which can allow code to be completely abstracted from any particulars of the machine executing the program. Both approaches have pros and cons that we'll cover in this tutorial. If interested, Wikibooks also has material on this subject.

Why should you learn C++?

The C++ language originally derives from the imperative language C. The defining feature which distinguishes C++ from C is support for Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). This makes C++ a multi-paradigm programming language. An example that can help to demonstrate what OOP means:

If you were writing a program to track the statistics of a racing cyclist, you might make different parts of the program for their age, years of racing, wins, falls, what teams they've raced with and so on. In real life, though, that's not how we think. Instead, we would think of the cyclist as a whole, and the different statistics as being part of him. We could also apply that general "model" of a cyclist, maybe with a few modifications, to any cyclist, and have a complete representation of them. This is the essence of object-oriented programming, and as you understand it more fully, it will allow you to create powerful, yet easily-understood programs. Instead of relying on data that is scattered throughout a program, you can create a block of code that defines everything you need, and then reuse that throughout the program.

As a further example, think of a motor car. You unlock it with the key and get in. Then, you turn the ignition, put the car in reverse, release the brake, and press the accelerator. As you drive, you use the steering wheel, the brake, and the accelerator (and maybe the clutch). You don't know or need to know all the specifics of the car to make it work. You just use what you need, and it's simple, too. Object-oriented programming is like that. You can make powerful code, but it's all hidden, and you can interact and reuse that code using simple controls.

Other languages, such as Java, Python, Smalltalk and C#, allow the programmer to write code in this object-orientated way. The key difference between C++ and these languages is that C++ is designed to be compiled into efficient low-level code which can run directly on the processor of a computer. This ability means that C++ differs in many ways from these other languages, and lacks many of the advanced facilities you might be familiar with if you already know one of them.

Prerequisites
Having fundamental knowledge of C programming.

Get an integrated development environment (IDE), generally consisting of a graphical user interface (GUI), a compiler (transforms C/C++ code into a machine-readable program) and a text editor. Most C++ IDEs use the GNU C++ compiler which is part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). This is a program from the Free Software Foundation distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). For detailed information, check the official GCC webpage.

Some might say that it is important to learn to edit code using an editor and compile it manually. There is time for that later; the manual editing process changes depending on system and compiler, so put it off until you can write significant programs.

Recommendations for an IDE are Microsoft Visual Studio Community C++ (freeware, Windows; step-into debugging), Xcode (freeware, Macintosh OS X; step-into debugging), Eclipse (free and open-source, cross-platform; step-into debugging) or Code::Blocks with Mingw (free and open-source, cross-platform; no step-into debugging). Dev-C++ (free and open-source, Windows; step-into debugging) is often mentioned, though it hasn't seen active development in years. A fairly recent addition to this list is the Open Watcom C++ compiler and environment (open-source, cross-platform; no step-into debugging).

Most of the compilers/IDEs listed here are native to the Microsoft Windows operating system. C/C++ was born on UNIX, and there are several free UNIX operating systems such as FreeBSD. C/C++ comes with most GNU/Linux variants. Any of the operating systems and compilers/IDEs listed above are sufficient to learn to program C/C++.

Your enthusiasm is also required. This is meant for a first-time user. Every lesson will only depend on what has already been taught in previous lessons. All you need here is your willingness to learn, experiment, and have fun with computers.

Course Description
This course covers most introductory & intermediate topics of C++, starting with basic priniciples and working up to more advanced concepts such as polymorphism and inheritance.

Pros and Cons of C++
Pros
 * Is extremely popular, and therefore lots of support is available.
 * Has a large base of freely available code for download, while also supporting direct integration with ASM and C.
 * Is very powerful, and can be used to create just about any program, including low-level system programs.
 * There is a compiler for C++ on every major operating system. C++ programs that are purposely written for portability will work on many major operating systems with little change in code.
 * C++ is a language which is compiled (transformed from human readable code to low-level machine code), so it can often run faster than languages such as Java, Python, and C#, as it does not depend on an interpreter or a "run-time environment" which must be loaded beforehand.
 * Has a long-established usage base that likely guarantees support for the language will continue for quite some time.
 * Many languages are based off of C/C++, such as Java, so knowledge in C++ will make it easier to understand these languages.
 * Has a relatively small associated C++ Standard Library as compared to languages such as Java's Standard Platform SDK or C#'s .NET Framework, permitting greater versatility and reducing the system footprint of resulting compilations.
 * Has been standardized by the International Standards Association as ISO/IEC 14882 with significant versions of the standard released in 1998, 2003 and 2011.
 * Has a significant number of open source libraries available, including the Boost which are freely and widely available.

Cons
 * It is not very safe by itself, as it lacks automatic boundary checks, invalid pointer checks, etc., allows for invisible side-effects (causing non-deterministic behavior) and allows implicit type casting. Many security issues and memory leaks are a direct result of this, unless an extra effort is made to prevent them.
 * By default, there is no built-in memory management, even if smart pointers introduced from C++11 allow automatic resource management.
 * Its OOP system is rather archaic, requiring explicit virtualization of methods among other things usually reserved for older languages.
 * Lacks the ability to define completely custom operators. (Not to be confused with the ability to define custom implementations for a hard-wired set of operators, which C++ has.)
 * Does not offer full algebraic data types.
 * Functions are not first-class types. (Although pointers allow for workarounds.)
 * Has a somewhat more difficult learning curve than some other languages. For instance, C++'s most powerful features, such as templates, have a very complex syntax.
 * Is very picky how code is formatted (but not quite as picky as FORTRAN, RPG or Haskell). For example, if you forget to add a semicolon, the program won't compile.
 * GUI, Networking aren't standardized, requiring the use of non-standard, third-party libraries (though many such libraries, both free and commercial, are available, as is the possibility to use C libraries), Boost being one of the preferred. The lack of a standard, however, may hamper learnability and interoperability or at least require some extended investigation.

Lessons

 * Lesson 1: Introduction to C++
 * Lesson 2: Variables and User Input
 * Lesson 3: Simple Math
 * Lesson 4: Conditional Statements
 * Lesson 5: Loops
 * Lesson 6: Functions and Recursion
 * Lesson 7: More Functions
 * Lesson 8: Pointers, References and Pointers
 * Lesson 9: Classes and Inheritance
 * Lesson 10: Templates 1
 * Lesson 11: Templates 2
 * Lesson 12: The STL
 * Lesson 13: STL Algorithms

Enrolled
You can add your name here or on the enrolled sub-page. You should resign your enrollment each year about if you want to be considered an active enrollee. /Enrolled/
 * Mirged 00:45, 8 January 2023 (UTC) My career started from here.
 * Supernyv 13:00, 01 June 2022 (GMT+1) Ambitious and Passionate about computer programming. Adding C++ to my skills.
 * Cap356 18:47, 19 October 2010 (UTC) learning to change the world!
 * Tavoricko 16:58, 1 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Zngga 22:34, 14 June 2010 (UTC)Moving from Java to C++!
 * iCyberBombzz
 * Tarif Ezaz 06:56, 5 May 2010 (UTC) I believe "sharing" Knowledge is power, and with wikiversity for that reason :D
 * Zendegi 05:06, 29 November 2010 (UTC)Looking to refresh after 15 years away, with a complete lack of OOP
 * KReeves 00:22, 21 January 2011 (UTC) Also taking C++ in college. Looking for a new perspective to help me better understand.
 * Alex_loves_you 10:52, 25 April 2011 (UTC) Really into web development. Looking to expand my programing horizon. Love this website by the way.
 * hilq 12:48, 19 June 2011 (UTC) I can also help about your C++ development at hand.
 * L1ght5h0w 16:23, 12 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Varun Tokas (discuss • contribs) 13:52, 28 February 2016 (UTC)Learning C++ to get into our school computer club as youngest programmer
 * Snitch (discuss • contribs) 09:26, 28 June 2013 (UTC)Moving from VBA to c++ (beginner). WikyU looks great!
 * Muhammad j yakubu (discuss • contribs) 08:52, 27 December 2016 (UTC) Looking for the way to create a powerful program in c++ (Beginner)
 * Alexander 6:48, 28 May 2021 (ET) Started learning C++ (beginner)
 * Shahzad Aslam 19:38, 23-Jun-2021; Started learning programming at the age of 46!
 * Jeremiah Breval 3:07 PM 4/17/2022 (ET) I'm just a basic programmer who wanted to take my superficial knowledge and develop it
 * 4Chan (discuss • contribs) I like C++, CS and VB/Net (entity Visual Studio) 05:31, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Websites

 * Tutorial on learncpp.com
 * Tutorial on cplusplus.com
 * https://www.cprogramming.com/
 * https://www.learnprogramz.com/
 * https://programiz.pro/learn/master-cpp

External learning links

 * What are the differences between the C programming languages: C, C++, C#, and Objective C? (on Reddit)

title: C++


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User:NDHurler55/sandbox

=Indianapolis Hurling Club=

The Indianapolis Hurling Club and Indianapolis GAA have been promoting the gaelic games in the Midwest and United States since 2002. Through that time, the club has seen steady growth and much success at the local and national levels

History
The birth of the club began at a wedding in 2002. A couple of Irishman were striking the ball around and eventually included some Americans that were there. The excitement of the game sparked this group of guys to begin meeting on Wednesday nights for stick toss games. These 7-on-7 matches honed the skills of players, but it would be another four years before IHC would begin to really pick up steam.

In 2006

Super Bowl
In February of 2012, the city of Indianapolis was chosen to host the Super Bowl. The Super Bowl Committee of Indianapolis reached out to the Indy Hurling Club to take

External Link
Indianapolis Hurling Club

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:NDHurler55/sandbox


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Luciano Soli

Luciano Soli (12 October 1937 – 5 November 2014) was an Italian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

title: Luciano Soli


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Talk:as well

I've heard that using "as well" at the beginning of sentences is a Canadianism. Can anybody testify as to its use outside of Canada (as it is most certainly used in Canada), and is this use different enough for its own definition separate from the first? --Bran
 * I've a lot of Canadian relatives, but I'm not sure what you're talking about. Can you give a couple example please?  (Not "As well as" but only "As well"?)  --Connel MacKenzie 02:14, 19 October 2007 (UTC)
 * One that I heard not too long ago: "Canada joined the war a week after Britain and France. As well, Canada promised that it would have a smaller role to play than in WWI." I've heard many people use it this way. --User:Bran 17:27, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

I’ve heard lots of French people say that when speaking in English. Perhaps this is due to the French influence on Canada? Overlordnat1 (talk) 13:09, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

just as well
Does "Encarta® 2009" offer a variant of just as well without just? suitable, proper, or appropriate in the circumstances It is as well that you apologized to her. Secondly, the current wording of the definition of just as well doesn't cover either the Encarta's or the Collins's examples preferable or advisable: it would be just as well if you paid me now --Backinstadiums (talk) 09:33, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

Preposition
Besides (prep) as well: in addition to somebody or something specified or understood See beside. Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Is as well a preposition as is as well as? --Backinstadiums (talk) 10:53, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

 * No. Prepositions generally go before something; "as well" can stand alone. Equinox ◑ 11:03, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

justly and appropriately
adverb: with justice and good reason I could not very well refuse her request. Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 --Backinstadiums (talk) 10:41, 8 December 2019 (UTC)

 * That's very well, not as well. Equinox ◑ 14:37, 8 December 2019 (UTC)

As well (as) : the town grew as well because of its location as because of its climate.
For the OED, the idiom is as well (as).

Secondly, is the town grew as well because of its location as because of its climate, an example too of this entry? --Backinstadiums (talk) 16:01, 12 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:as well


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Joseph Mazzini Wheeler

Joseph Mazzini Wheeler (24 January 1850 – 5 May 1898) was an English atheist and freethought writer.

Biography
Wheeler was born in London. He briefly worked as a lithographer in Edinburgh. He became an atheist after reading the works of Charles Darwin, John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. In 1868, he met George William Foote and they became lifelong friends. Wheeler worked as an editor for Foote's Freethinker journal. He was strongly anti-Christian.

His most well known work was A Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers of All Ages (1889). He was vice-President of the National Secular Society.

Wheeler suffered from a mental breakdown and died in an asylum in 1898.

Publications

 * Frauds and Follies of the Fathers (1882)
 * Hume's Essay on Miracles. A new edition, with an introduction commenting upon the views of Campbell, Paley, Mill, Greg, Mozley, Tyndall, Huxley, etc. By Joseph Mazzini Wheeler. 1882. London (Freethought Publ.). 3d.
 * The Jewish Life of Christ (1885) [translator]
 * Crimes of Christianity (1887) [with G. W. Foote]
 * The Crimes of the Popes (1887) [with G. W. Foote]
 * A Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers of All Ages (1889)
 * The Christian Doctrine of Hell (1890)
 * Bible Studies: Essays on Phallic Worship and Other Curious Rites and Customs (1892)
 * Voltaire: A Sketch of His Life and Works (1894) [with G. W. Foote]
 * Footsteps of the Past (1895) [with an introduction by G. W. Foote]
 * History of Freethought in England (uncompleted)

title: Joseph Mazzini Wheeler


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User:Razr Nation/CSD log

This is a log of all speedy deletion nominations made by this user using Twinkle's CSD module.

If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the preferences panel, and nominate this page for speedy deletion under CSD U1.

July 2012

 * User:Hahc21/sandbox/El Amor (Ricardo Arjona song): CSD G7 (db-author) 05:02, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

August 2012

 * Nathan richardson: CSD A7 (db-person); notified 03:12, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

October 2012

 * User.Hahc21/sandbox/2006 Winter Paralympics medal table: CSD R2 (db-rediruser) 04:13, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
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January 2013

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February 2013

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March 2013

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May 2013

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June 2013

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July 2013

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August 2013

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February 2014

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title: User:Razr Nation/CSD log


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Red Army invasion of Armenia

The Red Army invasion of Armenia was a military campaign which was carried out by the 11th Army of Soviet Russia from September to 29 November 1920 in order to install a new Soviet government in the First Republic of Armenia, a former territory of the Russian Empire. The invasion coincided with two concurrent events, the Turkish invasion, as well as the anti-government insurrection which was staged by the local Armenian Bolsheviks in the capital, Yerevan, and other cities and populated places within the country. The invasion led to the dissolution of the First Republic of Armenia and the establishment of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Background
The governing party of Armenia was the socialist-nationalist Dashnaktsutyun. The government of Armenia was Western-oriented, mainly due to the fact that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had drafted a favorable map for Armenia according to the Treaty of Sevres. While the Armenian government believed in the realization of what is now known as Wilsonian Armenia, Bolsheviks and Kemalists claimed the fragility of the newly-established state.

From 19 July to 7 August 1920, the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International was held. Its manifest of which stipulated the following: “''In the conflict of Entente with Turkey Armenia played the same programmatic role as Belgium in the conflict with Germany, as Serbia in the conflict with Austria-Hungary. After Republic of Armenia was established – without borders and without potential to live- Wilson refused the Armenian mandate which had been offered him by League of Nations, since the soil of Armenia veils neither oil nor platinum. “Liberated” Armenia is now less protected than it has haver been''.”

Inspired by the Bolsheviks’ success in Azerbaijan, Armenian Bolsheviks organized an uprising in May 1920, which resulted in resignation of the government of Vratsian, however new government of Hamo Ohanjanyan managed to suppress the coup with his tough policy.

From one side Kemalist Turkey had the intention to attack Armenia, and from the other side Bolsheviks intended to Sovietize it, therefore it was evident that both would succeed if their actions were synchronized. Soviet Russia was not averse to using the aggression of the Turks in the issue of Sovietization of Armenia, and therefore for this purpose it was necessary to prepare the aggression of the Turks with the appropriate propaganda.

Such a political situation inspired Bolsheviks, and particularly Trotsky, who was a supporter of the idea of permanent revolution. Trotsky wanted to export revolution to the East, initially to Persia, and for that purpose Congress of the Peoples of the East was called in 1-8 September 1920 in Baku. The Congress formulated a council of propaganda and actions of Peoples of the East, which on 17 September adopted a resolution on enforced Sovietization of Armenia with the help of Turkish aggression.

After military defeat of Dashnak forces by Turks in October-November 1920, the Red Army invaded Armenia, where Armenian SSR was established in November 1920. The Red Army continued to face military opposition only in Syunik, where Garegin Njdeh and his soldiers fought until July 1921.

Treaty
On December 2, 1920, an agreement was signed on behalf of the Dashnak government of Armenia.

Its terms were as follows:

 * 1) Armenia was declared a Soviet Socialist Republic.
 * 2) A Provisional Military-Revolutionary Committee shall assume power over Armenia until the convention of a Congress of Soviets
 * 3) Soviet Russia recognized the entire Yerevan province, Zangezur, part of Kars province, some regions of Kazakh province and the territories of Tiflis province as an integral part of the Republic of Armenia, which were part of the Republic of Armenia until September 28, 1920.
 * 4) The officers of the Army of the Republic of Armenia were released from responsibility for actions initiated prior to the proclamation of Soviet power in Armenia.
 * 5) The current figures of the current Armenian political party (Dashnaktsutyun) and other social parties of the Republic of Armenia were not to be subject to repression for membership in these parties.
 * 6) The composition of the temporary ruling committee was to consist of 5 Bolsheviks and two left confederates.
 * 7) The government of Soviet Russia was committed to ensuring the security of the territory of Soviet Armenia.

Soviet rationale
According to historian Brinegar, Sovietization of Armenia was pushed by a faction of Bolsheviks including Narimanov, Joseph Stalin, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, who considered the occupation of Armenia and Georgia necessary for stability and the elimination of anti-Bolshevik activity in border regions. Additionally, Lenin feared the Entente was planning to use Georgia as a staging ground for retaking Baku, which provided oil to the Soviets.

A 1967 USSR book describes the event as follows :"'On November 29, 1920, an armed uprising of the working people of Armenia, headed by the Communist Party and aided by the Russian people, put an end to the ill-famed Dashnak rule. The years of Dashnak rule (1918-20) are another grim page in the history of the Armenian people. Ceaseless warfare and massacres, anarchy and tyranny, hunger and poverty, pillage and violence, blood and tears—those are the essential features of that period. The country was on the verge of ruin. The economy of Armenia had been greatly deranged. Gross industrial output had decreased in 1919 more than twelve fold as against 1913. Farming and animal husbandry were on the verge of disaster. Gross agricultural output for 1919 had dropped almost sixfold as compared with 1913 and crop areas had decreased more than fourfold. Under the Dashnak rule the peasants had over 14 kinds of taxes to pay. Hunger and poverty gave rise to frequent epidemics. Armenia became a Soviet state, ruled by the working people—the workers and the peasants.'"

title: Red Army invasion of Armenia


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Just a Stone's Throw Away

Just a Stone's Throw Away is Valerie Carter's first full-length solo album. It features guest appearances from artists such as Maurice White, Linda Ronstadt, Jackson Browne and Deniece Williams. The album was finally reissued in full as part of the 2019 compilation Ooh Child - The Columbia Years on Cherry Tree Records.

Critical reception
AllMusic's Rob Caldwell writes, "The album is at once funky and folksy, blending a variety of styles, from the haunting acoustic sounds of "Face of Appalachia" to the jazzy blues of "Back to Blue Some More.""

Parry Gettelman of The Orlando Sentinel gives the album 4 out of 5 stars as well, and says, "Carter's voice has a wonderful delicacy but doesn't lack for power or soul. She captures all the nuances of the R&B; classic "Ooh Child," for instance."

The New York Times called Just a Stone's Throw Away "a record that ranges from lovelorn Los Angeles country‐rock ballads to bluegrassy folk to rambling funk, and the legitimate quest on whether Miss Carter holds up her end in all of this. To this taste she does, most charmingly; it is her presence that links together all these disparate styles and talents."

Blue Desert's review says, "Her first solo album, Just a Stone’s Throw Away, featured an impressive array of guest artists from the 1970s Southern California music scene. The album was well-received and garnered favorable reviews, plus an opening slot for the Eagles in Europe."

Charles Donovan writes in an article for Pop Matters that, "Just a Stone's Throw Away (produced by Lowell George, Maurice White and George Massenburg in 1977), has become something of a cult favorite, despite not breaking through on a massive scale at the time of its release. It's an effective exposition of all the sides of her talent."

In his article announcing the death of Valerie Carter, Paul Guzzo of The Tampa Bay Times remarked, "Known for a soulful, sultry and smoky voice and for being adept at soul, rock, pop and folk, Valerie Carter released four solo albums, most notably her 1977 debut, Just a Stone's Throw Away. That album also featured Jackson Browne, Linda Ronstadt and Earth Wind and Fire, included the songs "Ooh Child" and "Face of Appalachia" and got her booked as the opening act for the Eagles during a European tour."

The Round Place in the Middle writes, "Valerie Carter had the misfortune to be born with lead singer talent, leading lady looks and the soul of a woman who preferred remaining in the shadows. Absent the first two qualities, she would have been left alone…and probably lived a much happier and longer life. Since she had those qualities in abundance, she was pushed to the front early and often." and "Just a Stone’s Throw Away, in particular, spent a lot of time on my turntable in the eighties."

Al Kooper of The Morton Report remarks that, "Valerie was in a class by herself back then and these two albums became constant companions. The first one is called Just a Stone's Throw Away and her two backup bands are Little Feat and Earth Wind & Fire. The second album is called Wild Child and the backing band is primarily members of Toto. This is everlasting greatness done perfectly."

Echoes in the Wind Archives says of the album, "So what to make of Just A Stone's Throw Away? Well, like a lot of the records that were coming out of L.A. at the time, it can be a little too slick at moments. But it has other moments that are very nice, too."

 * See original reviews for full articles. Links can be found in the references section of this article.

Musicians

 * Valerie Carter - lead vocals
 * William Payne, Lowell George, Jeff Porcaro, Bob Glaub, Fred Tackett, Samuel Clayton, Charles Rainey, John Hall, Ernest Watts, Tom Jans, Herb Pedersen, Mike Utley, John Sebastian, Jackson Browne, Oscar Brashear, Mike Harris, Louis Satterfield, Don Myrick, David Campbell, Larry Dunn, Al McKay, Verdine White, Fred White, Andrew Woolfolk, Jerry Peters, Skip Scarborough, George Bohanon, Paul Barrere, Colin Cameron - musicians
 * Linda Ronstadt, Deniece Williams, Herb Pedersen, Samuel Clayton, Maurice White, Lowell George - vocals

Production

 * Producer, Engineer: George Massenburg
 * Co-producer: Lowell George (tracks 6, 7), Maurice White (tracks 5, 8)
 * Photography: Elliot Gilbert
 * Assistant Engineers: Fran Tate, Richard Goodman, Dean Rod, Reed Stanley, Kent Nebergall, Jack Rouben
 * Mastered at the Mastering Lab by Mike Reese
 * Recorded at Wally Heider Recording, Sunset Sound Recorders, Hollywood Sound Recorders, Westlake Audio, Los Angeles, 1976

All track information and credits were verified from the LP liner notes.

title: Just a Stone's Throw Away


text:
treti

Etymology
Borrowed from and, from.

Numeral

 * 1)  thirty

Usage notes

 * Sometimes used for clarity on checks and documents and in communication with other Scandinavians.

Verb

 * 1)  to tread

Etymology
, from.

Adjective

 * 1)  third

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to crack open
 * 2) to rub

title: treti


text:
Bieliński Palace, Otwock Wielki

Palace at Otwock Wielki or Otwock Grand Palace is otherwise known as the Jezierscy Family palace (Pałac Jezierskich) or Bielińscy Family palace (Pałac Bielińskich). It is a historic palatial residence located on an artificial island in an oxbow lake of the River Vistula in Otwock Wielki, in the gmina Karczew, powiat otwocki, masovian Voivodeship.

It is the former summer home of the Bielińscy family, old aristocracy (szlachta) from Ciechanów County in Mazovia, who maintained a close relationship with the Saxon court. But the family heirs squandered the family wealth in the 18th century, and the palace became in the end closely associated with the Jezierscy family szlachta, following the palace's acquisition by Jacek Jezierski. It remained in the hands of that family until the communist period of 1945 -1989. Recently, a court tort case has led to an administrative decision by the mazovian Voivode to return the property to the rightful Jezierski heirs. Nonetheless, the palace remains on public view, having been restored and opened to the public as Muzeum Wnętrz (Interiors Museum/Museum of Design in Otwock), a satellite branch of the National Museum, Warsaw.

History
At the time of its construction, the building was one of the most magnificent residences in mazovian Voivodeship, second only to the Royal Wilanów Palace among the most notable landmark estates of Poland. It had belonged to the Grand Marshal of the Crown Kazimierz Bieliński, having been designed in 1682 on the occasion of his wedding with Louise Morsztyn (Luiza Morsztynówna in Polish), daughter of Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, state treasurer and well-known poet. Construction began in 1682 and ended in 1689. Furnishing and decorating took nearly a decade longer, until the turn of the next century, probably August 1703.

The founder of this palace was Kazimierz Bielińsk, the only son of the governor of Malbork County, Franciszek Jan Bieliński. Members of that Ciechanów County szlachta comprised bishops who were also senators in the Sejm, remaining in a close power-sharing relationship with the royal court of the Saxons. Kazimierz Bieliński himself supported King Augustus II the Strong, who in 1702 made him Marshal of the Court, then promoted him to the office of Marshal of the Crown. In the same year the king visited the Marshal at his Otwock residence. Two years later, in 1705, King Augustus II hosted Tsar Peter the Great at the Otwock palace, and it is said that this is why the tsar allowed August II to remain on the Polish throne. It was at this meeting that Augustus II traitorously suggested a partition of Rzeczpospolita to the tsar, counting on personal gain and a part in the spoils. The king also had his own personal reasons frequently visit the Otwock estate. The owner's daughter, Marianna Denhoff née Bielińska, was a favorite of Augustus the Strong, which lent Kazimierz Beliński considerable influence on the two Saxon courts in Dresden and in Warsaw. The king for these reasons often entertained here – at feasts and hunts, especially arranged to take place for him. Another daughter, Katarzyna Bielińska (Catherine Bielinska), married the French ambassador, the baron of Brünstatt, Jean-Victor de Besenval. She was the widow of Jakub Potocki.

After the death of Kazimierz Bieliński in 1713, ownership of the palace passed to his 30-year-old son, Franciszek Bieliński, who went on to become Grand Marshal of the Crown. He had the streets of Warsaw cleaned and paved (23 km), and had installed the first public street lighting. Still other public improvements were made in Warsaw and Czersk on his initiative. To memorialize his contribution to Warsaw's public good, one of the main arteries of city was eventually named Ulica Marszałkowska (in English: Marshal Street). He also initiated a renovation of the palace in 1757, which moved the exterior staircases indoors and made other improvements to make it more suitable as a year-round residence rather than just a summer home. The two wings were also added at this time.

End of the 18th and 19th centuries
The palace was inherited by a nephew of the childless Franciszek Bieliński in 1766, his brother Michael's son, also named Franciszek. During the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising this nephew set an example of patriotism to his fellow countrymen by offering his Otwock possessions' entire harvest to the common folk gratis, while the capital lay starving, surrounded by the Prussian armies, running out of food.

But his younger brother, who managed the estate in waning years of the 18th century, squandered it. Otwock palace changed hands, and was pledged to Castellan Jacek Jezierski.

Paweł and Józef, Francis' sons, were the last of the Bieliński clan to reside at Otwock. Franciszek Bieliński died in 1809. The same year, the palace became a cantonment for General Michał Sokolnicki's army, on the eve of the Battle of Ostrówek. The night spent there by the troops before the battle, and the palace itself, have been immortalized in Polish literature by Stefan Żeromski in his national epic novel Popioły (in English: Ashes). Hostilities in the Napoleonic wars between the Polish and Austrian armies caused huge damage in 1809 to the Otwock estate, sustained in particular during the Austrian crossing of the Vistula and the subsequent attack on Sokolnicki's force stationed there.

The palace ruins were auctioned off in May 1828. The new owner, Aleksander Stanisław Potocki, sold the palace a month later to merchant Jan Jerzy Kurtz, the appointed advisor for the province of Mazowsze. What was left of the palace remained under the care of the Kurtz family for three generations, while a young builder by the name Jan Teofil Sbarboni went about restoring it. Sbarboni most likely was not the creator of the palace redesign, but only played the role of a draftsman implementing the concepts of Leandro Marconi, one of the most distinguished architects in 19th century Poland. The restoration work was interrupted in 1857 by a sudden death of Aniela, the daughter of Jan Jerzy Kurtz, because her heir, son Zygmunt, one of the founders of the Warsaw Horticultural Society, chose other pursuits. Accordingly, in 1884 he planted a huge orchard of more than twenty thousand trees on the garden grounds, supplying the markets of Warsaw and St. Petersburg.

20th century

During World War I, German soldiers were posted at the palace, leading to looting and extensive damage. In 1918 the palace passed into the possession of a descendant of Jacek Jezierski, and remained in that family's hands until the end of World War II. The end of that era coincided with the communist takeover in post-World War II Poland, and the new authorities rudely repurposed the Otwock Wielki palace as a reformatory home for girls, a kind of minimum security prison for troubled or orphaned teens. It was an extremely significant and misguided decision. This led to many interior changes for the worse; moreover, the priceless 17th-century polychrome frescoes and other interior decorative elements suffered to no end at the close sustained proximity to the "inmates".

Restoration during the communist rule did eventually take place. An effort was made in the 1970s: The palace was taken over by the Office of the Council of Ministers and redone to function as a showcase government facility. Prime Minister Piotr Jaroszewicz in 1975 decided to make it a residence for foreign guests of the communist government. Later it was inhabited by General Wojciech Jaruzelski, who in contrast cared little for his reputation or for entertaining distinguished guests, but immediately went about improving the physical condition of the residence. Sudden variety and costly renovation was brought with the aforesaid decision. During martial law in Poland Lech Walesa was held in the palace. The place became a huge repository of paintings by Kossak, Artur Grottger, Jacek Malczewski, Henryk Siemiradzki, Józef Marian Chełmoński and many notable others, stashed away from the public by the men that governed the Polish People's Republic, unexposed to the public, including such important cultural legacy artifacts as a posthumous cast of Marshal Józef Piłsudski's face, or his original sabers, or his work desk from the Belweder palace, and many other items associated with the Marshal.

Architect

Tylman van Gameren (1632–1706), a prominent Polish architect of Dutch origin, is likely the author of the master plan, which includes both the building and ancillary additions, as well as extensive landscape architecture. Architects Carlo Ceroni and Józef Fontana have also been mentioned in historical sources.

Van Gameren was related to Bieliński's kin by connections created on his assumptions performed for the group of people like Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski and Jan Dobrogost Krasiński, who had close relationships with this influential family. He also built the Saxon Palace in Warsaw, originally known as the Pałac Morsztynów or Morsztyn Palace, which was then purchased and enlarged by the first of Poland's two Saxon dynasty kings, Augustus II, father of the other. The Otwock Palace may be thought of as the Morsztyn Palace on steroids. Van Gameren also designed or reconstructed palaces in Białystok, and for the Ossoliński family, the Czartoryski family in Puławy, Lublin Voivodeship, as well as the Nieborów Palace, the Krasiński Palace on Krasiński Square in Warsaw, the Radziwiłł Palace in Warsaw, the Czapski Palace, the Marywil in Warsaw, and the Hermitage in St. Petersburg and the Łazienki Park complex: the Łazienki Palace, its proximate Łazienki Bridge, and the extensive old trees-laden Łazienki Park landscape as the setting, as well as the imposing Ujazdów Palace. Specific telltale signs reveal the palace in Otwock's Tylman bloodlines: a towering pediment filled with bas-relief decoration, the cornices, the drapery accommodation made through architectural embellishment, and the signature layout of the alcoves and of the two wing towers.

Location, layout, construction and design
The residence is located in Otwock Wielki, in a riverbank village setting, located southwest of Gmina Karczew on River Vistula, near a sandbar. After earthwork improvements, an oxbow in the river became "Lake Otwock", and the clump, a large island called Rokole Minor, with a picturesque manor house built off to the other side. In the center of the island was erected an impressive, three-story edifice on a rectangular footprint, with two characteristic oval towers and a protruding set of rectangular wings. The main entrance to the interior of the palace features a continuation in the form of a hallway leading to the sala terrana. Around the villa a large park was landscaped, with great many mature trees planted at the end of the 18th century. An important element of the whole is the styling at roof-level of the front, which consists of a tympanum and a triangular pediment with decorated stucco in the style of Nicolas Poussin. The windows height features risalit at the middle floor. A heraldic cartouche of the Junosz coat of arms above the main entrance, hallmark of the Bieliński family, carries emblazoned the motto: Nolo Minor Me Timeat/Descipiciat Que Maior.

Władysław Łoziński described the works thus in his definitive account of Polish life across centuries issued in 1907: "a grim horror of fortified walls passes the visitor off into the lightness and charm of soft architectural lines, the oppressive solemnity of it all yielding to the coquetry of the decorative. In the time when the seventeenth century yielded to the eighteenth, some great pastoral residences sprung up on the Polish land, under our gray skies, upon our miserable landscape, scattered amongst the great mansions of nobles and the sorry thatched huts of peasants, as if a magic wand had been waved in the air, plopping them straight into our lap from the motherland of the Italian doge and the French marquess."

Status today
Today the shape of the buildings does not differ much from the original, but many of the contents: the historic details, the furnishings, the landscape architecture – require reconstruction.

In early 2004, the palace passed under the permanent administration of the Ministry of Culture. In the same year under the lease agreement, the current curator of the facility became the National Museum in Warsaw, which set up its Museum of Interiors here. After much-needed scholarly renovations, the palace opened to the public on 7 July 2004.

June 8, 2005 featured another public unveiling, this time of additional interiors.

On the ground floor, visitors pass through a representative entryway and dining hall, then can admire the enfilade of rooms in the right wing furnished in the Baroque, Biedermeier and Classicist styles. The two Belweder rooms in the left wing have been restored in the setting contemporary to Marshal Józef Piłsudski.

A palatial staircase leads to the second floor. To the left a vestibule and a ballroom preserved in original condition currently serve as a music performance space. In the right wing, three rooms now feature furniture from the Classicist style period characteristic of the city of Vilnius. The bedrooms in the apartments on the third floor have elevated floors, allowing visitors to look out on the pastoral landscape of the river's oxbow. Three additional fresco-laden halls undergoing maintenance are currently off limits to the public.

An attached cafe has been erected as a convenience for visitors.

On the basis of a court judgment issued 26 February 2009, Jacek Kozlowski, governor of mazovian Voivodship, issued a decision, by which the Grand Palace in Otwock was handed over to the heirs of the family Jezierski. It remains unclear what this means for the museum function the building and its palatial gardens and grounds fulfill today.

title: Bieliński Palace, Otwock Wielki


text:
Talk:XML - Managing Data Exchange/XUL

Why is the text in this page in tags? It makes for a less than beautiful page. Will there be host if I remove them? (<IP_ADDRESS> zeimusu on 'pedia)

Luxor XUL link
I removed the link to "luxor xul", as it is not related to Mozilla XUL, other than in concept. People from "Open XUL Alliance" have been trolling around for quite a long time already, posting links to their "xul" projects on various Mozilla-related sites. --<IP_ADDRESS> 11:19, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Various comments

 * The ‘id’ attribute is important in that it is the way to identify the window so that scripts can refer to it.

Not really. Scripts can use  to refer to the window element. The id is used for binding icons to the window, and sometimes in the overlays.

 * All events and attributes must be written in lowercase.

Actually it's just that XUL is case-sensitive, as is XML. Attributes that have special meaning in XUL happen to be all-lowercase. This doesn't stop you from using mixed-case attributes for your own needs.

 * All strings must be double quoted.

Attributes must be in quotes, just as in XML. It doesn't mean that "all strings must be double quoted".

 * Save it anywhere but be sure to give the file the .xul extension. Now just double click on it and it should open in your Mozilla or Netscape browser.

.xul files are not associated with Mozilla by default

--<IP_ADDRESS> 11:37, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

revision suggestions
Karl Strength 16:42, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Bold key words and start with clear definition after each.
 * Follow author guidelines to revise chapter.
 * Show more widgets and some user created widgets.
 * Change the first example -perhaps use an example that we have been using through out the class.(movie, professor)
 * Create an assignment and place it at the bottom of the page. Use XUL and widgets to create a page that displays information about UGA.
 * Edit the conclusion section. (Try to make is sound less like a Firefox employee wrote it.)
 * Place Learning objectives in a box to set them apart from the rest of the text (as done in previous chapters.)

Editorial Board
Moussa Mané
 * You can move the "written by" part as a reference at the bottom, so the chapter stays consistent with the rest of the book
 * If you notice there is too much text, like whole block. The reader can even find a specific information. Try to break everything down. You may need to change the structure a little with more sub-sections
 * Example: first a section on widget where you explain what they are, then how to use them and add them
 * One for Events...then sub section would be Event handlers and another Responding to Events.
 * Fell free to change the title of the sections (The basics, A first example, Adding Widgets...) I find them inconsistent. (let me know if you need clarification on this)
 * A shorter introduction. the rest of the info can be added as a new section
 * The example can be movie, professor or any other simple one
 * Give a summary.
 * Add Exercises and answers link

Professor
Rtw 19:38, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Karl and Moussa's suggestions will help improve the chapter considerably
 * Try to use a tourism example to stick with the themes covered in other chapters. Maybe cities and attractions :)
 * Change sample code to fit with author guidelines
 * Change so that reference browser is Firefox rather than Mozilla or Netscape
 * Correct labeling of code (eg figure should not be within the code)
 * Check all the references are still valid

XUL's ≠ HTML's   tag!
The article states that the  tag of XUL is like the   tag of HTML — wich is not true. the  tag is more like the   tag (they're both the root tags) and XUL can for example also have the    and    root tags. More information at MDC XUL hub.

title: Talk:XML - Managing Data Exchange/XUL


text:
Akuse

Akuse is a town in the Lower Manya Krobo district of the Eastern Region of Ghana situated between Tema and Akosombo.

It is a fast growing community thanks to a number of companies operating from the area which is attracting skill and capital.

The community hosts a number of public institutions as well including Ghana Prisons, Ghana Health Service, Meteorological Services and Ghana Police Service.

The Kpong Hydro Generation Plant is located in Akuse and managed by the Volta River Authority (VRA).

title: Akuse


text:
Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Revenge of the Strings

And now presenting a cool trick that can be done with strings:

And the output is:

Gimme a L 'L' Gimme a o 'o' Gimme a s 's' Gimme a e 'e' The middle character is: d The middle character is: r The middle character is: a

What these programs demonstrate is that strings are similar to lists in several ways. The  function shows that   loops can be used with strings just as they can be used with lists. The  procedure shows that that strings can also use the   function and array indexes and slices. Most list features work on strings as well.

The next feature demonstrates some string specific features:

with the output being:

THIS IS TEXT

This works because the computer represents the characters of a string as numbers from 0 to 255. Python has a function called  (short for ordinal) that returns a character as a number. There is also a corresponding function called  that converts a number into a character. With this in mind the program should start to be clear. The first detail is the line:  which checks to see if a letter is lower case. If it is then the next lines are used. First it is converted into a location so that a = 0, b = 1, c = 2 and so on with the line:. Next the new value is found with. This value is converted back to a character that is now upper case.

Now for some interactive typing exercise:

>>> # Integer to String >>> 2 2 >>> repr(2) '2' >>> -123 -123 >>> repr(-123) '-123' >>> `123` '123' >>> # String to Integer >>> "23" '23' >>> int("23") 23 >>> "23" * 2 '2323' >>> int("23") * 2 46 >>> # Float to String >>> 1.23 1.23 >>> repr(1.23) '1.23' >>> # Float to Integer >>> 1.23 1.23 >>> int(1.23) 1 >>> int(-1.23) -1 >>> # String to Float >>> float("1.23") 1.23 >>> "1.23" '1.23' >>> float("123") 123.0 >>> `float("1.23")` '1.23'

If you haven't guessed already the function  can convert a integer to a string and the function   can convert a string to an integer. The function  can convert a string to a float. The  function returns a printable representation of something. converts almost everything into a string, too. Here are some examples of this:

>>> repr(1) '1' >>> repr(234.14) '234.14' >>> repr([4, 42, 10]) '[4, 42, 10]' >>> `[4, 42, 10]` '[4, 42, 10]'

The  function tries to convert a string (or a float) into a integer. There is also a similar function called  that will convert a integer or a string into a float. Another function that Python has is the  function. The  function takes a string and returns data of the type that python thinks it found. For example:

>>> v = eval('123') >>> print v, type(v) 123  >>> v = eval('645.123') >>> print v, type(v) 645.123  >>> v = eval('[1, 2, 3]') >>> print v, type(v) [1, 2, 3]

If you use the  function you should check that it returns the type that you expect.

One useful string function is the  method. Here's an example:

>>> "This is a bunch of words".split ['This', 'is', 'a', 'bunch', 'of', 'words'] >>> text = "First batch, second batch, third, fourth" >>> text.split(",") ['First batch', ' second batch', ' third', ' fourth']

Notice how  converts a string into a list of strings. The string is split by whitespace by default or by the optional argument (in this case a comma). You can also add another argument that tells  how many times the separator will be used to split the text. For example:

>>> list = text.split(",") >>> len(list) 4 >>> list[-1] ' fourth' >>> list = text.split(",", 2) >>> len(list) 3 >>> list[-1] ' third, fourth'

Slicing strings (and lists)
Strings can be cut into pieces — in the same way as it was shown for lists in the previous chapter — by using the slicing "operator". The slicing operator works in the same way as before: text[first_index:last_index] (in very rare cases there can be another colon and a third argument, as in the example shown below).

In order not to get confused by the index numbers, it is easiest to see them as clipping places, possibilities to cut a string into parts. Here is an example, which shows the clipping places (in yellow) and their index numbers (red and blue) for a simple text string:

Note that the red indexes are counted from the beginning of the string and the blue ones from the end of the string backwards. (Note that there is no blue -0, which could seem to be logical at the end of the string. Because, (-0 means "beginning of the string" as well.)  Now we are ready to use the indexes for slicing operations:

gives us all of the  string between clipping places 1 and 4, " ". If you omit one of the [first_index:last_index] arguments, you get the beginning or end of the string as default:  gives " ". For both  and   we can use both the red and the blue numbering schema:   gives the same as , because the index -1 is at the same place as 5 in this case. If we do not use an argument containing a colon, the number is treated in a different way:  gives us one character following the second clipping point, " ". The special slicing operation  means "from the beginning to the end" and produces a copy of the entire string (or list, as shown in the previous chapter).

Last but not least, the slicing operation can have a second colon and a third argument, which is interpreted as the "step size":  is   from beginning to the end, with a step size of -1. -1 means "every character, but in the other direction". " " backwards is " " (test a step length of 2, if you have not got the point here).

All these slicing operations work with lists as well. In that sense strings are just a special case of lists, where the list elements are single characters. Just remember the concept of clipping places, and the indexes for slicing things will get a lot less confusing.

Examples
The output is:

2 23445 -23445 14234 12345 -3512


text:
Emil Schram

Emil Schram (November 23, 1893 – September 18, 1987) was the president of the New York Stock Exchange from 1941 to 1951. In the wake of the Great Depression, Schram helped restore confidence in investment and stocks. Before his appointment, Schram did not own any stocks and had never been a Wall Street trader, making him the first outsider to become president of the exchange in 155 years.

Early life
Schram was born in Peru, Indiana, where he attended local schools through high-school. He was accepted into Harvard and Wharton, but couldn't afford tuition. Instead, he went to work in a timber and coal company with local offices. At age 21 he proved himself to be an effective farm manager, making investment decisions that dramatically increased the output of a local farm under the firms control.,

Career
Schram's early success in farm management led him accept a position as chairman of the National Drainage Association, an agricultural trade group. While working for the Association, Schram applied for loans with the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which was a Depression/New Deal era government corporation tasked with making loans to infrastructure projects and businesses and helping banks resume normal operations.

In 1933, Schram joined the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. In 1939 he became the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the RFC. His chairmanship was short lived, however, because less than two years later he was offered the position that would define his career.

In 1941 the New York Stock Exchange was still feeling the effects of the Great Depression. Trade volume was very low, seats were sold cheaper than in previous decades, and the exchange had been the target of political attacks. A selection committee was formed to find a new president, and they selected Schram. Before his appointment, Schram did not own any stocks and had never been a Wall Street trader, making him the first outsider to become president of the exchange in 155 years.

Schram reformed the management structure of the Exchange, removing many of the traditional committees in favor of a top-town approach. He spent $500,000 per year on nationwide advertising programs encouraging the public to hold on to war bonds in an effort to keep small-time investors out of the market. Under Schram's leadership, the NYSE recovered, and public confidence was restored.

Later career
In 1951, at age 58, Schram retired from the Exchange and returned home to Peru, Indiana. Schram was succeeded by G. Keith Funston. In his later life he remained active in civic organizations including the local council of the Boy Scouts of America and the U.S.O.

Personal life
Emil Schram's first wife was Mabel Miller, with whom he had three sons, Robert Schram, Daniel Schram, and James Schram. Mabel died in 1969, and Schram later married Margaret Beauchamp.

Schram died in 1987 in Peru, Indiana.

Honors
In 1968, Emil Schram was awarded an honorary doctorate from Indiana University, Bloomington.

title: Emil Schram


text:
Desdemona (John's Children song)

"Desdemona" is a song by the English cult band John's Children. The song was composed by Marc Bolan, who at the time was a member of John's Children.

It was released in 1967 and failed to chart in Britain, possibly due to the fact it was banned by the BBC for the controversial lyric "lift up your skirt and fly." However, the song was a minor hit in Europe.

It was also recorded by the band Fresh, on their album, "Fresh Today" (RCA LSP-4427), in 1970. This revision was co-produced by John's Children producer Simon Napier-Bell and Ray Singer, who provided vocals.

It was later covered by Radio Stars (featuring former John's Children singer Andy Ellison) (1978) and Marsha Hunt (1969), with The Jam additionally known to have played the song live.

title: Desdemona (John's Children song)


text:
Using GNOME/Other Jargon

Controls
"Controls" or "Widgets" are elements that make up the desktop and applications.

Dialogs
Dialogs are windows that ask you a question or provide information.

More Glossary

title: Using GNOME/Other Jargon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Two Stars for Peace solution (2nd nomination)

The result was delete. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 19:18, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

Two Stars for Peace solution
AfDs for this article:
 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Not notable book with no mention in WP:RS sources.The sources that used in the article doesn't mention the book or even the book idea so the whole article seems to be one big WP:OR essay Shrike (talk) 15:19, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Israel-related deletion discussions. Shrike (talk) 15:32, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Palestine-related deletion discussions. Shrike (talk) 15:32, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of United States of America-related deletion discussions. Shrike (talk) 16:20, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete - the book a sufficient source, no need for another article for a non-notable subtopic.GreyShark (dibra) 05:51, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Delete - fails WP:NBOOK per sourcing in article and in a quick BEFORE I was unable to find reviews of the book.Icewhiz (talk) 07:34, 25 September 2017 (UTC)


text:
User:Skygupta0

Name:-Akash Gupta DOB:-25th July 1999 Place of Birth:-Gorakhpur City:-Gorakhpur State:-Uttar Pradesh Country:-India

title: User:Skygupta0


text:
Outline of architecture

 * The following outline is an overview and topical guide to architecture:

Architecture – the process and the product of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural works with a certain indefinable combination of design quality and external circumstances may become cultural symbols and / or be considered works of art.

What type of thing is architecture?
Architecture can be described as all of the following:

 * Academic discipline – focused study in one academic field or profession. A discipline incorporates expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, studies, inquiry, and research areas that are strongly associated with the given discipline.
 * Buildings – buildings and similar structures, the product of architecture, are referred to as architecture.
 * One of the arts – as an art form, architecture is an outlet of human expression, that is usually influenced by culture and which in turn helps to change culture. Architecture is a physical manifestation of the internal human creative impulse.
 * Fine art – in Western European academic traditions, fine art is art developed primarily for aesthetics, distinguishing it from applied art that also has to serve some practical function. The word "fine" here does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the discipline according to traditional Western European canons.
 * Science – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. A science is a branch of science, or a discipline of science. It is a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself.
 * Applied science – branch of science that applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications, such as technology or inventions.

Definitions of architecture
Architecture is variously defined in conflicting ways, highlighting the difficulty of describing the scope of the subject precisely:

 * A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures – although not all buildings are generally considered to be architecture, and infrastructure (bridges, roads etc.) is civil engineering, not architecture.
 * The art and science, or the action and process, of designing and constructing buildings.
 * The design activity of the architect, the profession of designing buildings.
 * A building designed by an architect, the end product of architectural design.
 * A building whose design transcends mere function, a unifying or coherent form or structure.
 * The expression of thought in building.
 * A group or body of buildings in a particular style.
 * A particular style or way of designing buildings.

Some key quotations on the subject of architecture:

 * Vitruvius: defined the essential qualities of architecture as "firmness, commodity, and delight".
 * Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: "I call architecture frozen music".
 * Walter Gropius: "Architecture begins where engineering ends".
 * Le Corbusier: "A house is a machine for living in".
 * Louis Sullivan: "... form ever follows function. This is the law", usually quoted as the architectural mantra "form follows function".
 * Mies van der Rohe: "Less is more".
 * Robert Venturi: "Less is a bore".

Roles in architecture
Professionals involved in planning, designing, and constructing buildings include:
 * Architect – a person trained in the planning, design and supervision of building construction.
 * Architectural intern – a person gaining practical experience while studying to qualify as an architect.
 * Council architect – an architect employed by a local authority.
 * Landscape architect – a person who develops land for human use and enjoyment through effective placement of structures, vehicular and pedestrian ways, and plantings.
 * Project architect – a person who is responsible for overseeing the architectural aspects of the development of the design, production of the construction documents and specifications.
 * State architect – a person who is generally responsible for the design and/or construction of public buildings in the state.
 * Architectural designer – generally, a designer involved in architecture but not qualified as an architect.
 * Architectural engineer
 * Architectural technologist or building technologist – a professional trained in architectural technology, building design and construction, and who provides building design services.
 * Building control officer or Approved Inspector
 * Building inspector
 * Clerk of works
 * Drafter or draughtsman – a person trained in drawing up architectural drawings.
 * Site manager
 * Building surveyor

People engaged in architecture

 * Architects
 * Architecture firms
 * Architectural historians
 * Architecture critics

Architectural styles
Architectural style – a specific way of building, characterized by the features that make it notable. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, materials, and regional character. Influential contemporary and relatively recent styles include :
 * Modern architecture – generally characterized by simplification of form and the absence of applied ornament.
 * Postmodern architecture – has been described as the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism.
 * Deconstructivism – based on the more general theory of deconstruction, a design style characterized by fragmentation, distortion and dislocation of structure and envelope.
 * International style or international modern– the pervasive and often anonymous style of city developments worldwide.
 * Brutalism – the notorious use of raw concrete and massive uncompromising forms.

Specialist subclassifications of architecture
Terms used to describe different architectural concerns, origins and objectives.
 * Architecture parlante ("speaking architecture") – buildings or architectural elements that explain their own function or identity by means of an inscription or literal representation.
 * Religious architecture – the design and construction of places of worship.
 * Responsive architecture – designing buildings that measure their environmental conditions (via sensors) to adapt their form, shape, color or character responsively (via actuators).
 * Sustainable architecture – environmentally conscious design techniques in the field of architecture.
 * Vernacular architecture – traditional local building styles, typically not designed by professional architects although vernacular elements are adopted by many architects.

Architectural theory

 * Architectural design values – the various values that influence architects and designers in making design decisions.
 * Mathematics and architecture – have always been close, because architecture relies upon mathematical precision, and because both fields share a search for order and beauty.
 * Pattern language – a term coined by architect Christopher Alexander, a structured method of describing good design practices within a field of expertise.
 * Proportion – the relationship between elements and the whole.
 * Space syntax – a set of theories and techniques for the analysis of spatial configurations.
 * Architecture criticism – published or broadcast critique, assessing the architect's success in meeting his own aims and objectives and those of others.

Architectural terms

 * Glossary of architecture

Architecture of Africa
Architecture of Africa
 * Architecture of Algeria
 * Architecture of Angola
 * Ancient Egyptian architecture
 * Architecture of Cape Verde
 * Architecture of Ethiopia
 * Architecture of Madagascar
 * Architecture of Mali
 * Architecture of Morocco
 * Architecture of Casablanca
 * Architecture of Fez
 * Architecture of Marrakesh
 * Architecture of Nigeria
 * Architecture of Lagos
 * Architecture of Somalia
 * Architecture of South Africa
 * Architecture of Johannesburg
 * Cape Dutch architecture
 * Architecture of Zimbabwe

Architecture of Asia
Architecture of Asia
 * Architecture of Afghanistan
 * Armenian architecture
 * Architecture of Azerbaijan
 * Architecture of Baku
 * Architecture of Bahrain
 * Architecture of Bangladesh
 * Architecture of Bhutan
 * Dzong architecture
 * Architecture of Cambodia
 * Architecture of China
 * Architecture of Hong Kong
 * Architecture of Cyprus
 * Architecture of Georgia (country)
 * Architecture of India
 * Architecture of Bengal
 * Architecture of Gujarat
 * Architecture of Karnataka
 * Architecture of Kerala
 * Architecture of Maharashtra
 * Architecture of Rajasthan
 * Architecture of Tamil Nadu
 * Architecture of Uttar Pradesh
 * Architecture of Telangana
 * Architecture of Indonesia
 * Architecture of Sumatra
 * Balinese architecture
 * Architecture of Iran
 * Architecture of Tehran
 * Architecture of Israel
 * Architecture of Japan
 * Architecture of Tokyo
 * Okinawan architecture
 * Architecture of Jordan
 * Architecture of Korea
 * Architecture of North Korea
 * Architecture of South Korea
 * Architecture of Kuwait
 * Architecture of Lebanon
 * Architecture of Macau
 * Architecture of Malaysia
 * Architecture of Kuala Lumpur
 * Architecture of Penang
 * Architecture of Mongolia
 * Architecture of Myanmar
 * Architecture of Nepal
 * Architecture of Kathmandu
 * Architecture of Pakistan
 * Architecture of the Philippines
 * Architecture of Russia
 * Architecture of Saudi Arabia
 * Architecture of Singapore
 * Architecture of Sri Lanka
 * Architecture of Taiwan
 * Architecture of Thailand
 * Architecture of Tibet
 * Architecture of Turkey
 * Architecture of the United Arab Emirates
 * Architecture of Uzbekistan
 * Architecture of Vietnam
 * Architecture of Yemen

Architecture of Europe
Architecture of Europe
 * Architecture of Albania
 * Architecture of Austria
 * Architecture of Azerbaijan
 * Architecture of Belgium
 * Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Architecture of Mostar
 * Architecture of Bulgaria
 * Architecture of Croatia
 * Architecture of the Czech Republic
 * Architecture of Denmark
 * Architecture of Aarhus
 * Architecture in Copenhagen
 * Architecture of Estonia
 * Architecture of Finland
 * Architecture of France
 * Architecture of Normandy
 * Architecture of Paris
 * Architecture of the Paris Métro
 * Paris architecture of the Belle Époque
 * Architecture of Provence
 * Architecture of Georgia (country)
 * Architecture of Germany
 * Architecture of Berlin
 * Architecture of Munich
 * Architecture of Greece
 * Modern architecture in Athens
 * Architecture of Hungary
 * Architecture of Iceland
 * Architecture of Ireland
 * Architecture of Letterkenny
 * Architecture of Limerick
 * Architecture of Italy
 * Architecture of Rome
 * Italian modern and contemporary architecture
 * Architecture of Lithuania
 * Architecture of Luxembourg
 * Architecture of Malta
 * Architecture of Moldova
 * Architecture of Monaco
 * Architecture of Montenegro
 * Architecture of the Netherlands
 * Architecture of North Macedonia
 * Architecture of Norway
 * Architecture of Poland
 * Architecture of Warsaw
 * Architecture of Portugal
 * Architecture of Romania
 * Architecture of Russia
 * Architecture of Serbia
 * Architecture of Belgrade
 * Architecture of Slovenia
 * Architecture of Spain
 * Architecture of Barcelona
 * Architecture of Madrid
 * Architecture of Sweden
 * Architecture of Stockholm
 * Architecture of Switzerland
 * Architecture of Turkey
 * Architecture of Istanbul
 * Architecture of Ukraine
 * Architecture of the United Kingdom
 * Architecture of England
 * Architecture of Aylesbury
 * Architecture of Birmingham
 * Architecture of Leeds
 * Architecture of Liverpool
 * Architecture of London
 * Architecture of the London Borough of Croydon
 * Architecture of Manchester
 * Buildings and architecture of Bath
 * Architecture of Scotland
 * Architecture of Aberdeen
 * Architecture of Glasgow
 * Architecture of Ireland
 * Architecture of Wales
 * Architecture of Cardiff
 * Architecture of Vatican City

Dependencies, autonomies, and other territories

 * Architecture of Gibraltar
 * Architecture of Kosovo
 * Architecture of Peć

Architecture of North America

 * Architecture of Antigua and Barbuda
 * Architecture of the Bahamas
 * Architecture of Barbados
 * Architecture of Belize
 * Architecture of Canada
 * Architecture of Montreal
 * Architecture of Ottawa
 * Architecture of Quebec City
 * Architecture of St. John's
 * Architecture of Toronto
 * Architecture of Vancouver
 * Architecture of Costa Rica
 * Architecture of Cuba
 * Architecture of Havana
 * Architecture of Dominica
 * Architecture of the Dominican Republic
 * Architecture of El Salvador
 * Architecture of Grenada
 * Architecture of Guatemala
 * Architecture of Haiti
 * Architecture of Honduras
 * Architecture of Jamaica
 * Architecture of Mexico
 * Architecture of Nicaragua
 * Architecture of Panama
 * Architecture of Panama City
 * Architecture of Puerto Rico
 * Architecture of Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Architecture of Saint Lucia
 * Architecture of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Architecture of Trinidad and Tobago
 * Architecture of the United States
 * Architecture of Albany, New York
 * Buildings and architecture of Allentown, Pennsylvania
 * Architecture of Atlanta
 * Architecture of Buffalo, New York
 * Architecture of Chicago
 * Architecture of metropolitan Detroit
 * Architecture of Fredericksburg, Texas
 * Architecture of Houston
 * Architecture of Jacksonville
 * Architecture of Kansas City
 * Architecture of Las Vegas
 * Architecture of Los Angeles
 * Architecture of Miami
 * Buildings and architecture of New Orleans
 * Architecture of New York City
 * Architecture in Omaha, Nebraska
 * Architecture of Philadelphia
 * Architecture of Plymouth, Pennsylvania
 * Architecture of Portland, Oregon
 * Architecture of San Antonio
 * Architecture of San Francisco
 * Architecture of Seattle
 * Architecture of St. Louis

Dependencies and other territories

 * Architecture of Anguilla
 * Architecture of Aruba
 * Architecture of Bermuda
 * Architecture of the British Virgin Islands
 * Architecture of the Cayman Islands
 * Architecture of Greenland
 * Architecture of Guadeloupe
 * Architecture of Martinique
 * Architecture of Montserrat
 * Architecture of Navassa Island
 * Architecture of the Netherlands Antilles
 * Architecture of Saint Barthélemy
 * Architecture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
 * Architecture of the Turks and Caicos Islands
 * Architecture of the United States Virgin Islands

Architecture of Oceania
Architecture of Oceania
 * Australia
 * Architecture of Australia
 * Architecture of Bathurst, New South Wales
 * Architecture of Melbourne
 * Architecture of Sydney
 * Melanesia
 * Architecture of Fiji
 * Micronesia
 * Polynesia
 * Architecture of New Zealand
 * Architecture of Samoa

Architecture of South America
Architecture of South America
 * Architecture of Argentina
 * Architecture of Bolivia
 * Architecture of Brazil
 * Architecture of Chile
 * Architecture of Colombia
 * Architecture of Panama
 * Architecture of Paraguay
 * Architecture of Peru
 * Architecture of Trinidad and Tobago

Territories

 * Architecture of Aruba
 * Architecture of the Falkland Islands

History of architecture

 * Neolithic architecture – architecture of the last part of the Stone Age, and of the people of the Americas and the Pacific up until the time of European contact.
 * Ancient Egyptian architecture – architecture of ancient Egypt, which developed a vast array of diverse structures and great architectural monuments along the Nile, among the largest and most famous of which are the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza.
 * Achaemenid architecture – the architectural achievements of the Achaemenid Persians manifesting in construction of complex cities (Perspepolis, Susa, Ecbatana), temples made for worship and social gatherings (such as Zoroastrian temples), and mausoleums erected in honor of fallen kings (such as the burial tomb of Cyrus the Great).
 * Armenian architecture – an architectural style developed over the last 4,500 years of human habitation in the Armenian Highland (the eastern part of Asia Minor) and used principally by the Armenian people.
 * Coptic architecture – the architecture of the Copts, who form the majority of Christians in Egypt.
 * Dravidian architecture – a style of architecture thousands of years ago in the Southern part of the Indian subcontinent or South India, built by the Dravidian peoples.
 * Maya architecture – the structures of the Maya civilization, which was established circa 2000 BC and continued until its conquest by the Spanish (in the 16th and 17th centuries). Some of its notable constructions include ceremonial platforms, palaces, E-Groups, pyramids, temples, observatories, and ballcourts.
 * Sumerian architecture – the ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system (also known as Mesopotamia).
 * Ancient Greek architecture – the architecture of ancient Greece, where the classical orders were developed, establishing a precedent for the subsequent development of classical architecture.
 * Ancient Roman architecture – adopted the principles of ancient Greek architecture and developed both new decorative forms, and much more complex building forms, notably adopting the use of arches and vaults.
 * Buddhist architecture – developed by the worshipers of Buddha in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE, and associated with three types of structures: monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (Chaitya grihas).
 * Inca architecture – the pre-Columbian architecture of the Incas in South America, known particularly for its exceptionally precise masonry.
 * Sassanid architecture – the Persian architectural style that reached a peak in its development during the Sassanid era.
 * Mesoamerican architecture – the set of architectural traditions produced by pre-Columbian cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica, best known in the form of public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures.
 * Byzantine architecture – the architecture of the Byzantine Empire.
 * Islamic architecture – encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture.
 * Newa architecture – style of architecture used by the Newari people in the Kathmandu valley in Nepal, ranging from stupas and chaitya monastery buildings to courtyard structures and distinctive houses.
 * Medieval architecture – a term used to represent various forms of architecture common in Medieval Europe.
 * Romanesque architecture – an architectural style of Medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches.
 * Gothic architecture – a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period.
 * Iranian architecture – or Persian architecture is the historic architecture of Iran (Persia).
 * Hoysala architecture – building style developed under the rule of the Hoysala Empire between the 11th and 14th centuries, in the region known today as Karnataka, a state of India.
 * Vijayanagara Architecture – primarily a temple style found in Vijayanagara principality in India.
 * Ottoman architecture – or Turkish architecture is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries.
 * Renaissance architecture – the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.
 * Classical architecture – architecture derived in part from the Greek and Roman architecture of classical antiquity, enriched by classicizing architectural practice in Europe since the Renaissance.
 * Palladian architecture – a European architectural style derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580).
 * Baroque architecture – the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late sixteenth century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and the absolutist state.
 * Neoclassical architecture – an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement which began in the mid-18th century, manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque.
 * Victorian architecture – includes several architectural styles employed predominantly during the middle and late 19th century.
 * Renaissance Revival architecture – nineteenth century revival style inspired by buildings of the Renaissance.
 * Gothic Revival architecture – also called "Victorian Gothic" and "Neo-Gothic", an architectural movement that began in the late 1840s in England. Its popularity grew rapidly in the early 19th century, when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval forms, in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time.
 * Modern architecture – generally characterized by simplification of form and absence of ornament. Although now historical, the ubiquitous international style which predominates in cities worldwide remains a strong influence in contemporary architecture.
 * Postmodern architecture – began as an international style the first examples of which are generally cited as being from the 1950s, but did not become a movement until the late 1970s and continues to influence present-day architecture.
 * New Classical architecture – a movement for reapproaching traditional architecture language, that established since the 1980s.
 * Contemporary architecture – the architecture of the 21st century.

Buildings
Although not all buildings are architecture, the term encompasses a huge range of building types, as summarised in the following list pages:

 * List of building types
 * List of buildings and structures
 * List of human habitation forms

Building construction

 * Building design

Materials

 * Materiality (architecture)
 * Building material
 * List of building materials

Structural elements

 * Arch – a curved structure, often made up blocks or bricks, spanning across an opening and supporting the weight of structure above. Works by transferring vertical loads into compression forces. There are many arch shapes including semicircular, segmental, parabolic, pointed (gothic), three-point and flat arches.
 * Beam (structure) – a straight structural member, typically wood or steel, capable of spanning from one support to another and supporting the weight of structure above. Works by resisting bending forces.
 * Buttress – a short section of masonry built at right angles to a wall, to resist lateral forces.
 * Cantilever – a projecting structure without visible means of support at the projecting end.
 * Column or pillar – a relatively slender structural element, typically circular, square or polygonal in plan, that bears the weight of the structure above.
 * Dome – a roof structure, typically hemispherical, constructed in a similar way to an arch. The plan shape may be circular, elliptical or polygonal, and the cross section shape can vary in the same ways as an arch.
 * Doorway – opening in a wall, typically rectangular, providing means of access, usually with a gate or door to provide security and weather protection.
 * Facade – an exterior face of a building, especially the front.
 * Floor – typically a horizontal surface that is walked upon, to support the expected loads of the building.
 * Foundation or footing – solid base usually below ground, upon which buildings and other structures are built. Works by spreading vertical loads over a sufficient area to ensure the structure will not subside.
 * Lintel – a structural member spanning across the top of an opening. Unlike a beam, a lintel spans a relatively short distance which can be spanned by single block of stone of sufficient depth. Concrete, timber and steel lintels are also used in different types of construction.
 * Pier (architecture) – loadbearing structure similar to a column, but more massive.
 * Truss – a structure spanning in the same way as a beam, but using materials more efficiently by using triangulation to create a rigid structure. Typically timber or steel, used to support a pitched roof.
 * Vault (architecture) – a curved masonry structure spanning in the same way as an arch, forming either a roof or support for a floor above.
 * Wall – a linear structure enclosing the exterior of an area or building, or subdividing an internal space. A wall may be loadbearing or non-loadbearing.
 * Window – an opening in a wall, typically rectangular, providing light and ventilation. Usually but not always glazed.

Architectural education
Professional requirements for architects – Students undertake specific vocational training in order to qualify as a professional architects. Training typically consists of one or more university degrees and a period of practical experience. In some countries, it is illegal to use the title architect without accredited qualifications. In the United Kingdom the Architects Registration Board exists solely to regulate membership of the profession. In the United States the National Architectural Accrediting Board regulates professional educational programs and the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards is an umbrella organization to recommend model laws, regulations, exams, and to facilitate reciprocity in licensure between different jurisdictions. Architectural education can involve degree types that do not directly result in licensing, such as Bachelor of Science in architecture, Bachelor of Arts in architecture, or a research PhD in architecture. Some of the qualifications specific to architectural licensing include:

 * Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) – undergraduate academic degree designed to satisfy the academic component of professional accreditation bodies, to be followed by a period of practical training prior to professional examination and registration.
 * Master of Architecture (M.Arch.) – professional degree in architecture, qualifying the graduate to move through the various stages of professional accreditation (internship, exams) that result in receiving a license.
 * Doctor of Architecture (D.Arch) – doctoral degree in the field of architecture, that can be completed after either a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch), Master of Architecture (M.Arch) degree or, in some cases, another degree.

Architectural practice

 * Architectural drawing or architect's drawing - a technical drawing of a building or building project.
 * Architectural design competition - a specialist competition inviting architects to submit design proposals for a project.
 * Architectural technology or building technology - is the application of technology to the design of buildings. It is a component of architecture and building engineering and is sometimes viewed as a distinct discipline or sub-category.
 * Blueprint - an obsolete paper-based method of reproducing technical drawings producing a distinctive appearance, white lines on a blue background. The word is still in use as a by-word for a design solution ("a blueprint for future developments").
 * Brief (architecture) - a written statement of a client's requirements for a building project.
 * Building code or building control - a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety and environmental performance in building construction.
 * Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) - software based production of technical drawings and 3-d models
 * Construction law - a branch of law that deals with matters relating to building construction.
 * Cost accounting or cost management - a vital activity in connection with building, generally performed by a specialist quantity surveyor. Construction projects are notoriously subject to cost overruns, caused by changing circumstances or by failure to fully allow for foreseeable costs during budgeting.
 * Project management - the process of managing all the activities involved in a construction project, including adherence to the design and local legislation, costs and payment, and verification of project completion.

Architecture prizes
Architecture prize – Architecture prizes are generally awarded for completed projects and are chosen from publicised or nominated works, not from submissions by the originating architect. The RIBA Royal Gold Medal has in fact been refused on a number of occasions. more...
 * Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA) – an architectural prize established by Aga Khan IV in 1977, awarded for achievements in design and planning in Islamic societies.
 * AIA Gold Medal – awarded by the American Institute of Architects for a significant body of work 'of lasting influence on the theory and practice of architecture', first awarded 1907.
 * European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture, also known as the Mies van der Rohe Award – awarded jointly by the European Union and the Fundacia Mies van der Rohe, Barcelona, 'to acknowledge and reward quality architectural production in Europe'.
 * Pritzker Architecture Prize – awarded annually to "a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture". Founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy, the award is often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture.
 * RIBA Royal Gold Medal – awarded annually since 1848 by the Royal Institute of British Architects for an individual's or group's substantial contribution to international architecture. It is given for a distinguished body of work rather than for one building.
 * Carbuncle Cup – unlike the mainstream awards which reward perceived merit, this is awarded annually by the UK magazine Building Design to 'the ugliest building in the United Kingdom completed in the last 12 months'.

Related fields

 * Architectural conservation – repair and restoration of buildings, especially historic structures.
 * Architectural technology – the application of technology to the design of buildings.
 * Construction – the process of creating physical structures.
 * Building construction – construction specific to buildings.
 * Civil engineering – the design, construction and maintenance of the physical environment e.g. bridges, canals, dams, drainage systems and roads etc.
 * Building services engineering – the design of heating, ventilation and cooling and other mechanical systems, electrical power and lighting.
 * Structural engineering – the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads.
 * Sustainable design – provides expertise in improving the environmental performance of buildings.
 * Interior design – the design of interior finishes and fittings.
 * Urban design and urban planning (urban, city, and town planning) – a technical and legal process concerned with controlling the design of structures and the use of land.
 * Virtual reality – technology used to simulate a virtual world

title: Outline of architecture


text:
User:Draicone/Blocktemplate

Description
This blocking template was shamelessly stolen borrowed from digital_me. It has been rewritten with simplified parser functions for sysops.

Usage
The template takes two parameters - the length of the block and the reason for the block. Remember the placement of the parser functions is as follows: blocked from editing If neither parameter is supplied, the template will default to an indef block for vandalism. However, specifying only the reason for the block will result in a block for length block reason in response to vandalism. For example: But not: Keep in mind that this template is merely for informing a user of a block, and requires sysop action at Special:Blockip to actually block the user.

title: User:Draicone/Blocktemplate


text:
User:Nogood

Articles started

 * Oakland Estuary
 * Berkeley City College
 * Oakland City Center (cringe)
 * Potrero Hill, San Francisco, California
 * Northside, Berkeley, California
 * Tribune Tower (Oakland)
 * Chinatown, Oakland

Articles expanded
The Shops at Tanforan, Solano Avenue, Adams Point, Oakland, Telegraph Avenue, Golden Gate, Oakland, Montclair, Oakland, Grand Lake, Oakland, Oakland, California

Categories created
Category:Warehouse districts Category:Campuses Category:History of Oakland, California Category:Transportation in Oakland, California Category:Buildings and structures in Oakland, California Category:Streetcar suburbs Category:Berkeleyans, Category:Parks in Berkeley, California, Category:Berkeley, California neighborhoods, Category:Education in Oakland, California, Category:Graduate Theological Union, Category:Student ghettos, Category:Informal settlements, Category:Historic districts, Category:Little Italys, Category:Buildings and structures in Berkeley, California, Category:Berkeley, California

Images created
East Bay neighborhood locator maps

Start
Southside, Berkeley, California, North Berkeley, Berkeley, California, Elmwood, Berkeley, California, Uptown, Oakland, California,

Expand
West Berkeley, Berkeley, California, Downtown Berkeley, California, Oakland City Center, Civic Center, Forum (Roman), Old Oakland, Agora, Civic Center, San Francisco, California, West Oakland, Oakland, California, Jack London Square

Fill
Category:Neighbourhoods by type

title: User:Nogood


text:
Pachyanthidium lachrymosum

Pachyanthidium lachrymosum is a species of bee in the genus Pachyanthidium, of the family Megachilidae.

title: Pachyanthidium lachrymosum


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Asgard0392/Archive

Suspected sockpuppets

 * ( original case name)

Identical edits, same absurd accusations of vandalism:. Same topic focus:. Note identical use of CamelCase for usernames. DrKay (talk) 07:34, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * ✅ plus the following accounts:
 * . Twiddlethumbs and Asgard0392 have both already been blocked indefinitely for issues unrelated to sockpuppetry. For this reason, I will be blocking all these accounts indefinitely. Please move this case under "Asgard0392", the oldest account. Thanks, Mz7 (talk) 19:34, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Closing as this appears to have been completed by . Mz7 (talk) 05:46, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * . Twiddlethumbs and Asgard0392 have both already been blocked indefinitely for issues unrelated to sockpuppetry. For this reason, I will be blocking all these accounts indefinitely. Please move this case under "Asgard0392", the oldest account. Thanks, Mz7 (talk) 19:34, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Closing as this appears to have been completed by . Mz7 (talk) 05:46, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * . Twiddlethumbs and Asgard0392 have both already been blocked indefinitely for issues unrelated to sockpuppetry. For this reason, I will be blocking all these accounts indefinitely. Please move this case under "Asgard0392", the oldest account. Thanks, Mz7 (talk) 19:34, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Closing as this appears to have been completed by . Mz7 (talk) 05:46, 17 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
School talk:Game design

This works, but no on pages with spaces for some reason

Aim
What is the aim? Is it to develope a game (including software) and have a fun? Or is it to teach how to make games in different (software) environments?--Juan 22:57, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Invitation
I would like to invite you all to join the effort at this page: Game programming. I am writing some articles but I would really appreciate any collaboration. Davichito 01:10, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Combining Schools
There appear to be 3 schools of Game Design that all seem to be trying to do the same thing. Would there be any objection to combining the schools? Latinlucius 04:54, 24 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Which are the other schools? --Qubodup (talk) 22:42, 24 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I believe Latinlucius is talking about the fact that the school of game design contains three portals, one of which is a portal for game design. I'll go ahead and merge these together if there are no objections. --Jaxter184 (discuss • contribs) 15:21, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

Join another school
While I'm consolidating the three portals in the game design school, I'd also like to propose merging the school of game design with another school. I'm not sure exactly which school it would best merge with, but probably the school of art and design? --Jaxter184 (discuss • contribs) 15:21, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

title: School talk:Game design