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Jesus Christians

The Jesus Christians are a Christian millennialist network of intentional communities with groups on six continents.

History and controversy
They were founded in Australia in 1981 by Dave and Cherry McKay, and have a three-decade-long history of controversy documented extensively by the media. Their core beliefs are based on the teachings of Jesus with special emphasis on his decree from the Sermon on the Mount, that his followers "cannot serve both God and money".

While they are often involved in volunteering and political activism their principal activity is evangelism, which they accomplish through the distribution of self-produced comics, books, pamphlets, and DVDs, and via videos published on YouTube and other social media. The majority of their publications are written by their co-founder, Dave McKay. The videos on their YouTube channel, A Voice in the Desert, were originally narrated by Dave McKay, but have since been narrated by other members of the community.

In 2010, the group announced that they had "disbanded". There was an organizational restructuring that led to the formation of independent communities, operating under different names, which maintained an affiliation with each other and with mutual collaboration on some projects. It was during this time period that some of the new communities began making YouTube videos as a way of disseminating their message.

In 2011, the community in South America launched a website, called Cómo Vivir Por Fe (How To Live By Faith) featuring Spanish translations of Jesus Christian material. In 2015, they started producing evangelistic videos for a Spanish-language Youtube channel of the same name. As of May 2023 the Cómo Vivir Por Fe YouTube channel has over 150,000 subscribers and over 11 million accumulated views on their videos.

In February 2016, some “disbanded” Jesus Christians collaborated to produce videos for the YouTube channel, End Time Survivors. Videos on the End Time Survivors YouTube channel featured anonymous presenters who faces were digitally altered or concealed with a mask. The only named presenter was “Brother Dave” who voiced the commentaries from the audio visual version of the Jesus Christian’s apocalyptic novel, Survivors. Members and non-members alike participated in narrating videos on this channel. An accompanying website of the same name was also created in 2016.

The YouTube channel, 'A Voice in the Desert' was created in October 2016. It features sermons on a broad range of Christian topics usually delivered by Dave McKay. As of May 2023, the A Voice in the Desert channel has over 140,000 subscribers and close to 13 million accumulated views. The group, which had been limited to about 30 members worldwide, reported a dramatic increase in numbers after starting its video ministry in 2016.

In 2019, the group was profiled for inclusion in the World Religions and Spirituality Project, which provides independent academic insight into the group, its beliefs, and history.

The history and activities of the Jesus Christians over the years have been extensively documented by both the group and the mainstream media, attracting both positive and negative attention. Some older newspaper articles were reproduced on the group's website, and where these are used below this is noted in the references.

Early days
The group was started in Melbourne, Australia by Dave and Cherry McKay when Neville Williams moved in with the McKay family in early 1981. David McKay was a former associate of the Children of God but cut ties with the group following the revelation of heretical practices such as flirty fishing. The Jesus Christians operated under several names, including Christians, The Medowie Christian Volunteers, Australian Christian Volunteers, and Voices in the Wilderness. The name 'Jesus Christians' was selected in 1996. ("A Change of Name", August, 1996)

Free Work
In 1983, Australian media followed members of the community who offered to do free work for one day for any family or business which requested their assistance.

Money Burning
In 1984, group member Boyd Ellery was sentenced to three months prison in Sydney for burning an Australian dollar note in a statement about trusting God and not money. The protest was broadcast on national television by Mike Willisee.

Messages With Money
In January 1985, the group glued Australian $2 notes to pavements to spell out messages against greed and money outside post offices around Victoria and New South Wales.

Christian messages also appeared written on a claimed AUS$100,000 worth of $2 notes in Sydney. The group claimed that as a result the federal police confiscated their mail until the NSW Council for Civil Liberties intervened.

Nullarbor Walk

In May and June 1985, six of the youngest members of the community, 12-year-old Rachel Sukamaran, Malcolm Wrest, Roland Gianstefani, Robin Dunn, and Gary McKay, headed by 15-year-old Christine McKay, walked 1,000 miles across the Nullarbor Desert in the interior of Australia without taking any money, provisions, or support vehicle for their journey, prompting controversy and media interest. A book based on the diaries of the Nullarbor Walkers was published in 1985 by John Sands, shortly after the walk was completed. An Easy English version of the diaries was later published by New Century Book House (India) and Smashwords.

Fall of America Prophecy
In 1990, members of the group travelled to the United States to hand out 290,000 booklets entitled "The Fall of America," prophesying America's destruction. They wore T-shirts with an upside down American flag (as a symbol of distress) and the caption "Pride Goeth Before a Fall"

India
In 1994, Rob and Christine Dunn, Gary, Dave and Cherry McKay, Ross Parry, Rachel Sukamaran, Malcolm Wrest, Craig, Kevin, Rols, Sue, Sinni, Liz, Boyd, Chris, Roshini, and Sheri were among Jesus Christian members who voluntarily cleaned sewers and toilets in India. After one protest, where members stood in the sewer for a week to draw attention to the filth that spread disease, Craig Hendry contracted typhoid.

In 1995, the Jesus Christians converted a section of open sewer in Chennai into a children's playground. The real estate created by covering the sewer was estimated to be worth AUD $950,000. After one year, the project was handed over to Indian charities to run; However the Indian government eventually demolished the site because it had been built on government land without permission.

Nappy Chappies / Children of God
In April 1997 and 1998, several Jesus Christians were arrested at the Royal Easter Show in Sydney dressed as babies in over-sized nappies while distributing "The Baby Books", highlighting how Jesus said his followers need to become like children to enter into God's Kingdom. The introduction of the books stated "We are children of God" which led to confusion about the group being the same as the Children of God group started by David Berg. This continuing confusion can be seen in a 2013 article which uses a photograph of the "Nappy Chappies" labelled as the Children of God.

Split
In 1998, there was a split in the community. Craig and Yesamma Hendry and their family, Kevin and Elisabeth McKay, Boyd and Sheri Ellery and their family, Darren and Donna Cooke, Ray Sippel, Josh, and Tim left the community in Australia. Boyd wrote to the remaining community "The Spirit you are following is not Christ's. We will have no part of your hierarchies and fleshly importance." The remaining community were "encouraged to avoid private correspondence or discussions with them..."

Kyri and Berni Sheridan
In July 1999, 19-year-old Kyri Sheridan joined the Jesus Christians in the UK. His mother reported him missing to the Guildford Police in Surrey. Kyri presented himself at the Guildford police station to state that he was not actually "missing". The police confirmed Kyri was happy and making his own decision to be with the Jesus Christians. When his mother held Kyri to stop him from leaving, she was pinned down, handcuffed, and arrested by the police.

Bobby Kelly Controversy
On 14 July 2000 the group was splashed across the front page of the British tabloid Daily Express, which declared that members Susan and Roland Gianstefani had kidnapped a 16-year-old boy, Bobby Kelly. Bobby had picked up a Jesus Christians cartoon book called The Liberator in Romford High Street, Essex near the end of June 2000, and gone home to tell his grandmother about the Christian man he met. Bobby went out again that afternoon and returned to tell his grandmother he wanted to join the Jesus Christians. A few days later, "an Australian couple with their young son, a German, and two English men" from the group visited and met Bobby's grandmother. In the first two weeks of July, while Bobby was with the group and before the scandal had hit the headlines, Bobby visited his youth worker from St. Peters Anglican Church in Harold Wood. He had previously attended that church. The youth worker, David Whitehouse, told the press a week later, "The group has a veneer of respectability, but there is something very disturbing about them. When I saw Bobby a week ago, he was with three of them, and he seemed very scared, which was unlike him".

Sometime before July 14, anti-cult expert Graham Baldwin was reportedly contacted by "someone close to the family who suspected that something was wrong, and did something to try to save him". It has not been established that David Whitehouse was the person who contacted him. Baldwin worked for the charity Catalyst, which helps families of people caught up in groups with whom the family disagrees. A solicitor who "specialises in cases against cults" was hired after legal aid was acquired, and the solicitor succeeded in getting an emergency High Court action to try to "rescue the schoolboy". The front page newspaper report in The Express was published two weeks after Bobby first met the Jesus Christians with the story that Bobby had "disappeared" after he met the group: "Within hours Bobby had forsaken his possessions and moved in with the group. The police were called and the airports and docks were put on the highest alert". After The Express broke the story, instead of handing the boy over to the police, the Jesus Christians with Bobby "in tow", panicked and went "on the run". The UK Jesus Christians became fugitives for two weeks.

When the Jesus Christians could not be found in the nationwide search, and when Bobby started doing telephone interviews with the media declaring that he had not been kidnapped, an emergency court ruling was made banning the broadcast of interviews with Bobby or the group, which the BBC successfully challenged. Bobby was eventually located hiding out with two Jesus Christian men, including Reinhard Zeuner, in a Hampshire forest, and placed in a foster home. No members of the Jesus Christians were charged with kidnapping but a charge of contempt of court (for failing to answer questions from the High Court judge) resulted in six-month sentences for Susan and Roland Gianstefani. The solicitor for the Gianstefani's told the court that the Gianstefani's feared Bobby might be subjected to the deprogramming of his religious beliefs if they had revealed his whereabouts. Minutes before the Gianstefanis were due to be sentenced, Bobby, who was kept in a separate room at the High Court, sent a note to the judge through the representative of the Official Solicitor saying that the Gianstefani's had acted nobly and they feared he (Bobby) might be subjected to the deprogramming of his religious beliefs if they had revealed his whereabouts. Bobby said: "I hope they don't get into trouble. They were willing to go to prison for me". The Gianstefanis' sentences were suspended after Bobby had pleaded with the judge in their defence.

In 2003, Jon Ronson, briefly interviewed Bobby Kelly about his alleged abduction, in his Channel 4 documentary Kidneys for Jesus. Bobby clearly states, "I definitely wasn't kidnapped…" and that media coverage about the alleged kidnapping was "absolutely stupid, and silly, and just, over the top big time".

In May 2010, the Jesus Christians interviewed Bobby Kelly personally. Bobby explains in detail what happened while he was visiting with the Jesus Christians, the lies that were told to his grandmother to convince her to sign over her guardianship for him to become a ward of court, and the effect the lies, and living with a foster family with restricted access to his grandmother, had on his life over the next years.

In October 2017 Roland and Susan Gianstefani had a live radio interview with Bobby Kelly on a Welsh radio station where they discussed their life and the controversies they were involved in when they were a part of the Jesus Christians community.

Kidney Donations
Over half of the Jesus Christian members donated a kidney to people they did not know prior to agreeing to donate, thus earning them the nickname 'the kidney cult'.

In January 2003, Jon Ronson's documentary called Kidneys for Jesus aired on Channel 4 in the UK. After an invitation from Dave McKay, Jon Ronson followed the group over a year as they attempted to donate their kidneys to strangers in the UK and the US. The successful donations of members Casey Crouch, Robin Dunn and Susan Gianstefani are featured. The film also documents the tension that arose between Ronson and McKay during filming: McKay became increasingly concerned that Ronson was portraying the Jesus Christians in a poor light and Ronson was concerned about McKay's ideas to try to manipulate a media storm around the donations as well as his role in the decisions made by members to donate kidneys.

In 2004, the group made headlines in Australia when David McKay revealed that members in Australia had lied to health authorities in order to be able to donate their kidneys.

In June 2007, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Australian Story broadcast the first of a two-part report on Ash Falkingham's fight for his right to donate a kidney to a stranger. The documentary, 'Ash's Anatomy', covers the attempts of his parents to thwart his attempts to donate a kidney. The follow-up report, 'Body and Soul', broadcast in June 2008 follows Ash's continued attempt, and his final success, at donating his kidney. Ash left the community shortly after donating to work restoring bicycles for a charity.

Kenya Abduction Charges
In 2005, a charge of abduction was made against Roland and Susan Gianstefani in Kenya, this time by the father of a 27-year-old single mother Betty Njoroge, who had joined the community with her 7-year-old son. The woman released a video on the group's website declaring that she and her son had not been kidnapped and that her father was responsible for the case being pursued as he wanted custody of her son. Roland Gianstefani was arrested, questioned by police, and held for several days without charge until the Australian embassy insisted he be charged or released. Roland and his wife Susan were charged and Roland was held in a remand prison in Nairobi until 600,000 Kenyan shillings bail was paid. The charges against him and Susan were dropped when Betty Njoroge appeared in court and presented an affidavit confirming she was acting of her own free will. Roland contracted tuberculosis in prison and Susan, who had earlier told the media that she and her husband would never stoop to bribery, not even to save their lives, claimed she had to resort to bribery to get basic amenities provided for Roland from the prison guards.

Californian Whipping Trial

In October 2006, Jesus Christians in the United States, along with Dave and Cherry McKay, held a mock trial in Long Beach, California where they charged the parents and two brothers of one of their members, Joseph Johnson, with attempted murder and with aiding and abetting others in doing this. It followed an attack on one of their members, Reinhard Zeuner, in which he received a fractured spine, bleeding on the brain, broken teeth, and numerous cuts to the head and face. An amateur video was made of the attack but the police never prosecuted the case. Although the family did not attend the trial, various sentences of 5-25 lashes of the whip were carried out on volunteers from the Jesus Christians themselves, as an attempt to illustrate their understanding of the cross of Christ. "God hates the sin, but loves the sinner", they said, in an effort to summarize what they were doing. ("The Trial")

The Jeremy Kyle Show
On 11 December 2007, Dave and Cherry McKay and Roland and Susan Gianstefani were interviewed on stage as part of a two-day feature on religious cults on the UK television programme The Jeremy Kyle Show. The show attempted to link the Jesus Christians with such groups as Jim Jones' People's Temple and the Children of God. Dave, Cherry, Roland, and Sue were questioned by Jeremy Kyle and opponents of David McKay. At one point, due to the nature of the questioning, Dave McKay refused to reply to any more questions and walked out of the interview, then returned to say "Just let them do their thing".

Freeganism and Wife Swap Show
In February 2008, Roland, Susan, and Daniel Gianstefani were featured on the Channel 4 program Wife Swap, where freegan Susan went to live with the millionaire family of an IT consultant.

Gianstefanis Leave
In August 2010, long term members Roland, Susan, and Daniel Gianstefani left the community after "numerous tensions over their parenting skills". This followed "a number of community discussions", according to the Jesus Christians Newsletter. Susan and Roland had been members of the group for more than twenty years.

"Disbanding"
In November 2010 the Jesus Christians announced that they had “disbanded”, though there was some confusion with regard to what that meant for the continuing organisation of members of the Jesus Christians.

Following this announcement, long-term members Roland and Sue Gianstefani and Ross Parry, claimed they had been excommunicated, and later shunned, for objecting to the changes in which they believed the group was to operate. Another member, Alan Wright, later claimed he was disfellowshipped from the group for refusing to sue his wife for more money in a divorce settlement.

Roland and Susan Gianstefani, went on to establish their current ministry, Making It Real, which is focused primarily on anti-war and human rights activism, and promoting altruistic organ donation.

End Time Survivors and A Voice in the Desert

In February 2016, new and old members of the affiliated ex-Jesus Christian communities launched a YouTube channel called End Time Survivors which focused on teachings about the End Times. The videos were presented by ‘anonymous’ narrators, using masks and digitally altered voices, and included both members and non-members of the affiliated communities.

An accompanying website of the same name was also launched in conjunction with the YouTube channel.

In October 2016 another YouTube channel was launched, ‘A Voice in the Desert’. The videos primarily featured Dave as narrator of teaching videos on topics of a more general spiritual nature. The group, which had been limited to about 30 members worldwide for decades, reported a dramatic increase in numbers after starting its video ministry in 2016. As of May 2023 A Voice in the Desert channel has over 140,000 subscribers and close to 13 million accumulated views.

Academic Interest
On December 7, 2017, at the annual conference of The Australian Association for the Study of Religion in Sydney, Australia, Geraldine Smith presented an academic paper accompanied by formal discussion about the new religious movement that Dave and Cherry McKay founded in the 1980s.''

In May 2019, a shortened excerpt of Geraldine Smith’s longer thesis was published on the World Religions and Spirituality Project web site.

Regrouping
In August 2019 ,a video was published on the YouTube channel A Voice in the Desert explaining that although the Jesus Christians had formed separate ministries in 2010, due to the influx of people wanting to be part of the movement as a result of the success of the channel, many of the teams and former members of the Jesus Christians agreed to use the Jesus Christians name to represent the wider movement. Along with this announcement the Jesus Christian website, which had been largely dormant for nine years, was reinstituted and now included material published on the A Voice in the Desert YouTube channel.

Also in 2019, the Jesus Christians protested the arrest of Paul Nthenge Mackenzie, leader of Good News International Ministries on the grounds of religious liberty relating to his stance against the Huduma Namba biometric ID card.

"Strange Bedfellows" Video and Defamation Case
In June, 2021, a video titled "Strange Bedfellows" was published on the Voice in the Desert YouTube channel, discussing Jesus Christian allegations that they were the recipients of coordinated opposition from several parents of adult members of the group. The video stressed that these parents had widely diverse religious views. In particular, it mentioned parents of three different Jesus Christian members, identifying one set of parents as Neo-Nazi, another as Pentecostal Christians, who had previously physically attacked a Jesus Christian member, (Refer to #California Whipping Trial) and an Australian mother whom they referred to as "a Luciferian, a Satanist if you like". They based their claim on letters from the mother to her daughter, in which she wrote about her many years studying, amongst other things, witchcraft, and other spiritual beliefs, including “occult, esoteric traditions, ancient mysteries", and considering Lucifer "a catalyst for finding the true light of Christ."

This mother, Renee Spencer, identified only as "Renee" in the video, felt that her reputation and her relationship with her daughter had been ruined by such an accusation, so she sued David McKay in the Victorian (Australia) civil courts for defamation. The case went to trial in September of 2023. McKay was unrepresented, as he could not afford a lawyer, and no court-appointed lawyer was available. McKay was not allowed to give testimony in his own defense, as he said that he could not in good conscience affirm the court oath due to the "whole truth" clause, stating, "I am quite happy to say that I will try to be totally honest in everything I say today and I understand that there are penalties if I knowingly do not do that. The reason for wanting to word it that way is that I can’t honestly tell you that I would say the whole truth and I don’t think the court wants to hear the whole truth”

In December, 2023, Judge Julie Clayton ruled that McKay had acted maliciously in defaming Renee Spencer, but also noted that, "it is likely that the allegation caused harm to Ms Spencer’s reputation within the Jesus Christians but it is unlikely that her reputation will be damaged more broadly, including in her professional life." Renee Spencer was awarded $85,000 in damages and McKay was ordered to edit the video to remove any reference to Ms. Spencer, as well as some additional words and imagery.

"Spotlight" Documentary
The Jesus Christians were featured on the May 19th, 2024 episode of the Australian channel Seven News program "Spotlight". The documentary featured a meeting between Renee Spencer and her daughter Ellicia, a 29-year-old Jesus Christian member, in an attempt to reestablish the relationship between the two after having been semi-estranged for a number of years.

The documentary also included complaints from a family in New South Wales, Australia, that they had not seen their son for several years, subsequent to him leaving home at 18 to join the group in December, 2019. Due to their son not wanting to divulge his whereabouts to them, they resorted to hiring a private investigator to find out where he was living, who filmed him without his knowledge. Some of that footage was used in the Spotlight documentary.

The documentary finishes with questions about Dave McKay's possible association with Paul Nthenge Mackenzie, leader of Good News International Ministries in Kenya, who was arrested in April, 2023, for the murder and incitement to suicide of over 400 members of his church, in what has been referred to as the Shakahola Forest Incident. Dave and Cherry McKay deny ever having had any kind of contact with Paul Mackenzie, although they acknowledge that a Jesus Christian member had brief contact with Paul Mackenzie in mid-2019 when he preached at Mackenzie's church in Nairobi, Kenya. Jesus Christians categorically denied that the sermon had any relation to the decisions taken by Paul Mackenzie and the members of his church four years later in the Shakahola Incident.

Previous to release of the Channel 7 Spotlight report on YouTube, the Jesus Christians had published, on "A Voice in the Desert", an exposé of the allegations made against them regarding the Shakahola Incident. Four videos responding to the claims made in the Spotlight program are published on their YouTube channel, which include a video from Ellicia voicing her views on the relationship between herself and her mother. They also include recordings of the full "master" interviews which were filmed by Channel 7. These recordings showed additional information and context that was omitted from the Spotlight documentary.

Obedience to Jesus
The Jesus Christians believe that the practical application in ones life of the teachings of Jesus is fundamental. They base this on teachings such as what the apostle James teaches in chapter two of his epistle:"For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead also." (James 2:26

When an individual rejects the teachings of Jesus, they are in fact rejecting God.

Living by faith (and not working for money)
They teach that God will provide the material needs of people who stop working for money, and dedicate their lives to obeying the teachings of Jesus. (21. "A Unique Teaching", circa 1996)

Forsaking all
Among other teachings of Jesus, they take what Jesus says in Luke 14:33 literally: "In the same way, those of you who do not give up everything you have cannot be my disciples." (Luke 14:33) "Jesus expects his followers to give up all their worldly wealth. ("How to Be Saved")

Jesus is the Word of God
The Jesus Christians believe that Jesus (not the Bible) is the Word of God. They believe that while holy writings may be inspired by God, they are not infallible, being as they are, written by people. ("The Word of God", Jesus Christians, August, 1995)

The teachings of Jesus, not religious traditions, should be the basis of faith. ("We Believe in Jesus Christ", circa 2000)

Sincerity
They believe that sincerity is paramount as opposed to doctrinal perfection. They believe that non-Christians can be saved on the basis of their spiritual sincerity,  even if they have never heard of Jesus and that this was made possible through the death of Jesus on the cross. See Inclusivism.

They believe that individual sincerity is more important spiritually than being theologically correct. ("The Good Hindu") ("In Search of Truth", November, 1986)

The Mark of The Beast
They believe that the technology needed to implement the "Mark of the Beast" is now in existence in the form of microchipped ID cards and subdermal RFID chips.

Economic, technological and political developments are all moving towards a one world government, under the control of The Antichrist.

The world's population will become trapped in a global system of control because they are unable to forsake their attachment to money.

The return of Jesus is likely to occur soon, although not until after the Great Tribulation. ("Signs of the Times, " June, 1986)

Christians will judge the world after Jesus returns, and Jesus will reign over the world for a thousand years.

Grievances
Resolving differences through what they refer to as the 'grievance system' is a very strong teaching within Jesus Christian communities based on Matthew 18:15-17.

Living communally
Like the early Christians, the Jesus Christians do not have private ownership in their communities (Act 2:44-45, 4:32-35), but share money and possessions communally.

Accountability
Accountability to each other is seen as an important part of everyday life, due to the understanding that is fosters greater unity, and as such, it is the responsibility of each member to keep themselves accountable and to keep others accountable when necessary.

Secret piety
Based on Matthew 6:1-18, Jesus Christian members do not pray audibly when in the presence of other people. Fasting and giving to the poor are also practices to be carried out in secret, ideally without the knowledge of other people.

Equality and not using titles
The Jesus Christians have no special titles for any members of their community, as they believe and follow the concept of the equality of all believers, and that they "are all brothers", as described by Jesus in the 23rd chapter of the Gospel of Matthew.

In this same chapter, Jesus instructs his followers to "call no man on earth Father", nor "Master", nor "Teacher", therefore the Jesus Christians refuse to use all titles, including "Mr", "Sir", "Dr" and even "Dad" and "Mom".

Pacifism and non-violence
Jesus taught his followers that they need to "love your enemies" in Luke 6:27. The Jesus Christians teach and try to practice "turning the other cheek". (Matthew 5:38-40)

Celibacy/chastity
The Jesus Christians teach that it is better to remain single and that sex is not allowed before marriage.

They believe there are spiritual advantages to remaining single; however marriage is not forbidden although it is regarded as an inferior option to celibacy.

No divorce and re-marriage
The Jesus Christians believe that Jesus allows for divorce but not for remarriage. They teach that if you divorce you are to remain single, based on Jesus' teaching in the 5th chapter of the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 5:31-32).

Masturbation
The Jesus Christians believe and teach that there is nothing sinful about masturbation. ("Wanking, the Last Taboo")

Jesus Christians see masturbation as a legitimate way to release sexual tension and the key to remaining celibate.

Water baptism
Jesus Christians do not believe that water baptism is necessary for salvation, and that the decision to be water baptised should be determined by the individual and their conscience. The Jesus Christians quote John the Baptist and Jesus in affirming that John's baptism was with water but that the baptism of Jesus Christ is with the Holy Spirit (Luke 3:16, Acts 1:4-5). They understand "The Great Commission" to mean that we "cover" or 'baptise' people with the teachings of Jesus

The Trinity
The Jesus Christians hold that beliefs about the doctrine of the Trinity are of little consequence spiritually. (Refer to "Sincerity") ("Father and Son--Two for One", January, 1994)

Practices
After a process of discernment, people who make a decision to join the Jesus Christians community forsake all private ownership of possessions. People choose to sell their possessions and give the proceeds to the Jesus Christians community, or to give the proceeds to charity. This follows the model practiced by the first Christians in the book of Acts. (Acts 2:42-45, Acts 4:32-35) ("Forsaking All", from Jesus and Money)

All members of the community have equal say in how funds are to be used. ("Power--Good or Evil", and "Setting Up Your Own Community" )

Publications
Survivors is a response to the popular Left Behind series of novels on Bible prophecy, written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins. It was first published in 2001. In its own words, Survivors attempts to include material that was left out of the LaHaye-Jenkins series. In 2006, they reported that sales for this book had exceeded one million.

McKay has also published a second book in the series, entitled Listening. It purports to be an "equel" (sic) to Survivors, taking place during the same time period, although from another viewpoint. A third book, also set during the same time period as the first two, is entitled Destroyers. It is also available on the JC website, and was released in paperback form at around Christmas 2008. The story for that mostly takes place in Kenya and is told through the perspective of someone who takes the mark of the beast (Destroyers [2014 Paper back edition] Chapter 17 - "Implanted". Page 98.)

As of 2009, the Jesus Christians had produced several videos, including a documentary expounding on various aspects of their lifestyle. They had also produced several music videos. Their latest videos included a documentary (The Tyrant Within) about the implementation of RFID microchip implants and a video about the justice system, its effect on society and a radical Christian approach to mixing justice with mercy (Beyond Justice).

Books by David McKay

 * Without Thought for Food or Clothing 1985 ISBN 0-9589327-0-0 (Also available as "Walk of Faith" on www.smashwords.com).
 * Bin Raiders copyright 2000 (also available from the Jesus Christians website)
 * Armageddon for Beginners, copyright 1999 ISBN 9966-755-14-4. (Also published as Not for Everyone by Anonymous ISBN 9966-755-14-4.)
 * Survivors, copyright 2002 ISBN 9966-755-00-4.
 * Strong Meat, copyright 2003 (Note: Articles in the book are contained in the section of the same name, on the Jesus Christian website.)
 * Listening, copyright 2008 ISBN 9966-755-40-3.
 * Destroyers, copyright 2008 ISBN 9966-755-42-X.

Jesus Christian pamphlets

 * Jeremiah's Lament – A modern paraphrase of the Book of Jeremiah.
 * Christian...but not religious!
 * Radical Christian Truths. ISBN 9966-755-15-2
 * Churchianity vs Christianity.

title: Jesus Christians


text:
Lunar habitation

Lunar habitation is any human habitation on the Moon. Lunar habitation is provided by surface habitats, possibly as part of a moonbase.

History
Lunar habitats have been designed for many different proposed moonbases. The only lunar habitats to have been erected thus far were the temporary Apollo Lunar Modules, such as Eagle of Tranquility Base, the very first. As of 2024, two programs, the US-led Artemis program and Chinese-led International Lunar Research Station aim to establish permanent surface settlements.

Analysis

Setting up structures on a natural body would provide ample sources of material for their construction, particularly for purposes such as shielding from cosmic radiation. The energy required to send objects from the Moon to space is much less than from Earth to space. This could allow the Moon to serve as a source of construction materials within cis-lunar space. Rockets launched from the Moon would require less locally produced propellant than rockets launched from Earth. Some proposals include using electric acceleration devices (mass drivers) to propel objects off the Moon without building rockets. Others have proposed momentum exchange tethers (see below). Furthermore, the Moon does have some gravity, which experience to date indicates may be vital for fetal development and long-term human health. Whether the Moon's gravity (roughly one sixth of Earth's) is adequate for this purpose is uncertain. In addition, the Moon is the closest large body in the Solar System to Earth. While some Earth-crosser asteroids occasionally pass closer, the Moon's distance is consistently within a small range close to 384,400 km.

Advantages

 * Building observatory facilities on the Moon from lunar materials allows many of the benefits of space based facilities without the need to launch these into space. The lunar soil, although it poses a problem for any moving parts of telescopes, can be mixed with carbon nanotubes and epoxies in the construction of mirrors up to 50 meters in diameter. It is relatively nearby; astronomical seeing is not a concern; certain craters near the poles are permanently dark and cold, and thus especially useful for infrared telescopes; and radio telescopes on the far side would be shielded from the radio chatter of Earth. A lunar zenith telescope can be made cheaply with ionic liquid.
 * A farm at the lunar north pole could provide eight hours of sunlight per day during the local summer by rotating crops in and out of the sunlight which is continuous for the entire summer. A beneficial temperature, radiation protection, insects for pollination, and all other plant needs could be artificially provided during the local summer for a cost. One estimate suggested a 0.5 hectare space farm could feed 100 people.

Disadvantages

 * The long lunar night would impede reliance on solar power and require that a facility exposed to the sunlit equatorial surface be designed to withstand large temperature extremes (about 95 K to about 400 K). An exception to this restriction are the so-called "peaks of eternal light" located at the lunar north pole that are constantly bathed in sunlight. The rim of Shackleton Crater, towards the lunar south pole, also has a near-constant solar illumination. Other areas near the poles that get light most of the time could be linked in a power grid. The temperature 1 meter below the surface of the Moon is estimated to be near constant over the period of a month varying with latitude from near 220 K at the equator to near 150 K at the poles. This could be used as a heat reservoir.
 * The Moon is highly depleted in volatile elements, such as nitrogen and hydrogen. Carbon, which forms volatile oxides, is also depleted. A number of robot probes including Lunar Prospector gathered evidence of hydrogen generally in the Moon's crust consistent with what would be expected from solar wind, and higher concentrations near the poles. There had been some disagreement whether the hydrogen must necessarily be in the form of water. The 2009 mission of the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) proved that there is water on the Moon. This water exists in ice form perhaps mixed in small crystals in the regolith in a colder landscape than has ever been mined. Other volatiles containing carbon and nitrogen were found in the same cold trap as ice. If no sufficient means is found for recovering these volatiles on the Moon, they would need to be imported from some other source to support life and industrial processes. Volatiles would need to be stringently recycled. This would limit any growth and keep the habitat dependent on imports. Transport costs would be reduced by a lunar space elevator if and when one can be constructed.
 * The 2006 announcement by the Keck Observatory that the binary Trojan asteroid 617 Patroclus, and possibly large numbers of other Trojan objects in Jupiter's orbit, are likely composed of water ice, with a layer of dust, and the hypothesized large amounts of water ice on the closer, main-belt asteroid 1 Ceres, suggest that importing volatiles from this region via the Interplanetary Transport Network may be practical in the not-so-distant future. These possibilities are dependent on complicated and expensive resource utilization from the mid to outer Solar System, which is not likely to become available for a significant period of time.
 * The lack of a substantial atmosphere for insulation results in temperature extremes and makes the Moon's surface conditions somewhat like a deep space vacuum with surface pressure (night) of 3 × 10−15 bar. It also leaves the lunar surface exposed to half as much radiation as in interplanetary space (with the other half blocked by the Moon itself underneath the habitat), raising the issues of the health threat from cosmic rays and the risk of proton exposure from the solar wind. In 2020 scientists reported the first ever measurements, made via China's Chang'e 4 lander, of the radiation exposure dose on the lunar surface. Lunar rubble can protect living quarters from cosmic rays. Shielding against solar flares during expeditions outside is more problematic.
 * When the Moon passes through the magnetotail of the Earth, the plasma sheet whips across its surface. Electrons crash into the Moon and are released again by UV photons on the day side but build up voltages on the dark side. This causes a negative charge build up from −200 V to −1000 V. See Magnetic field of the Moon.

Problems
Unlike the disadvantages, these may be solvable.

 * Moon dust is an extremely abrasive glassy substance formed by micrometeorites and unrounded due to the lack of weathering. It sticks to everything, can damage equipment, and it may be toxic. Since it is bombarded by charged particles in the solar wind, it is highly ionized, and is extremely harmful when breathed in. During the 1960s and 1970s Apollo missions, astronauts were subject to respiratory problems on return flights from the Moon, for this reason.
 * Growing crops on the Moon faces many difficult challenges due to the long lunar night (354 hours), extreme variation in surface temperature, exposure to solar flares, soil with almost no nitrogen and little potassium, and lack of insects for pollination. Due to the lack of any atmosphere of substance on the Moon, plants would need to be grown in sealed chambers, though experiments have shown that plants can thrive at pressures much lower than those on Earth. The use of electric lighting to compensate for the 354-hour night might be difficult: a single acre (0.405 hectare) of plants on Earth enjoys a peak 4 megawatts of sunlight power at noon. Experiments conducted by the Soviet space program in the 1970s suggest it is possible to grow conventional crops with the 354-hour light, 354-hour dark cycle. A variety of concepts for lunar agriculture have been proposed, including the use of minimal artificial light to maintain plants during the night and the use of fast-growing crops that might be started as seedlings with artificial light and be harvestable at the end of one lunar day. An experiment in the Chinese Chang'e 4 lunar lander mission demonstrated that seeds could sprout and grow in protected conditions on the Moon (January 2019). The cotton seeds were able to handle the harsh conditions, at least initially, becoming the first plants ever to sprout on the surface of another world. But without a source of heat, the plants died in the cold lunar night. Lampenflora which grows in caves that have fixed artificial light sources installed shows that plants exist that need very little light to survive.

Nuclear power
A nuclear fission reactor might fulfill most of a Moon base's power requirements. With the help of fission reactors, one could overcome the difficulty of the 354 hour lunar night. According to NASA, a nuclear fission power station could generate a steady 40 kilowatts, equivalent to the demand of about eight houses on Earth. An artist's concept of such a station published by NASA envisages the reactor being buried below the Moon's surface to shield it from its surroundings; out from a tower-like generator part reaching above the surface over the reactor, radiators would extend into space to send away any heat energy that may be left over.

Radioisotope thermoelectric generators could be used as backup and emergency power sources for solar powered facilities. The needed radioisotopes could either be imported from earth as they are relatively energy-dense, or produced in situ by neutron irradiation of suitable materials (e.g. - an unavoidably produced minor actinide in fission reactors operating with thermal neutrons - to produce the commonly used ) or separated chemically from the high level waste of the nuclear reactor (e.g. Americium-241). Such nuclear batteries have been used for decades in spacecraft by all major spacefaring nations and some have even been implanted in humans as power sources for medical devices such as pacemakers, meaning their behavior and tradeoffs are well understood.

The Japanese spacecraft Kaguya confirmed the existence of both Uranium and Thorium near the lunar surface, which might in the future allow for the local production of nuclear fission fuel from lunar resources. However, concentrations are relatively low and unless the thorium fuel cycle is used, uranium would likely have to be enriched to produce fuel usable in light water reactors. The isotopic composition of lunar uranium is not known, but there is little reason to assume it would differ much from that found on earth (99%, ~0.72% , 55 ppm ). Nuclear reprocessing in situ would reduce the need for enrichment or imported fuel from earth. Pyroprocessing, which has been demonstrated at the Integral Fast Reactor prototype operated by Argonne National Laboratory, could be used instead of the de facto standard PUREX which requires large amounts of organic solvents.

One specific development program in the 2000s was the Fission Surface Power (FSP) project of NASA and DOE, a fission power system focused on "developing and demonstrating a nominal 40 kWe power system to support human exploration missions. The FSP system concept uses conventional low-temperature stainless steel, liquid metal-cooled reactor technology coupled with Stirling power conversion." , significant component hardware testing had been successfully completed, and a non-nuclear system demonstration test was being fabricated.

In 2017 NASA started the Kilopower project that tested the KRUSTY reactor. Japan has the RAPID-L conceptual design.

Helium-3 mining could be used to provide a substitute for tritium for potential production of fusion power in the future.

Solar energy
Solar energy is a possible source of power for a lunar base. Many of the raw materials needed for solar panel production can be extracted on site. The long lunar night (354 hours or 14.75 Earth days) is a drawback for solar power on the Moon's surface. This might be solved by building several power plants, so that at least one of them is always in daylight. Another possibility would be to build such a power plant where there is constant or near-constant sunlight, such as at the Malapert mountain near the lunar south pole, or on the rim of Peary crater near the north pole. Since lunar regolith contains structural metals like iron and aluminum, solar panels could be mounted high up on locally-built towers that might rotate to follow the Sun. A third possibility would be to leave the panels in orbit, and beam the power down as microwaves.

The solar energy converters need not be silicon solar panels. It may be more advantageous to use the larger temperature difference between Sun and shade to run heat engine generators. Concentrated sunlight could also be relayed via mirrors and used in Stirling engines or solar trough generators, or it could be used directly for lighting, agriculture and process heat. The focused heat might also be employed in materials processing to extract various elements from lunar surface materials.

Energy storage
Fuel cells on the Space Shuttle have operated reliably for up to 17 Earth days at a time. On the Moon, they would only be needed for 354 hours (14 $3/4$ days) – the length of the lunar night. Fuel cells produce water directly as a waste product. Current fuel cell technology is more advanced than the Shuttle's cells – PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) cells produce considerably less heat (though their waste heat would likely be useful during the lunar night) and are lighter, not to mention the reduced mass of the smaller heat-dissipating radiators. This makes PEMs more economical to launch from Earth than the shuttle's cells. PEMs have not yet been proven in space.

Combining fuel cells with electrolysis would provide a "perpetual" source of electricity – solar energy could be used to provide power during the lunar day, and fuel cells at night. During the lunar day, solar energy would also be used to electrolyze the water created in the fuel cells – although there would be small losses of gases that would have to be replaced.

Even if lunar facilities could provide themselves access to a near-continuous source of solar energy, they would still need to maintain fuel cells or an alternate energy storage system to sustain themselves during lunar eclipses and emergency situations.

Locations
Soviet astronomer Vladislav V. Shevchenko proposed in 1988 the following three criteria that a lunar outpost should meet:
 * good conditions for transport operations;
 * a great number of different types of natural objects and features on the Moon of scientific interest; and
 * natural resources, such as oxygen. The abundance of certain minerals, such as iron oxide, varies dramatically over the lunar surface.

While a habitat might be located anywhere, potential locations for a lunar habitat fall into three broad categories.

Polar regions
There are two reasons why the north pole and south pole of the Moon might be attractive locations for a human facility. First, there is evidence for the presence of water in some continuously shaded areas near the poles. Second, the Moon's axis of rotation is sufficiently close to being perpendicular to the ecliptic plane that the radius of the Moon's polar circles is less than 50 km. Power collection stations could therefore be plausibly located so that at least one is exposed to sunlight at all times, thus making it possible to power polar facilities almost exclusively with solar energy. Solar power would be unavailable only during a lunar eclipse, but these events are relatively brief and absolutely predictable. Any such habitat would therefore require a reserve energy supply that could temporarily sustain a habitat during lunar eclipses or in the event of any incident or malfunction affecting solar power collection. Hydrogen fuel cells would be ideal for this purpose, since the hydrogen needed could be sourced locally using the Moon's polar water and surplus solar power. Moreover, due to the Moon's uneven surface some sites have nearly continuous sunlight. For example, Malapert mountain, located near the Shackleton crater at the lunar south pole, offers several advantages as a site:
 * It is exposed to the Sun most of the time (see Peak of Eternal Light); two closely spaced arrays of solar panels would receive nearly continuous power.
 * Its proximity to Shackleton Crater (116 km, or 69.8 mi) means that it could provide power and communications to the crater. This crater is potentially valuable for astronomical observation. An infrared instrument would benefit from the very low temperatures. A radio telescope would benefit from being shielded from Earth's broad spectrum radio interference.
 * The nearby Shoemaker and other craters are in constant deep shadow, and might contain valuable concentrations of hydrogen and other volatiles.
 * At around 5,000 m elevation, it offers line of sight communications over a large area of the Moon, as well as to Earth.
 * The South Pole-Aitken basin is located at the lunar south pole. This is the second largest known impact basin in the Solar System, as well as the oldest and biggest impact feature on the Moon, and should provide geologists access to deeper layers of the Moon's crust. It is where the Chinese Chang'e 4 has landed, on the far side.

NASA chose to use a south-polar site for the lunar outpost reference design in the Exploration Systems Architecture Study chapter on lunar architecture. At the north pole, the rim of Peary Crater has been proposed as a favorable location for a base. Examination of images from the Clementine mission in 1994 appear to show that parts of the crater rim are permanently illuminated by sunlight (except during lunar eclipses). As a result, the temperature conditions are expected to remain very stable at this location, averaging -50 °C. This is comparable to winter conditions in Earth's Poles of Cold in Siberia and Antarctica. The interior of Peary Crater may also harbor hydrogen deposits.

A 1994 bistatic radar experiment performed during the Clementine mission suggested the presence of water ice around the south pole. The Lunar Prospector spacecraft reported in 2008 enhanced hydrogen abundances at the south pole and even more at the north pole. On the other hand, results reported using the Arecibo radio telescope have been interpreted by some to indicate that the anomalous Clementine radar signatures are not indicative of ice, but surface roughness. This interpretation is not universally agreed upon.

A potential limitation of the polar regions is that the inflow of solar wind can create an electrical charge on the leeward side of crater rims. The resulting voltage difference can affect electrical equipment, change surface chemistry, erode surfaces and levitate lunar dust.

Equatorial regions
The lunar equatorial regions are likely to have higher concentrations of helium-3 (rare on Earth but much sought after for use in nuclear fusion research) because the solar wind has a higher angle of incidence. They also enjoy an advantage in extra-Lunar traffic: The rotation advantage for launching material is slight due to the Moon's slow rotation, but the corresponding orbit coincides with the ecliptic, nearly coincides with the lunar orbit around Earth, and nearly coincides with the equatorial plane of Earth.

Several probes have landed in the Oceanus Procellarum area. There are many areas and features that could be subject to long-term study, such as the Reiner Gamma anomaly and the dark-floored Grimaldi crater.

Far side
The lunar far side lacks direct communication with Earth, though a communication satellite at the Lagrangian point, or a network of orbiting satellites, could enable communication between the far side of the Moon and Earth. The far side is also a good location for a large radio telescope because it is well shielded from the Earth. Due to the lack of atmosphere, the location is also suitable for an array of optical telescopes, similar to the Very Large Telescope in Chile.

Scientists have estimated that the highest concentrations of helium-3 can be found in the maria on the far side, as well as near side areas containing concentrations of the titanium-based mineral ilmenite. On the near side the Earth and its magnetic field partially shield the surface from the solar wind during each orbit. But the far side is fully exposed, and thus should receive a somewhat greater proportion of the ion stream.

Lunar lava tubes

Lunar lava tubes are a potential location for constructing a lunar base. Any intact lava tube on the Moon could serve as a shelter from the severe environment of the lunar surface, with its frequent meteorite impacts, high-energy ultra-violet radiation and energetic particles, and extreme diurnal temperature variations. Lava tubes provide ideal positions for shelter because of their access to nearby resources. They also have proven themselves to be reliable structures, having withstood the test of time for billions of years.

An underground habitat would escape the extreme temperatures on the Moon's surface. The day period (about 354 hours) has an average temperature of about 107 °C, although it can rise as high as 123 °C. The night period (also 354 hours) has an average temperature of about -153 °C. Underground, both day and night periods would be around -23 °C, and humans could install ordinary heaters for warmth.

One such lava tube was discovered in early 2009.

Habitat construction
There have been numerous proposals regarding lunar habitats. The designs have evolved throughout the years as knowledge about the Moon has grown, and as the technological possibilities have changed.

The proposed habitats range from the actual spacecraft landers or their used fuel tanks, to inflatable modules of various shapes. Some hazards of the lunar environment such as sharp temperature shifts, lack of atmosphere or magnetic field (which means higher levels of radiation and micrometeoroids) and long nights, were unknown early on. Proposals have shifted as these hazards were recognized and taken into consideration.

Underground habitat
Some suggest building the lunar habitats underground, which would give protection from radiation and micrometeoroids. This would also greatly reduce the risk of air leakage, as the habitat would be fully sealed from the outside except for a few exits to the surface. These underground habitats would be akin to bunkers/fallout shelters.

The construction of an underground habitat would probably be more complex; one of the first machines from Earth might be a remote-controlled excavating machine. Once created, some sort of hardening would be necessary to avoid collapse, possibly a spray-on concrete-like substance made from available materials. A more porous insulating material also made in-situ could then be applied. Rowley & Neudecker have suggested "melt-as-you-go" machines that would leave glassy internal surfaces. Mining methods such as the room and pillar might also be used. Inflatable self-sealing fabric habitats might then be put in place to retain air.

An alternative solution is studied in Europe by students to excavate a habitat in the ice-filled craters of the Moon.

Underground farming
Farms set up underground would need artificial sunlight. As an alternative to excavating, a lava tube could be covered and insulated, thus solving the problem of radiation exposure.

Surface habitats

A possibly easier solution would be to build the lunar habitat on the surface, and cover modules with lunar soil. The lunar soil is composed of a unique blend of silica and iron-containing compounds that may be fused into a glass-like solid using microwave energy. Blacic has studied the mechanical properties of lunar glass and has shown that it is a promising material for making rigid structures, if coated with metal to keep moisture out. This may allow for the use of "lunar bricks" in structural designs, or the vitrification of loose dirt to form a hard, ceramic crust.

A lunar habitat built on the surface would need to be protected by improved radiation and micrometeoroid shielding. Building the lunar base inside a deep crater would provide at least partial shielding against radiation and micrometeoroids. Artificial magnetic fields have been proposed as a means to provide radiation shielding for long range deep space crewed missions, and it might be possible to use similar technology on a lunar habitat. Some regions on the Moon possess strong local magnetic fields that might partially mitigate exposure to charged solar and galactic particles.

In a turn from the usual engineer-designed lunar habitats, London-based Foster + Partners architectural firm proposed a building construction 3D-printer technology in January 2013 that would use lunar regolith raw materials to produce lunar building structures while using enclosed inflatable habitats for housing the human occupants inside the hard-shell lunar structures. Overall, these habitats would require only ten percent of the structure mass to be transported from Earth, while using local lunar materials for the other 90 percent of the structure mass. "Printed" lunar soil would provide both "radiation and temperature insulation. Inside, a lightweight pressurized inflatable with the same dome shape would be the living environment for the first human Moon settlers." The building technology would include mixing lunar material with magnesium oxide, which would turn the "moonstuff into a pulp that can be sprayed to form the block" when a binding salt is applied that "converts [this] material into a stone-like solid." Terrestrial versions of this 3D-printing building technology are already printing 2 m of building material per hour with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 m per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week.

3D-printed structures

On January 31, 2013, the ESA working with Foster + Partners, tested a 3D-printed structure that could be constructed of lunar regolith for use as a Moon base.

Earth to the Moon
Conventional rockets have been used for most lunar explorations to date. The ESA's SMART-1 mission from 2003 to 2006 used conventional chemical rockets to reach orbit and Hall effect thrusters to arrive at the Moon in 13 months. NASA would have used chemical rockets on its Ares V booster and Altair lander, that were being developed for a planned return to the Moon around 2019, but this was cancelled. The construction workers, location finders, and other astronauts vital to building, would have been taken four at a time in NASA's Orion spacecraft.

Space elevators are another proposed concept of Earth-Lunar transport.

On the surface

Lunar habitation would need the ability to transport cargo and people to and from modules and spacecraft, and to carry out scientific study of a larger area of the lunar surface for long periods of time. Proposed concepts include a variety of vehicle designs, from small open rovers to large pressurized modules with lab equipment, such as the Toyota rover concept.

Rovers could be useful if the terrain is not too steep or hilly. The only rovers to have operated on the surface of the Moon are the three Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicles (LRV), developed by Boeing, the two robotic Soviet Lunokhods and the Chinese Yutu rover in 2013. The LRV was an open rover for a crew of two, and a range of 92 km during one lunar day. One NASA study resulted in the Mobile Lunar Laboratory concept, a crewed pressurized rover for a crew of two, with a range of 396 km. The Soviet Union developed different rover concepts in the Lunokhod series and the L5 for possible use on future crewed missions to the Moon or Mars. These rover designs were all pressurized for longer sorties.

If multiple bases were established on the lunar surface, they could be linked together by permanent railway systems. Both conventional and magnetic levitation (Maglev) systems have been proposed for the transport lines. Mag-Lev systems are particularly attractive as there is no atmosphere on the surface to slow down the train, so the vehicles could achieve velocities comparable to - or even higher than - aircraft on Earth. In essence any maglev on the moon would behave similar to a vactrain without the need to provide an artificial vacuum. One significant difference with lunar trains is that the cars would need to be individually sealed and possess their own life support systems.

For difficult areas, a flying vehicle may be more suitable. Bell Aerosystems proposed their design for the Lunar Flying Vehicle as part of a study for NASA, while Bell proposed the Manned Flying System, a similar concept.

Launch technology

Experience so far indicates that launching human beings into space is much more expensive than launching cargo. One way to get materials and products from the Moon to an interplanetary way station might be with a mass driver, a magnetically accelerated projectile launcher. Cargo would be picked up from orbit or an Earth-Moon Lagrangian point by a shuttle craft using ion propulsion, solar sails or other means and delivered to Earth orbit or other destinations such as near-Earth asteroids, Mars or other planets, perhaps using the Interplanetary Transport Network.

A lunar space elevator could transport people, raw materials and products to and from an orbital station at Lagrangian points or. Chemical rockets would take a payload from Earth to the L1 lunar Lagrange location. From there a tether would slowly lower the payload to a soft landing on the lunar surface. Other possibilities include a momentum exchange tether system.

Launch costs

 * Estimates of the cost per unit mass of launching cargo or people from the Moon vary and the cost impacts of future technological improvements are difficult to predict. An upper bound on the cost of launching material from the Moon might be about $40,000,000 per kilogram, based on dividing the Apollo program costs by the amount of material returned.  At the other extreme, the incremental cost of launching material from the Moon using an electromagnetic accelerator could be quite low. The efficiency of launching material from the Moon with a proposed electric accelerator is suggested to be about 50%. If the carriage of a mass driver weighs the same as the cargo, two kilograms must be accelerated to orbital velocity for each kilogram put into orbit. The overall system efficiency would then drop to 25%. So 1.4 kilowatt-hours would be needed to launch an incremental kilogram of cargo to low orbit from the Moon. At $0.1/kilowatt-hour, a typical cost for electrical power on Earth, that amounts to $0.16 for the energy to launch a kilogram of cargo into orbit. For the actual cost of an operating system, energy loss for power conditioning, the cost of radiating waste heat, the cost of maintaining all systems, and the interest cost of the capital investment are considerations.
 * Passengers cannot be divided into the parcel size suggested for the cargo of a mass driver, nor subjected to hundreds of gravities acceleration. Technical developments could also affect the cost of launching passengers to orbit from the Moon. Instead of bringing all fuel and oxidizer from Earth, liquid oxygen could be produced from lunar materials and hydrogen should be available from the lunar poles. The cost of producing these on the Moon is yet unknown, but they would be more expensive than production costs on Earth. The situation of the local hydrogen is most open to speculation. As a rocket fuel, hydrogen could be extended by combining it chemically with silicon to form silane, which has yet to be demonstrated in an actual rocket engine. In the absence of more technical developments, the cost of transporting people from the Moon would be an impediment to growth.

Surface to and from cis-lunar space
A cislunar transport system has been proposed using tethers to achieve momentum exchange. This system requires zero net energy input, and could not only retrieve payloads from the lunar surface and transport them to Earth, but could also soft land payloads on to the lunar surface.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lunar habitation


text:
User:Jmechelke

Jmechelke is a student in Ph.D. coursework studying philosophy and theology (2019). On Wikipedia, Jmechelke's primary focus is updating and adding citations when appropriate.

title: User:Jmechelke


text:
Hessian Ried

The Hessian Ried (Hessische Ried) is a low-lying, agricultural region that forms part of the northeastern area of the Upper Rhine Plain. It is situated in South Hesse in west central Germany.

Location and description
The Hessian Ried lies between the River Rhine to the west, the Bergstraße route in the east and between the town of Lampertheim in the south to town of Groß-Gerau.

In former times the lowlands of the Ried were largely marshland and repeatedly affected by serious flooding of the Rhine and Weschnitz. During the time of the Roman Empire the area was therefore avoided and the road, the Strata Montana, on the Bergstraße, built higher up along the edge of the Odenwald. Later Lorsch Abbey became an important centre in the middle of the Ried.

Not until the regulation of the Rhine and Weschnitz did it become increasingly suitable for agriculture. In addition, widespread drainage produced land for agricultural use in the wake of the "General Cultural Plan" of 1925. In the mild climate asparagus and tobacco thrive. Because of the proximity of the large centres of population nearby (the Rhine-Main and Rhine-Neckar regions) vegetables and lettuce are grown widely. Due to the low precipitation in the Hessian Ried, increasing amounts of artificial watering is needed.

Heavy groundwater extraction for public water supplies, for industry and for agriculture have, especially in dry periods (around 1976 and 1993), led to subsidence and damage to buildings and, especially in the forests and wetlands to damage to groundwater-dependent vegetation. This led to considerable disputes between the water companies, landowners, farmers, the forestry industry and conservation agencies. These conflicts were defused by the introduction of a more flexible management of groundwater extraction that is now oriented towards the groundwater-land relationship. In addition the Hessian Ried Water Association was founded in 1979 and had worked to improve the groundwater.

Origin of the name
The name Hessisches Ried is probably derived from the reeds that once covered much of the landscape. Frequent flooding - especially from the Rhine and the Weschnitz – made the Hessian Ried an ideal habitat for these plants. Today large beds of reed are very rare and are mostly found in nature reserves.

Another explanation may be that Ried was the name given to a forest clearing of the area in order to make it usable for agriculture.

Sub-regions

 * Altrhein
 * Kühkopf-Knoblochsaue – nature reserve with the island of Kühkopf and the Knoblochsaue to the north
 * Rhine island of Nonnenau near Ginsheim
 * Schwarzbachaue near Trebur
 * Riedsee bei Leeheim
 * Riedsee bei Biblis
 * Biedensand nature reserve near Lampertheim

Towns and villages in the Hessian Ried

 * The Alsbach-Hähnlein villages of: (Alsbach lies on the Bergstraße)
 * Hähnlein
 * The Bensheim quarters of (Bensheim itself lies on the Bergstraße)
 * Fehlheim
 * Langwaden
 * Schwanheim
 * Biblis and its villages:
 * Nordheim
 * Wattenheim
 * Biebesheim am Rhein
 * Bürstadt and its quarters:
 * Bobstadt
 * Riedrode
 * Büttelborn
 * Einhausen (Hesse)
 * Gernsheim and its quarters:
 * Allmendfeld
 * Klein-Rohrheim
 * Griesheim
 * Groß-Gerau and its quarters:
 * Berkach
 * Dornberg
 * Dornheim
 * Wallerstädten
 * Nauheim
 * Groß-Rohrheim
 * Lampertheim and its quarters:
 * Hofheim
 * Hüttenfeld
 * Neuschloß
 * Rosengarten
 * Lorsch
 * Pfungstadt and its quarters of:
 * Eich
 * Eschollbrücken
 * Hahn
 * Riedstadt and its town quarters:
 * Crumstadt
 * Erfelden
 * Goddelau
 * Leeheim
 * Wolfskehlen
 * Stockstadt
 * Rüsselsheim with the town quarter of:
 * Bauschheim
 * Trebur and its villages of:
 * Astheim
 * Geinsheim
 * Hessenaue
 * Kornsand
 * Der Zwingenberg quarter (Zwingenberg itself lies on the Bergstraße)
 * Rodau

Literature

 * Peter Prinz-Grimm und Ingeborg Grimm: Wetterau und Mainebene. Borntraeger, Berlin/Stuttgart, 2002, ISBN 3-443-15076-4 (Sammlung geologischer Führer 93), especially p. 12.

title: Hessian Ried


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Parmaturus

Parmaturus is a genus of catsharks in the family Scyliorhinidae. Four species were described in 2007 and another in 2019 with more species likely to be described in the near future.

Species
The following are the currently described species:
 * Parmaturus albimarginatus Séret & Last, 2007 (white-tip catshark)
 * Parmaturus albipenis Séret & Last, 2007 (white-clasper catshark)
 * Parmaturus angelae K. D. A. Soares, M. R. de Carvalho, Schwingel & Gadig, 2019 (Brazilian filetail catshark)
 * Parmaturus bigus Séret & Last, 2007 (beige catshark)
 * Parmaturus campechiensis S. Springer, 1979 (Campeche catshark)
 * Parmaturus lanatus Séret & Last, 2007 (velvet catshark)
 * Parmaturus macmillani Hardy, 1985 (McMillan's catshark)
 * Parmaturus melanobranchus (W. L. Y. Chan, 1966) (blackgill catshark)
 * Parmaturus pilosus Garman, 1906 (salamander shark)
 * Parmaturus xaniurus (C. H. Gilbert, 1892) (filetail catshark)

There are several as yet undescribed species:
 * Parmaturus sp. not yet described (roughback catshark)
 * Parmaturus sp. not yet described (Indonesian filetail catshark)
 * Parmaturus sp. not yet described (Gulf of Mexico filetail)

title: Parmaturus


text:
Claudio Candotti

Claudio Candotti (29 November 1942 – 12 September 2015) was an Italian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Claudio Candotti


text:
User:Ohtgao

One of the criteria of an endangered language is determinate by its speaker population. This source talked about Jejueo speakers often misestimate their proficiency, which calls into question the accuracy of speaker population data. This source would help me edit the article of my choice by adding this piece of information at the demographic section. Also, in this article, the author mention that although within Korea, Jejueo is often considered a dialect, but the mutual intelligibility between Korean and Jejueo is low. Monolingual Korean speakers would find Jejueo incomprehensible. For this piece, I can also edit the name section, explain that although in Korean language, Jejueo is being claimed as a dialect, it is not. I somewhat bothered by the name of this Wikipedia article as it said Chejuan language instead of Jejueo or Chejueo. If possible, I would like to look for more information that accurately state the official name of Jejueo.

title: User:Ohtgao


text:
Introduction to graph theory/Proof of Theorem 2

Statement
A graph is a forest if and only if for every pair of distinct vertices $$u,v$$, there is at most one $$u,v$$-path.

Proof
Suppose you have a graph $$G$$ which is not a forest. Since a forest is defined to be a graph containing no cycles, it is clear that $$G$$ must have a cycle $$C$$. All cycles have at least three vertices. Let $$v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_n$$ (with $$n\ge 3$$) be the vertices on $$C$$ in order. Then there are two distinct $$v_1,v_2$$-paths, namely $$v_1v_2$$ and $$v_1v_nv_{n-1}\ldots v_3v_2$$.

Now suppose that $$G$$ is a forest, but has two distinct $$u,v$$-paths, namely $$ua_1a_2\ldots a_nv$$ and $$ub_1b_2\ldots b_mv$$. We would like to say that these create a cycle $$ua_1\ldots a_nvb_mb_{m-1}\ldots b_1u$$. However, a cycle can only include each vertex once, and it is possible that one of the $$b_i$$ is equal to one of the $$a_j$$. To that end, write $$a_0=b_0=u$$ and $$a_{n+1}=b_{m+1}=v$$. Let $$i$$ be the largest value of $$i<=n$$ such that $$a_i=b_j$$ for some $$j$$. Then we find a cycle, namely $$a_ia_{i+1}\ldots a_nvb_mb_{m-1}\ldots b_j$$. By our choice of $$i$$, clearly no vertex appears more than once.


text:
German/Grammar/Alphabet and Pronunciation

The Alphabet
Like English, the German alphabet consists of 26 basic letters. However, there are also combined letters and three umlauted forms. An umlaut is the pair of dots placed over certain vowels; in German, Umlaut describes the dotted letter, not just the dots.

As in English, letters may be pronounced differently depending on word and location. The first column is the German letter, the second describes the IPA pronunciation and rough English approximation of the letter name. The third gives an English word that matches or approximates the German letter sound.

Reading down this column and pronouncing the "English" words will recite the alphabet auf Deutsch ("in German"). Note that letter order is exactly the same as in English, but pronunciation is not for many of the letters. In the list of pronunciation notes, no entry means essentially "pronounced as in English".

Umlaut Letters

 * Umlauts were originally written as 'ae', 'oe', and 'ue'.

Combined Letters
Notes: •There is no uppercase ß. •All vowels (withot umlauts) are pronounced like those in Spanish, but in Spanish the long ones are pronounced much shorter in Spanish. •In German you capitalize these: •Modern German, Luxembourgish, and Bavarian are the only languages in the world that capitalizes every noun. •Also, the only English word that is always capitalized whose German translation (unless it starts a sentence) is not capitalized is the pronoun "I". •in a title, like in Spanish only the first word and other "always" capitalized words are capitalized The silent letters in German appear in five situations: • H after a vowel or T • First letter of double consonants, ck, and tz* • E after I, in which I is always long • Final W. • D before the T Vowels are long with one consonant after it, and short with two. But… A is always short Diphthongs are long Compound words are broken up: Weg|weiser Borrowed and short words may break this rule. Any following H's: Tuch, John, Sohn, Joshua, Buch have a long vowel sound. In French loanwords, if a vowel is followed by a nasal consonant in the same syllable, then the nasal consonant will be silent and the vowel will be nasal. A nasal vowel produces air through your mouth and your nose.
 * 1) Nouns (and words used as nouns)*
 * 2) Beginning of a sentence.
 * 3) The word "Sie", but only meaning you in the formal sense, and its forms.
 * Expect names of italicized letters: das a or das A.

A double vowel is long, except for AA (see above)

Konsonanten ~ Consonants
Most German consonants are pronounced similarly to the way they are pronounced in English, with exceptions noted in column 3 above. Details of certain consonant sounds and uses are discussed further here.

 * d, t, l, and n – In German, these letters are pronounced with the tongue extended up to the back of the base of the teeth, creating a more dental sound. As noted above, 'd' is a 'dental d' except at the end of a word or before a consonant (except an R), where it becomes a 'dental t'.

Note that as above, L only uses the front of your tongue, just like in Spanish or French, which is similar to the L in Laugh.
 * sch – this combination is pronounced like 'sh' /ʃ/, not 'sk' as in English. A German example is Schüler /ˈʃyːlɐ/ (student).

 * sp and st – Where these combinations appear at the beginning of a word or syllable, the 's' sound becomes an 'sh' /ʃ/ sound, while the next letter is pronounced the same as itself in English and German. German examples are spielen /ʃpiːlən/ (play) and Stelle /ˈʃtɛlə/ (place).

German Sounds not found in English
There are sounds in the German language that have no real equivalent in the English language. These are discussed here.

 * r – Most Germans pronounce 'r' as /ʁ/, a guttural sound the g in amigo.

 * ö (read as oh-umlaut) – This vowel is pronounced similarly to the 'u' in the word 'murder' (spoken with a British accent), but with the lips rounded. Commonly, the 'long ö' /øː/ is made by first sounding 'oo' as in moon, then pursing the lips as if to whistle, and changing the sound to 'a' as in 'late'. An example of "long ö" is schön /ʃøːn/ (beautiful). The 'short ö' sound /œ/ is made by first sounding 'oo', pursing the lips, and changing the sound to 'e' as in 'pet', and it sounds very similar to the 'i' in 'sir'. An example of the "short ö" is zwölf /t͡svœlf/ (twelve). If you have problems pronouncing ö, do not replace it by 'o' but by 'e' (as in e lf), which occurs in some German dialects. In written and printed German, 'oe' can be an acceptable substitute for 'ö' if the latter is unavailable.

•It always sounds like an S. •It can't be the first letter of a word. •It always follows a vowel. •It doesn't have an uppercase version. •It looks like a Greek letter, the $$\beta$$, but never replace it with the Greek letter $$\beta$$.
 * ü (read as oo-umlaut) – As with 'ö', 'ü' is a rounded vowel sound with no real English equivalent. The 'long ü' /yː/ is made by first sounding 'oo' as in moon, then pursing the lips as if to whistle, and changing the sound to 'ee' as in 'seen'. A simpler approach is to simply shape your lips and tongue as if you are going to whistle, and then put some voice. An example of "long ü" is früh /fʁyː/ (early). The "short ü" sound /ʏ/ is made by first sounding 'oo', pursing the lips, and changing the sound to 'i' as in 'pit. An example of "short ü" is fünf /fʏnf/ (five). If you have problems pronouncing ü, do not replace it by 'u' but by 'i' (as in fish), which occurs in some German dialects. In written and printed German, 'ue' can be an acceptable substitute for 'ü' if the latter is unavailable.
 * ß looks like a B but be aware of the five warnings, which are as follows:
 * ach – When 'ch' is not preceded by ä, ö, ü, l, n, r, e, i, y, eu, äu, or s it sounds like the x in the country México, when spoken by a Spanish-speaking person.

 * Ich has a meaning by itself: it means me . When ig is at the end of the word, it also sounds like the pronoun ich in German!

Audio: [[Media:De-ach.ogg|OGG]] ~ ach | [[Media:De-Ich auch..ogg|OGG]] ~ ich auch | [[Media:De-richtig.ogg|OGG]] ~ richtig

Syllable Stress
The general rule in German is that words are stressed on the first syllable. However, there are exceptions. Almost all exceptions are of Spanish or French origin. For those borrowed from French it will generally stressed on the last syllable, for example, Vokal, Konsonant, and Lektion (vowel, consonant, lesson). In loanwords from Spanish, however, the stress is generally on the next-to-last syllable if it ends in N, S, or a vowel and the last one otherwise. These words (not stressed on the first syllable) appear in the (Level II and III) lesson vocabularies as Vokal, Lektion (in some regions: Lektion), etc.

Words starting in common prefixes (ge-, be-, ver-, etc.) stress the syllable following said prefix. Examples are Gemüse, Beamte, and Vereinigung. Also, the German word "Ski" means "ski" and is spelled "ski" but it is actually pronounced like the pronoun "She" in English. Notice that we have genders in German, masculine, feminine, neutral. English doesn't have genders. Also as mentioned above, all nouns are capitalized in German, Bavarian and Luxembourgish. And finally, we saw that in words of French origin the letter J, as well as the letter G (before E or I) makes the sound of S as in vision, which is the English J sound without the initial D, and the IPA is this: /ʒ/, a very rare sound in both German and English. Example: In Garage the first G is pronounced the same as how it is pronounced in English, while the second one is pronounced /ʒ/ because it comes before an E, and the word has a French origin. Again, remember that this sound is very rare in both of these languages. Don't forget the $$\ddot{}$$, which will go on back vowels only and move the sound from the back to the front, except for AU. The AU sounds like ow as in cow, while the ÄU sounds like the oy in boy. The $$\ddot{ }$$ may not appear on the A in the AI or AY diphthongs. Last the A, which is always short, except in a diphthong and as $$\ddot{A}$$, as well as long vowels without double-dots on top, are pronounced like those in Spanish, but the Spanish vowel sounds are pronounced short, while in German, all of them except for the A are longer. Again A is always short, never long.


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National Fire Savers Credit Union

National Fire Savers Credit Union Limited is a not-for-profit member-owned financial co-operative, based in the London Borough of Southwark and operating throughout Great Britain. It has assets in excess of £11,000,000.

Membership is open to all firefighters and staff working for any of the fire and rescue authorities in England, Scotland and Wales.

It is a member of the Association of British Credit Unions Limited, registered under the Credit Union Act 1979.

The credit union provides a financial community where members mutually benefit by pooling their savings to lend to one another.

History
London Fire Savers Credit Union was formed in 1998, to enable London firefighters and their families to access affordable credit and secure savings.

In 2010, London Fire Savers became National Fire Savers Credit Union by extension of the common bond to include all firefighters, wherever they are serving in Great Britain.

From 617 active members in 1998, the credit union has steadily grown each year. As of 2018, it has 3,042 active members.

Activities
The members of a credit union must share a common bond. In the case of National Fire Savers, membership is restricted to employees of the fire and rescue services in England, Scotland and Wales.

They also accept retired firefighters and fire brigade staff along with employees of the Firefighters Charity, the Fire Brigades Union and London Fire Brigade Welfare Fund. Existing members remain eligible for life, even if they leave the service or retire.

National Fire Savers runs a payroll deduction savings and loans scheme in conjunction with London Fire Brigade and affiliated brigades. The credit union is responsible for the operation of the scheme, with the brigade facilitating monthly deductions from salary.

Savings
Credit unions don't pay interest on savings, instead they return a dividend to members based on financial success over the previous year. Dividend is calculated after the accounts have been audited and it is approved at the Annual General Meeting.

In 2017, total dividend paid by National Fire Savers was £158,088.

There are three types of savings account offered: the basic membership account; Savings Plus, which pays an enhanced dividend for members with at least £1,000 to save; and the Christmas club, which does not attract dividend.

National Fire Savers Credit Union is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and PRA.

Ultimately, like the banks and building societies, members’ savings are protected against business failure by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.

Lending
The loan policy allows members to borrow up to three times the balance of their savings plus £2,000, less the outstanding balance of any existing loans. There are five types of loan available: the Everyday Loan and Member Loans, for members of at least three months standing; the larger Non-Affiliate Loan and Affiliate Loans, for members whose contributions are collected by payroll deduction; and the Savers Loan, for those who want to keep their savings but still require a loan.

title: National Fire Savers Credit Union


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Isomag Corporation

The result was delete. — JJMC89  (T·C) 05:40, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Isomag Corporation

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Fails WP:NCORP. A WP:BEFORE found nothing that meets WP:ORGCRIT. CNMall41 (talk) 04:15, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 07:00, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Louisiana-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 07:00, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete There is nothing per WP:ORG.  scope_creep Talk  23:31, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Engineering-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 12:07, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete - Fails WP:NCORP. News search shows press releases and mentions but nothing credible that would meet WP:ORGCRIT. — Kstone999 (talk) 14:08, 26 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
List of ambassadors of Thailand to Belgium

The Thai Ambassador in the City of Brussels is the official representative of the Government in Bangkok to the Government of Belgium and the European Union.


text:
Talk:Luqman Hakim Shamsudin

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:54, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Luqmanhakim.png

title: Talk:Luqman Hakim Shamsudin


text:
Conart/Music/Difference

So, what is different in these other scales?
Except that the pianos will have different layouts for their keys, there will be certain differences:

 * intervals can sound sweeter or harsher, depending on the characteristics of the scale
 * intervals can be perfectly tuned, or only approximately in tune
 * there can be more or less available chords
 * transposing and modulation can become more or less difficult
 * and of course, different scales lend themselves to different purposes
 * instruments will be slightly different

However, there also is an opposite effect:

 * the available instruments will affect what kind of scales are probable to evolve
 * the kind of music will affect what kind of scales are probable to evolve

title: Conart/Music/Difference


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Meiniach

The result was delete. Stifle (talk) 11:38, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

Meiniach

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A phrase without any sources, and rather obscure. Perhaps with the term Choizer can be incorporated into another article about Chabad, but both articles are too niche and lack sources to be notable enough for their own page (I have also nominated Choizer for deletion) Playlet (talk) 02:49, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Judaism-related deletion discussions. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 05:06, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete per WP:GNG and nom. I don't think it's even necessary to print a list of these terms; they could be translated wherever they appear in the Chabad articles. Yoninah (talk) 11:08, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep: This page has been on Wikipedia unchallenged for 13 years and has an equivalent page in Italian. Like many early pages on Wikipedia, sources are sorely lacking - that should be corrected but isn't grounds to delete the page. I am not familiar with this term but according to the Chabad wiki page there are roughly 90,000 Chabad Hassidim, so a respected position in their movement should be considered notable. @Yoninah: this isn't just a term it's the title of position - similar to Shaliach (Chabad).--Steamboat2020 (talk) 23:48, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * But this isn't the Chabadapedia. We have a wiktionary for those who think it's important to define every religious term out there. Shaliach, meanwhile, is referred to all over world media, so it's easy to see why that meets WP:GNG. If you could show us why this subject is notable by expanding the page with RS, it would help this AFD. Yoninah (talk) 23:55, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * @Yoninah: I already said that I am not familiar with this term but I am still reluctant to delete a 13 year old established page about a leadership position associated with a 90,000 person movement due to a lack of sources.--Steamboat2020 (talk) 00:54, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I hear you, but you shouldn't put too much stock in pages that were created 13 years ago and still look like this. Back in the early days, editors posted anything, including copyvios, just to put up pages. I fought through two AFDs and lost to someone who insisted on posting a Haredi journalist whose notability cannot be established; his response was, "Leave it. No one else cares about this." Thankfully we have editors who are now prowling the 'pedia to dig out articles that never satisfied our criteria. Yoninah (talk) 11:17, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * As I said above, I do not object to the information being on Wikipedia on another page, but it lacks sources and WP:GNG to have its own page. A bad article is still a bad article even after 13 years.Playlet (talk) 15:44, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * @Yoninah (& @Playlet):I hear you as well, the thing is that when a page is challenged right away, it gives the creator of the page a chance to defend and improve it. When somebody challenges it 13 years later, odds are the person who created it is no longer active on Wikipedia. In general, I get the feeling that you don't have any personal knowledge on this matter and neither do I. Our knowledge on the subject is limited to internet search results, which when it comes to Orthodox Jewish topics isn't necessarily a valid indicator on notability. Especially, since the position was essentially abolished in 1994 when the last Lubavicher Rebbe died. Let's assume that this was a notable position in Chabbad- Lubavich since it was founded in 1775. There may have have been hundreds of Meiniachs between 1775 and 1994. So I am reluctant to endorse deleting something possibly very historical just because I don't know enough about it.--Steamboat2020 (talk) 16:12, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I am aware of Chabad and of these positions. Many of the members of the sect would not be aware of these positions. The fact that the author of the article is no longer an active editor is hardly a reason to keep the article for all eternity. If it does not meet notability guidelines the time frame of deletion is irrelevant.Playlet (talk) 00:02, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * @Playlet: If you have first hand knowledge that many members of Chabad aren’t even aware of this position then I withdraw my vote to keep this page--Steamboat2020 (talk) 01:10, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, T. Canens (talk) 01:12, 24 August 2020 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Aaqib Anjum Aafī (talk) 14:18, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete: Doesn't meet notability for a stand alone article. There should be an article for Hanochos and this function and history could be incorporated into it along with Choizer  // Timothy ::  talk  15:23, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete I cannot find that this term is notable. If there is a WP:ATD-M we could redirect or merge to Rabbi. Note: merge or redirect only if an editor can show that the word is notable with RS. Wm335td (talk) 20:05, 10 September 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Denys Wilkinson

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Denys Wilkinson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115521/http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/pp/dwb/dwb.htm to http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/pp/dwb/dwb.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:57, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denys Wilkinson


text:
File:RobotechTitle1985.jpg

Summary
Original title screen from the 1985 broadcast of Robotech

Rationale of fair use for Robotech (television series)
This image is fair use because:
 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this subject.
 * 2) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the show in any way.
 * 3) The image is being used for informational purposes only.
 * 4) The image is a low resolution screenshot.
 * 5) The image is being used to illustrate this part of the Robotech franchise.

title: File:RobotechTitle1985.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DG House

The result was delete, without prejudice against refunding to draft if there are editors willing to continue working on it. bd2412 T 04:51, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

DG House

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Completely non-notable artist. Page creator's only contribution to Wikipedia was to create this page, so possible promotional effort Yuchitown (talk) 20:10, 22 September 2019 (UTC)Yuchitown
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Artists-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 20:26, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Ohio-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 20:26, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Comment - The article states she is in the NMAI collection (Smithsonian Institution) however a search of the collections turns up nothing. Netherzone (talk) 21:04, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete Changed to Delete per Netherzone's research. GNG fail. Neutral There is some coverage in reliable sources, but it's borderline in terms of notability as the sources are very local. Some include: an article in WTHR Indianapolis gives a detailed profile, the Bozeman Daily chronicle,  the Great Falls Tribune, the Helena Independent Record and so on. Checked the Smithsonian, and as Netherzone says, could not find her in the collection. ThatMontrealIP (talk) 21:52, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment. Any artist who has ever had an art show will have newspaper coverage of that show. WP:Artist #4 states, "The person's work (or works) has: (a) become a significant monument, (b) been a substantial part of a significant exhibition, (c) won significant critical attention, or (d) been represented within the permanent collections of several notable galleries or museums." The exact number of major permanent collections isn't stipulated, but it's got to be more than two. Yuchitown (talk) 22:24, 22 September 2019 (UTC)Yuchitown
 * Several actually means two or more. But it's not a concern here really, because we cannot so far confirm even one.ThatMontrealIP (talk) 23:54, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Artists have shows, but not all shows are significant exhibitions. As to significant critical attention, the profile in the WTHR is not a review, but it does mention that she is included in a two-day art "festival", which, if modeled after the juried Santa Fe "Indian Market" consists of outdoor rented vendor booths. I would not consider that a significant exhibition like a one person show at a museum. The Bozeman Chronicle article is a profile not a review (not significant critical attention), as is the G.F. Tribune. The Helena Ind. Record article has two sentences on this artist. I don't know that this artist has met any of the criteria for notability yet. Netherzone (talk) 14:22, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Not true. -- Hoary (talk) 21:42, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: Relisting to give more time to evaluate the sources listed by 4meter4.
 * Delete - I found another profile on her by the Yellowstone Nat'l Park Lodges, however it is not a critical review but more of a promotional profile. Also continued to look for evidence of museum collections, and came up cold. I have to say delete on this one, as she does not seem to pass WP:ARTIST nor WP:GNG. Netherzone (talk) 18:25, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep. Here's a few more independent sources that I believe bring her up to the standards of WP:GNG and WP:SIGCOV. She's the main subject of two of the independent articles, and the others are reviews of her work in shows (usually alongside another artist):, , , , .4meter4 (talk) 00:14, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ST47 (talk) 19:37, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Visual arts-related deletion discussions. North America1000 20:56, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Photography-related deletion discussions. North America1000 20:56, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: Second relist, to allow time for more analysis of the sources presented later in the discussion.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 05:05, 8 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep I think there is a real vibe. Micro article, perhaps too soon, but I think what she has done makes her is notable.  scope_creep Talk  00:49, 11 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment. Every exhibiting artist on the planet is going to have *some* newspaper coverage. How does this artist meet the qualifications for WP:Artist #4, "The person's work (or works) has: (a) become a significant monument, (b) been a substantial part of a significant exhibition, (c) won significant critical attention, or (d) been represented within the permanent collections of several notable galleries or museums"? Yuchitown (talk) 17:36, 11 October 2019 (UTC)Yuchitown

 * Delete Not enough for GNG. Johnbod (talk) 11:58, 13 October 2019 (UTC)