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User:Smuckola/Wrong

 A second-year assessment of Wikipedia This is an early draft personal essay, which could contain ideas that are wrong.

Wikipedia's base cultural assumptions
These are the assumptions in effect within the institutional bedrock foundation of Wikipedian culture. These assumptions are embodied and enforced in the form of policies and guidelines. Many of the policies and guidelines originated approximately a decade ago by people who are mostly not now actively maintaining, enforcing, or experiencing their effects. See also: False community.
 * Everything is relative and aggregate. No one thing matters. Life is a shifting sand.
 * Infinite monkeys at infinite typewriters will eventually produce the works of an encyclopedia.
 * Wikipedia is the only free encyclopedia. All internal efforts are focused not upon Wikipedians but upon an outside world which is infinitely better for whatever we give it.
 * There are no rules, but anyone can be blocked for not following them. It's like high school: there is no ironclad orientation, training, certification, motivation, or organization but we are suddenly spot checked and held to professional standards. And experts are forced to witness the coddling, enabling, and tolerance of slackers, vandals, and asocials.
 * Freedom is totally fragile and can't be strengthened, thus deserving mandatory hypervigilance.
 * Hoarder mentality: all content and contributors are scarce. But its influx is entitled and eventually assured.
 * All editors are competent individually or in aggregate + any content may have value + all content is scarce but eventually assured = all contributors at any cost. What's the worst that could possibly happen?
 * All contributions are equal in merit.
 * "...an encyclopedia that anyone can edit": In a crowdsourced content management system, everything exists in a state of the aggregate and the undoable. Time and energy are effectively unlimited and self replenishing, and nothing of value can be lost. Thus, these things are effectively worthless.
 * Vandalism, competency, and civility are ultimately non-issues because people cool off or are blocked, and everyone will eventually fix everything. When, how, and why, are unspecified and immaterial.
 * Wikipedians will remain civil because a Wikipedian is a font of unlimited self efficacy, self respect, hypervigilance, and vigor—sourced from elsewhere, not here. Like a Dunning–Kruger effect shows, the organizers drastically overestimate humanity's competency and tolerance. Maybe they think everyone is like a non-profit employee or public servant.
 * Anonymity is assured by being publicly associated only with your geographically and commercially identifiable IP address.
 * An encyclopedia is flat, not round. Wikipedia is the center of the universe, but the priority is upon the anxious acquisition of editors.
 * In a landscape of shifting sands, everyone tolerates, gets over it, and happily commiserates.
 * Wikipedians are islands in an archipelago of stormy chaos—survivors, alone, together.

Anyone who doesn't voluntarily run their lives as a public institution is a casual participant. The casual participant's perception and assumptions of the project are these:
 * This place needs me. I don't see how I could do any worse. Expertise is overrated. WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS.
 * Maybe I wouldn't walk into a privately owned physical building with no clue of who owns it, the culture that lives within it, or how to abide—and yet stomp all over it as if I own it. But.  I think someone on the Internet is wrong, and information is incomplete. With anonymous editing openly solicited at the press of a button.  This trumps all common sense and decency.
 * The creation of an account is unenforced, and thus inherently devalued. Accounts (thus any pretense of identity and accountability) are worthless here, and are only a matter of the pleasure of my vanity.
 * Assumptions are inherited from any number of other user-generated content sites and wikis.

Abuse: Wikipedia is a trap
The base policy is "an encyclopedia that anyone can edit". There are many ways to implement that policy. The idea that we can ignore all rules, and the idea that freedom must have no limits (including accountability), is just one implementation of the policy. It is an extremely, gratuitously, destructively irresponsible implementation.

In reality, this particular implementation of the policy is more like a non-policy or anti-policy. it's the lynchpin of a quasi-anarchistic entity. It directly devalues any identity, even pseudo-identity, and allows anyone full access with no credentials, competency, or positive intent. This implementation of the open policy serves to actively create and maintain a gaping hole in the Internet. Wikipedia is one of the world's top web sites, and is intended to have maximal credibility. Even with the site holding a neutral common carrier stance, its editors are acting toward the world, on behalf of the institution and culture of Wikipedia. In any other fundamental public-accessible network resource (such as any operating system for servers, desktops, routers; any email server; any social network)), this kind of policy would constitute a gross negligence in security liability. It would be akin to an open relay or open proxy.  If there was a spam botnet that had such a target with such a policy, the target could be considered complicit in the botnet. If this was a physical entity, it would be like a giant construction site with an open pit, with plastic "do not cross" tape around it at best, if anything at all.  In that physical analogy, signage would be irrelevant, and the site's owner could be held liable for anyone who falls into the pit. The policy drags down the institutional owners of potentially any IP address in the world, increasing their burden against a transparent type of abuse that their users may perpetrate. Such network providers have always already been absolutely expected to stop their users via both automatic and manual means, from sending spam, viruses, hate speech, and other abuse via email, Usenet, and other mediums—under the automatic penalty of effective network death. They do so via onerous scanning methods that already exist against the sending of spam, viruses, and the banning of sites. So how could they be expected to additionally monitor or stop the pseudonymous abuse of Wikipedia, as is enabled to occur by the site's extreme policies? How many other sites in the world allow even trivial comments to be published by anybody with no loggable pseudoidentity whatsover? How many other sites rely completely upon the moment-to-moment good will of a global army of counterabuse volunteer editors, volunteer engineers, and software infrastructure? Can the Wikipedia community and the WMF honestly throw up its hands in the face of such abuse, and how far can it stretch the idea of neutrality and common carrier into the space of doing absolutely nothing? How far can the Countervandalism volunteers—even the programmers of automated bots—be expected to be thanklessly sacrificed upon this needless battleground?

Like every other aspect of Western society, the apparent abundance of natural resources allows the cost of doing business to be externalized. The natural resources include the population levels and coping mechanisms of established and new editors which curbs the hemorrhaging of previous editors, as well as the hypervigilant ingenuity of the Countervandalism Unit and other anti-abuse efforts, as well as the overall abundance of contributed content. It's the death of a thousand cuts.

It seems that a Wikipedian is lost, they will be replenished in the aggregate. This is false. Just as each human being is fairly unique in the world, each contributor and contribution is fairly unique. The moral and sociological principles of volunteerism dictate that each volunteer must be treated as a personally valued employee, even if they have no contractual commitment to duty and no direct material compensation.

Usability: Wikipedia parties like it's 1999
Hello, the 90s called, and they want their web site back. Its user interface is bare but inordinately complex, manually operated but outmoded. Unlearnable, inaccessible, indigestible, unfathomable.

There is no way a usability test could ever be performed, let alone passed, on this site. Like a 1990s static HTML dump, there is no sitemap or directory for the project or its encyclopedic content. The closest things are WikiBooks, which are just an automatic collection of manually listed articles—but the articles themselves are not actually related. All content is a flat and incohesive sprawl of manually hyperlinked documents—not a book, not visualizable. That's true of the encyclopedic content itself and of the metacontent which everyone constantly needs for orientation, policy, and technology. Countless revitalization projects have failed or delayed. After two years of intensively devout expertise, I suffer daily culture shock, and disorientation of technology, procedure, and policy. The community has a scarcity-based hoarder mentality of contributors and content, as if we don't know if anyone will ever show up to write anything and get this thing off the ground. The project, and all its contributors, have no coherent identity. Therefore, any contributor and contribution must be enticed and catered to; and somehow, all existing contributors must want to entice and cater to them.

This is a trap.

Dependent completely upon the hypervigilance of volunteerism, it's a "house of cards" of content. Self-orientation requires hypervigilance; constantly re-researching the policy, procedure, and technology requires hypervigilance; constantly monitoring and defending all the content you could ever care about (even if you care only that it's not degraded) requires hypervigilance; detecting and defending yourself against vandals, asocials, and incompetents requires hypervigilance.

The project's efforts tend to focus upon acquisition of totally new editors, not retention of existing ones. They target an amorphous and infinite external supply of contributors and content, and an amorphous and inexhaustible supply of established highly skilled volunteer overseers. With no formal orientation or training, editors are expected only to magically acclimate to the project's atmosphere. "Thanks so much for whatever your monkey typed into your typewriter. Everyone loved it and only wants more.  I hope you like the place, and decide to stay!"

This is apparently because Wikipedia operates on self-evident virtue, and isn't an inherently mind-breaking, choice-paralyzing, and anarchistically anti-organizational disaster. So those editors who are already established will self-maintain as an inexhaustible supply. But for those who need additional wooing into the hive, we can occasionally hold their hand, or pump their ego with momentary cuteness in the form of banners of virtual cookies and kittens. We can awe them with amicable walls of very real text.

Wikipedia doesn't have an identity crisis if "chaotic mess" is an identity.

Addressing the wiki grind
Sometimes it can be a useful illustration, to collectively anthropomorphize and personify disparate systematic things—as if the system or the people within the system were all one person with one personality, one self image, and one belief system. The overall impression of Wikipedia's collective personality (thus yielding a self-defeating prophecy of how it often actually is) is that of a very hypocritically savant and schizoid entity. It's an environment where all content and the quality standards thereof are treated as if they are desperately impoverished. It acts culturally traumatized into believing that it is still living in the information desert of 2001, where it was desperate for legitimacy and starving for absolutely any contribution by anyone of any interest or skill level or lack thereof, like a million monkeys at a million typewriters in an anarchistic free-for-all. In reality, it's a nervously information-binging entity which is actually awash in quality and surplus, while overzealously defiant against marginalization by its overzealous critics and proprietary competitors. And it's a hoarder, living in its hoard of best intentions; its community interface is a hopelessly complicated, convoluted, chaotic, coddling, enabling mess where a preposterously gratuitous assumption of good faith is all that matters; a safe haven for contentiousness and incompetency; an idiot savant.

An open mind so open, stuff falls out
The phrase "a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit" does not require wildly unqualified abandon. Wikipedia's true fundamental fault is in the misconception held by the Wikimedia Foundation and by various senior volunteers, about the meaning of "open" or "free". It's so unrestrictedly extreme. The desperate anarchy resulting from WMF's policy-enforced interpretation of the phrase "anyone can edit", is obviously made hypocritical the first moment any editor is restrained. The saying "freedom isn't free" applies because one must personally show some qualifications and self-restraint in order to respect their own liberties, especially unearned or inalienable ones; and the saying "keep an open mind, but not so open that stuff falls out" applies. We could have a free encyclopedia that any qualified person can edit, but we don't.

Specifically, the fault lies in the lack of any reputation system (including training and certification), and ultimately a herd-mentality deficiency of social and intellectual accountability. Although well meaning, Wikimedia Foundation's hopelessly optimistic charter policy directly creates a ludicrously open and abuse-inviting-and-enabling nature of Wikipedia as a project and as a social phenomenon, with its needless lack of qualification or orientation of open volunteers. That refers both to the new volunteers as they each wander in, and to the established volunteers as they uphold policy and guidelines and attempt to educate, collaborate with, and reform others.

The lack of individual reputation, certification, and identity (individually or in the group), creates a power vacuum. It just means that "anything goes". The extreme promotion of the idea of total anonymity leads to the perception that accounts and accountability are worthless. Even the pseudonymity of an account is fallaciously seen as being less anonymous than an IP address which can geographically and legally identify the user. But most IP editors aren't doing so because of any belief except for laziness and apathy, and that's who we're attracting. There are virtually no expectations. Many people get the impression that the project (or each article, or each factoid therein) can't survive without them. These impressions are exacerbated by a multitude of open wikis on the Web. Many are actually astonished or hurt to learn otherwise, as corrected by exasperated veterans. The term "veteran" can apply along with the scarring, callousing, and trauma it implies; because, there is no way to know who's actually right. In a power vacuum, "might makes right". Without any structured reputation or identity system, a power vacuum tends toward an extreme stratification of the admins vs. the plebians. The Dunning-Kruger effect leeches into the power vacuum, hard. The new user will tend to be systematically intimidated into thinking that everyone else who has learned the almost impossible learning curve is vastly senior to them; and the genuinely incompetent user is going to think that they are far more skilled and self-entitled than they really are.

Wikipedia is a chaos generation machine, throwing us all into the churn to rescue each other, and to rescue it from itself daily. If it was a physical phenomenon, it would be like a giant open pit at a construction site, and would be shut down or walled off on the basis of wanton negligence in any civilized country. Even doing our best, we're bound for needlessly continuous imperfections. In defiance and denial of its true nature as a social network, it fails to fully apprehend and compensate the fundamentally unaccountable and reputation-deficient nature of text-based, asynchronous, anonymous, intensely technical, communication.

Who can stand it?
The type of person who is attracted to this type of chaotic, anarchistic, hypocritical environment is self-selective. It's a type of person who has a high tolerance of chaos, relativism, hypervigilance, abuse, cognitive dissonance, longsuffering, and futility. It's probably more often going to be an autodidactic dropout than an academic researcher, an employee, a professor, or a doctor. And not infrequently, one with any number of infectious psychopathologies.

Most human beings don't possess these extreme personality dynamics, while maintaining performance integrity. And if they did, such a pedestrian grind is a criminal waste of their time and ability. For most people, the grind results in a needlessly poor compromise. Usually, one is either here to enact global social reform in the guise of writing an encyclopedia, by inviting, enabling, and coddling recidivistic abusers; or one is here to selectively cobble together a contradictory patchwork of written policy and guidelines in an attempt at neutral communication like the very fabric of the encyclopedia that I'm writing. One can't always do both. There's only so much a person has to work with, in a text-based medium with no physical reception facility featuring real cookies, kittens, body language, hugs, and especially real physical administrators. And yes I sadly do have some isolated events amongst many many many events, and I primarily work with other admins who explicitly mentor and approve the process overall. I try to stay as chatty as I can with admins and other senior editors, even just to routinely sanity-check my overall comprehension and to avoid a battleground mentality amidst such pointlessly manufactured strife. That's a constant threat to everyone.

Here are some ways to survive:
 * Be a part of the problem, obviously. It's a playpen.
 * Find a less popular niche, or be otherwise submissive.
 * Become a hypervigilant and legalistic expert. Submit all content in an unassailably high quality way, including completeness of prose and citations. Then prepare to defend it.
 * Become an encyclopedic butterfly. Be a WikiGnome or other form of subtle, furtive contributor.  Gain a sense of traction in the aggregate of lots of small contributions. They can't all be shot down.

Instead
In reality, there is no reason for anything free or open to be this free or open. We don't need to have a zero barrier to entry, in order to nonetheless fulfill WMF's objective of being perfectly welcoming, all-inclusive, anonymous, and free. "Anyone can edit" can still mean "anyone qualified can edit".

title: User:Smuckola/Wrong


text:
1261 in Norway

Events in the year 1261 in Norway.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Magnus VI Haakonsson (along with Haakon IV Haakonsson)

Events

 * 11 September - Prince Magnus married Princess Ingeborg of Denmark in Bergen.
 * The Norse community in Greenland agreed to submit to the Norwegian king.

Deaths

 * Knut Haakonsson, nobleman and claimant to the throne (born c. 1208).

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1261 in Norway


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Instructional design/Cognitive behaviors/Understanding/Page 3

Why is Understanding Important?
When something is meaningfully understood, it is retained much longer, can be built upon to acquire further understanding, is usually very versatile in the situations and ways it can be used, and facilitates creativity. For example, the law of supply and demand (understanding that a higher price for something will reduce the amount demanded and increase the amount supplied) is something which one is not likely to forget once it is meaningfully understood. It is important for acquiring an understanding of consumption theory. It can be applied in a broad range of ways, including deciding how much to charge for cutting someone's lawn and deciding for whom to vote. And it helps one to be creative in finding ways to maximize your income. Similarly, once you understand what an atom is, you are not likely to forget it; it is essential for understanding the chemical behavior of matter (atomic theory); it is a broadly useful concept in chemistry; and it greatly facilitates a chemist's ability to develop creative ideas and products.

Source: Understanding by Charles M. Reigeluth. Used by Permission.


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Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel, Shamian Island

The Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel, Shamian Island is a 20th-century gothic church. It is located in Shamian, Liwan District of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

History
The church was built in 1890 by the French government. During the ten-year Cultural Revolution, religious activities in the church was forced to cease. After the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, according to a policy of some religious freedom, it was officially reopened to the public on December 8, 1982. It was repaired and renovated before the 2010 Asian Games.


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Ukureyskaya Formation

The Ukureyskaya Formation, also referred to as the Ukurey Formation, is a geological formation in Zabaykalsky Krai, part of the Russian Far East. It is made up of Middle Jurassic and Late Jurassic layers. It covers large areas around Kulinda.

History
The Ukureyskaya Formation was mentioned by Sinitsa & Starukhina (1986), and was first discovered by Sofia M. Sinitsa and her team from the Russian Academy of Sciences before being excavated in 2010 by a group of Russian and Belgian palaeontologists; during this time, the holotype of Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus was discovered. Excavations wrapped up in 2013 or 2014.

Description
The volcanic ash layers of the Ukureyskaya Formation form a Konservat-Lagerstätte with an exceptional preservation, and it likely represents a nearshore lacustrine or estuarine-deltaic environment similar to the Yixian Formation.

In total, two bone beds were identified during the excavations that took place between 2010 and 2013/14; Bonebed 4 is older than Bonebed 3.

Age
Sinitsa & Starukhina (1986) and Sinitsa (2011) suggested that the Ukureyskaya Formation dated to the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.

Godefroit et al. (2014) and Alivanov & Saveliev (2014) have suggested that as a whole, the Ukureyskaya Formation dates to the Bajocian-Tithonian, while more recent dating work by Cincotta et al. (2019) suggests that the layers containing the remains of Kulindadromeus are Bathonian in age.

title: Ukureyskaya Formation


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Talk:Vendée Globe

Participants
The 2004-2005 section has no countries listed for the participants. Also, wouldn't these tables of participants look better in... tables? Also, how about some info on the upcoming race? Wadsworth 20:27, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, tables would be better, as long as they don't bulk up too much. It's on my to-do list.  As for the countries for 2004, if you can find the info, feel free to add it, but please cite a reference. — Johan the Ghost seance 00:24, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Merger
I think the 2008–2009_Vendée_Globe article can be deleted or at least merged into this article. It does not add any information but was useful to drop in details and results as the race ran. Now the race is over. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nuttyrave (talk • contribs) 16:46, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

General Overhaul of the article
For the most part, it seems like the description of the 3 first races are taken from some place and "re-transcripted" by the editor. I tried to change the grammatical problems within the paragraphs, but I don't know what to do with the way the content is presented... Also, there was a reference to a Book which appeared to me as disguised advertising...And several instances of POV by the editor. I think every paragraph needs to be overhauled, if not re-written. And there is also the problem with the 2008-2009 section, which is not at all developped compared to the description of the previous races... Garzhul (talk) 04:33, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

History
I think you should look more closely to the history of this race. it was originally called the golden globe which started in 1968 and won by robin knox johnston. a race which also featured famed yachtsman bernard moitessier. the current race may have recieved its name in 1989 but that is the truth. read it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:53, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

 * There is no connection between the two events other than the objective to sail around the world single handed. The Sunday Times Golden Globe Race was not a conventional race in as much as the competitors had to start between the 1 June and 31 October 1968 so there was a possibility that the fastest competitor would not necessarily win the Golden Globe trophy. The interest and focus was on the first person to be able to sail alone around the world which at the time some would say was impossible and proved to be a valid opinion as only one competitor finished.  The Vendée Globe is a very successful single handed around the world yacht race sponsored by the Vendée departement of France.  It was a completely new and differently structured event and was not a rename of the one off Sunday Times Golden Globe event.  Boatman (talk) 13:56, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

Bernard Stamm
I've amended the article back to saying that he was disqualified on day 51. I acknowledge that he announced his retirement from the race on day 60... But surely his disqualification on day 51 is the day he exited the race. Discontinuedactive2 (talk) 07:30, 10 January 2013 (UTC)
 * the disqualification was under review following an official report from the ПРОФЕССОР ХРОМОВ / Spirit of Enderby" at the time that Mr. Stamm requested refueling and subsequently unequivocally announced retirement signed:Donan Raven (talk) 08:49, 10 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is correct. But he had still already been disqualified and remained disqualified at the time he made that announcement. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:38, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Contested deletion Category talk:Yachting races
You should know about this and comment. One of our editors has systematically depopulated it (perhaps from this article among many others), and thinks that is a good reason to delete it. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 20:24, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

Tags for article created
'In creating the tags for this article, I only did so after checking every citation that appeared when I arrived. The vast majority were dead references (see below), and untraceable, to the non-independent (non-third party) website of the organisation that sponsors the race.' While some race result are expected to come from such sources, they have to be supported by substantial independent reporting, and in the case of this race, neither was done—there is no independent reporting on the races, and the tables bear no clue as to the source or sources from which they are cribbed (even the 2016 race entrants are unsourced, and this cannot be blamed on link rot). [To give the tabulated orders of finish and details of DNS entrants is superb off-shore reporting in principle, but unsourced, it is so much cribbing of the information of others, without giving credit; and to state that Thierry Arnaud	was unprepared in the 1992-1993 race without a source is not encyclopedic writing (it is editorializing, absent a stated source).]

Moreover—and this analysis also appears in the markup, below the "Cleanup" tag:
 * 12 of the 20 citations are dead links;
 * this results in 14 of the 31 inline citations being dead;

As well:
 * 1 citation is to a book, whose content is unused; and
 * 2 citations are to the website of the host organization (allowable, but still not contributing to the independent sourcing of the article).

Of the 14 remaining inline citations, 9 are from the same source, and cover a single race paragraph (that of the 2000 race and its interesting youthful entrant).

Hence, apart from the paragraph on the 2000 race, the entirety of the content of the article—8 multi-entry tables, and >25 paragraphs—present and rely on just 5 inline citations.

I remind editors that the use of information without attribution, and the use of ideas, without attribution, constitute plagiarism, even if the precise words of the original reporters and authors of the information are not used.

This article needs substantial work, or radical attention to remove the unsourced material—the vast majority of which, I would note, regards BLP individuals.

Signed, Le Prof (a retired professor and sailor). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:48, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Inline citation tags
With the exception of the Race section, the whole of which is unsourced, the article now bears inline citation tags for each fact- or opinion-presenting sentence that is without attribution.

At the risk of making the article unwieldy, this serves the purpose of allowing us to track and make progress as we work through the proper sourcing of the article. As such:
 * Every sentence for which a source is found can have its tag removed.
 * Every paragraph of sentences, fully sourced from the same source, can have all of its tags removed.

Two precautions, please:
 * While it is tempting to save time, by removing more tags, when a paragraph gets close, this is not encyclopedic writing. Facts are sourced, or they are not. If facts in the paragraph are not found in the source you identify, please do not say "Good enough." Set them apart with markup, or remove the unsourced information. This is an article about living individuals, after all, and WP policies hold up such articles to the same BLP standards as biographies.
 * While it is tempting, for sake of appearance, to remove all of the tags by some act of reversion, or (gasp) to put in further all-but-wasted hours reading through and individually removing the tags, please do not, because you'll hinder our progress (because I and others editing will know what is done, and what remains to do, through the disappearance of the now ubiquitous tags).

So please join me in making this an encyclopedic article, not in violation of the various policies it now ignores (WP:VERIFY, WP:OR, etc.), and so a credit to this wonderful racing event.

Here's to fair winds and following seas, and that our every away have a landfall. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:27, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Please note
The requirement that the tables have sources is met at the Velux 5 Oceans Race / BOC Challenge article. This article is the outlier, with regard to having unsourced tables. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:10, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Split (2016) off a list of races
List of Vendée Globe races should be split off from this article, taking all the editions of the race into a list article. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:12, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Support I am the nominator -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:13, 17 December 2016 (UTC)
 * why? the chronology is the main part of the article which is already short and offers no depth and no critical analysis and sources other than that pertaining to the races themselves. signed:Donan Raven (talk, contribs) 12:28, 17 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Summaries would appear here instead of the more indepth details as appear now. There's no need for a list of sailors of each edition to appear in the main article. At Volvo Ocean Race details of each edition are in edition articles, while only a summary is left in the main article. At America's Cup they summarize by era, with each edition having an article instead, and several lists of editions. Similarly for many other sports tournaments articles. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:01, 24 December 2016 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:21, 7 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Vendée Globe 2016 - Armel Le Cléac'h<PHONE_NUMBER>2).jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:22, 13 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Vendée Globe - Carte du parcours 2020-2021.pdf

title: Talk:Vendée Globe


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Talk:Physics Exercises/Physics problems

'Removed the question about anti-matter rocket. After thinking about it for a while, I realized that energy conservation is of NO CONSEQUENCE in rocket propulsion--the type of "collision" occuring in rocket propulsion is exactly the kind of collision (i.e. completely inelastic collision, in reverse, of course) that does not conserve energy (unless we include thermal energy, that is). Besides, having antimatter as "energy source" will give no propulsion as annihilation reaction will give off two photons, going in opposite direction (so that momentum is conserved), and no propulsion for the rocket unless there's a way to redirect those photons (and since annihilation reaction gives gamma rays, I'm not sure how those photons will be redirected--it goes right through most materials).

I know it was only a hypothetical question, but since it is unsolvable without more assumptions, please make sure that it can be solved (and is consistent with conservation of momentum) before reposting it. novakyu 13:23, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know what I was smoking there, but energy is always conserved, even in inelastic collisions. It's "inelastic" because it fails to conserve kinetic energy, but if we include energy in all its forms (including as rest masses), energy is always conserved. Looking at the date, I probably said that loooong before I understood relativity better. novakyu (talk) 07:57, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

For the question What is the average density of a planet if an orbital period of a spacecraft on a low orbit is N minutes ? I tried doing it, but I don't think it can be solved unless we are told what "low orbit" is. Is there a definition of "low orbit" or should we add that information as given (at a distance R or something like that)? novakyu 10:49, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The term low orbit generally refers to an orbit whose radius is approximately R (from the centre of the earth). This is the standard assumption that many courses make in finding orbital velocity, $$ \sqrt(gR) $$. I think it can be given though. studiesrule 10:49, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

all questions merged in
I merged in all "relevant" questions to appropriate sections in Physics Exercises and therefore am turning the module into a redirect. For future reference, these are the questions I did not merge in and why (feel free to add them in, if you can resolve issues I brought up here):

 * 1) What devices are affected by 0 gravity: common electric bulb, candle, mercury thermometer, spirit thermometer, minimum thermometer, hair hygrometer, psychrometer, mercury barometer, aneroid barometer, hypsometer, absorption refrigerator ?
 * 2) * Because this question didn't seem to be ... very quantitative, and it is very vague. To some degree, all these things are affected: electric bulb, when it burns out, it'll probably have blackened marking that's different from if it burned out under gravity; mercury barometer is obviously affected... on the whole, this question does not require much physical insight---more of a bunch of memorization of trivial objects that does not help the student understand the important matter. On the whole, this looks like one of those questions that is easier to come up with than it is to answer (I consider those to be a bad question, because it also means that the question-maker did not really work it through herself).
 * 3) What is the minimum height of a shot tower for a given shot size ?
 * 4) What is the maximum size of a shot that can be produced in a shot tower ?
 * 5) * Above two problems are excluded for the same reason, as follows: not enough information. The student has to look up a lot of information (like ... heat conductivity and emittivity of lead, assuming lead is used), and the essential physics is really "how long does it take for a shot to fall" (the other part, of how fast a spherical object would cool down under a "wind" is too complicated a problem for the student to calculate and should be stated far more clearly, rather than hidden in the term "shot tower").
 * 6) A simple lead-acid battery charger consists of a variable transformer, a rectifier, an ammeter, and a fuse. Why the fuse blows well before the current according to the ammeter reaches its rated value?
 * 7) * Again, not enough information. Questions such as "How are these elements connected? What does ammeter read?" should have been answered on the question. Also, the question seems to essentially shooting for the fact that most ammeters would read the average value, and assuming the rectifier hasn't been connected with a capacitor to smooth out the ripple, the maximum current would be higher than what ammeter reads. But if that's the case, the question-maker missed a far more practical fact of ... that there are such things as "slow-blow" fuses. And even assuming slow-blow fuses are not used, fuses essentially work by thermal heating, so if it's anything like 60 Hz input voltage, essential current that fuse "feels" would be the averaged current that is felt by the ammeter. On the whole, it's a sloppy question that requires more work by student than the questioner. In the case that this question was being asked by an actual mechanic who is wondering why this happens ... a simpler answer might be that the averaging time of the ammeter is far too long. Suppose the averaging time for the ammeter is 30 seconds and the current rises faster than that time scale---in that case, when th ammeter "reads" 10 A, actual current (say, averaged over 1 s) may be 15 A. In any case, this is a bad question; offers no physical insight at all.

title: Talk:Physics Exercises/Physics problems


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Shaposhnikov (surname)

Shaposhnikov (Russian: Шапошников) is a Russian occupational masculine surname originating from the word shaposhnik, meaning hatter, its feminine counterpart is Shaposhnikova. The surname is known in Russia since at least 17th century and may refer to:

 * Adrian Shaposhnikov (1888–1967), Russian classical music composer
 * Aita Shaposhnikova (born 1957), Yakut translator and critic
 * Aleksei Shaposhnikov (1899–1962), Soviet football player
 * Aleksei Shaposhnikov (politician) (born 1973), Russian politician
 * Anna Shaposhnikova (born 1999), Russian handball player
 * Boris Shaposhnikov (1882–1945), Soviet military commander in the interwar period
 * Leonid Shaposhnikov (born 1969), Ukrainian rower
 * Matvey Shaposhnikov (1906–1994), Soviet military commander
 * Mikhail Shaposhnikov (born 1956), Soviet-born Swiss theoretical physicist
 * Natalia Shaposhnikova (born 1961), Russian artistic gymnast
 * Sergei Shaposhnikov (1923–2021), Russian football player and coach
 * Tatyana Shaposhnikova (born 1946), Russian-born Swedish mathematician
 * Yevgeny Shaposhnikov (1942−2020), last Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union

title: Shaposhnikov (surname)


text:
Talk:David Samuel, 3rd Viscount Samuel

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title: Talk:David Samuel, 3rd Viscount Samuel


text:
Apenorto Festival

Apenorto Festival (also known as Afenortoza) is an annual festival celebrated by the chiefs and people of Mepe Traditional Area in the North Tongu District of the Volta Region of Ghana. It's one of the biggest festivals in Ghana. It's usually celebrated from the month of July and throughout the month of August  Afenorto means a period of staying/rest at home. It's a period where all occupational activities are brought to an end. All all citizens, both home and abroad embark on annual leave during this period. Family reunions/settlement of family disputes, Discussions pertaining to developmental projects for the following year, prayers by religious bodies to thank God for a successful year, pouring of libations, and funerals are few of the activities that characterizes the festival.The grand durbar is held on first Saturday of August.

Celebrations
During the festival, there is a durbar of chiefs. The people wear regalia for merry making.

Significance
The festival is a period where stocks of their lives from the previous year are taken. There is also initiation of development plans for the future. Young men also meet their future spouses during the festival.

title: Apenorto Festival


text:
Thomas Farrer, 2nd Baron Farrer

Thomas Cecil Farrer, 2nd Baron Farrer (25 October 1859 – 12 April 1940), was the second Baron Farrer. He was the eldest son of Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer, and his first wife Frances Erskine.

Life
Farrer was a long-term member of the board of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (a forerunner of the London Underground).

He owned a mainly wooded smallholding with house, Abinger Hall in Abinger, Surrey, which was renamed at or before the early 1700s when bought by the Dowager Countess of Donegal. Its predecessor was demolished and rebuilt by Farrer's father and is a non-listed home around a courtyard of its former wings and other houses. In 1882 and 1886, on admission of his brothers to Trinity College, Cambridge University, the family also had their home at 27 Bryanston Square, London.

Family
In 1892 Farrer married Evelyn Spring Rice, daughter of Hon. Charles Spring Rice, the son of Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon. They had one son (Cecil Claude Farrer, born 1893) and two daughters (Frances Margaret Farrer (born 1895) and Katharine Dianthe Farrer (born 1896) who married Edward Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges). In 1903 he remarried to Evangeline Knox, daughter of Octavius Knox. They had one son (Oliver Thomas Farrer) and one daughter (Anne Lucy Farrer, b. 1908).

title: Thomas Farrer, 2nd Baron Farrer


text:
User:Frontier

I am a Physics/Maths/Biology student at University, I have recently been adding to the Genetics Wiki Book as my first contribution to the community.

--Frontier 01:58, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Frontier


text:
Tyrant (American horse)

Tyrant (foaled 1882) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who came from California to win the 1885 Belmont Stakes, a prestigious race at Jerome Park Racetrack on the U. S. East Coast that would become the third leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series.

Background
Tyrant was bred by Gen. William Harding at his Belle Meade Stud in Tennessee. He was initially purchased as a yearling for $300 by Mr. S. D. Bruce of Kentucky but who a year later sold him to James B. A. Haggin who brought the colt to his Rancho Del Paso Stud in Sacramento County, California.

In 1884, the two-year-old Tyrant was conditioned for racing on the Rancho Del Paso's three-quarter mile training track but it was decided that the colt was not yet ready for the rigors of competition and Tyrant only began his racing career as a three-year-old in 1885.

Tyrant's easy win in the Withers Stakes marked the first time that a California horse with its California trainer had won a major race for three-year-olds on the East Coast.

Racing at age four, Tyrant won the Distillers' Stakes at the Kentucky Association track in Lexington.

Stud career
Retired to stud at his owner's Rancho Del Paso, Tyrant met with limited success as a sire. Among his offspring, Tyrant's most successful runners included The Manxman, winner of the 1898 Carter Handicap.

title: Tyrant (American horse)


text:
Verna Hart

Verna Hart (January 28, 1961 – April 26, 2019) was an African-American artist known for her expressionist painting focused on jazz music. She was born and raised in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City.

Early life
Hart was born in Harlem to Earl Alphonso Hart, a detective sergeant in the New York City Police, and Pauline (Shomo) Hart. They moved to Middle Village, Queens when she was four.

While studying at Andrew Jackson High School in Cambria Heights, Queens, she took painting classes at Cooper Union. She continued her education at the School of Visual Arts with a bachelor of fine arts degree in painting, a master's of fine arts in painting from Pratt Institute and a master's in education supervision and administration from the Bank Street College of Education, both in 1991.

Career
Hart was an art teacher at Springfield Gardens High School in Queens and at Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York in Brooklyn.

Hart's work has been featured at United States embassies in Africa and other United States Department of State offices.

In 1999 Jammin' Under the El was commissioned by the New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). The installation is a prominent feature at the Myrtle Avenue station (BMT Jamaica Line) in Brooklyn. It consists of stained glass windows on the platforms' sign structures as well as the station house depicting various scenes related to music.

Hart's work was shown throughout the 1980's and 1990's at James Powers (gallerist) gallery Spiral, a space in Prospect Heights, Brooklyn that focused on the work of Black artists. Hart was also exhibited at Dorsey's Fine Art Gallery.

Death
Hart moved to Wilmington, Delaware almost 20 years before her death so she could get medical treatment for one of her children. She died at her home there. According to her son ago Romare, she had a seizure while she slept.

Exhibitions
Seeing Jazz: A Tribute to the Masters and Pittsburgh Jazz Legends, Manchester Craftsmen's Guild, Pittsburgh PA (January 26-April 3, 2009): Group exhibition. Included: O'Neal Abel, Benny Andrews, Romare Bearden, Sharif Bey, Betty Blayton Taylor, Tina Williams Brewer, Fred Brown, Bisa Butler, Lauren Camp, Nora Mae Carmichael, Sadikisha Collier, Robert Daniels, Tafa Fiadzigbe, Frank Frazier, Eric Girault, Verna Hart, Rene Hinds, Jamillah Jennings, MLJ Johnson, Larry Joseph, Charlotte Ka, Eli Kince, Dindga McCannon, Evangeline J. Montgomery, Richard Mayhew, Steve Mayo, Omowale Morgan, Otto Neals, Ademola Olugebefola, Eric Pryor, Faith Ringgold, Senghor Reid, Maurice D. Robertson, Ernani Silva, Danny Simmons, Alexandria Smith, George Smith, Chuck Stewart, Allen Stringfellow, Ann Tanksley, Habib Tiwoni, Osman Tyner, Manny Vega, Richard Waters, Douglas J. Webster, Emmett Wigglesworth, and Shirley Woodson.

Popular culture
Hart's artwork has appeared in films, television shows, and on record covers, including Spike Lee's 1990 film Mo' Better Blues, and Branford Marsalis' 1992 album I Heard You Twice the First Time.

title: Verna Hart


text:
Talk:Least squares/Calculation using Excel

Need to add the equation to determine b in the first section

he screenshots should be replaced by english excell ones, and the one with the incorrect formula for a, replaced with one with the correct formula.

Ah, and the last section should be written hehe. --Jorge 01:19, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Excel has the option to 'anchor' the y-intercept to a given point. Please add instructions for the foumula changes needed to accomplish this.--Jlyons (talk) 21:12, 26 November 2012 (UTC)


text:
politikoida

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬). Adapted with the verbal suffix.

Verb

 * 1) to politicize to discuss politics
 * 2) to politick to engage in politics

title: politikoida


text:
User:Maddie1701e

I am Lene Jensen, and work in Open Source. I am interested in sharing of information, as well as women's issues. I am an LGBTQ ally and strongly believe in equal rights for all.

I do believe in God, and I follow the teachings of Christ: love all as they are, and treat them like you want to be treated. I also think science is AWESOME, and should be proven. This might seem like a contradiction, but to me it's not. My faith is personal, and I don't have to justify that to anyone but myself. Respect my beliefs and I will respect yours. I have more in common with atheists than so-called Christians.

I'm an SF fan, love Star Trek (go Picard!). I often think I was born in the wrong century: I should either be a captain on a space ship somewhere out there, or a rich bitch back in the 17th hundred. On the other hand, I have had the distinct pleasure of being a pioneer when it comes to Linux and using networks (e.g. Internet, Bitnet etc), and co-founded a student group in my Alma Mater: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (although I think it should be directly translated: Norwegian University of Technology and Science, but the abbreviation NUTS weren't really appreciated by the management). This group (http://www.nvg.org) was one of the first 10 organisation world wide using IPv6.

Finally: I love my kitty cat Princess. She is the cutest thing ever! Do not get me started talking about her, I will go on forever. Here is a picture of her: http://www.flickr.com/photos/lenejensen/7496882438/in/set-72157611506757684

title: User:Maddie1701e


text:
Talk:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra

Page history?
Hi Alexoneill, where does this article's text come from? I don't see any page history. Did you do a cut and paste move? --Slashme (talk) 12:20, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I am not completely familiar with the terminology or the request move function, but I created this in a draft first. (Alexoneill (talk) 00:36, 19 August 2020 (UTC))

title: Talk:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra


text:
China–Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement

The China-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement is a bilateral free trade agreement signed between China and Costa Rica in 2010 August 1, 2011.

Among the issues addressed are the use of geographical indications.

title: China–Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement


text:
Canton of Toulouges

The Canton of Toulouges is a French former canton of Pyrénées-Orientales department, in Languedoc-Roussillon. It had 15,863 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015.

Composition
The canton of Toulouges comprised 3 communes:
 * Toulouges
 * Canohès
 * Pollestres

title: Canton of Toulouges


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Live 2 serve

The result was   delete. Missvain (talk) 05:33, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Live 2 serve

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

local non-profit, small scale, minimal independent coverage, fails WP:NONPROFIT Deunanknute (talk) 14:03, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Louisiana-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:11, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:11, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Christianity-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 19:11, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete -- This orphan sounds like a NN local ministry. Peterkingiron (talk) 19:51, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete. No suggestion of notability, no evidence that it even exists. --Hobbes Goodyear (talk) 23:10, 14 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Diklić

Diklić (Диклић) is a Serbo-Croatian surname, predominantly borne by ethnic Serbs. It may refer to:

 * Arsen Diklić (1922–1995), Yugoslav Serbian poet, novelist and film director
 * Bogdan Diklić (born 1953), Yugoslav and Serbian actor
 * Jasna Diklić (born 1946), Yugoslav and Bosnian actress
 * Spomenka Hribar née Diklić (born 1941), Slovenian author, philosopher, sociologist, politician, columnist, and public intellectual

title: Diklić


text:
User:Poppified

Hi, I am Poppified from Wikipedians.Joined here on wikipedia as WhiteFalcon1. On November 2020, changed wikipedia username to Poppified.

 Add a message to my talk page

 * 1) List of Odisha FC players
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 * 3) Phrangki Buam
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 * 7) List of FC Goa seasons
 * 8) Lalawmpuia (footballer)
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 * 10) Mohammed Yusuf Ansari
 * 11) Faisal Ali (footballer)
 * 12) Ashray Bhardwaj
 * 13) Bryce Miranda
 * 14) 2020–21 Churchill Brothers S.C. season
 * 15) Lalrammawia Rammawia
 * 16) Santosh Singh (footballer)
 * 17) Varun Thokchom
 * 18) Pragyan Gogoi
 * 19) Lalhrezuala Sailung
 * 20) Fousiya Mampatta
 * 21) Evan Thapa
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 * 23) Oru Caribbean Udayippu
 * 24) Dakini (2018 film)
 * 25) Realme Narzo 30 Pro
 * 26) 2020 FC Tokyo season
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 * 29) Leander D'Cunha
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New Projects

 * Recent Changes
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Awards & Barnstars
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 * style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | For your tireless effort to make this platform safe from the vandals. Cheers Kichu🐘 Discuss 10:17, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | For your tireless effort to make this platform safe from the vandals. Cheers Kichu🐘 Discuss 10:17, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

title: User:Poppified


text:
hetkinen

Noun

 * 1) moment, minute short but unspecified period of time

Adjective

 * 1)  of or pertaining to a moment in time specified by the modifier

Interjection

 * 1) just a minute, just a second

title: hetkinen


text:
Russian Revolution/Week 4

1905 Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of both anti-government and undirected violence. It was not controlled or managed, and it had no single cause or aim.

Background
Although unrest had been a regular part of the Russian Empire, serious disturbances had been rare in the decades prior to 1905. Nonetheless, political discontent had been building since the controversial 1861 emancipation of the serfs by Alexander II. The emancipation was dangerously incomplete, with years of 'redemption' payments to the nobility, and only limited, technical freedom for the narod (common people). Rights for the people were still embedded in a range of duties and rules which were rigidly structured by social class.

The emancipation was only one part of a range of governmental, legal, social and economic changes began in the 1860s as the country slowly moved from feudal absolutism towards market-driven capitalism. While these reforms had liberalized economic, social and cultural structures, the political system was left virtually unchanged. Attempts at reform were sternly resisted by the monarchy and the bureaucracy. Even agreed-upon development was limited; for example, less than forty provinces had zemstva (rural councils), fifty years after the legislation was introduced. The raising of expectations, offset by the limited implementation progress, produced frustration which eventually led to rebellion. The feeling among those who rebelled was that the demand for 'land and liberty' could only be truly met by revolution.

Active revolutionaries were drawn almost exclusively from the intelligentsia. The movement was called narodnichestvo, revolutionary populism. This was not a singular and unified group, but rather an enormous spectrum of radical splinter groups, each with its own agenda. The revolutionaries' early ideological roots stemmed from the pre-emancipation work of the noble Alexander Herzen and his synthesis of European socialism and Slavic peasant collectivism. Herzen held that Russian society was still pre-industrial, and espoused an idealised view which considered narod and the obshchina (peasant commune) as the base for revolutionary change; as, in his opinion, the country lacked a significant body of industrial proletariat at the time.

Other thinkers argued that the Russian peasantry was an extremely conservative force, loyal to their household, village, or commune, and no one else. These thinkers held that the peasants cared only for their land and were deeply opposed to democracy and western liberalism. Later Russian ideologues gravitated to the idea of a leading revolutionary 'elite' or New class, a concept that was later put into action in 1917.

On March 1 (Old Style), 1881, Alexander II was assassinated in a bomb-blast by Narodnaya volya, a splinter of the second Zemlya i volya party. He was succeeded by Alexander III, a deeply conservative man who was heavily influenced by Constantin Pobedonostsev, a devotee of autocratic government.

Under Alexander III the Russian police political service (the Okhrana) acted very effectively to suppress both revolutionaries and proto-democratic movements across the country. The Okhranka scattered the revolutionary groups through imprisonment and exile. Members of revolutionary organisations often emigrated to avoid persecution. It was this emigration into Western Europe that first brought Russian thinkers into contact with Marxism. The first Russian Marxist group was formed in 1884, although it did not reach any significant size until 1898.

In sharp contrast to the social stagnation of the 1880s and 1890s were the huge modernising leaps in industrialisation, relative to Russia's relatively low technological level at the time. This growth continued and intensified in the 1890s, with the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway and the reforms brought about by the "Witte system". Sergei Witte, who became Minister of Finance in 1892, had been faced with a constant budget deficit. He sought to increase revenues by boosting the economy and attracting foreign investment. In 1897 he put the ruble on the gold standard. Economic growth was concentrated in a few regions, including Moscow, St Petersburg, Ukraine, and Baku. Roughly one third of all the capital invested was foreign, and foreign experts and entrepreneurs were vital.

Nicholas II came to power in 1894. Like his predecessors, he stubbornly refused to allow any political change.

By 1905, revolutionary groups had recovered from the oppressive 1880s. The Marxist Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) was formed in 1898 and then split in 1903, forming the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) published his work What Is To Be Done? in 1902. The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs) was founded in Kharkov in 1900, and its 'Combat Organisation' (Boevaia Organizatsiia) assassinated many prominent political figures up to 1905 and beyond; this included two Ministers of the Interior, Dmitry Sergeyevich Sipyagin in 1902 and his successor, the hated Vyacheslav von Plehve, in 1904. These killings drove the government to grant more draconian powers to the police.

The war with Japan 1904-05, while initially popular, was now feeding discontentment, as military failures and unclear war aims alienated the people. The deep inequality of the emancipation was being re-examined, and the peasants were burning farms all across Russia. The boom of the 1890s had fallen into a slump and workers were expressing their grievances at their abysmal conditions. In 1903 one-third of the Russian army in western Russia had engaged in "repressive action".

Revolution
On January 22 1905, the day known as "Bloody Sunday", there was a protest march in St. Petersburg, led by Father Georgi Apollonovich Gapon, hoping to deliver a petition to the Tsar, urging him to improve workers' conditions and to hold democratic elections to establish a constituent assembly. The protest was put down by armed force outside the Tsar's Winter Palace without the Tsar's knowledge as he was not in St. Petersburg at the time. Estimates of the number of deaths vary, but it is generally accepted that around a thousand were killed or injured. This event was the spark to push many groups in Russian society into active protest. Each group had its own aims, and even within similar classes, there was no overall direction. The main protestors were the peasants (economic), the workers (economic and anti-industrialism), intelligentsia and liberals (civil rights), the armed forces (economic), and minority national groups (political and cultural freedom).

Peasant unrest
The economic situation of the peasants was appalling, but without organization, each splinter sought its own objectives. Unrest was spread across the year, reaching peaks in early summer and autumn, culminating in November. Tenant farmers wanted lower rents; hired workers wanted better wages; and land-holders wanted bigger plots of land. The protestors' actions included land-seizures, sometimes followed by violence and burning; looting of the larger estates; and illegal hunting and logging in the forests. In the Samara area peasants formed their own republic, illegally logging and distributing land until put down by government troops. The level of animosity displayed had a direct link to the condition of the peasants — the landless of Livland and Kurland attacked and burned, while the better-off in the neighbouring Grodno, Kovno and Minsk took little destructive action. In total, 3,228 disturbances required military intervention to restore order, and land-holders suffered around 29 million roubles worth of damage.

The radical political parties of Russia were quick to intervene in the peasant revolt. There was some attempt to create a council which would organise and coordinate peasant action, leading to the formation of the All-Russian Peasant Union in May. The council was formed by regional delegates, and had close affiliations with the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, but failed to put forwards realistic and coherent demands.

After the events of 1905, peasant unrest returned in 1906 and lasted until 1908. The government concessions were seen as support for the redistribution of land, so there were attacks to force landlords and 'non-peasant' land-holders to flee. Believing a country-wide redistribution was imminent, the peasants took the opportunity to 'pre-empt' the decision-makers. They were strongly suppressed.

Strikes
The workers' act of resistance was the strike. There were massive strikes in St. Petersburg immediately after Bloody Sunday; over 400,000 workers were involved by the end of January. The action quickly spread to other industrial centres in Poland, in Finland and the Baltic coast. In Riga 80 protestors were killed on January 13 O.S., and in Warsaw a few days later over 100 strikers were shot on the streets. By February there were strikes in the Caucasus and by April in the Urals and beyond. In March all higher academic institutions were forcibly closed for the remainder of the year, adding radical students to the striking workers. A strike by railway workers on October 8 >O.S. quickly developed into a general strike in St. Petersburg and Moscow. This prompted the setting up of the short-lived St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, a largely Menshevik group, which organized strike action in over 200 factories. By October 13 O.S., over 2 million workers were on strike and there were almost no active railways.

Assassinations
From 1901 to 1911 revolutionaries killed 17 thousand people (9 thousand in 1905-1907).

According to police statistics, from February 1905 to May 1906, the list of killed officials included:

 * 8 Governors-General, Governors and Mayors
 * 5 Vice-Governors and guberniya council members
 * 21 Chiefs of police
 * 8 Gendarme officers
 * 4 Generals
 * 7 Army officers
 * 846 Policemen of different ranks
 * 18 secret police agents
 * 12 Priests
 * 85 Civil servants
 * 51 Landowners
 * 54 Factory owners
 * 29 Bankers and wealthy merchants

Assassinations were carried out by armed groups of RSDLP, Socialist-Revolutionary Party, anarchists and by lone-wolf terrorists. The 'Combat Organisation' (Boevaia Organizatsiia) of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party assassinated many prominent political figures up to 1905 and beyond; this included two Ministers of the Interior, Dmitry Sergeyevich Sipyagin in 1902 and his successor, Vyacheslav von Plehve in 1904.

Outcome
The government responded fairly quickly. The Tsar had hoped to resist any major change, and dismissed Minister of the Interior Pyotr Sviatopolk-Mirskii on January 18, 1905 O.S.. Following the assassination of his relative, Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich on February 4 O.S. he agreed to certain concessions. On February 18 O.S. he published the Bulygin Rescript, which promised the formation of a 'consultative' assembly, religious tolerance, language rights for the Polish minority and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. These concessions failed to restore order, and on August 6 O.S. he agreed to the creation of a consultative state duma. When the slight powers of the Duma and the limits to the electorate were revealed, unrest redoubled, culminating in a general strike in October.

On October 14 O.S., the October Manifesto was written by Witte and Alexis Obolenskii and presented to the Tsar. It closely followed the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in September, granting basic civil rights, allowing the formation of political parties, extending the franchise towards universal suffrage, and establishing the Duma as the central legislative body. The Tsar waited and argued for three days, but finally signed the manifesto on October 30 1905), owing to his desire to avoid a massacre, and a realization that there was insufficient military force available to do otherwise. He regretted signing the document, saying that he felt "sick with shame at this betrayal of the dynasty".

When the manifesto was proclaimed there were spontaneous demonstrations of support in all the major cities. The strikes in St Petersburg and elsewhere either officially ended or quickly collapsed. A political amnesty was also offered. The concessions came hand-in-hand with renewed, and brutal, action against the unrest. There was also a backlash from the conservative elements of society, notably in spasmodic anti-Jewish attacks—around five hundred were killed in a single day in Odessa. The Tsar himself claimed that 90% of revolutionaries were Jews.

The uprisings ended in December with a final spasm in Moscow. Between December 5 and 7 O.S. there was a general strike by the Russian worker class. The government sent in troops on December 7, and a bitter street-by-street fight began. A week later the Semenovskii Regiment was deployed, and used artillery to break-up demonstrations and shell workers' districts. On December 18 O.S., with around a thousand people dead and parts of the city in ruins, the Bolsheviks surrendered. In the subsequent reprisals the number beaten or killed is unknown.

Aftermath
Among the political parties formed, or made legal, was the liberal-intelligentsia Constitutional Democratic party (the Kadets), the peasant leaders' Labour Group (Trudoviks), the less liberal Union of October 17 (the Octobrists), and the positively reactionary Union of Land-Owners.

The electoral laws were promulgated in December 1905—franchise to citizens over 25 years of age, electing through four electoral colleges. The first elections to the Duma took place in March 1906 and were boycotted by the socialists, the SRs and the Bolsheviks. In the First Duma there were 170 Kadets, 90 Trudoviks, 100 non-aligned peasant representatives, 63 nationalists of various hues, and 16 Octobrists.

In April 1906 the government issued the Fundamental Law, setting the limits of this new political order. The Tsar was confirmed as absolute leader, with complete control of the executive, foreign policy, church, and the armed forces. The Duma was shifted, becoming a lower chamber below the tsar-appointed State Council. Legislation had to be approved by the Duma, the Council and the Tsar to become law and in "exceptional conditions" the government could bypass the Duma.

Also in April, after having negotiated a loan of almost 900 million roubles to repair Russian finances, Sergei Witte resigned. Apparently the Tsar had "lost confidence" in him. Later known as "late Imperial Russia's most outstanding politician", Witte was replaced by Ivan Goremykin, an Imperial lackey.

Demanding further liberalization and acting as a platform for "agitators", the First Duma was dissolved by the Tsar in July 1906. Despite the hopes of the Kadets and the fears of the government, there was no widespread popular reaction. However, an assassination attempt on Pyotr Stolypin led to the establishment of field trials for terrorists, and over the next eight months over a thousand people were hanged—the hangman's noose earning the nickname "Stolypin's necktie".

In essence the country was unchanged, political power remained with the tsar, wealth and land with the nobility. The introduction of the Duma and the clamp-down did, however, successfully disrupt the revolutionary groups. Leaders were imprisoned or exiled and the groups were confused and uncertain of whether they should join the Duma or stay outside. The resulting splits and internal divisions kept the radicals disorganized until the stimulus of World War I.

Finland
In the Grand Duchy of Finland the Social Democrats organized the general strike of 1905 (October 30 – November 6). First Red Guards were formed, led by captain Johan Kock. During the general strike the Red Declaration, written by Yrjö Mäkelin, was given in Tampere, demanding dissolution of the Senate of Finland and universal suffrage, political freedoms, and abolition of censorship. Leader of the constitutionalists, Leo Mechelin crafted the November Manifesto, that led to the abolition of the Diet of Finland of the four estates and to the creation of the modern Parliament of Finland. It also resulted in a temporary halt to the russification policy started in 1899.

On July 30 1906, Russian sailors rose to rebellion in the fortress of Viapori (later called Suomenlinna), Helsinki. The Finnish Red Guards supported rebellion with a general strike, but it was quelled by the Baltic Fleet in sixty hours.

The Great War (World War 1)
The Eastern Front was a theatre of war during World War I in Central and, primarily, Eastern Europe. The term is in contrast to the Western Front. Despite the geographical separation, the events in the two theaters strongly influenced each other.

The geography of Eastern Europe in general has played a key role in how both World Wars' Eastern Front conflicts played out. Eastern Europe is, for the most part, physically similar to Western Europe as both belong to the same European plain. The key difference was the level of economic development. While Belgium and Northern France were among the most industrially advanced areas in the world, Eastern Europe was undeveloped in comparison.

Furthermore, the length of the front in the East was much longer than in the West. The theatre of war was roughly delimited by the Baltic Sea in the West and Moscow in the East, a distance of 1,200 kilometers, and Saint Petersburg in the North and the Black Sea in the South, a distance of more than 1,600 kilometers. This had a drastic effect on the nature of the warfare. While World War I on the Western Front developed into trench warfare, the battle lines on the Eastern Front were much more fluid and trenches never truly developed. This was because the greater length of the front ensured that the density of soldiers in the line was lower so the line was easier to break. Once broken, the sparse communication networks made it difficult for the defender to rush reinforcements to the rupture in the line to mount a rapid counteroffensive and seal off a breakthrough. In short, on the Eastern front the side defending did not have the overwhelming advantages it had on the Western front.

Because of this, front lines in the East kept on shifting throughout the conflict, and not just near the beginning and end of the fighting, as was the case in the West. In fact the greatest advance of the whole war was made in the East by the German army in the summer of 1915.

Chronology
At the outbreak of the war, Czar Nikolay II appointed his cousin, Grand Duke Nikolay as commander in chief. Although not without ability, the Grand Duke had no part in formulating the war plans. This led to disaster.

The war in the East began with the Russian Army attempting to invade Germany’s East Prussian province and the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia. The first effort quickly turned to a disaster following the Battle of Tannenberg in August 1914. However, the second incursion was completely successful, with the Russians controlling almost all of Galicia by the end of 1914. Under the command of Nikolay Ivanov and Aleksey Brusilov, the Russians won the Battle of Lemberg in September and began the Siege of Przemysl, the next fortress on the road towards Kraków and the Austro-Hungarian border.

This early Russian success in 1914 on the Austro-Russian border was a reason for concern to the Central Powers and caused considerable German forces to be transferred to the East to take pressure off the Austrians, leading to the creation of the new German 9th Army. At the end of 1914 the main focus of the fighting shifted to Central Poland, west of the river Vistula. The October Battle of the Vistula River and the November Battle of Łódź brought little advancement for the Germans, but at least kept the Russians at a safe distance.

The Russian and Austro-Hungarian armies continued to clash in and near the Carpathian Mountains throughout the winter of 1914–1915. Przemysl fortress managed to hold out deep behind enemy lines throughout this period, with the Russians bypassing it in order to attack the Austro-Hungarian troops further to the west. They made some progress, crossing the Carpathians in February and March 1915, but then the Germans sent relief and stopped further Russian advance. In the meantime, Przemysl was almost entirely destroyed and the Siege of Przemysl ended in a defeat for the Austrians.

Despite these successes, the effectiveness of the Russian Army at the same time rapidly declined as the underdeveloped Russian arms industry proved unable to meet the demands of the front. Furthermore, as the situation on the Western Front stabilized, the German command decided to make its main effort on the Eastern Front in 1915, and accordingly transferred considerable forces there.

To eliminate the Russian threat the Central Powers began the campaign season of 1915 with a successful Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive in Galicia in May of 1915. After the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes, the German and Austro-Hungarian troops in the Eastern Front functioned under a unified command. The offensive soon turned into a general advance and then a strategic retreat by the Russian army. By mid-1915, the Russians had been expelled from Russian Poland and hence pushed hundreds of kilometers away from the borders of the Central Powers, removing any threat of Russian invasion of Germany or Austria-Hungary. At the end of 1915 the main part of the front reached a line which in general outline did not change until the Russian collapse in 1917.

In 1916 the Russians attempted a large counteroffensive under the leadership of General Aleksey Brusilov (the Brusilov Offensive). The attack, aimed against the part of the front held by Austro-Hungarians, was initially a spectacular success. However, a successful counterattack by German units halted the Russian assault. Also during 1916, Romania entered the war on the side of the Entente, but was rapidly conquered by German-Austrian-Bulgarian-Ottoman forces.

By 1917, the Russian economy finally neared collapse under the strain of the war effort. While the equipment of the Russian armies actually improved due to the expansion of the war industry, the food shortages in the major urban centres brought about civil unrest which led to the abdication of the Czar and the February Revolution. The large war casualties also created disaffection and mutinous attitudes in the army, which was fueled by Bolshevik agitators and the Russian Provisional Government’s new liberalization policies towards the army (stripping officers of their mandate by giving wide sweeping powers to “soldier committees”, the abolition of the death penalty). The very last offensive undertaken by the Russian Army in the war was the brief and unsuccessful Kerensky Offensive in July of 1917.

In November of 1917, the Communist Bolsheviks took power under their leader Vladimir Lenin. Lenin’s new Bolshevik government tried to end to the war but the Germans demanded enormous concessions. Finally, in March, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed and the Eastern Front ceased to be a war zone. The Germans were able to transfer some of their divisions to the West, in order to mount an offensive in France in 1918. However, by then the arrival of American units in Europe was sufficient to offset the German advantage. Even after the Russian collapse, about a million German soldiers remained tied up in the East until the end of the war, attempting to run a short-lived addition to the German Empire in Europe. In the end, Germany and Austria would lose all their captured lands, and more, under the Treaty of Versailles.

Questions
Week 4 Questions

Next week's materials
Week 5

title: Russian Revolution/Week 4


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Talk:Don Sharp

Passed away?
Just seen a quick obit on him, just not from a reliable source I can use on here. (Emperor (talk) 21:30, 18 December 2011 (UTC))

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Don Sharp. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161025091107/http://www.britmovie.co.uk/directors/Don-Sharp to http://www.britmovie.co.uk/directors/Don-Sharp

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:29, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Sharp


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User:Harisisf

Haris khan born 25 march 1995 in Dargai Malakand. Haris khan has been serving PTI since 2008. He volunteered for Insaf Students Federation (ISF) and then joined the PTI Social Media as the Head of SMT Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Malakand district.His expertise are in Video Editing, Graphics Designing and Content Creation. He serves as one of the leads of SMT Khyber Pakhtunkhwa And the Head of SMT Malakand Region.

title: User:Harisisf


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Talk:Introduction to Research

This page is still in progress - feel free to add, edit, clarify, etc. But I am also wondering if anyone reading this thinks it might be too narrow in focus? I make no bones about the area of research that I am most familiar with - educational/sociological research - but this makes me think that I may well have left out much about scientific research, for example. So, is this page really an introduction to research or is it an introduction to social research? Should we have many introductions to disciplines of research, or one introduction and then many links to various types of research projects, or research methodologies? I'm thinking we also need to have a research portal (Portal:Research) to collate material for people who are interested in finding out what research is, how it is done, and what they could do to get some personal feel for it. I'd very much welcome feedback on the larger issue of research within Wikiversity (see Research), as well as this page itself. Thanks. Cormaggio 20:23, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

I like the idea of having Portal:Research.

It is very rare for anyone to try to make a broad and general description of research. We live in an age of specialization and nobody can be an expert in all of the disciplines that make use of research. Each specialized domain of research has its own specialized research methods and traditions. Even the Wikipedia article on research is biased and describes a very narrow view of research. For example, the Wikipedia article does not mention the role of literature reviews in research and does not even link to Meta-analysis as a research method. The Wikipedia article for Literature review is just a stub and does not even link back to the Wikipedia article on research. The Wikipedia article on research has only one reference. I think that the family of Wikimedia Foundation projects has a "blind spot" that arises from the "No Original Research" policy. Wikiversity has an opportunity to become a Wikimedia Foundation project that is open to original research. Personally, I am interested in exploration of ways to make research activities an integral part of many educational activities at Wikiversity.

There are some good reasons for Wikiversity participants to try to create a broad and general description of research. First, I believe that an interest in research should be fostered in everyone who is a member of a democracy. People need a tool kit that allows them to recognize when ideas are supported by evidence rather than the product of propaganda mills. Critical assessment of existing knowledge is the fundamental first step in research, and everyone should be given experience in critical assessment of existing knowledge as part of their education. Our culture is characterized by a rapid rate of development of new ideas and technologies; in many cases this is facilitated by government funding. Everyone should understand the basics of how professional research is funded and integrated into society.

Second, Wikiversity participants are supposed to be creating a set of policies and guideline by which original research will be allowed as a component of Wikiversity. One proposal that has been made is that research policy for each academic discipline in every language, "should be left to the individual specialist areas as well as the individual language versions" (source). This idea is in contrast to the request by Board member Anthere, "..... guidelines should be developped, *in particular* with regards to collaborative research. We would hope that these guidelines are as much as possible developped on the beta site (in particular collaborative research), so that all languages share a common goal and a few common non negociable rules." (source). If we are going to have some project-wide guidelines for research activities, we would benefit from having a clear description of what research is in the broadest sense and a staement of what aspects of research should be viewed as the project's priorities for integration with Wikiversity's educational mission. --JWSchmidt 00:29, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

In very rough terms, research in mathematics consists of posing problems, solving them and posing more problems. The difference between a good mathematicist and a bad mathematicist is how coherent (and deep, general, useful, etc) a theory one creates out of all that. Two deep problems today are Riemann's hypothesis and Langlands' programme. In theoretical physics, the outstanding problem is the construction of quantum field theory with gravity.--Hillgentleman 06:32, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Introduction to Research


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Talk:Fort Pike

Circumstances in 1861
Here's a question for anyone who's more familiar with the subject than I am, or who knows where to find out: Louisiana took control of Fort Pike in January 1861, and Louisiana joined the Confederacy less than a month later. What were the circumstances there? The Civil War Preservation Trust says "Fort Pike was turned over to the Louisiana Continental Guard." The Louisiana State Historic Sites Web site, on the other hand, says "the Louisiana militia captured the fort...." Those two versions imply very different circumstances. Which is more accurate? -- Muffuletta 21:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Recently I have heard the word that Fort Pike will be left to roit, with a fence around it so all the history buffs can only watch. At least it will draw some attention when the new bridge near it is finished building but I personally fear that if something isn't done soon then there will be no more Fort Pike. Just a marker where it used to stand.

Reannon of Slidell, Louisiana

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 11:36, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Union took control for different reasons than stated.
The current article doesn't make sense stating: "The Union reclaimed the fort in 1862 while resident troops were engaged at the Battle of Vicksburg.[3][4]" The siege (not battle) of Vicksburg was in mid-1863, not 1862. Secondly, one of the citations is to a dead link, and the other states that it was taken in 1862 when New Orleans fell which appears to be accurate. The actual Fort Pike State Historical Site web page has a better explanation. Red Harvest (talk) 06:50, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fort Pike


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jorge Corante

The result was   delete. The Bushranger One ping only 02:24, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

Jorge Corante

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )

Notability questioned since September 2009. Involve din production and does not appear to qualify for notability under WP:MUSIC Wkharrisjr (talk) 17:46, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions.  • Gene93k (talk) 18:55, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, The Bushranger One ping only 01:15, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete as failing to have significant coverage in independent third party sources. Ping my talk page if more sources are added to the article. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:09, 21 July 2012 (UTC)


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PHP Sessions

Just what are sessions?
Sessions are a method to store information relating to a user in an environment where the user has no direct control. They can be thought of as cookies that are stored on the web server, as opposed to the user's browser.

How to use sessions
Before using sessions in any way, shape or form you need to start the session. This is done by calling the session_start function before any HTTP headers have been sent, i.e. before anything has been echoed or printed to the browser. Note that any errors that occur will be sent to the browser (depending on your PHP configuration).

Session information is stored in a special variable called $_SESSION. It is very easy to get and set elements that are added to this special array.

Now this may not seem very clever, in fact, it may look like a waste of energy and time doing this, but the real beauty can be seen when we navigate to another page that looks like the following:

The above will echo Nick assuming we visited the first page previously.

Sessions and security
When dealing with sessions, a unique key is assigned to the user, the Session key. This key is commonly stored as a cookie on the user's machine, and only lasts as long as the browser is open. The session key is the string that is used to fetch the session information on the server.

Common sense dictates that if this session key was to be given to another individual, then it would be possible for that individual to gain access to the session that the user was using, compromising the session's integrity.

It is for this reason that it would make sense to regenerate this session key every once in a while. This can be done easily by using the session_regenerate_id function.

To delete a session completely, the function session_destory should be used.

title: PHP Sessions


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pulsante

Etymology
From, in the sense “button” a.

Noun

 * 1) button to be pushed

Adjective

 * 1) pulsating

title: pulsante


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User:SusieCharles/sandbox

Clara Southern (3 October 1860 – 15 December 1940) was an Australian artist associated with the Heidelberg School, also known as Australian Impressionism. She was active between the years 1883 and her death in 1940. Physically, Southern was tall with reddish fair hair, and was nicknamed 'Panther' because of her lithe beauty.

Life & work
Southern was born in Kyneton, Victoria, in 1860. She studied at the National Gallery of Victoria Art School under George Folingsby and Frederick McCubbin. When in Melbourne she shared a studio at Grosvenor Chambers, 9 Collins Street, with Jane Sutherland from 1888. By 1908 she had established an artistic community of younger landscape painters at Warrandyte, a township on the Yarra about 30 kilometres from Melbourne. The community included Penleigh Boyd and Harold Herbert. Although her work was admired by the artists of her time, they were not very well known.

The Road to Warrandyte, 1905 On 9 November 1905, Southern married John Arthur Flinn at St. John's Anglican Church in Blackburn. Together they built a cottage, and later a studio, at Blythe Bank, Warrandyte. Even after her marriage, Southern continued to exhibit under her own name.

An Old Bee Farm, held by the National Gallery of Victoria is one of her better known works. It was one of 56 paintings included in Lloyd O'Neil's Classic Australian Paintings, and was used as the cover illustration for Kay Schaffer's 1988 book Women and the Bush: Forces of Desire in the Australian Cultural Tradition.

Southern was a member of the Victorian Artists Society, the Australian Art Association, the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors, the Twenty Melbourne Painters, and the Lyceum Club.

Southern died in Melbourne on 15 December 1940.

Southern Close in the Canberra suburb of Chisholm is named in her honour.

title: User:SusieCharles/sandbox


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Hungry River

The Hungry River flows in western North Carolina, United States. It arises in eastern Henderson County and flows southwesterly, its entire course within Henderson County, before it empties into the Green River. In 1904, the first hydroelectric plant in Henderson County was built on the river, and, in 1913, a second dam was built half a mile downstream for the same purpose. Both dams stand to his day, though they are currently inoperable and slated for removal under management of the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission.

title: Hungry River


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stancare

Etymology
. Related to 🇨🇬, possibly reflecting a Vulgar Latin, from Latin.

Verb

 * 1) to tire, to fatigue
 * 2) to weaken (an opponent)
 * 3) to bore, to annoy
 * 4)  to deplete (the soil)

title: stancare


text:
Talk:Eye of Spring Trade Center

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:53, 26 April 2020 (UTC)
 * DongfengPlazaLandmarkTower2021.jpg

title: Talk:Eye of Spring Trade Center


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mörkö

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬. Possibly derived from the onomatopoeic verb, or alternatively borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) bogeyman, bugbear imaginary creature meant to inspire fear in children

title: mörkö


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Topic talk:Civil law

Help Improve the Civil Law Department
I made Civil Law a redirect to Topic:Civil Law since it seemed to be a duplicate page. --JWSchmidt 18:12, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:Civil law


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Air Botswana Employees' Union

The Air Botswana Employees' Union (ABEU) is a trade union affiliate of the Botswana Federation of Trade Unions in Botswana.

title: Air Botswana Employees' Union


text:
Instructional design/Psychomotor behaviors/Strategies in Psychomotor Assessment

Introduction
This lesson will focus on strategies for assessment of psychomotor skills.

The Psychomotor Domain is skill based and refers to the learning of physical skills. Physical skills are the ability move, act, or manually manipulate the body to perform a physical movement. There are three instructional levels; imitation, practice, and habit that were defined in Introduction to the Psychomotor Behaviors article.

Assessment of the psychomotor domain requires an instructor to grade the activity without the use of a paper and pencil test. Psychomotor skills need to be performed and observed to determine mastery of the skill.

Learning Objectives for this lesson:

 * Learners will be able to give examples of objectives that fall into the psychomotor domain
 * Learners will be able to construct a checklist for evaluating psychomotor objectives

You will be asked to complete two Learning Activities associated with this lesson.

Begin with the Objectives
As with any learning activity, assessment begins with the learning objectives. Objectives in the psychomotor domain are created under the same criteria as objectives in the other domains. Creation of learning objectives are beyond the scope of this article.

Examples of Objectives in the Psychomotor Domain
Assessment of any of these example objectives can be accomplished through observation by the evaluator/instructor.

Sports:
 * Student will demonstrate effective technique when performing 50 bicycle crunches within 2 minutes.

Life Skills:
 * Student will prepare the proper amount of dry spaghetti pasta for 4 adults using the correct process resulting in properly prepared pasta.

Oftentimes objectives from the psychomotor domain contain certain key words like those listed in the table below.

Learning Activity 1
Print out the Psychomotor Objectives WorkSheet and place a check mark next to those objectives listed that are examples of objectives that fall into the psychomotor domain.

Self-Check

When you have completed the Psychomotor Objectives Worksheet compare your answers to the Psychomotor Objectives Answer Sheet.

Creating Assessment Checklists for the Psychomotor Domain
Using one of our example objectives from the previous section:

 * Student will demonstrate effective technique when performing 50 bicycle crunches within 2 minutes.

Using the Assessment Checklist template we will contruct a checklist that will help the instructor assess the mastery of the student in meeting the objective.

The first step is to determine the learning outcome, which has already been identified above Student will demonstrate effective technique when performing 50 bicycle crunches within 2 minutes. Now we are assuming that the evaluator or instructor is already an expert in performing bicycle crunches. However, here we will assume first that a description of the proper technique is necessary. It is also a good idea to include it in your checklist for the student so they understand the required expectation.

Description: Each individual must lie on their back and put their hands behind their head. Next they raise their legs so their thighs are perpendicular to the floor and their lower legs are parallel to the floor. The individual will curl up and bring their left elbow toward their right side while drawing their right knee in to meet it. It is like the individual is riding a bike; alternate sides, continuing the motion back and forth. The individual should not flap their elbow across their body; they actually rotate their shoulder across and squeeze their abs.

We also need to decribe the criteria that the student is being assessed.

Directions: Each individual must perform 50 bicycle crunches demonstrating effective technique. Each individual must complete the bicycle crunches within 2 minutes without pausing

Now we determine the scale and the criteria for that scale.

A common scale is outlined.

 Scale
 * 4 (excellent) – Performs the bicycle crunches flawlessly. Does not need to check. position, does not pause. Completes 50 bicycle crunches without pausing within the 2 minutes.
 * 3 – Performs the bicycle crunches but is somewhat unsteady. Completes the bicycle crunches within 2 minutes.
 * 2 – Performs the bicycle crunches but is somewhat unsteady. May pause one or more times. Takes more than 2 minutes to complete the bicycle crunches.
 * 1 – the bicycle crunches but is very unsteady, may pause one or more times, and/or takes more than 2 minutes.
 * 0 – Cannot complete a bicycle crunch correctly

The last item for the checklist outlines the conditions for assessment.

Conditions of Assessment
 * Assessment occurs only during the bicycle crunch phase.
 * The individual indicates when the assessment should begin.
 * The assessment ends as soon as the individual reaches 50 bicycle crunch count, 2 minutes has elapsed, or the individual tells the evaluator they want to stop.

To see the complete Assessment Checklist for this objective see the Bicycle Crunches article.

Learning Activity 2
Using the objective below and the Assessment Checklist template create an assessment checklist for that objective.

Student will prepare the proper amount of dry spaghetti pasta for 4 adults using the correct process resulting in properly prepared pasta.

Remember the steps to creating the checklist.

Self Check

To check your checklist click on the corresponding link below.

 * Pasta