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Spread offense

 * "Spread offense" may also refer to the four corners offense in basketball.

The spread offense is an offensive scheme in gridiron football that typically places the quarterback in the shotgun formation, and "spreads" the defense horizontally using three-, four-, and even five-receiver sets. Used at every level of the game including professional (NFL, CFL), college (NCAA, NAIA, U Sports), and high school programs across the US and Canada, spread offenses often employ a no-huddle approach. Some implementations of the spread also feature wide splits between the offensive linemen.

Spread offenses can emphasize the pass or the run, with the common attribute that they force the defense to cover the entire field from sideline to sideline. Many spread teams use the read option running play to put pressure on both sides of the defense. Similar to the run and shoot offense, passing-oriented spread offenses often leverage vertical (down field) passing routes to spread the defense vertically, which opens up multiple vertical seams for both the running and passing game.

"Dutch" Meyer and early spread formations
The grandfather of the spread offense is Rusty Russell, a graduate of Howard Payne University, in Brownwood, Texas, and coach of Fort Worth's Masonic Home and School for orphaned boys. Russell began coaching Masonic Home in 1927, and due to the fact that his teams were often over-matched physically by other schools, they were called the "Mighty Mites". While there, he deployed the earliest form of a spread offense to great success. Russell's team is the subject of a book by author Jim Dent entitled, Twelve Mighty Orphans: The Inspiring True Story of the Mighty Mites Who Ruled Texas Football.

In 1952 Texas Christian University (TCU) coach Leo "Dutch" Meyer wrote a book entitled Spread Formation Football, detailing his ideas about football formations, in which the first sentence was, "Spread formations are not new to football." But Meyer's book introduced the spread to the college game, inspiring Don Coryell among others. In his book, Meyer encapsulated some of the lessons learned during his almost two decades coaching legendary football players like Sammy Baugh and Davey O’Brien at TCU. By lining his receivers and occasionally his backs outside the “box” surrounding the quarterback and the center at the line of scrimmage in a formation that has come to be known as the “Meyer Spread,” also known as the double wing formation, Meyer discovered that it forced defenses to respond by spreading their players. That in turn created natural holes in the line and seams in the defensive secondary. Spreading out the defense reduced the need for power blocking by undersized linemen.

But, as Bart Wright notes in his 2013 book Football Revolution: The Rise of the Spread Offense and How It Transformed College Football, Meyer's spread the defensive rush to the ball....” While some later football historians and coaches have confused the Meyer Spread, which relied on great quarterbacks like Baugh and O’Brien to pass around 17 times a game on average, with more contemporary spread offenses, Wright concludes that it is “preposterous that Meyer’s offense was any sort of antecedent” to the modern spread offense invented by Jack Neumeier around 1970 (see below).

The spread's first evolution came about in 1956 when former NIU Huskies head coach Howard Fletcher adapted Meyer's spread with the shotgun formation to create what he termed the "Shotgun Spread" a more pass-oriented version. Under Fletcher's newly created offense, quarterback George Bork led the nation in total offense and passing in 1962 and 1963. Bork became the first man in college football history to pass for 3,000 yards in a season in 1963 while guiding the Huskies to a victory in the Mineral Water Bowl and the NCAA College Division National Championship.

However, few coaches around the country followed events in the NCAA College Division and, therefore, few coaches were aware of Fletcher's offense as run-oriented offenses continued to dominate football at every level of play throughout the 1960s. The football played at the dawn of the 1970s generally featured hard running, ball control football, accented occasionally on third and long by a pass out of a stationary pocket. Football coaches have always tended to be a relatively conservative group, and most of them subscribed in 1970 to the aphorism generally attributed to Darrell Royal, then head coach at the University of Texas: “… three things can happen to you whenever you throw the football, and two of ‘em are bad. You can catch the ball, you can throw it incomplete, or have it intercepted.” Consistent with that sentiment, the Green Bay Packers power sweep, the University of Southern California power I formation and Student Body Right, the Texas Wishbone, the Veer triple option and other variations of ball control, option-oriented rushing offenses that pounded the ball down the field dominated coaches’ playbooks at the end of the 1960s.

The modern spread: Jack Neumeier and "basketball on grass"
A more enduring iteration of the spread offense originated with legendary high school coach Jack Neumeier and his 1970 Granada Hills High School Highlanders Los Angeles City Championship football team. Few examples of coaches with successful, innovative passing offenses existed at any level of competition in late 1969. In his 2010 history, Blood, Sweat and Chalk: The Ultimate Football Playbook:  How The Great Coaches Built Today’s Game, documenting the development of the game of football dating back to Pop Warner's invention of the single wing in the early 1900s, Tim Layden of Sports Illustrated credits Neumeier with the invention in 1970 of the modern spread offense, also frequently referred to as the one-back spread or by the phrase "basketball on grass" first utilized by Neumeier in late 1969, which dominates football at every level of football today.

While there is no evidence to suggest Neumeier had heard of Rusty Russell or Howard Fletcher in 1970, Jack Neumeier evidently built his offensive theories upon a foundation established by other coaches, including Glenn “Tiger” Ellison, a high school coach from Ohio and a college teammate and friend of legendary Ohio State coach Woody Hayes. Ellison published a book, Run and Shoot Football: Offense of the Future, in 1965 that found its way into Neumeier's library. In his book, Ellison describes his desperate experiments with the "departure into insanity" Lonesome Polecat sandlot-style formation in a successful attempt to avoid a losing season in 1958.

As described by Tim Layden, "the center lined up alone on the ball and the rest of the offensive line was split out far to his left, two receivers far to his right and the quarterback alone in a shotgun formation. The quarterback was encouraged to scramble and to find open receivers." The initial success of the Lonesome Polecat led Ellison to several years of even more successful tinkering with what came to be known as the "Run and Shoot offense." Ellison's “Run and Shoot” experiment evolved into a double-slot formation with "split ends uniformly 17 yards from the ball, but no closer than six yards from the sideline. Blocking schemes were identical for runs and passes, so as not to tip off the defense, and Ellison’s players made a sincere effort to make ‘every pass look like a run and every run look like a pass,'" according to Layden. The offense used motion and receivers changing pass routes based on the reactions of defenders.

Neumeier then took Ellison's ideas and synthesized something even more innovative than the “Run and Shoot.” Combining motion, four wide receivers, an occasional no-huddle series and a power running game, along with blocking innovations designed for an undersized line added to the mix by his offensive line coach Jack Mathias, Neumeier's great experiment in 1970 and his tinkering during subsequent seasons took football offenses in a new direction.

Another piece of the puzzle Neumeier assembled preparing for the 1970 season came from Red Hickey during Hickey's stint coaching the San Francisco 49ers. Hickey first utilized the shotgun formation in a 1960 NFL game against the Baltimore Colts. The shotgun, based on an old short punt formation that dated back to the World War I era, which Pop Warner then updated as a double wing formation in the 1930s at Stanford, featured the quarterback setting up for a long snap seven yards behind the center. Hickey thought it might help to slow the Colt pass rush and give the 49ers quarterback another second or two to spot his receivers.

A brief sensation for the 49ers, Hickey's shotgun formation only lasted for the final few games of the 1960 season and a few games into 1961. Opponents soon neutralized the formation when they realized that their defenses could take advantage of the need for the center to focus on the long snap before making his block. Linebackers blitzing up the middle collapsed the pocket protecting 49er quarterbacks. By the end of the 1961 NFL season, football coaches universally agreed that the shotgun formation was dead and buried, until Jack Neumeier resurrected it as part of the new spread passing offense he synthesized.

Sid Gillman and Don Coryell
Sid Gillman, after a long career, coached the San Diego Chargers throughout the 1960s. Before his lengthy stint with the Chargers, he coached the Los Angeles Rams. An innovator with the use of motion and passing in football offenses, Gillman also revolutionized the use of game films to study opposing teams. As a trademark of his offenses, Gillman utilized the forward passing of his talented quarterback John Hadl to Hall of Fame split end Lance Alworth and flanker Gary Garrison to open up defenses for the Chargers’ rushing game and to move the ball down the field.

Gillman continued coaching off and on into the 1980s. During a stint working with the Los Angeles Express of the short-lived United States Football League during the early ‘80s, Gillman became a leading advocate for what some sportswriters referred to as the “ace” formation, a variation of the one-back spread offense that evolved after Jack Neumeier's retirement from coaching.

In an article written by Bob Oates of the Los Angeles Times in 1984, Gillman talked about evolving trends and the future of football. “’The thing that makes the ace formation so effective’ Gillman said, ‘is that it enables you to do so many more things. Its offensive potential – with four guys up there in receiving positions – is mathematically almost limitless. It causes the defense more trouble than any two-back formation.’”

“’I think the ace formation will gradually take over as the best way to play football,’ said Gillman, regarded as one of the game's great offensive strategists of the last 100 years. ‘Years ago, the coaches spent the 1940s converting to the T-formation – which most of them didn’t like at first. So I won’t be surprised if it takes most of the 1980s to change over to another new formation. The ace is [football’s] most important new strategic scheme since the T came in.’” Oates gave credit to Gillman protégés Joe Gibbs and Don Coryell with the Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers, respectively, for developing the offense with only a single back remaining with the quarterback in the backfield. But none of them had developed these ideas when Jack Neumeier began testing his invention in 1970.

Sports historians have called Gillman the “father of the passing game,” and his focus on studying game films certainly influenced most football coaches by the early 1960s, including Jack Neumeier. While Gillman's innovations with the passing game inspired many followers, neither Gillman nor his protégés had utilized the ace formation or developed any other offense resembling the spread as the 1960s came to a close.

The head coach of the San Diego State Aztecs during the mid-‘60s, Don Coryell, found inspiration in Sid Gillman’s passing game. Coryell had developed a national reputation as one of the most prominent innovators of the I formation during the 1950s. Coryell brought the I formation with him when he joined John McKay’s coaching staff at USC for a short stay in 1961, and it became the signature power running formation at what came to be known as Tailback U under McKay and his successor John Robinson.

After his arrival at San Diego State, Coryell would periodically bring his Aztec players to watch Gillman’s Charger practices. They made an impression. Many of Gillman’s innovations with football offenses would appear in Coryell’s game plans, as Coryell gradually shifted from a power running offense to rely increasingly on the forward pass. But Coryell disavowed any direct inspiration from Gillman’s offense. It would take Coryell another decade before the ideas and concepts he tinkered with in the late ‘60s would evolve into what came to be known as Air Coryell. Building on his experiences in San Diego, Coryell took his offense to new heights while coaching the St. Louis Cardinals during the mid-‘70s. He made further strides with his offensive concepts after the Chargers hired him to return to San Diego in 1978. Relying upon quarterback Dan Fouts and a talented array of wide receivers, Coryell’s innovations included sending up to four receivers downfield, with backs in motion and instructions to his quarterbacks to read their receivers in the pattern from deep to short while concentrating on the importance of a quick release.

Football aficionados can trace Coryell’s focus on spacing and downfield movement and separation between receivers back to Dutch Meyer’s 1952 book, "Spread Formation Football." Coryell's emphasis on precisely timed and executed pass routes now seems like the norm at all levels of football. But Don Coryell had just begun experimenting with all of these elements in 1970.

While Tim Layden has referred to Neumeier in Sports Illustrated as “the godfather” of spread formation football, the title of grandfather of the spread offense probably belongs most appropriately to legendary Texas high school coach Rusty Russell. As noted above, Russell utilized a variation of the spread offense as the coach of the Fort Worth Masonic Home and School for orphans beginning during the 1920s. He thought the spread might help his players, who came to be known as the “Mighty Mites” because of their diminutive size, compete against taller, bigger, stronger and faster opponents, much like opposing teams that would dwarf Neumeier's Granada Hills High School team of 1970. Russell's story and the story of his players are encapsulated in the book, "Twelve Mighty Orphans: The Inspiring True Story of the Mighty Mites Who Ruled Texas Football" (2007), by sportswriter and author Jim Dent, so it is clear that variations of a spread offense existed for almost 50 years when Jack Neumeier experienced his epiphany in late 1969. In both cases, it is clear that the coaches came up with similar solutions when confronted with undersized teams that could not compete and win utilizing “conventional” offenses. However, it is unlikely that Jack Neumeier had ever even heard of Rusty Russell or his Mighty Mites as he began designing his new offense in 1969.

Other offenses
A few years after Jack Neumeier sat pondering enhancements to Tiger Ellison's Run-and-Shoot, Darrel “Mouse” Davis attracted national attention during the early 1970s by incorporating many of Ellison's theories into his game plans at Hillsboro High School in Oregon. They culminated in Hillsboro winning the Oregon state championship in 1973. His success at Hillsboro in turn led Davis to Portland State the following year, initially as offensive coordinator and later as head coach. At Portland State, Davis became the most visible acolyte of Ellison's offensive theories. During his tenure there, Davis coached quarterback legends like June Jones and Neil Lomax. Davis’ success built on Portland State's successful passing attack led during the 1969 and ’70 seasons, coincidentally, by one of Jack Neumeier’s most talented quarterbacks of the mid-‘60s at Granada Hills High School, Tim Von Dulm.

Mouse Davis, who came by his sobriquet as a result of his stature as a 5’5” 135-pound college quarterback, loved to refer to fellow undersized football players as “pissants.” He relished the opportunities the Run-and-Shoot created for pissants matched up against stronger, larger, faster opponents on the playing field. The option reads and pass routes of the Run-and-Shoot allowed the receivers to react to the defense and the quarterback to then read the receivers reacting to the defense. The quarterback would throw the football to a predetermined spot based on those predictably programmed reactions. At the same time, Ellison's offense neutralized the advantages enjoyed by larger, speedier players in favor of the intelligence and physical agility required for success with the Run-and-Shoot. While Ellison's Run-and-Shoot also inspired Jack Neumeier, Neumeier almost certainly had no familiarity with Mouse Davis or Davis’ offensive schemes as Neumeier put his spread offense into action in 1970.

Nobody dreamed in 1970 that Coach Neumeier's new and innovative one-back spread offense would gradually percolate throughout the football world and eventually become football's dominant offense.

In a 2013 article, sports commentator Matt Offer wrote that Neumeier's “offense could be considered ground zero for all that we have come to think of as modern in the game of Football. Spreading the defense horizontally with formations, and vertically with passing concepts. Isolating defenders in match ups where your guy has the best chance to win. It all seems so simple now, but in 1970 when everyone and their mother was running the Veer it truly was revolutionary.” Nationally respected sportswriter Bart Wright's 2013 book on the history of the modern spread offense, "Football Revolution," gives clear credit to Coach Neumeier and his 1970 Granada Hills Highlanders team for originating what football coaches across the nation have come to know as “basketball on grass.”

In a chapter in Tim Layden's "Blood, Sweat and Chalk" entitled “The One-Back Spread: An L.A. high school coach took a chance and launched an offense – and John Elway and Drew Brees with it,” Layden talks about the “radical change” introduced by Neumeier with his 1970 Highlanders and his “wide-open spread game.” But it took some amazing luck for Coach Neumeier's football ideas to achieve national attention and ultimately dominance.

As they frequently do, following the remarkable success of his 1970 team, other coaches talked about Neumeier's offense and began to incorporate elements of it into their own offensive schemes. Other local high school coaches – mostly competitors – saw it, liked it, copied it and began to utilize it. Today, there are books written about Neumeier's offense. Coaching workshops introduce coaches to the one-back spread and teach them how to implement it. They also teach coaches how to defend against it.

But the story of how the one-back spread offense “went viral,” to use today's internet-driven jargon, isn't quite that simple. In the 1970s, there were no coaching clinics, YouTube videos or internet blogs to make the case for the one-back spread offense to high school coaches, much less college or NFL coaches. Most coaches in 1970 looked at innovative passing offenses with disdain. New football concepts spread slowly through the instinctively conservative ranks of football coaches. Today, it's not even clear who coined the phrase “one-back spread offense.”

For several years after the extraordinary success of his 1970 Granada Hills championship team, Jack Neumeier continued to labor in relative obscurity. While continuing to look for ways to enhance his spread offense, Coach Neumeier never matched the success of his 1970 team. His subsequent teams fairly regularly made it to the Los Angeles City playoffs, but Neumeier's teams would win no more championships. He continued to field teams utilizing the one-back spread offense over the next few years, whether they possessed the unique physical and intellectual skills of his 1970 Granada Hills players or not. Along the way, Neumeier evolved from a “three-yards-and-a-cloud-of-dust guy” in the words of his former assistant coach Darryl Stroh to “a tireless student of the passing game.” Over the next few years, Neumeier's reputation as an innovator began to spread throughout the football coaching community.

Jack Elway, who played quarterback himself during his playing days, arrived in the spring of 1976 as the new head football coach at California State University Northridge after serving as offensive coordinator at his alma mater, Washington State. Before his arrival at CSUN, literally down the street from Granada Hills High School, Coach Elway went looking for a coach and a high school football program that would nurture the budding talents of his son John, who had played 9th grade football in Washington. Jack Elway heard about Neumeier through the coaching grapevine and the two immediately hit it off. With John entering the 10th grade and Granada Hills High School – still a three-year high school – located literally a few blocks down the street from the Cal State Northridge campus, the Elways moved into the neighborhood.

Neumeier ran precisely the type of offense Jack Elway imagined for his son John, a tremendous all-around athlete. But John Elway envisioned himself as a running back on the football field as he entered high school. Fortunately, Jack Elway had already begun to work on persuading his son to rethink his options. When John Elway met Jack Neumeier during the summer of 1976, it took almost no time at all for the seasoned Scot coach to persuade John to give up his dreams of following in the footsteps of his idol, running back Calvin Hill. Instead, Neumeier helped John to imagine himself as a quarterback and the focal point of the Granada Hills spread offense, originally designed for the incredibly accurate passing skills of Neumeier's 1970 Granada Hills High School quarterback Dana Potter. Potter would help coach the newly arrived 10th grader in the nuances of the spread.

Little did Jack Neumeier realize at that moment that, with Elway's arrival at Granada, he would evolve his offense to highlight the rifle arm of a future NFL Hall of Famer. In fact, Elway would rapidly grow and mature into a 6’3 185-pounder by the start of his 11th grade season, ironically taller and heavier than four out of five of the offensive linemen on Neumeier's 1970 championship team. Years later, in an interview with a reporter for the Denver Post, John Elway stated that Jack Neumeier “was the guy who made me fall in love with football at the quarterback position.” Part of that love affair centered around Elway's experiences playing quarterback in the one-back spread offense that Neumeier created in collaboration with his assistant coaches and their 1970 City championship Granada Hills team.

When Jack Elway watched his own son running Neumeier's offense and saw the potential in it, he began to rethink his own offensive schemes, which focused at the time like many of his contemporaries around the triple-option Veer. In 1977, Mike Price, a friend and former colleague of Jack Elway who still coached at Washington State, called the Cal State Northridge head coach to talk shop. According to Tim Layden, the senior Elway told Price that the really interesting action was taking place on the field at the nearby high school where his son John was playing quarterback under Jack Neumeier. “’Never mind what I’m doing,’ Elway said. ‘You should see the stuff my son is running. They’re killing people, just killing ‘em. I’m putting this stuff [into my own offense] next year.’”

Jack Elway began to utilize the one-back spread in his offense at Northridge during the 1978 season. He took it with him when he became head coach at San Jose State a year later. During his tenure at San Jose State and later at Stanford, Jack Elway became an even more successful proselytizer for the one-back spread offense. Elway worked with Jack Neumeier to teach the offense to a number of prominent members of the coaching profession, most significantly Dennis Erickson. Erickson served as Jack Elway’s offensive coordinator at San Jose State.

Dennis Erickson initially heard about the spread offense while serving as the offensive coordinator at Fresno State in the late 1970s. Moving on to San Jose State in 1979, he combined his ideas about the offense with Jack Elway’s. As a result of the Elway connection, Erickson spent time that year learning about the offense with Jack Neumeier. In fact, in Matt Opper’s 2013 article, by the late-1970s, Granada Hills had become “a must stop destination for college coaches across the nation.”

Over the next few years, Erickson tinkered with the Neumeier offense and then took it with him to subsequent head coaching positions. Erickson coached during the ‘80s at Idaho, Wyoming and Washington State, before arriving as head coach at the University of Miami in 1989. At Miami that year, Erickson won the first of two NCAA national championships with Neumeier’s offense, winning again in 1991 and losing the national title game in 1992, with Gino Torretta winning the 1992 Heisman Trophy quarterbacking out of the one-back spread. Erickson’s success at Miami brought even more coaches from all over the country to learn the intricacies of Jack Neumeier’s offense. Erickson later moved on to head coaching positions in the NFL with the Seattle Seahawks and the San Francisco 49ers and in the college ranks at Oregon State and Arizona State, continuing to spread the word about Neumeier’s offense wherever he went. Later, as the running backs coach at the University of Utah, Erickson continued to serve as a leading advocate for the one-back spread.

Mike Price, a high school teammate of Dennis Erickson, once described Neumeier’s offense to a reporter for the New York Daily News as “basketball on grass” – Jack Neumeier's own description of the one-back spread offense. Price installed the Neumeier one-back spread at Weber State when he became the head coach there in the late 1970s and then inherited Erickson's offense when Price took over as head coach at Washington State following Erickson's departure. Price utilized the offense during his time as head coach at Washington State, taking his team to the 1997 Rose Bowl, which attracted additional attention to Neumeier's offense. Similarly, when Joe Tiller succeeded Dennis Erickson as head coach at Wyoming, Tiller simply left in place the one-back spread offense that Erickson installed during his tenure there. Tiller says that, “People have asked me for years how I learned this offense. I tell them, ‘Dennis left his playbook at Wyoming.’ And that's absolutely the truth.’”  But the other element of the story is that Tiller, who coached with his buddy Jack Elway at Washington State during the mid-1970s, had begun hearing about the Neumeier one-back spread from Elway in 1979.

Tiller went on to become an outstanding college head coach at Purdue. At Purdue, Tiller utilized the one-back spread offense again with tremendous success. His quarterbacks at Purdue playing out of the one-back spread included Kyle Orton and Drew Brees, among others. In 2000, Brees led the Boilermakers to the Rose Bowl with Neumeier’s offense. Tiller’s teams forced the Big Ten to adapt to the challenges posed by the wide-open one-back spread.

In a chapter from his 2012 book "The Essential Smart Football" entitled “The Evolution of Urban Meyer and His Spread Option Offense,” Chris Brown identifies Dennis Erickson as one of the “spiritual fathers” of Meyer's spread/single wing hybrid offense. Meyer refined his offense at Bowling Green, Utah and Florida, where he won national championships in 2006 and 2008 and coached the 2007 Heisman Trophy winner, Tim Tebow. Most recently, Meyer's offense has enjoyed remarkable success at Ohio State since he took over as head coach for the 2012 season, winning the 2014 national championship. Meyer, according to Tim Layden, learned his passing attack “from Louisville and offensive coordinator Scott Linehan (who played at Idaho for Dennis Erickson and would later become offensive coordinator for a number of NFL teams and head coach of the St. Louis Rams).” Linehan credits Dennis Erickson for his own approach to football offenses.

Brown confirms this lineage for Urban Meyer's offensive theories and success, also connecting the Ohio State coach to Joe Tiller and Rich Rodriguez, among other coaches who have built successful careers coaching variations on the one-back spread offense. So at least some of Urban Meyer's theories about football offenses, leading to Ohio State's most recent national championship, trace directly back to Jack Neumeier.

Neumeier's influence
Today, virtually every NFL, college, high school and youth league football offense shows clear signs of Coach Neumeier's influence. Fans can watch elements of Neumeier's offense at every level of play, from peewee league scrimmages to NFL Super Bowls. In the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship bowl game and the 2016 Super Bowl, all of the offenses were direct descendants of the turbocharged “basketball on grass” offense that Jack Neumeier created out of desperation for his undersized 1970 Granada Hills High School football team. His offense continues to live on and thrive years after Jack Neumeier's death in 2004.

Reflecting on the enduring impact of Neumeier's spread offense, sportswriter Mary Crouse wrote that “It amuses Neumeier's first guinea pig, [Dana] Potter, to see a college or pro team throw the ball out of the shotgun on first down or attempt 40 passes a game. The same things stirred critics when Neumeier introduced them to the [Los Angeles] City football scene. ‘I had a lot of coaches tell me Coach Neumeier's offense would never work in college or the pros,' Potter said. `So it's hilarious for me to see how many teams are using it now. It's neat to see how his offense has evolved.’

While it took decades for Cactus Jack's Aerial attack – the up-tempo one-back spread offense – to percolate throughout the football world, there is no doubt that Coach Neumeier's theories and the success of his 1970 team changed that world forever.

The "Spread Offense" was popularized in the US in the mid to late 80s with coaches trying to spread out defenses and dictate defensive personnel with a 4 receiver set without having to rely as much on QBs, receivers, and running backs making the correct reads on every play. While early versions of the spread were sometimes quite limited, modern coaches like Joe Tiller (Purdue), Jerry Moore (Appalachian State), Mike Leach (Washington State), and Mark Helfrich (Oregon) and most recently Urban Meyer (Ohio State) have taken the spread offense to a new level. High school coaches across the nation have adapted some version of this scheme with great success, notably Todd Dodge at Southlake Carroll High School in the Dallas–Fort Worth area (now at Austin Westlake High School in Austin, TX), Art Briles at Stephenville High School in Central Texas and the Houston Cougars (then at Baylor), Gus Malzahn at Springdale High School in Arkansas (later the offensive coordinator for the Tulsa Golden Hurricane and Arkansas Razorbacks and Auburn Tigers, and now the Central Florida head coach ). Legendary coach Dale Mueller at Highlands High School in Fort Thomas, Kentucky has pioneered new aspects of the spread offense since 1995. In his 16 seasons as head coach, he has led Highlands to a record of 214 wins and 30 losses, and won 10 of their record 21 state championships.

Overview
The spread offense is specifically designed to open up seams and holes for the offense, and does not specifically focus on the passing or running game, however, like all types of offenses, there can be sub types which can specifically focus on the passing or running game, or even option, fakes or trick plays.

Philosophical differences
The basic pre-snap appearance of the spread offense is constant—multiple receivers on the field. Most contemporary versions of the spread utilize a shotgun snap, although many teams also run the spread with the quarterback under center. Jack Neumeier's 1970 iteration of the spread offense utilized both formations. In addition, the actual execution from those formations varies, depending on the preferences of the coaching staff. While most of these are balanced offenses, such as the one utilized by Larry Fedora's North Carolina Tar Heels, several sub-forms also exist.

Air Raid
One of the extreme versions is the pass-oriented Air Raid typified by Hal Mumme in the late 1990s at the University of Kentucky. Coaches that employ this version of the spread are Mike Gundy's Oklahoma State Cowboys, Dana Holgorsen's Houston Cougars, Mark Stoops's Kentucky Wildcats, Sonny Dykes's TCU Horned Frogs, Mario Cristobal's Miami Hurricanes, Mike Norvell's Florida State Seminoles, Neal Brown's West Virginia Mountaineers, Lincoln Riley's USC Trojans, Dino Babers's Syracuse Orange, and Ryan Day's Ohio State Buckeyes. This version employs multiple spread sets and is heavily reliant on the quarterback and coaches being able to call the appropriate play at the line of scrimmage based on how the defense sets up. Current TCU Horned Frogs head coach Sonny Dykes, who coached under Mike Leach at Texas Tech, uses a variant of the Air Raid that makes more use of the running game and tight ends and running backs in the passing game.

Spread option
The spread option is a shotgun-based variant of the classic option attack that was prevalent in football well into the 1990s, and often includes option plays adapted from the veer offense and triple option. Notable users of this offense include Brent Venables' Oklahoma Sooners, Chip Kelly’s UCLA Bruins, Matt Rhule’s Nebraska Cornhuskers, Gus Malzahn’s UCF Knights, Jim Harbaugh’s Michigan Wolverines and Scott Satterfield's Cincinnati Bearcats. The spread option is a run-first scheme that requires a quarterback that is comfortable carrying the ball, a mobile offensive line that can effectively pull and trap, and receivers that can hold their blocks. Its essence is misdirection. Because it operates from the shotgun, its triple option usually consists of a slot receiver, a tailback, and a dual-threat quarterback. One of the primary plays in the spread option is the zone read, invented and made popular by Rich Rodriguez. The quarterback must be able to read the defensive end and determine whether he is collapsing down the line or playing up-field containment in order to determine the proper play to make with the ball. A key component of the spread option is that the running threat posed by the quarterback forces a defensive lineman or linebacker to "freeze" in order to plug the running lane; this has the effect of blocking the target player without needing to put a body on him.

Pistol
A third version of the spread offense is the Pistol offense used by Brian Polian's Nevada Wolf Pack, Dabo Swinney's Clemson Tigers and some US high schools. Developed by Chris Ault, the Pistol focuses on using the run with many offensive players, and it calls for the quarterback to line up about three yards behind the center and take a short shotgun snap at the start of each play. Instead of lining up next to the quarterback like in the normal shotgun, the tailback lines up behind the quarterback at normal depth. This enables him to take a handoff while running toward the line of scrimmage, rather than parallel to it as is the case from the standard shotgun. Since Ault installed the Pistol in 2004, his Wolf Pack has been among the NCAA's most productive offenses. In 2009, they led the country in rushing and total offense, and were also the first team in college football history to have three players rush for 1,000 yards in the same season.

Defensive reaction
Recently, use of the spread has led to new defenses, most noticeably the 3-3-5. Traditional defenses use 4 or 5 down linemen sets to stop an offense, but with the growing number of spread offenses, teams are looking to smaller, faster defensive players to cover more of the field. The strategy and philosophy behind this thinking has been widely debated and many coaches have found success using a 30 front, or using a 40 front against the spread.

NFL

Versions of this scheme have also been used by professional teams, beginning with the Seattle Seahawks under Dennis Erickson in 1995. Erickson has repeatedly credited Jack Neumeier with teaching Erickson the spread initially while Erickson was the offensive coordinator for San Jose State during the late 1970s. Although the Seattle Seahawks, Washington Redskins, and San Francisco 49ers had implemented the spread between 1995 and 2004, the scheme didn't begin having prominent success in the NFL until the 2007 New England Patriots utilized the spread with quarterback Tom Brady and wide receivers Randy Moss, Wes Welker, Donté Stallworth, and Jabar Gaffney. In addition, the San Diego Chargers (1980s) and the various West Coast schemes developed by Bill Walsh and the San Francisco 49ers (1980s) built their offenses, in many ways, on Ellison's and Davis' designs.

The 2008 Miami Dolphins also implemented some form of the spread offense in their offensive schemes. Lining up in the "wildcat" formation, the Miami Dolphins, borrowing from Gus Malzahn's college spread offense, “direct snap” the ball to their running back, Ronnie Brown, who was then able to read the defense, and either pass or keep the ball himself.

The spread offense is generally not used as a team's primary offense in the NFL. NFL defenses are usually faster than college defenses, which allows the vertical seams created by the formation to close up more quickly. In addition, the quarterback is more vulnerable to injury since he is the ball carrier more often than in a typical pro-style offense (thus, getting tackled more) and the amount of protection is decreased with the backs and receivers being used to spread the defense instead of providing pass protection. Since the level of talent between the starting quarterback and the backup is generally much greater than with a typical college team, NFL teams are more protective of their quarterback. With that said, this has been changing in recent years with Chan Gailey in 2008 with the Kansas City Chiefs utilizing Tyler Thigpen at quarterback and now to the Buffalo Bills. The Green Bay Packers have also been running a lot of plays from spread formations with quarterback Aaron Rodgers.

High school
In recent years, the spread offense has become a very popular term used in context of the high school game with the offense's innovative ways to make the game faster and higher scoring. While it has changed the game, and teams that successfully run it are scoring more points, there is debate whether the offensive system is as effective as it seems.

Some coaches have taken to packaging their offensive system and marketing them to programs around the country, such as Tony Franklin, who served as an assistant coach at the University of Kentucky under Hal Mumme where he developed his offense based on Mumme's "Air Raid" system. Manny Matsakis being another example as he is the inventor of the Triple Shoot Offense, which is a spread set with forms in the Shotgun, Pistol and under center. Matsakis was an assistant coach under both Mike Leach at Texas Tech and Bill Snyder at Kansas State. He is currently the head coach of Enka High School in Asheville, North Carolina.

As a reaction to the success of the spread offense in high-profile colleges, such as The University of Florida, innovative high school coaches began retooling the system to work on high school teams. Now the system has been widely adopted, with numerous schools achieving success. Defenses are left with the challenge of defending more of the field than ever before, and the offense was given the advantage of having numerous running and passing lanes created by the defense being so spread out.

title: Spread offense


text:
Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Evolution/Food Production

Food Production
The ways in which humans procure resources are not unlimited. Essentially, there are five major procurement patterns practiced in the world today:
 * Food collection
 * hunting and gathering
 * Food production
 * extensive agriculture
 * intensive agriculture
 * pastoralism
 * industrialism

Food Collection: Hunting and Gathering
People who practice a hunting and gathering subsistence strategy simply rely on whatever food is available in their local habitat, for the most part collecting various plant foods, hunting wild game, and fishing (where the environment permits).

They collect but they do not produce any food. For example, crops are not cultivated and animals are not kept for meat or milk. Hunters and gathers do and did modify the landscape to increase the amount of available food. One of the main ways hunters and gatherers modified their environment was through the use of burning. Today, only about 30,000 people make their living in this fashion.

Cultures of agriculturalists, having larger ecological footprints have pushed most hunters and gatherers out of the areas where plant food and game is abundant into the more marginal of the earth: the Arctic, arid deserts, and dense tropical rain forests.

Food Production: Terminology
Food Production: General term which covers types of domestication involving both plants and animals, each of which requires radically different practices.

Cultivation: Term refers to all types of plant culture, from slash-and-burn to growing crop trees. Terminological distinctions within the term cultivation are based on types on gardens maintained and means with which they are cultivated. Example: distinction between horticulture and agriculture

 * Horticulture: Refers to smaller-scale, garden-based cultivation, usually of a mixed variety of plant species, often with relatively simple tools.

 * Agriculture: This practice requires tools of greater complexity or higher energy in their manufacture and use, such as animal traction, etc.

 * Slash-and-burn: Strategy, normally horticultural, in which forest or bush land is cleared by chopping and burning the less useful wood species, planting in the ashes, harvesting for several years and then moving on to a new plot of land.

 * "Non-domestication" vs. "pre-domestication" cultivation: Cultivation of crops in some cases does not induce domestication. Example of such methods common among hunter-gatherers: beating the plants or reaping them when they are ripe. Therefore called "non-domestication cultivation." Other methods can induce the domestication of wild-type crops: uprooting or reaping grasses not ripe or nearly ripe using sickles. Therefore called "pre-domestication cultivation"

Animal Husbandry: Term refers to all types of animal rearing practices, ranging from chicken to cattle.

 * Pastoralism: Term normally used to refer to subsistence-oriented livestock production in which some animals or animal products are sold or bartered for food or other commodities, but family reproduction relies largely on the herds. Animals featured in this way of life vary according to regions and include cattle, sheep, goats, camels, horses.

Southwest Asia
Credited with domesticating: Dog, pig, goat, sheep, wheat, barley, oat, peas, lentils, apples.
 * Mobile Hunter-Gatherers
 * Sedentary hunter-gatherers
 * Sedentary farming communities

China
Credited with domesticating: Rice
 * Mobile Hunter-Gatherers
 * Sedentary hunter-gatherers
 * Sedentary farming communities

Africa
Credited with domesticating: Sorghum, cattle

Mesoamerica
Credited with domesticating: Maize (corn), squash, pumpkin, sunflower, turkey
 * Mobile hunter-gatherers
 * Small mobile farming communities
 * Sedentary farming communities

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
piantarsi

Verb

 * 1)  to penetrate and get stuck
 * 2)  to stay anchored to one place; to stay; to plant oneself
 * 3)  to stop working
 * 4)  to break up with each other
 * 1)  to stay anchored to one place; to stay; to plant oneself
 * 2)  to stop working
 * 3)  to break up with each other
 * 1)  to stop working
 * 2)  to break up with each other
 * 1)  to break up with each other
 * 1)  to break up with each other
 * 1)  to break up with each other

title: piantarsi


text:
Sekret Machines: Gods

Sekret Machines: Gods (sometimes referred to as Gods, Man & War: Volume 1) is a non-fiction ufology book created by Tom DeLonge, American musician, co-lead vocalist/guitarist of Blink-182, and Angels & Airwaves, and American occult novelist Peter Levenda. The book was co-published by DeLonge's own To the Stars company and Simon & Schuster on March 7, 2017. Gods is the second book in the overall Sekret Machines franchise following 2016's Sekret Machines: Book 1 – Chasing Shadows, and the first volume in the series' companion non-fiction trilogy Gods, Man & War. The first edition includes a foreword written by Jacques Vallée, who previously worked for NASA, worked on ARPANET and has become a prominent figure in UFO research.

Background
October 2015 email conversations between DeLonge and John Podesta, the chairman for the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign at the time, regarding research for Gods were leaked online during the Podesta emails controversy prior to the book's publication. After the leak, DeLonge stopped using Podesta as a source for the book.

Synopsis
Peter Levenda described Gods as "a new approach to religion that takes a hard look at religious texts and ideas from around the world to discern the traces of an event that changed us forever." The content in Gods was described in the official synopsis as being "foundational" to understanding the material in the Gods, Man & War trilogy.

As with Chasing Shadows, Gods was based on "interviews with scientists, engineers, intelligence officers and military officials."

Reception
Greg M. Schwartz of PopMatters said it's "not as good a read as Chasing Shadows" because of the change of genres, and that it "functions like a more academic dive into Ancient Aliens territory, also based around intel from Delonge's 'high-level sources.'" Schwartz concluded: "Sekret Machines:Gods delivers some compelling explorations of what the big cosmic picture looks like and the project lays out a detailed roadmap for exploring important historical aspects of the Phenomenon. What the intergalactic puzzle really looks like when all the pieces are in place remains the great mystery of our time, and the motivations of DeLonge's advisors should be held up to the same scrutiny as the motivations of Earth's visitors. But the project is at least helping to push the discussion forward, an action that is long overdue from the American powers that be."

title: Sekret Machines: Gods


text:
Manier

Etymology
From, borrowed from , derived from.

Noun

 * 1)  style, manner
 * 2)  way, manner
 * 3)  mannerism, tic, individual habit
 * 4)  manners
 * 1)  mannerism, tic, individual habit
 * 2)  manners
 * 1)  manners
 * 1)  manners
 * 1)  manners

title: Manier


text:
ShaoLan Hsueh

ShaoLan Hsueh (also known as Heidi Hsueh; ) is a London-based Taiwanese author, designer, venture capitalist, tech entrepreneur, podcast host, speaker, and the creator of Chinese language learning system Chineasy. As a college undergraduate in Taiwan, she wrote several bestselling software books that were widely distributed by Microsoft, and co-founded Internet company pAsia. In 2005, while studying for a master's degree at Cambridge, she founded Caravel Capital. Hsueh introduced Chineasy during a 2013 TED Talk, and subsequently authored several books and other learning tools to distribute the method.

Early life and education
Hsueh was born in Taipei, to designers Hsueh RuiFang, a mathematician and engineer who became a noted ceramicist, and Lin FangZi, a calligrapher. She was raised in Taiwan with her sisters, Josephine and Anchi.

She received a Master of Business Administration from National Chengchi University in 1993, before moving to the United Kingdom, where she earned a MPhil from Newnham College, University of Cambridge.

Career
While studying for her MBA, Hsueh wrote a Microsoft user manual, then three additional software books. These four best-selling books were bundled and distributed by Microsoft, with each awarded "book of the year" in Taiwan.

She co-founded pAsia, a major Internet company in Asia, with offices in Taipei and Beijing, that operated auction site Coolbid and social websites LoveTown and 8D8D, and developed and licensed proprietary technology, during the 1990s. PAsia investors included Intel, Goldman Sachs, and Citigroup. While obtaining a second master's degree, at the University of Cambridge, Hsueh founded technology startup advisory and investment firm Caravel Capital, in 2005.

Chineasy
While trying to teach Chinese to her two British-born children, Hsueh designed a pictogram-based learning system by analysing results of an algorithm to determine the most common "building blocks" in thousands of Chinese characters. In February 2013, she was invited to California to give a TED Talk, "Learn to read Chinese … with ease!", to introduce the method.

A subsequent, audience-generated blog then resulted in over 8,000 direct inquiries to Hsueh. A Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign followed, resulting in the March 2014 publication of her book, Chineasy: The New Way to Read Chinese, a collaboration with graphic artist Noma Bar, followed by a mobile app. The book has been translated and published in 19 languages.

Following the publication of her first Chineasy book, Hsueh authored Chineasy Everyday: The World of Chineasy Characters (2016), Chineasy Travel (2018), and Chineasy for Children (2018), as well as a workbook, flash cards, and other learning tools. Her mother has contributed calligraphy to Hsueh's publications.

In 2018, Chineasy launched its first app, Chineasy, making it fun and easy to learn Chinese words on-the-go through flashcards and quizzes. The app is awarded as Editor's Choice and has reached number 2 in the UK and number 6 in the US Apple App Store's education category. It was featured on the new Apple Watch App Store during the keynote address at the 2019 Worldwide Developers Conference in San Jose. The Chineasy app is a 2022 Apple Design Award finalist for Delight & Fun.

Media
Following her first TED Talk, in 2013, Hsueh gave a second one, in 2016, "The Chinese Zodiac Explained". She is a public speaker, and appeared on The Guilty Feminist, which was recorded live at Leicester Square Theatre, London. Hsueh also hosts the Talk Chineasy podcast, and hosts an eight-part Thrive Global podcast, How to Thrive: Lessons From Ancient Chinese Wisdom.

Named as one of 21 "Leading Ladies in Tech in 2015" by The Sunday Times, and as "The Woman uniting you with China", by Apple Inc.; on International Women's Day 2018, she was also noted as a "Person of Action" by Microsoft, which has twice featured her on Times Square billboard advertisements, in 2018 and 2019. Hsueh was named by Entrepreneur magazine as "one of the Six Women with Asian roots Redefining Creative Entrepreneurship" in 2019.

Memberships
Hsueh is a member of Founders Pledge, and has served as a board member of various non-profit organisations in the UK, including Victoria and Albert Museum and Asia House. She has also been a member of the Business Advisory Council of Oxford University Saïd Business School. In 2021, she was appointed as the External Governor of the University of the Arts London (UAL).

Personal life
Hsueh resides in London with her two children and is an avid skier. "Tennis, weight training, and hand-copying the Heart Sutra" is cited by Hsueh as the basis of her daily routine.

title: ShaoLan Hsueh


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stan Medalie

The result was delete. Eddie891 Talk Work 12:43, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Stan Medalie

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

NN businessman, fails the GNG and WP:BIO. The references in the article only namedrop him, and news/newspaper searches turn up zeros. A more general search turns up casual mentions and namedrops, but no significant coverage in reliable sources. Notability tagged for over ten years. Created by an SPA with no other Wikipedia edits, and unimproved in all that time.   Ravenswing     12:39, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions.   Ravenswing      12:39, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of South Africa-related deletion discussions.   Ravenswing      12:39, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete Agree with nom; also performed a WP:BEFORE which didn't demonstrate notability. Hmanburg (talk) 13:28, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete Also agree with the nom and the page itself is written like an advert under WP:PROMOTION which means it fails WP:GNG. CreativeNorth (talk) 14:46, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete - per nom. Article reads like a résumé/advert. And not notable. GhostDestroyer100 (talk) 11:26, 19 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/RDF - Resource Description Framework

Author: Sascha Meissner | Editor: Laura Bashaw Editing Status: Draft Modification Date: Dec 6, 2004

Learning objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to
 * understand the Resource Description Framework (RDF)
 * use RDF to define metadata for web resources
 * include standards like the Dublin Core for your description
 * explore how Adobe is handling metadata
 * create your own individual properties to expand your description

Concept
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is terminology used to encode, exchange and reuse metadata in the World Wide Web. Metadata, structured data about data, includes any important type of information about a resource such as author, title, creation date or language. A resource is everything that can be addressed with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). For example, a web page or a distinct type of document. RDF considers description as the act of making statements about the properties (attributes, characteristics) and inter-relationships of these resources. A framework is a common model to contain or manage the diverse information about a resource.

Why do we not use XML to describe things?
 * XML is too flexible. There are too many ways to describe things. For example, the name of a person (see code example). Each of these XML documents would map into a different logical tree. However, a query ,like what is the name of person x, has to be independent of the choice of the tree. RDF is different because it has a standard way of interpreting XML-encoded descriptions of resources which converts into one logical tree and thereby covers all possible reprensentations of a description.

 or Pete Maravich
 * XML documents follow a schema. The order of elements is restricted, and documents are not extensible without changing the schema. RDF allows to list information regardless of their order or appearence. RDF is also openly extensible. This means if one receives a description about something or someone, one can easily add information without being limited to following a schema. This is a great advantage, particularly for annotation and metadata applications. Besides that, it is intricate to retrieve any semantic meaning from an XML document without knowing the XML schema.

RDF is an application of XML that enforces the needed structural constraints to provide unambiguous methods of expressing semantics. XML syntax guarantees vendor independence, extensibility, validation and the ability to represent complex structures. RDF extends the general XML syntax and model to be specific for describing resources. Furthermore, RDF uses XML namespaces that allow to scope and uniquely identify a set of properties. With namespaces that point to URIs, one can generate globally unique names for its resources. Unique names need no context to qualify.

Brief History
RDF is a result of several metadata communities coming together to build a robust and flexible architecture for supporting metadata on the existing web. The first RDF specification was released 1997 by Ora Lassila and Ralph Swick. Based on that specification RDF interest groups were established in the following years and RDF became a W3C recommendation (W3C RDF). The potential of RDF was soon realized and once its use is widespread the impacts will be tremendous. Ora Lassila said the following (W3C_NOTE_1997-11-13). ''Once the web has been sufficiently "populated" with rich metadata, what can we expect? First, searching on the web will become easier as search engines have more information available, and thus searching can be more focused. Doors will also be opened for automated software agents to roam the web, looking for information for us or transacting business on our behalf. The web of today, the vast unstructured mass of information, may in the future be transformed into something more manageable - and thus something far more useful.''

Purpose
Besides the human-readable display of metadata RDF is intended to enable the exchange of information between different applications without any loss of meaning. The effective use of metadata among applications, however, requires common conventions about semantics syntax, and structure. RDF imposes these conventions that make an unambiguous transfer possible. Application areas include resource description, site-maps, content rating, electronic commerce, collaborative services, and privacy preferences. Earlier one of the major obstacles of metadata interoperability has been the multiplicity of incompatible standards for metadata syntax and schema definition languages. However since RDF is a W3C recommendation and communities provide a standard vocabulary to describe things application designers and developers can create applications that allow metadata exchange in a standardized way.

Statements
With RDF one can make statements about resources. Below you can see an example of a statement that can be made about a web page. The key parts of the statement are highlighted:

http://www.example.org/index.html has an author whose name is Pete Maravich.

In general a RDF statement is a triple that contains a:
 * Resource, the subject of a statement
 * Property, the predicate of a statement
 * Value, the object of a statement

RDF is based on the concept that every resources can have different properties which have values. A resources, represented by an URI reference, can be fully described by using properties and their values. Other properties for this web page could be:

http://www.example.org/index.html has a language which is English.

or

http://www.example.org/index.html has a title which is Example_Title.

Graphs
An RDF statement is a structured triple that contains a subject, a predicate and an object. A set of such triples is called a graph where a subject is always a node, a predicate is always an arc and an object is always a node:

Figure 1 - Abstract RDF graph

The set of example statements can be represented by the following graph:

Figure 2 - Example graph

RDF/XML
Natural English sentences and graphs that represent RDF's concept model are very useful pratices to understand the basics of RDF. However RDF uses a normative XML syntax called RDF/XML to put down and exchange graphs. Like HTML, RDF/XML is machine processable and, using URIs, can link pieces of information. But, unlike conventional hypertext, RDF URIs can refer to any identifiable thing, including things that may not be directly retrievable on the Web (such as persons).

The following lines represent the graph in Figure 2 in RDF/XML:

Figure 3 - example_rdf.rdf

Let's examine the lines of code to get a better understanding of the syntax:

 * {1} XML declaration, identifies the document as XML in the current version 1.0
 * {2} Start of an rdf:RDF element, identifies the following code as RDF - also declares an XML namespace rdf, all tags starting with the prefix rdf: are part of the namespace identified by the URIref  http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#  which describe the RDF vocabulary
 * {3} declares an XML namespace dc, all tags starting with the prefix dc: are part of the namespace identified by the URIref  http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/  - the link defines a standard vocabulary of terms for metadata
 * {4} declares an XML namespace property, all tags starting with the prefix property: are part of the namespace identified by the URIref  http://www.example.org/properties/  - this URI is fictitious and was chosen to indicate that one can create their own vocaburaly to describe resources
 * {5 to 7} represents a specific statement about the resource  http://www.example.org/index.html  as seen in the examples - Line 5 declares the subject of the description - Line 6 provides a property element, the qualified name property is an abbreviation that represents the assigned namespace (line 4), property:author stands for  http://www.example.org/properties/author  - embedded in the property tag is the value(object) of the description as a plain literal
 * {8 to 10} shows another statement - Line 8 again provides the subject - dc:language specifies the predicate for the statement,  http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/language  - the literal 'en' is an international standard two-letter code for English

 * {11 to 13} shows yet another statement - Line 10 to identify the subject - dc:title specifies the predicate for the statement,  http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title  - the value Example_Title is the object
 * {14} ends the rdf:RDF element

Section 3 has covererd the basic structure of RDF and is intended to provide a fundamental understanding of the topic. The next section will cover some advanced structures and features of RDF.

Advanced Concepts
Structured Property Values and Blank Nodes

As mentioned earlier the object of a statement can be a literal, a blank node or a URI reference. The latter two give RDF more power because they allow to create complex structures, so called structured property values. For instance you consider describing the address of somebody. An address is a structure that consists of different values such as a street, a city, a state and a zipcode. In RDF one would identify the adress as a resource to allow a more detailed description.

Figure 4 - structured RDF graph

As you can see the value of the property creator is represented by a reference using the URI  http://www.example.org/members/1234 . RDF statements (additional arcs and nodes) can then be written with that node as the subject, to represent the additional information like the name of the creator and his address. The property adress itself is represented by a URI, which allows a detailed description that is aggregated from further statements about the address.

However the URIref  http://www.example.org/address/1234  may never need to be referred to directly from outside a particular graph, and therefore may not require a specific identifier. The concept above could also be represented by using a blank node for the address object. Blank nodes were called anonymous resources, they have no URIrefs and no literals.

Figure 5 - structured RDF graph using a blank node

In RDF/XML the concept of structured property values and blank nodes are represented like this: Figure 6 - structured_rdf.xml

Let's examine the lines of code that represent the new concepts:

 * {5 to 12} describes the resource  http://www.example.org/index.html  that has the value  http://www.example.org/members/1234
 * {7 to 10} displays a way to abbreviate multiple property elements for a resource - usually a node has multiple arcs(properties) coming off and instead of writing one description for each property one can abbreviate this by using multiple child property elements inside the node element describing the subject node
 * {9} shows how one can identify a blank node in RDF/XML - it is sometimes necessary that the same blank node in a graph is referred to in the RDF/XML in multiple places - if so, a blank node identifier can be given to the blank node for identifying it in the document
 * {13-17} displays the properties and values for the blank node identified in line {9}

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) is an organization dedicated to promoting the widespread adoption of interoperable metadata standards and developing specialized metadata vocabularies for describing resources that enable more intelligent information discovery systems. Basically the Dublin Core is a set of elements that are used to describe a document. The goal of the Dublin Core is to provide a minimal set of descriptive elements that support and simplify the description and the automated indexing of document-like networked objects. Discovery tools on the Internet, such as the "Webcrawlers" employed by popular World Wide Web search engines use the metadata set. In addition, the Dublin Core is meant to be sufficiently simple to be understood and used by the wide range of authors and casual publishers who contribute information to the Internet. (also see RFC-2413)

Dublin Core Metadata Element Set shows a description of all current elements defined in the Dublin Core. In the following example one can see an RDF document that uses the Dublin Core elements to describe an article in a magazine:

Figure 7 - cio_article.rdf

Adobe's XMP
The Extensible Metadata Platform is a specification describing RDF-based data and storage models for metadata about documents in any format. XMP can be included in text files such as HTML or SVG, image formats such as JPEG or GIF and Adobe's own formats like Photoshop or Acrobat. Adobe is making efforts that all of their applications will support XMP. However Adobe claims that XMP provides a standard format for the creation, processing and interchange of metadata, the specification is not a standard.

XMP provides the following:
 * A data model - as a useful and flexible way of describing metadata in documents.
 * A storage model - for the implementation of the data model. This includes the serialization of the metadata as a stream of XML and XMP Packets, a means of packaging the data in files.
 * Schemas - predefined sets of metadata property definitions that are relevant for a wide range of applications, including all of Adobe’s editing and publishing products, as well as for applications from a wide variety of vendors. XMP also provides guidelines for the extension and addition of schemas.

However XMP metadata vocubularly is relatively small,i.e. the ways to describe a document are limited. To overcome this issue Adobe is using metadata standards such as the Dublin Core and also allows users to define their own metadata vocaburlarly.

The following screenshot is from Acrobat Professional 6.0 Document Metadata feature. The description field allows users to define metadata, whereas the advanced tab shows an overview of the metadata. Under view Source one can see the metadata in RDF/XML.

Figure 8 - Adobe XMP example

The RDF/XML based representation of the document's metadata can be found here. The property funFactor expresses the hilariousness of a document. It was included using the 'load' functionality of Acrobat Professional to test the addition of arbitrary metadata to the properties Acrobat Professional already knew about.

RSS - RDF Site Summary
RDF Site Summary (RSS) is also an application of RDF. Please have a look at the Chapter on RSS in this Wikibook.

Creating an RDF Vocabulary
As seen earlier in the chapter one can create its own RDF metadata vocabulary, despite using standards like the Dublin Core. This section is intended to show a very general approach in creating such a personal vocabulary. For a detailed description please see Practical RDF - Powers 2003.

The first step in creating a vocabulary is to define the domain elements and their properties within the given area interest. This means one has to outline what kind of information about the resource should be described. Let's say we want to save the following facts about a resource:

The next step is to create a RDF Schema(RDFS) document for the new vocabulary:

Here you can see the definition for our desired properties. Using this RDFS one can describe the article seen above the following way:

Figure 9 - cio_article2.rdf

To validate its RDFS and RDF files one can use the W3C RDF Validator.

Exercises

 * 1) Create an RDF/XML document that describes an article of your choice (e.g. from magazines like CIO.com or ZDNet.com). Use the Dublin Core element set and the Dublin Core termsas a framework for your description. After completing the document please validate your work with the W3C RDF Validator.


text:
User:Koos Jol

This useraccount is mostly to make interlanguagelinks to the Dutch wikibooks. Better leave a message there.

Hello people,

My name is Koos Jol and I live in Lisserbroek, a village in the Netherlands.

I'm student Civil Engineering at the TU Delft (Netherlands) and I'm interested in the Tour de France

I'm also active on the Dutch Wikibooks and the Dutch Wikipedia.

When you want to leave me a message, you have more change to reach me when you leave that message on my Dutch discussionpage.

de:Benutzer:Firefox es:Usuario:Firefox fr:Utilisateur:Koos Jol nl:Gebruiker:Koos Jol pl:Wikipedysta:Koos Jol pt:Usuário:Koos Jol sv:Användare:Firefox

title: User:Koos Jol


text:
Talk:Lovely (Billie Eilish and Khalid song)/GA2

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: HĐ (talk · contribs) 07:14, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Overall the article is in good shape. Will start the review shortly. HĐ (talk) 07:14, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Lead

 * It was certified tuplet platinum in Australia → "5× Platinum" is better; and why is Australia singled out here, given that the song was certified multi-platinum in several countries?
 * "The video depicts Eilish and Khalid walking around a glass case, interacting with each other" → anything more specific?

Background

 * "of her debut EP" → whose EP?
 * "production was solely handled by the latter" → "latter" is usually used for two subjects, not three or more

Composition

 * "Eilish also explained about working" → why is there the word "also"?
 * I'm not sure if "crooning miserably" is encyclopedic; try somethine else like "singing in a melancholic tone"
 * Ditto for "inextricably trapped"
 * "gets even worse" → ditto; can be reworded to something like "gets more dramatic"

Critical reception

 * "received critical acclaim from music critics" → "critical acclaim" already implie "music critics"
 * Too many quotes (WP:QUOTEFARM). Try paraphrase the bulk of the section

Commercial performance

 * "first debuted" → "debuted" already implies "first"
 * "It was the most successful in Australia" → Is it the most successful single in Australia?
 * "It has also received the highest certification in Australia" → the highest certification in Australia is not 5× Platinum

Music video

 * "The visual begins Eilish being trapped inside a crystalline box" → grammar

Overall

 * Tables and references are properly formatted.

Should my concerns be addressed, I will pass the GAN. Good job overall, HĐ (talk) 07:29, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

HĐ, Thanks for the review. I have addressed all of your concerns. Lmk if anything else needs to be fixed. The Ultimate Boss (talk) 18:07, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Why Australia is singled out in the lede has not been addressed. Furthermore, phrases like "acclaim" / "positive reviews" are a case of WP:SYNTH and given undue weight. Please consider removing such phrases, HĐ (talk) 01:41, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

HĐ, Sorry, I forgot to look at the lead... All of the issues should be fixed. The Ultimate Boss (talk) 02:30, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for addressing my concerns. This article looks good to be GA now. Well done, HĐ (talk) 03:15, 19 August 2020 (UTC)


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User:Trevorphillips3000/sandbox

Rebuild of 1982 water world in different areas of North Yorkshire in wilberfoss contracts will demolish the pavilion at wilberfoss will see new water world builders

Jamie Ellwood 2012-

Michael Bowes 2001-future

Doug Bowes 1991- future

Katie Millicent Craig 2021-

Water world 2

Built: 2024

Cost: £7,400

Start Date: 12th December 2024

Finish Date: 1st January 2029

title: User:Trevorphillips3000/sandbox


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User:MCuratolo/sandbox

Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL), or Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Instruction (ICALI), involves the application of computing technologies to the teaching and learning of second or foreign languages. ICALL combines Artificial intelligence with Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) systems to provide software that interacts intelligently with students, responding flexibly and dynamically to student’s learning progress.

Natural language processing (NLP) and Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) are prominent computing technologies in artificial intelligence that inform and influence ICALL. Other computing technologies applied to ICALL include Knowledge representation (KP), Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Neural networks, User modelling, and Expert systems. In relation to language learning, ICALL utilizes linguistic theory and theories of second-language acquisition in its pedagogy.

History
ICALL developed from the field of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in the late 1970s and early 1980s. ICALL is a smaller field, and not yet fully-formed.

Following the pattern of most language learning technologies, English is a prominent language featured in ICALL technology. ICALL programs have also been developed in languages such as German, Japanese, Portuguese, Mandarin Chinese, and Arabic. ICALL systems are also contributing to the learning of languages that are not as accessible to learn (due to a lesser amount of language resources), or less commonly learned languages, such as Cree.

Features
Intelligent CALL is sometimes called parser-based CALL, due to the heavy reliance that ICALL has on parsing. An example of the function of parsing in an ICALL software is a parser detecting errors in the syntax and morphology of sentences freely generated by student users. After using parsing to find any errors, ICALL can provide corrective feedback to students. Parsing is considered a task of natural language processing.

The ability for students to receive feedback on random, uniquely produced sentences places ICALL in a more engaging teacher role. If students are struggling in certain areas, some ICALL systems will invent new sentences or questions in those areas, giving students more practice. Basically, ICALL is meant to intelligently adapt to student learning needs as a student progresses; this often means (partially or wholly) fulfilling a tutor or teacher role. Programs that attempt to fulfill this role are categorized as tutorial ICALL.

Non-tutorial ICALL systems include various language tools and dialogue systems, such as a digital interlocutor. Programs for automatically evaluating student-written essays have also been invented, such as the E-rater.

Limitations
ICALL technology still has many issues and limitations, due to the recency of artificial intelligence being integrated into CALL systems, and the complexity of this enormous task. Artificially intelligent educational software should do its best to encompass the linguistic knowledge and pedagogy of a language teacher in order to resolve these issues. This includes tracking student learning, giving feedback, creating new challenging material in response to student’s needs, understanding effective teaching strategies, and be programmed to detect linguistic errors (grammar, spelling, semantics, morphology, and so on).

Additionally, ICALL systems take a long time to develop, and must consult professionals in many disciplines. Programming ICALL software is a necessarily multi-disciplinary project.

Further research and developments in ICALL will benefit the fields of applied linguistics, computational linguistics, artificial intelligence, educational technology, to name a few. ICALL will also expand current knowledge about second language acquisition. Despite its limitations, ICALL is a worthwhile field, especially as technology progresses.

title: User:MCuratolo/sandbox


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Post Inferno Soundtrack

The result was redirect to William C. Woxlin. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 16:30, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Post Inferno Soundtrack

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Non-notable album, article unreferenced for over a decade and searching the artist and album name on google books / news retrieves no results. Does not pass WP:GNG and the article in its current state is almost entirely original research. – filelakeshoe )³ 14:15, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions.  M assiveYR   ♠  14:21, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
 * Redirect to William Johansson. I suggest redirecting articles per WP:BOLD next time instead of AfD-ing as it would save time. — Za  wl  16:07, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 19:56, 28 September 2017 (UTC)  Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks,  J 947(c) (m) 21:04, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Redirect to the artist per WP:BLAR and WP:NOPAGE. The album is not independently notable as it fails all the provisions of WP:NALBUM but could serve as a useful redirect as it's a somewhat plausible search term.    Dr Strauss   talk   22:09, 5 October 2017 (UTC)


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Voter's Guide/United States/Democratic Party

The Democratic Party is, briefly, the party most associated with increasing social welfare through health care, unemployment benefits and other programs, of a more interventionist and protectionist economic policy compared to the Republican Party, and of a generally liberal stance on social issues.

Brief history
More information: Democratic Party of the United States

The Democratic Party has its roots in the party of Thomas Jefferson, but took shape after the 1824 election, in which Andrew Jackson won a plurality of the popular vote but lost the election. He formed a coalition of political allies to defeat John Quincy Adams, succeeding. This group went on to become the modern Democratic Party.

In the run-up to the Civil War in the 1860s, the Democratic Party became increasingly fractured along a North-South split. The most important dividing issue was slavery, which the southern Democratic party supported, and the northerners did not. The divided party produced two rival candidates for the 1860 election, and did not run another successful presidential campaign until Grover Cleveland, well after the Civil War was over. Cleveland was followed by the famed William Jennings Bryant, who nevertheless lost to William McKinley. The next great Democratic leader was Woodrow Wilson, who led the country through World War I. Republicans remained in control through the 1920s, but the subsequent Great Depression secured greater support for government intervention. The result was the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who went on to champion the New Deal as he was re-elected an unprecedented three more times. Roosevelt also directed the nation through World War II, but died before the end of the war.

By the 1960s, a fundamental shift in American politics was beginning. The Civil Rights Movement became a potent political force that divided people along racial and geographic lines. African Americans had previously supported the Republican Party in large numbers, but shifted after Lyndon Johnson showed strong support for civil rights. Following Johnson, there have been two Democratic presidents: Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton.

Positions

 * Affirmative Action - Support
 * Gay Marriage - varies among Democrats, many support gay marriage and more support civil unions
 * War in Iraq - supports staying in Iraq to establish a stable, democratic government; many Democrats were opposed to the war and most are critical of the handling of the war and its aftermath. Two nonbinding resolutions were voted on in the Senate in June 2006. One set a date on leaving Iraq; the other urged President Bush to start withdrawaling troops. Both resolutions failed.
 * Taxes - generally supports raising taxes on the rich, and sometimes across-the-board, believes strongly in the progressive income tax
 * Health Care - supports health care funded by taxes for those who can not afford health insurance; some support a nationalized health care plan
 * Environmentalism - supports more restrictions to protect the environment compared to the Republican Party


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Brahm Mohindra

Brahm Mohindra (born 28 April 1946 ) is a politician from the state of Punjab, India. He is currently Minister of Local Government, Parliamentary Affairs, Elections, and Removal of Grievances; and is ranked second in order of precedence among ministers, after the Chief Minister.

Political career
Brahm Mohindra is associated with Indian National Congress. He has been elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly six times(1980,1985,1992, 2007, 2012,and 2017), and he has lost twice.

title: Brahm Mohindra


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Former Tait & Co. Merchant House

The Taiwan Development Historical Materials Wax Museum (Traditional Chinese:台灣開拓史料蠟像館) is a historical building in Anping District, Tainan, Taiwan.

History
After the signing of Treaty of Tientsin for Qing Dynasty in June 1858 in Tianjin (Tientsin), Anping was one of the harbor in Taiwan which was opened for international trade. Trading company Tait & Company constructed the building in 1867 as their merchant house. During the Japanese rule, the building housed a salt company. After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, the building became the office of Tainan Salt Works. In 1979, the building was transformed into a museum with the upper floor became the Taiwan Development Wax Museum. It was designated as class 3 historical building.

Architecture
The two-story building was designed with western colonial style with white paint color. The ground floor was the workers dormitory with a center pathway and three rooms on each side. The upper floor has its arcade railing decorated with green glaze vase type of decoration. It also features a warehouse next to it which now has been turned into the Anping Tree House.

Exhibitions
The building displays the history of immigrants in Taiwan on the ground floor and also wax sculptures of humans, animals and artifacts on the upper floor.

Transportation
The building is accessible by bus from Tainan Station of Taiwan Railways.

title: Former Tait & Co. Merchant House


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Architecture (album)

Architecture is the third studio album by Spahn Ranch, released on April 8, 1997, by Cleopatra Records. After original member Rob Marton departed from the band, Christian Death drummer David Glass and drummer Harry Lewis joined the Spahn Ranch to further experiment with the band's fusion dark wave and industrial music. Critics have called it one of Spahn Ranch's most influential and experimental albums for its incorporation of drum and bass, dub and live guitar.

Reception
Aiding & Abetting compared praised the album for its expression of gothic music influences "The Coiled One anticipated the big gothic surge, and so Architecture is poised to cash in on the big electronic wave that is just now reaching shore." Allmusic critic Mike Pfeiffer described it as the Spahn Ranch's strongest album and said "Architecture shows a departure from gloom and an embrace of intelligent electronic rhythm styles like drum'n'bass and electro." Last Sigh Magazine said "this is somewhat of a departure from The Coiled One, but nevertheless a step ahead in Spahn Ranch's successful music" and "what is really excellent about this album is the instrumentals that Spahn Ranch provides the listener with." A critic at Lollipop Magazine, Angela Dauthi, called the album an improvement over their previous work, saying "the songs take on electronica drum beats and fills while throwing in dissonant keyboard glissandos with cool, detached lyrics" and "while their last two albums had stripped everything down to a pumping beat and noisy vocals, Architecture takes a sharp left turn and punches the gas." Option called the album "eminently listenable, even the darker Gothic tones are opened up, creating music that sounds more like songs than exercises in mood." Critic Dave Thompson said "a cover of the Equals "Black Skinned Blue Eyed Boys" is positively ecstatic, pulsing sonics which throb with a literal passion" and "several tracks (most notably "Futurist Limited") echo elements of Depeche Mode, sans that band's congealing precociousness, while "Incubate" takes Hammer's "Can't Touch This" motif into Kraftwerkian territory to stunning effect."

Chris Best of Lollipop Magazine gave the album a mixed review and said "there are some great tunes on this disc, but the electronica bits are stale and dated (as in techno circa 1990 or anything by 2 Unlimited)." Sonic Boom criticized the album for being incohesive but said "a casual flip through all of the tracks provide for a dizzying array of genre hopping from trance, drum & bass, disco, ballads, to even a cover version of the Equals, 'Black Skinned Blue Eyed Boys'."

Personnel
Adapted from the Architecture liner notes.

Spahn Ranch
 * Matt Green – sampler, synthesizer, drum programming, production, mixing
 * Harry Lewis – percussion
 * Athan Maroulis – lead vocals

Additional performers
 * Daniel Bryan Harvey – guitar (2, 4, 6, 9)
 * David Parkinson – percussion
 * Paul Raven – bass guitar (2, 6, 7), loops and additional synthesizer (8)

Production and design
 * T.J. Barrial – photography
 * Atelier³ D Thom Bissett – design
 * Judson Leach – production, engineering, mixing, mastering

title: Architecture (album)


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User:Erick.bittenbender

Erick.bittenbender
I'm currently an Art Since 1945 student at the University of Pittsburgh. My goal for both this class and overall is to improve articles about art and art history while adhering as best as I can to Wikipedia's guidelines and regulations.

Particular Articles of Interest
Sidney Janis

Irish Exhibition of Living Art

title: User:Erick.bittenbender


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Babiuk

Babiuk is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Andy Babiuk (born 1963), American musician, author, and consultant
 * Lorne Babiuk (born 1946), Canadian scientist specializing in immunology, pathogenesis, virology, and vaccinology

title: Babiuk


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Descartes/Srobinso

Rene’ Descartes France (1596-1650) Essay by User:Srbinso

Biography of Descartes
According to the Stanford Philosophy Enclyapedia Renee Descartes was born on March 31, 1596 in La Haye France, to Juachim Descartes and Jeanne Brochard. He had two siblings and two half siblings. His father was a Lawyer and did not spend much time with his family. His mother died from tuberculosis when he was a year old. His grandmother raised him and his bother Pierre and sister Jeanne. The boy was susceptible to illness and coddled for example, allowed him to sleep until noon. He was sent to the Jesuit College at la Fleche in Anjou sometime between the ages of six to ten. Here, he again slept late most days. Descartes believed that he did his best thinking in bed and often to advantage of this time for reflection. He invented analytical geometry connecting algebra with geometry. The lines we use on maps are known as Cartesian coordinates. When he was 33, he relocated to Holland because of its religious tolerance. In 1649 he moved to Sweden to tutor the Queen. He died a year later from pneumonia.

Descartes was a leading figure in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. He helped shape the “new science” or the worldview that the universe was a heliocentric system, meaning that the sun not earth and humans were at the center of the universe. Also, that the world could be explained using reason and mathematical specifically geometric equations.

Descartes used a method of doubt to find undisputable truth and explain how the universe worked. In order to accomplish this he must define knowledge. He relates knowledge to a tree with the roots being the foundation, physics the trunk and the branches are ethics as well as the other sciences. He believed that, if he doubted something even once, it could not be 100% certain. On the night of November 10, 1619, alone in a room with no distractions he sat in front of the fire to begin his famous search for the truth. He cast aside his beliefs by using a method of doubt. In order to get to the Truth he must cast doubt on his opinions and their foundations. This method had four rules. First, he suggested that the search proceed slowly and meticulously. This could be accomplished by breaking the parts of each supposed truth into small parts then rebuilding with 100% certain knowledge. He acknowledges that what he knows about the world before his great quest came from his senses. He was also aware of the fact that our senses can deceive us and give us false information. He argued that an evil demon must be the deceiver and this miline gienie can even chase us in our dreams.

The Meditations
In the first meditation, Descartes refers to much of the information contained in his discourse of method. By way of self analysis he comes to the conclusion that he has a soul. He says “I will doubt not only what is obviously false, but what is even slightly doubtful.” He looks at his hands and realizes that they must be his and the he would be crazy not to think so. He admits that the fives senses can deceive man. He casts away his former onions and asserts that he will doubt anything and everything he knows.

Descartes’s famous cogito ergo sum argument is the main focus of the second meditation. He asserts that what he sees is not to be trusted, his memory is suspect, he has no body, and no senses. So, what is he? Descartes then asserts he must exist and that some heinous demon must be deceiving him by way of the senses. Enter the “I think therefore I am.” How can he doubt that he exists, after all, he does think. He explains the “I” by using wax as an example. He studies a candle noting its size, shape, sound… next he heats the candle in the fire observing then change after it melts. He concludes that the candle has changed but that the wax is the same. This knowledge he believes is innate, something we can only get to by intellect. The third meditation contains his argument proving the existence of god. The argument is weak, but accepted by many. Descartes asserts that ideas are like atoms, they crash together when we are thinking. He proves god’s existence by saying that god is a perfect being, and that humans are imperfect. An imperfect being cannot create a perfect being therefore god is real. Descartes uses the next two meditation s to reaffirm this argument.

In the sixth meditation Descartes addresses the mind body problem. Asserting again, that the senses cannot be trusted with absolute certainty. He also concludes that he is a thinking being, and that his mind is not extended. He asserts that the body is extended, meaning that it takes up space thus separating the mind from the body. He reasons that there must be something outside of the mind and body that causes sense perception. This something Descartes concludes is god. For God is good and would not deceive poor little man. Descartes moves to explains true understanding. He does this, using mathematical examples. If a square has four sides humans can understand the concept of a square. On the other hand if 10,000 demons are standing in a room, humans must use imagination. Imagination is not an essential property of the mind so again god must have something to do with human perception. Descartes is to this day a great influence for many thinkers.

title: Descartes/Srobinso


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Kartar Singh Tanwar

Kartar Singh Tanwar (born 1962) is an Indian politician and a member of the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi. He represents the Chhatarpur constituency of New Delhi and is a member of the Aam Aadmi Party political party.

Early life and education
Kartar Singh Tanwar was born in a Gurjar Family in New Delhi. He attended the G. B. Pant Polytechnic and attained a Diploma in engineering.

Political career
Tanwar is a MLA for second term. He represented the Chhatarpur constituency and is a member of the Aam Aadmi Party political party. Before joining AAP in 2014, he was a leader with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). His political career, however, started way back in 2007, when he became the corporator for the Bhati ward (two terms). Before taking the plunge into politics, Tanwar was a junior engineer with the Delhi Jal Board (DJB).

On 27 July 2016, the Income Tax department raided Tanwar's home, office, farmhouse along with his brother Chatar Singh's residence. Tanwar had submitted an affidavit in 2015 to the Election Commission of India showing only inr 176000000 of total assets.

title: Kartar Singh Tanwar


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Worshipp Khanna

The result was soft delete. WP:REFUND applies. Barkeep49 (talk) 02:02, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

Worshipp Khanna

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Moved from draft by creator after rejection, I can find no in-depth coverage beyond the usual listings, Linked In, IMDb and Facebook etc Theroadislong (talk) 12:47, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions.   Oxon Alex    - talk  14:04, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions.   Oxon Alex    - talk  14:04, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions.   Oxon Alex    - talk  14:04, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete nothing seems to show his notability for Wikipedia inclusion 10MB (talk) 07:34, 30 September 2019 (UTC)