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Stadium MK

Stadium MK is a football stadium in the Denbigh district of Bletchley in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. Designed by Populous and opened in 2007, it is the home ground of EFL League Two side Milton Keynes Dons and FA Women's National League South side Milton Keynes Dons Women. In 2022, the stadium hosted several matches during the UEFA Women's Euro 2022.

, the stadium has two tiers which hold a capacity of 30,500. Should it be required, there is the option to increase the capacity of the stadium again to 45,000 with the addition of a third tier, hence the high roof. The design meets UEFA's Elite Stadium specifications and includes a Desso GrassMaster playing surface.

The plans of the complex included an indoor arena, Arena MK (now known as The Marshall Arena), that was to be the home of the Milton Keynes Lions professional basketball team. However, the retail developments that would have provided enabling funding were deferred due to lack of financing, leaving the Lions without a home. Following the conclusion of the 2011–12 season, the Lions could not secure a venue within Milton Keynes, resulting in their relocation to London.

In addition to association football, the stadium occasionally hosts rugby union. The first such occasion was in May 2008, when Saracens (who at the time groundshared with Watford at Vicarage Road) played Bristol at Stadium MK because Watford needed their ground for a Championship play-off. In 2011, Northampton Saints RFC used the ground for their Heineken Cup quarter and semi-final matches because their home ground is too small for major events. The stadium hosted three matches in the 2015 Rugby World Cup.

The stadium also hosts music concerts, with artists including Take That, Rammstein, Rod Stewart, Olly Murs, My Chemical Romance and Imagine Dragons having performed there in recent years.

Milton Keynes Stadium Consortium
From the first days of Milton Keynes as a new town, designated in 1967, the Milton Keynes Development Corporation (1967–1992) envisaged a stadium capable of accommodating a top-flight football team. What would become Stadium MK was first proposed in 2000 by the Milton Keynes Stadium Consortium or Stadium MK, led by Pete Winkelman and his company Inter MK Group. This consortium proposed a large development in the southern Milton Keynes district of Denbigh North, including a 30,000-capacity football stadium, a 150000 sqft Asda hypermarket, an Ikea store, a hotel, a conference centre, and a retail park. The plan to build a ground of this size was complicated by the fact that there was no professional football club in Milton Keynes and that the highest-ranked team in the town, Milton Keynes City—based in Wolverton in northern Milton Keynes, and formerly known as Mercedes-Benz F.C.—played in the then eighth-tier Spartan South Midlands League, four divisions below the Football League. The developers could not justify building such a stadium for a club of this small stature.

Winkelman, an ex-CBS Records executive and music promoter, had moved to the Milton Keynes area from London in 1993. He attested to a vast untapped fanbase for football in Milton Keynes—a "football frenzy waiting to happen", he said. Critics of this claim pointed to the apparent lack of public interest in Milton Keynes City and the other local non-League clubs, and argued that Milton Keynes residents interested specifically in League football already had ample access with Luton Town, Northampton Town and Rushden & Diamonds all within 25 mi. Winkelman was the only person in Milton Keynes publicly associated with the project; his financial supporters, later revealed to be Asda (then a subsidiary of Walmart) and Ikea, were kept strictly anonymous.

Opponents of such a move surmised that the stadium was a "Trojan Horse" included in the blueprint to bypass planning rules, and that although the consortium described the larger development as enabling the construction of the stadium, the reverse was the case—Winkelman's consortium, they claimed, had to have a professional team in place right away to justify the ground so the development could get planning permission. David Conn of The Guardian corroborated this assessment. "The whole project was indeed dependent on Asda and Ikea," Conn summarised in a 2012 article, after interviewing Winkelman. "Having seen the opportunity to build a stadium Milton Keynes lacked, and realised Asda did not have a store in the town, Winkelman acquired options to buy the land from its three owners, including the council. Asda would not have been granted planning permission for a huge out-of-town superstore unless it gave the council the benefit of building the stadium. A League club would move up, permission would be granted, then Winkelman would exercise the option to buy all the land, sell it to Asda and Ikea for very much more, and the difference would be used to build the stadium." Conn retrospectively described this as the "deal of a lifetime".

Relocation of Wimbledon F.C.; Milton Keynes Dons F.C.
Starting in 2000 the consortium offered this proposition to several Football League clubs, including Luton Town, Crystal Palace, Barnet, Queens Park Rangers, and Wimbledon F.C. Wimbledon F.C., who had groundshared at Crystal Palace's Selhurst Park ground since 1991, adopted the Milton Keynes plan after the appointment of a new chairman, Charles Koppel, in January 2001. Koppel said that such action was necessary to prevent Wimbledon F.C.'s going out of business. He announced Wimbledon F.C.'s intent to move on 2 August 2001 with a letter to the Football League requesting approval, stating that Wimbledon had already signed an agreement to relocate and "subject to the necessary planning and regulatory consents being obtained" intended to be playing home games at a newly built stadium in Milton Keynes by the start of the 2003–04 season. The proposed move was opposed in most quarters; the League board unanimously rejected Wimbledon's proposed move in August 2001. Koppel appealed against this decision, leading to a Football Association (FA) arbitration hearing and subsequently the appointment of a three-man independent commission by the FA in May 2002 to make a final and binding verdict. The League and FA stated opposition but the commissioners ruled in favour, two to one.

Wimbledon F.C. hoped to move to Milton Keynes immediately, but as the new ground was yet to be built an interim home in the town would have to be found first. The first proposal, to start the 2002–03 season at the National Hockey Stadium in central Milton Keynes, was abandoned because it did not meet Football League stadium criteria. While alternative temporary options were examined—Winkelman suggested converting the National Bowl music venue —Wimbledon F.C. started the season at Selhurst Park and set a target of playing in MK by Christmas 2002. A group of Wimbledon F.C. fans protested by setting up AFC Wimbledon, to which the vast majority of Wimbledon F.C. fans switched allegiance, in June 2002. A temporary stadium in Milton Keynes proved difficult to arrange and Wimbledon F.C. remained in south London at the end of the 2002–03 season. Koppel announced a plan to convert the National Hockey Stadium for football and play there from the start of the 2003–04 season until the new stadium was built.

Wimbledon F.C. entered administration in June 2003. After the club missed a deadline to invest in renovations to the Hockey Stadium, confusion arose as to whether Wimbledon F.C. would move and where they would play if they did. The administrators arranged a return to Selhurst Park. With the move threatened and the club facing liquidation, Winkelman made "the life-defining decision", to quote Conn, "of taking it on himself". He secured funds from his consortium for the administrators to pay the players' wages, keep the club operating, and pay for the necessary renovations for the National Hockey Stadium to host League football.

After hosting the first few home matches of the 2003–04 campaign at Selhurst Park, Wimbledon F.C. played their first match in Milton Keynes in September 2003. A company voluntary arrangement was put together in March 2004 under which Winkelman's consortium would take Wimbledon F.C. out of administration, reportedly using a holding company called MK Dons. The Football League threatened to expel the club if the takeover were not completed by 31 July. Winkelman's Inter MK Group brought Wimbledon F.C. out of administration in late June 2004 and concurrently announced changes to its name, badge and colours. The new name was Milton Keynes Dons F.C. (commonly shortened to MK Dons).

Milton Keynes Dons continued to play at the National Hockey Stadium while the development including the new ground was constructed in Denbigh. Asda paid Inter MK £35 million for its section of the site, Ikea £24 million. Ground was broken on the stadium in February 2005. In December 2005 MK Dons set a target of playing at the new ground by January 2007; in February 2007 they revised their proposal to a 22,000-seater stadium ready in July of that year, with provision for expansion to 32,000 (it had originally been intended to seat 30,000). The new ground, Stadium MK, hosted its first match in July 2007. Four months later, on 29 November 2007, it was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II.

Attendances
Although attendances increased since leaving the National Hockey Stadium, the MK Dons average attendance of 10,550 during the 2008–09 League One season remained below half the ground capacity. The MK Dons average home attendance for the first part of the 2009–10 season was ranked sixth out of 24 teams in League One. The average attendance for the 2012–13 season was just 8,612; in the 2013–14 season it was 9,047; in the 2015–16 season it was 13,158. In 2016–17 it was 10,306.

On 29 March 2014, the stadium saw Wolverhampton Wanderers take a record away attendance of 8,943 supporters in a League One fixture. The total attendance for the match was 20,516.

The record attendance for a football match at Stadium MK was on 25 September 2019 when a crowd of 28,521 attended to see MK Dons lose 2–0 to Liverpool in the EFL Cup 3rd round. This record attendance surpassed the one set on 31 January 2016 when a crowd of 28,127 attended Milton Keynes Dons' 5–1 defeat in the FA Cup fourth round by Chelsea., which beat the previous record of 26,969 who witnessed a shock historic 4–0 win over Manchester United in the second round on 26 August 2014. On 6 October 2015, Stadium MK hosted the Rugby World Cup match, Uruguay versus Fiji and this set the new record attendance to 30,043. On 4 February 2017 a record league attendance of 21,545 was set against Bolton Wanderers in Football League One.

Milton Keynes Dons
The football club's first stadium was the National Hockey Stadium, which was temporarily converted for football for the duration of the club's stay whilst Stadium MK was under construction. Their lease on this ground ended in May 2007.

On 18 July 2007, the club's new 22,000 seater stadium hosted its first game, a restricted-entrance event against a young Chelsea XI. The stadium was officially opened on 29 November 2007 by the Queen. Milton Keynes Dons are the stadium's main tenant and most frequent user, with all the amenities built within the stadium (such as the club shop) designed for the club's benefit.

Internationals
It has hosted two England under-21 internationals. The first was a 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 3 match against Bulgaria's under-21s on 16 November 2007. The hosts beat the visitors 2–0 with Mark Noble scoring twice (on the tenth minute and the seventeenth minute) and James Milner scoring on the twenty sixth minute with 20,222 in attendance. The other was an international friendly against Azerbaijan's under 21s 31 March 2009. The hosts thrashed the visitors 7–0 with Kieran Gibbs scoring twice and single goals from Michael Mancienne, Craig Gardner and Jack Rodwell as well as own goals from Elcin Sadiqov and Elvin Mammadov with 12,020 in attendance.

On 5 June 2010, the stadium hosted a full international friendly; Ghana beat Latvia 1–0 in their last warm-up before the World Cup in South Africa.

England 2018 World Cup bid
In December 2009, The FA awarded Candidate Host City status to Milton Keynes. Had England won the bid, Stadium MK would have hosted some games. For this to happen, the stadium capacity would have had to be increased to 44,000. However, on 2 December 2010, FIFA decided not to award the World Cup to England.

Tottenham Hotspur
In late 2014, it was reported that Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur were in negotiations with MK Dons over a temporary groundshare at Stadium MK for a season, during renovations at Spurs' White Hart Lane ground.

According to press reports, Tottenham proposed to play most home matches in MK and a small number at Wembley Stadium. The idea of playing home matches in Milton Keynes, even temporarily, was largely unpopular with Spurs fans. The Tottenham Hotspur Supporters Trust stated in September 2014 that it would have "serious issues" with such an arrangement. In a London Evening Standard poll of 206 Tottenham fans two months later, 71 (34%) said they would attend home matches at Stadium mk if the club played there temporarily, while 135 (66%) said they would not.

The Premier League chief executive at the time Richard Scudamore stated in July 2015 that the Premier League would have no objection to Tottenham groundsharing temporarily—either with MK Dons or with Chelsea at Wembley—but to defend "the integrity of the competition" would not allow Tottenham to play home matches at more than one location in the same season. Two months later, the FA chief executive Martin Glenn indicated that he supported the idea of clubs playing temporarily at Wembley while their grounds were redeveloped. Spurs eventually ended up playing a game at Stadium MK against Watford in front of 23,650 people a fixture supported by former MK Dons player and Milton Keynes local Dele Alli.

FA Women's Cup Final
On 1 June 2014, the stadium hosted the 2013–14 FA Women's Cup final. Arsenal defeated Everton 2–0.

Milton Keynes Dons Women
As of the 2018–19 season, MK Dons women's team share Stadium MK as their home stadium with their male counterparts, Milton Keynes Dons – one of the first clubs in the country to share a stadium between both men's and women's teams of the same club.

UEFA Women's Euro 2022
Stadium MK was selected as one of several venues for the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 tournament. The stadium hosted Group B fixtures Spain v. Finland (8 July 2022), Denmark v. Finland (12 July 2022) and Finland v. Germany (16 July 2022). On 28 July 2022, a 27,445 attendance saw Germany defeat France 2–1 in the second semi-final.

Premiership
Saracens were the first club to host a Premiership rugby match at Stadium mk when Bristol Rugby visited on 10 May 2008, away from their regular Vicarage Road ground, due to Watford F.C. playing at home in the 2008 Championship play-off semi-final. It provided a grand stage for Rugby World Cup 2003 winner Richard Hill's 288th and last appearance for the men in black. A last-minute try from Kameli Ratuvou ensured Hill's 15-year club career finished on a winning note.

On 30 December 2012, Saracens hosted Northampton Saints for a regular season match at Stadium MK, whilst their stadium at Barnet Copthall was still being built. The Saints hosted Saracens in April 2015 before a record 27,411 crowd, as a Premiership game and additionally as a preparation exercise for the stadium's hosting of the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Northampton hosting games at Stadium MK became a regular occurrence and Saints hosted one game a season at the stadium between the 2014–15 and 2016–17 seasons.

European Rugby Champions Cup
On 24 January 2011, the Northampton Saints Rugby union club announced that their 2010–11 Heineken Cup quarter final match against Ulster would take place in the stadium, because their Franklin's Gardens ground was too small to meet the minimum 15,000 seats demanded by the organisers. Franklin's Gardens has since been expanded.

The Saints had previously indicated that they might play future major games at Stadium MK as their proposal to expand Franklin's Gardens using an enabling (ASDA supermarket) development had encountered planning difficulties.

Accordingly, their quarter-final match was played at the stadium on Sunday 10 April 2011 in front of a (then) stadium record crowd of 21,309 supporters who witnessed the Saints (the 'home' side for the day) beat Ulster 23–13. This secured for the Saints a place in the semi-final of the Heineken Cup where they went on to beat USA Perpignan, again at Stadium MK.

On 21 January 2012, Northampton Saints played their final 2011–12 Heineken Cup pool match at Stadium MK against Munster. Saints were defeated 36–51 but the game set a new stadium record attendance of 22,220.

Rugby World Cup 2015
On 8 October 2012, the organisers of the 2015 Rugby World Cup announced that the stadium was one of 17 to be short-listed for detailed appraisal, leading to the final choice of 12 stadiums to be announced in March 2013 It was officially announced as a venue for the 2015 Rugby World Cup on 2 May, and with the venue capacity to expand to 32,000, it hosted three fixtures. The first was a Pool D match between France and Canada on 1 October 2015 with France winning 41–18 with 28,145 in attendance. The second was a Pool B match between Samoa and Japan two days later with Japan winning 26–5 with 29,019 in attendance. The third and final was a Pool A match between Fiji and Uruguay three days later with Fiji winning 47–15 with new stadium attendance record, with 30,048 in attendance.

Concerts
The stadium has also hosted large-scale concerts performed by various music artists and groups:

Other events
The stadium was used as a centre-point for the 40th birthday celebrations of Milton Keynes which took place during 2007.

Jehovah's Witnesses' annual conventions have been held at the stadium.

The sci-fi convention Collectormania was held at the venue between 2009 and 2013.

The 2021 and 2022 UK's Strongest Man competitions were also held at the stadium.

Naming of stands
The South stand of Stadium MK is known as the Cowshed by Dons fans, as Milton Keynes is known for its Concrete Cows. This nickname was also used for the home end at the Dons' previous ground in Milton Keynes, the National Hockey Stadium, now demolished.

The North stand is unofficially known as "The Boycott End", after the AFC Wimbledon fans announcing a boycott of the first fixture between the two teams in 2012 but then changed their mind and sold out the away ticket allocation by bringing more than 3,000 fans to the game.

The side stands are known for the direction in which they are from the pitch (East and West).

Location
The stadium is in south central Milton Keynes, in Denbigh, a part of the Bletchley and Fenny Stratford civil parish, near the junction of the A5 and the A421 spur.

Local/nearby facilities
Local facilities include a 'Double Tree' hotel and a shopping complex with Next, Primark, and Marks and Spencer stores, restaurants including Nando's, TGI Fridays, Prezzo, and Bella Italia, and a 16-screen ODEON cinema. There is an ASDA hypermarket and a large IKEA store in the wider local area.

Transport
The nearest railway stations are Bletchley and Fenny Stratford. Both of these are about 1.3 mi away from the stadium. Milton Keynes Central station, about 2.6 mi away, has more intercity services. Milton Keynes Central and Bletchley are on the busy West Coast Main Line to London, the West Midlands and the North-West; Fenny Stratford is on the low-frequency Marston Vale Line between Bletchley and Bedford. There are shuttle bus connections from the Central and Bletchley stations. Car parking beside the stadium is limited and expensive: time limits on parking outside the nearby shops are strictly enforced on match days. On special occasions, the National Bowl is used for overflow parking.

title: Stadium MK


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Talk:GOLD (parser)

Useful source
While checking for notability of this parser generator in Comparison of parser generators, I found a source that may be useful for fleshing out and verifying this article. However, this was the only substantial secondary source I could find, so I do not feel confident this article meets GNG. StereoFolic (talk) 02:33, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:GOLD (parser)


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Talk:Hypoallergenic

What's going on here?
This article doesn't seem so much an article as an angry invective against advertisers and their "nonsense words". Wikipedia is not a soapbox upon which to rail against a group, no matter how reprehensible, but this article doesn't reflect that at all. I admit that I'm not completely familiar with all the intricacies of reverting to previous versions and all that, but the August 5th version of this page seems to be the most recent non-crazy one, and I would recommend reverting to that version, as well as (warning? blocking? something?) doing something about <IP_ADDRESS>, as this user seems to have made it a goal to completely screw with this article. DesertFly3 09:41, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Trying to fix
You're right, this is not supposed to look like Diderot's Encyclop%C3%A9die. I reverted back to an earlier version and compressed the rant down to a small paragraph, written in a more approriate tone. Some grammar proof-reading will be weclome DrYak 17:59, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

(notitle)
I suggest people who edit this article read the wiktionary passage on "hypoallergenic" and also the CBC article about the word: http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/microscope/micro_2000/hypoallergenic.html.

The restored statements about pets and hypoallergenic are merely arguable opinion, not factual.

The origin of the word, and its questionable legitamacy as a word, particularly a scientific-seeming word, are facts.

It is reasonable to note the fact that the word's origin, neologism as a advertising tactic, clouds its use to this day.

Editing
Trust me, I did read the article. Yes, I know it's a fact that "hypoallergenic" is not a official medical term and that it lacks any scientific deffinition (I happen to have a medical degree). I also agree that, whoever wrote the original article made it not very in the usual consciencious "wikipedian" way.

The problem is that you don't fix such problems by over-writing the article, with a big rant about what you think of the bad advertisers and their too much gullible consumer and about the reasons why you personnaly think such situations exists. This is completly wrong, because your rant is an emotionnal piece, not the usual neutral tone of the encyclopedia. It's also wrong because you only support all your personnal ideas about citing using only a single article (that merely did some research to proove that "hypoallergenic" isn't a medical terme) all your other hypothesis about advertisers and gullible customers are your own un-founded opinion and don't belong here (as it is always said: wikipedia isn't a place to publish original information, it a place where one should compile previous knowledge - without judgement whever it's wrong or not, maybe merly pointing which part of the controversy is proven - while citing every needed source to understand better the subject). PLEASE STAY NEUTRAL AND OBJECTIVE when adding new content to Wikipedia.

Also, your rant was mainly about the general practice of some advertiser, not about the subject of the entry (hypoallergenic). Therefor it doesn't belong to this entry. If you want to speak about this (using facts with their sources, not you personnal opinion about why it works - even if you happen to be correct), go find some article about "advertising jargon", add your information if needed there, don't forget citing your source, and cross-link it with this article.

Lastly by over-writing the article, you destroyed in the process some useful informations (the list of cat breeds that are tought to cause less reactions, the list of genetic engeneerin attemps at acheiving such diminution).

If you wan to do something, please FIRST COOL DOWN. Then think of an organised way to it, that will fit nicely in the existing article and following the wikipedia neutrality guidelines. (You ma try a simple tree : Intro / Benefits reported by advertisers / lack of formal definition / natural species / gentech pets)

DrYak 17:52, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Fixing
I saw your most recent edition. Yeah this is better. Thank you for trying to play by the rules. You could also try to add a small paragraph about allerca, but still presenting the info as highly suspictious. DrYak 14:50, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

I have an opinion although I didn't vote. I find this page objective. I think it was written by a cat-lover. They way they teach you how to write persuasive in school. These dog breeds which are commonly considered to be hypoallergenic really aren't. However these cats are, and also these cats. Instead of a subjective list of which are, aren't and mildly are. Again this is just my point of view. I would admit I'm not a cat-lover. But I don't desire any pet that breathes O2. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Batman809 (talk • contribs) 00:08, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

Cosmetics?
This article says little about its use on cosmetics/lotions labels today... Does the word simply mean that a product isn't prone to causing allergic skin reactions? --Grant M 08:19, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It means dick. It has no formal definiton (the common usage definitoin in the OED doesn't count), so they can use it indescrimanantly Quantum Burrito 21:09, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

i'm hypoalergetic to any kind of jewelery!what should i do?

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Hypoallergenic. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060619171056/http://www.cbc.ca:80/consumers/market/microscope/micro_2000/hypoallergenic.html to http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/microscope/micro_2000/hypoallergenic.html

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:21, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hypoallergenic


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User:Alysonmb

Director of the Bertha Harris Women's Center and Associate Professor of English and Women's Gender and Sexuality Studies at the College of Staten Island, City University of New York.

title: User:Alysonmb


text:
1981 NCAA Division I baseball rankings

The following polls make up the 1981 NCAA Division I baseball rankings. Baseball America began publishing its poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1981. Collegiate Baseball Newspaper published its first human poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1957, and expanded to rank the top 30 teams in 1961. This was the first season with two major polls.

Baseball America
''Currently, only the final poll from the 1981 season is available. ''

Collegiate Baseball
''Currently, only the final poll from the 1981 season is available. ''

title: 1981 NCAA Division I baseball rankings


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Harbinger, North Carolina

Harbinger is an unincorporated community in Currituck County, North Carolina, United States. The community is located along U.S. Highway 158 near the southern tip of the peninsula which forms mainland Currituck County. Harbinger has a post office with ZIP code 27941.

Climate
This region experiences hot and wet summers with rainy days. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Harbinger has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa).

There are cool winters during which intense rainfall can occur in nor'easters.

title: Harbinger, North Carolina


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Ahovan

Ahovan (, also Romanized as Āhovān) is a village in Eshaqabad Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 391, in 118 families.

title: Ahovan


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User:Donaldsonpercussion/sandbox

Donaldsonpercussion/subpage

European Classical Percussion 20th Century to present

This article is about the contribution of percussion and percussionists to classical music from 1920 to present.

History of Percussion in Classical Music

Women and Percussion

Influence of jazz and experimental music

title: User:Donaldsonpercussion/sandbox


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User:Abmanikanta

Adimulam Bala Manikanta, was born in Hyderabad to Adimulam Srinivasulu and Indira. Graduated from Ace Engineering College in Computer Science and Engineering, and obtained post graduation from MBA in Technology Management from College for Commerce and Business Management, Osmania University.

AB Manikanta has a wide experience working across the industry from IT, Telecom Sales, HL and LAP Sales and IT Recruitment in various roles.

title: User:Abmanikanta


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APINACA

APINACA (AKB48, N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) is a drug that acts as a reasonably potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors. It is a full agonist at CB1 with an EC50 of 142 nM and Ki of 3.24 nM (compared to the Ki of Δ9-THC at 28.35 nM and JWH-018 at 9.62 nM), while at CB2 it acts as a partial agonist with an EC50 of 141 nM and Ki of 1.68 nM (compared to the Ki of Δ9-THC at 37.82 nM and JWH-018 at 8.55 nM). Its pharmacological characterization has also been reported in a discontinued patent application. It had never previously been reported in the scientific or patent literature, and was first identified by laboratories in Japan in March 2012 as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis smoking blends, along with a related compound APICA. Structurally, it closely resembles cannabinoid compounds from a University of Connecticut patent, but with a simple pentyl chain on the indazole 1-position, and APINACA falls within the claims of this patent despite not being disclosed as an example.

Legality
APINACA was made illegal in Japan in 2012, and was banned as a temporary class drug in New Zealand from 13 July 2012.

APINACA has been banned in Latvia since 14 November 2013.

Since 2013, APINACA has been a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States.

It is also banned in Germany as an Anlage II controlled drug.

APINACA is listed in the Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) and therefore illegal in Singapore as of May 2015.

As of October 2015 APINACA is a controlled substance in China.

APINACA is banned in the Czech Republic.

Detection
A forensic standard of APINACA is available, and the compound has been posted on the Forendex website of potential drugs of abuse.

title: APINACA


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Gormanston railway station, Tasmania

Gormanston railway station was a short lived railway station in Gormanston, Tasmania at the highest location on the North Mount Lyell Railway. It was situated on the lower northern slopes of Mount Owen in the Linda Valley, just east of the Iron Blow.

Despite its short lifespan, it was considered an important point to have been reached by the railway. The spur to the Gormanston station from Linda was the shortest lived railway operating railway line in Tasmanian railway history, apart from mining and timber tramways that would have been changed regularly in the Zeehan area for instance.

title: Gormanston railway station, Tasmania


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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Language/2020 August 10

= August 10 =

Rodney Dangerfield
How is his surname pronounced? Is it as in "danger" or as in "dang"? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:30, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * As in "danger". --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:37, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Here's a reference. InedibleHulk (talk) 09:19, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * To what? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:08, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * To the word "danger". ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 20:41, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Bingo. InedibleHulk (talk) 23:35, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've always heard Dainjerfeeld but I'm from the South. Ian.thomson (talk) 10:16, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It's pronounced exactly like the two common English words "danger" and "field". -- Jayron 32 12:53, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If in doubt, enter his name on YouTube and you will see many clips, most of which introduce him by name. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 16:43, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for clearing it up for me. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:01, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * There's also the variant spelling "Dangarfield", which I've never been 100% sure of, since ga never produces a soft g anywhere else in the English language, to my knowledge. Except maybe in cases where an e is dropped, such as "knowledg(e)able"--  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  23:41, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Does margarine exist in Oz? —Tamfang (talk) 00:29, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Actually, the biggest flogger of that product in Oz avoids telling us what it really is in their advertising. They just use their pretty product name. HiLo48 (talk) 04:26, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Or gaol. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 00:32, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * D'oh! --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  04:15, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Ancient Germanic term for non-Celtic, non-Roman foreigners?
Walhaz and derived terms (.e.g Welsh) are usually described as being the old Germanic term for "foreigner". However, according to some sources I've seen (including that article), it was actually more specific, and referred to Celts and/or Romans. If this is the case, then presumably there were other words used for other types of foreigners. Do we know what those words were? Iapetus (talk) 14:24, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * 'The Old English noun wealh, plural wealas, originally meaning "Celt", gradually extended its meanings to "slave" and "foreigner" in general. Its ultimate source may have been the name of the Celtic tribe, Volcae, but on the Continent, in view of the Romanized nature of Gaul, it was extended by its Germanic users to include all peoples of Romance or Latin stock. Although the German welsch eventually came to have pejorative connotations, it did not develop the other senses acquired by OE wealh, which was applied specifically to the Romano-Britons. When used of foreigners Wealh was virtually always qualified, as with the Galwalas of the OE Chronicle.'. Margaret Lindsay Faull, The Semantic Development of Old English wealh, Leeds Studies in English, n.s. 8, (1975), 20-44. Alansplodge (talk) 14:41, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * See also Walhaz (your speech marks prevented the link). Alansplodge (talk) 14:44, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Link corrected Iapetus (talk) 08:16, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Proto-Germanic *winidaz for Slavic people, *finnaz for Sámi (Lapps) come to mind. Cheers ⌘  hugarheimur 16:38, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

Thanks all Iapetus (talk) 09:03, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Affecting a local pronunciation of place names, personal names, etc
There's a trend that I've noticed among certain (invariably American) podcasters whereby they choose to affect a quasi-native pronunciation of certain place names and personal names, particularly those in non-rhotic-speaking Anglophone countries which Americans would ordinarily pronounce with a rhotic R. A prominent example is the city of Melbourne, which Americans would tend to pronounce like Mel-burn, but which I've heard podcasters pronounce with a very unnatural-sounding Mel-bun or Melb'n. These are people who ordinarily have a rhotic accent, but who affect a non-rhotic pronunciation just for this one word. It stands out like a sore thumb, and sounds (to my ear) incredibly affected and unnatural. But apparently this is in response to actual requests from Australian listeners who complain whenever they hear the name of their city pronounced rhotically, because that's "wrong". I've never heard the opposite, i.e. an Australian pronouncing "New York" or "California" with a rhotic R because that's how the locals do it. Has anyone else noticed this, and does the phenomenon have a name? I don't know exactly what to call it. Maybe "hyper-endonymy". It's the intra-linguistic version of using the endonym for other countries, like calling Germany "Deutschland" even when speaking English. L ANTZY T ALK 18:43, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It doesn't have its own word for it, but it is a form of hypercorrection similar to, but not exactly the same as, hyperforeignism. The best word for it, TBH, is affectation, "speech or conduct not natural to oneself : an unnatural form of behavior meant especially to impress others". There is not, as far as I know, any special word for when the affectation is specifically geographic.  -- Jayron 32 19:17, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Actually, the traditional New York accent is non-rhotic. A common eye dialect version of the city's name is "Noo Yawk". It's the rest of us in North America who pronounce the R. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:12, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sort of. There are different ways to be non-rhotic and North American Accents which are non-rhotic are so in different ways than Australian ones are.  The manifestation of the r-dropping is distinct.  Australians don't sound like New Yorkers.  -- Jayron 32 11:47, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Can you find a youtube link, or whatever, with a native Aussie saying "Melbourne"? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 20:44, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There's a sound file right at the beginning of the Melbourne article. The second syllable (if it can still be called that) has no vowel sound at all. HiLo48 (talk) 22:44, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * This is called a syllabic consonant. Question (to Victorians): What rhymes with "Melbourne"? --Lambiam 00:05, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In Australian, "seldom". HiLo48 (talk) 00:21, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Not using (an approximation) of the local pronunciation makes one run an enhanced risk of not being understood by the locals, like the tourist in Paris who didn't understand why no one could tell him how to go to the "Shamzy Lie Seas", even though he had read in his travel guide it was perhaps the most famous street of Paris. --Lambiam 00:22, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * When I was much younger everyone I knew here in Australia pronounced the first word of Grand Prix to rhyme with sand, or band. (Except my French teachers.) Now, we have such events (both car and motorcycle) locally, and it's almost universally pronounced as if that first vowel is an "o". Some people even leave off the "n" when saying it! HiLo48 (talk) 00:54, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I seem to recall a cartoon of the Donald McGill type, about the confusion caused by the mispronunciation of the second word of Grand Prix ;-) Alansplodge (talk) 13:46, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There was a clip Denis Norden used to shew, ""Grahnd Preeh". But it says "Grand Prix!" DuncanHill (talk) 11:21, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Listening to that sound byte, and assuming it's a native Aussie saying it, and despite the disparagement of "Melb'n" by the OP, that's exactly what it sounds like to my American Midwest ears. However, as an American and being cognizant of how Aussies say it, I would say "Mel-burn" rather than what it looks like, which is "Mel-born". ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 01:24, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's definitely an Australian saying that. And thanks for being the first American I've seen open to accepting that IS the way we say it. Others have told me in the past that we simply cannot say it without a vowel sound between the "b" and "n" in "Melb'n". I'm pleased we now have the sound file in the article. But now I have a question. How is Melbourne, Florida pronounce by the locals? HiLo48 (talk) 10:15, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Ha, I have no idea. A good bet would be to find a local TV station's website and see if they have any videos in which they say it. In general, the example I like to use is "Paris". Americans tend to pronounce it "PAIR-iss", and that's how Paris, Illinois is pronounced. To us, the French call their city "pah-WEE", while we might say it that way (or "pah-REE") just to be cute. In Spanish, which is definitely a rhotic language, they say "pah-REES", which is actually what the French say except their standard pronunciation rules make it sound to us like "pah-WEE". So emphasizing the second syllable would be closer to being right, but for whatever reason we emphasize the first syllable. As to a vowel sound in "b'n", there is one, sort of, but it's really clipped, which is why "bun" doesn't really work. Think of the many British cities ending in "ham". The "h" is silent and the vowel is likewise clipped. Hence "Durham" is like "Dur'm". ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 11:14, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I really don't know where you're getting the w from in the French pronunciation of Paris. It's a different r from the American one, but it's definitely not a w. --Trovatore (talk) 20:54, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I know it's not actually a "w". It just sounds like it to this American Midwesterner. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 21:17, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's it! It's exactly the same vowel "sound". HiLo48 (talk) 11:52, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Scathing early 20th century book about English language "misuse"
I'm trying to re-find a book I came across ages ago from the early 20th century (I want to say 1910s but I could be off-base there), published in the US iirc, that lamented the "decay" of the English language due to slang, fashions, and "misuses" of grammatical structures and lexical items. Unfortunately, I have no recollection of the title, nor the name of the author.

I can remember two examples of things it complained about:

 * 1) The use of "obnoxious" to refer to people or actions; it should only be used of chemicals ("obnoxious gases").
 * 2) The use of "anticipate" to mean "foresee"; it should only be used to mean "foresee and prevent".

Anyone know the book I'm talking about? I'm fairly certain it was available on the Internet Archive, but I might be thinking of a different, similar site...--Newbiepedian (talk · C · X! · L) 19:26, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Maybe Words; their use and abuse by Mathews, William? Alansplodge (talk) 21:43, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * That's not it, but it looks fascinating nonetheless, thanks!--Newbiepedian (talk · C · X! · L) 23:14, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * We have History of linguistic prescription in English. The most famous English prescriptivist of the first half of the 20th century was Henry Watson Fowler, whose 1926 "Dictionary of Modern English Usage" is for some reason highly-praised on Wikipedia, even though he was rather idiosyncratic, and notorious for inventing usage distinctions which simply didn't exist in the English language previously... AnonMoos (talk) 22:28, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It doesn't appear to be that either, sadly. The work I'm thinking of was less lexicographical/comprehensive, it just rants sardonically about what the author saw as "wrong" usages.--Newbiepedian (talk · C · X! · L) 23:14, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * , may I recommend something from around that time that's an antidote to moaning about the alleged debasing of English: Thomas Lounsbury's The Standard of Usage in English. You'll find it here at the Internet Archive. The book's very much more readable than its deadly dull title suggests. I learned of it via American Tongue and Cheek, a much newer (and rather livelier) book by somebody called Jim Quinn (offhand, I don't know which person of this name). -- Hoary (talk) 23:42, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Apart fom the books he has written (also Word of Mouth, But never eat out on a Saturday night and Shoot Me Like an Irish Soldier), Quinn is a Philadelphia-based published poet and husband of the poet Daisy Fried, former journalist (he has worked for the Washington Post and the Philadelphia Inquirer) and a food columnist for several magazines. It appears there is no article on him here. "Jim" is a nickname; his given name is "James". --Lambiam 00:49, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, ! Perhaps he merits an article, in part to protect him from confusion with (yet another!) right-wing American radio talk show person of the same name. -- Hoary (talk) 01:37, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but I'm currently not in a position to do the grunt work of digging up the sources (if they exist) required to satisfy the exacting demands of WP:AUTHOR. --Lambiam 01:54, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I've been incubating a draft on my hard drive for two months and counting. It's been quite some time since I launched anything worthwhile. -- Hoary (talk) 02:22, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Also looks interesting, thanks!--Newbiepedian (talk · C · X! · L) 23:14, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * This prescriptivist's prescription for anticipate is narrower than mine: I would define anticipate as "(foresee and) act upon in advance". For example, I'd be happy with "As you see, Mr Bond, I anticipated your attempt to scale my walls"; the attempt was not prevented, but it was provided for. —Tamfang (talk) 01:41, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Direct translation for "eggy" in any European language
I was trying to find a translation for "eggy" (i.e. reminiscent of eggs, as in flavor or odor) in Spanish and came to the provisional conclusion that there isn't a word-to-word equivalent adjective. You would have to use an expression like "de huevo" or "a huevo". Then I looked for a French, Italian, or German equivalent, and couldn't find one. It seems like a fairly obvious coinage, but I can't find any direct equivalent outside English. Does such an adjective exist in any European language? Thanks. L ANTZY T ALK 20:05, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In Croatian there's "jajast", "jajolik" etc., but none of them sound good with specifically flavor or odor. You'd probably say something like "smells like eggs". "Jajast" would be probably the closest to "reminiscent of eggs". While you could describe a flavor or odor with this word, it would sound kind of slangy. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:13, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Interesting. -y is cognate to -ig in German, but there's no ei-ig form I know of; and most of the forms that ei might create are quite taken up by other words with quite different meanings -- a fun rabbit hole to explore, thanks! --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 23:03, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There's zweieiig, maybe better translated in spirit as "(two-)egged" instead of "eggy", as in twins from two different egg cells (and the opposite "eineiig"). Not the kind of meaning OP was looking for either, but interesting for sure. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:14, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Searching for "ziemlich eiig" finds a few examples in German meaning "looking somehow like an egg" and "tastes resp. smells of eggs". Italian has "ovaiola" meaning a "laying hen" (ovo/uovo = egg), but well this is not "eggy". 2003:F5:6F0C:E600:2DB6:994C:6322:3DD2 (talk) 18:02, 11 August 2020 (UTC) Marco PB
 * For Spanish you could try huevoso; i don't think it is a commonly used term (in the sense of eggy), but you'd probably be understood when used in context. (Warning: it is also a slang term for having huevos, sense 3.) German has eiartig, which I'd translate back into English as "egg-like", not quite the same as "eggy" (which can also be a slang term). Moreover, another meaning of German eiartig is "ovoid`". --Lambiam 23:19, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I doubt I've heard the word "eggy" before, except in "Eggy-Peggy", the name of a language game comparable to Pig Latin... AnonMoos (talk) 20:08, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "Smells a bit eggy in here, is there a gas leak?", "God, that's an eggy fart", "The custard was good, but a little on the eggy side for my liking". There's also Eggy bread, but that's eggy as in containing eggs rather than being reminiscent of them. DuncanHill (talk) 20:20, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm sure it exists, but I don't think I've heard it before (though I have heard of "figgy pudding"). And the gas smell is hydrogen sulfide, usually described as having the odor of rotten eggs. AnonMoos (talk) 20:48, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In my job I have to treat waste chemicals with sodium sulfide, producing hydrogen sulfide as a by product. The smell always makes me crave egg salad, although I've been told that I over cook my eggs when I make egg salad if it smells like that. --Khajidha (talk) 13:49, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

 * In French you'd have to say "d'oeuf", instead of, I dunno, *oeufeux or something. Goût d'oeuf, odeur d'oeuf, etc. Adam Bishop (talk) 00:49, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Linguee is an interesting source for questions like this because it shows you real-life examples of how people have translated particular words or phrases. For French, it returns
 * there's an eggy smell off it --> il y a une odeur d'oeuf.
 * the taste is complimented by the strong "eggy" flavour --> le goût est ensuite complété par la riche saveur d'œuf
 * And for German :
 * small, open sandwiches topped with various concoctions - primarily eggy but also fishy, gherkiny, tomatoey --> kleinen, schmalen Brötchen mit den unterschiedlichsten bunten Belegen in zahlreichen Variationen - von Ei mit Ei über "Wilden Paprika" und Champignons bis zu den verschiedensten Fischsorten, Gurken, Tomaten…
 * (As you can see many translations are not exact, but it gives you a flavour for how people tackle such questions. The database includes a range of other (primarily European) languages.) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:37, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

 * In Finnish you would say "munainen" (as in "having egg") or "munamainen" (as in "being like egg"). J I P  | Talk 21:27, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Comparing the age of things and persons
Is there a somewhat natural way to express in English that a specific thing or concept has been in existence for a lesser period of time than a specific person? For example, does it work to say "Bruce Willis is older than the M16 rifle"? And is there a way to emphasize it from the oppposite perspective? The M16 rifle is... well, what compared to Bruce Willis? --KnightMove (talk) 20:07, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Interesting question. However, we think of people as being born on an exact and specific date.  For example, Bruce Willis was born on January 1, 1950 (or whatever the correct date).  A "thing" -- such as a gun -- does not really have a "birth date", per se.  So, it's akin to comparing apples and oranges.  Which is why we never hear people say "Bruce Willis is younger than the M16 rifle."  I think using the words "younger" and "older" implies that you are comparing similar items.  As to what the best wording would be, good question.  But, it would probably need to be more "wordy" than just stating "older/younger".  If it were me, I'd say something like: Bruce Willis was born in 1950, a full 20 years after the invention of the M16 rifle.  (or some such).   Or, similarly, Bruce Willis was born in 1950, some 15 years before the start of the Vietnam War.  Wording to that effect.  In other words, "before and after" seem more natural than "older and younger".   Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 21:35, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * As compared with the old cliché that some particular thing is "older than dirt"? <-Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots-> 21:49, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * A rather common way in which people may express the idea, is in the form "When I was born, there were no ". This locution has a respectible pedigree: "When I was born, / there were no oceans / or springs of water. / My birth was before / mountains were formed / or hills were put in place." Or one might say, "When I was born, had not been invented." Benjamin Franklin Gardner, (1818-1915), an Illinois physician, ia reported to have been fond of saying that he was just as old as the State of Illinois. I'd find it quite natural to read something like "The man was older than the majestic tree in front of his house, which his father had planted there one week after his birth." But then, it is natural to ask, "How old is that tree?". The question "How old is the M16?" is a bit weird. You might say that the M16 "came later than" Bruce. --Lambiam 22:59, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I recall a line from Miracle on 34th Street, where Kris Kringle was asked about his age, and his answer was, "As old as my tongue, and a little older than my teeth!" <-Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots-> 01:15, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Phrases such as "Joe is older than the M16 rifle" or "Phyllis is younger than the M16 rifle" seem perfectly normal to me. For an example, Google "Betty White is older than sliced bread". --Khajidha (talk) 13:30, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "Older than dirt" and "older than sliced bread" are very common sayings. Used tongue-in-cheek.  "Older than the M16 rifle" is not the same as those examples.   Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 14:24, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't see any difference. My dad used to always say that he was "the same age as Monopoly and Social Security". "Older than the M16 rifle" sounds perfectly normal and understandable to me. --Khajidha (talk) 15:18, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The usage seems perfectly normal to me. The chair on which I am sitting is older than me, and my phone is older than my computer (I am older than both). I am very much younger than some of my books. Perhaps an EngVar issue? I am British. DuncanHill (talk) 17:59, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Well, then ... if that sounds "perfectly normal" ... what would be the answer to the OP's question? The M16 rifle is younger that Bruce Willis.  Is that your suggestion?      Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 02:24, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There's nothing grammatically wrong with reversing the order, but it sounds odd because nobody does it that way. Clarityfiend (talk) 06:43, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * So, the word younger can legally be used with things? I thought they were newer in English. --KnightMove (talk) 08:41, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "Legally"? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 11:05, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for teaching me that I used this word beyond its scope of meaning. --KnightMove (talk) 16:49, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've always come across it as "[person] is older/younger than [thing]". The order might be a set form that cannot be reversed. Kind of like how "span and spic" just sounds wrong. --Khajidha (talk) 13:51, 12 August 2020 (UTC) PS - I mean in reference to a "thing" as a concept (sliced bread, the M16), not specific things like Duncan Hill's examples about "the chair on which [he is] sitting".

Is there any "technical" difference between the two: listing years with a slash or a hyphen
When you are referring to years ... is there any "technical" difference between the two ... if you say "1981/1982" versus saying "1981-1982" ... (slash versus hyphen)? Do they mean the same exact thing ... or is there a nuance that denotes something different? Thanks. Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 21:45, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Do you have any examples providing context? Also, as I recall, the "Old Style" years before the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar were often listed as "year / year+1" for dates in the January to March range. <-Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots-> 21:48, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The question is in general. But, I was also thinking of the early Academy Awards.  The first Academy Awards may be referred to as 1927/1928 ... or as 1927-1928.   Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 21:58, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The early Academy Awards weren't arranged so that each ceremony covered the films of exactly one calendar year, so 1927/1928 is better, since 1927-1928 might suggest a two-year period. AnonMoos (talk) 22:20, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia's style guideline for year ranges is at WP:MOSNUM: the slash notation "may be used to signify a fiscal year or other special period, if that convention is used in reliable sources". Personally I see no reason to ever use it that way.  The case that Bugs mentions is different: it refers to a date that may be interpreted as being in one or another year, and there I think the slash is strongly preferable. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:14, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes, in general, a slash means "or" and a dash means "to".--Shantavira|feed me 07:47, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * So, for the Academy Awards ... both are correct?    Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 14:25, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * A quick Google suggests that the usual method is to simply quote the year of the ceremony, such as THE 81ST ACADEMY AWARDS | 2009 or The 79th Annual Academy Awards (2007). Alansplodge (talk) 17:31, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * First, neither of those examples "simply quotes the year of the ceremony"; they also include the sequence number. Second, I suggest that it's very confusing, and not really usual, to mention any year other than the year (or range) of the movies eligible for awards. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:58, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. And that's my question.  Would it be "1981/1982" ... or ... "1981-1982" ... slash or hyphen ... ? Thanks.   Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 02:13, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd say, neither. I am not sure what you are trying to convey here with the dual year. If I see "Academy Awards 1981", I'd assume this is meant to refer to the 53rd Academy Awards, presented in 1981. I might interpret "Academy Awards 1981/1982" as expressing uncertainty: someone got an Oscar, but when again? — was that in 1981 or 1982? And I might interpret "Academy Awards 1981–1982" as referring to two successive ceremonies, those held in 1981 and 1982. --Lambiam 07:32, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Just try Googling (other search engines are available) "Academy Awards 1981/1982" and see how many results use that format. I got to page five without finding any. Alansplodge (talk) 13:22, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If I saw "Academy Awards 1981", I'd ask "Do you mean the awards for 1980 (presented in 1981) or for 1981?". The important thing is what year they're for.
 * But for the first few years, the awards were not for a calendar year. For example, the 5th Academy Awards covered the period August 1931 to July 1932. This is the situation where you'll see two years mentioned, "1931/1932" or "1931-32" or whatever. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:55, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes. And that is what I am referring to.  The early Academy Awards.  I guess I will ask yet again ... is it (properly) "1931/1932" or "1931-1932" ... slash or hyphen ...?    Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 23:23, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If it is two consecutive years, they are equivalent. Either works equally well.  -- Jayron 32 18:19, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Thanks, all. Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 00:14, 17 August 2020 (UTC)