text:
tiin

Etymology
From.

Numeral

 * 1) three

Numeral

 * 1)  three

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from , from , of origin.

Noun

 * 1) tin
 * 2) a piece of tin roofing

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

title: tiin


text:
Organic Chemistry/Carboxylic acids

A carboxylic acid is characterized by the presence of the carboxyl group -COOH. The chemical reactivity of carboxylic acids is dominated by the very positive carbon, and the resonance stabilization that is possible should the group lose a proton. These two factors contribute both to acidity and to the group's dominant chemical reaction: nucleophilic substitution.

=Preparation= 1) from alkenes       R-CH=CHR + KMnO4 + OH- + Heat> 2RCOOH 2) from ROH RCH2OH + OXIDIZING AGENT > RCOOH

Aliphatic carboxylic acids are formed from primary alcohols or aldehydes by reflux with potassium dichromate (VI) acidified with sulphuric acid.

3) from toluene etc.       toluene + KMnO4 > benzoic acid

Alkyl benzenes (methyl benzene, ethyl benzene, etc) react with potassium manganate (VII) to form benzoic acid. All alkyl benzenes give the same product, because all but one alkyl carbon is lost.

No acidification is needed. The reaction is refluxed and generates KOH. The benzoic acid is worked up by adding a proton source (such as HCl).

4) from methyl ketones       RCOCH3 + NaOH + I-I > RCOO- + CHI3 5) from Grignard reagents RMgX + O=C=O > RCOOMgX RCOOMgX + HOH > RCOOH + MgX(OH)

=Properties=

Nomenclature
The systematic IUPAC nomenclature for carboxylic acids requires the longest carbon chain of the molecule to be identified and the -e of alkane name to be replaced with -oic acid.

The traditional names of many carboxylic acids are still in common use.

The systematic approach for naming dicarboxylic acids (alkanes with carboxylic acids on either end) is the same as for carboxylic acids, except that the suffix is -dioic acid. Common name Nomenclature of dicarboxylic acids is aided by the acronym OMSGAP (Om's Gap), where each letter stands for the first letter of the first seven names for each dicarboxylic acid, starting from the simplest.

Acidity
Most carboxylic acids are weak acids. To quantify the acidities we need to know the pKa values: The pH above which the acids start showing mostly acidic behaviour: Ethanoic acid: 4.8 Phenol:          10.0 Ethanol:         15.9 Water:           15.7

Data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics, 64th edition, 1984 D-167-8 Except http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoroacetic_acid

Clearly, the carboxylic acids are remarkably acidic for organic molecules. Somehow, the release of the H+ ion is favoured by the structure. Two arguments: The O-H bond is polarised by the removal of electrons to the carbonyl oxygen. The ion is stabilised by resonance: the carbonyl oxygen can accept the charge from the other oxygen. The acid strength of carboxylic acid are strongly modulated by the moiety attached to the carboxyl. Electron-donor moiety decrease the acid strength, whereas strong electron-withdrawing groups increase it.

=Reactions=

Acid Chloride Formation
Carboxylic acids are converted to acid chlorides by a range of reagents: SOCl2, PCl5 or PCl3 are the usual reagents. Other products are HCl & SO2, HCl & POCl3 and H3PO3 respectively. The conditions must be dry, as water will hydrolyse the acid chloride in a vigorous reaction. Hydrolysis forms the original carboxylic acid.

CH3COOH + SOCl2 → CH3COCl + HCl + SO2

C6H5COOH + PCl5 → C6H5COCl + HCl + POCl3

3 CH3CH2COOH + PCl3 → 3 CH3CH2COCl + H3PO3

Esterification
Alcohols will react with acid chlorides or carboxylic acids to form esters. This reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic conditions. See alcohol notes.

C6H5COCl + CH3CH2OH → C6H5COOCH2CH3 + HCl

With carboxylic acids, the condensation reaction is an unfavourable equilibrium, promoted by using non-aqueous solvent (if any) and a dehydrating agent such as sulfuric acid (non-nucleophilic), catalyzing the reaction).

CH3COOH + CH3CH2CH2OH = CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 + H2O

Reversing the reaction is simply a matter of refluxing the ester with plenty of aqueous acid. This hydrolysis produces the carboxylic acid and the alcohol.

C6H5COOCH3 + H2O → C6H5COOH + CH3OH

Alternatively, the reflux is done with aqueous alkali. The salt of the carboxylic acid is produced. This latter process is called 'saponification' because when fats are hydrolysed in this way, their salts are useful as soap.

Anhydrides
See acid anhydride.

Amides
Conceptually, an amide is formed by reacting an acid (an electrophile) with an amine compound (a nucleophile), releasing water.

RCOOH + H2NR' → RCONHR' + H2O

However, the acid-base reaction is much faster, which yields the non-electrophilic carboxylate and the non-nucleophilic ammonium, and no further reaction takes place.

RCOOH + H2NR' → RCOO- + H3NR'+

To get around this, a variety of coupling reagents have been developed that first react with the acid or carboxylate to form an active acyl compound, which is basic enough to deprotonate an ammonium and electrophilic enough to react with the free base of the amine. A common coupling agent is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or DCC, which is very toxic.

Acid Decarboxylation
On heating with sodalime (NaOH/CaO solid mix) carboxylic acids lose their –COOH group and produce a small alkane plus sodium carbonate:

CH3CH2COOH + 2 NaOH →CH3CH3 + Na2CO3 + H2O

Note how a carbon is lost from the main chain. The product of the reaction may be easier to identify than the original acid, helping us to find the structure.

Ethanoic anhydride
Industrially, ethanoic anhydride is used as a less costly and reactive alternative to ethanoyl chloride. It forms esters and can be hydrolysed in very similar ways, but yields a second ethanoic acid molecule, not HCl The structure is formed from two ethanoic acid molecules…

Polyester
Polyester can be made by reacting a diol (ethane-1,2-diol) with a dicarboxylic acids (benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid). n HO-CH2CH2-OH + n HOOC-C6H4-COOH → (-O-CH2CH2-O-OC-C6H4-CO-)n + n H2O Polyester makes reasonable fibres, it is quite inflexible so it does not crease easily; but for clothing it is usually combined with cotton for comfort. The plastic is not light-sensitive, so it is often used for net curtains. Film, bottles and other moulded products are made from polyester.

Distinguishing carboxylic acids from phenols
Although carboxylic acids are acidic, they can be distinguished from phenol because: Only carboxylic acids will react with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to form CO2

2 CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

C6H5COOH + NaHCO3 → C6H5COONa + H2O + CO2

Some phenols react with FeCl3 solution, giving a characteristic purple colour.

Note: Click on the following icon to go back to the contents page.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Organic Chemistry/Carboxylic acids


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General Genetics/Mendelian Inheritance

Gregor Johann Mendel was a monk in the Augustinian Monastery in the Brunn, Czech Republic. In 1854 he began the experiments which started modern genetics. His work with garden peas,  Pisum sativum, was vital to our understanding of inheritance. He is known as the Father Of Genetics.

Mendel's Experiment
Mendel's first step was breeding pure breeding strains of peas. The traits he studied included:
 * Pea colour
 * Height of pea plants
 * and whether the Peas were wrinkled or smooth.

Mendel crossed the pure breeding Parental Generation (designated P). He found that the first generation (F1) was exclusively phenotypically one of the parental types. Mendel then crossed his F1 generation with itself. He found that the F2 generation showed a surprising trait, three quarters were like the F1 generation, while the remaining quarter were like the other Parents.

From this Mendel realised that there were two versions of each loci, one of which expressed dominance over the other. He called this Biparticulate Inheritance. If a gene was following this 3:1 pattern it was said to be segregating Normally.

By looking at multiple genes, Mendel showed that they were not linked to each other and that each loci he studied had no influence over the others. He called this Independent assortment.

By studying cases where the Mendelian laws we can also learn a lot. For instance, if a gene isn't segregating normally it may be sex linked. If two genes aren't Assorting Independently they're probably on the same chromosome

Mendel's laws are the first step to understanding Genetics, they lay down the basic concept of inheritance.

title: General Genetics/Mendelian Inheritance


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Boshrabad

Boshrabad (, also Romanized as Boshrābād) is a village in Fazl Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,123, in 294 families.

title: Boshrabad


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Qualifying school

In professional golf, the term qualifying school is used for the annual qualifying tournaments for leading golf tours such as the U.S.-based PGA and LPGA Tours and the European Tour. A fixed number of players in the event win membership of the tour for the following season, otherwise known as a "tour card", meaning that they can play in most of the tour's events without having to qualify. They join the leaders on the previous year's money list/order of merit and certain other exempt players as members of the tour.

Getting through the qualifying school of an elite tour is very competitive and most professional golfers never achieve it. There can be up to four stages to negotiate, each of them like a regular golf tournament with only a small number of players going on to the next stage. The final qualifying school may be played over up to six rounds, compared with the standard four rounds in a professional golf tournament. However, players who are successful at qualifying school can reach the elite level of competition very quickly.

Some lower status tours are open to any registered professional who pays a membership fee so they do not have a qualifying school.

PGA Tour
The PGA Tour's qualifying school was officially known as the PGA Tour Qualifying Tournament, but the organization also frequently refers to it as "Q-School". The system began in 1965. The 2012 edition (the final Q School that offered a direct path to the PGA Tour) involved four stages:
 * Pre-qualifying stage: Five tournaments held in September, all in warm-weather locations in the United States. Each is played over three rounds. This stage was introduced in 2006 with four tournaments (six in 2007, four in 2008). In each tournament, roughly 35 to 40 players, plus ties, advance to the next stage. Participants in this stage are former college players and mini-tour veterans who have never played in a PGA-sanctioned event or major international tour.
 * First stage: Thirteen tournaments held in October (compared to 14 in 2005, before the introduction of pre-qualifying, 10 in 2006, 12 in 2007, and 11 in 2008), also in warm-weather locations in the United States. Each is played over four rounds. The participants are a mixture of pre-qualifying stage winners and players who were exempted from pre-qualifying. Roughly the top 25 players plus ties in each tournament advance.
 * Exempt into this stage: Members of international golf tours or Korn Ferry Tour over past five seasons, applicants ranked 101-200 in Official World Golf Ranking (OWGR) by deadline, those who played in a major over previous two seasons, Walker Cup members, top 20 in the World Amateur Golf Ranking, anyone who made the cut in a PGA Tour event.
 * Second stage: Six tournaments in November, also in warm-weather locations and each played over four rounds. Like the First Stage, certain players receive exemptions to this stage. Roughly the top 20 plus ties in each tournament advance.
 * Exempt into second stage: 41-70 on Korn Ferry Tour money list, PGA Tour members, winners of Korn Ferry Tour events over past five seasons, applicants who made the cut in a major, applicants who have made 50 or more cuts on the PGA Tour, 51-100 in OWGR, top two available players from Asian Tour, Canadian Tour, PGA Tour Latinoamérica (formerly Tour de las Américas), or Sunshine Tour.
 * Final stage: One tournament played over six rounds in late November-early December. The field consists of Second Stage winners and players who received exemptions into the Final Stage. The top 25 players, plus ties, earn PGA Tour cards for the following year. Their priority ranking for purposes of tournament entry is 24; this ranking enables them to enter most full-field events on the PGA Tour, but not more prestigious stops on the tour unless a substantial number of players in higher categories skip the events. For example, the top 125 players on the previous year's money list who are not otherwise eligible are at priority 19; sponsor's exemptions are priority 11; and winners of PGA Tour events in the previous two years are priority 9. The next 50 players plus ties after the top 25 earned fully exempt Korn Ferry Tour cards for the following year, and any remaining finishers receive conditional status on the Korn Ferry Tour.
 * Exempt through final stage: 126-150 on PGA Tour's money list, 26-40 on Korn Ferry Tour's money list, those with medical extensions, top three available players from European Tour and Japan Golf Tour, top 50 in OWGR.

A number of players who earned PGA Tour privileges through a Top 25 finish on the Korn Ferry Tour also played in the final stage in attempts to improve their status and order in the reshuffle. The reshuffle alternated between Q School and Korn Ferry Tour graduates, with higher-finishing players getting more priority in tournaments. The initial reshuffle began with the Q School medalist, then 2nd place on the Korn Ferry Tour money list (the money leader is fully exempt), second in Q School, and so on. The order would change according to season earnings after the eighth tournament of the season, the Masters, Players Championship, U.S. Open, and British Open, again with the highest earning players receiving higher priority into tournaments.

Korn Ferry Tour graduates did not count against the 25. If there were less than 25 after the Korn Ferry Tour graduates were discounted, then those in the next position were given PGA Tour cards, as in 2010 and 2011. In 2011, twenty-six golfers originally earned tour cards, which also included Korn Ferry Tour graduates Roberto Castro and Mark Anderson. As there were fewer than 25 after Castro and Anderson were not counted, Nathan Green, Colt Knost, and John Huh were also given Tour cards for 2012. Huh was the most successful of the three, winning at Mayakoba, playing in all four stages of the FedEx Cup, and finishing 28th on the money list en route to Rookie of the Year honors. Knost did well enough to keep his Tour privileges, while former PGA Tour winner Green finished outside the Top 150.

The 2012 Qualifying Tournament was the last to award PGA Tour privileges. The tour announced in March 2012 that after the end of the 2013 PGA Tour season in September of that year, the 2014 season will begin the following month, and future seasons will begin in October of the previous calendar year. As a result, from 2013 on, the Qualifying Tournament will only award privileges on the Korn Ferry Tour. New PGA Tour cards for the 2014 season and beyond will instead be awarded at the end of a four-tournament series, known as the Korn Ferry Tour Finals, in which the top 75 money winners on the Web.com Tour and non-exempt golfers placing between 126 and 200 on the FedEx Cup points list will be eligible. The top 25 on the Korn Ferry Tour money list heading into the Finals will receive PGA Tour cards, with the remaining 25 cards to be awarded based on money earned in the Finals. The Finals money list will determine the priority placing for all 50 card earners in the coming season, including those earning cards through the Korn Ferry Tour money list.

In 2015, Korn Ferry Tour Q School was reduced to a four-round event. In 2023, Q School allowed players to earn PGA Tour cards for the first time in a decade, giving cards to top five plus ties.

European Tour
The European Tour has a three-stage qualifying school:
 * First Qualifying Stage: eight tournaments, held in various countries around Europe, each played over four rounds.
 * Second Qualifying Stage: four tournaments, each of four rounds, at four different courses in Spain.
 * Final Qualifying Stage: a single tournament played over six rounds at two courses in Spain.

The leading 30 players and ties at Final Qualifying receive category 11 membership of the European Tour, which entitles them to entry to a substantial number of European Tour events, but not to the more prestigious stops on the tour unless a large number of players in higher exemption categories miss those tournaments.

The leading 30 players also receive category 4 membership of the second tier Challenge Tour, with the remainder of those making the 72-hole cut being granted category 7 status, and those missing the cut, category 12. Any player not making it through to the final stage is able to take up category UR1 membership, with limited opportunities to participate in tournaments during the season.

LPGA Tour
The LPGA operates a qualifying school with two stages:
 * Sectional Qualifying: Two tournaments played over four rounds, one in California and the other in Florida, held in September and October. These tournaments are scheduled so that they do not conflict, and golfers may enter one or both sectionals. The entry fee is $4000 for one sectional or $5000 for both. The top 30 players, plus ties, from each sectional advance.
 * Final Qualifying Tournament: A single tournament held in late November-early December at the LPGA International in Daytona Beach, Florida, played over five rounds. No extra fee is charged for entry. The top 45 players, plus ties, receive Tournament Division Membership. Their priority position varies depending on their Q-School finish:
 * The top 20 finishers receive Category 12 membership, which entitles them to entry in most full-field events apart from the more prestigious events. Note that this does not include ties—if the top-20 cut includes more than 20 golfers, the players tied for the last position go to a sudden-death playoff to reduce the qualifiers to exactly 20 players. They alternate with the golfers who finished between 81 and 90 on the previous year's LPGA money list.
 * Finishers between 21 and 45 receive Category 17 membership.

PGA Tour Champions
The PGA Tour Champions, the PGA Tour's circuit for golfers age 50 and older, has its own "Q-School". As of 2011, it involves two stages:
 * Regional Qualifying Stage: Three tournaments played over four rounds and held in late October, all in warm-weather locations in the United States. Each tournament has a field of roughly 78 players, with roughly 16 to 17 advancing to the final stage. Two alternates are also chosen at each site in case a qualifier is unable to make the final stage.
 * Final Stage: One tournament played over four rounds in mid-November. The field consists of Regional Qualifying winners and players who received exemptions into the Final Stage. The top 30 players, plus ties, earn PGA Tour Champions cards for the following year. However, for most, this only provides entry into Monday qualifying—only the top five players, not including ties, are assured of entry into regular tour events, and only for the first half of the season. If necessary, a playoff is used to reduce the number of fully exempt players to five. Golfers who will turn 50 during the next PGA Tour Champions season are allowed to enter Q-School, although they will not be eligible to compete on the tour until their birth date. An example of this occurred at the 2012 Q-School, with two of the top five finishers having been born on June 13, 1963. Their exemptions were temporarily taken up by the sixth- and seventh-place finishers. Players 6th-12th are conditionally exempt. Those in the top thirty plus ties are given entry into all open-qualifying tournaments.
 * Exempt through final stage: Top five in the current year's Senior PGA Professional National Championship, top available player (no lower than fifth) on both the European Senior Tour and Japan Senior Tour Orders of Merit, all players not already exempt who are in the top 75 of either the current year's or all-time PGA Tour Champions money list. Also, since 2010, golfers who have either won an event or made 150 cuts on the regular PGA Tour are exempt to this stage for their first two seasons of PGA Tour Champions eligibility, as are former PGA Tour Champions winners for the first two seasons after losing their exemption for that tour.

Other qualification methods
Other methods of getting onto an elite golf tour include:
 * Finishing near the top of the money list/order of merit on the tour's official developmental tour, such as the Korn Ferry Tour for the PGA Tour, the Challenge Tour for the European Tour or the Symetra Tour for the LPGA Tour.
 * Winning a specified number of tournaments on the tour's official developmental tour may grant an exemption. For example, both the PGA Tour and European Tour grant a "performance promotion" — informally known as a "battlefield promotion" — to any player who wins three events on its developmental tour in a season. Such a player is exempt from qualifying on the higher tour for at least the remainder of that season; on the PGA Tour, the exemption runs for the entirety of the following season.
 * Winning a tournament on the tour after gaining entry to it through its qualification event or as a sponsor's invitee. Tiger Woods secured his PGA Tour card by winning the Las Vegas Invitational in October 1996 as a sponsor's invitee, and went on to win another event two weeks later.
 * Winning enough money on multiple events on the tour as a qualifier/sponsor's invitee to meet whatever criteria the tour may lay down for promotion to full membership. Even without his 1996 tournament wins, Woods would have earned his tour card by finishing in the top 125 on the 1996 money list, since he had three other top-5 finishes as a sponsor's invitee that season.
 * Special categories for elite golfers: Most tours offer automatic memberships to golfers with outstanding achievements such as winning a recent major championship or making a recent Ryder Cup or Presidents Cup team.

title: Qualifying school


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Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University

Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (SDAU) is a State Agricultural University in India. It is approximately 30 km from Palanpur town in Banaskantha District of Gujarat.

History
The Gujarat Agricultural University started functioning in June 1972. It was established with specific mandates of promoting productivity of agriculture by pursuing research in agriculture and allied sciences. The unique feature of the Gujarat Agricultural University was a multi-campus set-up. The other three campuses were at Junagadh, Navsari and Anand.

Since 2004, the GAU was split into four campuses. The Gujarat Agricultural University started functioning with specific mandates for promoting productivity of agriculture through the pursuance of research in agriculture and allied sciences. The Gujarat Agricultural University had 11 constituent colleges faculties which undertook undergraduate and postgraduate teaching under a semester system.

The total number of students who have graduated from the Gujarat Agricultural University (until 1996) were 8532 in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Renewable Energy & Environmental Engineering, Dairy Science, Basic Science and HumanitiesAgricultural Engineering, Horticulture and Forestry, Home Science and Fisheries. 2159 students have obtained Masters, and 393 have acquired their PhD degrees.

Campuses
Gujarat Agricultural University does not exist any more. The four campuses of Gujarat Agricultural University were converted into four independent universities on May 1, 2004 by Gujarat Government through the Gujarat Agricultural Universities Act 2004.

The Sardarkrushinagar campus in Dantiwada Taluka (earlier the headquarters of GAU) is known as Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University and has ten colleges: [Note:- In year 2021 all the dairy, veterinary & fisheries colleges are removed from all agricultural university located in gujarat & Now this colleges operate under Kamdhenu University.] The other agriculture universities which were converted into universities from GAU are Anand Agricultural University, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari and Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.
 * Shri G.N. Patel College of Dairy Technology
 * College of Food Technology
 * C.P. College of Agriculture
 * College of Agriculture at Tharad
 * College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
 * ASPEE College of Home Science
 * College of Agri-Business Management
 * College of Basic Science & Humanities
 * College of Renewable Energy & Environmental Engineering
 * College of Horticulture, Jagudan(Mahesana)


text:
User:Springeragh/Wikipedian Notebook

 The Wikipedian Notebook

 The Wikipedian Notebook aims to provide a collection of quotes and quotations that fellow Wikipedians enjoy. Consider yourself the commentator for the day, and construct the ultimate notebook, or just tell us what your favourite quotes are.

This page has been blatantly plagiarised from  P h a e d r i e l 's beautiful Soundtrack of Wikipedians page, many thanks for the great idea. Please add your favourite lines here and share your emotions by them. —$ΡЯΙNGεrαgђ (-¢| ε  |Ŀ|T|♫-)

 Just a few suggested guidelines:
 * Please limit your list to no more than 25-30 entries! You may of course post as many as you want, but other people will be unlikely to go through a list of a hundred lines.
 * List your favorite lines from movies, books, etc., and just that, please! There's no use in commenting others' selections or your own here. It's great if you wish to do so, but please, do it at the talk page instead.
 * You may or not want to post an image, either your pic or whatever you want to present yourself - that's entirely up to you—no fair use images please!
 * Please add yourself following alphabetical order. (No, the joke will not be on top!) ;) The easiest way to add your entry is to copy and paste an existing one, and then replacing the proper information with your own. Don't be afraid to mess up! This is just for fun - if you malformed your entry, somebody else will fix it later for you, don't worry.
 * If you have any doubts and/or suggestions, please contact me at my talk page. Have fun! :)

[[Image:Nuvola apps date.png|25px]] La Pianista
{| width="100%" |
 * align="center" width="25%"| [[Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 105.jpg|200px]]
 * width="35%" colspan="2" |

 * "From a pound of iron worth a few pennies can be made many thousand watch-springs, which are worth hundreds of thousands. Put to good use the pound that God has given you."—Robert Schumann
 * "Perhaps only Genius really understands Genius."—Robert Schumann
 * "Art! Who comprehends her? With whom can one consult concerning this great goddess?"—Ludwig van Beethoven
 * "I do not want people to be very agreeable, as it saves me the trouble of liking them a great deal." —Jane Austen
 * "Over the piano was printed a notice: Please do not shoot the pianist. He is doing his best."—Oscar Wilde (from Personal Impressions of America (Leadville))
 * "No great artist ever sees things as they really are. If he did, he would cease to be an artist."—Oscar Wilde (from The Decay of Lying)

[[Image:Nuvola apps date.png|25px]] The Halo

title: User:Springeragh/Wikipedian Notebook


text:
Understanding fundamentalism

Aims and Objectives

 * To understand the causes and sources of Religious Fundamentalism
 * To be able to identify Fundamentalist groups and ideas
 * To engage in critical discussion with Fundamentalisms

title: Understanding fundamentalism


text:
Cromwell Mountains

The Cromwell Mountains is a mountain range on the Huon Peninsula in north-eastern Papua New Guinea.

The range is part of the Huon Peninsula montane rain forests. The character and species composition of the forests varies with elevation. Species of Castanopsis and Lithocarpus are the predominant trees in the lower montane forests, which extend from approximately 1000 to 2,000 meters elevation. Above 2,000 meters species of Xanthomyrtus, Vaccinium, and Rhododendron are common, transitioning to Lithocarpus–Elmerrillia forests at approximately 2,300 m. Above 2,400 meters, forests are dominated by broadleaved Elaeocarpus and the conifers Phyllocladus, Podocarpus, and Dacrydium. The mountains are home to the most extensive unlogged Dacrydium forests in the Southern Hemisphere.

Climate
The climate in the region is typical of tropical rainforests, with high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall all year round. The temperatures in the Cromwell Mountains hover around 25°C (77°F) throughout the year, except for higher elevations where it can get cooler. The humidity level is around 80% on average. Rainfall is abundant in the Cromwell Mountains, with around 4,000 millimeters (157 inches) of rainfall each year. It's spread out relatively evenly, so there's no distinct dry season. The wet season is from November to April, with heavier rainfall and thunderstorms during this time. The climate is influenced by the region's location in the tropics and proximity to the equator. The Southeast Trade Winds bring moist air from the Pacific Ocean, leading to high levels of precipitation. The mountainous terrain also contributes to local variations in weather patterns.

title: Cromwell Mountains


text:
Blackwater River (Virginia)

The Blackwater River of southeastern Virginia flows from its source near the city of Petersburg, Virginia for about 105 miles (170 km) through the Inner Coastal Plain region of Virginia (part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain). The Blackwater joins the Nottoway River to form the Chowan River, which empties into Albemarle Sound. The Blackwater-Nottoway confluence forms the boundary between Virginia and North Carolina.

Overview
The Blackwater River is a true blackwater river. Its water is clear, dark, slightly acidic, and tannin stained. Its drainage basin contains many swamps. The river's flood plain is mostly forested and swampy, including bald cypress and tupelo swamp forests. The upper Blackwater River is called Blackwater Swamp. In this region of Virginia, many streams are called "swamps" but still function like streams in being long and linear, with water moving from one end to the other and laid out in a normal stream tributary network. In contrast, some of the region's wetlands are not streams, such as the bog-like pocosins found on the higher land between swamp-stream drainages.

The Blackwater River was a transportation route in the 17th and 18th centuries, connecting the Chesapeake Bay settlements with the Albemarle Settlements. It was one of the few rivers of colonial Virginia that did not empty into Chesapeake Bay yet lay close to the colony's oldest settlements on the James River. Settlements in the Blackwater's drainage basin were founded very early in Virginia's history. As a result, the Blackwater River became one of the early migration routes southward from the James River into the region then called Southside Virginia, and beyond into the Albemarle District of Carolina (later North Carolina). Today's usual definition of Southside differs somewhat from that of colonial times.

Course
The Blackwater River originates in several swamps within, or just south of, the city of Petersburg. It flows southeast through Prince George County, where it is called Blackwater Swamp. It then forms part of the border between Surry County and Sussex County, where its name becomes Blackwater River. It collects tributaries called Warwick Swamp, Otterdam Swamp, Coppahaunk Swamp, and Cypress Swamp. In southern Surry County, the Blackwater River turns south and forms the border between Isle of Wight County and Southampton County. It collects tributaries called Terrapin Swamp, Antioch Swamp, Seacock Swamp, Corrowaugh Swamp, and Kingsale Swamp.

The city of Franklin lies on its west bank at the river's head of navigation. While canoes and other small boats plied the Blackwater upstream of Franklin in colonial times (and still do today), in the steamboat era, navigation was restricted to the river downstream of Franklin.

South of Franklin, the Blackwater River forms the border between Southampton County and Suffolk.

About nine miles (14 km) south of Franklin, on the border between Virginia and North Carolina, the Blackwater River is joined by the Nottoway River, forming the Chowan River, which continues south to Albemarle Sound. The boundary between Virginia and North Carolina runs west from the Atlantic Ocean, striking the Blackwater River about a half mile (1 km) north of the confluence with the Nottoway River. From there the state line follows the Blackwater River south to the confluence, then continues west.

The watershed of the Blackwater River contains a portion of three cities and five counties of Virginia: the cities of Franklin, Petersburg, and Suffolk, and the counties of Isle of Wight, Prince George, Southampton, Surry, and Sussex.

Natural history
The Blackwater River is, as its name implies, a blackwater river — its waters are clear, dark, acidic, low in nutrients, and tannin stained. Several environmental factors cause the blackwater condition. The many forested wetlands along the river include Streamhead Pocosins and Bald Cypress and Tupelo Swamps.

The Blackwater is known for its pocosins, including the rare type called streamhead pocosin. The only two streamhead pocosins known in Virginia are on the Blackwater River.

Bald Cypress and Tupelo Swamps occur along many streams of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Most were logged, thus old-growth examples are rare. The Blackwater River Preserve protects one of the oldest bald cypress and tupelo swamp forests in the South, with trees up to 800 years old. The largest known water tupelo in the United States, according to the National Register of Big Trees, is in Isle of Wight County. It stands 95 ft tall with a circumference of 406 in. Another stand of old-growth bald cypress and tupelo forest, known as Dendron Swamp, was recently designated a Natural Area Preserve by the Virginia Department of Conservation of Recreation.

Another rare type of forest found along the Blackwater River is a type called Longleaf Pine and Mixed Pine Flatwoods. The forests were once common in southeastern Virginia, but today are restricted, in Virginia, to a few small sites on the east side of the Blackwater River. Near the town of Zuni, Virginia, one stand is protected by the Blackwater Ecological Preserve. The Red-cockaded woodpecker is endemic to the flatwoods ecosystem and the Blackwater River is the northern range of this woodpecker. Many species of reptiles and amphibians depend on the long leaf pine ecosystem. The Blackwater River is one of the few locations in Virginia that has over thirty species of amphibians.

The many old forests and wetlands along the Blackwater River have made it popular for recreational canoeing.

Fishing
The Blackwater originates as a coastal plain swamp in Prince George County. It flows east through braided channels of bald cypress and tupelo in Surry County. The river then turns south into Southampton County where several boat ramps are accessible for anglers, hunters and boaters alike. The Blackwater then joins with the Nottoway to form the Chowan at the Virginia-North Carolina state line. On any one trip you can see whitetail deer, numerous waterfowl, raccoons, squirrels and many unique reptile and amphibian species, not to mention a healthy fish population swimming under the water's surface.

The dark, tannin stained waters of the Blackwater River host runs of striped bass, river herring (alewives and blueback), American and hickory shad in the spring. Angling for redbreast sunfish ("red throats" or "red robins") is also quite good in the spring. The river also hosts largemouth bass, bluegill, crappie, flier, and chain pickerel populations. Bowfin and gar are common in the lower main stem. Angling for bowfin provides a great opportunity to catch many hard-fighting fish in a short amount of time. The possibility also exists to land a trophy bowfin over ten pounds.

Canoeing and kayaking
Recreational opportunities are limited to some bridge crossings, state boat ramps, and canoe access areas. No permits are required.

Boat ramps can be found at Routes 611 (Joyner's Bridge Rd) and 603 off Route 258 in Isle of Wight County.

A new double-lane boat ramp with paved parking will be open in the City of Franklin in the spring of 2007.

Canoe access can be found off of Rt. 619 (Burdette), Rt. 189 (S. Quay), and Rt. 620 (Broadwater Br.), but beware of vehicle parking restrictions. If you are putting in at Rt. 620 speak with landowner across the street.

Colonial and later history
In 1646, after two years of war between the Virginia colony and the Powhatan confederation, a peace treaty was agreed to by the leaders of the two sides (Governor William Berkeley and Chief Necotowance). The treaty set the boundary between Virginia and Indian lands at the lower Blackwater River (or Blackwater Swamp) up to its head at "Yapim" (modern Franklin), and thence in a directly straight line to the "Monacan town" (Mowhemencho, at the eastern tip of Powhatan County). Native Americans were only allowed to cross this line at the newly built Fort Henry on the Appomattox, where Petersburg now is, and they had to display a special badge, without which they could be killed on the spot, or after 1662, arrested.

By the late 17th century, some settlers from Virginia were crossing the Blackwater-Ft. Henry-Monacan town boundary, and settling in territory of Indian tribes such as the Appomattoc and the Nottoway. The government of Virginia repeatedly ordered such people to return northeast of this line, and would not allow the land beyond to be surveyed for land grants. In 1685, the House of Burgesses asked Governor Howard for permission to grant some land south of the Blackwater River. The governor denied the request.

According to a petition by the colonial government of Virginia made to the King, dated May 1, 1688, the Tributary Indians, who still legally owned the land west of the line, allegedly asked for settlers to move into their territory. The reason for the request was said to be fear of invasion by larger, non-Tributary tribes, in light of their own dwindling numbers, besides that "Such large Tracts of Land are of noe benefit nor use unto them". However, King William and Queen Mary wanted the moratorium on patents extended, and in 1691, another order was given demanding all settlers south of the river to return north. By 1706, the Blackwater boundary law was revoked and settlements south of the river or west of the line became legal.

Transportation in early colonial Virginia was usually done by water. The many wide estuaries and wetlands made land transport difficult, especially when moving goods. Migration and settlement patterns thus tended to follow the rivers, most of which flowed from the west and emptied into Chesapeake Bay. The Blackwater River was an exception. It flowed south to Albemarle Sound. The Blackwater's headwaters were close to the main settlements along the James River (some within three miles). By the early 18th century, Virginians were living along the upper Blackwater River and using the river for travel and transportation. The political authority of Virginia was centered on Chesapeake Bay. Most of the other rivers used for travel in Virginia at the time emptied into the bay, which helped Virginia's government control the colony's affairs. The settlers using the Blackwater River, however, were drawn away from Chesapeake Bay to the relatively lawless settlements of Albemarle Bay. This played a role in the emerging "southside" society, as the region "south of the James River" became known. As early as 1713 a place called South Quay six and a half miles downriver from Franklin was becoming an important trade port. By 1777 South Quay was known as the leading interior port to the Tidewater area. Large warehouses were storing tobacco, pork and other goods for export and import. The South Quay venture eventually also became a shipyard and built two ships, the Caswell and the Washington, that helped defend the coast from the British fleet in 1777/78. On July 16, 1781, English Lieutenant Colonel Dundas was dispatched by Cornwallis to destroy South Quay, ending the commercial activity of what today is called Old South Quay.

During the American Civil War, the Blackwater River was for a time the dividing line between Union-occupied territory and Confederate Virginia. The boundary was not well defended, allowing thousands of "contrabands" (as the slaves were called during the war) the chance to flee east out of Southampton County, across the Blackwater River and into freedom.

Flooding
Because the Blackwater River drains a large area of southern Virginia east of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, when heavy rainfall occurs throughout the area, severe flooding occasionally occurs at several points as the large volume of water flows downstream. Critical points of such flooding have been near Zuni along U.S. Route 460, and in the independent city of Franklin, which borders Southampton County and Isle of Wight County. Unlike the marshy areas upstream, at these points the river's channel is limited, and flood stages can be reached very quickly. This occurred during Hurricane Floyd in 1999, and again in October 2006, after an unnamed Nor'-Easter storm dumped 10 inches (25 cm) of rain on the region.

title: Blackwater River (Virginia)


text:
Talk:Chimbu Deven

Untitled
I think the article has been based on Ananda VikatanDoctor Bruno 16:10, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

indian director
This article needs someone familiar with the subject. I don't where to begin with a director from India. Cheers, :) Dlohcierekim  19:57, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chimbu Deven


text:
Wikijunior talk:Solar System/Mercury

Sources

 * Mercury (planet) -- General data
 * Mercury (mythology)
 * NASA -- Nasa overview
 * NASA kid's site -- Some trivia
 * nineplanets.org -- More general data
 * mathforum.org -- Weight data

Size of Mercury
I simplified the section on Mercury's size, thinking that our target audience wouldn't need three decimal places when comparing it to the Earth and moon. I changed it to "a little over a third as big as the Earth," and changed the moon comparison similarly. I also deleted the fifth significant figure for the size in km, figuring such percision unnecessary.

My version is not necessarily the best way to phrase it either, though, so feel free to edit as you will. --Asbestos 00:06, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Mythology
Though none of the other planet articles have expanded this section yet, I figured saying why a planet was named after a certain god was important. I've started changing it in this direction, feel free to expand. On a completely unrelated note, I felt a little like Calvin from Calvin and Hobbes: "Mercury was a Roman God with winged feet... Why they named a planet after this guy, I can't imagine. Um... back to you, Susie..." --Asbestos 00:45, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I've also added a possible "Mythology box." Do people think such asides are good? -- Asbestos 20:52, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I love the Mythology Box! Such asides usually make it more interesting, especially in children's books. Lady~Macbeth 02:18, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Orbital precession
Is the concept of orbital precession too advanced for a book of this nature? As you probably know, in physics the precession of the orbit of Mercury is considered important as it helped confirm Einstein's theory of relativity. Historically people tried to explain the discrepancies in the rate of precession by predicting the existence of the planet Vulcan. (Which may be an interesting section all by itself.) — <IP_ADDRESS> 14:55, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Try to simplify (in this case really simplify) the issues and bring up the larger issues of being very close to a massive object like the Sun. Another place you could write up this issue in terms of relativistic effects could be in a supplimental article like the existing How was the Solar System born? article.  These are planned to be a part of the appendix when the book is formally put together.  Rob Horning 9 July 2005 11:00 (UTC)

How long is a year on this planet?
Wouldn't this sentence: "This means that an eight-year-old person would be 32 years old on Mercury."

suggests the reader that they will biologically age faster in Mercury? How about: "... would be 32 Mercury years"?

 * Sounds great -- go for it. --SV Resolution 17:37, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Mercury Facts

 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from -300 °F (-180 °C) to 800 °F (430 °C). The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 58 °C (136 °F)!

- mixed use in the same line of: xxx °F (yyy °C) - versus - xxx °C (yyy °F) - dominant use on other Solar System pages seems(?) to be, xxx °C (yyy °F) ? making the (yyy °X) part slightly differ might make it a little more readable. (whole book!) (--MvGulik 23:53, 20 October 2005 (UTC))

 * That isn't "mixed use". It is consistent use of the logical and proper convention for expressing converted values:  List the original first, followed by the converted value in parentheses.  You can see from the roundness of the numbers that the degrees Fahrenheit are the likely originals.  But we know that the 58 °C was originally made on the Celsius scale, in part because those are the only units of temperature for weather used where it was made.  Metric1000 13:39, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It is consistent use if you are aware of the rule that is applied. Not sure how I should have know this. --MvGulik 09:49, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I was just trying to point out that there are several different bases from which you can look at consistency, and they aren't always compatible with each other. You could certainly find publications which do follow an "English units first" or "metric units first" rule and things like that.  I'm just arguing that the better position is "originals first", because, as pointed out below, that is often the best indicator of the precision of the original measurement, and also because, if an error has been made in conversion--which happens quite often, it is a clue as to which one is more likely correct.  Metric1000 14:23, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Note, however, for the stuff below as well, that the better and easier to read conversion style groups ranges of numbers:
 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from -300 °F to 800 °F (-180 °C to 430 °C). The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 58 °C (136 °F).
 * Metric1000 13:55, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Line Example: normal
 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from -180 °C (-300 °F) to 430 °C (800 °F). The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 58 °C (136 °F)!

Line Example: italic
 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from -180 °C (-300 °F) to 430 °C (800 °F). The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 58 °C (136 °F)!

Line Example: small
 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from -180 °C (-300 °F) to 430 °C (800 °F) . The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 58 °C (136 °F) !

Full Example's:

Mercury Facts:
 * Mercury orbits the Sun faster than any other planet.
 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from -180 °C (-300 °F) to 430 °C (800 °F) . The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 58 °C (136 °F) !
 * Radar observations suggest that there is frozen water on Mercury's north pole.

Mercury Facts:
 * Mercury orbits the Sun faster than any other planet.
 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from -180 °C (-300 °F) to 430 °C (800 °F). The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 58 °C (136 °F)!
 * Radar observations suggest that there is frozen water on Mercury's north pole.

Mercury Facts:
 * Mercury orbits the Sun faster than any other planet.
 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from -300 °F (-180 °C) to 800 °F (430 °C). The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 58 °C (136 °F)!
 * Radar observations suggest that there is frozen water on Mercury's north pole.

--MvGulik 23:53, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

PS: considering the text in the side box is larger than normal text, the small text variant might become to small. --MvGulik 00:17, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The second example is bad, because the rules say that symbols for units of measure can never be italicized.
 * Smaller numbers for he converted values is a bad idea.
 * As I said above, originals first! Metric1000 13:55, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Italic: Aha, did not know that. --MvGulik 09:49, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Incorporating all of my suggestions, plus the &minus; symbol: Metric1000 14:08, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Mercury Facts:
 * Mercury orbits the Sun faster than any other planet.
 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from −300 °F to 800 °F (−180 °C to 430 °C). The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 58 °C (136 °F)!
 * Radar observations suggest that there is frozen water on Mercury's north pole.

 * While there aren't "rules" about use of symbols, there are "style" guidelines that suggest you may be correct. A good "style" suggestion as well is consistancy.  If you are going to be quoting temperatures like this, be consistant with your units like this box:

Mercury Facts:
 * Mercury orbits the Sun faster than any other planet.
 * Mercury's surface temperature can vary from −300 °F to 800 °F (−180 °C to 430 °C). The hottest shade temperature ever felt on Earth was only 136 °F (58 °C)!
 * Radar observations suggest that there is frozen water on Mercury's north pole.

Still, I like this one better, and is clean and to the point. Parenthesis tend to break up thoughts and reading, so grouping the concept of the range is a good one. I also agree that as a matter of style italics are inappropriate here. As a general style guideline as well, don't put in false precision when doing conversions between Imperial (American now?) units and Metric units. I hate it when you see something like 100 miles (160.94 km) when you were talking about a rough distance to somewhere. Instead it should be somewhat close in precision like 100 miles (160 km) where you can assume in this case +/- 10 km accuracy. Things like diameters of asteroids and moons generally only have about 2 digit accuracy anyway, and in some cases even the order of magnitude is a guess. --Rob Horning 17:27, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I repeat, the consistency to strive for is originals first; not some artificial notion that some particular unit of measure should come first.
 * The reason for this has a lot to do with your point about precision. That temperature was originally measured as 58 °C, likely on a thermometer that only had the Celsius scale.  Assuming that this was accurately measured to the nearest degree Celsius, it would be somewhere between 135.5 °F and 137.3 °F; to the nearest degree Fahrenheit, it might have been 136 °F or 137 °F.
 * However, if it is instead stated as 136 °F first, this creates the misleading impression that it was measured to the nearest degree Fahrenheit, and would be somewhere in the 57.5 °C to 58.1 °C range if accurately measured to greater precision.
 * Similarly, with the originals first in the other numbers, there are two logical choices for the precision of the conversion: either −300 °F to 800 °F (−200 °C to 400 °C) or −300 °F to 800 °F (−180 °C to 430 °C) would work, but if we can safely assume that the originals have been kept in the primary position, we have a better idea how precise those numbers actually are, no matter which conversion is used.  Metric1000 20:41, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Bye bye & GL. (I would clean up, but u 2 are still talking) --MvGulik 09:49, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * We are not talking about a formal scientific journal, where the original numbers are of huge importance and it is critical that the original data is preserved (like real scientists never fudge the data anyway). This is a book for kids, for crying out loud.  The consistancy is to deal with the cultural context of what units the kids may be familiar with, although even in the USA it is likly that the kids reading this are familiar with the metric system.  If this were to be published in the EU as a primary target, it would be better if the temperature and distances listed would be in metric measurements first.  The dual listing of imperial and metric units is done in part to help encourage a transition away from the imperial units, but use them when that is all the reader may be familiar with.  --Rob Horning 14:39, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In this particular case, the figures currently in the Wikipedia article are expressed in kelvins: 90 K minimum, 400 K mean, 700 K maximum, 103 K average night, 623 K average day (in at least the last two cases, there is a fairly good chance they are from originals in degrees Celsius, to the nearest 10 degrees).
 * Using those values as the originals, it is fine with me if it is expressed as (-180 °C to 430 °C (-300 °F to 800 °F). It is merely coincidence that rounding the degrees Fahrenheit to the nearest ten degrees gives us numbers divisible by 100.  Metric1000 15:37, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Needs reorganizing and more
Despite the fact that all the tasks seem to have been checked off, this page looks like it needs some help. Can the proofreading page be essentially reset to start the proofreading process over again? I don't want to upset anyone by undoing their hard work, but looking at the dates and arguments, someone needs to be bold if any of these books are going to reach the finished stage.

Starchildmom 20:16, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

"Fun facts" boxes
I quite liked the two boxes that used to be in this article (which can be seen in this version). They were removed by User:Shanel with no explaination. I'm not sure if the problem was the formatting (they took up a bit of room when there was very little on the page), but I think that these articles ought to include such things, especially as having the exact same structure in every article in the series can be fairly boring. — Asbestos | talk (not signed in), 21:02, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Image
The classical depiction of Mercury was removed by User:Starchildmom. I think that either it or a similar image should go back. Are we trying to make this article as dry as possible? — Asbestos | talk (not signed in), 21:08, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The images have been removed due to some discussion that they detract rather than enhance from the content here. While classical art is interesting, and the names of many bodies of the Solar System are based on ancient mythology, this is not an art history book.  Notably the images of Europa and Neptune were borderline pornographic, and either we need to get something a tad bit more conservative or simply leave them out.  This isn't fighting NPOV, but rather that we want to allow this content to the widest possible audience.  I agree that a classical depiction of Mercury would be useful, so if you know of some images that we could use to represent these greek gods that are 1) availble under GFDL-compatable licenses, 2) are otherwise culturally neutral in their appearance and 3) fairly consistent within the set between one diety and another.  That is also the importantce of each point, I would add, but it seemed as though point #2 was failing with some of these images, and none of the images seemed to show any consistancy of any sort on point #3.  If you are an artist, would you want to give it a try?  --Rob Horning 23:06, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Solar System/Mercury


text:
User:Panarej2/sandbox

Opportunity creates Opportunity

Humanity and Hope United Foundation
The Humanity and Hope United Foundation is a non-profit organization that was founded by Riley Fuller in 2010 established in the country of Honduras. It aims to end poverty by providing the people of the Remolino and La Coroza villages with clean drinking water, to create jobs as well as extending access to education past the sixth grade. They focus on a transformational love that encourages potential in themselves and others to create change and opportunity within their community. "Their Mission: to empower people through self-directed, sustainable changes in six key areas: Infrastructure, economy, community, health, education and leadership to create opportunity."

Background
In 2007 Riley Fuller, president and founder of Humanity and Hope, arrived in Honduras a part of a relief trip with his family, which he admits he was forced to attend by his parents. Fuller expresses that his time in Honduras was both an eye opening experience which lead to a motivational return to the villages of La Coroza and Remolino to pursue the opportunity for the people of the community. The team consists of Riley himself, multiple board members including the 2016 Bachelor Ben Higgins who has been a part of the H&H foundation since 2011. Ben was the season 20 U.S bachelor, though his story does not end there. With over 1 million followers on Instagram, Ben has dedicated his social media page to inform and share knowledge with a mass audience the purpose behind the H&H Foundation by educating his followers on issues such as poverty, health and the change that is possible from people helping one another. The foundation aims to address the lack of clean drinking water in Honduras villages which is recognized as a global need, according to the United Nations Childrens Fund, that states, "roughly 780 million people are without access to clean drinking water." In addition to sanitation requirements, Humanity and Hope also aims to improve the economic situation. As local economies can be bolstered with initiatives such as micro financing which has been shown to have positive effects in the short term and the long term. In addition to helping solidify the economy through job stability which is challenging, the foundation empowers people with donations that are structured as micro finance loans to help start small scale local business that have been shown through numerous studies in North America on third world nations to help, "increase self-employment activity, business ownership, inventories and a shift away from wage work."

Honduras
The Republic of Honduras is located in Central America, which became part of the United Provinces of Central America in 1823 after gaining independence from Spain in 1821. It is known for its natural resources such as coffee, minerals, tropical fruit and sugar cane. The country has experienced and endured tragic and unfortunate natural and economic devastations. The citizens of Honduras have not lost hope. "For a nation that has endured more than its fair share of poverty, unrest, upheaval and violence, coffee cultivation is a rare success story." In 2012, Honduras was ranked seventh in the world for coffee production and was the second largest export of quality Arabica beans. The export of this good has created jobs, increased economic stability and international trades. The Humanity and Hope Foundation lends a hand to this evolving and successful industry, board member Ben Higgins launched a Generous Coffee event which focuses its recognition towards the arabica beans grown in Honduras. Agriculture is a dominate industry in Honduras which has created a substantial amount of jobs that contribute to the supply of exported goods. Climate change and extreme weather conditions have affected agriculture, healthcare and development in areas across Honduras. The people of Honduras suffered a devastating time of destruction during Hurricane Mitch, which is recognized as one of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes recorded.

Education
The economic hardships of Honduras have greatly impacted the education system as well as its children. Being the second poorest country in Central America, many children are obligated to leave school and enter the workplace at a young age to help support their families. In most parts of the country education is only offered to the sixth grade, with almost every student required to repeat classes. Studies show only half of the population of children complete elementary school, due to the cost of school supplies, uniforms while roughly 13 percent of children do not have access to education. Additional studies reveal only 30 percent of students attend high school, and even fewer graduate. Hurricane Mitch is also responsible for the termination of 3000 schools across the nation. When the organization started in Honduras most adults H&H worked with have not graduated elementary school. As one of the pillars of H&H, “education is the key to a brighter future.” The vision in which shines through this pillar is for children and students in the village to have the opportunity to finish elementary school and the chance to continue their education through college.

Education in Honduras is free from kindergarten to the 6th grade, with only one teacher who is expected to teach all grades. The growing capacity of children in schools has motioned H&H to hire a kindergarten teacher who is dedicated to preparing the students for first grade. Thus providing the higher grade students, more time with their teacher who can meet their needs to continue education. In 2016 Humanity and Hope United implemented an education sponsorship program for the villages of Honduras, due to enrolment fees, cost of school uniforms and transportation, to continue education at a secondary school including a fee to attend which deterred parents and prevented students from continuing education. The sponsorship program allows students to have the opportunity to attend private secondary schools and has addition created job opportunities to help parents with the cost of their child's’ education. A few villages also have access to attend Escuela del Vidrio, which is a glass making school which encourages students to learn and develop skills in trades which are beneficial to the growth and management of communities of their country including, trades such as crafts in glass. “Education is a factor of change, a right, and an essential factor for the fulfillment of other Human Rights.”

The Humanity and Hope United Team emphasize bilingual learning to widen children stability in the economy. Bilingual education benefits cognitive development which can increase attention span, social skills, and further education opportunities. The ability for children to learn english as a second language will provide them with opportunities in larger cities within, or outside Honduras. Humanity and Hope also focuses on vocational training as it is important for the longevity of a stable economy. This type of education deals with preparing people for specific fields of work such as carpentry, technician, trades etc. This training allows people to acquire and master skills of trades in order to subsidize and manage work in their country. In the capital city of Honduras, Tegucigalpa there is a training centre that focuses on providing stations of practice for disadvantaged youth, similar to the efforts made by the Humanity and Hope team. The Salesian centre in Tegucigalpa explain the possible risks of youth engaging in training, such as exploitation, vulnerability, violence and social exclusion. These centres in turn, provide children with more opportunities to support their families and develop manual skills of trade that will benefit them in the workplace and increase their employment lifespan. Humanity and Hope pairs both bilingual learning with vocational training to provide the children of Remolino and La Coroza with cognitive and physical skills to work towards a prosperous future.

Villages
The village of La Coroza is one of the villages Humanity and Hope works with, that also suffered the destruction of Hurricane Mitch in 1998. The foundation has created jobs through the natural resources of crops and livestock, that have workers tend to corn fields a part of plantain projects and livestock projects of feeding and caring for animals before they are sold to the market. Employed so far is 16-18 men and 12 women who were previously working one day a week or unemployed, and have provided them with opportunities to work five days a week in the corn plantation and effectively prepare livestock for the market. The village of Remolino is located in the mountains of Northern Honduras. The crop and livestock projects in this village has employed 15 men, who harvest, fertilize, weed and protect the crop fields six days a week. The livestock projects in this village is run by 16 women, that care for the animals as well as assisted the women from the La Coroza village start their pig project. The unity between these villages displays work of compassion and motivation to generate a positive change within their communities. Humanity and Hope reinforce the notion of unifying communities, in order to create a supportive environment for growth.

Generous Coffee
A part of the purchase with purpose fundraising process, Humanity and Hope's Generous Coffee company believes “Generous” is a lifestyle. The mission is to improve the lives of the coffee farmers worked with in the villages, and by donating all profits towards efforts focused on bringing hope to the world. One of the largest exported goods in Honduras is coffee. Climate change and natural disasters have impacted the production of coffee beans, though the coffee industry employees a large percent of the population in Honduras the work is typically seasonal. Humanity and Hope United focus on villages to create opportunity and establish change among the people by creating jobs and sustain an economy that will continue to grow and support one another. Board member Ben Higgins and past Bachelor, has started a company called 'Generous Coffee' that revolves around the notion similar to that of Humanity and Hope. Generous Coffee is a non-profit company that donates the money earned to Humanity and Hope as well as other non-profit organizations that are also trying to make a positive difference.

Fundraisers
The foundation raises money through donations or products that are made by the people of Remolino and La Coroza. The Mudlove "Get Hope, Give Hope" campaign have partnered with Humanity and Hope in which every bracelet purchased will create a full day of work for someone in a Honduran vilalge. Mudlove is also partnered with a company called Water for Good that will provide one week of clean drinking water per each bracelet purchased. Ben Higgins thought of this campaign idea and visited the production studio while he was filming The Bachelor. There he had a bracelet made for him with the word "hope", which he wore throughout his journey on the show. During the planning this partnership, Ben states "In a situation that can feel selfish and all about me, this bracelet reminded me that there is hope in the bigger picture." This resonates to what the campaign slogan "Get Hope. Give Hope" signifies. This resonates to what the campaign slogan "Get Hope. Give Hope" signifies. As a result of this organization it has helped hundreds of people in the villages, buy creating opportunities for education and employment, developed sustainable work and housing environments. The efforts and contributions of the Humanity and Hope United Foundation has not gone un noticed, as they are a voice of awareness that poverty does exist in our world, and a community that opportunity comes from working together.

title: User:Panarej2/sandbox


text:
User:Abdallah albeltagy/Books/Seven

The secret Number

 * 7 (number)
 * Prime number
 * Mersenne prime
 * Names of the days of the week
 * Rainbow
 * Sunlight
 * Light
 * Wavelength
 * Color temperature
 * Seven Seas
 * Continent
 * Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
 * Degree (music)
 * Seven Heavens
 * Al-Fatiha
 * Sevener
 * Tawaf
 * Joseph in Islam
 * Torah
 * Pleiades (Greek mythology)
 * Seven Lucky Gods
 * Seven Sleepers
 * The Seven Valleys
 * Moorish Science Temple of America
 * Classical planet
 * Cervical vertebrae
 * Coccinella septempunctata
 * Baltimore classification
 * PH
 * Nitrogen
 * Heptane
 * SI base unit
 * Roy G. Biv
 * The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
 * Day
 * Week
 * Seven-day week
 * Heptarchy
 * Maya calendar
 * Septenary
 * Septenary (Theosophy)
 * Clime
 * Year Seven
 * Luck
 * List of lucky symbols
 * One-seventh area triangle
 * Seven Years' War
 * Northern Seven Years' War
 * Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)

title: User:Abdallah albeltagy/Books/Seven


text:
Valerie Steele

Valerie Fahnestock Steele (born 1955) is an American fashion historian, curator, and director of the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology. Steele has written more than eight books on the history of fashion, and can be regarded as one of the pioneers in the study of fashion. She was appointed director of the museum in 2003.

Biography
As director and chief curator of the museum, Steele has curated more than 25 exhibitions over the past twenty years, including Gothic: Dark Glamour, Love & War: The Weaponized Woman, The Corset: Fashioning the Body, and Femme Fatale: Fashion in Fin-de-Siècle Paris.

In addition Steele is the editor-in-chief of Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture (Berg Publishers), an academic journal which she founded in 1997. She is the author of numerous books, including Gothic: Dark Glamour, The Corset: A Cultural History, Paris Fashion: Fifty Years of Fashion: New Look to Now, and Women of Fashion: 20th-Century Designers.

She gives lectures frequently and has appeared on many television programs, including The Oprah Winfrey Show. After she appeared on the PBS special, The Way We Wear, she was described in The Washington Post as one of "fashion's brainiest women". Often quoted in media, she was herself the subject of profiles in Forbes and The New York Times as well as being listed in the New York Daily News "Fashion's 50 Most Powerful".

Selected works

 * Gothic: Dark Glamour, Yale University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-300-13694-3 /<PHONE_NUMBER>944 / 0-300-13694-3.
 * Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion (editor in chief), Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, ISBN 0-684-31451-7.
 * Fashion, Italian style, Yale University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-300-10014-0.
 * The Fan: Fashion and Femininity Unfolded, Rizzoli International Publications, 2002, ISBN 0-8478-2446-2.
 * The Red Dress, Rizzoli International Publications, 2001, ISBN 0-8478-2392-X.
 * The Corset: a cultural history, Yale University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-300-09071-4.
 * Shoes: a lexicon of style, Rizzoli International Publications, 1999, ISBN 0-8478-2166-8.
 * China chic : East meets West (with John S. Major), Yale University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-300-07930-3.
 * Bags: a lexicon of style (with Laird Borrelli), Scriptum Publishers, 1999, ISBN 1-902686-04-7.
 * Fifty years of fashion: new look to now, Yale University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-300-07132-9.
 * Fetish: fashion, sex, and power, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-509044-6.
 * Women of fashion: twentieth-century designers, Rizzoli International Publications, 1991, ISBN 0-8478-1394-0.
 * Men and women: dressing the part (editor, with Claudia Brush Kidwell), Smithsonian, 1989, ISBN 0-87474-559-4.
 * Paris fashion: a cultural history, Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-19-504465-7.
 * Fashion and eroticism: ideals of feminine beauty from the Victorian era to the Jazz Age, Oxford University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-19-503530-5.

title: Valerie Steele


text:
User:Geetartha Thengal

Geetartha Thengal is a student from Assam,India. He is currently in Kristo Jyoti High School, Bokakhat. He is also a state level archery player who plays as a representative member from Bokakhat and Assam. He still sticks to the Indian round archery. He has three silvers and one bronze medal in mini district tournament held in Assam.

title: User:Geetartha Thengal


text:
CECAFA Cup

The CECAFA Cup, formerly the Gossage Cup (1926–1966) and the East and Central African Senior Challenge Cup (1967–1971), is the oldest football tournament in Africa. It is organized by the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations

Cup history
There is an anomaly on national teams in the case of Tanzania. It fields two teams, Tanzania and Zanzibar. In 2005 and 2006, the tournament was sponsored by the Ethiopian-Saudi businessman Sheikh Mohammed Al Amoudi, and was dubbed the Al Amoudi Senior Challenge Cup.

It is the successor competition of the Gossage Cup, held 37 times from 1926 until 1966, and the East and Central African Senior Challenge Cup, held between 1967 and 1971.

In August 2012, CECAFA signed a sponsorship deal worth US$450,000 with East African Breweries to have the cup renamed to the CECAFA Tusker Challenge Cup.

Gossage Cup (1926–1966) and Challenge Cup (1967–1971)
The Gossage Cup and Challenge Cup was contested between Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika and Zanzibar (Only in 1953 Ruanda-Urundi was competed too). The first match was played between the Kenyan and Ugandan national teams in May 1926, with Kenya winning 2–1 in a replay. Tanganyika participated since 1945 and Zanzibar since 1949. The tournament was sponsored by the soap manufacturer Gossage, owned by the British Lever Brothers. In 1967, the competition was renamed to the East and Central African Senior Challenge Cup.

CECAFA Cup
With the formation of CECAFA in 1973, the tournament was renamed to the CECAFA Cup. Since 2021, the tournament had been renamed to the CECAFA U-23 Challenge Cup.

§ The 2014 CECAFA Cup would have been the 38th edition of the Cup. It was scheduled to take place in Ethiopia from 24 November to 9 December, but the nation withdrew from hosting the tournament in October due to "domestic and international engagements", according to CECAFA secretary-general Nicholas Musonye. Musonye also announced that Sudan as one of the countries that could have replaced Ethiopia as the hosts of the tournament. After none of the 12 member nations of CECAFA expressed an interest in hosting the tournament on short notice, it was announced on 27 November that CECAFA had cancelled the competition. Rwanda hosted the 2015 edition of the competition. ≠ The 2016 CECAFA Cup was to be the 39th edition of the annual CECAFA Cup. In September 2016, it was confirmed that Kenya would host the tournament. Originally, it was slated to be hosted in Sudan. In November 2016, Kenya announced they are not ready to host the tournament and CECAFA officials are looking to persuade Sudan to take over as hosts. In December 2016, CECAFA announced the 2016 edition of the tournament will be canceled.

Summary
FIFA A-level matches (A-level match rule). FIFA (B teams results, Ruanda-Urundi results, Rwanda results before 1978, Burundi results before 1972, All of Zanzibar results, Kenya results before 1960, Uganda results before 1960 and Tanzania results before 1964) are not counted as A-level match (All of them are unofficial before membership in FIFA). But this table consist of all matches.

Medals (1926–2023)
Notes:
 * 1) From 1926 to 1944 there was no 3rd place because of only 2 teams.
 * 2) From 1947 to 1955 there was no 3rd place match and 3rd place shared.
 * 3) 1957 and 1959 third place shared.
 * 4) From 1973 to 1976 there was no 3rd place match and 3rd place shared.
 * 5) 1960 1st place shared.
 * 6) 1971 2nd place shared.

title: CECAFA Cup


text:
Τιτάν

Etymology
Possibly from, which is an loan-word, or from , from , or from , from , respectively, as Hesiod attempts to explain. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. However, modern scholars doubt Hesiod's etymology.

Jane Ellen Harrison asserts that the word "Titan" comes from the Greek τίτανος, signifying white "earth, clay, or gypsum," and that the Titans were "white clay men", or men covered by white clay or gypsum dust in their rituals.

Proper noun

 * 1) one of the Titans in Greek mythology; a Titan
 * 2) Titan, another name for the mythological Greek god Helios

Proper noun

 * 1)   in the ancient fashion

Usage notes

 * Used especially for astronomy, for Titan, moon of Saturn
 * and for titles such as Mahler's 1st Symphony translated as «Τιτάν»

title: Τιτάν


text:
User:Kieran Glasses

My name is Kieran and I'm a numpty who was late because there was a broken down bus at the uni entrance. Kieran then proceeded to wedge his ankle in a gap in the pavement and fell down as a result.

title: User:Kieran Glasses


text:
User:Nilfanion

I am an administrator on the English Wikipedia and on Commons and I am not currently active here on Wikiversity. Currently, most of my work on Wikiversity relates to my Commons activity, so please forward any messages to my Commons talk page.

title: User:Nilfanion


text:
Southeastern Conference (MHSAA)

The Michigan High School Athletic Association Southeastern Conference (MHSAA SEC) is a high school sports conference composed of schools (all public) in three different counties in the state of Michigan. The SEC is split into two divisions, Red and White, based on enrollment. Currently, there are 14 members of the SEC.

History
The SEC was formed by three schools from the disbanding Washtenaw County League (Chelsea, Dexter, and Saline), two from the Huron League (Dundee and Ypsilanti Lincoln), and independent South Lyon. The league expanded to eight by 1969, with Novi joining from the Lakeland Conference that year, and Milan joining from the Huron in 1967. In 1973 Dundee left for the Michigan-Ohio Border Conference, and was replaced by Brighton, joining from the Wayne-Oakland League. 1979 also brought major change to the conference, as Brighton, Novi, and South Lyon left for the Kensington Valley Conference. Parma Western joined that year, having been independent since leaving the Cascades Conference in 1976. Tecumseh left the Huron League to join the Southeastern in 1980, bringing the conference to seven members. Western returned to the Cascades Conference in 1983, as their replacement, Pinckney, left the Kensington Valley Conference in 1984.

The league was stable until 2000, when Milan and Pinckney left for the Huron League and Kensington Valley Conference, respectively. Bedford joined from the Great Lakes League, and were joined by two schools that had been independent since the South Central Conference folded in 1996 (Adrian and Ann Arbor Pioneer). The conference now split into Red and White divisions: Adrian, Bedford, Pioneer, and Saline made up the Red, and the White consisted of Chelsea, Dexter, Lincoln, and Tecumseh. The Southeastern scrapped the divisional format in 2006 in anticipation of another former South Central school joining that next year, Ann Arbor Huron. The conference reintroduced divisions in 2009, the Red being formed by Bedford, Huron, Pioneer, Saline, and two new members, new school Ann Arbor Skyline and Monroe, who left the Michigan Mega Conference. The White Division consisted of Adrian, Chelsea, Dexter, Lincoln, Tecumseh, and another school leaving the Michigan Mega, Ypsilanti.

Ypsilanti had changed their name from Braves to Phoenix in 2010, after phasing out Native American mascots since the 1990s. The school district consolidated with Ypsilanti Willow Run in 2013, resulting in not only another mascot change (Grizzlies), but a color change from Purple and Gold to Black and Gold. Pinckney rejoined the conference in 2017 after leaving the Kensington Lakes Activities Association, while Jackson joined in 2018 coming from the Capital Area Activities Conference. Both schools were put into the White division; however, this has left an imbalance in the number of schools in each division. In 2020 Ypsi moved to the red division. In 2021 Ypsi moved back to the white, and Dexter and Lincoln moved to the red. This has left another imbalance in the divisions, this time with the red having 2 more members than the white.

title: Southeastern Conference (MHSAA)


text:
tubthumping

Noun

 * 1) Aggressive political or commercial promotion.
 * 2) * 1939, Railway Age, vol. 107, Oct.-Dec.
 * But there is usually more to Automobile Week than good-natured tubthumping for the new passenger car models.
 * But there is usually more to Automobile Week than good-natured tubthumping for the new passenger car models.

Adjective

 * 1) Brash, self-promoting.

title: tubthumping


text:
User:AmiDaniel/Rv-warn

I have reverted a recent edit you made to the article :. You did not provide an edit summary, and I could not determine whether the edit was vandalism or a constructive contribution. In the future, please use edit summaries.

title: User:AmiDaniel/Rv-warn


text:
New Cathedral Street

New Cathedral Street is a pedestrianised retail street in Manchester city centre, England. It runs between Exchange Square and Exchange Street (off St Mary's Gate). The street is home to the Manchester branch of Marks and Spencer and Selfridges (east side), and Harvey Nichols, the largest Ted Baker and Hugo Boss stores outside London, Lacoste, Louis Vuitton, Reiss, Henri Lloyd, Massimo, Zara and Burberry (west side).

The street and buildings that stand today were all built as part of the rebuilding since the 1996 IRA bombing of the city centre. The block of buildings to the west are on the site of the former Victoria Street and Victoria Buildings which were aligned differently.

Cathedral Street is an older street to the east of Manchester Cathedral and further to the north.

title: New Cathedral Street


text:
Sandy Island Marine Provincial Park

Sandy Island Marine Provincial Park, formerly Sandy Island Provincial Park and also known as Tree Island Park, is a 30 hectare provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located off the north end of Denman Island, on the west side of the Strait of Georgia to the south of Comox. The park comprises Sandy Island (locally known as Tree Island) and the Seal Islets. It is accessible by boat and, at low tide, by foot across tidal flats from Longbeak Point on Denman Island.

In 2012 the park's name was officially changed to Jáji7em and Kw'uhl Marine Park (a.k.a. Sandy Island Marine Park), reflecting the K'omoks names for the islands. Jáji7em ("having trees") refers to Sandy Island, while Kw'uhl (unknown meaning) refers to either the Seal Islets or just Seal Island (a.k.a. Shack Island), the largest of the islets.

title: Sandy Island Marine Provincial Park


text:
Paraguay at the 2020 Summer Olympics

Paraguay competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the Games have been postponed to 23 July to 8 August 2021, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the nation's thirteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the nation's partial support for the US-led boycott.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games:

Athletics
Paraguayan athletes achieved the entry standards, either by qualifying time or by world ranking, in the following track and field events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):

 * Key
 * Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
 * NR = National record
 * N/A = Round not applicable for the event
 * Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

 * Track & road events

Road
Paraguay entered one rider each to compete in the women's Olympic road race for the first time in history, by securing an outright berth, as the highest-ranked cyclist, not yet qualified, at the 2019 Pan American Championships in Mexico.

Golf
Paraguay entered one golfer into the Olympic tournament. Rio 2016 Olympian Fabrizio Zanotti (world no. 280) qualified directly among the top 60 eligible players for the men's event based on the IGF World Rankings of 20 June 2021.

Rowing
Paraguay qualified one boat in the women's single sculls for the Games by winning the silver medal and securing the second of five berths available at the 2021 FISA Americas Olympic Qualification Regatta in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, signifying the country's return to the sport for the first time since 2012.

Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage

Swimming
Paraguay received a universality invitation from FINA to send two top-ranked swimmers (one per gender) in their respective individual events to the Olympics, based on the FINA Points System of June 28, 2021.

Tennis
Paraguay entered one tennis player into the Olympic tournament. Verónica Cepede Royg secured the outright berth in the women's singles by winning the bronze medal at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru, replacing the slot from the U.S. tennis player Caroline Dolehide.

title: Paraguay at the 2020 Summer Olympics


text:
GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 3 answer 2

Well done! This is the correct answer.

Applying Ohm's law to the top branch:

I=V/R

=6/4 A

=1.5A

Applying Ohm's law to the bottom branch: I=V/R

=6/(2+2) A

=1.5A

On to the next question>>


text:
The Beta Test Initiation

"The Beta Test Initiation" is the fourteenth episode of the fifth season of the sitcom The Big Bang Theory. The episode premiered on January 26, 2012 on CBS.

The episode received generally positive reviews from television critics, who praised its humor and considered it to be one of the show's better episodes.

Production
The story and concept were created by series co-creator Chuck Lorre and writers Steven Molaro and Eric Kaplan. The teleplay was written by co-creator Bill Prady, and writers Dave Goetsch and Maria Ferrari, and was directed by Mark Cendrowski.

Plot
Leonard and Penny have resumed dating, but agree to take things slow and treat their relationship like a "beta test". Both agree to report and fix their problems with the "software" objectively rather than get angry at one another. Leonard gives Penny a "bug report" on her problems, but goes overboard, listing endless faults, which angers her. In return, she also writes her own "bug report" where she insults his own habits. Realizing his mistake, Leonard contacts Penny's father to learn about her childhood hobbies and arranges their next date at a firing range. The date goes well until Leonard accidentally shoots himself in the toe. Escorting Leonard home from the hospital with only a minor bruise on his toe, Penny assures him that their relationship is progressing smoothly.

Meanwhile, Raj buys a new iPhone 4S which Howard Wolowitz helps him unwrap. Raj falls in love with the iPhone's virtual assistant, Siri, which freaks out and bothers Howard and Bernadette. Raj later experiences a dream where he meets Siri as a beautiful woman but finds he cannot speak to her due to his selective mutism.

Ratings
"The Beta Test Initiation" was originally broadcast on January 26, 2012, in the United States between 8:00 p.m. and 8:30 p.m. It gained 16.13 million viewers. In the United States it earned a rating of 5.4 in the 18–49 demographic.

Critical reception
The episode received positive reviews from commentators. Kristen Elizabeth of TV Equals noted the "episode was a great example of how The Big Bang Theory works best as an ensemble." She enjoyed Raj's dinner party and the manner in which his "creepy" behavior disturbed Howard and Bernadette. R. L. Shaffer of IGN found that the episode "felt a lot more along the lines of the first two seasons" since the fans got "to watch our nerds do what they do best – nerd out". R.L. Shaffer liked Sheldon's "Fun with Flags" series, calling it "one of the season's funnier gags." He enjoyed the approach to Penny and Leonard's date, though he would have liked to see Penny fire off a few rounds at the shooting range in order to see Leonard feel emasculated. Carla Day of TV Fanatic wrote that "this episode was a winner because all three storylines were full of laughs" and was delighted that Penny and Leonard were back together and that the show is funnier due to their relationship. Day found that Amy made a good sidekick for Sheldon during the flag telecast, especially as the pretzel, though "Raj and Siri provided the best laughs".

title: The Beta Test Initiation


text:
Jennifer E. Glick

Jennifer Elyse Glick is an American sociologist and social demographer. She is the Arnold S. and Bette G. Hoffman Professor in Sociology at Pennsylvania State University. Her research focus is on immigrant adaptation and family survival strategies, leading her to co-publish a book in 2009 titled Achieving Anew: How New Immigrants Do in American Schools, Jobs and Neighborhoods.

Early life and education
Glick earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology from Pennsylvania State University before enrolling at the University of Texas at Austin for her master's degree and PhD. She then became a postdoctoral research associate and assistant research professor of sociology at Brown University.

Career
Glick accepted an assistant professor of sociology position at Arizona State University (ASU) in 1999. She studied immigrant adaptation and family survival strategies. As a result, she was appointed ASU's Center for Population Dynamics's associate director and led a research team funded by the National Science Foundation to evaluate how social networks are affected by adverse policies and attitudes. In 2009, Glick received a $221,575 National Institutes of Health grant to study child development and immigrant adaptation. In the same year, she co-published her first book with Michael J. White titled Achieving Anew: How New Immigrants Do in American Schools, Jobs and Neighborhoods which won the American Sociological Association's Otis Dudley Duncan Book Award.

In 2016, Glick left ASU to become the Arnold S. and Bette G. Hoffman Professor in Sociology at Pennsylvania State University. The following year, she accepted a directorship position at Pennsylvania State University's Population Research Institute, taking over for interim director Michelle Frisco.

Selected publications

 * Achieving Anew: How New Immigrants Do in American Schools, Jobs and Neighborhoods (2009)

title: Jennifer E. Glick


text:
TeX/hfuzz

Synopsis
\hfuzz=[length]

Description
A parameter that allows hbox's to be overfull by [length] before an overfull error occurs.

Examples
\hfuzz=1pt allows hboxes to be up to 1pt overfull before an error occurs.

title: TeX/hfuzz


text:
Kotabommali railway station

Kotabommali railway station is a railway station on Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section, part of the Howrah–Chennai main line under Waltair railway division of East Coast Railway zone. It is situated at Govindapuram in Kotabommali in Srikakulam district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

History
In between 1893 and 1896, the coastal railway track from Cuttack to Vijayawada was built and opened to traffic by East Coast State Railway. The route was electrified in several phases. Khurda–Visakhapatnam section was completely electrified by 2002 and Howrah–Chennai route was fully electrified in 2005.

title: Kotabommali railway station


text:
Kunio Iwahashi

Kunio Iwahashi (岩橋 邦雄) is a Japanese field hockey player. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics.

title: Kunio Iwahashi


text:
beer and skittles

Etymology
Found as early as 1837, in Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens, where it appears in the form, “It’s a reg’lar holiday to them—all porter and skittles”. The most common form, as a negative admonition, appears to have been popularized by Thomas Hughes in Tom Brown's School Days (1857, see quotation below).

Noun

 * 1)   times; pleasure and leisure.

Usage notes

 * Often used in the negative, "not all beer and skittles".

Translations

 * Catalan: flors i violes
 * Dutch: rozengeur en maneschijn
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Icelandic: jólin
 * Spanish: no todo el monte es orégano
 * Swedish: dans på rosor

title: beer and skittles


text:
Talk:Omaha Sessions

I'm not sure if it serves the purpose of the article to link 3 of the song titles to almost completely irrelevant articles, but I don't have the balls or motivation to edit the links out.

My own omaha sessions
On march 27, 2014 i made my own omaha sessions CD. Using: Plastic case, Blank disc and paper. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:23, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Omaha Sessions


text:
User:Sdafsfafdas

This article is about the domestic dog. For related species known as "dogs", see Canidae. For other uses, see Dog (disambiguation). "Doggie" redirects here. For the Danish artist, see Doggie (artist). Domestic dog Temporal range: Late Pleistocene – Present (14,700–0 years BP) Collage of Nine Dogs.jpg Selection of the different breeds of dog Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classification e Kingdom:	Animalia Phylum:	Chordata Class:	Mammalia Order:	Carnivora Suborder:	Caniformia Family:	Canidae Genus:	Canis Species:	C. lupus Subspecies:	C. l. familiaris[1] Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris[1] Synonyms Canis familiaris (Linnaeus,1758)[2][3]

Montage showing the morphological variation of the dog. The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris)[4] is a member of genus Canis (canines) that forms part of the wolf-like canids,[5] and is the most widely abundant carnivore.[6][7][8] The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa,[9][10][11] with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated,[10][11] which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct.[12] The dog was the first domesticated species[11][13] and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[14]

New research seems to show that the dog's high sociability may be affected by "the same genes as in humans."[15][16] Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior[17] and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species.[18] Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours.[19] Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals and therapeutic roles. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet "man's best friend".

title: User:Sdafsfafdas


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject The Beatles/To do

So far so good
Judging by the rate that red links on the list have turned blue - which could be coincidence, so this is just a preliminary assessment :) - the to do list is working well. --kingboyk 23:14, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Apple Records discography
Been working on wikifying/cleaning up the Apple Records discography this fine evening. Surprised this task laid around so long with nobody taking it on..... or not. Luckily, I get a kick out of endless repetitious use of wikitext-markup. Anybody have any suggestions, please share. Danthemankhan 04:37, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Update
This to do list needs a bit of an update. Some things have been done or moved, or aren't relevant anymore. It also seems to be a duplicate of or alternate to the to do list on the main project page. And considering this is subst'd into every newsletter, we might want to fix it. —Gordon P. Hemsley→ ✉ 21:00, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Fan Clubs
I think that it'll be very important to do a list of the Fan Clubs around the world that make tribute to The Beatles, what do you think about it ? Alexcalamaro 16:25, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Let It Be... Naked
This article has been blocked due to an alleged copyright violation by User talk:Misza13. Please investigate, make corrections and talk to User:Misza13 who made the block. Steelbeard1 12:44, 17 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:MTV Sound Trippin

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on MTV Sound Trippin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120714030343/http://www.wavemag.com.np/issue/article4055.html to http://www.wavemag.com.np/issue/article4055.html
 * Added tag to http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Ting-from-here-tung-from-there/Article1-884515.aspx

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:05, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:MTV Sound Trippin


text:
France at the 2019 Military World Games

France competed at the 2019 Military World Games held in Wuhan, China from 18 to 27 October 2019.

title: France at the 2019 Military World Games


text:
χαλκός

Etymology
grc. Has been compared to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬. Perhaps related to. Ultimately, Proto-Indo-European origin seems unlikely and the word is probably a borrowing from.

Cognate to 🇨🇬,.

Noun

 * 1) copper, or copper alloyed with tin, bronze
 * 2)  anything made of metal
 * 3) copper, cauldron, urn
 * 4) copper money
 * : particle thrown off by copper while cooling

Etymology
Learnedly, from &.

Noun

 * 1)  copper

Coordinate terms

 * Appendix:Greek names for chemical elements

Related terms

and

Not related to

title: χαλκός


text:
Canterbury (field hockey team)

The Canterbury women's field hockey team are an amateur sports team based in New Zealand. The team competes annually in the Ford National Hockey League (NHL).

History
In total, Canterbury have won the Women's NHL a total of 3 times.

Canterbury are the most recent champions, having defeated North Harbour 3–2 in the final of the 2016 Tournament.

Team Roster
The following is the Canterbury team roster for the 2017 Ford NHL:

Head coaches: Sue & Andy Innes

 * 1) Jessie Anderson
 * 2) Margot Willis
 * 3) Libby Bird
 * 4) Jordy Grant
 * 5) Sophie Cocks
 * 6) Georgie Mackay-Stewart
 * 7) Jenny Storey (C)
 * 8) Pippa Hayward
 * 9) Rachel McCann
 * 10) Leah butt
 * 11) Emily Wium
 * 12) Charlotte Symes
 * 13) Kirsty Nation (GK)
 * 14) Iona Young (GK)
 * 15) Bridget Kiddle
 * 16) Sian Fremaux
 * 17) Millie Calder
 * 18) Sarah Rutherford

title: Canterbury (field hockey team)


text:
User:666J201013

"I am a new to Wikipedia editing.

I am a university student in Sydney, Australia."

title: User:666J201013