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List of historic whisky distilleries

This article is a list of historic whisky distilleries and distillery companies. It includes some that are still operating and some that are not, and includes those claiming to be the oldest or to have other historically important characteristics.

In Ireland

 * Green Distillery (1796–1870s), notable for its use of an early continuous distillation apparatus, invented by the distillery's then co-owner, Joseph Shee
 * Kilbeggan Distillery, formerly the Brusna Distillery and Locke's Distillery, claimed as the oldest licensed distillery, referencing a licence issued in 1757, although it was closed in 1954; production resumed at the site in 2007, but with different ownership and different production facilities, as all the equipment of the prior distillery had been sold off and destroyed during the closure (during which the site had been converted to pig farm and a construction equipment business)
 * Old Bushmills Distillery, sometimes claimed to be the oldest, based on the notion of the oldest recorded grant of a licence to distil granted to someone in the area in 1608; the current Bushmills distillery site and company date to 1784; the distillery was rebuilt after a fire in 1885

In Scotland

 * Adelphi Distillery, in operation between approximately 1826 and 1907.
 * Ardbeg Distillery, producing whisky since 1798, began commercial production in 1815
 * Bowmore Distillery, said to have been established in 1779
 * Glen Garioch Distillery, dating to 1797
 * Glenturret Distillery, officially established in 1775, but the distillery had previously been under the control of illicit distillers, who sought to avoid paying taxes to England, since 1717, leading to claims of being the oldest distillery in Scotland
 * Hazelburn Distillery, in operation between approximately 1825 and 1925
 * Littlemill Distillery, with dating traced to inscription 1772 on one of the warehouses and a record of a licence to distil issued in 1773, with more clear records starting in 1817, also one of the first distilleries to have a female licensee (Jane MacGregor in 1823); closed for the last time in 1994, dismantled in 1997, with the remnants destroyed in a fire in 2004
 * Strathisla Distillery, formerly known as the Milltown Distillery, oldest distillery in the north of Scotland, with some history dating to 1786 and the 1820s, most well documented after a fire in 1876 or 1879

In the United States

 * A. Smith Bowman Distillery, founded in 1934, operated as the only legal distillery in post-Prohibition Virginia until the 1950s; closed and moved to a different location in 1988
 * Atherton Whiskey was a pre-prohibition brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey first produced by J M Atherton & Co. First bottled and marketed in 1867, it was once the largest whiskey making operation in Kentucky
 * Barton Distillery, originally established in 1879
 * Bomberger's Distillery, later known as the Michter's Distillery, with some history to 1753; closed 1989, believed to be the oldest remaining distillery building in the United States
 * Brown–Forman, a company established in 1870 with the novel idea of selling top-grade whiskey in sealed glass bottles, now one of the largest American-owned companies in the spirits and wine business
 * Buffalo Trace Distillery, formerly known as the George T. Stagg Distillery and the Old Fire Copper (O.F.C.) Distillery, with some history to between 1775 and 1812
 * Four Roses, a brand name claimed to date from the 1860s or 1888 with a distillery built in 1910
 * George Washington's Distillery, established in 1797, the highest-capacity distillery in America at that time, reconstructed as an operating tourist attraction in 2007
 * Heaven Hill Distilleries, founded in 1935 (owner of the New Bernheim Distillery, formerly the Beargrass Distillery DSP-KY-1, and the Heaven Hill Distillery DSP-KY-31), the only large family-owned distillery headquartered in Kentucky and the second-largest holder of bourbon whiskey inventory
 * Jack Daniel's Distillery, originally established in 1875 (although claimed on the product label as "Est. & Reg. in 1866"), the oldest American distillery operating on the same site (with continuous ownership)
 * James E. Pepper Distillery, originally the Henry Clay distillery (registered distillery DSP-KY-5), established around 1880, closed 1958, reopened under new ownership in 2008
 * Jim Beam, a company that claims a distilling heritage to 1795, which re-entered the market in 1935 just after Prohibition, renaming the brand as Jim Beam in 1943
 * Maker's Mark Distillery, formerly Burk's Distillery, established 1889
 * McCormick Distilling Company, dating to 1856, the oldest distillery west of the Mississippi River that is operating at its original location
 * Nelson's Green Brier Distillery, a distillery in Tennessee that operated from 1870 to 1909; the remnants were shipped to Canada in 1923 and used to create a distillery there for Seagram; the name of the distillery was reused for a new business launched in 2011
 * Sazerac Company, a large privately owned distilling company that traces its history to a coffee house opened in 1850 that had become a bar by 1869
 * Stitzel–Weller Distillery, founded in 1935, sold in 1972, and closed in 1992, produced notable brands and highly regarded whiskey including the stock used for Pappy Van Winkle's Family Reserve until 2013, reopened as the Bulleit Frontier Experience attraction for Bulleit Bourbon as part of the Kentucky Bourbon Trail
 * Willett Distillery (DSP-KY-78), founded on a family farm in 1936, has had continuous family ownership and two successive female presidents (mother and daughter)
 * Woodford Reserve Distillery, also known as Labrot & Graham, dating to about 1812

In Canada

 * Hiram Walker Distillery, founded in 1858 just across the Detroit River from Detroit in Windsor, Ontario, established there to avoid local Prohibition regulations in the Detroit area – heavily profited from the illicit trade during Prohibition in the United States
 * Gooderham and Worts Limited, founded in 1832 in Toronto. It became one of the worlds largest distilleries. Merged with Hiram Walker Distillery (see above) in 1926. It was sold to Allied Lyons in 1987. Still produces whiskey in Windsor. It is responsible for the distillery district in Toronto.

In Japan

 * Yamazaki Distillery, the oldest commercial whiskey distillery in Japan, established in 1923 by Shinjiro Torii and Masataka Taketsuru of the Kotobukiya company, which was renamed Suntory in 1963
 * Yoichi Distillery, established in 1934 by Masataka Taketsuru when founding the Nikka Whisky Distilling company

title: List of historic whisky distilleries


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Evolutionary Biology/Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

< Evolution before Darwin

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1774 – 1829) was a French botanist who proposed two ideas that had great impact in the theory of evolution. Lamarck did not believe that a species could become extinct. Instead, he saw the idea of extinction as every member of a species evolving into another species. He believed that change was brought about through use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics. This was the first time that a mechanism was proposed in order to explain how a change in a species occurred.

The first idea of use and disuse is only the first part of Lamarck’s revolutionary thought. It is referred to as the 'First Law' of his publication, Philosophie Zoologique. . The use or disuse theory explains that the parts of an organism that the organism uses most will undergo hypertrophy and will become more developed. Hypertrophy is the growth of a specific organ or tissue. So by this idea, the more an organism uses a part of its body, the larger and more developed that part will become. The parts of the organism that are not used as much undergo atrophy and begin to degrade from lack of use. This means that the part of the organism will get decrease in size due to the lack of use for that particular part of the organism. This is the beginning of the idea of inheritance of acquired traits.

The inheritance of acquired traits, also known as his 'Second Law' in Philosophie Zoologique, is the idea that the traits of an organism that undergo hypertrophy will be inherited by the next generation. This hypertrophy suggests an adaptation to the environment that can be passed on to the next generation through the genetic code of the organism.

Even though Lamarck made astounding progress throughout his life, this theory of evolution has been revised by following studies. The Lamarckian view of evolution is seen as a tendency for a species to reach perfection where it is actually simply adapting to their environment in a single generation. We now know that the inheritance of acquired characteristics is not an actual mechanism of evolution.

Darwin saw that Lamarck had some very good ideas that could lead to evolution. Many of Lamarck’s ideas can be seen in Darwin’s Origin of Species. Lamarck was a believer in immutability. Darwin used this idea to further his research on how species were indeed mutable. Darwin also used Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics as support for his natural selection idea. He used Lamarck’s basic structure, but changed the theory Lamarck used into the actual mechanism of natural selection. Instead of saying that the traits one organism acquires during its lifetime to better its success, Darwin said that these characteristics would eventually reveal themselves in offspring and later generations instead of in the present organism. These were just some of the ideas Darwin modified while writing the Origin of Species.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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2019 Iraq FA Cup final

The 2019 Iraq FA Cup Final was the 27th final of the Iraq FA Cup as a club competition. The match was contested between Al-Zawraa and Al-Kahrabaa, at Al-Shaab Stadium in Baghdad. It was played on 26 July 2019 to be the final match of the competition. Al-Zawraa made their record 18th appearance in the Iraq FA Cup final while Al-Kahrabaa made their first appearance. Al-Zawraa won the match 1–0 with a late goal from Safaa Hadi, for the club's record 16th title.

The winners of the cup, Al-Zawraa, qualified for the 2020 AFC Champions League preliminary round 2 as well as the 2019 Iraqi Super Cup, where they lost on penalties to league champions Al-Shorta.

Route to the Final
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

title: 2019 Iraq FA Cup final


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Pasir Pelangi

Pasir Pelangi is a royal village in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. This royal village was established in the early 1900s (decade) during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor. The main attractions of Pasir Pelangi are the several palaces situated here.

Notable places in Pasir Pelangi

 * Istana Pasir Pelangi
 * Istana Hinggap Diraja
 * Istana Bukit Pelangi
 * Pasir Pelangi Royal Mosque
 * Kelab Polo Diraja
 * Kelab Lumba Kuda Diraja
 * Best FM royal radio station
 * Mados Travel Services offices
 * Taman Iskandar

title: Pasir Pelangi


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Talk:Diane von Fürstenberg

Renaming?
Since she does not use the official/traditional umlaut of the Fürstenberg surname, this article should be retitled accordingly.Kitchawan 17:49, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Remarriage means that she is not merely "no longer entitled to use the title princess following her divorce and subsequent remarriage in 2001", but no longer entitled to use the surname Von Furstenberg either.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:56, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Dynasticity

 * As Kitchawan has now cited in the edt history, according to the Almanach de Gotha, Furstliche Hauser of 1991 (GHdA), Egon's marriage to Diane Halfin was accepted as dynastic by the princely family. As GHdA submits its entries to dynastic Heads of Houses prior to publication, this is the most authoritative evidence extant. Moreover, this doesn't even appear to be a case of retro-demorganatization, since GHdA Band XII page 205 of 1984 (the first Furstlich Hauser edition to include the Furstenbergs since the Halfin wedding in 1968) also shows this marriage as fully dynastic. Furstenberg had registered house laws, but as in most non-reigning dynasties, these appear to no longer be enforced by the family. Under the Holy Roman Empire, an immediate principality could have established its own rules by unanimous consent of male agnates, by Imperial authorization of dynastic rules, and in some cases by testament of a deceased Head of House. After mediatization, the rules had to be registered with the famiy's new sovereign. Furstenberg's rules were registered, and were enforceable by law until 1918. That standard was Stiftmäßiger Adel, i.e. the prevailing genealogical standard for admission of monks or nuns into the noble chapterhouse of an Imperial abbey -- usually four or eight quarterings (generations) of nobility. But since then, most mediatized families have, by agnatic consensus, reduced or stopped enforcing equality of birth rules. Leiningen was the only mediatized princely family that opted for required authorization by the Head of House rather than for specific marital standards. Some houses simply never bothered to register any marital rules, so they did not become law under any of the German monarchies. Although GHdA asks each Head of House to confirm and inform the publication's entries, this means that GHdA relies upon the Heads to report application of dynastic rules -- not to substitute the Head's judgment for those rules (and Guy Sainty has publicly criticized the Gotha and GHdA for inadvertently misleading genealogists and monarchists into believing that Heads of deposed dynasties automatically have marital authority over cadets, even in cases where no such authority ever legally existed under the monarchy). In Furstenberg, the Head had no authority to grant or withhold authorization to marriages of cadets, and GHdA cannot -- and does not purport -- to have conferred such authority on any dynastic Head. Lethiere 21:13, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Umlaut
The article needs to be consistent, from title to text to footnotes. Do we use the umlaut or not? She doesn't anymore, as a call to her office attests.Kitchawan 18:34, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Prince and Princess
In Germany, nobility has been abolished for 90 years now. Members of noble houses can only "keep" a title as part of their last name. It's not a title anymore, so it cannot precede the complete name and it cannot be translated. Therefore it's Diane Prinzessin von Fürstenberg (where "Prinzessin von Fürstenberg" is the last name), not Prinzessin Diane von Fürstenberg (Princess = Prinzessin). The German Wikipedia article gets it right. I highly doubt that the Genealogisches Handbuch claims differently. It's the same for her former husband and her children.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:46, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
 * While Germany no longer officially recognizes noble titles, the noble families still do. Her marriage was considered dynastic by the House of Furstenberg, and therefore, to the family, she was considered a princess at the time she was married to Egon. -- Willthacheerleader18 (talk) 02:55, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

Prince Alexander (born six months after their wedding)
Seems needlessly petty and gossipy to point out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:56, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Parents
Her father was Romanian. That is clear enough. But was her mother Greek? I am not sure that "Nahmias" is a Greek name. What is the relevance of calling her a "Holocaust survivor". That does not define anyone, particularly their identity.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:46, 8 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Nahmias is a Jewish name. She was a Greek Jew.  And being the child of a survivor has defined her identity, as she has said, and as many children of survivors attest.  -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:11, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

End of marriage to the Prince?
The article says her first marriage ended in 1972, the infobox has 1983. (and the Prince's article says 1972) Can someone please verify?Naraht (talk) 22:23, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

Net Worth
Forbes has here net worth at US$ 450 million (2015). Where could this be added?WikiEditCrunch (talk) 20:58, 20 November 2015 (UTC)Kind Regards WEC

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:21, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Love Is life
Would love to work with her to spread the word 2601:584:C000:C60:80A4:15FA:1E8B:483F (talk) 20:31, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

Poor writing
The prose is poorly written, with sloppy syntax — not incoherent, but not up to standards. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:52, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diane von Fürstenberg


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World History/Causes and course of the First World War

Factors Leading to War
Constant colonial tensions among the great powers had given rise to the possibility of a great war between the major European powers. For almost a hundred years, since the fall of Napoleon, a remarkable series of events kept the relative peace. But as 1914 approached, tensions began to rise in a number of countries, and key issues began to take their toll.

The Changing of Imperialism
By 1914, Imperialism had begun to come at last to a turning point. The massive land grabs that had divided up Africa, given Britain such a huge empire, and led to the collapse of the Chinese Empire had finally run their course. There simply were very few places left on Earth containing massive amounts of land not already claimed by a western power. This was especially bad news to nations that were latecomers to the game of Imperialism, Germany and, to a lesser extent, Russia.

Wilhelm II did not wish for Germany to miss out on the benefits of a colonial empire. Germany already had some territories in Africa, and after the Berlin Conference of 1885, they were major policy makers on the continent. However, Wilhelm II continually pushed for a larger role for Germany in Africa, leading ultimately to the Morocco Affair, and a heightening of tension.

Turmoil in Russia
Russia was also undergoing immense changes. After three hundred years of Romanov rule, Russia was finally making a transition to a modern nation. However, the Romanov tsar, Nicholas II of Russia, was still clinging onto a good measure of authoritarian power. The struggle between Nicholas II and reform-minded progressives would eventually lead to the drama of the Russian Revolution.

To make a bad situation worse, Russia was also in a bad geographic situation. Despite being the largest European power in terms of land area of their home nation, Russia was mostly poor and un-industrialized. Much of the nation was underdeveloped, and only slowly inching its way toward a more profitable existence. At the same time, Russia was dealing with an unfavorable political situation, already reeling from the loss of the Russo-Japanese War, as well as attempting to stay afoot of the fast-paced diplomacy of the west.

The Sick Man of Europe
For several hundred years, the Ottoman Empire had been slowly collapsing under its own weight, watching helplessly as first one province and then another had broken away, or been stolen. Recently, in the Crimean War, the Ottomans had been forced to rely upon the aid of Britain and France to sustain itself in conflict against the Russians. The Empire had previously been called the "Sick Man of Europe", but prior to the war it was called the "Dying Man of Europe".

Only sparse pieces of the Balkans remained in Ottoman control by 1914, and they were being encroached on from many fronts. The Austrians in the north clearly wanted to pacify provinces in the region, the Russians in the east wanted Istanbul itself to guarantee themselves a safe passage through to the Mediterranean from their Black Sea ports, and the people who lived in the Balkans were beginning to experience their own internal unrest. By 1914 it looked like conflict could erupt at any moment in the Balkans.

Naval build up and the end of Splendid Isolation
In order to demonstrate their military capability, Germany embarked on a plan to build up her navy, constructing the High Seas Fleet, equipping it with the latest in military technology. This not only contributed to a rise in Germany's military power, but it also seriously alarmed Great Britain. Britain had long subscribed to the theory of Splendid Isolation, under which Britain attempted to hold itself aloft from affair on the continent. Protected by the Royal Navy, the most powerful navy in Europe, Britain had remained inviolate to foreign powers for centuries; even Napoleon was unable to land an army on her shores. Under Splendid Isolation, Britain chose to abstain from permanent relationships with European powers and to continually work to maintain a balance between them, all the while protected from continental strife by her powerful navy.

The construction of the German High Seas Fleet pushed Britain into a fury of shipbuilding, in an attempt to stay ahead of German production. The knowledge that they could no longer stand by in the distance and remain safe from European struggle, and the continuing threat created by German armament programs, propelled the British out of their self-imposed isolation. It also led to a souring of relations between both Britain and Germany.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
On June 28, 1914, at approximately 11:00 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia and one of several (seven) assassins organized by The Black Hand (Crna Ruka). The event, known as the Assassination in Sarajevo, was one of the main triggers of World War I.

War Breaks Out
Officially, the First World War began on June 28, 1914 in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo, with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Gavrilo Principe, a member of a secret Serbian society, The Black Hand, hoping to unite the Slavic speaking lands of the Austro-Hungarian Empire with the nearby Kingdom of Serbia. In retaliation, Austria, with the support of Germany, presented Serbia with a list of demands that would severely threaten the Kingdom's autonomy. The Austrian leaders had been waiting for this moment for several years, because they feared just the sort of Serbian groups that were now operating in Bosnia, and had been waiting for this chance to weaken Serbia for several years. After consultations with the Russians, Serbia rejected the demands, leading to war with Austria. Russia responded with a general mobilization, followed by Austria's ally Germany and Russia's ally France. The first stage of the war quickly escalated, with a general war breaking out between an alliance of Germany and Austria against Russia, France, and Serbia.

The war presented the Germans with a special problem. Their own armies were scattered on the country's eastern and western borders against France to the west and Russia to the east, but the armies of France and Russia were concentrated against the Germans on their respective borders. In order to make the best out of this two front situation, the German generals began to carry out the Schlieffen Plan, developed by a German general in case of war with both France and Russia. The plan called for a quick and massive strike against the French while the massive Russian army was still mobilizing, hoping that their Austrian allies could stop the Russian advance long enough for them to finish off the French and move their troops by rail to defend the east.

Unfortunately, the quickest way to strike the French capital, Paris, and knock the French out of the war involved a broad offensive through neutral Belgium. Great Britain, a nominal ally of France, promised to intervene in case Germany invaded Belgium, and declared war shortly after German forces crossed the border. The Germans initially expected the Belgians to put up very little resistance, but this proved to be incorrect and the longer than expected time required to defeat the Belgians allowed the French to regroup.

While the Germans were pushing deep into Belgium, Serbian forces crossed the Danube in a daring attack against the Austrians. This offensive, like many others after it, failed, and the war zone along the Balkans would change very little during the first year.

Meanwhile, the massive German offensive bearing down on France was beginning to run out of steam. First, the Russians scored several early victories against the Austrians and moved through Poland (then a Russian territory) on their way to attack Prussia and the vulnerable German capital, Berlin. The worried German generals withdrew several divisions to the eastern front, allowing the French to regroup and defeat the German lead elements at the Battle of the Marne, slightly more than 15 miles outside Paris.

Though the German armies were stopped by the French, the Russian armies bearing down on Prussia were similarly defeated by German forces under Field Marshall Hindenburg at the Masurian Lakes, and then at Tannenberg. Though the Russian army was much larger than the German army, the Russian commander's decision to split his forces in a two-prong attack contributed to his defeat, and allowed the Germans to break apart the offensive piecemeal.

Stalemate and Trench Warfare
Following these defeats, the war on both fronts bogged down. In the west, both French and British forces and the Germans built a massive series of trenches from the Swiss border to the North Sea to defend their positions. This period of "Trench Warfare" saw very little change in the battle lines, and several uses of poison gas by the Germans. With no major breakthroughs on either fronts, and furthermore the people in Russia were killed. German and British leaders looked to the Mediterranean to break the stalemate. This put the two remaining neutral powers, Italy and the Ottoman Empire (later Turkey) in a tough position. Before the war, the Italians had agreed to support Germany and Austria in case of war. However, British and French diplomats promised the Italians the Austrian territories adjacent to Venice if Italy declared war, which they did after the prodding of many Italian radicals, among them Mussolini. The Ottoman Empire also had to make a tough choice, because Britain was the Empire's traditional protector and Russia was the Empire's traditional enemy. Germany's offer of two battleships and Middle Eastern territories allowed the Turks to strike out at both simultaneously, beginning with a naval strike against the Russian naval base at Odessa. The Ottoman entry into the war encouraged neighboring Bulgaria to also enter the war in an alliance with Germany, leading to the rapid defeat and occupation of Serbia by the Austrians. Austria played an important part in the war and still is today a leading military nation.

In 1915 the Ottomans launched an attack into Egypt in an attempt to capture the Suez Canal. The assault failed and the Ottomans retreated back into their empire. Once again in 1916 the Ottomans attempted to capture the canal, but this once again failed. This attack convinced the British to push their defence of the Canal further out, into the Sinai, and so starting in October, the British under Lieutenant General Sir Charles Dobell began operations into the Sinai desert and on to the border of Palestine. Initial efforts were limited to building a railway and a waterline across the Sinai. After several months building up supplies and troops, the British were ready for an attack. The first battle was the capture of Magdhaba on December 23 1916. This was a success, the fort was captured.

In 1916, the Central Powers invaded Romania, and forced them to sign an unwilling peace.

America Enters the War
By 1916, the two groups had been fighting for two years with neither side making significant gains. Food shortages had appeared in Germany (under blockade by Britain) and Russia, leading to much discontent. Responding to the British blockade, the Germans launched a naval offensive of their own, using submarines known as U-Boats to prey on allied shipping.

The Lusitania
A British-American tourist cruise liner that was intentionally sunk by a German U-Boat. However, there was some ammunition onboard in the cargo area, and this was the German reason for sinking.

The Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram from Germany to Mexico that encouraged Mexico to attack the United States.

This telegram was provided to the United States by Great Britain and there has been some speculation on whether it was forged by Great Britain in order to get the previously neutral United States to join World War I

Defeat of the Central Powers
Germany miscalculated by launching the u-boat campaign, which intended to win the war before the entry of USA. This miscalculation was a military suicide on the part of Germany as it led to the entry of USA. America with her vast resources entered the war on the side of allied forces leading them to a sweet victory against Germany.


text:
touch down

Verb

 * 1)  To land an aircraft or spacecraft.
 * The plane will touch down in Heathrow at about 2 o'clock.
 * 1)  To score a touchdown
 * 2)  To score a try.

title: touch down


text:
Portal:Nuclear engineering

This field of engineering includes the design, analysis, development, testing, operation and maintenance of nuclear fission systems and components, specifically, nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants and/or nuclear weapons. The field can also include the study of nuclear fusion, medical applications of radiation, nuclear safety, heat transport, nuclear fuels technology, nuclear proliferation, and the effect of radioactive waste or radioactivity in the environment.

You are encouraged to find something about this topic that interests you and added to the content, start a learning or research project, or utilize the materials herein.

Coursework
Undergraduate coursework should begin with a foundation in mechanics and dynamics of particle motion, thermodynamics, introductory computer programming, college level physics and chemistry, and a rigorous training in mathematics through differential equations.

Midway through undergraduate training a nuclear engineer must choose a specialization within their field that they will further study. Further coursework in a nuclear engineering program includes but is not limited to fluid mechanics, reactor physics, quantum mechanics, thermal hydraulics, linear circuits, radiation effects, and neutron transport.

Specialization in fission, includes the study of nuclear reactors, fission systems, and nuclear power plants, the primary teachings deal with neutronics and thermal-hydraulics for nuclear generated electricity. A firm foundation in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics in addition to hydrodynamics is a must.

Specialization in nuclear fusion includes electrodynamics and plasmas. This area is very much research oriented and training often terminates with a graduate level degree.

Specialization in nuclear medicine, includes courses dealing with doses and absorption of radiation in bodily tissues. Those who get competency in this area usually move into the medical field. Many nuclear engineers in this specialization go on to become board licensed medical physicists or go to medical school and become a radiation oncologist. Research is also a common choice for graduates.

Courses

 * Radioactivity Basics
 * Introduction to nuclear physics
 * Introduction to engineering

Reviews

 * J.A. Lake. "The Renaissance of Nuclear Energy" (website)
 * C. Schmidt. "The next generation of nuclear power?" (website)
 * http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/
 * Making the World Safe for Nuclear Energy
 * Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems
 * Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
 * Onkalo Waste Management Project (Posiva)
 * W. Hannum, G.E. Marsh, G.S. Stanford, Argonne Nat'l Lab, "Advanced Liquid Metal Reactors." 1983-2003. (Fast Neutron Reactors and pyro-metallurgical processing) (SciAm article)

Related news

 * March 2008 MIT tests unique approach to fusion power
 * April 2007 New advances in fusion research potentially made...
 * March 2007 - Company supposedly discovers method to safely dispose of nuclear waste.
 * March 2007 - Interesting article on table top fusion. Did you know that through nuclear fusion, one could extract 200 gallons of gasoline worth of energy from 1 bucket of sea water? (noted in article)
 * March 2007 - Chinese create next generation experimental fusion tokamak reactor.

it:Corso:Ingegneria nucleare

title: Portal:Nuclear engineering


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Greece national baseball team

The Greece national baseball team represents Greece in international baseball play. The team are a member of the World Baseball Softball Confederation and WBSC Europe.

2004 Olympics
The first time that Greece put together a national team that got any recognition in the baseball world was during the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Greece, as the host country, was faced with the dilemma that the actual baseball talent pool in the country was very small, and what players were available were amateur. However, as a result of lenient citizenship laws, various minor leaguers from the United States were able to play for the Greeks. Among the better known players were Baltimore Orioles prospect Nick Markakis, former Major Leaguer Clay Bellinger and various other players of Greek descent. The team's American coach, Dusty Rhodes led them to a 7th-place finish in the tournament, with a single win against Italy.

Tournament results
Olympic Games

European Baseball Championship

Baseball World Cup

title: Greece national baseball team


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Talk:Beatrice Mabel Cave-Browne-Cave

Untitled
I am making some minor edits and adding additional information to the career section. Cregwalker (talk) 15:07, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

I plan to add addition information about the papers she worked on in her career. Tmosuro (talk) 15:14, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2019 and 6 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Cregwalker, Tmosuro. Peer reviewers: Atpm8d, Clayton meyer.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:31, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beatrice Mabel Cave-Browne-Cave


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Antão Vaz

Antão Vaz is a native Portuguese white wine grape variety. Genetic testing has shown it to be a cross of the white Cayetana blanca (through which it is a grandchild of Hebén) and the almost unknown red João Domingos, which is thought to be extinct in its native Portugal. It is grown primarily in the Alentejo region, with additional plantings around Lisbon and in the Península de Setúbal. It is vigorous and productive, and requires a hot climate. The thick skins on these large loosely packed grapes enable them to withstand high heat and dehydration. It produces complex, light yellow wines with citrus and tropical aromas. Depending on the time of harvest, the wines can range from very acidic to ripe and alcoholic.

title: Antão Vaz


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Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Draft:Ricardo Costa

 __NOINDEX__

The result of the discussion was:  delete. — JJMC89  (T·C) 05:23, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Draft:Ricardo Costa

 * – (View MfD)

Self-promotional advertising by an editor with a direct conflict of interest, who has been previously blocked under other usernames but keeps returning to evade the block. These were all submitted to the AFC queue but then copy-pasted directly into mainspace without reviewer approval, and have been deleted at AFD due to their heavy advertorialism, so there's no value in holding onto the draft versions. As I've pointed out more than once, any attempt to get him and his work back into Wikipedia will need to be written in an encyclopedic tone rather than as advertising essays, and referenced to reliable sources rather than his own self-published content about himself, by somebody without a direct conflict of interest. Bearcat (talk) 23:37, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete All as conflict of interest drafts, not worth salvaging into a neutral version. Salt all titles as Extended-Confirmed Protected in both draft space and article space so that neutral editors can originate new versions if the subjects are notable.  Block the author again if they resume the personal attacks when the current block expires.  Robert McClenon (talk) 02:11, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * User:Bearcat, would you please link the mentioned AfD and the deleted mainspace titles, or their logs? Are there any WP:LTA or WP:SPI pages to reference?
 * Is the block you refer to the one of by User:Kudpung three days ago?  That was a behavioural block of only three days.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 04:25, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * He has prior editblocks under other usernames per Sockpuppet investigations/Tertulius; I literally didn't mention the current short-term editblock at all, as it has very little to do with the actual problem. (It speaks to his behaviour, obviously, but not to the actual quality of the articles in question.) The articles were originally deleted per Articles for deletion/Ricardo Costa (filmmaker), and then recreated and redeleted per Articles for deletion/Ricardo Costa (filmmaker) (2nd nomination). Bearcat (talk) 04:29, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 05:24, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete all per nom and the clear consensus in the AfDs. I am not sure the normal criteria for SALTing is met, and prefer SALTing requests to go to WP:RfPP.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 05:24, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete all, salt, block per Robert McClenon. Determined self-promotion, and since intent has already been shown to re-create articles despite consensus, salting seems warranted. -Crossroads- (talk) 03:23, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment - I have nominated three of the four pages as G5 because the author is a sockpuppet of a blocked sockmaster, as shown in the above discussion. Robert McClenon (talk) 15:47, 29 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment - The IP is probably also the sockmaster, but the rules don't permit that to be verified, so this MFD can stay open for that one. Robert McClenon (talk) 22:35, 29 September 2019 (UTC)


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Modern Physics/The Uneven Dumbbell

The kinetic energy and angular momentum of the dumbbell may be split into two parts, one having to do with the motion of the center of mass of the dumbbell, the other having to do with the motion of the dumbbell relative to its center of mass.

To do this we first split the position vectors into two parts. The centre of mass is at.

 * $$\mathbf{R}=\frac{M_1 \mathbf{r}_1 + M_2 \mathbf{r}_2}{M_1+M_2}$$

so we can define new position vectors, giving the position of the masses relative to the centre of mass, as shown.

 * $$\mathbf{r}^*_1=\mathbf{r}_1-\mathbf{R}_1 \quad

\mathbf{r}^*_1=\mathbf{r}_1-\mathbf{R}_1$$

The total kinetic energy is
 * $$\begin{matrix}K & = & \frac{1}{2}M_1 V_1^2 &+ & \frac{1}{2}M_2 V_2^2 \\

& = & \frac{1}{2}M_1 |\mathbf{V}-\mathbf{v}^*_1|^2  &+ & \frac{1}{2}M_2 |\mathbf{V}-\mathbf{v}^*_2|^2\\ & = & \frac{1}{2}(M_1+M_2)V^2 & + & \frac{1}{2}M_1 {v^*_1}^2 + \frac{1}{2}M_2 {v^*_2}^2 \\ & = & K_{ext} & + & K_{int}\\ \end{matrix} $$

which is the sum of the kinetic energy the dumbbell would have if both masses were concentrated at the center of mass, the translational kinetic energy and the kinetic energy it would have if it were observed from a reference frame in which the center of mass is stationary, the rotational kinetic energy.

The total angular momentum can be similarly split up
 * $$\begin{matrix}

\mathbf{L} & = & \mathbf{L}_{orb} & + & \mathbf{L}_{spin}\\ & = & (M_1+M_2)\mathbf{R}\times \mathbf{V} & + & (M_1\mathbf{r}^*_1 \times \mathbf{v}^*_1 + M_2\mathbf{r}^*_2 \times \mathbf{v}^*_2) \end{matrix}$$

into the sum of the angular momentum the system would have if all the mass were concentrated at the center of mass, the orbital angular momentum, and the angular momentum of motion about the center of mass, the spin angular momentum.

We can therefore assume the centre of mass to be fixed.

Since ω is enough to describe the dumbbells motion, it should be enough to determine the angular momentum and internal kinetic energy. We will try writing both of these in terms of ω First we use two results from earlier
 * $$\mathbf{L}=\mathbf{r} \times \mathbf{v} \quad \mbox{and} \quad \mathbf{v}=\boldsymbol{\omega} \times \mathbf{r}$$

to write the angular momentum in terms of the angular velocity

$$ \begin{matrix} \mathbf{L} & = & M_1\mathbf{r}^*_1 \times \mathbf{v}^*_1 & + & M_2\mathbf{r}^*_2 \times \mathbf{v}^*_2\\ & = & M_1\mathbf{r}^*_1 \times (\boldsymbol{\omega} \times \mathbf{r}^*_1) & + & M_2\mathbf{r}^*_2 \times (\boldsymbol{\omega} \times \mathbf{r}^*_2)\\ & = & M_1 \left( \boldsymbol{\omega} \left( \mathbf{r}^*_1 \cdot \mathbf{r}^*_1\right) - \mathbf{r}^*_1 \left( \mathbf{r}^*_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\omega} \right)\right) & + & M_2 \left( \boldsymbol{\omega} \left( \mathbf{r}^*_2 \cdot \mathbf{r}^*_2\right) - \mathbf{r}^*_2 \left( \mathbf{r}^*_2 \cdot \boldsymbol{\omega}\right) \right)\\ & = & M_1 \left( \boldsymbol{\omega} d_1^2 - \mathbf{r}^*_1 \left( \mathbf{r}^*_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\omega} \right)\right) & + & M_2 \left( \boldsymbol{\omega} d_2^2 - \mathbf{r}^*_2 \left( \mathbf{r}^*_2 \cdot \boldsymbol{\omega}\right) \right) \\ & = & (M_1d_1^2+M_2d_2^2) \boldsymbol{\omega} & - & \left (M_1 \mathbf{r}^*_1\left( \mathbf{r}^*_1\cdot \boldsymbol{\omega}\right) + M_2 \mathbf{r}^*_2\left( \mathbf{r}^*_2\cdot \boldsymbol{\omega}\right) \right) \end{matrix}$$

The first term in the angular momentum is proportional to the angular velocity, as might be expected, but the second term is not.

What this means becomes clearer if we look at the components of L For notational convenience we'll write
 * $$\mathbf{r}^*_1 = (x_1, y_1, z_1) \quad \mathbf{r}^*_2 = (x_2, y_2, z_2)

$$

These six numbers are constants, reflecting the geometry of the dumbbell.

 * $$\begin{matrix}

L_x & = & (M_1d_1^2+M_2d_2^2)\omega_x - (M_1 x_1^2+M_2 x_2^2)\omega_x \\ & &  -(M_1 x_1 y_1+M_2 x_2 y_2)\omega_y -  (M_1 x_1 z_1+M_2 x_2 z_2)\omega_z \\ L_y & = & (M_1d_1^2+M_2d_2^2)\omega_y -  (M_1 x_1^2+M_2 x_2^2)\omega_y \\ & & -(M_1 x_1 y_1+M_2 x_2 y_2)\omega_x -  (M_1 y_1 z_1+M_2 y_2 z_2)\omega_z \\ L_z & = & (M_1d_1^2+M_2d_2^2)\omega_z -(M_1 x_1^2+M_2 x_2^2)\omega_z \\ & & -(M_1 x_1 z_1+M_2 x_2 z_2)\omega_x - (M_1 y_1 z_1+M_2 y_2 z_2)\omega_y \\ \end{matrix}$$

This, we recognise as being a matrix multiplication.

\begin{pmatrix} L_x \\ L_y \\ L_z \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} I_{xx} & I_{xy} & I_{xz} \\ I_{yx} & I_{yy} & I_{yz} \\ I_{zx} & I_{zy} & I_{zz} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \omega_x \\ \omega_y \\ \omega_z \end{pmatrix} $$

where

$$ \begin{pmatrix} I_{xx} & I_{xy} & I_{xz} \\ I_{yx} & I_{yy} & I_{yz} \\ I_{zx} & I_{zy} & I_{zz} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} M_1(d_1^2-x_1^2)+M_2(d_2^2-x_2^2) & -(M_1 x_1 y_1 + M_2 x_2 y_2) & -(M_1 x_1 z_1+M_2 x_2 z_2) \\ -(M_1 x_1 y_1 + M_2 x_2 y_2) & M_1(d_1^2-y_1^2)+M_2(d_2^2-y_2^2) & -(M_1 y_1 z_1+M_2 y_2 z_2) \\ -(M_1 x_1 z_1 + M_2 x_2 z_2) & -(M_1 y_1 z_1+M_2 y_2 z_2) & M_1(d_1^2-z_1^2)+M_2(d_2^2-z_2^2) \end{pmatrix} $$

The nine coefficients of the matrix I are called moments of inertia.

By choosing our axis carefully we can make this matrix diagonal. E.g if
 * $$\mathbf{r}^*_1 = (d_1, 0, 0) \quad \mathbf{r}^*_2 = (-d_2, 0, 0) $$

then

\begin{pmatrix} I_{xx} & I_{xy} & I_{xz} \\ I_{yx} & I_{yy} & I_{yz} \\ I_{zx} & I_{zy} & I_{zz} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & M_1 d_1^2 +M_2 d_2^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & M_1 d_1^2 +M_2 d_2^2 \end{pmatrix} $$

Because the dumbbell is aligned along the x-axis, rotating it around that axis has no effect.

The relationship between the kinetic energy, T, and ω quickly follows.

 * $$\begin{matrix}

2T & = & M_1 {v^*_1}^2 & + &  M_2 {v^*_2}^2\\ & = & M_1 \mathbf{v}^*_1 \cdot (\boldsymbol{\omega} \times \mathbf{r}^*_1) & + & M_1 \mathbf{v}^*_2 \cdot (\boldsymbol{\omega} \times \mathbf{r}^*_2) \\ & = & M_1 \boldsymbol{\omega} \cdot (\mathbf{r}^*_1 \times \mathbf{v}^*_1) & + & M_2 \boldsymbol{\omega} \cdot (\mathbf{r}^*_2 \times \mathbf{v}^*_2) \end{matrix}$$

On the right hand side we immediately recognise the definition of angular momentum.

 * $$T=\frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol{\omega} \cdot \mathbf{L}$$

Substituting for L gives

 * $$T=\frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol{\omega}\mathbf{I}\boldsymbol{\omega}$$

Using the definition
 * $$\boldsymbol{\omega} = \omega \mathbf{n} \quad

\mathbf{n} \cdot \mathbf{n}=1 $$

this reduces to

 * $$T=\frac{1}{2} I \omega^2 $$

where the momement of inertia around the axis n is

 * $$I=\mathbf{n} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{n} $$

a constant.

If the dumbbell is aligned along the x-axis as before we get
 * $$T=\frac{1}{2} (M_1 d_1^2 +M_2 d_2^2) (\omega_y^2+\omega_z^2)$$

These equations of rotational dynamics are similar to those for linear dynamics, except that I is a matrix rather than a scalar.

title: Modern Physics/The Uneven Dumbbell


text:
Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17

Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative tauopathy and Parkinson plus syndrome. FTDP-17 is caused by mutations in the MAPT (microtubule associated protein tau) gene located on the q arm of chromosome 17, and has three cardinal features: behavioral and personality changes, cognitive impairment, and motor symptoms. FTDP-17 was defined during the International Consensus Conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1996.

Signs and symptoms
FTDP-17 usually appears gradually. Individuals who have reached the fully developed stage of the disease exhibit an array of symptoms that include at least two of the three cardinal features of FTDP-17, which include behavioral and personality disturbances, cognitive deficits, and motor dysfunction.

FTDP-17 clinical features differ significantly among affected individuals, regardless of whether they inherit the same or distinct mutations. Even members of the same family, for instance, can have different clinical presentations.

In addition to other manifestations, the behavioral and personality abnormalities may include disinhibition, apathy, poor judgment, compulsive behavior, hyperreligiosity, alcoholism, illicit drug addiction, verbal and physical aggression, and abusive behaviors. Memory, orientation, and visuospatial function are relatively preserved during the early stages of the disease, despite cognitive disturbances. Initially, progressive speech difficulties with non-fluent aphasia and executive function disorders can be seen. Memory, orientation, and visuospatial functions deteriorate as a result, while echolalia, palilalia, verbal and vocal perseverations develop. Eventually, mutism and progressive dementia set in.

Parkinsonism can be the first symptom of the disease, and it is noteworthy that some FTDP-17 patients have been misdiagnosed with Parkinson's disease or sporadic progressive supranuclear palsy. However, in some families, the parkinsonism appears later in the progression of the illness or not at all. FTDP-17 parkinsonism is distinguished by symmetrical bradykinesia, postural instability, rigidity affecting both axial and appendicular musculature, a lack of resting tremor, as well as poor or no response to levodopa therapy. Other motor disturbances seen in FTDP-17 include dystonia unrelated to medication, supranuclear gaze palsy, both lower and upper motor neuron dysfunction, myoclonus, postural and action tremors, eyelid closing and opening apraxia, dysphagia, and dysarthria.

Cause
MAPT mutations account for up to 50% of FTDP-17 cases. More than 50 pathogenic MAPT mutations have been identified. FTDP-17 is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.

Pathophysiology
The disorder's pathogenetic mechanisms are believed to be associated with a changed ratio of tau isoforms or with tau's capacity to bind microtubules and facilitate microtubule assembly.

Diagnosis
A combination of characteristic clinical and pathological features, as well as molecular genetic analysis, is required for a definitive diagnosis of FTDP-17. Genetic counseling should be provided to affected and at-risk individuals; penetrance is incomplete for the majority of subtypes.

Clinically, FTDP-17 may resemble a number of neurodegenerative diseases. FTDP-17 is frequently confused with Pick's disease, sporadic progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), or corticobasal degeneration (CBD) in the absence of a positive family history or molecular genetic data. Other familial frontotemporal dementias, Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) should be ruled out.

Management
Currently, treatment for FTDP-17 is only symptomatic and supportive.

Prognosis
Individual patients' and genetic kindreds' prognoses and rates of disease progression vary greatly, ranging from several months to several years, and in exceptional cases, as long as two decades.

Epidemiology
Although the prevalence and incidence are unknown, FTDP-17 is a very rare condition. Over 100 families worldwide have been identified with 38 different tau gene mutations. The FTDP-17 phenotype varies not only between families with different mutations but also between and within families with the same mutations.


text:
Organic chemistry/Organometallic Chemistry/Alkene Complexes

Alkene (or Olefin) complexes are metal complexes bound to a metal species. Unlike typical ligands that form sigma bonds, alkene complexes are also bound by a pi back-bond.

The first olefin complex and organometallic complex discovered was Zeise's salt (K[PtCl3(C2H4)]·H2O) in 1827.

Bonding

Stability

tetrasubstituted < trisubstituted < trans-disubstituted < cis-disubstituted < monosubstituted < ethylene.

Synthesis of Alkene Complexes

Reactions of Alkene Complexes

Bonding and Structure in Alkene Complexes

The bonding in alkene complexes is described by the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model, which provides us with a bonding picture not unlike that seen in carbonyl or phosphine complexes. A sigma-type donation from the C=C pi orbital with concomitant pi-backbonding into an empty pi* orbital on the ethylene presents us with a synergistic bonding situation: the greater the sigma donation to the metal, the greater the pi-backbonding:

The greater the electron density back-donated into the pi* orbital on the alkene, the greater the reduction in the C=C bond order. An alternative way of stating this would be to say that the hybridization of the alkene carbon changes from sp2 to sp3 as back-donation increases. Either formalism describes two limiting structures: a planar olefin adduct and a metallocyclopropane. X-ray crystallographic studies confirm that the as the C-C bond length increases, the CH2 plane is distorted from the ideal planar geometry of an alkene:

The structural distortion of a bound alkene can also be detected by NMR: the JCH of alkene-like sp2 carbons is typically around 160 Hz whereas sp3-like carbons have a JCH around 120 Hz. Unlike carbonyl stretching frequencies, the C=C IR band (around 1500 cm-1) is usually weak and not well-correlated to C-C bond length. Electronic factors play a large role in the binding of alkenes to transition metals. For example, tetrafluoroethylene will bind more tightly than ethylene to a low valent metal complex because the presence of electron-withdrawing groups on the olefin results in poorer sigma donation and lowers the energy of the pi* orbital (providing better overlap for backbonding). Likewise, ethylene (like carbon monoxide) is a poor ligand for d0 metal complexes because there are no d-electrons to engage in back-bonding.

The stability of alkene complexes also depends on steric factors as well. An empirical ordering of relative stability would be:

tetrasubstituted < trisubstituted < trans-disubstituted < cis-disubstituted < monosubstituted < ethylene.

Synthesis of Alkene Complexes

Alkene complexes can be synthesized by several methods:

 * Ligand substitution reactions.
 * Reduction of a higher valent metal in the presence of an alkene.
 * From alkyls and related species:
 * reductive elimination (of an allyl and hydride, for example).
 * hydride abstraction from alkyls
 * protonation of sigma-allyls
 * from epoxides (indirectly)

Reactions of Alkene Complexes

The bonding of an alkene to a transition metal can activate the ligand to electrophilic or nucleophilic attack depending on the nature and charge of the metal center. For example, if there is a high formal charge on the metal center then the olefin is subject to attack by nucleophiles at the face opposite the metal (giving trans addition). Likewise, electron rich metal centers in low oxidation states are activated for attack by electrophiles at the C-C bond. The reaction chemistry of these complexes is quite broad and could form another textbook in itself. For some other examples of alkene reactivity look at the sections on olefin metathesis, olefin polymerization and insertion reactions


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User:Akhilleus/sandbox

 * I noticed your comment here. Sorry I wasn't clear earlier. If you look at Requests for comment/User conduct near the bottom of the page on the right side there should be a box with blue bars at the top and bottom that list the current RfCs on user conduct—currently it shows RfCs on Jimmy McDaniels, PMAnderson, and so on. The RfC on Slrubenstein should be listed there, but isn't—you can add it by going here and following the instructions in the edit box. As I said, I would have done it myself, but there needs to be a summary of the dispute, and I don't think it's a good idea for me to write it.

 * Hopefully I've made the problem clear

title: User:Akhilleus/sandbox


text:
Talk:Ben Ransom

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Ben Ransom. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110412144056/http://www.saracens.com:80/news/first-team-squad/view.php?Id=258 to http://www.saracens.com/news/first-team-squad/view.php?Id=258
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110810024927/http://www.rfu.com:80/SquadsAndPlayers/EnglandUnder20s/BenRansom.aspx to http://www.rfu.com/SquadsAndPlayers/EnglandUnder20s/BenRansom.aspx

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:10, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Ben Ransom. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120203072807/http://www.premiershiprugby.com/premiership/rugby/saracens.php?section=1 to http://www.premiershiprugby.com/premiership/rugby/saracens.php?section=1
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.saracens.com/news/first-team-squad/view.php?Id=258
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title: Talk:Ben Ransom


text:
User:JBD18/sandbox

Morning Fatigue
Morning fatigue is the feeling of tiredness and a lack of energy in the early parts of the day after waking. A more accurate term would be fatigue despite having slept for 7 to 8 hours. It is not the immediate lack of energy but rather the tiredness that lasts for the first half of the day following a good night’s sleep. According to experts, repeated morning fatigue can be a symptom of certain diseases, and is therefore something that you should mention to a doctor.

Symptoms
Here is a list of possible symptoms that people may encounter when waking up from a 7-8 hours of sleep and still feeling tired:
 * Possible dizzines when getting up from bed.
 * Dry mouth.
 * Vague muscular pain.
 * Gastrointestinal discomfort.
 * Chills.
 * Low blood pressure in the mornings (Hypotension)
 * Dryness in the eyes.
 * Extreme tiredness that improves as the morning goes on

Causes
Morning fatigue is a symptom of many diseases where tiredness is a characteristic symptom. When morning fatigue is the only symptom, eventually other symptoms become apparent that more definitively indicates the possible underlying cause. Here is a list of common causes for morning fatigue which are often overlooked as it can persist for months or years with no other major symptoms appearing other than the fatigue:
 * Obstuctive Sleep Apnea
 * Acid Reflux (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) during sleep
 * Underactive thyroid
 * Nighttime Hunger

Obstructive Sleep Apnea
This is one of the most common causes of waking up tired. The passages of the upper airways collapse or are blocked by the tongue limiting the intake of fresh air. A person may stop breathing for short periods of time and this causes them to awaken thereby reducing the quality of sleep.

Acid Reflux during Sleep (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Acid reflux is more specifically known as gastroesophageal reflux which is the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus. Most patients with GERD experience an increase in the severity of symptoms (usually heartburn or coughing and choking) while sleeping or attempting to sleep. If the acid backs up as far as the throat and larynx, the sleeper will wake up coughing and choking. If the acid only backs up as far as the esophagus the symptom is usually experienced as heartburn.

Underactive Thyroid
The thyroid is a small gland found in the neck. It controls the human metabolism, the speed at which the body converts fuel to energy. When it is underactive andmetabolism functions too slowly, the person may feel sluggish and put on weight.

Nighttime Hunger
Trying to sleep on an empty stomach is not easy. Hunger pangs are quite uncomfortable and if the body needs nutrition, it will disturb sleep to compel the person to eat. While it is not advisable to eat just before bedtime, especially if a person suffers with acid reflux, he/she should have an adequate nutrition in the evenings. There is no need to overeat. Remember that the body will be shutting down for about 8 hours and is in a low metabolic state. So its energy needs are much less.

Avoid hunger at night during sleep

 * Eat about 2 to 3 hours before bedtime. Its not too soon before the person sleep to worsen heartburn but its not too long ago to feel hungry.
 * The person must drink a glass of water if he/she think that they are hungry about an hour before bedtime.
 * If a person do have to eat a short while before sleeping then he/she must stay away from heavy meals, chocolate, high sugar foods, coffee or tea.

Take care emotionally.
When waking up, the person don’t feel like facing the day and he/she like to stay in bed all day, he/she must ask why. they must face their problems, find emotional support within their family & friends. Get excited for each new day. Peace and happiness is the greatest energy in existence for fighting fatigue.

Eat a good breakfast.
Along with several small meals and healthy snacks throughout the day; that’s better than eating two or three large meals. The person must try to limit the size of his/her meals to 300 calories. This will keep his/her blood sugar levels steady and help prevent his/her energy from plunging.

Slip in 10 minutes of low-level exercise when you feel sluggish.
Usually people with fatigue have a decreased supply of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), an intracellular ‘messenger’ involved in energy metabolism. In order words, there’s not enough ‘spark’ in the engine and almost any kind of activity will help; for example, singing, taking deep breaths, walking, or stretching.

title: User:JBD18/sandbox


text:
Multiple single-level

Multiple single-level or multi-security level (MSL) is a means to separate different levels of data by using separate computers or virtual machines for each level. It aims to give some of the benefits of multilevel security without needing special changes to the OS or applications, but at the cost of needing extra hardware.

The drive to develop MLS operating systems was severely hampered by the dramatic fall in data processing costs in the early 1990s. Before the advent of desktop computing, users with classified processing requirements had to either spend a lot of money for a dedicated computer or use one that hosted an MLS operating system. Throughout the 1990s, however, many offices in the defense and intelligence communities took advantage of falling computing costs to deploy desktop systems classified to operate only at the highest classification level used in their organization. These desktop computers operated in system high mode and were connected with LANs that carried traffic at the same level as the computers.

MSL implementations such as these neatly avoided the complexities of MLS but traded off technical simplicity for inefficient use of space. Because most users in classified environments also needed unclassified systems, users often had at least two computers and sometimes more (one for unclassified processing and one for each classification level processed). In addition, each computer was connected to its own LAN at the appropriate classification level, meaning that multiple dedicated cabling plants were incorporated (at considerable cost in terms of both installation and maintenance).

Limits of MSL versus MLS
The obvious shortcoming of MSL (as compared to MLS) is that it does not support immixture of various classification levels in any manner. For example, the notion of concatenating a SECRET data stream (taken from a SECRET file) with a TOP SECRET data stream (read from a TOP SECRET file) and directing the resultant TOP SECRET data stream into a TOP SECRET file is unsupported. In essence, an MSL system can be thought of as a set of parallel (and collocated) computer systems, each restricted to operation at one, and only one, security level. Indeed, the individual MSL operating systems may not even understand the concept of security levels, since they operate as single-level systems. For example, while one of a set of collocated MSL OS may be configured to affix the character string "SECRET" to all output, that OS has no understanding of how the data compares in sensitivity and criticality to the data processed by its peer OS that affixes the string "UNCLASSIFIED" to all of its output.

Operating across two or more security levels then, must use methods extraneous to the purview of the MSL "operating systems" per se, and needing human intervention, termed "manual review". For example, an independent monitor (not in Brinch Hansen's sense of the term) may be provided to support migration of data among multiple MSL peers (e.g., copying a data file from the UNCLASSIFIED peer to the SECRET peer). Although no strict requirements by way of federal legislation specifically address the concern, it would be appropriate for such a monitor to be quite small, purpose-built, and supportive of only a small number of very rigidly defined operations, such as importing and exporting files, configuring output labels, and other maintenance/administration tasks that require handling all the collocated MSL peers as a unit rather than as individual, single-level systems. It may also be appropriate to utilize a hypervisor software architecture, such as VMware, to provide a set of peer MSL "OS" in the form of distinct, virtualized environments supported by an underlying OS that is only accessible to administrators cleared for all of the data managed by any of the peers. From the users' perspectives, each peer would present a login or X display manager session logically indistinguishable from the underlying "maintenance OS" user environment.

Advances in MSL
The cost and complexity involved in maintaining distinct networks for each level of classification led the National Security Agency (NSA) to begin research into ways in which the MSL concept of dedicated system high systems could be preserved while reducing the physical investment demanded by multiple networks and computers. Periods processing was the first advance in this area, establishing protocols by which agencies could connect a computer to a network at one classification, process information, sanitize the system, and connect it to a different network with another classification. The periods processing model offered the promise of a single computer but did nothing to reduce multiple cabling plants and proved enormously inconvenient to users; accordingly, its adoption was limited.

In the 1990s, the rise of virtualization technology changed the playing field for MSL systems. Suddenly, it was possible to create virtual machines (VMs) that behaved as independent computers but ran on a common hardware platform. With virtualization, NSA saw a way to preserve periods processing on a virtual level, no longer needing the physical system to be sanitized by performing all processing within dedicated, system-high VMs. To make MSL work in a virtual environment, however, it was necessary to find a way to securely control the virtual session manager and ensure that no compromising activity directed at one VM could compromise another.

MSL solutions
NSA pursued multiple programs aimed at creating viable, secure MSL technologies leveraging virtualization. To date, three major solutions have materialized.

 * "Multiple Independent Levels of Security" or MILS, an architectural concept developed by Dr. John Rushby that combines high-assurance security separation with high-assurance safety separation. Subsequent refinement by NSA and Naval Postgraduate School in collaboration with Air Force Research Laboratory, Lockheed Martin, Rockwell Collins, Objective Interface Systems, University of Idaho, Boeing, Raytheon, and MITRE resulted in a Common Criteria EAL-6+ Protection Profile for a high-assurance separation kernel.
 * "NetTop", developed by NSA in partnership with VMWare, Inc., uses security-enhanced Linux (SELinux) as the base operating system for its technology. The SELinux OS securely holds the virtual session manager, which in turn creates virtual machines to perform processing and support functions.
 * The "Trusted Multi-Net", a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) system based on a thin client model, was developed jointly by an industry coalition including Microsoft Corporation, Citrix Systems, NYTOR Technologies, VMWare, Inc., and MITRE Corporation to offer users access to classified and unclassified networks. Its architecture eliminates the need for multiple cabling plants, leveraging encryption to transmit all traffic over a cable approved for the highest level accessed.

Both the NetTop and Trusted Multi-Net solutions have been approved for use. In addition, Trusted Computer Solutions has developed a thin-client product, originally based on the NetTop technology concepts through a licensing agreement with NSA. This product is called SecureOffice(r) Trusted Thin Client(tm), and runs on the LSPP configuration of Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 5 (RHEL5).

Three competing companies have implemented MILS separation kernels:

 * Green Hills Software
 * LynuxWorks
 * Wind River Systems

In addition, there have been advances in the development of non-virtualization MSL systems through the use of specialized hardware, resulting in at least one viable solution:

 * The Starlight Technology (now marketed as the Interactive Link System), developed by the Australian Defence Science Technology Organisation (DSTO) and Tenix Pty Ltd, uses specialized hardware to allow users to interact with a "Low" network from a "High" network session within a window, without any data flowing from the "High" to the "Low" network.

Philosophical aspects, ease of use, flexibility
It is interesting to consider the philosophical implications of the MSL "solution path." Rather than providing MLS abilities within a classical OS, the chosen direction is to build a set of "virtual OS" peers that can be managed, individually and as a collective, by an underlying real OS. If the underlying OS (let us introduce the term maintenance operating system, or MOS) is to have sufficient understanding of MLS semantics to prevent grievous errors, such as copying data from a TOP SECRET MSL peer to an UNCLASSIFIED MSL peer, then the MOS must have the ability to: represent labels; associate labels with entities (here we rigorously avoid the terms "subject" and "object"); compare labels (rigorously avoiding the term "reference monitor"); distinguish between those contexts where labels are meaningful and those where they are not (rigorously avoiding the term "trusted computing base" [TCB]); the list goes on. One readily perceives that the MLS architecture and design issues have not been eliminated, merely deferred to a separate stratum of software that invisibly manages mandatory access control concerns so that superjacent strata need not. This concept is none other than the geminal architectural concept (taken from the Anderson Report) underlying DoD-style trusted systems in the first place.

What has been positively achieved by the set-of-MSL-peers abstraction, albeit, is radical restriction of the scope of MAC-cognizant software mechanisms to the small, subjacent MOS. This has been accomplished, however, at the cost of eliminating any practical MLS abilities, even the most elementary ones, as when a SECRET-cleared user appends an UNCLASSIFIED paragraph, taken from an UNCLASSIFIED file, to his SECRET report. The MSL implementation would obviously require every "reusable" resource (in this example, the UNCLASSIFIED file) to be replicated across every MSL peer that might find it useful—meaning either much secondary storage needlessly expended or intolerable burden on the cleared administrator able to effect such replications in response to users' requests therefor. (Of course, since the SECRET user cannot "browse" the system's UNCLASSIFIED offerings other than by logging out and beginning an UNCLASSIFIED system afresh, one evidences yet another severe limitation on functionality and flexibility.) Alternatively, less sensitive file systems could be NFS-mounted read-only so that more trustworthy users could browse, but not modify, their content. Albeit, the MLS OS peer would have no actual means for distinguishing (via a directory listing command, e.g.) that the NFS-mounted resources are at a different level of sensitivity than the local resources, and no strict means for preventing illegal uphill flow of sensitive information other than the brute-force, all-or-nothing mechanism of read-only NFS mounting.

To demonstrate just what a handicap this drastic effectuation of "cross-level file sharing" actually is, consider the case of an MLS system that supports UNCLASSIFIED, SECRET, and TOP SECRET data, and a TOP SECRET cleared user who logs into the system at that level. MLS directory structures are built around the containment principle, which, loosely speaking, dictates that higher sensitivity levels reside deeper in the tree: commonly, the level of a directory must match or dominate that of its parent, while the level of a file (more specifically, of any link thereto) must match that of the directory that catalogs it. (This is strictly true of MLS UNIX: alternatives that support different conceptions of directories, directory entries, i-nodes, etc.—such as Multics, which adds the "branch" abstraction to its directory paradigm—tolerate a broader set of alternative implementations.) Orthogonal mechanisms are provided for publicly shared and spool directories, such as /tmp or C:\TEMP, which are automatically—and invisibly—partitioned by the OS, with users' file access requests automatically "deflected" to the appropriately labeled directory partition. The TOP SECRET user is free to browse the entire system, his only restriction being that—while logged in at that level—he is only allowed to create fresh TOP SECRET files within specific directories or their descendants. In the MSL alternative, where any browsable content must be specifically, laboriously replicated across all applicable levels by a fully cleared administrator—meaning, in this case, that all SECRET data must be replicated to the TOP SECRET MSL peer OS, while all UNCLASSIFIED data must be replicated to both the SECRET and TOP SECRET peers—one can readily perceive that, the more highly cleared the user, the more frustrating his timesharing computing experience will be.

In a classical trusted systems-theoretic sense—relying upon terminology and concepts taken from the Orange Book, the foundation of trusted computing—a system that supports MSL peers could not achieve a level of assurance beyond (B1). This is because the (B2) criteria require, among other things, both clear identification of a TCB perimeter and the existence of a single, identifiable entity that has the ability and authority to adjudicate access to all data represented throughout all accessible resources of the ADP system. In a very real sense, then, the application of the term "high assurance" as a descriptor of MSL implementations is nonsensical, since the term "high assurance" is properly limited to (B3) and (A1) systems—and, with some laxity albeit, to (B2) systems.

Cross-domain solutions
MSL systems, whether virtual or physical in nature, are designed to preserve isolation between different classification levels. Consequently, (unlike MLS systems), an MSL environment has no innate abilities to move data from one level to another.

To permit data sharing between computers working at different classification levels, such sites deploy cross-domain solutions (CDS), which are commonly referred to as gatekeepers or guards. Guards, which often leverage MLS technologies themselves, filter traffic flowing between networks; unlike a commercial Internet firewall, however, a guard is built to much more stringent assurance requirements and its filtering is carefully designed to try to prevent any improper leakage of classified information between LANs operating at different security levels.

Data diode technologies are used extensively where data flows are required to be restricted to one direction between levels, with a high level of assurance that data will not flow in the opposite direction. In general, these are subject to the same restrictions that have imposed challenges on other MLS solutions: strict security assessment and the need to provide an electronic equivalent of stated policy for moving information between classifications. (Moving information down in classification level is particularly challenging and typically requires approval from several different people.)

As of late 2005, numerous high-assurance platforms and guard applications have been approved for use in classified environments. N.b. that the term "high-assurance" as employed here is to be evaluated in the context of DCID 6/3 (read "dee skid six three"), a quasi-technical guide to the construction and deployment of various systems for processing classified information, lacking both the precise legal rigidity of the Orange Book criteria and the underlying mathematical rigor. (The Orange Book is motivated by, and derived from, a logical "chain of reasoning" constructed as follows: [a] a "secure" state is mathematically defined, and a mathematical model is constructed, the operations upon which preserve secure state so that any conceivable sequence of operations starting from a secure state yields a secure state; [b] a mapping of judiciously chosen primitives to sequences of operations upon the model; and [c] a "descriptive top-level specification" that maps actions that can be transacted at the user interface (such as system calls) into sequences of primitives; but stopping short of either [d] formally demonstrating that a live software implementation correctly implements said sequences of actions; or [e] formally arguing that the executable, now "trusted," system is generated by correct, reliable tools [e.g., compilers, librarians, linkers].)

title: Multiple single-level


text:
The Voynich Manuscript/F6r

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f6r to be added here... :-)

Description:
One plant, that takes up most of the right and bottom halves of the page.

One long paragraph (14 lines) at the top, left justified. The first three lines are right-justified, the rest follows the plant's profile on the right. The first six lines are interrupted by a flower or pod.

Comments:
It is not clear whether pods or flowers are represented here.

title: The Voynich Manuscript/F6r


text:
Talk:Derek Bok

Hamburgers?
There's a quote - 'be careful when you bite into you hamburger' - that is widely attributed to Derek Bok. Is it this Derek Bok? And if so, what is it referring to? <IP_ADDRESS> 12:17, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Genealogy
I am morally certain that Derek Curtis Bok is the son of Judge Curtis Bok, of Pennslvania, who was a prominent member of the bar in the Philadelphia area. Bill Jefferys 02:06, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Stop calling him "Dr. Bok"
He doesn't have an M.D. or a Ph.D. His J.D. does not entitle him to be called doctor. --Jim Abraham (talk) 20:54, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Include review
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:11, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Who Is Happy and When? Decemeber 23, 2010 by Thomas Nagel in The New York Review of Books
 * Why is a biased review of a book notable? — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 02:27, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130329122855/http://bokcenter.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do to http://bokcenter.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:33, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derek Bok


text:
Talk:Deborah Raffin

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Deborah Raffin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021818/http://www.geostan.ca/mgorilla.html to http://www.geostan.ca/mgorilla.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:48, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

Sourcing for the date of birth?
The page carries the birth date of 1953-03-13.

This might seem to be sourced to the LA Times obituary, but that obituary was published in 2012, whereas the article had that date of birth since its creation (on 2006-06-06). It seems likely that the LA Times lifted the DoB from Wikipedia.

At the time of page creation, it had no sources, but it did point to an IMDB page. archive.org does have a snapshot of the IMDB page in late 2005 that has that DoB. However, WP:IMDB is user-generated, hence not a reliable source.

I made an online search for "Deborah Raffin" born restricted to sources published before May 2006, but got no useful results. I will ask the sleuths at WP:RX. Tigraan Click here for my talk page ("private" contact) 11:39, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Another avenue for verification might be the websites that feature tombstones of decedents.If you find her tombstone has the questioned DoB, would you accept the 2012 LA Obituary? Ozziemaland (talk) 15:08, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The Findagrave website has a photo added by Jared Walker that purports to be that of Deborah Raffin bearing the DoB March 13, 1953. It is not a very expensive-looking marker, but I doubt anyone but someone aware of her birthdate would have paid for it and selected the inscriptions. The stone purports to be photographed at the Hillside Memorial Park in Culver City, California. Her parents and spouse predeceased her, however, and maybe an overzealous fan did the paying and selecting and made a boo-boo. For me, the evidence is good enough to accept the LA Times obituary in 2012 re DoB. Ozziemaland (talk) 17:30, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The sleuths found a newspaper clipping from 1983, I will add the source. Tigraan Click here for my talk page ("private" contact) 09:43, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Good job! Ozziemaland (talk) 15:01, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deborah Raffin


text:
Saudi Fourth Division

The Saudi Fourth Division League (FDL), is a football league, the fifth tier of the Saudi Arabian football league system. The competition starts in each Regions of Saudi Arabia, a total of 74 teams compete to decide the 32 places in the final stage.

Change the name of the competition
The Football Association Board of Directors created a new league called the Third Division League, consisting of 32 teams, and divided into four regional groups, starting from the next season 2021–2022. Finally, at the level of local competitions affiliated with the Saudi Football Association, the federation announced the change of the third division to the fourth division league.

title: Saudi Fourth Division


text:
Talk:indict

Especially for non-native speakers we should give an IPA pronunciation, but i'm not too great at that. It's pronounced "in dait" by the way for people who aren't native speakers. This trips up some, not me though, I'm too cool.
 * Isn't the pronunciation there already? Kappa 00:59, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Second meaning
The "2. (law)" one's explanation seems a bit too complicated and circular to me.

title: Talk:indict


text:
Film Scoring/Why music in motion pictures

Under Construction This Week
{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
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Introduction -- Top Secret

 * Here are three secrets. Pay attention!  This is the best information you will ever get about motion pictures.

The three secrets of filmmaking

 * 1. The audio, not the picture, is more important
 * In motion pictures, 90% of what you see on the screen is sound . The picture that you get in your mind does not come from the picture or even the words of the actors.  Instead, sound creates an image which completes the picture.

 * Also, 100% of what you see off screen comes from sound. The picture only shows a small amount of the surroundings so the only way to show all the surroundings is with sound.

 * 2. Mood come from one thing.
 * Almost all of the mood that you feel from watching a motion picture comes from the music, not from the picture nor even the words of the actors.

 * 3. The source of mood
 * There are four sources of music in a motion picture:
 * The melody line of the actor's voice
 * The narrative music
 * The background music
 * The musical sound effects

These different types of music will be explained shortly.

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: Cornsilk; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="3" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: Cornsilk; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="3" |

The Goal of this Course → "Creating the Mood"

 * One Major Goal
 * The goal of this course is to teach non-musicians how to create film scores for motion pictures.

 * Film scoring is extremely easy… once you know that the major purpose of the film score is to create the correct mood for a movie.
 * Therefore, don't try to make good music. Just try to create the correct moods in the scene.

 * Ever Changing Mood
 * Creating music for motion pictures is very challenging because the mood changes very rapidly. Every sentence of the dialog, every raising of an eyebrow often requires a new mood.

 * What To Do?
 * To create a film score, all you have to do is figure out what mood you need and they create that mood any way you can!!! There are not rules.

 * Who is the boss?
 * The movie's director is usually the boss. The director knows what moods she is trying to get the audience to feel.  The director must explain her vision of the motion picture to you, line by line of the script.  (This is called a spotting session.)

 * Musical Sound Effects
 * If you are not a musician, you can still create film scores. All you have to do is create musical sound effects that create the proper mood.  5-year-old kids know how to watch a motion picture and pound on a piano keyboard to create the proper mood for a scene.  Think like a 5-year-old kid.

 * Midi (Beg, borrow, or steal)
 * And, of course, a wonderful alternative to making musical sound effects is to "borrow" musical cords and musical melodies from MIDI files. If you have lots of computer skills and love to "cut and paste", you can be a film composer by butchering MIDI files.

 * The First Step
 * Later in this lesson, you are asked to create the mood of "Fear". Can you create a musical sound effect for fear?
 * Or to put this another way, "Can you be like a 5-year-old kids pounding on a piano keyboard (or in this case, a computer keyboard with GarageBand and Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra) to create FEAR in the hearts and minds of the audience?"

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: #EFFFEF; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" |

Note to professional musicians
In this course, students are taught very specific rules. Students must follow these rules exactly so that no one notices that they are not musicians. Therefore musicians will find these rules very confusing.

Required Readings
Mad Max's Information Theory for Motion Pictures gives you a hint of why motion pictures are so powerful.

Wikiversity Film School
This film scoring course is required by participants of the Wikiversity's Course on Basic Filmmaking.

Learning materials
One of the easiest programs to use is GarageBand.

Here is a Wikiversity overview of GarageBand and Wikipedia's description of GarageBand.

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * }
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: #ffffcc; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" |

The Melody Line of the human speaking voice

 * Melody in the dialog
 * Dialog already has a melody. If you do not believe me, just read a script in a monotone voice to see the huge difference that the melody of the actor brings to the scene.

 * Stage Acting
 * In stage acting, actors are trained to speak with a three octave range or more. That means in a sentence or paragraph, the actor's voice will range a full three octaves.   This continually changing pitch of the actor's voice is the melody line of the human speaking voice.

 * Stage actors as film actors
 * Many stage actors such as James Cagney and Pat O'Brian (see "Angles with Dirty Faces") speak with a very strong melody line. Therefore, in the movie "Angles with Dirty Faces", there is no need for narrative music since the melody line of the actor's voice provides the necessary mood.

 * Modern actors (more realistic actors)
 * Modern actors do not have a strong melody line in their speaking voice. They are much more monotone.  With modern actors, you need more narrative music to create the mood for the scene.

 * }

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffffdd; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The Next Page

 * The next page explains the most important concept of music -- music which helps you tell the story.
 * Page 2: What is narrative music?

Contact Your Instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here.

 * }


text:
User:Amhwarren/Evaluate an Article

Amhwarren - Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: Cleaner fish
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate:

I have chosen this article to evaluate because it is a start-class article on a topic of fish behaviour that I would like to explore further for my Wikipedia project.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?

Yes, the lead includes an introductory sentence that clearly describes what cleaning behaviour is among cleaner fish.

 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?

The lead includes a brief description of the diversity of cleaner fish interactions as well as mimicry by non cleaner fish, but the lead also includes details that should have been saved as content for the major sections, for example the description of the physical characteristics commonly seen in cleaner fish.

 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?

Yes, The lead gives examples of cleaner fish interactions that are not further described in the article.

 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

The lead is fairly concise but contains some details that could be reorganized to be included within the sections instead of in the lead, for example, the lead introduces conspicuous coloration in cleaner fish and convergent evolution among the cleaner fish but only elaborates on convergent evolution of other mimicking fish.

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic?

Yes, the content is relevant to the topic.

 * Is the content up-to-date?

Yes, the references are from recent years.

 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?

Yes, information about the importance of this fish behaviour is missing. The article should elaborate more on humans exploitation of this behaviour in aquaculture and therefore the implications that understanding this behaviour holds. The article may also benefit from including information about the evolutionary history of cleaning behaviour in fish.

Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral?

Yes, but there are some anthropomorphic descriptions of the cleaner fish behaviour, for example describing a fish to "gladly eat the scales" off another fish, or describing the cleaner fish to "cheat" when eating another fishes mucus instead of it's parasites.

 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?

There are no claims that are heavily biased.

 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?

The descriptions of other fishes mimicking as cleaner fish is over represented and could have been it's own article.

 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

The article does not attempt to persuade the reader.

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?

There are consistent citations, which seem to all come from reliable sources with the exception of one citation that is a news article.

 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?

No because it is missing literature that reflects cleaning behaviours use in aquaculture.

 * Are the sources current?

Yes the sources are current.

 * Check a few links. Do they work?

The first reference link does not work, but other do.

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?

Yes, but the main sections could be better organize and subdivided and anthropomorphic language should be removed.

 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors?

The article does not have any grammatical or spelling errors.

 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

No, there should be more sections to divide up the example of cleaner fish, as there are descriptions of the behaviour that should have it's own section in the article.

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?

Yes but images could be included for examples that are actually referenced within the article.

 * Are images well-captioned?

The images are well captioned.

 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?

Yes, they all have attributed sources.

 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

 * Yes, the images are visually appealing.

Checking the talk page

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?

There is a fair amount of discussion on how to properly organize the different examples of cleaner fish given within the article. Shrimp Cleaner stations are mentioned in the article but there is discussion about how this topic should have it's own separate page as shrimp are not technically fish.

 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?

This article is rated as start-class and low-importance and it is part of WikiProjects for Fishes, Aquarium Fishes, and Ecology

 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

We have not yet talked about this topic in class.

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status?

The overall status of this page is start-class and low-importance.

 * What are the article's strengths?

The article is strong in the amount of diverse examples of cleaner fish that are provided.

 * How can the article be improved?

The article can be improved by reorganizing the marine examples paragraph to include a separate section on the nutrition of feeder fish, and having the actual marine examples separate. It may also be improved by changing some of the anthropomorphic language, and including updated information on the importance of the exploitation of this cleaner fish behaviour by humans in aquaculture, as well as including information about the evolutionary history of cleaner fish.

 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?

The article is well developed for the information there, but it is lacking further information on cleaner fish therefore I would give it an overall assessment as underdeveloped.

title: User:Amhwarren/Evaluate an Article


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Electoral district of Port Fairy and Glenelg

The electoral district of Port Fairy and Glenelg was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria. Created in 1927 by the amalgamation of Port Fairy and Glenelg, Ernie Bond was the last member for Glenelg and the first for Port Fairy and Glenelg. The electorate was abolished in 1945.


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Talk:Del Shores

External links modified
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title: Talk:Del Shores