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Talk:Daniel Hesse

Requesting edits to the Dan Hesse Wikipedia entry
Hello, my name is Casey Ernsting and I represent Dan Hesse on matters of online reputation and public-facing web pages. After several recent announcements and career progressions, the entry is now out of date. In addition to this new career information, there are several incorrect entries about Dan’s previous experience. The text below is included as suggested edits for the page sections,

It is not my intention to edit this page directly, except as needed to correct relevant information. However, I would like to support the Wikipedia editing community in cleaning up and expanding this entry. I have several sources of factual, non-advertorial information required for edits to the page. Edits include new executive roles, customer service news, analyst report information, and clarifications on past employment. I am also able to provide third-party references as needed, as well as outbound links that may be appropriate. Thank you.

Caseyernst (talk) 22:43, 17 May 2018 (UTC)

Update Board of Directors Listing
''Hesse is currently a board of directors for the following organizations. Citations noted in-line at the end of this entry. Please add to his profile'' The National Board of Governors of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America The JUST Capital Foundation PNC Financial Services Akamai Technologies, Inc.

Add context to opening paragraph
(To add after first sentence) Hesse’s tenure at Sprint focused on improved customer service and he served as the spokesperson in Sprint's “Simply Everything" commercials.

In January 2016, Hesse joined the board of directors for PNC Financial Services where he chairs the Technology Subcommittee. He was elected to the board of directors for Akamai Technologies, Inc. in August 2016.

Correct Inaccuracies in Early Life
(Dan's schooling degree titles are incorrect. Please replace with the following) Hesse's father was a career army officer. As a result, Hesse attended 8 different schools between first grade in Italy and graduating from Stuttgart American High School in Germany. He received a Bachelor's degree from the University of Notre Dame in Government and International Studies in 1975, an MBA from the Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University in 1977, and Master's of Science from the MIT Sloan School of Management as a Sloan Fellow in 1989.

Detail Career at AT&T Wireless
(last paragraph of section) In May 1997, he became Chief Executive Officer of AT&T Wireless.[3] Hesse launched AT&T Digital One Rate in 1998. Hesse launched AT&T's Digital One Rate in 1998.

Delineate Corporate Position of Embarq and Sprint
(It's not clear that Embarq is a separate public company, nor does the listing convey Hesse's full tenure as CEO of Embarq.) In June 2005, Hesse joined Sprint and oversaw the spinoff of its landline division into a separate public company– Embarq Corporation. Hesse served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Embarq from May 2006 until December 2007.

Further Detail Sprint Experience
(Much of this information on Hesse's Sprint tenure is incorrect and/or suffering from poor grammar. Text to insert after first sentence of Sprint Section) During his tenure, he appeared in ten television commercials for the company. The ads, created by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, were filmed in black and white and eight were filmed in New York City. When Hesse took over at Sprint, the company was losing numerous customers. His strategy to stem further losses included improved customer service, an increased emphasis on prepaid cell phones, a deal with Apple to sell iPhones, and a 4G presence investment/ownership stake in WiMAX-provider Clearwire. He also added retail stores across the nation in an attempt for increased in-person customer service. During Hesse’s tenure, Sprint went from last place to first in the wireless industry in customer satisfaction according to JD Power and JD Power and the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). (source) During this period, Sprint was recognized 20 times for excellence in customer service by JD Power. In 2014 the ACSI recognized Sprint as the most improved US company in customer satisfaction over the previous six years among all 43 industries studied. .

Hesse led the acquisition of 80 percent of Sprint by Softbank in July 2013 and remained for a year to complete the transition. On August 6, 2014 Sprint announced that Hesse would be succeeded by Marcelo Claure, founder of Brightstar Corporation. Hesse currently serves on the boards of directors for the following organizations:

The National Board of Governors of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America The JUST Capital Foundation PNC Financial Services where he chairs the Technology Subcommittee Akamai Technologies

Caseyernst (talk) 22:43, 17 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Hesse


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Signs of the Swarm

The result was speedy delete by an Admin per WP: G7. ---  DOOMSDAYER 520 (Talk|Contribs) 18:15, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Signs of the Swarm

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

A7: Non-notable band. Fails WP:GNG and (mostly) fails WP:BAND. I know this group very well, and they're just a trendy deathcore band. I know their music videos have a few million views on YouTube (but that's mostly attributed to the over-hyped marketing machine of a vocalist that is no longer in the band). There's only ONE source that is used on the whole page, Googling their name indicates no such notability that passes WP:GNG. They've also never charted and definitely are not one of the more noteworthy acts of the deathcore genre. Second Skin (talk) 23:55, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 00:02, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Pennsylvania-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 00:02, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Comment I know this band as well, I find them freaking awful and annoying (but that's because I cannot stand deathcore (or metalcore for that matter). But that's not the point here. (Punknews.org Album Review) This is the only good source imo (PunkNews is a reliable source). Even though I have found other sites that reviewed this album, they are blogs. The Metal.de page is blank, it only lists their tour dates which does not establish any notability either. But no album review or anything. The rest of the results are the usual suspects like Metal Archives, Discogs, Rate Your Music, Spotify, Youtube and all this crap. There are also several news about their new vocalist (including the one in the article) but I don't count them as reliable sources because they have PR and gossipy feel. So in retrospect, this band has gotten some coverage, but that's because the marketing machine worked. There is nothing special about this band, they are just like every other deathcore band. Some of them are notable, some of them aren't, like this one. GhostDestroyer100 (talk) 09:13, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Their metal archives page was made by me lmao Second Skin (talk) 00:48, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of modern channelled texts

The result was delete.  Sandstein  06:48, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

List of modern channelled texts

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

See Talk:List of modern channelled texts for previous discussion. This has been in CAT:NN for 7 years. 'Modern channelled texts' does not seem to be a notable concept. Boleyn (talk) 08:00, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Literature-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 08:09, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Paranormal-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 08:09, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 08:09, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Delete list of forgeries fakes and flim flam, unsourced. -Roxy the inedible dog . wooF 11:22, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete: this is a clear example of WP:NOT, with a generous bit of WP:SYNTH and some WP:OR added for flavor. There is no encyclopedic content here for a stand alone article. Perhaps some of the material here could be researched by an interested editor, and if properly sourced, merged into Mediumship.   // Timothy ::  talk  15:13, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep: This is an appropriate subject for a list; people have definitely written about channeled texts. It looks like half of the entries on the primary list (timeline) are notable works with blue links, so this is encyclopedic content. Sources for those works are on the individual article pages. I agree that these are forgeries and flim flam, but forgeries can be notable as well; making the decision based on whether you believe the authors' claims is WP:IDONTLIKEIT. — Toughpigs (talk) 16:09, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete the list isn't notable and it's also a form of non-neutral promotion. It's fine to make lists based on reliable third party sources with a reputation for truth. But these types of claims are fundamentally misleading and does a disservice to our readers. I agree with TimothyBlue that maybe this could be covered in context as a verifiable phenomenon, but with the purpose of explaining it as a concept, not creating a catalog of books. Archrogue (talk) 17:58, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment channeled about the article: "This does not meet WP:LISTN because it has not been discussed as a group or set by independent reliable sources reflecting with a WP:NPOV" text from Denis Diderot, channeled by  // Timothy ::  talk  19:11, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Delete: The concept of channeled texts is certainly a notable one, and people have definitely written about them. As it happens, Wikipedia covers the topic. It does not therefore follow that a list of purported such texts is notable, especially when so many of the entries aren't even redlinked, most are not sourced, and generic numbers of works by "mediums" and "hypnotherapists" are included without any attempt at gauging whether they meet the list's criteria ... which itself is scanty, and for no good reason omits such texts predating the 19th century.  Perhaps there is a place on Wikipedia for a thoroughly sourced list of such works, for those sources not to be primary, for the works listed to be bluelinks, and for the criteria to be inclusive of the topic.  This is not that list, and at the level best, it's TNT fodder.   Ravenswing      04:53, 26 August 2020 (UTC)


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Talk:Ansgar Almquist

Artnet link
So I found this link on artnet that shows that Almquist made sculptures not of athletes. . Since that is a listing of recently auctioned works, it is neither a reliable source nor a substantial mention, at some level I am assuming that this the same Angar Almquist, there is not really enough on that page to be sure it is refering to the same person.John Pack Lambert (talk) 01:51, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The Swedish version of this article has more substance, 2 images neither of which is the one here, more substance, and if it mentions the Olympic Art participation at all gives it little space. I am not fluent in Swedish, so someone who is or who feels confident they can parse through what they get from a machine translator may want to look into this more.John Pack Lambert (talk) 02:12, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I found this which is ''DK Eyewitness Travel Guide - Stockholm" it mentions on p. 117 that Handelshoegskolan has a facade, stone reliefs and a statue of the god Mercury, all by Almquist. He also did a stucco relif with a lion gate based on one at Myceneae, in ancient Greece. It is 1 sentence, although fairly long.John Pack Lambert (talk) 02:28, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
 * A google book review turns up a large number of mentions, but these are often about specific works in specific places. If there is a good place to go that is a reliable source that will give a good bio of a sculptor I do not know. The Swedish Wikipedia article has the details to suggest it is out there, but I would like to see them sourced more clearly to a reliable source before I add them, but others may want to rush in on that.John Pack Lambert (talk) 02:34, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ansgar Almquist


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Evolutionary Biology/Darwin's Life and Impact

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was one of the most influential individuals in the history of science. Although he published a number of important works during his lifetime, he is best known for The Origin of Species (1859). Although the idea that species evolve was not a new one (see Evolution before Darwin), it was not widely accepted in Darwin's time. Aside from the enormous body of evidence that species in fact do change over time, in Origin, Darwin fully developed natural selection as the first plausible mechanism regarding how they change. A great deal of Darwin's success arose from the details of his life, travels, and the circle of influential individuals with whom he associated.

Early life
Robert Darwin (1766-1848) sent his son Charles to medical school at Edinburgh University when he was only 16 years old. Charles found it boring, and withdrew at age 18, after which his father sent him to Christ College in Cambridge to study for the clergy. While at Christ College, Darwin became interested in botany and insects, and he attended several botany lectures. One of Darwin's teachers, John Stevens Henslow, launched Darwin's interest in geology. Professor Henslow was known to teach his students to make careful observations of natural phenomena. While enrolled at Christ College, Darwin found himself unfit for a life as a minister.

HMS Beagle
The most important experience of Darwin's life was his trip aboard HMS Beagle as a naturalist, a person familiar with natural history, particularly in zoology and botany. Darwin was not the top choice as a naturalist aboard the Beagle; he was very fortunate to even receive this opportunity. Robert FitzRoy, the captain of the Beagle, initially asked Henslow, Darwin's professor, to be the naturalist of the ship, but Henslow's wife discouraged him. Then, Henslow's brother-in-law was approached to replace Henslow, but he too rejected the job. Finally, Henslow recommended Darwin as a well-qualified replacement. Captain FitzRoy was originally cold to the idea of having Darwin on the voyage, but he ultimately decided that he would allow Darwin on the journey. Darwin's position at first was the captains travel companion, since FitzRoy had already given a surgeon named McKormick the naturalist position. McKormick, though, left the position soon after the Beagle departed England, leaving Darwin as the naturalist.

The Beagle left England in 1831, and it returned in 1836. The overall purpose of the voyage was to map uncharted areas of the South American coastline. While aboard the Beagle, Darwin read Charles Lyells Principles of Geology (1830). Lyell was a famous geologist and eventually became a lifelong friend of Darwin. He developed the theory of uniformitarianism, which holds that the Earth is very old, and that geological changes are due to slow, continuous processes. These processes, such as erosion and deposition, are constant. Lyell's uniformitarianism view opposed the generally-accepted catastrophism view proposed by Georges Cuvier. Catastrophism is the theory that changes in the earth are due to natural disasters.

Later Life and Sickness
A month after returning to England, Darwin proposed to Emma Wedgwood, his first cousin. On January 30, 1839, they got married. Darwin became sick around this time. He may have been infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite prevalent in both Central and South America. The infection causes Chagas' disease. Darwin showed many of the symptoms related to Chagas disease: flatulence, vomiting, palpitations, and insomnia. Whatever sickness Darwin had, it caused him to stay near home for much of the rest of his life. Darwin was not even able to attend his father's funeral due to the severity of his illness. However, this sickness may have given him more time to read, think, and write. He inherited a lot of money, and his wife brought a significant amount of money into the marriage, affording him additional time towards his studies.

Basis of Evolution
From recovered notes, historians know that Darwin saw unique species of plants and animals in South America, such as finches and iguanas. He noticed that organisms differed more as a function of geographic distribution than as a function of climate: the temperate South American animals more closely resembled the tropical South American animals than the temperate European animals. Also, some characteristics of the fossils Darwin observed in South America paralleled some contemporary South American organismal features. While on the Galápagos Islands, Darwin had collected many species of finches.

After returning to England, Darwin gave this collection of finches to John Gould, a man who studied birds. Gould measured the differences in beak sizes of the finches, and his measurements showed great variances. The sample included small, medium, and large beaks. Darwin began to ponder how and why this diversity in the finches' beak structure took place. He imagined that these changes within populations may better adapt them to their local environment. He soon realized that adaptation and speciation were closely related. A new species may develop as a result of slow, gradual adaptations, just as a big change in the Earth could occur from slow continuous processes. Darwin thus began to formulate his theory of natural selection as the main process in evolution. Almost a half century earlier, Robert Malthus had written An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798). This essay explained that human growth rate is geometric whereas food production is only arithmetic. Continuation of geometric human growth in this fashion leaves a huge discrepancy between food and population. Darwin read this in 1838, and he pictured this discrepancy as a struggle for existence. In most cases, the struggle for existence is not an obvious battle, and some may not even regard it as a struggle. What actually takes place is an inheritance of favorable characteristics. "Favorable characteristics" cause individuals to survive better. Since they survive better, individuals that inherit favorable characteristics will gradually represent greater numbers in the population. Darwin saw that eventually favorable characteristics would replace the unfavorable ones, and a new species would arise.

Natural Theory and God
Before Darwin's publications, natural theology dominated. Natural theology is the idea that God's plan can be known through human reason. According to this logic, adaptation of any given organism is evidence that God intended the adaptation for a specific function. Knowing that his theory would contradict the beliefs of natural theology and would cause anger once published, Darwin procrastinated publication.

Besides coming from religious individuals, strong beliefs came from scientific minds. Those who did believe in evolution around Darwin's time thought that it occurred by the inheritance of acquired characteristics, a theory known as Lamarckism (proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck). Lamarckism claims that the parts of the body that are used frequently during an individuals lifetime are exaggerated in the offspring. This, however, was later proven false through genetics. The theory of "Inheritance of Acquired Characters" as it is called by scientific community was proved false by August Weismann, a German evolutionary theorist. Weismann cut the tails of lab rats over many generations but could not find any change in the length of the tails of new-born rats. He also concluded that piercing of ear pinna, wearing of tight clothes for a slimmer waist by women of middle ages, all carried out over generations doesn't change any of those characters during birth. The changes an individual makes to his body in his lifetime do not alter his sex cells. Only changes that affect the "Germ Cells" or sex cells of an individual in lifetime are inherited by the next generation.

Origin of Species and Publication
Throughout his life, Darwin corresponded with scholarly groups, friends, and colleagues. Lyell knew of Darwin's ideas regarding natural selection, and suggested he publish them quickly. Not long after, Darwin received a letter from Alfred Russell Wallace, another British naturalist working in Southeast Asia. Wallace wanted Darwin to review his work before publication. As Darwin began to read, he was shocked to find that Wallace's theory was almost exactly the same as his own. Initially, Darwin worked with Wallace, and in 1858, they publicly announced to the Linnaean Society of London the theory of natural selection. Because Darwin had begun writing notes on his theory of natural selection on September 28, 1838, well before Wallace, and he had much more thoroughly explained it, he is credited for the theory of natural selection.

In 1859, the first edition of The Origin of Species was published under the name: On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. His theory of natural selection states that the individuals best adapted to their environment will produce the most offspring. This will result in an increase in the proportion of individuals with the favorable genotypes. Although this increase in favorable genotypes is the cause for natural selection, genetics was not well-understood until Gregor Mendel's paper, written in 1865, was re-discovered in 1900.

In The Origin of Species, Darwin did not relate his theory of natural selection to humans because he knew it would cause even more outrage among his friends and family. In addition to The Origin of Species, Darwin wrote 19 other books, and he addressed human evolution in two of his publications late in his life: The Descent Of Man, And Selection In Relation To Sex (1871) and Expression Of Emotions In Man And Animals (1872).

Effects
Darwin's observations, experiments, and theories affect many scientific fields, including ecology and geology. Even modern day pesticide companies take Darwin's theory of natural selection into account when developing a mixture of chemicals targeted for a certain pest. Knowing that natural selection will favor a pest with resistant genes and cause this chemically resistant pest to grow in proportion, developers periodically change the chemical composition.

Darwin revolutionized the world of science with his publication of The Origin. His theory came to affect the entire culture because it was seen to question the very underpinnings of the worldview. The debate continues even today as is seen with the creationism versus evolution controversy in some school systems. Darwin's theory of natural selection unified biology, and he unalterably changed the world. The "Theory of Evolution" had profound effect on all other branches of science as well. It was for the first time during the course of scientific history, that science was separated from the concept of god/religion and was purely judged on the merits of experiment, observation and inference. In a way Darwin's theory provided complete freedom to science.

Resources
http://www.terindell.com/asylum/jason/darwin.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/D/darwincharles/2.html

http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Darwin/DarwinSem-S95.html

Campbell, Reece. Biology, Sixth edition. Benjamin Cummings. 2001.


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Talk:Illinois Service

Merge suggestion
I suggest a merge from the multiple articles on the individual routes of the Illinois Service. See comments/discussion at Talk:Carl Sandburg (Amtrak). In a nutshell, the six routes that make up the Illinois Service are really just components of that service. I think a nice article could be made from the collection of start class articles. --Elliskev 14:07, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Illinois Service


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Clint (film)

Clint is a 2017 Indian Malayalam-language biographical film on Edmund Thomas Clint, a child prodigy known for having drawn over 25,000 paintings during his short life of seven years. It was directed by Harikumar, starring Master Alok, Rima Kallingal, Unni Mukundan, Joy Mathew and K. P. A. C. Lalitha.

Summary
Clint is the story of a wonder kid who was tragically curtailed by kidney failure.

Cast

 * Master Alok as Clint
 * Rima Kallingal as Chinnamma
 * Unni Mukundan as M. T. Joseph
 * Vinay Forrt as Artist Mohan
 * Renji Panicker as Writer V. K. Nambiar
 * Joy Mathew as Doctor
 * K. P. A. C. Lalitha as Onamma
 * Salim Kumar
 * Akshara Kishor as Ammu
 * Riaz M. T. as Hero office friend

Soundtrack
The music composed by Ilaiyaraaja and the audio was unveiled on 21 July 2017.

Release
The film was released in India on 11 August 2017. It was premiered on Flowers TV during Onam after a month of its theatrical release.

Reception
Mathrubhumi wrote that the film should be watched to know more about the amazing talent Clint and the film will haunt the audience as the face of Clint, with colour palette follows you. The vacuum created by Clint's death is unbearable and the film is special for the same reason. Manorama said that it is the responsibility of audience to promote this small, but beautiful film with many touching scenes not to get drowned in the crowd of commercial potboilers. Mangalam wrote that the director Harikumar has made a simple, emotional and believable film of an unusual life.

Festivals

 * 23rd Kolkata International Film Festival- Official Selection
 * 20th International Children's Film Festival India (ICFFI)- Official Selection
 * 16th Pune International Film Festival- Official Selection
 * 16th Dhaka International Film Festival- Official Selection
 * 10th Bengaluru International Film Festival- Official Selection

title: Clint (film)


text:
Talk:Chris Murphy (band manager)

External links modified
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 * Attempted to fix sourcing for //www.whammo.com.au/index.asp

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:50, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chris Murphy (band manager)


text:
Lunar Boom Town/Tourist Hotel

Technical papers regarding Space Tourism

 * http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/space_tourism_market_demand_and_the_transportation_infrastructure.shtml
 * http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/general_public_space_travel_and_tourism.shtml
 * http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/prospects_of_space_tourism.shtml
 * http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/legal_and_regulatory_issues_for_passenger_space_travel.shtml

- Issues And Models"
 * A paper outlining issues and concepts applicable to a 100 person base. "Lunar Base Development

Activity challenges:

1. Read any of the above technical papers and provide a brief underneath the link regarding your estimate of its content and usefulness and for whom.

2. Generate a list of supporting businesse and cost estimates you require to complete an economic model of an operating lunar hotel which will attract investers seeking profits.

3. Use WAGs (Wild Ass Guesses) to generate an estimate of how much an individual tourist must be charged for various services to breakeven. Hint: Consider building a cash flow diagram for a fixed capacity hotel, use this to generate numbers for various scenarios. Others can then use your estimates to begin revising their own estimates for greater accuracy; whereupon your numbers may change as you feed their numbers back into your estimates. You can see why hard accurate budgeting information is greatly desirable to reduce risk in entrepreneurial activities and investment.

4. Location! Location! Location! Use a telescopeObservational_astronomy or online lunar mapping data to generate a top down view map of the proposed location of your lunar venture.

title: Lunar Boom Town/Tourist Hotel


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List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly

The Speaker of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand, the main law-making body for the Indian state of Jharkhand. The Speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly after the general elections for a term of 5 years from amongst the members of the assembly. Speakers holds office until ceasing to be a member of the assembly or resignation from the office. The Speaker can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the assembly by an effective majority of its members. In the absence of Speaker, the meeting of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly is presided by the Deputy Speaker.

Rabindra Nath Mahato is the current Speaker of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly.

Eligibility
Speaker of the Assembly must:

 * 1) Be a citizen of India;
 * 2) Not be less than 25 years of age; and
 * 3) Not hold any office of profit under the Government of Jharkhand.

Powers and Functions of the Speaker
The speaker of the legislative assembly conducts the business in house, and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the Governor of Jharkhand. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker is answerable to the house. Both the speaker and deputy speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members.


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User:ProPixel2741/sandbox

Pentacameralism (penta-, five + camera, chamber) is the theoretical practice of having five legislative or parliamentary chambers. It is contrasted to unicameralism and bicameralism, which are far more common, along with tricameralism and tetracameralism which are rarely used in government. No state currently has a pentacameralism system. No known state in history has ever used a pentacameralist system.

Similar to tricameralism and tetracameralism, pentacameralism would likely be a radical proposition for the confines of a government in which the system would likely dissolve into unicameralism or bicameralism given enough time. unicameralism and bicameralism are by far the most stable forms of legislative government and are buy-in-large, the most common forms of legislative government seen today.

Category:Legislatures

title: User:ProPixel2741/sandbox


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Armando León

Armando León Reséndez (born 18 January 2000) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a forward.

Honours
León
 * Liga MX: Guardianes 2020
 * Leagues Cup: 2021

Alebrijes de Oaxaca Premier
 * Serie B de México: Clausura 2023

title: Armando León


text:
Gresham Professor of Law

The Professor of Law at Gresham College, London, gives free educational lectures to the general public. The college was founded for this purpose in 1597, when it created seven professorships; this was later increased to ten. Law is one of the original professorships as set out by the will of Thomas Gresham in 1575.

The Professor of Law is appointed in partnership with the Worshipful Company of Mercers.

List of Gresham Professors of Law
Note, years given as, say, 1596/7 refer to Old Style and New Style dates.

title: Gresham Professor of Law


text:
Talk:Alessandro Albani

Untitled
Same person as on Find-A-Grave but different birth and death dates. Lincher 15:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The Albani are prominent enough to have two Cardinals Alessandro. --Wetman 15:24, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Great
It feels great to be an albanian, We have such a big history. The slavs in the north and the greeks in the south never accepted that because we were from a much bigger an intelegent tribe that would ever be. This is the reason why they never liked us and pushed us down for all this years, even today they wont accept Kosovo as a state. But as i always sad, read history and then you will see who we are, not only in Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia but in differnt countries all over the world we have big titles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:19, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Alessandro Albani


text:
Randy Costa

Randy Costa (born July 6, 1994) is an American professional mixed martial artist who formerly competed in the Bantamweight division. A professional since 2018, he most notably fought in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Background
Costa began to box in the sixth grade and then got into kickboxing in the eighth grade. He later wrestled for Taunton High School as a junior in the 160-pound weight class. Adding the element of jiu-jitsu, Costa began training for an MMA career during the summer between his junior and senior years at Taunton High. Costa was a student-athlete at Taunton High. He played football as a freshman, sophomore, and junior. Costa was selected as the Defensive Player of The Game following the Tigers' 35-7 Thanksgiving Day win over Coyle-Cassidy in 2010 at Aleixo Stadium.

Early career
Starting his professional career in 2018, Costa fought only for the Cage Titans organization, compiling a perfect 4–0 record with all the wins coming via stoppage in the first round.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Costa made his UFC debut against Brandon Davis on April 13, 2019 at UFC 236. He lost the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in the second round.

Costa faced Boston Salmon on October 18, 2019 at UFC on ESPN: Reyes vs. Weidman. He won the fight via TKO in the first round.

Costa faced Journey Newson on September 19, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Covington vs. Woodley He won the fight via knockout in round one. This win earned him his first Performance of the Night award.

As the first bout of his new four-fight contract, Costa was expected to face Trevin Jones on March 6, 2021 at UFC 259. However, Costa withdrew from the bout in mid-February citing injury and was replaced by Mario Bautista.

Costa faced Adrian Yañez at UFC on ESPN: Sandhagen vs. Dillashaw on July 24, 2021. Despite a strong first round for Costa, he lost the fight by technical knockout in round two.

Costa faced Tony Kelley on December 11, 2021 at UFC 269. He lost the fight via TKO in the second round.

Costa faced Guido Cannetti on October 1, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 211. He was submitted by Cannetti via rear-naked choke in the first round.

On October 20, 2022, it was announced that Costa was no longer on the UFC roster.

Gamebred Fighting Championship
In his first fight since his release, Costa returned to the featherweight division to face Carlos Espinosa on June 16, 2023, at Combat FC 4. Costa won the bout via first minute TKO.

Costa faced Jason Knight in a bare-knuckle bout on November 10, 2023, at Gamebred FC 6. He won the fight via knockout in the first round.

Personal life
Costa graduated from Taunton High in the spring of 2012 and then headed to Massasoit Community College in Brockton. He transferred to Bridgewater State University where he majored in political science.

Costa's longtime friend and former training partner, Devin Carrier, died in a car crash in 2016 when Carrier was 21 years old. Costa brings a picture of his friend to weigh-ins.

Mixed martial arts

 * Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * Performance of the Night (One time) vs. Journey Newson

title: Randy Costa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gamma Theta Phi

The result was delete. -- RoySmith (talk) 01:43, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Gamma Theta Phi

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Article about a fraternity with no claim to significance nor achieving any level of notability. McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 23:29, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Education-related deletion discussions. McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 23:29, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Religion-related deletion discussions. McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 23:29, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Christianity-related deletion discussions. McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 23:29, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of United States of America-related deletion discussions. McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 23:29, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom. Mccapra (talk) 23:56, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions. Necrothesp (talk) 12:14, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete Did this fraternity even exist? I cannot find one source. Obvious WP:GNG violation. AmericanAir88(talk) 20:40, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fails WP:SIGCOV and WP:GNG.4meter4 (talk) 20:06, 1 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Camp Wildwood

The result was delete. Yunshui 雲 水 07:01, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Camp Wildwood

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Unprodded without rationale or improvement. Non-notable summer camp, fails WP:GNG.  Onel 5969  TT me 00:52, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of New Hampshire-related deletion discussions.  CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 01:18, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete - WP:A7 applies as a "commercial or non-commercial organization... that does not indicate why its subject is important or significant". This article does not do that. WP:G11 might also apply, as an article that's basically a rundown of its features is basically advertisement.   Red Phoenix  talk  01:34, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Added comment - As someone who considers WP:ATD quite often in my AFD voting record, I will respectfully state that I disagree with a redirect here. The name "Camp Wildwood" could refer to any number of unnotable organizations, including this one.  Why give this one undue weight in the encyclopedia by giving it the redirect?  Red Phoenix  talk  16:07, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I think the creator is bit confused to be getting so many deletion notices, so I would just note his response to the image that was in the article that is now nominated for deletion at commons was more of a response that belongs here: Given that the photo has been deleted (although the photo was taken by the camp, and the relevant minors' parents/guardians would have signed permission for the photo of their children to have been taken) this reason for deletion is no longer relevant. However, as to the complaint that the page is not notable enough: it is the Massachusetts Audubon Society's only overnight camp. The Massachusetts Audubon society has its own page, as well as a list of every one of its sanctuaries and camps. And all of those sanctuaries and camps have their own Wiki page–except for Camp Wildwood. Especially if some of the Society's less notable sanctuaries have their own Wiki, Camp Wildwood deserves to have its own. It's an WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS argument, but I thought it should be shared nonetheless. Beeblebrox (talk) 01:40, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge to Massachusetts Audubon Society. It's not notable on its own, but a little bit could be added to the parent article. Note: it's not true that the society's other sanctuaries and camps all have articles; most just have external links. Clarityfiend (talk) 05:21, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment This is a difficult topic because "Wildwood" seems to be a common name for a summer camp. For example, Alger Hiss went to a Camp Wildwood in 1918/19 where he developed an interest in birds but that one was in Maine.  Note that the New Hampshire one that we're discussing is just called "Wildwood" not "Camp Wildwood".  Untangling all this will take time so I'm thinking that making this into a disambiguation/broad page might help. Andrew D. (talk) 09:13, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The only place called Wildwood near me is somewhere you absolutely do not want your kids to end up. Beeblebrox (talk) 18:07, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep. The removal of the prod without comment was perfectly in order since it had already been declined for speedy deletion by user:SoWhy with the rationale Decline speedy - founded by notable organization, consider merging to its article per WP:ATD-M.  Far from the author needing to supply a rationale for removal, it is for the nominator here to explain why they have not explored alternatives to deletion as suggested by SoWhy and instead gone straight to a deletion nomination. I'm not in the least surprised to hear that the creator is confused, and is probably rather frustrated too. SpinningSpark 20:46, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The above keep doesn't seem to be based on any WP policy. I did consider merging, but there is zero content in the article which is not simply advertising material for the camp. A redirect would be in order, but nothing viable to merge. Since notability isn't inherited, the fact that this was established by a notable organization is irrelevant. And might I remind folks that as per WP:PROD, when you deprod an article you are supposed to "Explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion, either in the edit summary or on the talk page".  Onel 5969  TT me 23:52, 25 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "...doesn't seem to be based on any WP policy." Oh really? Are you such a newbie that you don't know how to find the policy from the shortcut. Well let me explain it to you: both WP:ATD-M, as cited by SoWhy, and WP:alternatives to deletion, as explicitly linked by me, are part of the POLICY page WP:Deletion policy—perhaps the most directly relevant policy for an Articles for Deletion debate.
 * You now say you considered merge (you didn't say that in your nom) and that a redirect would be in order. Well I have news for you, redirects are also covered by ATD, and also do not require a deletion debate to execute.
 * "...you are supposed to Explain why you disagree..." That is not exactly what the WP:PROD policy says, there is a bit of cherry picking going on here. What it actually says is "You are strongly encouraged, but not required, to also: Explain why you disagree..."  Besides which, the editor is a complete newbie and cannot reasonably be expected to be familiar with Wikipedia's many rules.  You on the other hand, have nearly 400,000 edits spread over six years.  I would expect you to at least have heard of Please do not bite the newcomers even if you haven't got round to reading it yet. SpinningSpark 13:42, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete with the caveat of no redirect. I agree that this camp lacks the depth of coverage required for notability.  Since there are several camps named such spread throughout the world and not all run by the same organization, a redirect is inappropriate. Rockphed (talk) 18:18, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Massachusetts-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 23:24, 27 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Education-related deletion discussions. Coolabahapple (talk) 23:24, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete Lack of independent sources establishing notability. Reywas92Talk 01:11, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
albanês

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Albanian (of or relating to Albania)

Noun

 * 1) Albanian (person from Albania)

Noun

 * 1) Albanian (language)

title: albanês


text:
Taeko Oyama

Taeko Oyama (大山妙子, born 18 June 1974) is a Japanese former basketball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

title: Taeko Oyama


text:
Talk:Cooper Manning

#18
It was Archie's number at Ole Miss too, so I'm not sure how one can say Peyton wore it just for his brother.--MattyMetalFan (talk) 16:22, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

--I agree. BS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:43, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Assessment comment
{{Substituted comment|length=847|lastedit=20061106052105|comment=My concern about the Manning family is there never any mention of another sibling. Granted he is not a professional football player, yet in his defense he is still a part of a family unit. He has so much to offer. It is sad that I have been watching sports, news, and various papers, no mention of Cooper. For such a family as the Mannings, who are perceived as the perfect 50's family television show, I find this strange. A child from such a famous football family who is not able to participate in this sport, yet makes many contributions and sacrifices to the companies that employee him. Maybe a bit of family particaption in the area of commercial spots that portyay a father and his two sons in the family kitchen ( the heart of the home} Cooper should be included so other folks like myself even know that the Mannings are thrice blessed.}} Substituted at 12:15, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

infobox error
In the infobox, Cooper's employer is listed as "Semi-professional male stripper". Obviously vandalism. I'm going to remove it. Elsquared (talk) 04:42, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

AJ Capital Partners
This is well-sourced but it's not about Cooper Manning. --JAMillerKC (talk) 20:43, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cooper Manning


text:
omzetten

Etymology
om + zetten

Verb

 * 1) to turn, to flip
 * 2) to convert
 * 3) to cast (change the type of a variable)

title: omzetten


text:
Talk:Cyprian Thomas Rust

His son, J. Cyprian Rust
Cyprian Thomas Rust's son, in whose house he died, was one of the seminal workers in the field of Christian hymnody in Esperanto. Here is what the Hymnary.org's Person Page says about J. Cyprian Rust:

 * Short Name: John Cyprian Rust
 * Full Name: Rust, J. C.
 * Birth Year (est.): 1841
 * Death Year: 1927

J. (John) Cyprian Rust was an Anglican priest, son of Baptist-turned-Anglican clergyman Cyprian Thomas Rust. He was born about 1841, and died June 29, 1927. In 1879 won the Seatonian Prize for his poem Antioch (which indicates that he must have been M. A. Cantab.). He was for some 53 years the vicar of the Church in Soham, Cambridgeshire. His sermon at the second World Esperanto Congress (Geneva, 1906) was the first known Christian preaching in the Esperanto language. In 1907 he "translated" (and in part, at least, edited, authored, and composed) the first Esperanto-language hymn publication, Ordo de Diservo; his DOKSOLOGIO in that service booklet was the first published Christian hymn tune composed for an original Esperanto text, his own "Estu nun laŭdata Dio", and his translation work appears to have been limited to the liturgy; all the translated hymns in it are by other translators, and his own two hymns he wrote originally in Esperanto. He was the chairman of the Anglican committee which in 1912 produced the standard Esperanto "Londona" version of the New Testament. Haruo (talk) 20:10, 24 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyprian Thomas Rust


text:
Kaylartha Pagoda

Kaylartha Pagoda (ကေလာသစေတီတော်) is a Buddhist Pagoda that sits atop the summit of Mount Kaylartha in Mon State, Myanmar. Local legend claims that at the foot of Kaylartha Mountain sat the ancient Kingdom of the Gold.

Geography
Kaylartha Mountain is situated 3 mi from Taungson, Mon State, and can be driven to by truck. The range is part of the or Eastern Arakan Yoma Mountains. It is at a distance of 184 km from Yangon and 136 kilometers north of Mawlamyine, the capital of Mon State. The summit is above 1600 ft. Monkeys live atop the mountain and are fed by pilgrims.

The Pagoda and surrounding monasteries are located within the Kelatha Wildlife Sanctuary.

History
At the top of Mount Kaylartha stands a pagoda said to house a hair of Gautama Buddha. It is believed that in the Tharthanar Era (111), The Buddha arrived at the Kaylartha Mountain, Thuwunna Bonmi. He stayed at a monastery built by King Tissa Dama Thiha Yaza. The Buddha preached sermons to the public for seven days. During that time, he became close with the Hermits Tissa and Thiha and the local hermit of Kaylartha Mountain. They requested that he leave behind some relic to be revered by the people in his place after he left to return home. The Buddha agreed and gave six of his hairs to hermits from Kyaiktiyo, Zinkyaik (to Tissa), Mount Zwegabin (to Thiha), Kaylartha, Kuthaerayone and Melan. A pair of belu brothers from Kyaikhtisaung also received a hair. All the hermits and belus enshrined the hair in great stones.

The Hermit of Kaylartha, whose name was Tila of Dokkhalun, discussed how to go about enshrining the hairs and building pagodas around them with Hermits Tissa and Thiha and Indra Sakka, who had supported Thiha in constructing a pagoda on Mount Zwegabin. He enshrined the hair relic in the pagoda atop Kaylartha Mountain, and was advised by Indra Sakka.

The hermits communicated with each other by shining lights atop their respective mountains at night-time. Tissa, who stayed atop Zinkyaik Mountain, did not see light coming from Mountain Kaylartha and wondered what might have occurred. He went to Kaylartha Mountain and found the body of the Kaylartha Hermit. The body was burnt and buried, while the head, which was not burnt nor decomposed, held one of Buddha's hairs in its braid. It was returned to Mok Soe Taung Pagoda and joined the original two hair relics there.

Restoration
The Kyaikhtisaung Sayadaw restored nine Buddha hair relic pagodas during his lifetime, with Kaylartha Pagoda being one of them. He built a compound around the pagoda and paved a road up to the top. It is now a popular spot for tourists and locals and had a resident abbot and monastery at the summit of the mountain.

Mining
In 2016, a rock and quarry project aimed at producing rock suitable for road paving was suspended on Kaylatha Mountain. On October 19, the Hluttaw state representative of Belin Township Constituency No. 1, Dr. Khin Naing Oo, sent a letter of opposition regarding the preparation for a mining project on the forest reserve to the President and various other respective government departments. The project was headed by Rock Well Mining Co., Ltd.. Ohn Win, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, visited the area nine days later on October 28. He witnessed the field work taking place and decided to suspend the work. A temporary ban was placed from mining on the historic site. Eventually, quarry projects were permitted to operate only along the boundaries of the Kaylartha Wildlife Sanctuary (450 acres of land) as they had historically been quarry sites.

title: Kaylartha Pagoda


text:
Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend

Dilliwaali Zaalim Girlfriend is a Hindi romantic comedy film directed by Japinder Kaur and produced by Tarnpreet Singh and Manjeet Kaur under JAP Films. The film features Divyendu Sharma, Jackie Shroff, Prachi Mishra and Ira Dubey in lead roles. The film was released on 20 March 2015.

Plot
Dhruv (Divyendu Sharma), an aspirant IAS officer, takes a private loan from a company in order to buy a car in order to woo the girl he loves, Sakshi (Prachi Mishra). Soon enough, life turns upside down for him as he is unable to pay back the loan, and the car is seized. From then on, Dhruv encounters today's materialistic girls (where the money comes above love), the finance company, the system, and a hardened criminal named Minocha (Jackie Shroff).

Cast

 * Divyendu Sharma as Dhruv
 * Jackie Shroff as Manocha
 * Prachi Mishra as Sakshi
 * Ira Dubey as Nimmy
 * Pradhuman Singh Mall as Happy
 * Natalia Kapchuk – Special appearance in song "Tipsy Hogai"
 * Yo Yo Honey Singh – Special appearance in song "Birthday Bash"
 * Alfaaz – Special appearance in song "Birthday Bash"
 * Jazzy B and Hard Kaur – Special appearance in song "Zalim Dilli"

Critical response
Johnson Thomas of Free Press Journal described the film's setup as promising, but criticised the execution of the story as "imminently predictable and unexciting".

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film is produced by T-Series. This a complete Hip Hop album. There is a special number by Honey Singh titled Birthday Bash and by Dr. Zeus titled Tipsy Hogai. Zaalim Dilli is a song by Jazzy B featuring Hard Kaur. Other album artists include Arijit Singh, Sunidhi Chauhan, Kamal Khan, Agni, Alfaaz, Millind Gaba, and Rajveer Singh.

title: Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend


text:
International Transpersonal Association

The International Transpersonal Association (ITA) is membership organization in the field of Transpersonal studies.

History
The organization was founded in 1978 by Stanislav Grof, Michael Murphy and Richard Price In 1980 the association was incorporated, in California, as an organization promoting transpersonal education and scientific research. By 1985 the association was based in San Diego and had, by then, hosted a number of international transpersonal conferences.

In 2004 the organization was dissolved, but later re-incorporated. The new ITA was corporated in may 2008.

Representatives of the organization was among the contributors to the Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology (2nd Edition.)

Publications
The association publishes the International Journal of Transpersonal Studies. The journal is sponsored by the California Institute of Integral Studies.

title: International Transpersonal Association


text:
aktualitet

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) current interest, topicality, relevance

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) current interest, topicality, relevance

Noun

 * 1) topicality
 * 2) actuality

Noun

 * 1) topicality (the state of currently being talked about or the like)
 * 2) something currently (or at some given time) topical
 * 3) up-to-dateness, timeliness (of news or data or the like)

title: aktualitet


text:
Cookbook talk:Boerewors (South African Sausage)

This module was the featured recipe on the main Cookbook page from July 27, 2004 - August 12, 2004. Gentgeen 12:44, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
Mickey Cobras

The Mickey Cobras are a gang affiliated with the nationwide alliance known as "People" and based in Chicago. The gang is considered highly volatile to outsiders but internally reasonably stable, and its colors are Gold, Silver, Green and Red. Factions of the gang are being established throughout the World.

On April 5, 2005, US Attorney Patrick J. Fitzgerald described The Mickey Cobras (few in numbers compared to other partys with same power) as one of several "super-gangs" that constitute a sizable portion.

Some of their rivals would be Gangster Disciples, Black Disciples and sometimes other People affiliates.

"Egyptian Cobras"
The Egyptian Cobras formed in the year 1954 on Chicago's west side. The founder of the Egyptian Cobras was James Cogwell. During the mid-1950s the Egyptian Cobras fought heavily with a gang called the 14th Street Clovers. The 14th Street Clovers were the gang that later became the Vice Lords in the late 1950s.

After several members of the 14th Street Clovers were incarcerated by 1957, the Egyptian Cobras had less competition. While incarcerated in the St. Charles Reformatory for Boys, the Clovers organized and became the Vice Lords. When the Vice Lords returned to Lawndale in the year 1958, they soon swelled into a force to be reckoned with. The Vice Lords were very aggressive and the dominant gang in Lawndale. By 1960 the Egyptian Cobras sought better opportunities on the South Side of Chicago. They relocated to the Woodlawn community.

Cogwell led the Egyptian King Cobras as they gained a foothold and reputation in Chicago. In 1966 the Cobras new leader Henry (Mickey) Cogwell held second highest position in the Main 21 alliance, comprising the leaders of different gangs within the Black P. Stone Nation (BPSN). The Cobras and the Black P. Stone Nation allied against the Disciple Alliance and later the Gangster Nation. The Egyptian Cobras then changed their name to the Cobras Stones in 1966.

"Mickey Cobras Gang"
Mickey Cogwell and the Cobras policed the police in their communities, receiving government grants to feed kids breakfast in Fuller Park area before public schools offered meals - the template for school free lunch programs all over America - and worked as an organizer for a south side union. In 1970, the commander of the Gang Intelligence Unit for the Chicago Police Department portrayed they were. Cogwell as the link between gangs and organized crime, particularly the Chicago Outfit.

On February 25, 1977, Mickey Cogwell was assassinated by Jeff Fort because he did not want to be an El Rukn and his followers changed their organization's name again in late '70s or early '80s, becoming the Mickey Cobras in his honor. The Mickey Cobras are mainly in Chicago and surrounding suburbs: their neighborhood is particularly in the area around Fuller Park, and the Austin neighborhood.

Involvement in crime
The gang has been involved in many drug related criminal activities as well as criminal activities that surround the gang lifestyle such as homicide, extortion and robbery.

Cornell Green case
Cornell Green was the second-highest ranked "king" in the Mickey Cobras street gang. Federal agents in the United States wanted Green to cooperate, and reports are falsely accusing him of doing so, although he refused. He was sentenced in September 2001 to 30 years in prison for the operation of a large-scale heroin operation on the South side of Chicago. Green was among 15 people who were prosecuted as part of this drug ring.

Some of the other members prosecuted involved: -Robert Thomas, aged 30, was the only one of the 15 defendants to go to trial; he received a 30-year sentence. -Kamorudeen Sowemimo, aged 31, was convicted of being a major heroin supplier to the gang; he was sentenced to 14 years in prison. -Roderick Parker, who was one of the 15 defendants, had admitted to selling hundreds of the bags on an average day.

Prosecutors stated that the drug trafficking operation ran by Green used street sellers with cell phones to keep customers posted on their changing locations. Between 1993 and early 2001 it was said that the gang had sold hundreds of "dime" bags (2/10 to 3/10 of a gram) for $10 per bag, and that Green made over $100,000 a week in profit from his drug sales. After Green and the others were indicted in May, Green had many assets that he owned including a house, furnished with hand carved Italian furniture and a home theatre, as well as several luxury vehicles and fur coats which he in turn had to give up as part of his plea bargain. The final total in cost of assets lost to the plea bargain is unknown.

Organizational characteristics
Today the Mickey Cobras are known formally as the "Mickey". In their original identity, they were known as the Egyptian King Cobras.

Islamic influence
After three generations, the group has come to have a strong Islamic influence. The Mickey Cobras now has its own unique written constitution and by-laws, which show a strong Islamic influence, just like those of the modern-day BPSN. In the Illinois prison system, it is a part of the People Nation. The collective name of joined gangs under the five-point star banner (V.L.,B.P.S.,L.K., M.C.,4.C.H.,).

title: Mickey Cobras


text:
Apprentice complex

The apprentice complex is a psychodynamic constellation whereby a boy or youth resolves the Oedipus complex by an identification with his father, or father figure, as someone from whom to learn the future secrets of masculinity.

The term was introduced by Otto Fenichel in 1946, and has since been developed by postmodern writers on the construction of masculinity.

Psychoanalytic views
Fenichel considered that the apprentice complex offered a ready mode of enjoying dependence under a guise of future independence – temporary submission to the father's authority offering a means to becoming oneself a male in time. Always ambivalent in that the ultimate goal is to replace the father, the complex may disguise a powerful degree of hostility, and was open to several forms of pathological distortion. If meant by a paternal threat, the complex may regress to a passive identification with the mother.

The apprentice complex also appears as a facet of therapeutic training, in an idealisation of the training therapist as the one who knows, which then requires working through.

Cultural applications

 * Daniel Defoe, with his multiplicity of careers, his shifting political allegiances, and his prolific use of irony and masks in his writing, has been seen as a lifelong example of the apprentice complex.
 * The intensity of mother-attachment in Hindu youth has been seen as producing an apprentice complex-style 'identification through submission' to their fathers, as a compensatory force.

title: Apprentice complex


text:
bateria

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  battery
 * 2) battery power source
 * 3) drum
 * 4) drum kit

Noun

 * 1) drummer

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  battery

Noun

 * 1)  tap, faucet
 * 2)  artillery battery
 * 3)  battery
 * 4) battery, grouping, suit
 * 1) battery, grouping, suit

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) battery group of electrochemical cells used to power electric devices
 * 2)  battery coordinated group of artillery weapons
 * 3)  a series of coordinated actions
 * 4)  drum kit; drum set; drums collection of drums and other percussion instruments played as a unit
 * 1)  drum kit; drum set; drums collection of drums and other percussion instruments played as a unit

Usage notes
A battery consisting of a single cell is generally called a instead.

title: bateria


text:
Fedora And Red Hat System Administration/Filesystem Mangement

Partition Management
A partition is a place on disk which contains

at the fdisk prompt: n - create a new partition e - create an extended partition p - will print the table

Overview of Partitions
Using Radified's analogy, a partition is like

Using the fdisk utility
"fdisk -l" ---> listed fdisk -l

the Mkfs Command
mkfs, then hit the tab key twice gives you a list mkfs -t * which equals mkfs.*

so mkfs.reiserfs equals mkfs -t reiserfs

VFAT filesystem - tends to be used for usb mkfs -b > mkfs -t every partition has

4k is what you want -> optimized for speed rat mkfs -f [fragment size] fdisk -> enters the interactive prompt w - write n - new m - manual +100m - creates a partition q - quit the command "q" will quit fdisk. if you exit with "q" rather than "w"

1000 bytes is kb 1024 bytes is a kib "kibibytes"

running the command "cat /proc/partitions" looking at the file /proc/partitions will tell you what block devices the kernel knows about partprobe - speaks to a higher level of the kernel

it is a good idea to check with "partprobe" if the kernel agrees with our partitions

Inodes
Metadata is stored in the inode

we have goto our filesystem formatted

ctime - when was the inode created mtime - when was the inode last modified

ext2 had to make sure it assigns them to the correct filesystem - tune2fs -l /dev/xvda1

dumpe2fs /dev/xvda1 holding

Mounting the file system
if something is to show up on the desktop, then it will show up as mnt

if we "touch /home/share/unmounted"

the command to mount the

every directory has an inode for the current directory ( in the . entry)

dump e2fs will tell us if

ext2 and ext3
ext3 is the ext2 filesystem with journaling added. Journaling keeps track of what will be written to the disk prior to the write operation beginning. When the write is done, it is noted in the journal. If the system crashes during a write, it can recover the operation when it comes back up. This prevents incomplete writes from occurring on the disk and eliminates the need to do a filesystem check after a system crash.

jfs
JFS is a high a performance filesystem made by IBM and ported to Linux in 2001. It uses B+ trees,extents, and a journal to guarantee the consistency of the file system in the event of a crash.

AutoFS - Automounting
AutoFS allows the system to automatically mount devices and network shares as they are requested and even unmount them again when no longer in use. The main configuration for the automounter is. Initially, this file will only contain comments, including examples for a  and.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Canadian CMS Products (Second nomination)

The result of the debate was Delete. W.marsh 00:20, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Canadian CMS Products
This is not the same article as was deleted by Articles for deletion/Canadian CMS Products - that was spam, this is a spam magnet which is different. So: what is special about Canadian CMS systems? Are they offered for sale only in Canada? Not as it turns out. Are they notable for being Canadian? No, they are redlinks, so they would appear nto to be notable at all. There are lots of lists of software products of various types, they are watched b y many and purged of spam all the time; this will not be on many watchlists. I think it's a problem. Even if it's not a problem it needs a consensus to keep to avert nominations as {db-repost}. Just zis Guy you know? 00:20, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Weak Delete this list would make sense if it was of CMS's that were localized for Canada, which would be a useful distinction. The article as it stands does not make that claim and until it does I agree with the nom. However if this were a list of localized Canadian CMS's I could support it. Gwernol 01:35, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per Gwernol and as non-notable software., . Feezo (Talk) 02:05, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete nn adverts.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 03:05, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article doesn't claim that Canadian CMS products are notable independently of CMS products generally. --Allen 03:13, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above -- T B C [[Image:Confused-tpvgames.gif|18px|]] ???  ???   ??? 05:03, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 06:32, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn software. --Ter e nce Ong 08:56, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete also. Oliver Keenan 10:52, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable software. -- S iva1979 Talk to me  14:44, 22 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Computer Hardware/Introduction

Outline
This is a basic outline of what this will become

Computer Parts and Connectors
This should give people a basic understanding of what the basic and most used computer parts are. These are parts and connections the people use or see. These should all be external.

Keyboard
A keyboard is a basic Input device. Each time a key is pressed it sends a signal to the computer which tells the computer which key was pressed. The most commonly used keyboard on most PCs (personal computers) is the 108-key keyboard. Also known as the QWERTY keyboard after the first six letters on standard keyboards.

Mouse
When a mouse is moved it will send signals to the computer that give x and y axis information to the computer so that it can move the cursor on the screen. Typical types of computer mouse are rollerball, trackball, optical, and wireless.

The rollerball mouse uses a rolling ball inserted into the base of the mouse that moves rollers in the mouse that translates to the direction the mouse is sent. A trackball has much the same function as the rollerball, but the trackball remains stationary and it is manipulated by a hand. An optical mouse uses a laser to perform the same function as a rollerball mouse but sends its signals optically. A wireless mouse performs as an optical mouse does but sends its signal infrared to a receiver that is connected to the host computer.

Monitor
This is a display device that a computer uses to display data. Common connection types are VGA and DVI. VGA is the older analog standard which almost every monitor still supports. DVI can be found only LCD (flat panel) type of monitors, and is a digital transmission as opposed to VGA's analog. DVI is recommended over VGA as the picture will tend to be better quality.

Connectors
Different items connect to the computer in different ways.

Serial
A older legacy type of connection which was used with mice connectors. Serial connections are still used today for transfering data to very simple devices. The serial port has 9 pins on it.

Parallel
Mostly used by printers, however new printers have USB connections. This port has 25 pins and looks like a stretched out serial port.

PS/2
Used for mice and keyboards. Some computers do not have these anymore as USB is replacing both of them, though PS/2 keyboards are still very popular. If they do, then a keyboard connection will be purple, an mouse connection will be green. It looks something like the S-Video port on the back of your television.

USB
Universal Serial Bus: mostly used for connecting wide range of peripherals such as a mouse, printer, keyboard, pendrive, external hard disk etc.. The current standard is USB 2.0, and improvement in speed over the previous USB standard. These are about an inch long and a quarter of an inch high. You can connect up to 128 devices through one hub, or USB port in your computer.

Firewire
IEEE 1394 - Can be used to connect up to 63 devices. Usually found attached to media devices such as digital and video cameras. Firewire cables use shielded cable similar to STP with either four or six conductors. Connections are made with either a four or six pin connector

CPU
This is the "brains" of the computer. It does all of the calculations required to run the software. GENERALLY SPEAKING, the faster MHz or GHz, the faster your computer will run. The architecture and the number of cores also affect how fast your computer will run

L1
The L1 cache is the closest, smallest and fastest memory a CPU has. It is used to temporarily hold instructions that the CPU will run over and over. It is more efficient to hold temporary data in a L1, L2, or L3 cache than in RAM or a hard disk due to their faster access.

L2
The L2 or Level 2 cache is the second closest to the CPU core. It is bigger than the L1 cache, but runs a little slower, and is much smaller than the RAM.

L3
This type of cache is becoming more prevalent as microprocessor manufacturers ship more processors with L1 and L2 cache built into the processor. L3 cache is then the extra cache that sits on the motherboard between the processor and main memory, since the processor already contains L1 and L2 cache. Some processors are starting to ship with L3 cache built-in as well to speed up memory operations further. In those cases the L3 cache often sits on a separate area of the die, not built directly into the chip core.

Buses
This allows the CPU to communicate with the different parts of the system such as the Hard Drive, Graphics Card, RAM, etc...

System Bus Speed
This is how fast the connection between the CPU and the Motherboard is. The Motherboard is what every thing plugs in to.

Frontside Bus
FSB is also known as the Processor Bus, Memory Bus, or System Bus and connects the CPU with the main memory and is used to connect to other components within the computer. The FSB can range from speeds of 66 MHz, 133 MHz, 100 MHz, 266 MHz, 400 MHz, and up.

title: Computer Hardware/Introduction


text:
USA-154

USA-154, also known as GPS IIR-6 and GPS SVN-41, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the sixth Block IIR GPS satellite to be launched, out of thirteen in the original configuration, and twenty one overall. It was built by Lockheed Martin, using the AS-4000 satellite bus.

USA-154 was launched at 17:14:02 UTC on 10 November 2000, atop a Delta II carrier rocket, flight number D281, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-154 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37FM apogee motor.

By 13 November 2000, USA-154 was in an orbit with a perigee of 20177 km, an apogee of 20498 km, a period of 724.28 minutes, and 55 degrees of inclination to the equator. It was used to broadcast the PRN 14 signal, and operated in slot 5 of plane F of the GPS constellation. The satellite had a mass of 2032 kg, and a design life of 10 years.

USA-154 was initially retired on 9 July 2020. It was subsequently reactivated on 20 January 2022 and decommissioned again on 25 January 2023.

title: USA-154


text:
2021 Super Rugby season

The 2021 Super Rugby season was the 26th season of Super Rugby, an annual men's international rugby union tournament organised by SANZAAR, involving teams from Australia and New Zealand. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the tournament was wholly regionalised, with the 2021 Super Rugby Aotearoa season and the 2021 Super Rugby AU season replacing the previous 15 side format used from 2018 till 2020. Super Rugby Trans-Tasman followed these tournaments, a crossover competition that featured the five Australian sides playing the five New Zealand sides.

Competition format
The five New Zealand sides competed in the 2nd Super Rugby Aotearoa season, while the four Australian sides, plus the addition again of the Western Force, competed in the 2nd Super Rugby AU season. The competition did not feature any South African sides who announced their withdrawal from Super Rugby in September 2020, while the Japanese side, the Sunwolves, was confirmed as leaving the league in March 2019. The Argentinian side, the Jaguares, were also not named in any competition and did not compete in 2021. Following the draw for the 2021 Super Rugby AU season, Rugby Australia confirmed they were working with New Zealand Rugby on a trans-Tasman competition to follow the Super Rugby Aotearoa and Super Rugby AU seasons. On 13 November, this tournament was confirmed as Super Rugby Trans-Tasman, which featured the Australian and New Zealand sides playing each other in 25 crossover matches before a final. All sides played two home matches, and two away matches as well as a 'Super Round' where all matches will be played in one location over the course of one weekend. The final was then held between the top two teams in the combined competition table.

Law variations
Both Super Rugby AU and Super Rugby Aotearoa saw law changes again for 2021. Super Rugby AU saw changes to kick-offs and restarts, with a free kick awarded if a kickoff has not taken place 30 seconds following the opposition scoring, a restart is kicked out on the full or if teammates of the kicker are not behind the ball. The free kick will take place at half way. These rules are similar to those that are currently used in Rugby sevens. Also the 'Golden point' law brought in during the 2020 season is tweaked so that full-time will only occur after a try is scored, rather than any form of points. Penalties and drop goals will still count towards the score during extra time, but will not end the game, with play only ending if a try is scored or the 10-minute extra time period ends.

Super Rugby Aotearoa saw the introduction of Goal-line drop outs, brought in for when an attacking player is held up or knocks the ball on in goal. When a kick is forced in goal by the defending team then a goal-line drop out will also take place. These rules were used successfully in the Australian 2020 Super Rugby AU season. Extra time was also used again in 2021, again consisting of a 10-minute period, however differing from the 2021 Super Rugby AU season, the team scoring the first points of any kind in this period will win the match. A captain's referral was also brought in for 2021, similar to those used successfully in cricket and tennis, with New Zealand Rugby becoming the first to trial it in rugby union. Each team is allowed one referral per match which can be used in one of three scenarios: a decision occurring in the final five minutes of a match, an offence in the build up to a try being scored or an act of foul play. All other law variations from the 2020 season were again used in both Super Rugby competitions in the 2021 season.

Future developments
In the longer term, a new 12-team tournament from 2022 onwards was mooted, with the current four Australian and five New Zealand sides, plus the full time return of the Australian side the Western Force to Super Rugby, following their departure from the competition at the end of the 2017 Super Rugby season. It was suggested they be joined in the competition by teams from the Pacific Islands and Fiji, with South African sides having confirmed their departure from Super Rugby to join an expanded Pro14 competition, and no place for the Argentinian Jaguares either. On 13 November, New Zealand Rugby confirmed Fiji Rugby and Moana Pasifika as its preferred partners for Super Rugby going forward. A Hawaiian side had been mooted to join the competition, with Kanaloa Pasifika having gone through the process to try and join the competition, however they were not selected by New Zealand Rugby. Kanaloa Pasifika launched legal action over this decision, stating that Moana Pasifika had not gone through the correct process to join the competition.

On 24 February 2021, the Fiji Rugby Union announced it had completed its business plan for the entry of Fijian Drua to Super Rugby in 2022 and submitted it to the New Zealand Rugby Union. The plan outlines financial targets, initial playing squad and coaching structure as well as outlining the complete administrative structures for the team. The team will be a separate entity from the Fijian Rugby Union, similar to that of the Drua's entry into the Australian National Rugby Championship in 2017. The team is still required to meet stringent financial conditions set by the New Zealand Rugby Union, and so was seeking NZ$10 million in private investment to allow the team to join in 2022. Further steps were announced on both sides joining the competition in March 2021, with New Zealand Rugby Union agreeing to a sharing of broadcasting revenue with both potential sides. On 24 March 2021, World Rugby announced financial, high performance and administrative support for both potential new franchises, in order to boost the performances of Pacific Islands at international level, while also being able to stay local instead of heading overseas.

On 14 April 2021, both the Fijian Drua and Moana Pasifika were granted conditional licenses to join Super Rugby in 2022 by the New Zealand Rugby Union. They will join the existing five New Zealand Super Rugby sides, plus the existing four Australian sides along with the Western Force who will return to the competition full-time having taken part in both editions of Super Rugby AU and Super Rugby Trans-Tasman.

On 12 July 2021, Moana Pasifika were granted an unconditional licence, confirming them for the 2022 Super Rugby season.

Squads
The following 2021 Super Rugby squads have been named. Players listed in italics denote non-original squad members.

Referees
The following referees were selected to officiate the 2021 Super Rugby season:

title: 2021 Super Rugby season


text:
User:Rachelbernstein/Evaluate an Article

Evaluate an article
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

 * Name of article: Climate change
 * Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate. I felt this article was relevant to the class and everything we have been talking about recently. Also there have been articles surfacing in the past few days about  Greta Thunberg and her views on climate change so I have been thinking about this topic a lot lately.

Lead

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic? Yes
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections? Yes
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article? No
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed? Not overly concise but not overly detailed

Content

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article's content relevant to the topic? Yes
 * Is the content up-to-date? Yes
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong? Nothing is missing to my knowledge

Tone and Balance

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article neutral? Yes
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? No
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? No all aspects are fairly represented
 * Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another? No it just provides facts about climate change it does not state that climate change is bad nor good.

Sources and References

 * Guiding questions

 * Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information? Yes. There are 4 references that are used for this article and some are from a University.
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic? Yes
 * Are the sources current? Some are from the early 2000s so they are a bit outdated.
 * Check a few links. Do they work? Only some work. One said I needed special permission to view it.

Organization

 * Guiding questions

 * Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read? Yes
 * Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors? Not that I have noticed.
 * Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic? Yes

Images and Media

 * Guiding questions

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic? Yes there are many graphs to enhance the understanding.
 * Are images well-captioned? Yes
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations? Yes
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way? Yes

Checking the talk page sources

 * Guiding questions

 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic? People are discussing whether or not this is a climate crisis or climate change. They are also debating climate change or global warming
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects? It is rated as a good article and C-Class. It is part of some projects.
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class? It discusses the same facts we have spoken about in class just a little more in depth.

Overall impressions

 * Guiding questions

 * What is the article's overall status? Delisted good article
 * What are the article's strengths? The article is broken up into categories that are easy to read, and has images that aid in the understanding of the article and information.
 * How can the article be improved? The article can be improved by updating the sources and information because it is somewhat out of date
 * How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed? I think the article is well developed.

Optional activity

 * Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~

 * Link to feedback:


text:
Wikiversity talk:Assume good faith

This is a very good policy. It is one of the most important. It makes many good points. It is right when it says that the wiki would not of made it if the majority of the people did not edit in good faith. That is something many people need to remember. If they did I think they would deal with people in a more civil way. Peace:) --Sir James Paul 00:04, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Assume good faith


text:
Talk:E. A. Markham

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title: Talk:E. A. Markham


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Talk:Clarence Spiegel

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title: Talk:Clarence Spiegel


text:
Talk:Michael Diedrich

Attention - current position and terms
This person is linked as the current state senator of South Dakota as of 2021 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Senate#List_of_current_senators thus the infobox end term for being the house of representatives is needed and the new incumbent position term is needed. Wolfgang8741 says: If not you, then who? (talk) 13:41, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Diedrich


text:
All Those Yesterdays

 * "All Those Yesterdays", song by Pearl Jam from Yield (album)
 * "All Those Yesterdays", (Justin Tubb) from The Importance of Being Ernest
 * "All Those Yesterdays", (Hanson, Heeney, Masters) from Jennifer Hanson (album)

title: All Those Yesterdays


text:
Romanization of Thai

There are many systems for the romanization of the Thai language, i.e. representing the language in Latin script. These include systems of transliteration, and transcription. The most seen system in public space is Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS)—the official scheme promulgated by the Royal Thai Institute. It is based on spoken Thai, but disregards tone, vowel length and a few minor sound distinctions.

The international standard ISO 11940 is a transliteration system, preserving all aspects of written Thai adding diacritics to the Roman letters. Its extension ISO 11940-2 defines a simplified transcription reflecting the spoken language. It is almost identical to RTGS. Libraries in English-speaking countries use the ALA-LC Romanization.

In practice, often non-standard and inconsistent romanizations are used, especially for proper nouns and personal names. This is reflected, for example, in the name Suvarnabhumi Airport, which is spelled based on direct transliteration of the name's Sanskrit root. Language learning books often use their own proprietary systems, none of which are used in Thai public space.

Transliteration
An international standard, ISO 11940, was devised with transliteration in academic context as one of its main goals.

It is based on Thai orthography, and defines a reversible transliteration by means of adding a host of diacritics to the Latin letters. The result bears little resemblance to the pronunciation of the words and is hardly ever seen in public space.

Some scholars use the Cœdès system for Thai transliteration defined by Georges Cœdès, in the version published by his student Uraisi Varasarin. In this system, the same transliteration is proposed for Thai and Khmer whenever possible.

Transcription
The Royal Thai System of Transcription, usually referred to as RTGS uses only unadorned Roman letters to reflect spoken Thai. It does not indicate tone and vowel length. Furthermore it merges International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) /o/ and /ɔ/ into $\langleo\rangle$ and IPA /tɕ/ and /tɕʰ/ into $\langlech\rangle$. This system is widely used in Thailand, especially for road signs.

The ISO standard ISO 11940-2 defines a set of rules to transform the result of ISO 11940 into a simplified transcription. In the process, it rearranges the letters to correspond to Thai pronunciation, but it discards information about vowel length and syllable tone and the distinction between IPA /o/ and /ɔ/.

These are not reversible, as they do not indicate tone and underrepresent vowel quality and quantity. Graphemic distinctions between letters for Indic voiced, voiceless, and breathy-voiced consonants have also been neutralised.

American missionary romanization
In 1842, Mission Press in Bangkok published two pamphlets on transliteration: One for transcribing Greek and Hebrew names into Thai, and the other, "A plan for Romanising the Siamese Language". The principle underlying the transcription scheme was phonetic, i.e. it represented pronunciation, rather than etymology, but also maintained some of the features of Thai orthography.

Several diacritics were used: The acute accent was used to indicate long vowels, where Thai script had two different vowel signs for the vowel sounds: อิ was transliterated as i, while อี was transliterated as í. The exception to this rule was the signs for /ɯ/: อึ was transliterated as ŭ, while อื was transliterated as ü. The various signs for /ɤ/, were transliterated as ë. The grave accent was used to indicate other vowels: /ɔ/ was transliterated as ò, while /ɛ/ became è. ะ was transliterated with a hyphen, so that กะ became ka-, and แกะ became kè-. Aspirated consonants were indicated by the use of an apostrophe: บ b /b/, ป p /p/ and พ p’ /pʰ/. This included separating the affricates จ ch /tɕ/ and ช ch’ /tɕʰ/.

Proposed system by the Siamese society
For many years, the Siam Society was discussing a uniform way in which to transliterate Thai using Latin script. Numerous schemes were created by its individual members and published in its journal, including one tentative scheme by King Rama VI, published in 1913. The same year, the society published a proposal for "transliterating Siamese words", which had been designed by several of its members working together. The system was dual, in that it separated Sanskrit and Pali loans, which were to be transliterated according to the Hunterian system, however, an exception was made for those words which had become so integrated into Thai that their Sanskrit and Pali roots had been forgotten. For proper Thai words, the system is somewhat similar to the present RTGS, for instance with regards to the differentiation of consonants' initial and final sounds. Some of the major differences are:

 * Aspiration would be marked with spiritus asper placed after the consonant, so that ข and ค would both be transliterated as k῾ (whereas RTGS transliterates them as kh).
 * Long vowels were indicated by adding a macron to the corresponding sign for the short vowel.
 * The vowels อึ and อื (/ɯ/ and /ɯː/) would be transliterated using an umlauted u, respectively ü and ǖ (the macron is placed above the umlaut).
 * The vowel แอ would be transliterated as ë, whereas RTGS transliterates it as ae.
 * When ะ indicates a shortened vowel, it would be indicated with the letter ḥ, so that แอะ would be transliterated as ëḥ.
 * The vowel ออ /ɔː/, would be distinguished from โอ with a superscript v: ǒ. Its corresponding short form เอาะ /ɔ/, would be transliterated as ǒḥ.
 * The vowel เออ would be transliterated as ö.

As the system was meant to provide an easy reference for the European who was not familiar with the Thai language, the system aimed at only using a single symbol to represent each distinct sound. Similarly, tones were not marked, as it was felt that the "learned speaker" would be so familiar with the Thai script, as to not need a transliteration scheme to find the proper pronunciation.

King Vajiravudh, however, was not pleased with the system, contending that when different consonants were used in the final position, it was because they represented different sounds, such that a final -ล would, by an educated speaker, be pronounced differently from a final -น. He also opposed using a phonetic Thai spelling for any word of Sanskrit or Pali origin, arguing that these should be transliterated in their Indic forms, so as to preserve their etymology. While most of Vajiravudh's criticisms focused on the needs and abilities of learned readers, he argued against the use of spiritus asper to indicate aspiration, as it would mean "absolutely nothing to the lay reader".

title: Romanization of Thai


text:
Talk:Dan Pabon

Is listing his DUI sentence as light as really appropriate, if it is within the guidelines of most first time offenders? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:18, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dan Pabon