text:
User:Abdallah albeltagy/Books/Civil Wars

" Rivers Of Blood "

 * Civil war
 * List of civil wars

 * Chapter : Roman Civil Wars
 * Roman Empire
 * Roman civil wars
 * First Fitna
 * Second Fitna
 * Twenty Years' Anarchy
 * Byzantine Empire
 * Umayyad Caliphate
 * Abbasid Revolution
 * An Lushan Rebellion
 * Fourth Fitna
 * Fitna of al-Andalus
 * Civil war era in Norway
 * The Anarchy
 * Kingdom of Jerusalem

 * Chapter ( 2 ) : Byzantine Civil Wars
 * Age of the Sturlungs
 * Byzantine civil war of 1321–28
 * Byzantine civil war of 1341–47
 * Byzantine civil war of 1352–57
 * Castilian Civil War
 * Byzantine civil war of 1373–79
 * Ottoman Interregnum
 * Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War
 * Hussite Wars
 * Muscovite Civil War
 * Ōnin War
 * War of the Castilian Succession
 * Sengoku period
 * Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
 * German Peasants' War
 * Inca Civil War

 * Chapter ( 3 ) : Early Modern (1550-1800) Civil Wars
 * French Wars of Religion
 * Marian civil war
 * Zebrzydowski Rebellion
 * Holy Roman Empire
 * Thirty Years' War
 * Shimabara Rebellion
 * Wars of the Three Kingdoms
 * Irish Confederate Wars
 * Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
 * English Civil War
 * First English Civil War
 * Second English Civil War
 * Third English Civil War
 * Fronde
 * Lubomirski's Rokosz
 * Pugachev's Rebellion
 * French Revolutionary Wars
 * War in the Vendée
 * American Revolutionary War

 * Chapter ( 4 ) : Modern (1800-1945 ) Civil Wars
 * Latin American wars of independence
 * Argentine Civil Wars
 * Ndwandwe–Zulu War
 * Greek civil wars of 1824–1825
 * Liberal Wars
 * Chilean Civil War of 1829–30
 * Ragamuffin War
 * Carlist Wars
 * Uruguayan Civil War
 * New Zealand Wars
 * Sonderbund War
 * Revolutions of 1848
 * 1851 Chilean Revolution
 * Taiping Rebellion
 * Bleeding Kansas
 * Indian Rebellion of 1857
 * Reform War
 * American Civil War
 * Klang War
 * Boshin War
 * Satsuma Rebellion
 * Jementah Civil War
 * North-West Rebellion
 * Chilean Civil War of 1891
 * Boxer Rebellion
 * Thousand Days' War
 * Mexican Revolution
 * Warlord Era
 * Russian Civil War
 * Finnish Civil War
 * German Revolution of 1918–19
 * Irish Civil War
 * Nicaraguan civil war (1926–27)
 * Cristero War
 * Chinese Civil War
 * Constitutionalist Revolution
 * Austrian Civil War
 * Spanish Civil War

 * Chapter ( 5 ) : 1945 to 2000 Civil Wars
 * Greek Civil War
 * Paraguayan Civil War
 * 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
 * Costa Rican Civil War
 * La Violencia
 * Malayan Emergency
 * Korean War
 * Laotian Civil War
 * First Sudanese Civil War
 * Vietnam War
 * Guatemalan Civil War
 * Congo Crisis
 * North Yemen Civil War
 * Colombian conflict (1964–present)
 * Dominican Civil War
 * Rhodesian Bush War
 * Nigerian Civil War
 * Cypriot intercommunal violence
 * Communist Insurgency War
 * Northern Ireland
 * Cambodian Civil War
 * Bangladesh Liberation War
 * Lebanese Civil War
 * Mozambican Civil War
 * Angolan Civil War
 * War in Afghanistan (1978–present)
 * Nicaraguan Revolution
 * Salvadoran Civil War
 * Internal conflict in Peru
 * Second Sudanese Civil War
 * Sri Lankan Civil War
 * South Yemen Civil War
 * First Liberian Civil War
 * Rwandan Civil War
 * Casamance conflict
 * Yugoslav Wars
 * Georgian Civil War
 * Sierra Leone Civil War
 * Algerian Civil War
 * Civil war in Tajikistan
 * Burundian Civil War
 * 1994 civil war in Yemen
 * First Chechen War
 * Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
 * First Congo War
 * 1997 clashes in Cambodia
 * Nepalese Civil War
 * Albanian Rebellion of 1997
 * Republic of the Congo Civil War
 * Guinea-Bissau Civil War
 * Kosovo War
 * Second Congo War
 * Second Liberian Civil War
 * Second Chechen War
 * Islamist insurgency in Nigeria

 * Chapter ( 6 ) : Since 2000 Civil Wars
 * Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
 * First Ivorian Civil War
 * War in Darfur
 * Chadian Civil War (2005–10)
 * Civil war in Iraq (2006–07)
 * Fatah–Hamas conflict
 * Mexican Drug War
 * Second Ivorian Civil War
 * Libyan Civil War (2011)
 * Syrian Civil War
 * Factional violence in Libya (2011–14)
 * Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)
 * Tuareg rebellion (2012)
 * Northern Mali conflict
 * South Sudanese Civil War

 * Chapter ( 7 ) : Ongoing civil wars
 * Civil conflict in the Philippines
 * Houthi insurgency in Yemen
 * Papua conflict
 * Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
 * Somali Civil War
 * Internal conflict in Burma
 * Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)


text:
Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates

The Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates (LEMSIP) was a New York University research facility founded in 1965 by Edward Goldsmith and Jan Moor-Jankowski. The Tuxedo, New York-based outfit was a prominent vendor of primates and primate parts in the New York metropolitan area. These were used by area scientists for transplantation and virus research. The institute closed in 1998.

The facility was the subject of a documentary produced by National Geographic featuring Jane Goodall. The award-winning episode, Chimp Rescue, was broadcast in 1998, shortly after the closure of the facility. The documentary chronicled James Mahoney's efforts to save approximately one hundred primates prior to the closure of the facility.

One of the likely contributing factors to the demise of LEMSIP was the revision of the caging requirements prescribed by the USDA. The upgrades would have cost the university at least US$2 million. As a result, custody of several animals were passed on to the Coulston Foundation.

Moor-Jankowski, a member of the French Academy of Medicine, accused NYU in 1996 of his ousting as director of LEMSIP. He alleged that this act was retaliation for whistle-blowing on former NYU primate addiction researcher Ron Wood.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
How to Write an Essay

Contents

 * 1) /Basics/
 * 2) Research and Preparation
 * 3) Parts of an Essay
 * 4) /Five Point Essay/
 * 5) /Types of Essay/
 * 6) How to write a Free Response
 * 7) /Authors/
 * 8) AP essays
 * 9) Document Based Questions (DBQ)

Contributing
This is a wiki textbook -- feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential.

निबंध लेखन कसे करावे ?

title: How to Write an Essay


text:
Sar Chah, Nishapur

Sar Chah is a village in Binalud Rural District of the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,674 in 423 households, when it was in the former Takht-e Jolgeh District. The following census in 2011 counted 1,541 people in 476 households, by which time the rural district had been transferred to the Central District. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,951 people in 596 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.

title: Sar Chah, Nishapur


text:
Talk:Antipop Consortium

Modern stylization of name
I see that the band has changed the stylization of their name to Anti-Pop Consortium. This is evident on their 2009 album cover and MySpace. Historically the name has done some moving around, such as showing up as Anti Pop Consortium on their 2000 album, Tragic Epilogue. As has been done with other hip-hop artists known for inconsistent naming, such as Del tha Funkee Homosapien, I am recommending the most modern and recognized version be used. This article and all occurrences of the name on Wikipedia should be edited to reflect the change. Pixel Eater (talk) 05:56, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Antipop Consortium. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071229020648/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com:80/article/news/45232-anti-pop-consortium-talk-reunion to http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/45232-anti-pop-consortium-talk-reunion

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:59, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Antipop Consortium. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120301173548/http://www.futuresonic.com/09/antipopconsortium to http://www.futuresonic.com/09/antipopconsortium

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:04, 7 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antipop Consortium


text:
Talk:Delores Kane

David as a Scout
I knew David when he was a Scout (the Baden Powell movement!), it is no surprise to me that he found himself drawn into the secret services. He was a loner, and an odd-ball in the nicest sense of the word. The alleged use of mind altering substances is hardly unique, especially after being a member of the "schizophrenic" world of the secret services. I have read extensively about the "alternative" view of history and the attempts at a NWO, it all makes far more sense than what I learned at skool (sic).

With the Internet, this view is finding a far wider audience. People (especially in the US) have been lecturing on this stuff for many years. People like Shayler and those that went before him, have always been dismissed as cranks, and marginalized. Strangely their lectures and warnings from pre and post WW2 seem to follow a fairly accurate prediction of events that followed. George Bush senior New World Order and George Bush junior inferences and comments about a future WW3 (WTF), start making far more sense. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 is a very interesting document, and worth reading carefully. To whom it was addressed, and it's contents. This is what it took to bring the US into WW1, as Britain (by that time) was at it's knees, much of the US supporting Germany! Prescott Bush (George Bush senior's father) and the Harriman Bank was was convicted of being involved in funding [shell companies for industrialists fromJabberwoch (talk) 11:35, 15 December 2023 (UTC)] Hitler's Germany. Folks, it's all here in Wikipedia... "Can you see what it is yet?" —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:12, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi David! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:06, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

I wonder if anyone will ever comment on their own wikipedia article and not have it be immediately obvious who it is, I hope you're well David. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:05, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

New Shayler website also deleted?
Hmm, I'm listening to David Shayler right now on Alex Jones' radio show, and Shayler is saying people can go to his website, davidshayler.com, but when I go there seems to not be a webpage (just one of those generic "placeholder pages" with generic links, sorry don't know what those pages are called.)

The article here has a link to a copy of the "disappeared" Shayler website that used to be at shayler.com, but is this the same thing happened over again, with the website at davidshayler.com? <IP_ADDRESS> 19:01, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

David Icke style stuff?

 * A decent source for this would be fabulous.. Secretlondon 17:04, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

"Truther" issues
Defenders of the official version of events claim video manipulation of the media and video footage of WTC were edited and cite the pentagon crash as proof that aeroplanes did not hit the towers. While we can document historically that they have beliefs about 9/11, to remove the fact that the vast majority of those who question the official version of events have rejected Shayler for his baseless claims of missiles and holograms is merely to try to continue to prop up hoaxes. He outed himself by making claims about being a messiah and that real planes didn't hit the towers -- simple facts, no "disputes" involved. Because of this, he has been openly rejected, and is no longer invited to participate in most all events, publications and discussions about 9/11 truth issues. Few tolerate the "truthers" who worked for the intelligence agencies or the Bush Administration and then conveniently went "nuts" when they were talking to reporters about 9/11 questions. He is rejected, plain and simple. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:49, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, they will come up with every excuse to remove the information because they want to tarnish anyone who questions the official version with real instances of people who go nuts. Icke did the same thing with the Green Party -- went nuts and they quickly rejected him -- but you don't see people trying to remove the fact that he was socially and formally rejected by the party. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:15, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That's because the only evidence we have that this particulary crazy was rejected are blog entries, not generally considered reliable. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 04:21, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * So it would take CBS news coverage to "prove" that an entity you consider "fringe" and mere nutcases had rejected Shayler? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:13, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. It's an interesting problem trying to decide whether the fact that some nutcases rejected other nutcases can be verified.  But blog entries are, at most, considered the personal opinions of the bloggers.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 15:39, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The references are varied - blogs, websites, news articles, essays, discussion forums. CBS News can't cover everything . . . . <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)  —Preceding comment was added at 16:40, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * There's a similar problem on the William Rodriguez page. Issues involving doubts about Rodriguez' credibility--both among debunkers and inside the Truth movement--can only be sourced in blogs and web forums.  Some editors (many of them suspected by admins of being finger puppets for Rodriguez himself) are opposing use of any such blog material as unreliable.  They pretend to miscomprehend my point that these blogs are not being used as an authority for any fact other than the fact that people inside and outside the movement have opinions and there is a controversy.  Contrivance (talk) 21:27, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

The whole problem with 'Truthers' is that they cannot accept that their beliefs are in the same box as Flying Saucer Abductions. Maybe people do get taken up into Space Ships flown by Little Green Men working for 'The Inter Gallactic Council'. Maybe there is a vast 911 Conspiracy. But Davids supposed Theories seem too much for even them.Johnwrd (talk) 01:59, 16 January 2011 (UTC) Not quite the same as UFOs... We have reliable video evidence that of the buildings collapses. Including WTC7 - which most of the population don't know about - WTC7 fell at freefall acceleration for at least 2.5 seconds. Meaning no resistance at all from the steel structure for hundreds of feet over the entire floor area of the building. The explanation that this was caused by fire is obviously false - only dyed-in-the-wool believers of Authority can possibly accept that this was caused by a natural process especially considering the doubts associated with the strange collapses of the twin towers and other anomalies of the day.

Does anyone have information on the Ireland appearances (Cork and Dublin) in early 2007?
Web chatter indicates Shayler and Machon and Rodriguez were to appear together. Editors on the Rodriguez page are claiming the programs never came off, but they provide no evidence that they didn't. Some of the editors on that page are kind of fact-averse, and probably are anxious to distance Rodriguez from Shayler. Contrivance (talk) 21:54, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

“Spycatcher” banned “in the U.K.”?
According to the Wikipedia article on the subject, the book Spycatcher wasn’t banned in Scotland at the time Shayler was at Dundee Uni., as this article states. Which is correct?Jock123 (talk) 15:35, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Photo
Can a more technically-savvy editor than me fix the photo and caption? The caption is inappropriate and I'm not certain whom the image depicts. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:26, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Mental State / Lack of References
Firstly there's no mention of something widely discussed in many sources - that the various eccentricities are examples of mental illness. This is obviously something to be handled with great care, but there is, for example, an entire paragraph in the Jon Ronson book on Psychopathy entitled "David Shayler's Madness" (N.B. It's not suggested that he's a psychopath, nor should Wiki apply or spread any diagnosis without an official, verified one being available). Depending on responses, I may add a line to clarify this, as it's very important to most of the other content. Secondly there's a separate section on allegations of anti-semitism, which says he quoted the 'Elders of Zion' as a source, but there's no source for this given. Frankly it seems extremely likely, but that's not the level of proof required for making such an allegation, so this should perhaps be removed in the near future if support could not be found. It would also not require a separate section for this sentence. Marty jar (talk) 10:39, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

tendencious article
to me the article sounds like it was written by someone who wants to discredit DS.
 * putting claims in a way that they appear to contradict each other (although they do not) -> eg. see my edit from 19:09, 17 March 2015
 * exaggerating and playing down different aspects -> eg. "List of whistleblowers" not in links, but "List of messiah claimants"? That seems weird ...

oh well, maybe I'm just paranoid ;) — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:16, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Why does this article not mention that David considers himself to be the messiah?
David has repeatedly, on record, claimed to be the son of God. Either that is true, in which case it should probably be mentioned here, or else it is not true, in which case it should also probably be mentioned here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:13, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Delores Kane


text:
Butler oscillator

The Butler oscillator is a crystal-controlled oscillator that uses the crystal near its series resonance point. They are used where a simple low-cost circuit is needed which can oscillate at high frquencies (>50MHz ) by using overtones of a crystal, and also giving low low phase noise.

It was described by Butler in 1946 as the earthed grid oscillator, a derivative of the Hartley oscillator. It is also known as the bridged-T oscillator or the grounded-base oscillator.

Circuit operation
The classic Butler oscillator circuit is a two-stage circuit with two non-inverting stages, a grounded base stage and an emitter follower. The crystal is inserted in series in the overall feedback path.

The more common modern form of the circuit uses just the emitter follower stage. The circuit may be analysed by considering it as a equivalent AC circuit with three parts. The emitter follower forms an amplifier with no phase shift. The crystal and its loading capacitor then produce a phase lag network, followed by the LC network of the resonant tank circuit. This then produces a phase lead, which overall meets the Barkhausen criteria for self-oscillation.

The Butler circuit is a free-running or tuned oscillator. If the crystal is replaced temporarily with a low value resistor, the circuit will still oscillate at approximately the design frequency of the tank circuit. This allows the circuit to be set-up and adjusted initially without the crystal, and also encourages the selection of the correct crystal harmonic. To avoid the circuit oscillating at the strong resonance of the crystal's fundamental, a small inductor may be placed in parallel with the crystal.

Both the better-known Pierce and Colpitts oscillator circuits may be considered as derivatives of the Butler.

title: Butler oscillator


text:
Gurumapa

Gurumāpā (Nepal Bhasa: ; Devanagari: गुरुमापा) is a mythical creature in the folklore of Nepal Mandala. According to legend, he is said to take away disobedient children, and so was banished to a field in Kathmandu.

The story of Gurumapa is one of the most well known folk tales in Newar society. He is depicted as a giant with a terrifying face and protruding fangs.

Kesh Chandra
The story starts with an inveterate named Kesh Chandra who lived in Itumbaha, a sacred courtyard in central Kathmandu. After he had gambled away all of his property, he went to live with his sister. When he stole even the plate on which his lunch was served to gamble, his sister, wishing to teach him a lesson, served his rice on the floor.

Deeply hurt, Kesh Chandra gathered up the food in a handkerchief and walked a long distance to the woods outside the city. Feeling hungry, he unwrapped the rice, and found that it had turned bad and there were maggots all over. So he spread the food to dry in the sun and dozed off.

Droppings turn to gold
When Kesh Chandra awoke, he found that pigeons had eaten everything. He was so saddened that he broke into tears. Taking pity on him, the pigeons left their droppings which turned into gold. There was so much gold that he couldn't carry it all. As he was pondering what to do, he saw Gurumapa, a man-eating giant that lived in the forest, approaching. He had been attracted by the smell of prey.

Kesh Chandran pacified him by calling him uncle, and persuaded him to carry the gold to his home with the promise of a feast and the right to take away children if their parents called him whenever they were bad. Kesh Chandra took Gurumapa home to Itumbaha and let him live in the attic. As the years passed, children started disappearing whenever their parents warned them that Gurumapa would come and get them.

Banished to Tundikhel
The local residents then decided that it was not safe to keep Gurumapa in the neighborhood. They promised to provide him an annual feast of boiled rice and buffalo meat if he agreed to live on the field of Tinkhya (Tundikhel). And so the giant was persuaded to move out. To this day, the people of the locality prepare a feast on the night of Holi for Gurumapa and leave it on the field which is now a parade ground.

title: Gurumapa


text:
German/Lesson 5

<< Lektion 4 | Lektion 5 | Lektion 6 >>

Wiederholung
Lesson 5 is a review (Wiederholung) lesson to summarize the German language lessons presented in Lessons 1 through 4. You should, then, return to Lektion 1 and review (that is, reread) each of the four lessons back up to this point. For a more advanced course, you might now incorporate each of the advanced lessons into this "review" process. That is: review Lesson 1, then do Lesson 1A, review Lesson 2, then do Lesson 2A, etc.

Parts of Speech and Word Order
Sentences are composed of parts that perform specific functions. You have been introduced to most (but not all) the major parts of speech: pronouns/nouns, verbs, and adjectives; and how these are expressed in German compared with English. Consider the following:

Ich brauche Wurst und Käse
 * I (pronoun as subject) need (verb) sausage and cheese (nouns as direct objects)

Haben sie zu viel Arbeit?
 * Have (verb) they (pronoun subject) too much (adjectives) work (noun direct object)?

Word order in a simple sentence follows that used in English. Subject and verb are reversed to form a question. In English, but not in German, the question sentence could also be stated (and, in fact, occurs more often in the US) as 'Do they have too much work?'

Nouns
Nouns are words that typically occur in sentences as either subjects (performers of some action) or objects (recipients of some action). Most nouns are the name of either a "person, place, or thing" and, in German, are always capitalized. Every noun in German has an "assigned" gender ( masculine, feminine , neuter ), and we learn each noun with its nominative case, definite article (der, die, das, respectively) in order to also learn that gender. Thus, a Vokabeln section for nouns is presented thusly: der Anhang, die Anhänge     appendix, appendices      (singular and plural) die Brücke                  bridge der Freund, die Freunde     friend, friends           (singular and plural) das Gespräch, die Gespräche conversation, conversations die Grammatik               grammar                   (note irregular stress) die Lektion                 lesson                    (note irregular stress) die Straße                  street

title: German/Lesson 5


text:
Category:Armenian State University of Economics alumni

Armenian State University of Economics alumni are people who graduated from Armenian State University of Economics in Yerevan, Armenia.


text:
Yevgeniya Pecherina

Yevgeniya Pecherina (Евгения Печерина; born 9 May 1989) is a Russian track and field athlete who specialises in the discus throw.

Mainly competing in national level competition, she gradually improved as a thrower, setting a best of at age nineteen, clearing  in 2009, and then  the following year at age twenty-one. In international competition, she took sixth place at the 2009 European Athletics U23 Championships.

She had a sudden marked improvement in the 2011 season, managing a personal best throw of in Krasnodar, which ranked her fifth globally that year. However, later that month, she gave a positive drug test for the banned anabolic steroid methandienone. She received a two year ban from the sport. Immediately prior to the end of her ban, she again gave a positive drug test, this time for Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, another steroid. This resulted in a ten-year ban from the sport.

Pecherina was interviewed for a German documentary, Top-secret Doping: How Russia makes its Winners, shown on Das Erste in December 2014. She claimed that doping was widespread in Russia, with the majority of international athletes using performance-enhancing drugs, which were made freely available to them. The Russian Anti-Doping Agency and the Russian Athletics Federation both said that her statements were baseless. However, the federation president (and IAAF treasurer) Valentin Balakhnichev was implicated in the cover up of doping by Liliya Shobukhova (a prominent marathon runner), and he stepped down from his position while the investigation was ongoing.

title: Yevgeniya Pecherina


text:
josta

Etymology
From the same stem found in, , but with a different suffix (-t(a) instead of -l(a)). Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (compare 🇨🇬), 🇨🇬 (< *yā́s-nā), 🇨🇬 (< *zōsma < *yōs-ma-).

Noun

 * 1) belt a band worn around the waist, to keep clothes in place, to hold weapons, or serve as decoration
 * 2) belt a belt-like strap or band to hold someone in place
 * 3)  belt-like area around something
 * 4) waist, loins part of the body between the chest and the hips
 * 1) belt a belt-like strap or band to hold someone in place
 * 2)  belt-like area around something
 * 3) waist, loins part of the body between the chest and the hips
 * 1)  belt-like area around something
 * 2) waist, loins part of the body between the chest and the hips
 * 1) waist, loins part of the body between the chest and the hips
 * 1) waist, loins part of the body between the chest and the hips

title: josta


text:
User:Robert Horning

This is just a place filler until I can put some more stuff in here.

I am an administrator on Wikibooks where I'm likely to respond if you contact me there. I am going to be very active on Wikiversity as well, so either place is a good place to contact me.

Apparently I've been made an administrator here on Wikiversity as well, so feel free to use my talk page here to ask about critical project related items, such as edit disputes and other stuff that may require a 3rd party to step in.

title: User:Robert Horning


text:
Web Design/Useful Applications

Here are some useful applications.

Browsers
A web browser is an application to look at web pages. You're using one right now to read this text. Every operating system ships with at least one browser, such as Internet Explorer (Windows) or Safari (macOS) or Firefox (Many Linux Distribution), Konqueror (some Linux Distribution) etc..

Surprisingly few computer users are aware of web browsers as applications in their own right. They simply "browse the web". As a web developer you need to know that different browsers exist and that each of them displays web pages in a slightly different manner. So you need to test your web pages not only with the default that happens to be on your machine, but also with the more popular alternatives, such as free and open sourced commercial Firefox and the popular close-source Opera.

Some browsers also provide rather hidden features, that are very useful for development. For example:

 * Firefox together with the Web Developer form an previously useful tool for designing and testing web pages, now Firebug became more popular. Throw in a handy page validator with the Tidy HTML engine and you couldn't have it better! For Opera, users have Dragonfly built-in the browser.

Editors
HTML editors are applications to actually make web pages, to program HTML code. Before you ask, yes, web development is a form of programming. A web page is a piece of software code, written with an editor and displayed (rendered) by a browser.

Web development involves not only writing code, but also visual design and content management. You'll find that different HTML editors support different aspects of this workflow. At one extreme you'll find editors that let you only manually type code, on the other complex development environments that can modify thousands of pages at the click of a button.

Code Editing Only
For straight code editing a plain text editor is all you need. Every operating system ships with at least one text editor, such as Notepad (Windows), vim/KWrite/Gedit (Linux) or TextEdit (Mac OS). There's an immense selection of editors out there, each comes with their own set of bells and whistles. See Wikipedia's Comparison of text editors for an exhaustive list of alternatives.

Several specialized text-based HTML editors evolved from basic text editors. They added useful features for web development like color syntax highlighting, code validator and built-in FTP clients. See Wikipedia's Comparison of HTML editors for an exhaustive list of HTML editors.

For starters any text editor will do.

WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get)
WYSIWIG editors make it possible to design pages without understanding anything of the code behind them. This is a good thing for beginners at first, but may make it more difficult to progress to more advanced design later. However, for absolute beginners they provide the quickest way to design simple pages. However, many web designers prefer not to use WYSIWYG editors as they tend to have a mind of their own, or rather a mind of their programmer. This can lead to difficulties when they do something you don't want.

Adobe Dreamweaver is a commercial WYSIWYG editor that also lets you manually change the code once you understand HTML. It's targeted at professional web designers who need advanced tools for site management and integration with other software products. Although Microsoft no longer sells its well-known FrontPage product, it now offers a lighter version of Visual Studio for web developers called Visual Web Developer Express. Beginners should also look at the free and open sourced WYSIWIG editor KompoZer and Quanta Plus.

Multimedia Design
Graphical Content and Multimedia

Developing quality layout and design begins with a quality user interface. Even the most basic professional web pages include some graphics. These can be acquired or created. Useful tools for graphic design include:

 * Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator and Fireworks (http://www.adobe.com/), all part of the commercial suite of Adobe software products that also includes Flash and Dreamweaver. These tools are targeted for professional designers.

 * GIMP (http://www.gimp.org/) - This is an open source tool with many advanced design features useful for graphic design.

 * Inkscape (http://inkscape.org/) - This is an open source vector graphics editor, for SVG and raster graphics generation (see a tutorial).

The internet today is a multimedia filled experience. There are several applications available that enable developers to to create and publish multimeadia content on the web. These include:

 * Adobe Flash - This is is a product used to create interactive animations and other content in the Adobe Shockwave Flash formant. It is widely used to add complex effects and interactivity to websites, and quite often used to build entire websites. A small plugin needs to be installed in web browsers in order to enable them to read Flash content

 * Java Applet - Java applets are small application objects that may be embedded in web pages. These application objects are written in the Java programming language and can add a range of interactivity options to webpages. Their use has been somewhat limited in recent. Java applications and applets may be created using the Java Development Kit (JDK) Available at the Sun Microsystems website.

Portfolio (Personal or Professional)
Need your personal or professional data (incl.media files) to be presented (without coding) in an online portfolio anywhere worldwide? An easiest way to do it is: Visit: You can even get a free web access links in above. Example URL's: your-desired-name.myportfolio.com, your-desired-name.wix.com, https://spark.adobe.com/your-desired-name/
 * Adobe Spark
 * Adobe Portfolio
 * Wix

Free Domain Names
Looking for free Top Level Domains (TLDs)? Grab four here: Dot tk (Four free TLDs: .tk. .ml .ga .cf & .gq, as on 26 February 2018)

Includes free yearly renewal for life-time.

Tips
Link (via DNS settings or editing A/CName/MX records) your free bought TLDs to your free portfolio to make a complete website (Refer above two sections).

title: Web Design/Useful Applications


text:
Forlorn River (1926 film)

Forlorn River is a 1926 American silent Western film directed by John Waters and written by Zane Grey and George C. Hull. The film stars Jack Holt, Raymond Hatton, Arlette Marchal, Edmund Burns, Tom Santschi, Joseph W. Girard and Christian J. Frank. It is based on the 1926 serialization of the 1927 novel Forlorn River by Zane Grey. The film was released on September 27, 1926, by Paramount Pictures.

Parts of the film were shot in Zion National Park, Bryce Canyon, and Cedar Breaks National Monument.

The film is now considered lost.

Cast

 * Jack Holt as Nevada
 * Raymond Hatton as Arizona Pete
 * Arlette Marchal as Ina Blaine
 * Edmund Burns as Ben Ide
 * Tom Santschi as Bill Hall
 * Joseph W. Girard as Hart Blaine
 * Christian J. Frank as Les Setter
 * Nola Luxford as Magda Lee
 * Al Hart as Sheriff Stroble
 * Nola Dolberg as Magda Lee
 * Chief Yowlachie as Modoc Joe
 * Jack Moore as Deputy

title: Forlorn River (1926 film)


text:
Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing

You can just dive in and start typing the way you'd type an e-mail - be bold!. Come to this page, however, for a jumping-off place for more technical editing instructions. To experiment with editing, visit the sandbox.

This page is like a manual for editing Wikiversity and provides many examples. You may want to keep this page open in a separate browser window for reference while you edit. If you are new to wiki, you may benefit from Introduction to Wikiversity before trying to use this page.

Additional help pages for editing are shown in the box on the right.
 * Wikipedia has additional help for editing such as the Wikipedia Cheatsheet. There is an attempt to centralize help for all Wikimedia projects at this page.

Editing basics

 * Short introductory tutorial
 * Start editing
 * To start editing a MediaWiki page, click on the "Edit this page" (or just "edit") link at one of its edges. This will bring you to the edit page: a page with a text box containing the wikitext: the editable source code from which the server produces the webpage. If you just want to experiment, please do so in the sandbox, not here.

 * Summarize your changes
 * You should write a short edit summary in the small field below the edit-box. You may use shorthand to describe your changes, as described in the legend.

 * Preview before saving
 * When you have finished, click preview to see how your changes will look -- before you make them permanent. Repeat the edit/preview process until you are satisfied, then click "Save" and your changes will be immediately applied to the article. Small changes such as spelling corrections can be marked as "minor" before saving. Marking a significant change as a minor change is considered bad Wikiquette.

 * Review previous changes to the page
 * Yes, you can step back in time to see every single version of a page. Just click on the History tab at the top of the page. Here you can see who did the editing, the date of the change, their summary notes about the change. There are even tools to let you compare what's different between one version and another. Click on an editor's Talk URL and go to their talk page where you can engage them in discussion.

title: Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing


text:
User:-andreas/Userpage/Modules/Hacked

In the unlikely case that I've been hacked, (like blanking a lot of pages at once or something) block me then try to contact me on my talk page. If that doesn't work, email me. I always check my email. Thanks!

title: User:-andreas/Userpage/Modules/Hacked


text:
Transfer cell

Transfer cells are specialized parenchyma cells that have an increased surface area, due to infoldings of the plasma membrane. They facilitate the transport of sugars from a sugar source, mainly mature leaves, to a sugar sink, often developing leaves or fruits. They are found in nectaries of flowers and some carnivorous plants. Transfer cells are specially found in plants in the region of absorption or secretion of nutrients.

The term transfer cell was coined by Brian Gunning and John Stewart Pate. Their presence is generally correlated with the existence of extensive solute influxes across the plasma membrane.

title: Transfer cell


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:NewAgeDimensions

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the miscellany page below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the page's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedily deleted as an Advertisement. And a copyvio. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 02:59, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

User:NewAgeDimensions
Originally listed for speedy deletion, this userpage is just an advert for a publishing company. Note that the user has made no other contributions to Wikipedia. Harr o 5 23:05, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Speedy Delete as a blatant advert, it would be different if the person actually made some legit contribs but AGF only goes so far especially when the advertising is this blatant. Pegasus1138 Talk
 * Delete as advertisement. I don't think there is a CSD for blantant adverts. Xoloz 01:26, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well I though there was, but usually they can be covered by the copyvio one, since they usually are a copyvio. Either way I deleted it. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 02:59, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Harshjot singh gahunia/sandbox

Speed Records, with its music circulation all over the world, has been a label promoting and publishing the unique sounds of Punjabi music with the finest artists. Speed Records since the beginning has been drawing to the mystical land: Punjab with a beat of its own, hidden with music. As acclaimed the topics & genres being used in the music are mindbogglingly large here. With digitization of music being the most acclaimed entrant in the Punjabi Industry, Speed Records have become the largest Punjabi Music labels of the world.This was carried forward by the collaborative initiative of Speed Records & One Digital Entertainment making Speed Records the widely viewed channel on YouTube. The element of emphasis of the organization is to make the experience of music more realistic for its audiences. This is achieved both by new music launches of varied genres and live events which are categorically large. SPEED RECORDS IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST IGNITING MUSIC LABEL CREATING PUNJABI MUSIC WITH FEET TAPPING TUNES ACCOMPANIED WITH VIBRANT VOICES AS THE IDENTIFIER OF PUNJABI CULTURE.

Important Figures
Mr. Balwinder Singh Ruby Music distribution for the Indian music giants being his small start for Speed records, his love for music has only amplified since then to create music content that endorses legends of Punjabi Music & strengthens the roots of Punjabi culture. Under his leadership, Speed Records has been the largest producer of Punjabi movies which have revolutionised the industry both in concept and in numbers. His interest in dealing with clients all across the world has helped creating the much-acknowledged path for the growth of the company as a group.Speed Records is currently working with all big music houses and lately, has been successful in opening the Speed Records UK division, which currently, handles all the Punjabi Music talent and albums from UK. Mr.Balwinder singh (Ruby) was a small distributor and developed the relations with music company's and became the distributor of those companies like Tips, T-series, Time music etc. In 2004 Mr.Balwinder singh started a partnership firm with Mr.Dinesh Auluck. Speed Records Managing Director Ruby states, "Our main objective is to launch quality and standardised music with the best artistes and quality available for music lovers".

Mr. Dinesh Auluck rom managing albums for various companies, in 2004 Dinesh Auluck and Balwinder Singh together started Speed Records. His immense work for the group has helped, bringing 75% of the Punjabi Music Artists to publish albums with Speed Records. Under his guidance Speed Records has won many accolades and has become the fastest growing Punjabi Music Production Group of India & world. His specialisation in video production has leveraged the content being published and has generated more outreach for the brand. Nearly 75% of all the Music Artists and Music Directors have cordial relations and in regular contact and have and/or are working with the company.

Mr. Satwinder Singh Mr. Satwinder is responsible for handling Marketing and publishing for the Group. He has always been the front man in bringing the newer ideas to the frame with live events & promotional events being added as the focused area to promote artists as well as the promotional events culture in the region. The group has lately, developed live event properties, which have gained popularity in northern India.Speed Records now is the proud owner of three intellectual properties named as Crossblade Music Festival, Lager n Barrel Festival & Just Comedy following few more newer properties in the future.Property building has been a prime focus in partnership with EYP Creations, an entertainment house specialising in event property building. Digitization of Music being one of his main areas in limelight, Speed Records has now become the No. 1 Punjabi channel on Youtube with widespread listeners all across the globe.  Mr. Raman Kohli Mr. Raman handles the complete the Digital Marketing of Speed Records be it on Youtube, Facebook, Instagram or other social media and digital platforms. With implementing new & unique digital marketing Ideas, under the leadership of Mr. Kohli, Speed Records is gaining huge digital acclamation from around the globe.

Mr. Harsh 12:53, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

title: User:Harshjot singh gahunia/sandbox


text:
Talk:Darryl Talley

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:37, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Darryl Talley


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/adrianavarelatango.com

Links

 * adrianavarelatango.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Additions

 * Displayed all 6 additions.


text:
Vine Cynthia Colby Foster

Vine Cynthia Colby (1852–1878) was an American physician and prominent figure among the early women in medicine.

Early life
Vine Cynthia Colby was born in 1852, bearing the names of her mother's best friends, Vine and Cynthia, who both died at a young age. The Colby women were known for their high level of education, uncommon for their era. This was largely attributed to the efforts of Colby's grandmother, Celestia Rice Colby (1827–1900). Celestia's diaries, which detailed the family's progressive approach to education, were posthumously published in 2006 as Circumstances are Destiny: An Antebellum Woman's Struggle to Define Sphere, edited by Tina Stewart Brakebill.

In June 1870, after graduating from high school in Freeport, Colby relocated to Ann Arbor, Michigan with her family. There, she enrolled at the University of Michigan.

Education and personal life
Colby married Sidney Foster, a fellow University of Michigan student, on December 19, 1873. Both graduated from the institution, with Sidney completing his degree in 1874 and Colby earning a B.Ph. from the College of Literature, Science and the Arts in 1876.

Career
In 1877, the couple moved to Keokuk, Iowa, where they both graduated from medical school. Subsequently, they relocated to Moira, New York, where they started a joint medical practice.

Death
Colby Foster died at the age of 25 in March 1878 due to pelvic peritonitis. She is interred at Moira Community Cemetery in Moira.

Legacy
Colby Foster's influence extended to her sister, Dr. June Rose Colby. June Rose graduated with an A.B. from Literary Class of State Normal School in 1878 and furthered her education with graduate degrees in 1885 (A.M.), and 1886 (Ph.D.). Upon her death in 1936, June Rose bequeathed $500 (equivalent to $7,788.13 in 2017) to the University of Michigan League in Ann Arbor. The funds were used to purchase German and French books for the Rest Room of the League Building. Each book acquired with this donation bears an inscription in memory of Vine Colby Foster.

Vine Cynthia Colby's legacy also continues through her namesake, Vine Colby, a member of The Potters (artists group) and her niece.

title: Vine Cynthia Colby Foster


text:
Latin/Lesson 3-Present Verbs

= Grammatical Introduction to Verbs =

This introductory section may be a bit overwhelming, but is an overall look at verbs. The majority of this section will be covered in later chapters. Nevertheless, looking over this chapter may help you to familiarize yourself with verbs.

Verbs are parts of speech which denote action. There are two main forms of verbs in Latin:

• Principal Verbs (the main verb which is found in every sentence. e.g.,: vir ambulat = the man is walking)

• Adjectival Verbs (also known as participles, gerunds and gerundives which describe the state of the described noun. e.g.,: vir ambulans = the walking man. The verb behaves as an adjective)

Every sentence must have a verb. In a sense, the principal verb is the sentence and all the nouns, adverbs and participles are only describing the scenario of the verb. Thus in Latin this constitutes a sentence:

est.

If you want to explain 'who' is or exists, you add a nominative substantive:

Cornēlia est.

We now know Cornelia 'is'. But what is she? So we add an adjective.

Cornēlia est bona.

Now we can see that Cornelia is good, but to elaborate further we can add an adverb:

Cornēlia vix est bona.

Now we know that Cornelia is 'hardly' (vix: hardly, scarcely, barely) good.

Thus, in English, the shortest Latin sentence is:

You are.

in Latin:

es

Examples
These two examples will demonstrate the difference between an adjectival verb and a principal verb.

Personal Endings
Verbs in Latin are inflected to reflect the person who performs the action. English does the same to some extent in the verb to be:

Latin, however, inflects all verbs, and is much more extensive than English, allowing writers and speakers of Latin to often drop the personal pronoun, as the performer of the action is understood by the formation of the verb. The Personal pronoun is only usually added for emphasis. In a way, the ending on Latin verbs are a type of pronoun.

Moods
There are several moods. Each has its own uses to convey certain ideas. The most commons moods are:

• Indicative • Subjunctive or Conjunctive • Imperative

The two moods we will first learn are the imperative (commands and orders) and the indicative (declarative statements and factual questions).

Voice
There are two constructions verbs can have regarding voice.

Verbs can have either an active or passive voice.

E.g. 'I smash the car.' 'smash' is an active verb construct.

The passive is used when the nominative is affected by the verb.

E.g. 'The car is smashed by me.' 'is smashed' is a passive construct.

Tense
Tense in Latin comprises two parts: TIME and ASPECT. Time reflects when the action is occurring or did occur: past, present, or future. Aspect refers to the nature of the action: simple, completed, or repeated. The "completed" aspect is generally termed "perfective" and repeated aspect "imperfective."

Theoretically, a verb could have nine tenses (combinations of time and aspect). However, Latin only has six, since some possible combinations are expressed by the same verb forms. Latin tenses do not correspond exactly to English ones.

Below is a rough guide to tense in Latin.

As is evident, some Latin tenses do "double duty." The Latin Present and Future Tenses can either express simple or progressive aspect. Particularly difficult to grasp is the Latin Perfect tense, which can either express an action completed from the point of view of the present ("I have just now finished walking"), or a simple action in past time (its "aorist" sense, from the old Indo European aorist tense, which Latin lost but is still present in Greek).

Infinitive
The infinitive (impersonal) is the form of the verb which simply means 'to (verb)' e.g. 'to do', or 'to be', or 'to love', or 'to hate' etc. All forms which are not in the infinitive are in the finite (personalised) form.

The infinitive has a -re at the end of the stem of the verb. The infinitive of 'to be' is an exception and is 'esse'.

dēbeō currere nunc = I ought to run now.

esse, aut nōn esse = To be, or not to be?

Exercises
Answer these two questions about the infinitive and finite.

Irregularities
Verbs which use the passive formation in an active sense are known as deponent. Verbs which don't have a form for every tense and mood are known as defective. You will meet a few words like this soon.

Personal Pronouns
In case you do ever use a personal pronoun to emphasise the SUBJECT of the verb, you must remember that the personal pronoun must be in the nominative case and the number and person of the verb must match that of the subject. (Review Lesson 7 if unfamiliar with the terms person and subject).

Principal Parts
When one looks up a verb in the dictionary, the principal parts are given. From these principal parts you can find the correct form of the verb for every circumstance.

Exercises
Answer this question about principal parts.

Using the Dictionary
All nouns are given in the nominative, as well as the declension and gender of the noun. Verbs are alphabetized using the 1st person singular (the first principal part) and the infinitive is given. Supplementary principal parts are given if the various other principal parts do not follow the standard pattern of formation from the infinitive and 1st person singular.

=Verbs: Conjugation in the Present Imperfect = The present imperfect is the simplest tense. To form the present imperfect all that is required is to place the personal endings at the end of the verb stem. Thus, if you have the stem 'ama' (love), to make it 'I love' you place an ō at the end.

I love =  amō (amaō*) we love = amāmus

 * Latin drops the 'a' in amaō forming amō.

Latin could add personal pronouns, however only for added emphasis and in conjunction with the corresponding person ending on the verb. Otherwise the sentence will not make sense. For example: ego amō = I (not you) love

nōs amāmus = We (not you) love but that would be for special emphasis: It's I, not you, who loves.

Here are the forms of the verb 'porta', carry, in the present imperfect tense:

portō    I carry                     first person singular portās   thou carriest, you carry    second person singular portat   he, she, it carries         third person singular portāmus we carry                    first person plural portātis you (all) carry             second person plural portant  they carry                  third person plural

'porto' can also be translated 'I am carrying' (present imperfect), 'I do carry' (present emphatic). 'I carry' is known as the 'present simple' tense in English. Again the 'a' gets dropped when the 'ō' is placed on porta. Porta, and ama are known as 1st conjugation verbs; in other words, verbs which have a stem ending in 'a'.

There are three other conjugations, and below are some examples of verbs from each of the four conjugations (present imperfect tense):

Each verb uses the same final letter or letters to indicate the 'subject' - I, thou, he/she/it, we, you, they.

Before these final letters, the first conjugation has an 'a' (although when an 'o' is placed, the 'a' is often dropped), the second an 'e', and the third and fourth usually an 'i'. The third person plural forms in the third and fourth conjugations have a 'u'. These verb forms really should be learned by heart.

The most common verb of all is irregular (see next lesson). Here is a table of the verb 'to be' in Latin, English, and four Romantic languages (French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese)

The personal endings are the same as in the four regular conjugations.

Exercises

 * Conjugate (find how a verb is in different forms) the verb 'amõ'.

Imperative Mood
The imperative mood conveys an order (e.g. Go!, Run!, Away Now!). The imperative mood is formed by simply using the stem of the verb. If the order is to a large group of people, or you are trying to show respect, you must use the -te suffix.

amō eum = I love him.

amā eum = Love him!

amāte eum = Love (respectful, or plural) him!

currō casam = I run home.

curre casam = Run home!

currite casam = Run (respectful, or plural) home!

regō prudente = I rule wisely.

rege prudente = Rule wisely!

regite prudente = Rule (respectful order) wisely!

title: Latin/Lesson 3-Present Verbs


text:
Talk:Molly Hammar

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:51, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Pressbild 2(Sandra Thorsson).jpg

title: Talk:Molly Hammar


text:
Penicillium coprophilum

Penicillium coprophilum is a species of the genus of Penicillium which produces roquefortine C, griseofulvin and oxaline.

title: Penicillium coprophilum


text:
Talk:Ezana of Axum

Date
Does anyone know what the current consensus is on the dating of Ezana's reign? 330 AD seems a bit late to me. Everything I've read before has pointed to the 320s, with official adoption of Christianity either 324, 325, or 328.

Yom 02:51, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the timeline Munro-Hay provides palces 3 other individuals in the 4th century before Ezana. If you want to date him earlier in the century, you have to explain why these men had average reigns shorter than 10 years -- or ruled in the late 3rd century.

 * In any case, this article would be much improved with the addition of a discussion of how the date of his reign is determined, & of his contacts contemporary personages. (When I wrote this article, I admit that it was quick & dirty creation -- but with the assumption other Wikipedians would work on what I had contributed.) -- llywrch 03:25, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Territories ruled
An anonymous editor added some legendary info about Ezana (obviously untrue) as well as some extra controlled territories. While Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania were obviously never under Aksumite ruler, Southern Saudia Arabia very well could be. I'm not sure if Ezana claimed control, but Kaleb, in addition to Saba, Himyar, and all the traditionally Yemenite Kingdoms, claimed control over the Arabs (but I believe his successor, or the successor to this successor dropped this title, giving it some credibility). I kept southern Egypt, because the Aksumite empire bordered Rome after the conquest of Meroe, and the Roman border fell significantly short of the modern border of Egypt (I mean on the nile, ignoring the desert).

Btw, is "of Axum" really needed for Ezana? There are only contemporary figures with that name that could be confused with him, but most people would be looking for Ezana the king.

Yom 16:07, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The reason I called him "of Axum" is a result of a disagreement I had with one editor about naming practices; he insisted that a number of early Anglo-Saxon kings had to be named (for example) "of Sussex" or "of Deira" -- even though no other persons are known with those names -- because that was the Wikipedia naming standard. I don't have strong opinions about this issue either way, so I just called him "Ezana of Axum" to avoid a future an argument. (I feel like one of the characters in the fable of the father, the son & the donkey: no matter what I do, someone will be dissatisfied, so just try to make the most reasonable choice.)

 * On the other hand, I'm often amazed how certain Ethiopian names are re-used by other people. There are 2 people named Abrahas, for example; one an Axumite king & another a late 19th century noble of Tigray. Another example is that there are 2 Zara Yaqobs in Ethiopian history: one is the famous king of the 16th century, the other a religious writer or philosopher of the 17th century -- whose existence I learned about only a couple of weeks ago. (And there are an amazing number of Tekle Haymanots -- all of whom I assume are named for the saint.) Sometimes it's safest to plan for a possible name collision. -- llywrch 04:50, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Spelling
The article variously spells it Axum and Aksum, but there is no mention of or explanation of the different spellings. Somebody with subject matter knowledge should fix this. Good Cop 01:04, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Same thing with Ezana and 'Ezana. -Phoenixrod (talk) 01:58, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Axum is used overwhelmingly locally in modern times in the Latin script. The confusion has been caused by French and Spanish (and other) academics using transliterations from local languages written in non-Latin scripts. BushelCandle (talk) 01:31, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Himyar and Dhu ryadan
some afrocentrists will stop at nothing, he was not a king over Yemen and you could tell the lie just by reading the royal title that was posted in the article. it said:" King of saba, selhan, himyar and dhu raidan" i don't know what selhan is but the real sabaens title was "king of saba,dhu raydan, hadramout and Yement" as dhu raydan is just another word for Himyar and selhan wasn't part of the title it's just made up by someone here — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:22, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ezana of Axum


text:
canonical form

Noun

 * 1)  A standard or normal presentation of a mathematical entity or a text string, etc.
 * A canonical form is an element of a set of representatives of equivalence classes of forms such that there is a function or procedure which projects every element of each equivalence class onto that one element, the canonical form of that equivalence class. The canonical form is expected to be simpler than the rest of the forms in some way. For example, for cubic polynomials acted upon by the group of translations along the abscissa, the canonical forms are cubic polynomials without a quadratic term.
 * 1)  Any of a set of representations of the resonance structure of a molecule each of which contributes to the real structure; a contributing structure.

Translations

 * Czech: kanonický tvar
 * Finnish: kanoninen muoto, normaalimuoto
 * French:
 * German:
 * Polish: postać kanoniczna
 * Portuguese: forma canônica
 * Russian: канони́ческая фо́рма

title: canonical form


text:
Template talk:SelAnnivAbbr

Floruit
I'm uncertain about the use of (floruit) here – as the term indicates that someone 'flourished' around a certain time, I believe that it's generally used with a range of years, and (by definition) not with a specific date, as we would have more precise terms to use in that case. It therefore seems out of place in this template, as it would probably never be used in OTD. —  RAVEN PVFF   · talk · 11:55, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , thanks. I have removed it in Template:SelAnnivAbbr/sandbox.
 * , besides the above change, I have also added undefined and undefined to handle cases when there are two possible years. Please update SelAnnivAbbr from the sandbox. The format is  which yields  ---  C & C ( Coffeeandcrumbs ) 15:15, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Done. — howcheng  {chat} 01:01, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Done. — howcheng  {chat} 01:01, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Baptism?
Can baptisms be included in this template, please? Would bapt. be an acceptable abbreviation? I'm hoping to use this on the SA/OTD template on MainPage for Beethoven's 250th coming up on December 17th. Thanks. --PFHLai (talk) 19:09, 24 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , there was objection last time adding bapt. was suggested. See Talk:Main Page/Archive 199. This should be discussed in a more public place. I have no objection. --- C & C (Coffeeandcrumbs) 21:01, 24 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you, C&C, for directing my attention to the previous discussion. I was aware of this chat but was unable to find it earlier. --PFHLai (talk) 15:59, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Edit request
Please copy from the sandbox at Special:PermaLink/1027148872. This corrects one of the mouseover texts ("d." had a mouseover of "born") and also replaces the old-style string templates with Module:String as general cleanup. Other than the mouseover text the template should have the exact same functionality after this: compare

Thanks, User:GKFXtalk 11:32, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Izno (talk) 16:40, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Template talk:SelAnnivAbbr


text:
1941 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team

The 1941 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team was an American football team that represented University of North Dakota in North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1941 college football season. In its 14th season under head coach Charles A. West, the team compiled a 4–5 record (3–1 against NCC opponents), tied for fourth place in the NCC, and was outscored by a total of 145 to 110. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Grand Forks, North Dakota.

End Al Simmons was selected by the college sports editors to the 1941 All-North Central Conference football team.

North Dakota was ranked at No. 234 (out of 681 teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System.


text:
ærgi

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a pasture for cattle to graze over the summer with a hut where the people tending them live meanwhile; a shieling,

Usage notes

 * Because of dialectal variation, when in compounded placenames, this word is sometimes spelled as pronounced in that area, thus the existence of both the form Argisá and Ergisá. On modern maps, these are spelled Ærgisá.

title: ærgi


text:
Rönninge SK

Rönninge SK is a sports club in Rönninge, Sweden. The women's soccer team played six seasons in the Swedish top division between 1982 and 1987.

Also scoring table tennis successes, the club won the Swedish women's national team championship in 2002.

title: Rönninge SK


text:
Pegasus (Battlestar Galactica)

"Pegasus" is the tenth episode of the second season of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series. It aired originally on the Sci Fi Channel on September 23, 2005. Following "Pegasus", the series went on hiatus until January 2006.

In the episode, the human fleet encounters the Battlestar Pegasus, commanded by Admiral Helena Cain. She assumes command of the fleet. Gaius Baltar discovers that Pegasus crew members have been raping and torturing a Cylon prisoner. Cain sentences Helo and Chief Galen Tyrol to death after they accidentally kill a Pegasus officer who was preparing to rape Sharon. In response, Commander William Adama orders Vipers to escort Marines to Pegasus. Cain orders her own Vipers to intercept as the episode ends.

"Pegasus" was nominated for the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. It received critical acclaim.

Plot
A large unknown ship appears on Galactica's DRADIS. After a tense moment, the ship is identified as the Battlestar Pegasus, a Colonial vessel previously believed destroyed in the Cylon attack on the Colonies. Cain boards Galactica with an armed escort and welcomes the crew "back to the Colonial Fleet." Cain relates to Adama and President Laura Roslin how she ordered a risky maneuver to escape the initial Cylon attack on the Twelve Colonies. Adama recognizes Cain as his superior officer, but Cain promises not to interfere with Galactica's internal affairs.

Cain declines to resupply the fleet's civilian ships and integrates the battlestars' crews, transferring Apollo and Starbuck to Pegasus over Commander Adama's objections. Cain's executive officer, Colonel Jack Fisk, tells Colonel Saul Tigh how Cain shot his predecessor for refusing an order. Fisk claims his story is a joke, but Tigh believes it is true and relates the story to Adama. Adama reiterates his willingness to follow Cain, to both Roslin and Tigh, and insists that Apollo and Starbuck obey their transfer orders.

Baltar visits Gina, a Number Six copy held prisoner aboard Pegasus. He and Head Six are horrified to discover that the Pegasus crew has systematically tortured and raped Gina. Baltar attempts to establish a rapport with Gina by providing food and confessing to his involvement with another Six copy on Caprica.

Helo and Tyrol rescue Sharon from imminent rape by a Pegasus interrogator but accidentally kill the interrogator in the process. Cain denies Adama's request that Helo and Tyrol be given a jury court-martial and sentences them both to death for murder and treason. Adama demands that Cain return them to Galactica and orders Vipers to escort a Marine assault team to Pegasus. Cain refuses and sends the Pegasus Vipers to intercept Galactica's.

Extended version
Director Michael Rymer's cut of "Pegasus" was about 20 minutes too long for broadcast in an hour-long time slot. Executive producers David Eick and Ronald D. Moore advocated for "Pegasus" to be shown as a 90-minute special episode. The Sci Fi Network refused, so Eick and Moore cut it down to about 44 minutes. However, a 59-minute "extended version" of "Pegasus" is included with the Region 1 DVD release of the second half of the second season, styled "Season 2.5".

Notable plot differences with the broadcast version are listed below, in the order in which they appear in the episode. Several shots without dialogue are inserted or lengthened, as well.
 * Starbuck argues unsuccessfully to Adama and Roslin that Galactica should return to Caprica to rescue survivors. She promised to rescue Sam Anders from Caprica in a previous episode, "The Farm".
 * Cain and Baltar discuss the efficacy of physical coercion in interrogation during a visit to Sharon's cell.
 * A conversation between Cain and Adama makes clear that Pegasus is much larger, more advanced, and more powerful than Galactica.
 * Helo and Tyrol interrupt rather than prevent Sharon's rape.

Analysis
Jacob Clifton of Television Without Pity, Jason Davis of Mania, and Jen Segrest of TV Squad each compare the Galactica crew to the Pegasus crew. Because they have chosen to guard a vast civilian fleet, the Galactica has lost some discipline but maintained its humanity. The Pegasus crew has lost some of its humanity, as demonstrated by their brutal treatment of their Cylon prisoner. Clifton compares the Pegasus crew to the barbaric Reavers from the television series Firefly.

John Ip considers the depiction of torture in "Pegasus". He contrasts the Galactica crew's relatively generous treatment of Sharon with the Pegasus crew's treatment of Gina and Starbuck's treatment of Leoben Conoy in the first-season episode "Flesh and Bone". Noting that Sharon has provided the humans with useful intelligence, where Gina and Leoben have not, Ip characterizes "Pegasus" as "an allegorical critique of the [George W.] Bush Administration.s treatment of terrorist detainees." Ip also sees parallels between the way the Pegasus crew talks about the captive Cylons as subhuman and Bush administration rhetoric surrounding such detainees. Roz Kaveney considers the humans' simultaneous insistence on the inhumanity of the Cylons and use of torture and rape against them "paradoxical". Overall, Ip contrasts what he considers a "skeptical" portrayal of the effectiveness of torture as an interrogation method in "Pegasus" with what he views as a more sympathetic treatment in the television series 24. Tung Yin also invokes 24, calling the Pegasus interrogator a more realistic "professional torturer" than Jack Bauer, the 24 protagonist.

Clifton notes that the Pegasus crew who celebrate raping Gina and look forward to raping Sharon are all men, and the female Galactica crew react negatively. He questions whether Cally is truly concerned about Sharon, recalling Cally's sexual assault in the first-season episode "Bastille Day". Clifton further suggests a homoerotic element to the men's enthusiasm and compares the situation to a frat party.

Amanda Keith of Los Angeles Newspaper Group's Film Cannon considers Cain's verdict against Helo and Tyrol. Keith notes Cain is in the right legally: Helo and Tyrol broke their oaths as members of the Colonial Fleet. However, Keith argues that Cain has a moral responsibility to spare them to preserve what human life still remains. Clifton argues that Cain's decision is correct and that the audience's prejudices in favor of the two men do not apply to her character because she does not know them.

Davis compares Adama's defiance of Cain to Apollo's mutiny in "Kobol's Last Gleaming".

Eick notes a practice of actor Edward James Olmos (Adama) going back to his role in Miami Vice: his character avoids eye contact with other characters he doesn't respect. Eick says the amount Adama looks at Cain in "Pegasus" indicates that he respects her.

According to Clifton, the ways in which Apollo and Starbuck protest their transfer orders reflect their characters: Apollo points out the detrimental effects of shuffling personnel ahead of an operation, and Starbuck insults Cain and the Pegasus CAG.

Production
In January 2005, Moore wrote that the writers had been discussing "for a couple of years" a storyline around a battlestar Pegasus inspired by the original Battlestar Galactica. In his September 2005 podcast commentary on the episode, Moore said he had been thinking about the episode "literally since I agreed to do the project." However, he waited until the middle of the second season so the series would be further developed when Pegasus and Cain appear. In particular, he wanted the audience to have built some loyalty for the Galactica characters to complicate their reaction to Cain's (correct, in Moore's view) assessment that Galactica runs problematically. Moore abandoned several elements of the original-series episode involving Cain, "The Living Legend"; the main similarities in his view are Cain appearing suddenly in the Pegasus and being "more of a hardass character than Commander Adama." Moore considers the key differences to be Cain's gender and her authority over Adama.

"Pegasus" was the first episode of Battlestar Galactica written by Anne Cofell Saunders, whom Eick and Moore hired based on her work writing an episode for the fourth season of 24.

Several actresses were considered for the role of Cain. Moore had worked with Forbes previously when she played Ro Laren on Star Trek: The Next Generation. Other members of the production team knew her from her work in film. Moore was excited by what he described as the "challenge" of writing Cain as a younger character and was ultimately very pleased by the choice to cast Forbes. According to Eick, Forbes was reluctant at first to accept the part because she felt her role as Ro had resulted in her being typecast as a science fiction actress.

Eick and Moore advocated for Sharon's rape as shown in the extended version to be included in the broadcast version. According to Eick and Moore, the Sci Fi Network did not permit it, citing substantial differences between the script and what was filmed and the belief that the material would be too controversial for television.

Gina's name is not mentioned within the episode. The name is a reference to fans of the original series who called the re-imagined series GINO for "Galactica in Name Only".

Cain's practice of forcing her staff to stand at meetings was inspired by a similar practice of John Bolton Moore read about in a newspaper.

The Pegasus set is distinct from the Galactica set, but it was built on the same soundstage. Financial and physical constraints meant they had to reuse pieces; all the scenes in the episode in corridors on Pegasus were filmed in the same corridor lit differently and shot at different angles to suggest different parts of the ship. Moore compares the difference between Galactica and Pegasus to the difference between a historical aircraft carrier like the USS Hornet and a modern aircraft carrier.

"Pegasus" features more shots with harsh lighting and with cameras on dollies rather than handheld than in prior episodes. According to Eick, Rymer thought such changes would make "Pegasus" less in the style of a documentary and more appropriate to the larger scale of the narrative. Eick also suggests Rymer was bored with the series's style and wanted to try new approaches.

Eick and Moore characterized composer Bear McCreary's score for the teaser as lulling the audience into a state of comfort.

Reception
"Pegasus" was nominated for the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. It lost to the Doctor Who episodes "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances". Actress Tricia Helfer, who played Six, received the 2006 Leo Award for "Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series" for her performance in the episode.

Critical reception of "Pegasus" was favorable. Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune wrote, "Tricia Helfer and Grace Park [Sharon] gave outstanding performances". Clifton gave "Pegasus" an A, praising the performances of Mary McDonnell (Roslin), Helfer, and especially Forbes and calling the episode as a whole "really, really well done, and really, really hard to watch." Segrest also said it was hard to watch but nonetheless reviewed the episode favorably, commending the performances of James Callis (Baltar) and Helfer as Gina. Davis gave "Pegasus" an A+, praising Forbes, Helfer, McDonnell, and Olmos and calling the episode's musical score "without equal". Keith called "Pegasus" "the darkest the show has gone" but said both the aired and extended versions were "A+ episodes." Simon Brew of Den of Geek called the episode "flat-out outstanding."

Michael Hickerson of Slice of SciFi ranked "Pegasus" as the eighth best episode of the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica, calling it "compelling and... fascinating". John Kubicek of BuddyTV ranked it ninth best, saying the ending "could be one of TV's greatest cliffhangers." Kelly Woo of TV Squad also ranked it ninth best. Alan Sepinwall listed it among his favorite episodes of the series, calling the episode "a gut-wrencher from start to finish" and Forbes "perfect". Jackson Alpern of Maxim ranked the first scene of confusion over whether Pegasus is a Cylon ship the ninth best moment in the series. Eric Goldman of IGN ranked "Admiral Cain's reign" in "Pegasus" and the following (two-part) episode, "Resurrection Ship", second on his list of the series's top "storylines and moments", praising Forbes's performance and calling the three episodes "riveting".

In separate interviews, Olmos, McDonnell, and actor Aaron Douglas (Tyrol) were asked to respond to criticism of the graphic nature of the rape scene. Olmos said of people who were upset, "They should be warned right now: please turn off your television sets and do not watch this show because it’s only going to provide more insight into the complexities of what happens to human beings." McDonnell said that the scene was helpful for promoting dialogue and contrasted it with how violence against women is portrayed elsewhere in media. Douglas insisted that the scene was not sensationalistic but rather was an attempt to honestly portray the human condition.

Connection to other series elements
In "Resurrection Ship", it is revealed that Pegasus raided several civilian ships for supplies and abandoned them to the Cylons. Some members of the Pegasus crew, including the deck chief, were conscripted from these ships. Also in "Resurrection Ship", two of the Pegasus crew members who brag in "Pegasus" about raping Gina subject the captive Helo and Tyrol to a blanket party.

Some of Battlestar Pegasus's backstory is presented in the television movie Battlestar Galactica: Razor:
 * Cain and Gina were lovers until the Cylon attack on the Twelve Colonies.
 * Cain executed her previous executive officer exactly as Fisk described.
 * The raids on the civilian ships are shown.

title: Pegasus (Battlestar Galactica)


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/tuvienchonnhu.net

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Additions

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text:
GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 5 answer 2

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer. C is quite possibly true! two positively charged rods would repel each other. Hit back and try again.

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