text:
International reactions to the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and protests

The following is a list of the official reactions to the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and the surrounding 2020 Belarusian protests.

Not recognising election result

 * 🇪🇺 High Representative of the European Union Josep Borrell and European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Olivér Várhelyi issued a joint statement. The joint statement condemned the police violence following the election and stating that the EU would monitor further developments. The EU later stated that it would re-evaluate its relationship with Belarus. EU foreign ministers at an emergency video meeting on 14 August agreed to bring in new sanctions against Belarusian officials responsible for "violence and falsification". Members of the European Parliament issued a joint statement on 17 August, stating that they did not recognise Alexander Lukashenko as the president of Belarus and considered him a persona non grata in the European Union. The European Parliament also expressed its support for sanctions imposed against Lukashenko and members of his government. On 19 August, following a meeting of heads of government, the European Council issued a statement declaring that "The 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore we do not recognise the results". In an interview on 22 August, Borrell explicitly stated that the European Union does not recognise Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus, in the same manner that it does not recognise Nicolás Maduro as the legitimate president of Venezuela. Borrell reiterated this position at a meeting of the European Parliament on 15 September 2020. On 17 September 2020, the European Parliament recognised the coordination council as the "interim representation of the people" of Belarus.

Expressing concerns

 * 🇺🇳 United Nations Spokesman Stéphane Dujarric said the UN was following post-election developments with great concern, calling on the Belarusian authorities to show maximum restraint and to ensure full respect for the rights of freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and association. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet also condemned the violent response. She stated that the reports of ill-treatment during and after detention were "disturbing", reminded the Belarusian Government "of the absolute prohibition on torture and other ill-treatment of detainees", and saw the detaining of bystanders and minors as "suggesting a trend of massive arrests in clear violation of international human rights standards".
 * Pope Francis in his address on 16 August appealed for dialogue, and for people to refuse violence and to respect justice and rights.
 * The OSCE Chairmanship on 17 August reiterated its concerns about the conduct of the Presidential election on 9 August, which could not be observed by the OSCE's ODIHR, the disproportionate use of force against peaceful protesters, widespread detentions, torture and mistreatment by the security forces, and asked for a visit to Belarus for the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office Edi Rama and the incoming OSCE Chairperson-in-Office Ann Linde to meet with the government and representatives of the opposition.
 * 🇪🇺 Pan-European political parties European People's Party, Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, Renew Europe, Greens–European Free Alliance and European Conservatives and Reformists Party in a joint statement condemned government-instigated violence and repressions of political protest, and called for political reform and new elections.
 * Heinz Bierbaum, the President of Party of the European Left party expressed solidarity "with the protests against the autocratic system where democratic elections are a farce since years".
 * The European Broadcasting Union condemned police attacks against local and foreign journalists, demanding that freedom of expression in Belarus be respected as a fundamental human right as provided in numerous international instruments, including Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

Joint multi-national statements

 * 🇩🇰🇪🇪🇫🇮🇮🇸🇱🇻🇱🇹🇳🇴🇸🇪 The foreign ministers of the Nordic-Baltic Eight (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden) in a joint statement condemned the violence urging for it to end immediately, and stated that they believe the elections were neither free nor fair.
 * 🇪🇪🇱🇻🇱🇹 On 15 August 2020, the prime ministers of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) called on Belarus to conduct new, "free and fair" elections supervised by international monitors.
 * 🇪🇺🇪🇪🇫🇮🇱🇻🇵🇱 The foreign ministers of four EU member states; Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Poland jointly called for an EU video conference to discuss a united position for the bloc on Belarus.
 * 🇭🇺🇵🇱🇸🇰 The Visegrád Four Central European states agreed on 18 August that Europe needed to take a unified and hard line against the Lukashenko regime.
 * 🇱🇹🇵🇱🇺🇦 The Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the Lublin Triangle (Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine) issued a joint statement expressing deep concern with the escalation of the situation and called upon the authorities to refrain from the use of force and to release all those detained, as well stating their availability for any assistance or good offices in facilitating mediation.

Countries that criticised the protests

 * 🇷🇺 On 14 August 2020, Russian spokeswoman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Maria Zakharova stated that the protests were a result of "outside meddling" from foreign states to "create a rift in society and destabilize the situation". On 15 August, Lukashenko spoke with Putin on the phone. Lukashenko later claimed that "at the first request, Russia will provide comprehensive assistance to ensure the security of Belarus in the event of external military threats".

Countries that congratulated Lukashenko

 * 🇦🇲 Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and President of Armenia Armen Sarkissian congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.
 * 🇦🇿 President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev congratulated Lukashenko on his re-election during a phone call.
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi at the United Nations Human Rights Council called the recent election "transparent and fair".
 * 🇨🇳 General Secretary and President Xi Jinping congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.
 * 🇨🇺 Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel reiterated the island's solidarity with the "legitimate president of that country, Alexander Lukashenko, and the brother Belarusian people."
 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea was the only country besides Venezuela to vote in favor of the Lukashenko government at the UNHRC.
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev sent a telegram to Lukashenko. The telegram reads: "The result of the election, which was held in a complicated political situation, proves the people's support of your strategic course aimed at strengthening of the sovereignty and independence of Belarus."
 * 🇰🇬 President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.
 * 🇲🇩 President of Moldova at the time of the election, Igor Dodon, congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election. Dodon was later defeated in the 2020 Moldovan presidential elections by Maia Sandu, who condemned the events in Belarus and alligned herself with the European Union.
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar at the United Nations Human Rights Council welcomed the election of Lukashenko, condemned other countries for alleged interference, and asked "the international community to support the government of Belarus".
 * 🇳🇮 President of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega and Vice-president Rosario Murillo congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.
 * 🇰🇵 North Korean leader Kim Jong-un sent a message of greetings to Lukashenko on the occasion of the national day of Belarus.
 * 🇴🇲 Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq sent a telegram congratulating Lukashenko on his re-election as president.
 * 🇷🇺 President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin sent a telegram to Lukashenko congratulating him on his re-election. Putin has since stated to Lukashenko that Russia would follow a collective military pact with Belarus if needed, while not expressly endorsing the Belarusian president.
 * President of Syria Bashar al-Assad congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.
 * 🇹🇯 President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.
 * 🇹🇷 President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.
 * 🇺🇿 President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.
 * 🇻🇪 The disputed President of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.
 * General Secretary and President Nguyễn Phú Trọng congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election.

Countries with limited recognition that congratulated Lukashenko

 * President of Abkhazia Aslan Bzhania congratulated Lukashenko.
 * President of South Ossetia Anatoliy Bibilov congratulated Lukashenko.

Countries maintaining military cooperation
The following countries participated in military cooperation with the Belarusian government following the election:
 * 🇩🇿 Algeria
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * 🇮🇷 Iran
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolia
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan
 * 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan

Disregarded congratulations

 * The Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Milorad Dodik, congratulated Lukashenko on his victory in the presidential election. This was later disregarded due to the decision to formally not recognise the result by the Bosnian Presidency (Bosniak Šefik Džaferović and Croat Željko Komšić) and the Minister of Foreign Affairs Bisera Turković.

Countries recognising Tsikhanouskaya as the winner

 * 🇱🇹 Lithuanian President Gitanas Nausėda spoke with Tsikhanouskaya by telephone to offer his support for the coordination council she formed to facilitate the transfer of Power in Belarus. On 12 August, Lithuania opened its borders for people fleeing Belarus. The Lithuanian foreign affairs committee voted on 12 August to declare Mr Lukashenko's claim to the presidency as illegitimate. The resolution also called on NATO and EU member states to do the same. It was approved with 120 members votes in favor, none against, and two abstentions. President Nausėda reiterated that Lukashenko is no longer the legitimate leader of Belarus on the following day. On 15 August 2020, Lithuanian Foreign Minister Linas Linkevičius referred to Lukashenko as the "former president" of Belarus. On 20 August, Lithuanian prime minister Saulius Skvernelis invited Tsikhanouskaya to his office and publicly referred to her as "the national leader of Belarus". On 10 September, a resolution was adopted in the Lithuanian Parliament which recognises Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya as "the elected leader of the people of Belarus" and the Coordination Council as the "only legitimate representatives of the Belarusian people". The resolution also declares that Alexander Lukashenko is an "illegitimate leader" and accuses Russia of interfering in Belarus's sovereignty.

Countries not accepting election result

 * 🇦🇱 Albania, as an EU candidate state, has aligned itself with the European Union position declaring that elections were neither free nor fair and condemning the violence.
 * 🇦🇹 Austria is bound by the European Council decision on 19 August to condemn the 9 August elections as neither free nor fair, and therefore does not recognise the results.
 * 🇧🇪 Belgian Foreign Minister Philippe Goffin released a statement that he "deplores the violent crackdown on peaceful protests following the elections in Belarus. Freedom of expression and free press are fundamental rights for the whole of Europe." He encouraged the Belarusian authorities to release the unjustly arrested citizens immediately. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore Belgium does not recognise the results.
 * The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina decided to follow the stance of the European Union and have ordered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to formally not accept the election results in Belarus. Therefore, an earlier stance made by Serb member of the Bosnian Presidency, Milorad Dodik, has been disregarded. The other two members of the presidency, Bosniak Šefik Džaferović and Croat Željko Komšić and Minister of Foreign Affairs Bisera Turković say that this decision is in accordance to the policies of the European Union.
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria is bound by the European Council decision on 19 August to condemn the 9 August elections as neither free nor fair, and therefore does not recognise the results.
 * 🇨🇦 Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister François-Philippe Champagne stated that Canada was "deeply concerned" by the violence following the elections and that authorities' actions had "further eroded the democratic legitimacy of the vote." He called for the results of Sunday's election "to reflect the will of the people." On 17 August, Champagne stated that the Government of Canada does not accept the results of the "fraudulent" presidential election in Belarus and called for new "free and fair" elections.
 * Croatia is bound by the European Council decision on 19 August to condemn the 9 August elections as neither free nor fair, and therefore does not recognise the results.
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babiš expressed support for Belarusian protesters, and along with other Czech MPs called for the election to be repeated and for the EU to respond strongly.  The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore the Czech Republic does not recognise the results.
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark, along with the Nordic-Baltic Eight questioned the legitimacy and condemned the violence. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore Denmark does not recognise the results.
 * 🇪🇪 The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia criticised the election at a UNSC meeting then stated on 18 August that "The Government of the Republic of Estonia does not recognise the Belarusian election results". The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results.
 * 🇫🇮 Finland, along with the Nordic-Baltic Eight questioned the legitimacy and condemned the violence. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results.
 * 🇫🇷 President Emmanuel Macron told Vladimir Putin that he was very worried about the violence that citizens have faced during the election and the current situation in Belarus. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore France does not recognise the results.
 * 🇩🇪 German government spokesperson Steffen Seibert declared that the minimum standards for democratic elections were not observed during the vote, that the reports of the opposition about election fraud are credible. He also said that the Belarusian political leadership must accept the will of the people and condemn the use of force against peaceful demonstrators and the arrest of journalists and civil rights activists. German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas called for the European Union to discuss sanctions on Belarus. German Chancellor Angela Merkel spoke to Vladimir Putin on 18 August saying that the Belarusian government must avoid using force against peaceful protesters, immediately release political prisoners and start a national dialogue. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results. Angela Merkel whilst offering to mediate said "There is no doubt that there were massive rule violations in the election, the election was neither free nor fair. And that's why the result of the election cannot be recognised."
 * 🇬🇷 Greece is bound by the European Council decision on 19 August to condemn the 9 August elections as neither free nor fair, and therefore does not recognise the results. The Minister of Foreign Affairs confirmed the country is in full agreement with the EU statement of 11 August.
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary is bound by the European Council decision on 19 August to condemn the 9 August elections as neither free nor fair, and therefore does not recognise the results.
 * 🇮🇪 Irish Foreign Affairs Minister Simon Coveney has stated he was "deeply concerned by this disproportionate and unacceptable level of violence against peaceful protesters" and that Ireland would "coordinate her response in collaboration with her colleagues in the EU". Coveney later said that Ireland does not accept the result of the election claimed by the Lukashenko government. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results.
 * 🇮🇹 Italy is bound by the European Council decision on 19 August to condemn the 9 August elections as neither free nor fair, and therefore does not recognise the results.
 * 🇱🇻 Edgars Rinkēvičs, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, stated that as violence against peaceful protests in Belarus continues and there is a lack of political dialogue, Latvia supports the need to introduce individual sanctions against Belarusian officials responsible for the crackdown on protests and election fraud. Latvia also, along with the Nordic-Baltic Eight questioned the legitimacy and condemned the violence. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore Latvia does not recognise the results.
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg's Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn called for the election to be repeated in addition to new sanctions, targeting Belarus' top officials, and called the Belarusian government actions state terrorism and a dictatorship. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results.
 * 🇳🇱 The Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs stated: "The Netherlands is concerned about the course of the elections in Belarus last Sunday and its aftermath, especially the harsh police crackdown on peaceful protesters." On 14 August 2020, he stated: "New elections Belarus needed, sanctions not ruled out." on 19 August, Dutch prime Minister Mark Rutte stated that "the Netherlands cannot accept the results of these elections". The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results.
 * North Macedonia, as an EU candidate state, has aligned itself with the European Union position declaring that elections were neither free nor fair and condemning the violence.
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegro, as an EU candidate state, has aligned itself with the European Union position declaring that elections were neither free nor fair and condemning the violence.
 * 🇵🇱 Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs Jacek Czaputowicz condemned the violence, appealed to the Belarusian authorities "to start respecting fundamental human rights", and stated that "the harsh reaction, the use of force against peaceful protesters, and arbitrary arrests are unacceptable". Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki also expressed sympathy for the protesters during talks with EU leaders. Additionally, Polish Prime Minister called for an emergency meeting of the European Council concerning the situation in Belarus. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results.
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal is bound by the European Council decision on 19 August to condemn the 9 August elections as neither free nor fair, and therefore does not recognise the results.
 * 🇷🇴 The Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bogdan Aurescu said he was "very concerned" about the situation of Belarus and that the "only way" was to stop the violence and start a political dialogue. He also urged the country to respect fundamental human rights. The European Council on 19 August decided that "the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results". Up to 200 important figures in the country sent a letter to the President Klaus Iohannis and other government officials to ask them to support civil society and human rights in Belarus. They claimed that Romania should state clearly that it does not support the regime of Lukashenko and that it should cut off diplomatic relations in case the repression of protesters continued. The letter compared the events with the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and the Romanian protests of 2017–2019.
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia, as an EU candidate state, has aligned itself with the European Union position declaring that elections were neither free nor fair and condemning the violence.
 * 🇸🇰 Minister of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Ivan Korčok, labelled the Belarusian government's interventions against its political opponents and citizens peacefully expressing their opinion as unacceptable. The Slovak Republic "appeals to president Lukashenko to abide by the basic principles of democracy and freedom of expression. No one can be persecuted for expressing their views." President Zuzana Čaputová stated: "I condemn the use of force and repressions against people of Belarus freely exercising their freedom of speech and assembly. Fundamental freedoms and human rights must always be respected and protected."  On 10 August 2020, she expressed solidarity with Belarusian people by lighting the Slovak Presidential Palace with red and white lights.   The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results.
 * 🇸🇮 At a press conference with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo during his visit to Slovenia on 13 August 2020, Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša expressed his concern over current situation in Belarus and called for new free election under wide international observance. He also stated that Slovenia is gathering support within the EU to increase an international pressure on Belarus. The European Council on 19 August decided that the 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results.
 * 🇸🇪 Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Ann Linde, expressed concerns over how protesters in Belarus were beaten and arrested. She said that the election in Belarus was neither democratic nor fair and that it follows the same pattern as previous elections in Belarus. She demanded that all arrested protesters be released. On 18 August, Prime Minister Stefan Löfven issued a statement where he condemned "the violence and arrests used against peaceful demonstrators, for which the Belarusian regime and authorities are responsible". Additionally, former Prime Minister Carl Bildt said that Lukashenko's time as president was finished. The European Council on 19 August decided that "[t]he 9 August elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognise the results."
 * 🇪🇸 Spain is bound by the European Council decision on 19 August to condemn the 9 August elections as neither free nor fair, and therefore does not recognise the results.
 * 🇬🇧 The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office initially expressed concern and called for the authorities "to refrain from further acts of violence following the seriously flawed Presidential elections." It acknowledged that there had "been a lack of transparency throughout the electoral process." On 17 August the Foreign Secretary stated that "the UK does not accept the results" and called the election "fraudulent".
 * 🇺🇸 Secretary of State Mike Pompeo issued a press statement on August 10 declaring that the United States was "deeply concerned" over the conduct of the presidential election in Belarus, stating it was not free and fair. He claimed that "severe restrictions on ballot access for candidates, [the] prohibition of local independent observers at polling stations, intimidation tactics employed against opposition candidates, and the detentions of peaceful protesters and journalists marred the process." He urged the Belarusian government to refrain from using force, and called on it to respect the rights of all Belarusians to assemble peacefully. The administration criticized the use of internet shutdowns and detention of opposition supporters and called for those detained to be released. Separately, White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany reaffirmed the statements and positions of the Secretary of State regarding the voting process, detentions and protests. On 17 August, President Donald Trump called it a "terrible situation" unfolding in Belarus. On 11 September 2020, Deputy Secretary of State Stephen Biegun stated that "the people have clearly rejected the regime" and said that the US government would work with European countries in imposing targeted sanctions against Belarus. The United States officially rejected the election results on 24 September.

Countries questioning legitimacy of election

 * 🇮🇸 Iceland, along with the Nordic-Baltic Eight questioned the legitimacy and condemned the violence.
 * 🇯🇵 The Japanese Foreign Affairs Ministry is closely monitoring the situation with concern and urges the authorities of the Republic of Belarus to immediately cease acts of violence and arbitrary detention of participants of peaceful protests, as well as alleged ill-treatment of those who have been detained. Japan strongly calls for a dialogue among a wide range of domestic political groups in Belarus, so that the stability and development of the country can be ensured in a manner which reflects the collective will of the Belarusian people and respects the principles of the rule of law and democracy.
 * 🇳🇴 The Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide condemned the use of force in Belarus: "This use of violence is unacceptable. We call on the Belarusian authorities to release the arrested protesters and journalists immediately." Norway, along with the Nordic-Baltic Eight questioned the legitimacy and condemned the violence.
 * 🇺🇦 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine issued a joint statement with Poland and Lithuania. Andriy Yermak, head of the Office of the President of Ukraine also appealed to Belarusian authorities to release Ukrainian human rights activists and journalists detained in Belarus. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky expressed regret at the questionable legitimacy of the official election results and the conflict that followed their announcement. He urged Belarus to refrain from violence and to initiate a wide, open dialogue between the government and the citizens. He also called for the authorities "to adhere to democratic standards universally recognized in the civilized world" and urged them to do their best to ensure that the rights and freedoms of the people are maintained. President Zelensky also stated, "Ukraine and I personally are extremely interested in Belarus being a truly independent and democratic country with a strong economy and stable social relations."  Zelensky also cancelled his planned October state visit to Minsk due to the protests. Ukraine recalled its ambassador from Minsk on 17 August. On 15 September 2020, the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament) passed a resolution stating that the elections were neither free nor fair and do not represent the will of the Belarusian citizens.

Countries that condemned conflict escalation

 * undefined voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.
 * 🇦🇺 Australian Foreign Minister Marise Payne has expressed concern about the use of force against protesters, the imprisonment of opposition activists and the lack of transparency in the presidential election.
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia, under the Jeanine Áñez administration, signed a joint letter at the United Nations, condemning the crackdown.
 * 🇨🇱 Chile voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica signed a joint letter at the United Nations, condemning the crackdown.
 * 🇫🇯 Fiji voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana signed a joint letter at the United Nations, condemning the crackdown.
 * 🇮🇱 Israel signed a joint letter at the United Nations, condemning the crackdown.
 * 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.
 * 🇫🇲 Micronesia signed a joint letter at the United Nations, condemning the crackdown.
 * 🇲🇨 Monaco signed a joint letter at the United Nations, condemning the crackdown.
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand at the UN Human Rights Council said they are "deeply concerned about the deterioration and the human rights situation in Belarus since the presidential election in August."
 * 🇵🇪 Peru voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.
 * 🇸🇲 San Marino was one of the countries to sponsor a UNHRC resolution condemning the conflict.
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.
 * 🇨🇭 The Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland expressed concern over the protests following the election. It urged the Belarusian government to exercise restraint.
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay voted to condemn the Belarusian government for its crackdowns.

Criticism within congratulating countries

 * 🇦🇲 Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's congratulation was widely criticized in Armenia. A number of Armenian pro-democracy NGOs released a statement in support of the protest movement. On 14 August, a small march in central Yerevan was held in support of the protests. On 10 September, another protest occurred in front of the Embassy of Belarus in Armenia. The protesters demanded the release of political prisoners.
 * 🇰🇬 After a photo appeared that showed Lukashenko standing with former Kyrgyz prime minister Daniyar Usenov and former Kyrgyz president Kurmanbek Bakiyev, the Foreign Ministry of Kyrgyzstan protested to the Belarusian embassy in Kyrgyzstan about the photo.
 * 🇲🇩 A group of protesters demonstrated in front of the Belarusian embassy in Chișinău. They came with banners saying "Down with dictatorship!", "Down with censorship!", "Belarus will be free!" and other messages opposing Lukashenko. The protesters said they felt the need to protest after Moldovan former President Igor Dodon had allowed himself to congratulate Lukashenko on behalf of the entire Moldovan people.
 * 🇷🇺 Multiple demonstrations took place in front of the Belarusian embassy in Moscow condemning Lukashenko's government and commemorating those who died during the protests. Some protesters in Khabarovsk expressed solidarity with protesters in Belarus.
 * 🇻🇪 In Venezuela, disputed president Juan Guaidó commented on the situation comparing his country to the Belarusian protests while preparing for its upcoming elections: "We have to reinvent ourselves but the scheme is the same, it is the demonstration, the protests, the strike, the consultation."

International sanctions

 * 🇪🇺 EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell on 14 August announced that the EU would bring in sanctions against Belarusian officials responsible for "violence and falsification". Charles Michel, President of the European Council went further on 19 August saying the EU would soon impose sanctions on a "substantial number" of individuals responsible for violence, repression, and election fraud. The European Commission announced it would divert 53 million euros (£48m) earmarked for Belarus away from the government and towards civil society.
 * In December 2020, the International Olympic Committee imposed sanctions on Alexander Lukashenko, Viktor Lukashenko, the Belarusian Olympic Committee (NOC), and all other members of its executive board.
 * 🇱🇹 On 18 August 2020, the Lithuanian parliament agreed to impose economic sanctions.
 * 🇸🇰 On 19 August 2020, the Prime Minister of Slovakia stated that the Government of Slovakia introduced sanctions against Belarus in the new legislative session.


text:
User:DarkPhoenix

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I'm rather new to the Wiki business, but I intend to do a good job. My first assignment I have set to make a much better Norwegian book. So... I'll just continue with that.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:DarkPhoenix


text:
US-China strategic engagement

US-China strategic engagement refers to a wide range of specific practices and interaction including economic cooperation, public diplomacy, military and foreign aid between the United States and China. This phase of engagement can be traced back to the late 1960s following an intense period of hostility caused by indirect confrontation between the two countries, particularly during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. With the US' support for Taiwan during the Taiwan Strait crises and its military expansion in the Pacific region, the relationship grew more antagonistic for the Chinese government perceive these initiatives to be US' attempt to encircle China. The domestic upheaval as a result of the Cultural Revolution in China and its commitment to communism through political radicalism accelerated the conflict. The four presidencies preceding the Bush administration were said to embrace a national policy direction toward strategic ambiguity, or deliberate ambiguity particularly in dealing with China. In October 2018, Vice President Mike Pence delivered a speech at the Hudson Institute on China, signifying the end of strategic engagement and officially proclaiming a new stage in the bilateral relationship, strategic competition.

Background
In 1949, the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the mainland after successfully revolting against the Nationalist government further severed its relationship with the US, who feared the balance of power would be threatened by the expansion of a powerful Soviet-led communist bloc. As PRC's paramount leader and Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, in 1950 Mao Zedong paid an official visit to the Soviet Union, where the two communist states entered into agreement the Sino-Soviet Alliance Treaty. The Treaty formalized Kremlin's major commitment to secure the Asian theater from falling under the US' influence by its pledge to supply military equipment and provide financial loans to support China. Although Mao and Kim didn't share many strategic views at the time, with Soviet support China sided with North Korea and contributed its so-called "Chinese volunteers" to fight the war against South Korea, who was backed and defended mainly by the US.

The US' support for the nationalist government across the strait was an important cause in perpetuating the irreconcilable distrust between the two countries. By recognizing the Chiang-led ROC as the legitimate government for the whole China, the US proclaimed its support to strengthening the security cooperation with Taipei by the singing of a mutual defense treaty in 1954. With President John F. Kennedy promising to protect Taiwan during the Taiwan Strait crises of 1955 and 1958 and his insistence on the "Two Chinas policy", any hope for rapprochement at this time was overshadowed by the Chinese immense perception of threat on its quest to reunification.

Further worsening this hostility was the entry into force of a series of defense treaties between the US with Australia, New Zealand, and Japan (ANZUS) and the establishment of SEATO in 1954 as an alliance structure of regional security, which China believed to not only hedge against Soviet influence but also to contain Chinese development. US military engagement in the Pacific led to the forward deployment of its military troops around the region, such stationing activities greatly reinforced the idea of "containment" on the China side.

With the outbreak of the Vietnam War in 1955, US gradually became more involved in the region by directly sending troops to Vietnam to make sure it would not fall under communist control. This ideology-driven calculation was substantiated by the "domino theory", leading to a proxy war fought between North Vietnam who wanted self-determination and a US-backed South Vietnam. Because Vietnam is located in such a geographically strategic area bordering China, the Vietnam War posed an imminent threat to its security. Along with the Soviet Union, China remained a major ally of North Vietnam by providing military training, human power and essential supplies to Viet Cong (the National Liberation Front). The escalation of conflict in Vietnam coincided with China's quickly degrading relationship with the Soviet Union and an increasingly chaotic domestic situation caused by the Cultural Revolution, all of which amplified the threat perception it had against the two biggest powers at this time.

Detenté
By the 1960s, the US had started to notice the tension in Sino-Soviet relation, and it sought to take advantage of this crack to contain the Soviet Union. With the Nixon administration attempting to facilitate a settlement to its quagmire in Vietnam, one of the symbolic acts signifying the beginning of Detenté, this paved the way for successful rapprochement. In 1972, Nixon visited China where he gave a landmark speech, also known as the Shanghai Communiqué, on the importance of diplomatic normalization to both countries' interests. The Communiqué assured China that the US would now recognize only the mainland government as the legitimate authority of both states across the Taiwan Strait, and that the US won't challenge against One China Policy, a doctrine asserted by the PRC.

In 1978 President Carter and the PRC agreed to the complete normalization of diplomatic relation, officially ending decades of hostility and confrontation between the two countries. With a change in the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from Hua Guofeng to Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China implemented a drastic number of market reforms and subsequently became more open to foreign businesses and investment. Referred to in the Carter administration as a political move of "playing the China card" to keep the Soviet Union in check, US' reversal of foreign policy direction regarding the Taiwan issue brought US diplomatic tie with the ROC to an end. However, with the entry into force of the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979, the US continued its substantial but unofficial support to Taiwan to maintain security and strategic peace. The continuation of US arms sales to Taiwan was charged by the PRC as a breach from what their joint Communiqué issued in 1982 has stated, that the US "intends to gradually reduce its sale of arms to Taiwan".

Arm sales to China by the US
The Reagan administration reinforced US commitment to strengthen diplomatic relation with China by the passage of the Third Joint Communiqué in August 1982. With more public pressure to hedge against Soviet expansion, US government eventually allowed government-to-government military purchases to be made by the PRC under the authorization of Congress and the Foreign Military Sales Program. The two countries also embarked on cooperation in the field of nuclear energy, evident in the 1985 Agreement on Nuclear Cooperation, in which the US pledged to provide a legal framework to assist China in its peaceful nuclear development agenda with high technology transferred from US companies. By 1986, the military sale had surpassed US$37 million, approximately $20 million of which were commercial sales. US and China military relationship became more pronounced when US Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger described it in September 1983 as possessing "three pillars" of coordination including senior visits, exchanges and technological cooperation.

Tiananmen Square
Human rights has long been a contentious issue with which the US has to come to terms regarding China. Under the pressure from Congress and the international society which condemned the massacre at Tiananmen Square, President Bush temporarily slowed down cooperation between two states while trying to maintain the substance of their diplomatic ties. US government suspended military exports and arms sales to China, imposed sanctions including cancellations of high-level visits by US senior officials to the mainland. China accused any external effort to intervene into its domestic affairs as an outright infringement on its national sovereignty, including the US'.

Despite the level of international outrage pointed at the crackdown, maintaining ties with China remained important to US national interests. This was shown in the dispatch of National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft and Deputy Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger on a secret task to mend the relationship through diplomatic channels in July 1989, only several weeks after the brutal killings.

Gulf Conflict
A major issue at the beginning of the decade was the occupation of Iraq in Kuwait. Although China agreed to the US-sponsored resolution in the UN Security Council demanding Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, it was hesitant about agreeing to the use of force under the UNSC auspices to stop the annexation. China chose to abstain when a resolution on this matter was called to a vote on 20 November 1990 (Resolution 678). When a US-led coalition of 35 countries waged a war against Iraq in January - February 1991, this was an opportunity for China to witness the military and technological superiority of the US. China's military modernization was heavily shaped by this experience.

Kosovo Crisis
The issue raised for China at the time of the Gulf Conflict in 1990-1991 arose again in the Kosovo crisis. In 1998–1999, Slobodan Milosevic started an atrocious nationwide project of ethnic cleansing against the majority Kosovo Albanians and the insurgents who wanted to oppose the continuous suppression carried out in the country. China saw US initiative of moving forces into the region to stop Serbian aggression as an attempt to consolidate its hegemonic influence. But China was also concerned about how this move can possibly set a precedent that might be invoked later as a justification for the international community to interfere into matters of strategic importance to China such as Taiwan and Tibet. With those assessments in mind, along with Russia portraying the situation in Kosovo as being exclusively under the Yugoslavian government's national authority, the proposed UNSC resolution to use military force was vetoed. Unable to gain legitimacy for its conduct under UN authorization, the US turned to NATO to seek public support for intervention in Kosovo. The bombing campaign under NATO auspices, which began on 24 March 1999, commenced airstrikes against Serbian military targets in Yugoslavia. A specific crisis in Sino-US relations during this campaign arose after the accidental bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade on 7 May 1999 by US warplanes.

China's accession to WTO
China's accession to WTO was preceded by a series of lengthy negotiations and discussion on significant required adjustments in the Chinese economy, which was an imperative for membership to be admitted. After Congress granted China the most favored nation status in 1980, the level of traded goods and products between two countries intensified, signaling a new period of economic interdependence when the US went on to become China's third largest-trading partner in 1984. Nevertheless, public pressure from anti-Chinese lobby groups and activists during multiple US Congressional hearings made obtaining China's MFN status renewal increasingly difficult.

In September 1999, Clinton and Chinese leader Jiang Zemin agreed to resume negotiations on China WTO membership when progress was halted after the US accidentally bombed a Chinese embassy in Belgrade. With President Clinton's persuasive rhetoric on the US ability to gain leverage over not only a market-open, reform-committed but also potentially democratizable China whose economic dependence will allow greater room for the US to exercise influence, Congress passed legislation to grant China permanent trading privileges and historically put the two countries on equal footing as the latter became an official member of the WTO.

During this period, the US purposely maintained a neutral attitude of "strategic ambiguity", not seeking to provoke China by promising to defend Taiwan but sending clear signals to express its interest in Taiwan's security.

Departure from strategic ambiguity
Tension developed in this period for the assertive approach taken by China and an explicitly aggressive attitude adopted by the Bush administration in dealing with sensitive issues. The antagonism was heightened again when President Bush declared that the US would do "whatever it takes" to defend Taiwan, much to the resentment of China. However, the US also had to take care that Taiwan did not exploit this situation and precipitate a crisis to move toward asserting independence. Despite official attempts from the State Department to reconfirm that there had been no change in the US position, the general impression remained that there had been a somewhat departure from the policy of "strategic ambiguity".

War on terrorism
The relationship between the two powers was affected in various ways against the background of the September 11 attacks. With Bush's declaration of the war on terrorism, China indicated its fervent support. Despite the shock induced from this series of brutal terrorist attacks orchestrated by al-Qaeda, at the same time China saw this situation as providing opportunities for improving relations with the US. In the Middle East, China joined the US-led anti-terrorism campaign in Afghanistan against the Taliban, and tactically gained US trust as a regional intermediary in pressuring Pakistan for cooperation. In Asia, China put aside its historical resentment toward Japan's potential marine expansion in the region and agreed to Japanese vessels' operation in the Indian Ocean to support the war against Afghanistan. By giving its full support to US in the war against terrorism, China hoped to win US support in its campaign against Muslim separatists in Xinjiang who were now labelled "terrorists". The US was reluctant to support China's suppression efforts over separatist movements in Xinjiang, and the differences over Tibet and Taiwan seemed irreconcilable.

North Korean issue
In Northeast Asia developments relating to North Korea highlighted the importance of Sino-US cooperation. The Republican administration was critical of the 1994 Geneva Accord for giving too much energy and financial assistance to North Korea without there being any guarantee that it would not renege on its commitment. This led to North Korea reactivating one of its nuclear proliferation programs, and subsequently withdrawing from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. US and China worked closely to constrain North Korea's nuclear capability, which was shown in their joint effort to formalize the Six Party Talks in 2003. While US needed China to apply pressure on Pyongyang, China remained skeptical of the degree of pragmatic actualization of a comprehensive and verifiable denuclearization goal set out by the former state.

Obama administration
President Obama visited China during his first year in office, making him the first US president to ever do so. Obama reshaped the direction of American foreign policy with his proclamation of "Pivot to Asia", and so engagement with China on all strategic fields of importance still remains a priority throughout his two terms. Generally focusing on peaceful cooperation with a clearly constrained reliance on military rhetoric, the relationship between two countries witnessed mostly positive development in Obama's first term, but gradually became characterized by more complex layers of dynamics and accompanied global-level threats during the final years of Obama's administration.

Obama was a fervent supporter of facilitating dialogues and keeping negotiations alive when it comes to China. His participation in international intergovernmental economic organizations demonstrated a relentless attempt to integrate China into the already existing border-transcending institutional frameworks such as the G7 and G20, a practice held by his administration to work in favor of both the world and America.

The two countries collaborated to impose sanctions on North Korea for its continued proliferation activities of nuclear weapons through the binding power given by the UNSC. Both states vowed to take an initiative in the fight against global warming and climate change by the signing of the Paris accords, which China has said it would protect even when Donald Trump decided to withdraw the US from the agreement. The Paris climate deal pledges to cut global greenhouse gas emission and transform the world into a low-carbon consuming business with big industrialized states like the US and China committing to modify national legislation to meet the preset objectives. During his first Asia trip in 2017 since leaving office, Obama was complimented by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping for his devoted contributions in bettering Sino-US relation albeit the still on-going territorial disputes in the South China Sea and the high level of tension caused by a huge trade deficit in their trade relationship.

Trump administration
US China relationship has been characterized by a high level of friction within the first few years of the Trump administration. The massive over-time accumulation of US trade deficit against China has resulted in the media labeling their trade interaction the "trade war". Because China imports raw materials and petroleum from the community of developing countries in the Middle East and exports manufactured goods to the US, it has an asymmetrically large surplus with the latter. Leaders of the two countries have worsened the issue by imposing tariffs in a tit-for-tat chain of reactions which whipsaw American businesses with production facilities outsourced in China for cheap labor and easy access to the market.

Much of the unsettled conflicts dealt with by previous administrations still account for a large part in the two countries' relationship. These problems have become much more complicated and encompass many different aspects including freedom of navigation in the South China Sea, tension over autonomous regions, global threats like climate change, cyber warfare, international terrorism, and possible covert interference into US elections, all of which require an efficient exercise of diplomacy and cooperation.

The Trump administration has vastly changed the method by which the US has often used to pressure China on making economic concessions, which is the exercise of powerplay derived from multilateralism. The US pulled out its signature from the TPP, a regional trade pact in Asia Pacific committed to protect intellectual property rights, maintain labor standards, reinforce environmental regulations and reduce trade barriers between member states. Without a US-led economic arm that could help contain China's geopolitical influence, US withdrawal was perceived by many to further enhance China's domination in the region.

On October 4, 2018, Vice President Pence stated to the press that a new approach in dealing with China's excesses would be taken, officially ending the era of strategic engagement and transitioning into strategic competition.

Aftermath
The long-standing strategy of "Engagement", which aimed to incorporate a rising China into the Western-led international order, has given way to a tough but as-yet-unnamed approach variously termed "competition", "decoupling", and for some, "containment" amidst a new "Cold War".

title: US-China strategic engagement


text:
User:Ewtodd

Capudeludensis: Process of changing coffee into sarcasm. Based on Latin capulus for coffee and deinde ludens Latin for sarcasm.

title: User:Ewtodd


text:
User:Saniul haq

hi, i'm saniul haq.i'm a student of BUET,best varsity in Bangladesh.here i chose EEE bacause i always loved electronics so much.creating something new is my ambition.any how,that's all i can write now.

title: User:Saniul haq


text:
tapit

Etymology
and/or.

Noun

 * 1) carpet, rug

Adjective

 * 1) near

Noun

 * 1) a kind of garment for women

title: tapit


text:
vihloa

Etymology
Probably akin to, with sound-symbolic influence; in dialects, also means "to cut, slit".

Verb

 * 1)  to grate on, hurt, ache to cause strong, sharp pain, especially to ears or teeth
 * 2)  to have a stabbing pain in
 * 1)  to have a stabbing pain in

Conjugation
Mostly only used in the third person.

title: vihloa


text:
Spring Valley, Prince Edward Island

Spring Bay is a rural community in Lot 18, Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Spring Bay is part of the incorporated municipality of Malpeque Bay.

Overview
Spring Bay is a civic address community in Lot 18, along with Baltic, Darnley, Hamilton, Indian River, Malpeque, Sea View, Irishtown, Burlington, Clermont, and Margate.

Lot 18 communities—Spring Bay, Baltic, Darnley, Fermoy, Hamilton, Indian River, Malpeque, and Sea View are under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Malpeque Bay, which has its seat in Malpeque Bay.

History
Lot 18, where Spring Valley is located, was one of the 67 lots surveyed in 1764-1766 by Samuel Holland. Parts of Lot 18—between Bedec the place name in Mi'kmaq, now known as Bedeque, and Malpeque—are the traditional lands of the Miꞌkmaq. Acadians also settled in this area in the 17th and 18th centuries. Holland undertook a meticulous survey of Isle St. Jean following the Seven Years' War when Britain claimed the island. At the same time Holland established parishes. Lot 18 is part of St. David's Parish, which covered six townships.

The lots parcelled by Holland were approximately 20,000 acres each. In July 1967, private proprietors were granted these lots in the "Great Lottery", through which almost the entire land surface of Isle St. Jean was given in exchange for the proprietor settling and developing the land and taking responsibility for its administration with rent-paying tenants—European Protestant immigrants. Lot 18 was granted to Lieutenant-Colonel John (Robert) Stewart (Stuart) and Captain William Allanby at that time. After 1775, the owners of Lot 18 were Robert Stewart, who was the Commissioner of Customs for Jamaica and Allanby, who was the Post Master of the Island of St. John. By 1781, one half of Lot 18 was sold for arrears because the rent was not paid. By 1783, a Stewart or Stuart owned half of Lot 18—Lot 26.

The Fermoy School, the first in Spring Bay was built in 1840 and the first tavern, The Black Horse, was built in 1869 by Thomas Tuplin at the crossroads of the Old Town Road and the Irishtown Road. The tavern remained operational until 1890. In 1964 the community created a public space popular for picnics, which included a statue of Tuplin's black stallion at Black Horse Corner.

Beginning in the late 2010s, Indian River Farms, began to construct large holding irrigation ponds for potato crops, with "raised berms, above ground level" that were filled by electric pumps using ground water from "multiple low-capacity wells nearby". In a July 4, 2019 article in The Guardian, concerns were raised by some Islanders about the way in which large holding ponds in "the back country, away from people" were circumventing the spirit of the ban on new high-capacity agricultural wells on P.E.I.

title: Spring Valley, Prince Edward Island


text:
Bernhard Fischer-Wasels

Bernhard Fischer-Wasels (25 January 1877, in Atsch near Stolberg (Rhineland) – 23 December 1941, in Frankfurt), known as Bernhard Fischer until 1926, was a German physician and anatomical pathologist, who served as Director of the Senckenberg Institute of Pathology (1908–1941), Professor of Pathology (1914–1941) and Rector of the Goethe University Frankfurt (1930–1931). He was a leading cancer researcher and is world-renowned as the father of petrochemical carcinogenesis.

Career
Bernhard Fischer studied medicine in Strasbourg, Munich and Berlin, and obtained his doctoral degree in Bonn in 1900 and his Habilitation in 1903. His doctoral advisor was Karl Koester, himself a student of Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen and a grand-disciple of the father of modern pathology, Rudolf Virchow.

Bernhard Fischer became Professor and Prosector at the Augusta Hospital in Cologne in 1908. Already in the same year, he was appointed Director of the Senckenberg Institute of Pathology in Frankfurt, at the age of 31, and became Professor Ordinarius of Pathology at the Goethe University Frankfurt from its establishment by the wealthy liberal citizenry of Frankfurt in 1914. From 1930 to 1931, he was Rector of the Goethe University Frankfurt.

As rector of the university, he was noted for his elitist views, believing university education should be reserved for the talented few; having refused to join the Nazi Party despite the considerable pressure, he was perceived by the Nazis as a representative of the "liberal old professors."

His students and long-time collaborators at the Senckenberg Institute of Pathology included Philipp Schwartz, Rudolf Jaffé, Edgar Goldschmid and Gerhard Schmidt, all of whom had to flee the country due to their Jewish backgrounds, partially at the urging and with the help of Fischer-Wasels. Several of his students became prominent scientists in exile. Herman Kalckar described Fischer-Wasels as "a conscientious scholar and administrator who abhorred anti-Semitism" and who rescued several Jewish medical scholars.

The young physician Rose Hölscher, who also fled the country in 1933, made a silhouette of him, published in the 1921 booklet Frankfurter Charakterköpfe with portraits of prominent Frankfurt physicians.

He nominated Gustav Embden for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929.

Background
He was a son of glassworks director Heinrich Fischer, and his family belonged to the Old Catholic Church. He married Swiss-born Clara Wasels, daughter of a Zurich business executive, in 1909; after her death in 1925, he combined her birth name Wasels with his own in 1926. He was married to Margarete Knögel in his second marriage from 1926. He had four and three children, respectively, in each of his marriages.

title: Bernhard Fischer-Wasels


text:
Dialogue principle

In Canadian constitutional law, the dialogue principle is an approach to the interpretation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms where judicial review of legislation is said to be part of a "dialogue" between the legislatures and the courts. It specifically involves governments drafting legislation in response to court rulings and courts acknowledging the effort if the new legislation is challenged.

This approach was introduced by constitutional scholars Peter Hogg and Allison Bushell, and has had acceptance in much of the academic world and in courts. Nevertheless, it remains a controversial principle as it attempts to justify what many critics see as judicial activism in the courts.

title: Dialogue principle


text:
Martín Fiz

Martín Fiz Martín (born 3 March 1963 in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava) is a long-distance runner from Spain.

Career
Fiz won the marathon at the 1994 European Athletics Championships in Helsinki and repeated his success at the 1995 World Athletics Championships in Gothenburg. The same year he captured the title in the Rotterdam Marathon.

At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta Fiz came fourth in the marathon. A year later he won a silver medal at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens, finishing behind his countryman Abel Anton.

He competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1992. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney Fiz came sixth in the marathon.

Post-career
Fiz has continued running into masters age divisions, setting the world M55 record in the road 10K at 31:36 on January 13, 2019 in Valencia.

He is the only athlete in the world who has managed to win in six Majors Marathons in the Master 50 category (runners over 50 years old), winning the Marathons of New York, Tokyo, Boston, Berlin, Chicago, and London, achieving the goal of obtaining the ‘Six World Marathon Majors’, World Marathon Majors, an international competition created in 2006, which brings together six of the most prestigious world Marathons, recognised as the most high profile on the calendar.

title: Martín Fiz


text:
Peter H. B. Frelinghuysen

Peter Hood Ballantine Frelinghuysen (September 15, 1882 – March 11, 1959) was an American lawyer and banker. He practiced law in New York and New Jersey and later served as a director of the Howard Savings Institution of Newark, New Jersey, and the Morristown Trust Company.

Early life
Frelinghuysen (pronounced FREE-ling-high-zen) was born on September 15, 1882, in the Littleton section of Morris Plains, New Jersey. He was the son of George Griswold Frelinghuysen, from Dutch descent, and the former Sara Linen Ballantine (1858–1940). He had one sibling, Matilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen, who did not marry.

His maternal grandfather was Peter Hood Ballantine and his great-grandfather was Peter Ballantine, the prominent New Jersey brewer who founded Ballantine Brewery in Newark. His paternal grandparents were Matilda Elizabeth (née Griswold) Frelinghuysen and Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, a lawyer who served as a U.S. Senator and later as Secretary of State under President Chester A. Arthur. Among his large extended family was aunt Matilda Griswold Frelinghuysen, (wife of Henry Winthrop Gray),  Charlotte Louisa Frelinghuysen; uncle Frederick Frelinghuysen,  uncle Theodore Frelinghuysen; and aunt Sarah Helen Frelinghuysen, (wife of John Davis and, later, Charles L. McCawley).

After attending the Morristown School, he graduated from Princeton University in 1904, followed by Columbia Law School, where he was a classmate of future President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Career
After graduating from law school, Frelinghuysen was admitted to the bar and practiced law in New York and New Jersey. He later served as a director of the Howard Savings Institution of Newark, New Jersey, and the Morristown Trust Company.

For nearly half a century, he was in the cattle business and owned a "prize herd of Jersey cattle" at his Twin Oaks Farm in Morristown.

Personal life
On February 7, 1907, Frelinghuysen was married to Adaline Havemeyer (1884–1963). She was the daughter of Henry Osborne Havemeyer, president of the American Sugar Refining Company. Franklin D. Roosevelt was an usher at the wedding. Together, they were the parents of:

 * Frederica Louisine Frelinghuysen (1909–1995), who married Richard High Carleton (1908–1950) in 1930. They divorced in 1936, and she married Huntington Denton Sheldon in 1938. They also divorced and she married, thirdly, James Thomas Emert (1907–1989) in 1942.
 * George Griswold Frelinghuysen (1911–2004), an interior designer.
 * Henry Osborn Havemeyer Frelinghuysen (1916–1994), who married Marian Kingsland, a granddaughter of George Lovett Kingsland and the former wife of Count Hans Christoph Seherr-Thoss.
 * Peter Hood Ballantine Frelinghuysen II (1916–2011), a U.S. Representative who married Beatrice Sterling Procter, a descendant of a founder of Procter & Gamble, in 1940.

He served as president of the Gulf Stream Golf Club in Delray Beach, Florida, and the Morris County Golf Club.

After a long illness, Frelinghuysen died on March 11, 1959, at the Morristown Memorial Hospital in Morristown, New Jersey. His funeral was held at St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Morristown. His widow, who bred miniature poodles, died in Palm Beach, Florida, in April 1963.

title: Peter H. B. Frelinghuysen


text:
Japanese/Japanese writing system

The Japanese language uses three different systems for writing. There are two syllabaries—hiragana and katakana—which have characters for each basic mora (syllable). Along with the syllabaries, there are also kanji, which is a writing system based on Chinese characters. However, kanji have changed since their adoption, so it would not be recommended to learn both Chinese and Japanese writing at the same time.

Kanji
The kanji are logograms (pictures representing words), or symbols, that each represent a morpheme (words or parts of words). Usually, each kanji represents a native Japanese morpheme as well as a loaned Chinese morpheme. This means that each kanji usually has two or more different pronunciations. The different pronunciations of a particular 　(kanji) are called “readings.” It may seem daunting at first, but with extensive practice, knowing when to use which pronunciation will become second nature.

A 漢字 usually has two types of readings:
 * (on'yomi)
 * (kun'yomi)

音読み readings are approximations of the Chinese pronunciations of that particular 漢字. This reading is mostly used for multi-kanji compound words, except for peoples' surnames where 訓読み-reading is used. A kanji may have multiple 音読み. Some kanji are of Japanese origin and thus do not have on-reading. 訓読み readings are the native Japanese sound(s) associated with that 漢字. There can be multiple or no kun readings for the same kanji.

Although there are over 50,000 漢字, the Japanese government has approved 2,136 so-called “daily use” 漢字, known as (jōyō kanji) for publications, but usually about 3000 are recognized by an average adult.

Kana

While Chinese characters are useful for writing a language with so many homophones, the inflections of the Japanese language make it necessary to have a phonetic script to indicate the inflection. A set of Chinese characters, the man'yōgana, were used to represent pronunciation and write words that lacked Chinese characters. Around 800 A.D. these had developed into the cursive hiragana script.

This method of writing was used primarily for poetry or by women, and did not gain recognition as an acceptable way to record historical records or scholarly works.

Another script, the katakana also developed from Chinese characters, some from the same source as the hiragana, but others from different ones. This explains the similarities between some hiragana and katakana, while others are completely different. The katakana is primarily used for foreign loan-words. In other words, the katakana syllabary can be said to be the Japanese writing equivalent of writing in italics.

The two are collectively known as the kana (, e. false name). Both are syllabaries, so there are no isolated consonants, with one exception; the moraic nasal, which sounds similar to most pronunciations of the latin character “n.” Each of the kana contains 45 characters and are typically listed in a table formation called gojūonzu (, e. fifty sounds illustration) but the yi, ye, wi, wu, we sounds are obsolete in modern Japanese, so in fact only 45 sounds exist.

Punctuation
Common punctuation marks are the comma "、" which connects two sentences, and the full stop ". " which indicates the end of a sentence. To separate words that the reader might not otherwise know how to read (most often in the case of foreign words written consecutively in katakana), a middle point "・" is used. Instead of quotation marks, the brackets "「" and "」", and "『" and "』" (for quotes inside of quotes) are used.

Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet (ローマ字, rōmaji) is not part of the Japanese language but it is used as a fashionable way of writing words, mostly nouns such as the name of a company, business, sports team, etc. Rōmaji is also used for the transliteration of Japanese and to input Japanese text online and in word processors. There are two competing transliteration methods: the Kunrei-shiki developed by the Japanese government in the mid-20th century and taught in elementary school; and the more widely used Hepburn-shiki developed by Reverend James Curtis Hepburn in the late 19th century.

Stroke order
Japanese characters were originally written by brush, and later by pen and pencil, so the stroke order is important. When writing by hand, and particularly in cursive or calligraphic styles, using proper stroke order is crucial. Additionally, some characters look very similar but are written differently. Students who practice both reading and writing can easily distinguish these characters, but students who only practice reading may find it difficult.

The East Asian Calligraphy wikibook has some material on stroke orders.

Mixed usage and notes of interest
There are instances where kanji, hiragana, and katakana may be replaced by another writing style. Frequently, words that have kanji are written in hiragana. Some kanji are simply rarely used but their reading is known. The swallow is called tsubame and has the kanji "燕", but since it is obscure, the word will generally be written out with hiragana: "つばめ".

When writing for an audience that isn't expected to know certain kanji (such as in texts aimed at young people or kanji outside the standard set), their reading is often added on top of, or to the right of the characters, depending on whether they are written horizontally or vertically, respectively. This form of writing is called furigana (振り仮名) or yomigana (読み仮名).

Since kanji can have several different readings, it may not be straightforward to determine how to read a certain word. This problem is particularly pronounced in place names where readings may be highly irregular and archaic.

Though katakana are principally used for loan words from other languages, it can be used for stylistic purposes. Either to highlight a certain word, or give it a different feel (e.g. make it look more hip). Furthermore, since some personal names don't have kanji, but are written in hiragana, personal name readings are generally written in katakana to indicate that these are not the name itself, but simply the pronunciation.

Ateji
The word "club", as it is borrowed from English, will typically be written in katakana as クラブ; however, the kanji 倶楽部 kurabu will also sometimes be used; this use of kanji for phonetic value is called 当て字 ateji. Other times, typically in older texts, grammatical particles are also written in kanji, as in 東京迄行く Tokyo made iku ([I] go to Tokyo), where まで made (to/till) is written in kanji (迄) instead of hiragana.

Numerals
The Arabic numerals, called Arabia sūji (アラビア数字) or san'yō sūji (算用数字) in Japanese, are used in most circumstances (e.g. telephone numbers, pricing, zip codes, speed limit signs and percentages). Kanji numerals can still be found, however, in more traditional situations (e.g. on some restaurant menus, formal invitations and tomb stones).

Vertical and horizontal writing, and page order
Traditionally, Japanese is written in a format called 縦書き tategaki, or vertical writing. In this format, the characters are written in columns going from top to bottom. The columns are ordered from right to left, so at the bottom of each column the reader returns to the top of the next column on the left of the preceding one. This copies the column order of Chinese.

Modern Japanese also uses another writing format, called 横書き yokogaki, or horizontal writing. This writing format is identical to that of European languages such as English, with characters arranged in rows which are read from left to right, with successive rows going downwards.

There are no set rules for when each form has to be used, but usage tends to depend on the medium, genre, and subject. Tategaki is generally used to write essays, novels, poetry, newspapers, comics, and Japanese dictionaries. Yokogaki is generally used to write e-mails, how-to books, and scientific and mathematical writing (mathematical formulas are read from left to right, as in English).

Materials written in tategaki are bound on the right, with the reader reading from right to left and thus turning the pages from left to right to progress through the material. Materials written with yokogaki are bound on the left and the pages are turned from right to left, as in English.

Background reading

 * Okurigana Kana used as suffixes to kanji stems for verb conjugations. Historically, katakana was used. Nowadays, hiragana is used.
 * Man'yōgana Kanji used for their phonetic value to write Japanese, especially for poetry.
 * Kana The simplification of Man'yougana into Katakana and Hiragana
 * Katakana Angular script simplified down to constituent elements from kanji by monastary students. Historically used as okurigana by the educated and government. Nowadays used mainly for writing foreign words.
 * Hiragana Cursive script historically used for informal writing and literature. It became popular among women since they were denied higher education. Hence it also became known as 女手(おんなで) "onnade" (female hand -> women's writing). Nowadays, it has replaced katakana as okurigana and for writing native japanese words.
 * Hentaigana These are the remaining variants of hiragana that were not accepted as part of the standardized hiragana syllabary.
 * Iroha poem This famous poem is written using each mora (syllable) just once. It became the system used to organize the kana syllabary prior to reforms in the 19th century Meiji period, when it became reorganized into its current arrangement. ("n" was not part of the syllabary at the time. It was added later, and interestingly it's actually a hentaigana for "mu")
 * Rōmaji Roman characters (including Arabic numerals) There are three different systems.

title: Japanese/Japanese writing system


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/XHTML

In previous chapters, we have learned how to generate HTML documents from XML documents and XSL stylesheets. In this chapter, we will learn how to convert those HTML documents into valid XHTML. We will discuss why XHTML has evolved as a standard and when it should be used.

The Evolution of XHTML
Originally, Web pages were designed in HTML. Unfortunately most implementations of this markup language allow all sorts of mistakes and bad formatting. Major browsers were designed to be forgiving, and poor code would display with few problems in most cases. This poor code was often not portable between browsers, e.g. a page would render in Netscape but not Internet Explorer or vice versa. The accounting for human error and bad formatting takes an amount of processing power that small handheld devices might not have. Thus when displaying data on handhelds, a tiny mistake can crash the device.

XHTML partially mitigates these problems. The processing burden is reduced by requiring XHTML documents to conform to the much stricter rules defined in XML. Aside from the stricter rules, HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0 are functionally equivalent. If a document breaks XML's well-formedness rules, an XHTML-compliant browser must not render the page. If a document is well-formed but invalid, an XHTML-compliant browser may render the page, so a significant number of mistakes still slip through.

In this chapter, we will examine in detail how to create an XHTML document.

The biggest problem with HTML from a design standpoint is that it was never meant to be a graphical design language. The original version of HTML was intended to structure human readable content (e.g. marking a section of text as a paragraph), not to format it (e.g. this paragraph should be displayed in 14pt Arial). HTML has evolved far past its original purpose and is being stretched and manipulated to cover cases that the original HTML designers never imagined.

The recommended solution is to use a separate language to describe the presentation of a group of documents. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a language used for describing presentation. From version 1.1 of XHTML upwards web pages must be formatted using CSS or a language with equivalent capabilites such as XSLT (XSL Transformations). The use of CSS or XSLT is optional in XHTML 1.0 unless the strict variant is used. HTML 4.01 supports CSS but not XSLT.

So What is XHTML?
As you might have guessed, XHTML stands for eXtensible HyperText Markup Language. It is a cross between HTML and XML. It fulfills two major purposes that were ignored by HTML:
 * 1) XHTML is a stricter standard than HTML. XHTML documents must be well-formed just like regular XML. This reduces vagaries and inconsistency between browsers, because browsers do not have to decide how to display a badly-formed page. Malformed XHTML is not allowed. Note 1: Browsers only enforce well-formedness if the MIME type is set to  . If the MIME type is set to , the browser will allow badly-formed documents. There are a large number of 'XHTML' documents on the web that are badly-formed and get away with it because their MIME type is  . Note 2: Browsers are not required to check for validity. See Invalid XHTML below for an example.
 * 2) XHTML allows for modularization (m12n). For different environments different element and attribute subsets can be defined.

The best thing about XHTML is that it is almost the same as HTML! If you know how to write an HTML document, it will be very simple for you to create an XHTML document without too much trouble. The biggest thing that you must keep in mind is that unlike with HTML, where simple errors like missing a closing tag are ignored by the browser, XHTML code must be written according to an exact specification. We will see later that adhering to these strict specifications actually allows XHTML to be more flexible than HTML.

XHTML Document Structure
At a minimum, an XHTML document must contain a DOCTYPE declaration and four elements: html, head, title, and body: The opening  tag of an XHTML document must include a namespace declaration for the XHTML namespace.

The DOCTYPE declaration should appear immediately before the html tag in an XHTML document. It can follow one of three formats.

XHTML 1.0 Strict
The Strict declaration is the least forgiving. This is the preferred DOCTYPE for new documents. Strict documents tend to be streamlined and clean. All formatting will appear in Cascading Style Sheets rather than the document itself. Elements that should be included in the Cascading Style Sheet and not the document itself include, but are not limited to:, nderline , old, talics, and

There are also certain instances where your code needs to be nested within block elements. Incorrect Example:  I hope that you enjoy your stay. Correct Example:  I hope that you enjoy your stay.

XHTML 1.0 Transitional
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> This declaration is intended as a halfway house for migrating legacy HTML documents to XHTML 1.0 Strict. The W3C encourages authors to use the Strict DOCTYPE for new documents. (The XHTML 1.0 Transitional DTD refers readers to the relevant note in the HTML4.01 Transitional DTD.)

This DOCTYPE does not require CSS for formatting; although, it is recommended. It generally tolerates inline elements found where block-level elements are expected.

There are a couple of reasons why you might choose this DOCTYPE for new documents.
 * You require backwards compatibility with browsers that support the formatting elements of XHTML but do not support CSS. This is a very small fraction of general users (less than 1%). Many browsers that don't support CSS don't support HTML 4.0 or XHTML either. However, it may be useful on a corporate intranet that has a larger than normal fraction of very old (pre-2000) browsers.
 * You need to link to frames. Using frames is discouraged as they work badly in many browsers.

XHTML 1.0 Frameset
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd"> If you are creating a page with frames, this declaration is appropriate. However, since frames are generally discouraged when designing Web pages, this declaration should be used rarely.

XML Prolog
Additionally, XHTML authors are encouraged by the W3C to include the following processing instruction as the first line of each document: Although it is recommended by the standard, this processing instruction may cause errors in older Web browsers including Internet Explorer version 6. It is up to the individual author to decide whether to include the prolog.

Language
It is good practice to include the optional  attribute  on the html element to describe the document's primary language. For compatibility with HTML the  attribute should also be specified with the same value. For an English language document use:

The  and   attributes can also be specified on other elements to indicate changes of language within the document, e.g. a French quotation in an English document.

Converting HTML to XHTML
In this section, we will discover how to transform an HTML document into an XHTML document. We will examine each of the following rules:
 * Documents must be well-formed
 * Tags must be properly nested
 * Elements must be closed
 * Tags must be lowercase
 * Attribute names must be lowercase
 * Attribute values must be quoted
 * Attributes cannot be minimized
 * The name attribute is replaced with the id attribute (in XHTML 1.0 both name and id should be used with the same value to maintain backwards-compatibility).
 * Plain ampersands are not allowed
 * Scripts and CSS must be escaped(enclose them within the tags <![CDATA[ and ]]>) or preferably moved into external files.

Documents must be well-formed
Because XHTML conforms to all XML standards, an XHTML document must be well-formed according to the W3C's recommendations for an XML document. Several of the rules here reemphasize this point. We will consider both incorrect and correct examples.

Tags must be properly nested
Browsers widely tolerate badly nested tags in HTML documents. The text above would display as bold and underlined, even though the end tags are not in the proper order. An XHTML page will not display if the tags are improperly nested, because it would not be considered a valid XML document. The problem can be easily fixed.

Elements must be closed
Again, XHTML documents must be considered valid XML documents. For this reason, all tags must be closed. HTML specifications listed some tags as having "optional" end tags, such as the    and    tags. In XHTML, the end tags must be included. What should we do about HTML tags that do not have a closing tag? Some special tags do not require or imply a closing tag. In XHTML, the XML rule of including a closing slash within the tag must be followed. Note that some of today's browsers will incorrectly render a page if the closing slash does not have a space before it (  ). Although it is not part of the official recommendation, you should always include the space ( ) for compatibility purposes.

Here are the common empty tags in HTML:
 * area
 * base
 * basefont
 * br
 * hr
 * img
 * input
 * link
 * meta
 * param

Tags must be lowercase
In HTML, tags could be written in either lowercase or uppercase. In fact, some Web authors preferred to write tags in uppercase to make them easier to read. XHTML requires that all tags be lowercase. This difference is necessary because XML differentiates between cases. XML would read    and   as different tags, causing problems in the above example. The problem can be easily fixed by changing all tags to lowercase.

Attribute names must be lowercase
Following the pattern of writing all tags in lowercase, all attribute names must also be in lowercase. The correct tags are easy to create.

Attribute values must be quoted
Some HTML values do not require quotation marks around them. They are understood by browsers. XHTML requires all attributes to be quoted. Even numeric, percentage, and hexadecimal values must appear in quotations for them to be considered part of a proper XHTML document.

Attributes cannot be minimized
HTML allowed some attributes to be written in shorthand, such as selected or noresize. When using XHTML, attribute minimization is forbidden. Instead, use the syntax  x="x" </tt>, where x is the attribute that was formerly minimized. A complete list of minimized attributes follows:
 * checked
 * compact
 * declare
 * defer
 * disabled
 * ismap
 * nohref
 * noresize
 * noshade
 * nowrap
 * readonly
 * selected
 * multiple

The attribute is replaced with the   attribute
HTML 4.01 standards define a name attribute for the tags <tt> a, applet, frame, iframe, img, </tt> and <tt> map </tt>. XHTML has deprecated the name attribute. Instead, the id attribute is used. However, to ensure backwards compatibility with today's browsers, it is best to use both the name and id attributes. As technology advances, it will eventually be unnecessary to use both attributes and XHTML 1.1 removed name altogether.

Ampersands are not supported
Ampersands are illegal in XHTML. They must instead be replaced with the equivalent character code &amp;.

Image alt attributes are mandatory
Because XHTML is designed to be viewed on different types of devices, some of which are not image-capable, alt attributes must be included for all images. Remember that the img tag must include a closing slash in XHTML!

Scripts and CSS must be escaped
Internal scripts and CSS often include characters like the ampersand and less-than characters. If you are using internal scripts or CSS, enclose them within the tags <tt> <![CDATA[ </tt> and <tt> ]]> </tt>. This will mark them as character data that should not be parsed. If you do not use these tags, characters like & and < will be treated as start-of-character entities (like &nbsp;) and tags (like <b> ) respectively. This will cause your page to behave unpredictably, and it may invalidate your code.

Additionally, the type attribute is mandatory for scripts. The comment tags <tt> </tt> that have traditionally been used to hide JavaScript from noncompliant browsers should not be included. The XML standard states that text enclosed in comment tags may be completely excluded from rendered documents, which would lose all script enclosed in the tags. Also  is not permitted in XHTML documents. You must used node creation methods such as  instead. Confusingly,  will appear to work as expected if the document is incorrectly served with a MIME type of   (the type for HTML documents), instead of   (the type for XHTML documents). If the MIME type is  the document will be parsed as HTML which allows. Parsing the document as HTML defeats the purpose of writing it in XHTML.

Similar changes must be made for internal stylesheets. The type attribute must be included, and the CDATA tags should be used. Because scripts and CSS may complicate an XHTML document, it is strongly recommended that they be placed in external .js and .css files, respectively. They can then be linked to from your XHTML document.

Some elements may not be nested
The W3C recommendations state that certain elements may not be contained within others in an XHTML document, even when no XML rules are violated by the inclusion. Elements affected are listed below.

When to convert
By now, it probably sounds as though converting an HTML document into XHTML is easy, but tedious. When would you want to convert your existing pages into XHTML? Before deciding to change your entire Web site, consider these questions.

 * Do you want your pages to be easily viewed over a nontraditional Internet-capable device, such as a PDA or Web-enabled telephone? Will this be a goal of your site in the future? XHTML is the language of choice for Web-enabled portable devices. Now may be a good time for you to commit to creating an all-XHTML site.
 * Do you plan to work with XML in the future? If so, XHTML may be a logical place to begin. If you head up a team of designers who are accustomed to using HTML, XHTML is a small step away. It may be less intimidating for beginners to learn XHTML than it is to try teaching them all about XML from scratch.
 * Is it important that your site be current with the most recent W3C standards? Staying on top of current standards will make your site more stable and help you stay updated in the future, as you will only have to make small changes to upgrade your site to the newest versions of XHTML as they are approved by the W3C.
 * Will you need to convert your documents to another format? As a valid XML document, XHTML can utilize XSL to be converted into text, plain HTML, another XHTML document, or another XML document. HTML cannot be used for this purpose.

If you answered yes to any of the above questions, then you should probably convert your Web site to XHTML.

MIME Types
XHTML 1.0 documents should be served with a MIME Type of  to Web browsers that can accept this type. XHTML 1.0 may be served with the MIME type  to clients that cannot accept   provided that the XHTML complies with the additional constraints in [Appendix C] of the XHTML 1.0 specification. If you cannot configure your Web server to serve documents as different MIME types, you probably should not convert your Web site to XHTML.

You should check that your XHTML documents are served correctly to browsers that support, e.g. Mozilla Firefox. Use 'Page Info' to verify that the type is correct.

XHTML 1.1 documents are often not backwards compatible with HTML and should not be served with a MIME type of.

Help Converting

 * Strict Alternatives to Deprecated Attributes for Elements in XHTML 1.0 Strict

HTML Tidy
When creating HTML, it's very easy to make a mistake by leaving out an end tag or not properly nesting tags. HTML Tidy is a wonderful application that can be used to correct a number of errors with poorly formed HTML documents and convert it into XHTML. Tidy can also format ugly code to be more readable, including code generated by WYSIWYG editors. HTML Tidy can't generate clean code when it encounters problems it isn't sure of how to fix. In these cases, it will generate an error to let you know where the mistake is located in your document.

A few examples of problems that HTML Tidy can remedy:
 * Missing or mismatched end tags.
 * Improperly nested elements.
 * Mixed up tags.
 * Add a missing "/" to properly close tags.
 * Insert missing tags into lists.
 * Add missing quotes around attribute values.
 * Ability to insert the correct DOCTYPE value based on your code (can also recognize and report proprietary elements).

HTML Tidy can also be customized at runtime using a wide array of command line arguments. It is capable of indenting code to make it more readable as well as replacing FONT, NOBR, and CENTER tags with style tags and rules using CSS. Tidy can also be taught new tags by declaring them in the configuration file.

You can read more about HTML Tidy at the W3C's HTML Tidy site, as well as download the application as a binary or get the source code. There are several sites that offer HTML Tidy as an online service including the W3C and Site Valet.

You can also validate your page using the validator available at http://validator.w3.org/.

When not to convert
You shouldn't convert your Web pages if they will always be served with a MIME type of. Make sure you know how to configure your server or server-side script to perform HTTP content negotiation so that XHTML capable browsers receive XHTML marked as. If you can't set up content negotiation, stick to HTML 4.01. People viewing your Web pages with mainstream browsers will be unable to tell the difference between a valid HTML 4.01 web page and a valid XHTML 1.0 Web page.

Make sure the automated tests you run on your site simulate connections from both XHTML-compatible browsers, e.g. Mozilla Firefox, and non–XHTML-compatiable browsers, e.g. Internet Explorer 6.0. This is particularly important if you use Javascript on your Web site. If maintaining two copies of your test suite is too time consuming, don't convert.

Bear in mind that valid HTML 4.01 Strict documents generally require less effort to convert to XHTML 1.1 than valid XHTML 1.0 Transitional documents. A valid HTML 4.01 Strict document can only contain elements that are valid in XHTML 1.1, although a few attributes may need changing. XHTML 1.0 Transitional documents on the other hand can contain ten element types and more than a dozen attributes that are not valid in XHTML 1.1. The XHTML 1.0 Transitional  element alone has six atrributes that are not supported in XHTML 1.1.

Don't be pressured into using XHTML by people talking vaguely about bad practice. Pin them down to what they mean by bad practice. If they start talking about separation of content and presentation, they have confused the differences between HTML and XHTML with the differences between the Transitional and Strict doctypes. Both XHTML 1.0 Transitional and HTML 4.01 Transitional allow you to mix presentation and content in the same document, i.e. they allow this type of bad practice. Both HTML 4.01 Strict and XHTML 1.0 Strict force you to move the bulk of the presentation (but not all of it) in to CSS or an equivalent language. All four doctypes allow you to use embedded stylesheets, whereas, true separation requires that all CSS and Javascript be moved to external files.

XHTML 1.1
XHTML 1.0 is a suitable markup language for most purposes. It provides the option to separate content and presentation, which fits the needs of most Web authors. XHTML 1.1 enforces the separation of content and presentation. All deprecated elements and attributes have been removed. It also removes two attributes that were retained in XHTML 1.0 purely for backwards-compatibility. The  attribute is replaced by   and   is replaced by. Finally it adds support for ruby text found in East Asian documents.

DOCTYPE
The DOCTYPE for XHTML 1.1 is:

Modularization
The modularization of XHTML, or XHTML m12n, provides suggestions for customizing XHTML, either by integrating subsets of XHTML into other XML applications or extending the XHTML element set. The framework defines two proceses:

 * How to group elements and attributes into "modules"
 * How to combine modules to create new markup languages

The resulting languages, which the W3C calls "XHTML Host Languages", are based on the familiar XHTML structure but specialized for specific purposes. XHTML 1.1 is an example of a host language. It was created by grouping the different elements available to XHTML.

XHTML variations, while possible in theory, have not been widely adopted. There is continuing work being done to develop host languages, but their details are beyond the scope of this discussion.

Invalid XHTML
XHTML-compliant browsers are allowed to render invalid XHTML documents provided that the documents are well-formed. A simple example is given below:

Save the example as  (the .xhtml extension is important) and open the page with Mozilla Firefox. The page will render even though it is invalid.

Answers
Lenguaje XHTML XHTML

title: XML - Managing Data Exchange/XHTML


text:
Morten Qvenild

Morten Qvenild (born 31 August 1978) is a Norwegian jazz pianist, band leader, and producer.

Career

Qvenild started his jazz career in the big band Ung Musikk in 1995, followed by studies on the Jazz program at the Norges Musikkhøgskole. He used to play in Østenfor Sol with Ole Jørn Myklebust, with Myklebust's OJ Trio, Shining (1999–2003), and Jaga Jazzist (2000–2002).

Since 2000, Qvenild is the "orchestra" of Susanna & the Magical Orchestra and an original member of Solveig Slettahjell's Slow Motion Quintet as well a duo partner. Beyond these enduring collaborations Qvenild is also involved in the Jon Klette Quartet, The National Bank and he toured with Nils Petter Molvær's Khmer and with Bertine Zetlitz Band (2003 and 2004).

In 2003, Qvenild founded the trio In the Country with co-students Roger Arntzen (bass) and Pål Hausken (drums). They recorded five albums for Rune Grammofon. On the latter two –Whiteout (2009) and the live recorded Sounds and Sights (2011)– the band was joined by multi-instrumentalist Andreas Mjøs. Their last release was issued by the German ACT label.

In 2011, he performed with Marit Larsen a new version of Erik Bye's Vår beste dag. This has become NRK's tune in their profile campaign.

In 2017, he took part, playing multiple instruments such as upright piano, harpsichord, harmonium, dulcitone, mandolinette, autoharp and kokles on a-ha's MTV Unplugged recording of the Live Album, "Summer Solstice" in Giske, Norway and the Subsequent Unplugged tour in Jan and Feb 2018. He played keyboards for their Electric Summer tour in June through August 2018.

Honors

 * 2004: JazzIntro Award with the band In the Country at the Moldejazz
 * 2004: Spellemannprisen in the class jazz with Solveig Slettahjell and pop music with The National Bank
 * 2007: Kongsberg Jazz Award
 * 2016: Edvardprisen in the open class for the album Personal Piano

As leader

 * 2015: Personal Piano
 * 2016: The HyPer(Sonal) Piano Project - Towards A (Per)Sonal Topography Of Grand Piano And Electronics (Hubro Music)
 * 2019: Landet Bortanfor Landet - Område 51 (Grappa Musikkforlag)

As sideman
With In the Country
 * 2005: This Was the Pace of My Heartbeat (Rune Grammofon)
 * 2006: Losing Stones, Collecting Bones (Rune Grammofon)
 * 2009: Whiteout (Rune Grammofon)
 * 2011: Sounds and Sights (Rune Grammofon)
 * 2013: Sunset Sunrise (ACT)

With Susanna & the Magical Orchestra (Susanna Wallumrød)
 * 2004: List of Lights and Buoys (Rune Grammofon)
 * 2006: Melody Mountain (Rune Grammofon)
 * 2009: 3 (Rune Grammofon)

title: Morten Qvenild