text:
Judiciary of Azerbaijan

The Judiciary of Azerbaijan exercises judicial power in Azerbaijan. Although the Azerbaijan constitution nominally guarantees judicial independence, the executive firmly controls prosecutors and judges. Judges and prosecutors collaborate in Azerbaijan to repress political opponents.

Source of the judicial power in Azerbaijan
The Azerbaijan constitution holds that state power in the Republic of Azerbaijan is formed on the principle of separation of powers whereby legislative power is implemented by the Parliament, executive power is vested in a President of Azerbaijan, and judicial power is administered by courts.

The Constitutional Court
The Constitutional Court is composed of 9 judges appointed by Parliament of the Azerbaijan Republic upon the recommendation of the President of Azerbaijan. Generally, a citizen of Azerbaijan having voting right, higher juridical education and at least 5-year working experience in the sphere of law can be a judge of all courts including the Constitutional Court. The judges is elected for a period of fifteen years. They cannot be elected again. The terms of office of judges expire when they reach the age of 70. However, a judge reached the age of 70 continue to hold office until replaced. The judges of Constitutional Court are independent and only act in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Additionally, the judges of Constitutional Court enjoy immunity.

The primary purposes of the Constitutional Court are to realize the supremacy of the Constitution and protect the human rights of all persons. Everyone who claims to be the victim of a violation of his (her) rights or liberties by a decision of the legislative, executive and judiciary or by one of the municipal acts may appeal to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Azerbaijan with the view of the restoration of his (her) breached human rights and liberties. Judgments of the Constitutional Court are compulsory within the territory of Azerbaijan.

The Supreme Court (Court of third instance or Court of Cassation)
The Supreme Court is the highest instance (ultimate appeal) court on civil (including administrative and economic disputes), criminal, administrative offences cases and other cases previously tried by the general and specialized courts. The Supreme Court is located in Baku and its jurisdiction applies to the whole territory of the country. Following the issuance, all judgments of the Court are disseminated electronically within one month.

Number of judges of the Supreme Court is determined by the Judicial Legal Council. The parliament elects the judges upon the recommendation of the President. The judges of all courts including the Supreme Court are independent and only act at the Constitution and laws of the Azerbaijan Republic. Besides, the judges of Supreme Court have the right of immunity.

The Supreme Court comprises the Plenary Body and Cassation Chamber. The Court is composed of the President of the Supreme Court, vice-president, Presidents of the Boards and judges. The Court creates civil, administrative-economic, criminal and military sections. Consultative Research Council with the Court functions with the purpose of proper application of legislation, improvement of legislation and preparation of the scientific proposals. The Court has right to submit drafts of laws or resolutions submitted for consideration by Parliament.

Appellate Courts (Courts of second instance)
Appeal court is a higher instance court on civil, administrative and economic disputes, criminal cases and administrative violations. Court of Appeal consists of the Plenary Board, civil panel, administrative-economic panel, criminal panel and military panel. Panels of judges are created at the Boards of the Court of Appeal to deal with the cases. Court of Appeal consists of the President of the court, vice-president, Presidents of the Boards and judges of the chambers. Number of judges of the Court of Appeal is determined by the Judicial-Legal Council. Plenary Board of the Court of Appeal consists of the President of the Court, vice-president and Presidents of the chambers. Members of the Plenary Board of the Court have equal rights within their competence. There are six Courts of Appeal in Azerbaijan:
 * Supreme Court of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
 * Baku Appeal Court
 * Ganja Appeal Court
 * Sumgait Appeal Court
 * Shirvan Appeal Court
 * Sheki Appeal Court

District Courts
District (city) court is established in districts, towns (except the towns of district subordination) and city districts of Azerbaijan. As a court of first instance, district (city) courts deal with civil, criminal, administrative and other disputes within their jurisdiction determined by law. The courts are composed of the President of the Court and judges. The vice-president is appointed if number of judges exceed 11. The judge of the Court is ex-officio considered as the President of Court if the court has only one judge. Number of judges is defined by Judicial Legal Council.

Grave Crime Courts
Grave Crime Courts as a court of first instance deal with serious and especially serious crimes defined in Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Court on Grave Crimes is composed of the President and judges. The deputy of the President of the Court is appointed if number of judges exceeds 11. Number of judges and other organizational matters are defined by Judicial Legal Council in accordance with the Constitution of Azerbaijan Republic. There are five Courts of Grave Crimes in Azerbaijan:

 * Grave Crimes Court of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
 * Baku Grave Crimes Court
 * Ganja Grave Crimes Court
 * Sheki Grave Crimes Court
 * Lenkoran Grave Crimes Court

Military Courts
The Military Court as a court of first instance deals with the crimes against military service and crimes committed by military persons. The Military Court is composed of the President and judges. The vice-president of the Court is appointed if number of judges is 12 or more. Generally, number of judges and jurisdiction are defined by Judicial Legal Council. The following military courts exist in Azerbaijan:

 * Military Court of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
 * Baku Military Court
 * Ganja Military Court
 * Lankaran Military Court
 * Fuzuli-Gubadli Military Court
 * Tartar Military Court
 * Agdam Military Court
 * Gazakh Military Court
 * Sumgait Military Court

Administrative-economic courts
Administrative-economic court is established in administratively divided territorial areas or in free trade zones of Azerbaijan. Administrative-economic courts as a first instance court render a judgement related to administrative and economic disputes in compliance with their jurisdiction determined by legislation. The President and judges form the Court. When 12 or more judges holds their offices in the Court the vice-president is appointed. Judicial Legal Council defines the number of judges and territorial jurisdiction of the Court. There are 7 administrative-economic courts in Azerbaijan:

 * Administrative-Economic Court of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
 * Baku Administrative-Economic Court No1
 * Baku Administrative-Economic Court No2
 * Ganja Administrative-Economic Court
 * Sheki Administrative-Economic Court
 * Shirvan Administrative-Economic Court
 * Sumgayit Administrative-Economic Court

Access to the European Court of Human Rights
The Republic of Azerbaijan was admitted to the full membership of the Council of Europe on 25 January 2001. Since 15 April 2002 Azerbaijan is a party of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Since the ratification of the convention, the jurisdiction of the Court also includes Azerbaijan. Individuals under the jurisdiction of Azerbaijan can apply to the European Court of Human Rights if he (she) considers that his (her) human right embodied in the European Convention on Human Rights and Additional Protocols has been violated. Like all member states of the Council of Europe, a judge from Azerbaijan is presented in the European Court of Human Rights.

Judicial-Legal Council
Judicial Legal Council has been created to implement the self-regulating functions of the judiciary. The Council consists of fifteen members 9 of which are judges, at the same time, representatives of advocacy and public prosecution member of the council. The Minister of Justice of Azerbaijan is considered ex-officio to be a President of the council. The council is independent and only act in accordance with the Constitution and laws of Azerbaijan Republic. The Council cooperates with the legislative, executive and judicial authorities, Bar Association of Azerbaijan Republic and scientific institutions.

The Council organizes the procedure of selection of new judges, detects the functioning of judges, arranges their transferring and promotion, takes a matter of disciplinary liability of them in hand, and deals with other matters regarding the courts and judges in accordance with their competence.

Awards
Azerbaijan's newly established e-court system (namely the project – Court Pulse – The Management Revolution) was selected from 37 applications of 18 countries and awarded with the "special mention" by Council of Europe within the European "Crystal Scales of Justice Prize".

title: Judiciary of Azerbaijan


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Talk:Music Theory/Introduction

The page shouldn't attempt to justify itself, rather it should merely state the content. Frankly the content is greatly obscured by its own justification.

--Eibwen 08:36, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Music Theory/Introduction


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Talk:PHP Programming/The for Loop

Please do not delete my page randomly, whoever did it. We can just get it back whenever we want. --Spoom 13:58, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Recommendation for better Example code
The last example code is as follows: for($i = 0, $count = count($menu); $i < $count; $i++) { echo($i + 1 . ". " . $menu[$i] . " "); }

Instead I would go for:

for($i = 0; $i < count($menu); $i++) { echo($i + 1 . ". " . $menu[$i] . " "); }

Althought you were trying to show the case that you can write a code inside a For Loop, we need to make sure the people coming and reading this book get the professional view and then when they start writing PHP, they will start with a more professional way.

///Yechie

title: Talk:PHP Programming/The for Loop


text:
Talk:Wikiversity Reports

Augmenting this project
I proposed Sonic user interface in the project namespace because I think it's an integrated tool we have the resources to develop. The way I see it, Wikiversity Reports is a "tip of the iceberg" project with enormous potential, which I've also linked from other pages, notably Jamming Online. To augment the "vision", I'm forseeing a need for a Speech Department (which most colleges and universities have) and a Public Speaking learning resource for announsers and reporters. I've tied the proposal here to Wikiversity Reports suggesting that it's all "closer than you may think" but I forgot to even mention Wikiversity the Movie. It's a great starting point for something that could grow quickly into something fun and exiting.

Incidentally, I would also like to Report that we may need a Help:Toolbox page and should probably take a look at context sensitive help through the MediaWiki Project. I intuit that context sensitivity is also a possibility via the toolbox for this imagined listen feature. I think I've brought that up elsewhere and I'm still waiting for those MediaWiki devs to show up and help us understand how all that works. (Example:How does the MediaWiki Engine know to display "email this user"). Could this be applied to a listen button that knows I'm, for example at the Topic:Basic Blues & Rock page or at the Spanish Department's page? These departments may eventually prepare audio files that play automatically when the listen object is called.

I'm bringing these questions up here because I hope that this call could go out through our RSS feed, the mailing list and the existing news and reporting system which, in my opinion needs to be unified and mapped out a bit better. Maybe this can be coordinated through a Learning to learn a wiki way intervention of some sort. I'll bring it up there too, or you can. See Talk:Learning to learn a wiki way for another level of this line of reasoning.

 * I hope Wikiversity can help in the push to integrate multimedia content into Wikimedia Foundation wiki-based projects. We should take a close look at Multimedia and try to encourage Wikiversity participants in School:Computer Science to integrate their efforts via local Wikiversity learning projects like MediaWiki Project with the general effort to advance MediaWiki technology. --JWSchmidt 00:31, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wikiversity Reports


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User:Shirishrajmalwar/Books/sevagram

 * Wardha
 * Maharashtra
 * Sevagram
 * Jamnalal Bajaj
 * Vinoba Bhave
 * Sewagram Junction railway station
 * Gandhism
 * Sarvodaya
 * Swadeshi movement
 * Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
 * Wardha Junction railway station
 * Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport

title: User:Shirishrajmalwar/Books/sevagram


text:
Portal:Physical Sciencesnew/Did you know

The Euler-Lagrange equation of classical mechanics was discovered during attempts to find a curve for which the time taken by a frictionless particle sliding down it under uniform gravity to its lowest point is independent of its starting point.


text:
User:Zbmass

A Cool Header
I don't want to put much personal info on this page.

Some interests:
 * playing piano
 * coding
 * water skiing
 * watching TV

title: User:Zbmass


text:
User:JPatrickBedell~enwikiversity/Projects

My projects:

 * information currency and information engineering as an effort to create a new ultimate foundation of exchangeable digital economic value, leading ultimately to accelerated progress in human affairs.
 * software to decode the DataMatrix code in the photo on the right. The Cannabis seeds in this photo from January 10 are the same two seedlings in the subsequent image..
 * software to quantitatively monitor the growth of Cannabis and other organisms, see right for an example of growing Cannabis seeds.
 * capillary electrode array - sorting molecules using patterned electromagnetic fields.
 * DNA integrated circuits - DNA and biophosphate adsorption on aluminum.
 * macro-scale structures patterned with molecules on the nano-level. I'm hopeful that this technology will enable new capabilities for the storage and controlled release of massive amounts of energy.
 * OpenInsurgent Project - Multilingual next-generation open source distributed massive (simulated) force coordination in 2007!
 * political activism.
 * magnetic microcoils
 * picoscale magnetic resonance


text:
1885 Iowa gubernatorial election

The 1885 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1885. Republican nominee William Larrabee defeated Democratic nominee Charles E. Whiting with 50.76% of the vote.

Candidates
Major party candidates
 * William Larrabee, Republican
 * Charles E. Whiting, Democratic

Other candidates
 * James Michelwait, Prohibition
 * Elias Doty, Greenback

title: 1885 Iowa gubernatorial election


text:
Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2012 July 11

File:Penelope Umbrico- Art in America.png

The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡  02:02, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * File:Penelope Umbrico- Art in America.png ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | [ logs]).

 * Does not meet guidelines - this does not include anything about Penelope.  J (t)  03:19, 3 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — ξ xplicit  00:49, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisting note: Originally nominated at WP:PUF, moved to proper venue here at FFD. — ξ xplicit  00:49, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

File:DMCDVD.jpg

The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡  02:02, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * File:DMCDVD.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs]) – uploaded by Sephiroth BCR ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

Hi.

I think this image needs to be deleted because WP:NFCC, item #3 says two copyright-protected images should not be uploaded to Wikipedia when one of them (in this case, File:Devil May Cry vol 1.jpg) is enough.

Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 04:12, 11 July 2012 (UTC) Codename Lisa (talk) 04:12, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

File:Lady-Starlight-press-shot-2.jpg

The result of the discussion was: Keep pending OTRS. Magog the Ogre (talk) (contribs) 16:18, 24 July 2012 (UTC)
 * File:Lady-Starlight-press-shot-2.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs]) – uploaded by Joolzt ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).

Unnecessary press photos that were uploaded to be used on the article for Lady Starlight (DJ). Only one photo is necessary to show the artist and the best out of the three press photos originally uploaded was placed in the info box. Both fail WP:NFCC
 * File:Lady-Starlight-press-shot-3.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs]) – uploaded by Joolzt ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log)Tokyogirl79 (talk) 12:51, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * They're potentially useful, so if they are free images (they're tagged as OTRS pending) they should be kept and moved to Commons. —innotata 20:40, 14 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
orrido

Etymology
. Doublet of the inherited.

Adjective

 * 1) horrid, dreadful

Noun

 * 1) ravine, gorge (usually with a river coursing inside)

title: orrido


text:
mastro

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) boss
 * 2) master

Etymology
From, , already documented in the Galician Cantigas de Santa María of the 13th century. Probably from, from.

Noun

 * 1)  mast

Etymology
Older form of, from.

Noun

 * 1) master
 * 2)  ; Mister
 * 1)  ; Mister

Adjective

 * 1) principal, main

Etymology
From (also ), from, from Old , from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  mast
 * 2) flagpole
 * 3)  penis
 * 1) flagpole
 * 2)  penis

title: mastro


text:
Puzzles/How do you ... ?/Ten Apples and a Basket

Puzzles | How do you... ? | Ten Apples and A Basket

Ten Apples and A Basket puzzle

You have a basket containing ten apples. You have ten friends, who each desire an apple. You give each of your friends one apple.

After ten minutes, each of your friends has one apple each. Yet there is one remaining apple in the basket.

How is this possible?

Solution


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Economics/Academic econosystem

An academic econosystem is a production econosystem specialized for the development of advanced knowledge in learners, and is a means (under development) to structure economic relationships between participants in the academic enterprise.

The economic interactions between participants in the academic enterprise vary according to the organization of the particular institution.

Information currency provides a means to structure the academic econosystem on the basis of exchange of financial instruments deriving some amount of their value from original information, which is an underlying asset for the traded instruments.

title: Economics/Academic econosystem


text:
Beryozovsky, Aleysky District, Altai Krai

Beryozovsky (Берёзовский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Druzhbinsky Selsoviet, Aleysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2012. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Beryozovsky is located 40 km WNW of Aleysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Druzhba and Mokhovskoye are the nearest rural localities.


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User:Mendel McFrazier/sandbox

Mamprusi people
The Mossi (or Mole, Mosse, sing. Moaaga) are a Gur ethnic group native to modern Burkina Faso, primarily the Volta River basin. The Mossi are the largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso, constituting more than 40% of the population, or about 6.2 million people. The other 60% of Burkina Faso's population is composed of more than 60 ethnic groups, mainly the Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo and Fulani. The Mossi speak the Mòoré language.

History
Khggm

Language
Hhfg

People
Jhdfg

Relationship with other tribes
Jhdf

Most ancient kingdom in Ghana
Jgdfg

Popular people
Afgh Hfdd

title: User:Mendel McFrazier/sandbox


text:
Australian Paralympic Sailing Team

Sailing was added to the Summer Paralympic Games competition schedule at the 2000 Sydney Games. Australia has been represented since 2000 Games. In 2015, the International Paralympic Committee announced that sailing would be one of two sports dropped from the summer Paralympic Games program at the 2020 Tokyo Games. The parent body for sailing internationally, World Sailing, has stated its intention to seek re-inclusion on the summer Paralympic program at the 2028 Games in Los Angeles.

2000
Australia represented in sailing by: Men – Jamie Dunross, Graeme Martin, Michael McLean, Noel Robins, Peter Thompson Coaches - Lachlan Gilbert (2.4mR), Paul Eldrid (Sonar) Officials - John Whitfield

Australia won the gold medal in the Sonar event and finished fourth in 2.4MR. It was the second placed nation in sailing.

2004
Australia represented in sailing: Men - Jamie Dunross, Colin Harrison, Jeff Milligan, Peter Thompson Coaches – Lachlan Gilbert (Head), Geoff Chambers

Australia failed to win any medals in the two sailing events.

2008
Australia represented in sailing by: Teams - Russell Boaden, Colin Harrison, Graeme Martin - 3-person keelboat Sonar ; Daniel Fitzgibbon, Rachel Cox - 2-person keelboat SKUD 18 ; 2.4mR (single-handed) - Aaron Hill Coaches - Greg Omay (Head Coach), Adrian Finglas Officials - Sarina Macpherson (Section Manager), Linnea Korssell, Sue Crafer, Geoff Milligan, Timothy Lowe

Three of the team made their Paralympic debut. Australia won a silver and bronze medal.

2012
Australia represented in sailing: Teams - Matthew Bugg (Single person 2.4mR), Daniel Fitzgibbon and Liesl Tesch (Two person Skud 18), Colin Harrison, Stephen Churm, Jonathan Harris (Three person Sonar) Support staff – Administration – Sarah Karsten (Section Manager), Peter Conde (Support staff) ; Coaches – Grant Alderson, Tim Lowe, Richard Scarr ; Physiotherapist – Sarah Ross, Technical Support – Adrian Finglas, Boat Technician – Jeffery Milligan ; Personal Care Attendant – Kumi Sasaki

Lisel Tesch attended her sixth Games but the first as sailor. She previously captained Australian women's wheelchair basketball team to medals at previous Games. Tesch won her first Paralympic gold medal by combining with Daniel Fitzgibbon to win Two Person Keelboat.

2016
Australia represented in sailing:

Teams - Matthew Bugg (Single person 2.4mR), Daniel Fitzgibbon and Liesl Tesch (Two person Skud 18), Colin Harrison, Russell Boaden, Jonathan Harris (Three person Sonar). Support staff - Coaches - Grant Alderson, Geoff Woolley, Richard Scarr ; Team Leader - Mark Robinson, Assistant Team Leader - Shellee Ferguson  ; Boatmen - Andrew Lechte, Tim Lowe, Physiotherapist - Sarah Ross, Carer - Ryoko Yamaguchi.

Australia one three medals - two gold medals to Daniel Fitzgibbon / Liesl Tesch (Two person Skud 18) and Colin Harrison / Russell Boaden / Jonathan Harris (Three person Sonar) and silver medal to Matthew Bugg (Single person 2.4mR). This was the last Games for sailing has been taken off the 2020 Tokyo Games program.

title: Australian Paralympic Sailing Team


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2017 September 16

= September 16 =

Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome causes a mess of problems: the patient cannot produce a specific enzyme, produces too much uric acid, experiences intellectual disability severe enough to prevent speech and ambulation, and is susceptible to a raftload of self-harming behaviors. I get the impression that the enzyme absence causes the overproduction of uric acid somehow, but what causes the rest? The article seems to suggest that the hyperuricemia is responsible for everything, yet that seems unlikely (why would too much of a toxic acid cause compulsive self-harming?) — but then I've looked over the "Pathophysiology" section without understanding much of anything after the first three paragraphs. Nyttend (talk) 03:35, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * From the article: "The etiology of the neurological abnormalities remains unknown." Ruslik_ Zero 08:13, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Nonetheless, it might be useful to research purine autism, which also involves hyperuricemia. Purine autism is interesting in that it is a kind of autism said to respond to allopurinol treatment, though I would have expected much more confirmation of that by now if it were reliable.    Note that autism can also cause self-harm activity and is mentioned in this regard in our Lesch-Nyhan article. Wnt (talk) 11:32, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hm, I didn't realise that "etiology" meant "origin" or "cause". Nyttend (talk) 12:33, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

Aquo complex versus hydrated compound
Is there a clear demarcation between an aquo complex and a hydrated compound; or does it simp.ly depend on context; or does it depend on the particular author? I am not talking about water of crystallization when I say 'hydrated compound'. Case in point: tetraaquocopper(2+) sulfate versus copper(2+) sulfate tetrahydrate. Does it have anything to do with the degree of lability of the aquo ligands, or perhaps whether the complex is homoleptic? Plasmic Physics (talk) 07:03, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * At the level of one of my freshman chemistry textbooks (General Chemistry by Ralph H. Petrucci 5th edition 1985, p.911) and this website (Washington University at St. Louis), both would appear to be non-standard names for coordination complexes, although the first is close.  Standard nomenclature would be tetraaquacopper(II) sulfate, indicating copper 2+ coordinated to 4 waters and not coordinated to the sulfate counter ion.  "Copper(2+) sulfate tetrahydrate" would mean CuSO4.4H2O to me, which would be an example of water of crystallization.  An example of where you have seen this would be helpful, but using CuSO4.4H2O terminology would be necessary in instructions for a copper sulfate solution preparation to get the right mass of starting reagent for the desired concentration of copper sulfate.--Wikimedes (talk) 17:45, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Using the ionic charge instead of the oxidation state when constructing additive names seems to be the preffered alternative convention according to the latest IUPAC nomenclature conventions. From what I've read, when 'hydrate' appears in the name, it can refer to either an aquo complex or w.o.c. introducing vagueness. From your your concluding remark, I gather that which one to choose, depends more on the context? If that is the case, what defines the context in which either use would be appropriate? Plasmic Physics (talk) 23:28, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Standard nomenclature seems unambiguous, and you probably can't go wrong by choosing the standard way of saying or writing things. (2+ vs. II or aquo vs. aqua wouldn't impede understanding and is just a tangential nitpick.)  One of my fields is solid state chemistry; I'm not up on common variations of standard nomenclature in coordination chemistry and can't recall much anecdotally.--Wikimedes (talk) 02:29, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * (My appologies, it appears it is actually supposed to be 'aqua'). Solid-state chemistry? Interesting... How can you tell expermentally or theorhetically, if an atom is bound to a neighbouring atom in a bulk phase? Plasmic Physics (talk) 03:03, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Experimentally, X-ray crystallography would be choice for crystalline compounds, and can give some information about amorphous solids as well. There are also the related neutron and electron diffraction.  Solid-state NMR gives information on the proximities of NMR-active nuclei.  According to table 3.1, p.48 of Solid State Chemistry and its Applications by Anthony R. West 1984, most types of spectroscopy give information on local structure, though you would have to do some research to find out which technique is best used for a particular situation.  Theoretically, according to p.20 of the January 2017 edition of the MRS Bulletin, "... (molecular dynamics) simulations are routinely used to model the structure of materials with steadily increasing accuracy".--Wikimedes (talk) 18:58, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

Breaking boards
How much force does it take to perform a power break on an unpegged stack of 4 standard 1-inch-thick boards made from seasoned pine, dimensions 12x6 inches, grain along the 6-inch edge? How much more force is needed if the stack is increased to 6 boards with all the other parameters remaining the same? (This is NOT homework -- this is me trying to gauge my own strength!) 2601:646:8E01:7E0B:3DB7:8D6E:A762:14CC (talk) 08:02, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * You don't break them with force (at least, not in karate), you use impulse to do it. This is the product of force and time (strictly, their integral). There are two impulses under consideration here, the impulse given to the moving hand by the body, and the impulse the moving hand then transfers to the boards. Much of karate training is about increasing the impulse given to the hand, in the short time available. Considering human muscle generally, we're "strong but slow" - a mediocre performer in pure strength sports can produce more force than most karetaka can, but they can't deliver anything like the same impulse. The ultimate demonstration of this being of course the "inch punch" techniques.
 * This also indicates why an empty hand technique is limited (for pure striking effect) against anything with a weighted glove, or a kick (legs are heavier than arms). Human muscles are better at loading impulse into things slightly heavier than a single hand.
 * Then there's the matter of transferring the impulse into the board. It takes a certain amount of energy to fracture a brittle material like dry cross-grain timber, so six boards will need at least $$6/4$$ as much as four. But, one must also couple the impulse of the hand effectively into the boards. This is very difficult to model as a physical process, because it's fast and the materials (mostly hands) are flexible, so they turn the energy of the moving hand into compressed and displaced flesh, rather than bending (and breaking) the board. This is the second matter of karate training: which part to strike with and how to keep the hand rigid enough.
 * Then there's the physics of breaking boards. The easiest boards to break are a stack of moderately thin boards, already touching at the impact point. It is hard to break the same boards with spacers at their edges. If they're spaced apart for visibility, they sometimes have a 'coupler' in the middle too. It's very hard - soon impossible - to break a single board of the same thickness. Also don't demonstrate against a carpenter who gets to choose which boards to use, because there's visible and selectable variations in their strength. Boards are broken by exceeding their strain, not their stress. It's not applying a force greater than their ability to resist, it's bending the board past their linear ability to extend (why the materials broken are chosen for being brittle, i.e. having a poor resistance to strain, even if strong against a stressing force). If the boards are too thick, you can't bend them enough to achieve this strain - you may put a Herculean dent into the top, but they don't snap. If they're too thin, they become simply flexible and all you will do is bend them down and have them spring back afterwards - this is some of the theory behind composite materials. If the boards are in a spaced stack, then there is considerable bending in the upper boards (absorbing your impulse), but there isn't enough left for the lower boards to break them. Bending the upper boards downwards to touch the next board absorbs energy and this energy is lost to the strike when the board breaks (it turns into sound or an acceleration of the board halves starting to move independently). So a spaced stack of boards will require an impulse that increases more than the number of boards. Exactly how much more is tricky to work out, as it depends on many factors - such as the relative energy needed to bend a board down vs. the energy to break it. A stiff board in a spaced stack (such as tiles) is very hard to break.
 * Boards and tiles are broken for demonstrations because they demonstrate the effect of impulse over force. To show simple force strength (and not highlight the effects of speed), then punching a swinging bag and seeing how far it moved would show this better - and the karetaka would probably lose to Indian wrestlers. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:39, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I am suspicious you are thinking of something else besides impulse here. The impulse is force x time, and causes an acceleration of the target object.  In other words, the swinging bag would be a perfect measurement of impulse.  What you are describing seems more like simple speed, or perhaps some other quality, that allows the board to be pulled far off center before it has much of a chance to push back on the hand i.e. to apply its impulse to the hand.  But I know nothing of how to break multiple boards with a hand, so I am likely wrong. Wnt (talk) 11:39, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Would it be rate of transfer of impulse (= rate of change of momentum) that is important here?   D b f i r s   12:05, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * And if so, that would be the force! (F*t)/t=F 2601:646:8E01:7E0B:3DB7:8D6E:A762:14CC (talk) 12:17, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * So it would! I've never tried to break boards (at least not seriously).  Presumably, one needs both a large impulse and a fast rate of transfer (speed of strike; force) to achieve the effect.  There is some discussion here but I'm not convinced by the approximations in the mathematics.   D b f i r s   12:27, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The link loops back to Wikipedia: Breaking (martial arts) for a source. Our article there has some data (also shows some signs of personal stress, like the uppercase link to SCIENCE).  I am still not convinced it is very simple.  For one thing, the displacement of the board depends on the force, but force is a tricky thing.  Suppose you contrast my hand, modelled by a heavy sausage wrapped in confectionary marshmallow, versus the hand of a martial artist, modelled by the sausage wrapped in horn.  Well, if I had a rocket booster handy to get my hand up to the same speed as the artist, the impulse would be the same.  But the force wouldn't be the same because the whole mass of the marshmallow has to squish up (OUCH!) before all the momentum is transferred; but the horny hand of the artist presumably is more rigid and conducts that impulse rapidly upon the first few millimeters of contact (and impulse/time = force).  Bent off center more rapidly by the increased force, perhaps the board breaks sooner, and therefore has much less time to transfer impulse back to the hand of the artist.  So how much is speed, needed to build up the hand's impulse, and how much is rigidity, to deliver it?  And what else have I forgotten? Wnt (talk) 18:07, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * So, anyone find an approximate number value for the force involved? 2601:646:8E01:7E0B:3DB7:8D6E:A762:14CC (talk) 07:44, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Force is the wrong measure. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:13, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Shortest Nobel Prize-winning paper
Today I learned that Watson & Crick's paper announcing their discovery (or at least, their part in the discovery) of the structure of DNA is a mere 834 words - exceptional brevity for such a significant finding. Is that a record? I appreciate Nobel Prizes aren't for papers but for research generally, but using published papers which described Nobel-winning research as a metric has anyone ever bettered 834 words? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:10, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Watson & Crick's paper was so short largely because they were in such a hurry. Much of the background work was already known. Pauling had already published one postulated structure, which was largely held to be unworkable. They thought that others (i.e. Pauling) would reach their own conclusions for themselves if given much more time. Watson & Crick had two ideas, the double helix (rather than a triple structure) and also the "zipper" idea for replication. They wanted to be Wallace, not Darwin. Their paper wasn't publishing the results of long years of research and careful study (that was mostly out there already, or was filled out later) it was throwing two wild ideas out to claim clear priority on them, even if they turned out to be wrong later. The specific paper is a brilliant hypothesis, not careful research. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:36, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Since Watson and Crick were mentioned, Rosalind Franklin must be mentioned too. Fgf10 (talk) 11:39, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * One of the justifications for Franklin not being mentioned on this paper has been that the paper was based on the two "wild guesses" that were so urgent to make publicly visible and so to claim precedence for. Franklin's work had been the painstaking careful research that led up to this. Sadly and IMHO wrongly, the Nobel Prize was awarded for the narrow paper, and overlooked Franklin's contribution to making it possible to have those ideas. Andy Dingley (talk) 12:42, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Franklin is acknowledged in the paper (as well as Wilkins). --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:14, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I fully agree that Franklin should have been given more credit by the scientific establishment, but it's difficult to see how the Nobel Committee itself could have: Nobel Prizes are never awarded posthumously, and Franklin had died in 1958, 4 years before the award to Watson, Crick and Maurice Wilkins. Watson himself suggested that, had she lived, she might also have shared the award.
 * Perhaps those three should themselves have made more of her contribution, which Franklin may never have been fully aware of, as Wilkins had shown her critical 1952 photo to W & C in 1953 without her knowledge, and after she herself had moved on to a different college and different areas of research. {The poster formerly known as <IP_ADDRESS>} <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:06, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Well her also sharing the award with Watson, Crick and Wilkins, if she had lived was surely about as likely as her getting the award after she died, i.e. really unlikely. Prize rules limiting a single prize to 3 people would have required either there were 2 awards in two separate categories or years, or there was something weird like the Randall X-ray diffraction lab. Mind you, I'm not sure anything but the Nobel Peace Price can be award to an organisation. Our article suggests so but the cited source doesn't really seem to say this and the closest I can find on the Nobel site is that in some places they mention the Nobel Peace Price has been awarded to organisations etc. Anyway, if they had wanted to award to an organisation in memory of her, I don't see that her death really stopped that. And if they were going to award 2 prizes, they could have simply said no living person deserved the second, although that may seem a little weird since more likely no living person and Wilkins should share the second prize. Mind you the no 3 people and posthumous rules [//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/] don't really seem to come from Nobel's will anyway [//www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html]. Also although that clearly says the award is divided equally, among the recipients, suggests it isn't always. I guess most likely this arises when 2 separate works receive an award, in which case the one work with 2 recipients gets 1/2 share which is divided among the 2 people, and the other gets 1/2 share which goes to that single awardeee. Nil Einne (talk) 17:48, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * My assumption is that Franklin would have been jointly awarded the Prize instead of Wilkins. Both of them had been working on DNA crystallography, and Franklin had been recruited by their mutual boss John Randall to either collaborate with Watkins (as he believed) or to take the work over and forward it (as she believed – Randall's poor management of them led to their misunderstanding). Franklin's improved data was crucial to Watson and Crick, but with her dead, it was not unreasonable to include Watkins as the "next biggest player" in the discovery. {The poster formerly known as <IP_ADDRESS>} <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:46, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Here is the paper, and as you see, Franklin is acknowledged (as well as Wilkins).
 * Possibly. However your original comment said also without any mention of excluding any recipients so I was replying to that. Nil Einne (talk) 05:06, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Acknowledgement isn't an authoring credit though. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:16, 20 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The assumption I've heard is that if Franklin had survived and been able to promote her work (and that of her doctoral student Raymond Gosling), there would probably have been two prizes: Watson and Crick would have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology (for working out the reproduction mechanism of DNA) and Wilkins, Franklin (and maybe Gosling) would have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry or maybe Physics (for pioneering x-ray crystallography methods that uncovered the structure of DNA). Smurrayinchester 10:18, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Conway famously published a paper with the title "can n^2+1 unit equilateral triangles cover an equilateral triangle of side > n, say n + e" with the substantive body of "n^2 + 2 can" accompanied by two diagrams. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E34:EF5E:4640:35DC:A78A:A81D:9CA4 (talk) 15:32, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The question was about Nobel Prizes, though. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:14, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

Infinity
Jean-marie Adragna Vancouver B.C Canada

Everybody thing at the infinity at the space in expansion. For my the description of the Infinity is the ( The wave of the Big-Bang forever increase ) Sorry but I don't have any background in science ,i this possible the somebody told me if is possible For my ( fiery ). Sin cerement J-M.A — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:57, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes, there are many infinities. There's infinitely large, infinitely small, infinitely forward in time, and infinitely backwards in time, for example.   You might also be interested in the infinite worlds hypothesis.  StuRat (talk) 15:06, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Some people regard "infinitely small" as a contradiction in terms. The usual term is Infinitesimal.  Mathematically, there is a hierarchy of infinities (see Stu's link above).  For example, there are more real numbers than there are whole numbers, but the number of fractions is the same as the number of whole numbers.    D b f i r s   16:40, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * But no matter how you slice it, "infinity" is not a quantity, it is not a number. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 18:33, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It's actually a cardinality.   D b f i r s   19:36, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, there are different "cardinalities" of infinity. Hence the terms "countably" infinite vs. "uncountably" infinite. But infinity is infinity. As Carl Sagan said, no matter how large a number you can imagine, you are no closer to infinity than is the number 1. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 03:58, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Did you read the article on cardinality?   D b f i r s   06:25, 17 September 2017 (UTC)cardinality
 * The term "infinitesimal", which is used to mean "infinitely small", is essentially a way of saying "infiniteth", as compared with "tenth" or "hundredth" or "thousandth". ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 04:07, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * See also our Shape of the universe. -- ToE 17:46, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * See also here. Count Iblis (talk) 22:33, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Nothing is infinite (with one exception). Everything is by design or definition infact finite as a concept of science. The only exeption is the literal Nothing in Sense of empty space which is the only "thing" that can be regarded as infinite without braking our laws of physics. --Kharon (talk) 03:21, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Or breaking. But braking works too. :) And if space is "finite but unbounded" then your premise remains true. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 04:00, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The metric expansion of space should be braking, but isn't, so the Americans are apparently the only ones to put the brakes on something metric. :-) StuRat (talk) 04:29, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Ofcourse i meant Breaking. Im German but my englisch was always very, very good. No idea how that got so wrong in my head - or out of to be more precise. I promise I'll take more care for my writing. --Kharon (talk) 05:06, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I'll give you a break and assume your misspelling and improper capitalization of "English" was intentional. :-) StuRat (talk) 16:49, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * What's the diff between a straight-A student, her teacher, and Ford Proving Grounds ? One breaks the curve on a test, the next curves the test on a break, and the last tests the brakes on a curve. StuRat (talk) 16:43, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Empty space is not literally nothing, neither ontologically nor physically. See virtual particle. μηδείς (talk) 20:50, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

What does D. Œ. A. V. stand for?
In working on the history of glaciology, I'm finding references to "D. Œ. A. V.", such as this: "Le succès des sondages de 1899 encourageant les plus grands espoirs pour la réussite du levé complet par la même voie, d'un profil transversal du glacier, le Comité central du D. Œ. A. V., qui avait subventionné les premiers travaux, consentit avec la plus louable munificence à faire les frais d'une nouvelle campagne de sondages dans ce but." which Google translates as "The success of the surveys of 1899, which encouraged the greatest hopes for the success of the complete survey by the same route, of a transverse profile of the glacier, the central committee of the D. Œ. A. V., which had subsidized the first works, consented with the most laudable munificence to pay the cost of a new survey campaign for this purpose." I also see this abbreviation in some old citations. Can anyone tell me what it stands for? The "Œ" quite probably stands for "Österreich" or some variation, since we're talking about the Alps; the A might derive from the Alps. Googling the abbreviation and searching Google Scholar for the cited papers hasn't gotten me anywhere. Any other way to find out? Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 16:24, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Possibly Deutscher und Österreichischer Alpenverein. Cheers ✦  hugarheimur 16:46, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * That's sure to be it. Thank you very much! Mike Christie (talk - contribs -  library) 16:50, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * D. Œ. A. V. and D.Œ.A.V. now created as redirects. Nyttend (talk) 23:24, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

Atmospheric pressure
My Thermodynamics professor drew a free-body diagram for a lid being lifted by boiling water in the pot below. Applying downward force is gravity and atmospheric pressure, he said, while vapor pressure provides the lift. But doesn't the air inside the pot provide a lift as well due to an equal amount of atmospheric pressure as the air above? Thank you. Imagine Reason (talk) 16:49, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * It could be that your professor is assuming that water vapor has displaced all the air in the pot. Your professor is the best authority on the assumptions s\he has made in his/her model; this would be a good question to ask him/her.--Wikimedes (talk) 17:05, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Until the lid is lifted, the gas underneath it should be at atmospheric pressure plus the water vapor pressure. So yes, the atmospheric pressure on both sides of the lid cancels out. StuRat (talk) 17:13, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Since the sides of the pot are not involved in the scenario, should I assume that the lid has been lifted? In that case, will the vapor have completely displaced all the air? Thank you. Imagine Reason (talk) 23:13, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * After a little more thought, I see it this way: If the water is boiling, it means that the gas above the water in the pot is at (or less than) the vapor pressure of water for the temperature of the water.  On the stove top, heat is put in until the water temperature rises to the point where this pressure starts to push off the lid.  This upward pressure is equal to the downward pressure on the lid caused by gravity acting on the lid and the external gas pressure on the lid, which is atmospheric pressure.
 * Another way to look at it is that the gas inside the pot is isolated from the atmosphere outside the pot (and the weight of the ~100km column of air that causes atmospheric pressure), so there's no reason to expect atmospheric pressure to be a factor inside the pot.--Wikimedes (talk) 00:42, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The air is not displaced. Infact it will not be displaced but to the contrary remain and get saturated (with steam) in dependence of its temperature and pressure, in an multicomponent (Water and Air (Nitrogen, Oxygen Argon Carbon dioxide etc.)) Vapor–liquid equilibrium commonly named and known as "Steam" (See Steam T-s-diagram in added picture on the right). --Kharon (talk) 03:00, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Ask the professor, but a possible simplification would start with the lid directly atop the water with no air under it, and with no air dissolved in the water. As it happens, in real life before boiling starts there will be air under the lid and air dissolved in the water, but the total amount of air is small in proportion to the amount of steam that is generated, so its effect is mathematically negligible in a sufficiently large container.-Arch dude (talk) 04:03, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't want to ask the professor because he introduced concepts like gage pressure without much explanation and refused to answer a student who asked about it. He didn't mention anything about cooking a vacuum. Also, if the atmospheric pressure from the air inside the pot is negligible, then so is the atm outside, no? Imagine Reason (talk) 04:46, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * You are at the start of thermodynamic lessons obviously, else you had not asked your question. It will be answered later on. You will learn to use the Gas constant, learn about Bernoulli's principle etc. Your professor probably tried to tease you to get you interested and wanting to learn. You still have to learn, to understand, which obviously seems much more boring then trying to bend your mind around it with what you already believe to understand. Have some patience, do your lessons and you answer this question and other new ones yourself. --Kharon (talk) 05:40, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * If the atmospheric pressure from the air inside the pot is negligible, then the atmospheric pressure from the outside should be neglected as well, no?
 * It's not really a matter of atmospheric pressure inside the pot being negligible (i.e. so small it can be ignored). Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of the atmosphere.  After the lid is put on, the gas inside the pot is isolated from the weight of the atmosphere, so it doesn't make sense to use the weight of the atmosphere to model the pressure inside the pot (except perhaps when the lid is first put on and nothing has changed inside the pot yet).  Outside the pot, however, the weight of the atmosphere is still pushing down on the lid (even after the pot heats up), so atmospheric pressure must be taken into account.--Wikimedes (talk) 19:43, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The partial pressure contribution of the air molecules is negligible because they are a negligible percentage of the total gas in the pot after it commences boiling. Essentially all of the gas is steam, as the steam molecules increase while the number of air molecules remains fixed. ("air molecules": the usual mix of gases. "steam molecules": H2O). -Arch dude (talk) 20:34, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Forgive me for still not understanding. Right after you close the lid, the air inside the pot is lifting the cover with 1 atm of pressure. Then you apply heat to the contents of the pot. The air inside then should contribute more than 1 atm of pressure now, thus canceling the weight of the air on top of the cover. Imagine Reason (talk) 03:28, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * When the air inside the pot is contributing more than 1 atm of pressure, it no longer exactly cancels the external atmospheric pressure. At this point you have to consider them as separate forces acting on the lid, rather than ignoring them.--Wikimedes (talk) 05:09, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * See Dalton's law. If the gas under the lid is 50% air and 50% steam, then the equilibrium pressure of the mixture will be that of the steam, which will be given by the Vapour pressure of water.  HTH, Robinh (talk)

Feynman Lectures. Exercises. Exercise 14-15 JPG
. .

In Solutions they write: Let the spring is stretched by the force F0. The displacement can be found from F0 = k x0. Let's stretch the spring more by x. Then new force is : k(x0 + x) = k x0 + kx = F0 + kx. So extra force is the same as if the spring is stretched from undisturbed state.

But the Solution' author uses k=const from beginning of the proof. If k is some function of x, and F = k(x)•x only for very small x, then how to prove the exercise? In other words, we have the undisturbed spring length L1 and we know the law for it: FI = k1 x for small x. And we have the stretched spring length L2 and the law FII = k2 x for small x. From these two laws it is clear that F≠k2(L2 - L1)≠k1(L2 - L1). Username160611000000 (talk) 19:02, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * If a spring has a force constant, then k should be a constant.

 * It is ridiculous that we are asked to prove k = const, and this is given under the statement of the problem. No, I think we should not use k = const. Besides the exercise is to Lectures 13,14 "Work and Potential Energy".Username160611000000 (talk) 08:14, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I think you're being asked to prove the constant is constant from the new position. Yes, it's pretty elementary, I mean, k(x+dx) - kx = kdx or something.  They can't all be stumpers. Wnt (talk) 18:15, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * If k increases in the spring stretched under force, it seems apparent the new k will be the "force constant" for very small deviations, if the function derivative is continuous. i.e. FII = k2(x +- delta x) for small delta x. Wnt (talk) 19:35, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * It is not impossible, e.g. k = sin (x). Then for x = 0.5π, 1.5π etc. the derivative = 0 and so k(x) = k(x+dx).Username160611000000 (talk) 08:14, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * yeah, but ... if k = 0 at 1.5 m, how is the pendulum going to stay there when it's under some continuous force? Also, this isn't really an exception = for this FII = 0 (x +- delta x).   For small deviations it's not a spring, but it's not an exception. Wnt (talk) 09:34, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

ancient glacial features
It's easy to point to valleys that were shaped by glaciers in the last million years. But what are the oldest known glacial features? Are there glacial valleys in continents that were near the poles in Mesozoic times? —Tamfang (talk) 20:35, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Note that land didn't need to be near the poles to have glaciers. Glaciers covered much of Europe and North America in the most recent ice age, for example. StuRat (talk) 20:53, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * See here. Count Iblis (talk) 21:17, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Global glaciations and atmospheric change at ca. 2.3 Ga. Count Iblis (talk) 22:14, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * As others have noted about, we have seen signs of ancient glaciations going back billions of years. That said, features like carved valleys will be eroded and changed over time.  Given 10-20 million years or so, most features won't be easily recognizable as glacier derived except by detailed study from experts.  Dragons flight (talk) 09:11, 17 September 2017 (UTC)


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User:EvanDanielCollett/sandbox

$UICIDEBOY$ are an American hardcore hip hop duo from the 7th Ward of New Orleans. The duo formed in 2014 and consists of cousins Ruby da Cherry.

Initially, the cousins veered down different paths but were living on opposite sides of the same city. Ruby dabbled in punk rock while $crim became a self-taught DJ and songwriter. Once they joined forces, the result was a dark blend of horrorcore glitch-trap bubbling with booming bass, ominous atmospherics, and occultish, drugged-out rhymes. When signed to G*59 Records, the two released the ambitious ten-part series, Kill Your$elf. With titles like The $uicide $aga, The $eppuku $aga, and The Re$urrection $aga, $uicideboy$ layered their twisted raps over short tracks, releasing additional EPs like DIRTYNASTY$UICIDE, Grey Sheep, G.R.E.Y.G.O.D.S., and My Liver Will Handle What My Heart Can't in 2015. By 2016, with SXSW and international shows under their belts, the recordings continued, notching nearly 30 full efforts within two years. Radical $uicide, their 29th release, arrived in the summer of 2016. The five-track EP produced by Getter peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Rap charts.

Before $uicideboy$
Growing up, $crim had lived in the west bank of Seventh Ward, opposite of Ruby. He was heavily influenced by popular rap artists including Lil Wayne and T-Pain, while Ruby was more influenced by punk rock bands like the Misfits, Minor Threat, Leftöver Crack, and Choking Victim. However, he was also a fan of hip-hop, saying he had wanted to be Lil Wayne since he was seven years old.

Ruby tried making punk music for about ten years while being the drummer, guitarist, bassist, and singer on separate occasions. His first show was when he was 13; he performed as the drummer. There were three other people in his band, but they hadn’t taken the band seriously.

At age 13, $crim began experimenting with a self-made turntable consisting of two CD players and an audio mixer, which his parents had gotten him for Christmas. Throughout high school and college, he regularly became booked for DJing parties and, eventually, creating mixtapes.

When $crim was 17, his grandfather passed away. Unable to cope effectively, he turned to Vicodin and immediately became addicted. This lead to an addiction to other drugs such as Opiate and heroin. Prior to his grandfather’s death, he had been clean. Throughout this, $crim worked a 9 to 5 job at a furniture store to be able to keep himself alive financially. When he was 19, he had enough extra money to purchase a laptop in which he started creating music. He was self-taught through YouTube tutorials. When $crim was fired from his job due to his tattoos, Ruby had come along and convinced him to begin rapping. Later, Ruby managed to get $crim off of heroin by threatening the dismantlement of their future unless he would be honest with him about his addiction.

After both cousins had tried to work solo, they found their best work was in collaborations with each other. One of $crim’s solo songs titled “Suicide” was his current hit song, and Ruby and $crim began referring to one another as “Suicide boys.” This name stuck.

Mixtapes

 * GRAY / GREY (2015)
 * BLACK $UICIDE
 * BLACK $UICIDE $IDE B: $UICIDE HUSTLE (2015)
 * 7TH OR ST. TAMMANY (2015)
 * YUNGDEATHLILIFE (2015)
 * HIGH TIDE IN THE SNAKE'S NEST (2015)
 * BLACK $UICIDE $IDE C: THE SEVENTH SEAL (2015)
 * $outh $ide $uicide feat. Pouya (2015)
 * My Liver Will Handle What My Heart Can't (2015)
 * Now the Moon's Rising (2015)
 * Dark Side of the Clouds (2016)
 * ETERNAL GREY (2016)

EPs

 * KILL YOUR$ELF PART I: THE $UICIDE $AGA (2014)
 * KILL YOUR$ELF PART II: THE BLACK $UEDE $AGA (2014)
 * KILL YOUR$ELF PART III: THE BUDD DWYER $AGA (2014)
 * KILL YOUR$ELF PART IV: THE TRILL CLINTON $AGA (2014)
 * KILL YOUR$ELF PART V: THE FUCK BITCHE$, GET DEATH $AGA (2014)
 * KILL YOUR$ELF PART VI: THE T$UNAMI SAGA (2015)
 * KILL YOUR$ELF PART VII: THE FUCK GOD $AGA (2015)
 * KILL YOUR$ELF PART VIII: THE $EPPUKU $AGA (2015)
 * KILL YOUR$ELF PART XI: THE $OUL$EEK $AGA (2015)
 * KILL YOURSELF PART PART X: THE RE$URRECTION $AGA (2015)
 * Grey Sheep EP (2015)
 * G.R.E.Y.G.O.D.S. (2015)
 * I No Longer Fear the Razor Guarding My Heel (2015)
 * I No Longer Fear the Razor Guarding My Heel (II) (2015)
 * G.R.E.Y.G.O.D.S.I.I. (2016)
 * DIRTYNASTY$UICIDE (2016)
 * Grey Sheep II (2016)
 * Radical $uicide (2016)

title: User:EvanDanielCollett/sandbox


text:
User:Bjing

Christopher Salaysay, born April 30, 1983, Sta. Rosa, Laguna - Philippines. buayos_3@yahoo.com

title: User:Bjing


text:
User:KIRATENT/sandbox

Samir Shiekh commonly known as Sammy Gill, is an Indian actor. Most of his artistic work focusses on films.

Sammy was raised in Dehlon in the Ludhiana District of Punjab, India

Career
Sammy Gill main target audience is the Punjabi-speaking population of the world. Since 2015, he has released Movie Teri Meri Jodi In 2019 ; has written screenplays for, acted in Punjabi Short films;

Films

Sammy Gill debuted in a supporting role in Teri Meri Jodi, a 2019 film based on the Family Darama.in India

title: User:KIRATENT/sandbox


text:
File:MC Chief Of Police Letter.JPG

Eighth photo copy: Another letter of inquiry from the Morro Castle disaster. From photo copies owned by Lew Norris, deceased and now owned by C.V.Norris who has copyright privileges. All of the copies of the (original photos), that will be submitted to Wikipedia for use on their Morro Castle information, are at the New York, Maritime Industry Museum of Fort Schyler, donated by C.V.Norris.

(Tagged as GFDL-self by User:JesseW due to the name of the uploader and the clear intent to make the photos available on Wikipedia.)

title: File:MC Chief Of Police Letter.JPG


text:
SS Montfort Stokes

SS Montfort Stokes (MC contract 2000) was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Montfort Stokes, an American politician who served as both North Carolina's Governor and Senator.

The ship was laid down on 16 July 1943 by the North Carolina Shipbuilding Company of Wilmington, North Carolina, then launched on 14 August 1943. The ship survived the war and was sold into private ownership in 1947. She was scrapped in 1962.

title: SS Montfort Stokes


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/mcdermottconsulting.com

Links

 * mcdermottconsulting.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
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 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
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Additions

 * Displayed all 3 additions.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/iteakarditsas.blogspot.gr

Links

 * iteakarditsas.blogspot.gr resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * iteakarditsas.blogspot.gr is hosted on iteakarditsas.blogspot.com
 * iteakarditsas.blogspot.com resolves to [//<IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS>]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users

 * Soundwaweserb
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group rollbacker on some wikis
 * Soundwaweserb
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group rollbacker on some wikis
 * Soundwaweserb
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group rollbacker on some wikis
 * User is whitelisted: User is in a trusted group rollbacker on some wikis

Additions

 * Displayed all 8 additions.


text:
Vine pull schemes

Vine pull schemes are programs whereby grape growers receive a financial incentive to pull up their grape vines, a process known as arrachage in French. A large program of this kind was initiated by the European Union (EU) in 1988 to reduce the wine lake glut from overproduction and declining demand. In the first five years of the program, growers, mainly in southern France and southern Italy, were paid to destroy 320,000 hectares or 790400 acre of vineyard. This was the equivalent to the entire vineyard area of the world's fourth largest grower of grapes, the United States. The EU has recently resumed a vine pull scheme and Plan Bordeaux proposes additional vine pulls to increase prices for generic Bordeaux wine.

It is believed that this has contributed to the "global wine shortage". Research by America's Morgan Stanley financial services firm says demand for wine "exceeded supply by 300m cases in 2012".

title: Vine pull schemes


text:
Diggstown

Diggstown (known as Midnight Sting in the UK and Ireland), is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Michael Ritchie and written by Steven McKay, based on the 1978 novel The Diggstown Ringers by Leonard Wise. It stars James Woods, Louis Gossett Jr., Bruce Dern, Heather Graham, Oliver Platt and Randall "Tex" Cobb.

Plot
Gabriel Caine (James Woods), a con man, is released from prison in Winfield, Georgia and immediately gets to work on his next scam. Caine and his partner, Daniel Patrick O'Shannon "Fitz" Fitzpatrick (Oliver Platt), travel to a small town not far from the prison: Diggstown, a city obsessed with boxing.

A mean-spirited man named John Gillon (Bruce Dern) owns almost all of Diggstown. He is feared by many but also respected because he is the former manager of Diggstown's pride and joy, the once-famous boxer Charles Macom Diggs, the man for whom the town is named.

Upon hearing a remark that Diggs once knocked out five fighters in one day, Fitz “drunkenly” says he knows of a fighter who could knock out any 10 in one day: Honey Roy Palmer. Gillon tries to take advantage of the situation and bets Fitz $100,000 that no one man can best ten Diggstown boxers in one day. Caine quickly volunteers to finance Fitz's bet and the con is on.

Caine seeks out an old buddy, Palmer (Louis Gossett Jr.), who is now a 48-year-old YMCA supervisor. After some initial reluctance, Palmer agrees to participate and starts to train for the fight. Caine and Gillon agree to various conditions of the bet, with “one day” being 24 full hours and “Diggstown fighters” being able to come from any surrounding area of Olivair County. A loan shark backs Caine's bet, with the understanding that his health and welfare will be riding on the outcome.

Caine discovers that Gillon's treachery (and his bank account) goes deeper than Diggstown people know. As his manager, Gillon drugged Diggs during a fight so that Gillon could collect on the opponent's long odds. Diggs suffered irreversible brain damage as a result. With help from Emily Forrester (Heather Graham), sister of Caine's ex-cellmate Edward "Wolf" Forrester (Randall "Tex" Cobb), it is learned that Gillon has more than $1.5 million in assets. Caine tricks him into risking all of it. Now it is up to Honey Roy Palmer to defeat all 10 of Diggstown's men.

They begin with: Palmer is enraged. His next fight is with Sonny Hawkins, who is easily dispatched. Robby Gillon, the son of John Gillon, approaches the ring next, but then backs out under instructions from his father. His cowardice is regarded as a forfeit. Frank Mangrum officially loses to disqualification after kicking Palmer in the groin, then hitting the referee then gets knocked out by Palmer. Tank Miller, a gargantuan fighter, is next. He puts up a good fight, but a tiring Palmer eventually beats him.
 * Buck Holland (played by former heavyweight boxing contender Rocky Pepeli), who puts up a good fight. Palmer barely beats him.
 * Slim Busby, who like his brother, Hambone, has been bribed by Caine to take a dive.
 * Billy Hargrove (played by James Caviezel), who is easily beat.
 * Sam Lester (played by Roger Hewlett), who is secretly given a laxative before the fight and eventually runs from the ring.
 * Hambone Busby, who, like his brother, has been bribed to take a dive. Gillon, however, threatens to kill Hambone's brother, Slim, unless he is victorious in the ring. Hambone fights a vicious fight, but is ultimately defeated. Slim is indeed found murdered.

That brings up Diggstown's best man, Hammerhead Hagan, the only fighter ever to actually beat Palmer during their professional careers. He is brought in as a surprise ringer. Gillon moved him in as a county resident just before the bet rules were established, meaning that Hagan can legally fight.

The bout is one-sided. Palmer looks done for, but he gets new motivation after seeing Diggs, who is sitting ringside, move his hand slightly (which he interprets as a show of support). Caine, not wanting to see his friend die, attempts to throw in the towel, but Palmer catches it and throws it back. Palmer rallies to knock out his opponent.

Palmer, Caine and Fitz begin their celebration of this miraculous feat. They are cut short by Gillon, who notes that his son never entered the ring -– therefore, only nine fights have transpired. The true tenth fighter is then introduced: Minoso Torres, a tough-as-nails boxer who ruled the boxing underground in the prison from which Caine was recently released. No one has ever defeated him. Gillon admonishes Caine with: "Never try to hustle a hustler."

An exhausted Palmer is no match for Torres. But just when all looks lost, Caine whistles at Torres, gets his attention, straightens his tie and does a thumbs-down gesture (copying a move Gillon did earlier). Torres drops his gloves and invites Palmer to hit him, hitting the canvas, knocked out. Caine was expecting such a trick from Gillon and bribed Torres long ago for a moment like this.

Gillon has lost everything, leading Caine to correct him with an admonishment: "Actually, I believe it goes: Never con a con-man, especially one who's better than you are." Calm at first, he snaps and pulls a gun. His son, Robby, tries to intervene and Gillon smacks him. Palmer then grabs Gillon and prepares to deck him. Instead, he turns to Hambone, claiming, "My hands hurt. You want to do this?" Hambone gladly obliges and delivers Gillon a powerful knockout blow.

Caine congratulates Palmer: "What you did," he says, "couldn't be done." To which Palmer replies, "Now, you motivate me".

Cast

 * James Woods as Gabriel Caine
 * Louis Gossett Jr. as "Honey" Roy Palmer
 * Bruce Dern as John Gillon
 * Oliver Platt as Daniel Patrick O'Shannon "Fitz" Fitzpatrick
 * Heather Graham as Emily Forrester
 * Randall "Tex" Cobb as Edward "Wolf" Forrester
 * Thomas Wilson Brown as Robby Gillon
 * Jim Caviezel as Billy Hargrove
 * Wilhelm von Homburg as Charles Macum Diggs

Production
Filming for Diggstown took place in Montana, as well as in Los Angeles and Sacramento, California.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a approval rating based on  reviews, with an average score of. Leonard Maltin gave the film two and a half stars, calling it "amiable," but complains "the script is contrived". Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it Ritchie's most entertaining film since the mid-1970's, and praising the cast. The Los Angeles Times said the cast livened up "what could have been an overly cute entertainment".

Box office
The film flopped at the box office, making $4.8 million in its theatrical run, well below its $17 million budget.

title: Diggstown


text:
giovanile

Etymology
, from, derived from. .

Adjective

 * 1)  youth
 * 2) youthful
 * 3) early
 * 1) early

title: giovanile


text:
Talk:History of Alberta

Something not right
Can anyone explain how this statement is factual: "After the 1885 Northwest Rebellion was put down, settlers began to pour into Alberta. The closing of the American frontier around 1890 led 600,000 Americans to move to Saskatchewan and Alberta, where the farming frontier flourished 1897-1914.[17]" When census data for Alberta show the population in 1914 to be under 200k? Something is not right and if not factual is at the very least misleading. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:24, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

Expanding the article
I'm interested in greatly expanding this article. A rough outline is what I have in mind:
 * 1) pre-european settlement(until 1871)
 * 2) European Settlement before 1905(1871 - 1905)
 * 3) post 1905 growth (1905- 1920)
 * 4) The rise of prairie populism(1920-1935)
 * 5) Social Credit(1935-1947)
 * 6) The discovery of oil(1947 - 1972)
 * 7) Loughheed's conservatives(1972 -1982)
 * 8) Crash of the 80's(1982-1992)
 * 9) The Klein Era(1992-2006)
 * 10) Recent Developments(2006 - now)

Major themes: I believe there are two major themes to explore when addressing Alberta history 1) The relationship with Ottawa and Alberta's divergent political views that have arisen 2) Alberta's economic strength

Anyways, I hope I can develop something over time. This is a fairly large topic area really. (Unsigned Trvthseeker (talk) - 21:06, 20 March 2006)

Other subtopics
Other subtopics that should be covered:
 * Aboriginal wars (territorial dominance of different tribes (Cree, Blackfoot, Dene/Chipewyan) before colonisation, relation with fur traders)
 * Exporers (such as Alexander MacKenzie, Peter Pond, David Thompson) and their travels through Alberta (Canadian Rockies passes, travel along rivers, Hudson Bay Company trading posts)
 * North West Mounted Police/RCMP history in the province, including whisky trade, forts built.
 * first european communities established (Fort Vermilion, Fort Chipewyan), first colonies in what turned into major cities.
 * Railway period (northern route promises and the settlement of the Edmonton area, southern route reality and the growth of railway prairie towns, subsequent compensation of Edmonton).

Please add more. --Qyd 14:23, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think that a page about the history of Alberta should totally avoid the Eugenics Movement. Its an important and often overlooked piece of our history.  Doesn't have to be too in deapth, just a slight mention and a link to the Eugenics page.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:24, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Stub update
Seems as if this article uses an old stub version. Should be updated by someone who finds the appropriate ones. --Nyp 15:14, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

New Template
I've been working on a new template for the Histories of the Provinces. See here:

Do you think we need it? And is this the right format for it? Thanks. Kevlar67 02:38, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Petroleum history
Many errors in the later history segment, in respect to petroleum history. Please refer to Wiki petroleum history articles for at least some useful information. I have added links to them within a topic sentence. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Pmbcomm (talk • contribs) 01:11, 12 May 2007 (UTC).

Useful resource
This was posted on the Skookum1 (talk) 18:23, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

NPOV
Section 4.3.1 and possibly others are not neutral point of view. — Muckapedia (talk) 24 e avr. 2010 12h09 (−4h)
 * problem solved by stressing the views of Prokop, a RS. Rjensen (talk) 18:29, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

Tone
This article tries to spin a narrative rather than presenting its facts in a clear impartial manner. Hamish Paul Wilson (talk) 16:21, 25 September 2015 (UTC)
 * All the facts are presented in a clear, impartial manner, and all are fully sourced to RS. No one has identified a single case of "spin." Does it sound too interesting to be an encyclopedia article? Rjensen (talk) 18:06, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Alberta


text:
Talk:Fajã das Pontas

External links modified
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title: Talk:Fajã das Pontas


text:
Leif

Etymology
Ultimately from.

Etymology
From. Revived in the 19th century.

Etymology
From, from , northern variant of , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. The form has the vowel of the older dative and plural, while the variant  continues the nominative and accusative singular.

Noun

 * 1) body

Etymology
From. Used in Norway since the Middle Ages.

Etymology
From, from. First recorded as a given name in Sweden in 1852.

title: Leif


text:
Wikiversity:Developing Wikiversity through action research

This page is to coordinate activities in this collaborative action research project to develop and, in some senses, define Wikiversity. Essentially, it asks: "What are we doing to learn and facilitate learning on Wikiversity, and how can we improve what we are doing?" Some background to this research can be found on the "About" page and, on a more personal level, here. (Disclosure: this research constitutes the bulk, if not the whole, of my empirical research towards a PhD in education - however, I do not claim any 'ownership' over the research whatsoever. Cormaggio talk 22:51, 6 February 2008 (UTC)) Discussion about this project can be found and continued on the talk page, and if you wish to add yourself as an interested participant, please list yourself on the participants page. But again, please, edit this page to make it a truly collaborative research project...

Note: Cormac Lawler presented the results of his research as "Wikiversity: a project struggling with its own identity" at Wikimania 2010 in Gdansk, Poland.

Scope of research
This comes from discussion on the Colloquium in January/February 2008 - please also see Agenda
 * Clarifying learning model on Wikiversity (see Wikiversity learning model and Learning by doing, and workspaces below)
 * Develop engaging content/activities that would serve to build learning communities
 * Engage in outreach to invite participation
 * Explore tools for improving communication

Goals of research

 * Identify affordances and constraints of a wiki for learning - and apply this to the practice of building learning communities

Means of carrying out research

 * Form groups - set goals, tasks, and deadlines (/Groups, meetings and deadlines)
 * Media for groupwork/communication: wiki, IRC, WCR

Workspaces

 * Wikiversity learning model/Reading group
 * Wikiversity learning model/Discussion group
 * Making Wikiversity a personal learning space
 * Building successful learning communities on Wikiversity
 * Being educational

Theories in use

 * See /Theories
 * Mainly activity theory (specifically Engestrom's "expansive learning"), and communities of practice
 * Also strands of radical pedagogy, power, democracy, organisational learning (please add ideas to the theories page)

Form of research
The box below outlines a series of steps that correspond to an action research methodology for facilitating and assessing the development of Wikiversity. These steps correspond to headings below - all of which, of course, are editable. Steps 1-3 (inclusive) are the "pre-research" steps, and envisaged to be worked on immediately and simultaneously; 4-7 (inclusive) constitute one "cycle", or iteration, of the action research spiral (see action research page for details).

Projects
(these need updating and refactoring in parts)

Describe Wikiversity

 * See Reports for now..
 * Reports/15 January 2007
 * add others..
 * Something should be said about the interaction which a Wiki permits...asynchronous communication, decentralized information gathering, "trust"..et cetera
 * /List of uses of Wikiversity
 * What sort of participants does Wikiversity attract? /participant profiles
 * /Wikiversity identity - what sort of social/community identities result from participating on Wikiversity
 * Aspects that work/don't work (See Reports, What I have learned, Problems I have encountered...)
 * List of introspective dichotomies - eg, how is Wikiversity characterized with respect to:
 * inclusivity vs. exclusivity?
 * process vs. product?
 * process vs. jurisprudence?
 * virtual vs. brick-and-mortar?
 * prescriptive vs. descriptive?
 * aggregation of existing knowledge vs. generating new knowledge?

Increasing participation
Economy of thought: Currently, not too many learning communities have cropped up. This might be due to the lack of participants on Wikiversity. If we adopt a "learner-teacher" model, there may be a mismatch between participant interests. Essentially, we have an "economy of thought" analogous to bartering...
 * Increase participation through Wikiversity outreach. It is important to let people know we are here, but it is more important to let them know that we know they are out there. If you find a group that you think could or should interact with Wikiversity, go ahead and start them a page here, linking it with learning resources that are "up their alley".

 * Some examples:
 * Wikiversity and Connexions collaboration - a project to build and research (amongst other things) a technical bridge between the two projects.
 * SchoolForge - This is a Coalition of organizations that is dedicated to promoting and developing Free, Libre and Open Source Software in Education. Wikiversity has effectively "joined" the coalition by adding their page in the main namespace. Both SchoolForge and Wikiversity grow by linking common resources such as the Online Education Database and organizations like the FLOSSE Posse
 * Wikimania - Wikiversity has an intrinsic function as a wiki-based community that is flexible enough to "go with the flow" of events and online social networking. As a Wikimedia Foundation project, we can prove our worth by helping to organize learning activities and providing services such as the OpenMoko/Internet Kiosk, VoIP teleconferencing and Wiki Campus Radio.
 * other examples that could increase participation

 * Document feedback, "Follow-through" and progress at Wikiversity talk:Wikiversity outreach. As examples, follow links to the home sites of organizations that are listed under Category:Workspaces. See if their site includes a reciprocal link to Wikiversity. Several of those sites, particularly those that use MediaWiki contain a Wikiversity page that serves as an "outpost" for linking relevant shared resources, defining roles and coordinating action.

 * Another Question: How important/effective is reciprocal linking in increasing participation and aiding collaboration? Does the practice spread people too thin? Or does it actually build community?

 * Increasing commitment within the established community
 * Holding regular meetings
 * Determining tasks
 * Having weekly deadlines for these tasks
 * Trying to build something people want to participate in
 * Using this community to increase the number of participants and to keep those who are already involved
 * Do some marketing: politely making people enthusiastic for Wikiversity
 * Conflict management: Conflicts can be lethal to a group of people. Solutions: different guilds for different opinions within Wikiversity. Stimulate social bonding, so friendship becomes more important than being part of a language community.
 * Some tasks in organizing can be dull. So, there must be a goal to achieve. A goal could be to build up which can be appealing to a large crowd and could make people proud of having achieved it.
 * What do you want to achieve?
 * I want to make a historical atlas.--Daanschr 10:02, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Establishing credibility
As Wikipedia must continue to prove its value as an enclopedia, so must Wikiversity prove itself as an online learning community. What actions can insure that Wikiversity content is viable? Some stubby ides have been planted at Quality and some Content development guidlines have been offered.
 * More questions: Are the naming conventions established in the beginning here at the English language Wikiversity compatible with those in mainstream academia? Are they being replicated equivalently on other language versions? Could Wikiversity gain credibility by improving communications across political barriers and cultural boundaries?

Outreach

 * Go back out to other Wikimedia sisterprojects, and get opinions and impressions on how Wikiversity is seen from other parts of the Wikimedia-sphere. See if we can use Wikiversity's Academic freedom to aid other Wikimedians in their efforts from within projects with policies that restrict certain desirable movements. This should involve going out of our "comfort zone" to projects we haven't been involved with, in order to learn new things and bring them back here to teach/share/explore how Wikiversity can become more effective as a service community.
 * Exercise the Wikiversity outreach "muscle" by taking notes and building relevance within other Internet spheres such as Google Groups, Myspace or YouTube - and, of course, with other education-oriented communities - to find other Wikiversitans "out there"..
 * Team up and build Wikiversity "outposts" in somewhat the same way that "brick-and-mortar" institutions build extension services and field offices. Build learning resources here at Wikiversity for tracking the work we do in other spheres. Introduce people here to new vistas and show them the "tips and tricks" for working (and playing) in other Internet environments.

How action/reflection is to be carried out
Please add suggestions about various aspects of point three above - and sign your comment to indicate that this is your point-of-view, and not necessarily someone else's.
 * Ideas for groups, meetings and deadlines have been proposed - we can work on these at /Groups, meetings and deadlines.
 * Perhaps, when we develop a number of principles of the research, they should be developed into a page like /Principles (or perhaps one or more of /Overview, /Proposed methodology, or /Proposed methods would be better?). The timeframe for this work could be developed at /Timeframe; milestones at /Milestones, Intended outcomes at /Intended outcomes ...

Other projects
There is another action research project on Wikiversity underway at Learning to learn a wiki way - please also participate there if you are interested.

Elearning_in_open_source_education is investigating the concept of 'open source education' and e-learning within such approaches.


text:
Overview of Cell Biology/Regulation of Actin Dynamics in Cells

The Fibroblast
Dynamic structures containing actin are involved in cell migration. One model cell type used on the study of cell locomotion is the fibroblast, a connective tissue cell. The front of the fibroblast regularly extends thin sheet-like processes called lamellipodia, which is organized as a meshwork, and thin needle-like projections called microspikes or filopodia, both of which are filled with actin filaments and organized in parallel bundles. Fibroblasts also contain cables of actin called stress-fibers which help facilitate cell adhesion and contraction.

Actin filaments in the lamellipodia, filopodia, and stress fibers are oriented with their barbed (+) ends facing the membrane.

The Leading Edge of the Cell Nucleates Actin Polymerization
The behavior of actin filaments in the lamellipodia of fibroblasts can be traced by microinjecting the cells with fluorescently labeled actin. Actin filaments are thought to be nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex in conjunction with activated WASP family proteins.

Retrograde flux and Depolymerization
After actin filaments are nucleated at the leading edge of the fibroblast, the entire network of filaments flux backwards towards the interior of the cell in a process called retrograde flow. Cofilin is thought to be the major actin depolymerizing activity at the leading edge. The action of ADF/cofilin can be inhibited by LIM-kinase.

Listeria monocytogenes
The comet tails of Listeria monocytogenes drive motility. Listeria has a protein called ActA which functions like WASP family proteins and recruits the Arp2/3 complexes of the host. Listeria comet tail formation and motility requires actin, the Arp 2/3 complex, profilin, capping proteins, and cofilin. Listeria motility can be reconstituted in cell cytoplasmic extracts containing these purified proteins.

Rho GTPase Proteins
Rho proteins are part of the Ras superfamily' of proteins which bind and hydrolyze GTP.

Active GTP in its bound state can interact with effector molecules. GDI (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor) stabilizes the Rho-GDP form.

Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 Regulation
Microinjection of Rho-GTP causes the formation of stress fibers.

Microinjection of Rac-GTP causes the formation of lamellipodia.

Microinjection of Cdc42-GTP causes the formation of filopodia.

WASP
Was is one of the effectors of the Rho family that is most studied. WASP is activated by Cdc42. WASP is always present in an inactive, autoinhibited form in the absence of Cdc42-GTP. The GTPase binding domain (GBD) of WASP binds to Cdc42-GTP and this induces a comformational change which opens the molecule, exposing the WCA region (on the C-terminus). The WCA region interacts with Arp2/3 and action and begins the process of nucleation.


text:
Talk:Io.js

Merge with Node.js
I've merged Io.js with Node.js because it is a non-notable fork. Of course its probably gaining traction but nothing close to Node.js. Plus node is used by large companies and popular websites, making it highly notable. Io.js seems like a small project as of date, and deserves no independent article IMO. -- Wonderfl (reply) 05:58, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Io.js


text:
Terry Stacey (footballer)

Terence John Stacey (born 28 September 1936) was an English professional association footballer of the 1960s. He played in the Football League for Plymouth Argyle and Gillingham, making 39 appearances in total.

title: Terry Stacey (footballer)


text:
Le Noirmont

Le Noirmont is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

History
Le Noirmont is first mentioned in 1454 as Noirmont. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Schwarzenberg, however, that name is no longer used.

Geography
Le Noirmont has an area of. Of this area, 10.34 km2 or 50.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 8.7 km2 or 42.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.25 km2 or 6.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.12 km2 or 0.6% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.2%. Out of the forested land, 37.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.0% is used for growing crops and 31.4% is pastures and 18.2% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Franches-Montagnes district, on a high plateau (elevation c. 1100 m) that stretches to the Doubs river. It consists of the village of Le Noirmont and the hamlets of Les Barrières, Le Cerneux-Joly, Le Creux-des-Biches, Les Esserts, Le Peu-Péquignot, Sous-les-Craux and Les Côtes.

The municipalities of Le Bémont, Les Bois, Les Breuleux, La Chaux-des-Breuleux, Les Enfers, Les Genevez, Lajoux, Montfaucon, Muriaux, Le Noirmont, Saignelégier, Saint-Brais and Soubey are considering a merger on at a date in the future into the new municipality of Franches-Montagnes.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or, a Deer's Head afrontee Sable with a Latin Cross radiating Gules between the antlers and Coupeaux of Six of the second.

Demographics
Le Noirmont has a population of. , 12.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 7.2%. Migration accounted for 4.5%, while births and deaths accounted for 1%.

Most of the population speaks French (1,425 or 91.3%) as their first language, German is the second most common (47 or 3.0%) and Portuguese is the third (29 or 1.9%). There are 25 people who speak Italian.

, the population was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. The population was made up of 693 Swiss men (41.7% of the population) and 106 (6.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 768 Swiss women (46.2%) and 95 (5.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 643 or about 41.2% were born in Le Noirmont and lived there in 2000. There were 354 or 22.7% who were born in the same canton, while 268 or 17.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 226 or 14.5% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15.2%.

, there were 651 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 780 married individuals, 77 widows or widowers and 53 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 623 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 196 households that consist of only one person and 59 households with five or more people. , a total of 604 apartments (83.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 86 apartments (11.9%) were seasonally occupied and 31 apartments (4.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0.6 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.63%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The farm house at Les Esserts 32 is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire urban village of Le Noirmont is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 39.64% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CSP (22.73%), the FDP (15.22%) and the CVP (12.58%). In the federal election, a total of 483 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.0%.

Economy
, Le Noirmont had an unemployment rate of 5.5%. , there were 62 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 26 businesses involved in this sector. 647 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 35 businesses in this sector. 569 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 68 businesses in this sector. There were 796 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,137. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 47, of which 41 were in agriculture and 5 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 617 of which 560 or (90.8%) were in manufacturing and 52 (8.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 473. In the tertiary sector; 173 or 36.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 2.5% were in the movement and storage of goods, 56 or 11.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 58 or 12.3% were in the information industry, 7 or 1.5% were the insurance or financial industry, 17 or 3.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 25 or 5.3% were in education and 103 or 21.8% were in health care.

, there were 801 workers who commuted into the municipality and 354 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 30.0% of the workforce coming into Le Noirmont are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 8% used public transportation to get to work, and 57.4% used a private car.

Transport
The municipality has two railway stations, Le Noirmont and Le Creux-des-Biches. The former is located at the junction of the La Chaux-de-Fonds–Glovelier and Tavannes–Noirmont lines, while the latter is located to the west along the La Chaux-de-Fonds–Glovelier line.

Religion
From the, 1,159 or 74.2% were Roman Catholic, while 159 or 10.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 73 individuals (or about 4.68% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 31 (or about 1.99% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 5 individuals who were Buddhist and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 97 (or about 6.21% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 70 individuals (or about 4.48% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Le Noirmont about 544 or (34.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 125 or (8.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 125 who completed tertiary schooling, 64.0% were Swiss men, 24.8% were Swiss women, 7.2% were non-Swiss men and 4.0% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 260 students attending 15 classes in Le Noirmont. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 37 students in the municipality. The municipality had 7 primary classes and 123 students. During the same year, there were 6 lower secondary classes with a total of 100 students.

, there were 43 students in Le Noirmont who came from another municipality, while 46 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Le Noirmont


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Portal:Practical Arts and Sciences/Intro

Welcome to the portal for the Practical Arts and Sciences! This portal provides links to learning resources about subjects that have practical application to everyday life. Many of the subjects are relevant to professional careers in fields such as architecture and aviation.

Wikiversity participants with an interest in Practical Arts and Sciences are invited to collaborate at the content development projects for learning projects and learning resources and you can help organize access to them by developing this portal.

View a list of learning projects for Practical Arts and Sciences: learning projects for Practical Arts and Sciences.


text:
Poole by-election

Poole by-election may refer to

 * 1874 Poole by-election
 * 1884 Poole by-election

title: Poole by-election