text:
Robotics/Design Basics/Physical Design

General Design Considerations
Designing a robot requires balance between size (mostly weight), motor power and battery power. These three elements are connected with each other (more battery power increases the weight of the robot and requires stronger motors) and finding the "perfect" balance requires a lot of tweaking and experimenting. Try to describe heavy components in output/mass (e.g. motors: torque/Kg; batteries: mAh/Kg) and pick the one that gives the highest value.

Using light materials brings down the weight significantly (aluminum instead of steel). Building a frame out of light metal and using plastic plates as surfaces would be a lot lighter than using metal plates. For small robots acrylic plastic is a good material to use and it is easy to work with.

There are other ways to build a robot than to cut and drill your own aluminum plates. Toys like Lego Technic and Meccano, although expensive, are an alternative when you don't have the ability to cut and drill your own parts. Especially Meccano (or better: the cheap imitations) can be useful even when you do make your own parts. There is something convenient about having a collection of parts with standard holes and sizes. Of course you would need to drill your own holes at the right distances and size, if you intend to add Meccano parts. The values can (most likely will) differ between different "brands" of imitations. So it's a good idea to buy a few boxes when they are on sale. Screws tend to be M5 (on the set I've seen so far this is the only value that is common. The hole spacing very rarely matches up).

Another kit that would be good to use is the Vex™ Robotic Design Kit from Radio Shack. The parts in this kit are all metal with holes predrilled every half an inch. That makes it easier to add to parts that you may already have. This kit gives you everything you need to get started with robots. If you do not want to buy the kit you could just buy the Vex™ Metal and Hardware Kit for Robotics Starter Kit.

When you start your design, first decide how big you want your robot to be. Don't think about exact sizes, compare it to the size of an object ("the size of a shoe box") will be sufficient. Exact values can be "calculated" after you've got your motors and batteries, as these have a large influence on the size and shape of the robot.

Make an estimate about the weight of the complete robot and pick your motors and wheels. Keep in mind you need high torque and low speed. A bare DC-motor has high speed and low torque, adding a gear reduction will solve this one. Motors with reduction gears are also available. The speed of your motor and the size of your wheels determine how fast your robot will be able to move.

For example: RB-35 is a motor with a 1:50 reduction. It makes 120 RPM or 2 rounds per second. Lets pick a wheel with a diameter of 20cm (radius R = 10cm). This wheel has a circumference of 2 x $$\pi$$ x R = 2 x 3.14 x 10 = 62.8cm. This means in one turn the wheel moves 62.8cm. When we mount this wheel on the motor it'll turn twice every second and therefore move 2 x 62.8cm = 125.6cm. So its speed would be 125.6cm/second or 1.256m/s.

In reality this speed is going to be a little lower as the motor turns 120RPM without a load. But even a 1 m/s is pretty fast for indoor robots. You'll probably use PWM or other methods to slow it down.

Pick your batteries. Make sure you have enough power to keep the motors and all the electronics running for a sufficient amount of time and keep some reserve for future additions. Compare the weight of the batteries and motors you've chosen to what you had planned. You might need to go over this part again (picking different motors and/or batteries). Keep in mind that your robot's body has a significant weight.

Wheeled Platforms
Wheeled platforms can have any number of wheels. Most common are 3, 4 and 6 wheeled vehicles (excluding wheels used for feedback). Other numbers are also possible, but can be hard to build, such as 1-wheeled or 2-wheeled robots, or have superfluous wheels which can make turning difficult or complex. Basically there are 2 types of wheels: powered wheels and unpowered wheels. The first are powered by the motors and are used to move the robot forwards (or backwards). Unpowered wheels are used to keep the robot in balance by providing a point of contact with the ground.

Turning
Turning can be accomplished in several different ways:

 * Differential Steering (Tank-like Turning):
 * Moves one wheel forward and the other backwards. The robot turns around within a small circle which centre lies in between the 2 powered wheels.
 * Move one wheel slower than the other, the robot turns in the direction of the slower wheel. How fast it turns depends on how large the difference between the 2 speeds is.

 * Ackerman Steering: This is the same steering system as the one used in cars. It is relatively complicated to implement since the inner and outer wheels need to turn to different angles.

 * Crab Drive: Each wheel can turn independently in crab drive steering. This can be very flexible, but requires complex mechanics which either turn the entire motor/gearbox/wheel assembly or transfer power from a statically mounted motor. The second option is much more difficult to build but may have advantages over the first.

 * 3-wheeled platforms: These can come in a variety of forms, with the articulated wheel powered, or with the two fixed wheels powered, or a combination of the two. These are generally built for very specific purposes.

 * Omnidirectional wheels: The omnidirectional wheels design is based upon the use of a series of free turning barrel-shaped rollers, which are mounted in a staggered pattern around the periphery of a larger diameter main wheel. For this you need 4 powered wheels. However these wheels allow movement in any direction without turning (including sideways and diagonal movement) and can turn the same way as in tanklike steering. Building these wheels is time-consuming, but it's a very powerful steering method. Also, inexpensive omnidirectional wheels are available commercially, often used in conveyors. One drawback, however, is the lack of sideways traction; if something is pushing the robot to the side, it relies on the strength of the motor or brakes to restrain it. Omnidirectional wheels used in place of caster wheels can provide quicker responses and can often roll over larger obstacles.

Tracked Platforms
Tracked platforms use tracks similar to tanks. This kind of propulsion is only useful on loose sand and mud, as concrete and carpet provide too much horizontal traction when turning and will strip the tracks off of their guides.

Walkers
Walkers are robots that use legs instead of wheels or tracks. These robots are harder to build than wheeled robots and can be a nice challenge for an experienced builder. Walkers are designed to imitate how animals (or humans) move.

2-Legged Walkers or Bipeds
This is the hardest type of walker. This type tries to imitate how humans walk. The biggest issue is balance.

Two-legged walkers are used for two main purposes: to imitate humans and to provide a great amount of force and traction. Taller walkers used to imitate humans are difficult to build, requiring many balancing circuits and devices, quick motions, and precise construction. Just like any human knows, these can also be knocked over, tripped, etc. Shorter, wider walkers can be used to move a large load. When using walkers, it is possible to use pneumatic systems, which can provide a much larger force than motors. However, turning with such a system is nearly impossible.

4-Legged Walkers
4 Legged walkers imitate 4 legged animals. Many of these designs end up moving one leg at a time, instead of the 2-legged movements typical of animals. It requires 3 legs to be on the ground to provide static balance. Dynamic balance moving 2 legs at a time provides faster and more fluid motion.

6-Legged Walkers or Hexapods
These walkers are imitations of insects. Many of these move 3-legs-at-a-time to provide static balance. Because half of the legs can be moved at one time without losing static balance, 6-legged walkers can actually be simpler to build than 4-legged.

Note: Static balance means the construction is at all time in balance. This means that if the robot would stop moving at any time it wouldn't fall over. In contrast there is Dynamic Balance. This means that the robot is only in balance when it completes its step. If it's stopped in the middle of its step it would fall over. Although this might sound like a bad thing, dynamic balance allows much faster and smoother movement, but requires sensors to sense balance. Animals and humans move with dynamic balance.

Whegs
There are various combinations of wheels and legs that are useful for varying terrain. For quick details see.

Ball Wheels
This means of propulsion is very similar to how a classic computer mouse works: A ball is mounted in a casing in such a way that it can freely rotate in any direction. Two wheels around the ball are mounted against this ball at an angle of 90° to each other, parallel to the ground. One wheel registers the up-down movements and the other the left-right movements.

A ball wheel uses the same setup but connects the internal wheels to motors. This way the ball can be made to rotate in any direction. A robot equipped with a ball wheel can move up-down and left-right, but can't rotate around its vertical axis. Using 3 ball wheels allows rotation as well.

Electronics
The electronics of a robot generally fall in 6 categories:
 * Motor control: controls the movement of the motors, servos and such. Relays and PWM H-bridges fall under this category.
 * Sensor reading: reads the sensors and provides this information to the controller.
 * Communication: Provides a link between controller and an external PC, another robot, or a remote control.
 * Controller: microcontroller board, processor board or logic board. This part makes decisions based on sensor input and the robot's program.
 * Power management: parts that provide a fixed 5VDC, 12VDC or any other level coming from the batteries. Circuits that monitor the status of the batteries.
 * Glue logic: Additional electronics that allow all the parts to be connected with each other. An example is a CMOS to TTL level converter.

Not all of these categories are present in all robots, nor does every circuit fall completely into one category. Many robots don't require a separate sensor board as a whole lot of sensors have built-in electronics which allow them to connect directly to a µcontroller/processor.

Some Tips

 * Use low-power (or simply dimmer) LEDs. Always. This drastically reduces how much current your circuits consume. A normal LED consumes around 15 mA. A modern microcontroller consumes about the same. Disabling unneeded LEDs is advisable, but not always possible.

 * Use CMOS ICs instead of classic TTL. Again this reduces current usage and allows a more relaxed supply voltage. But pay attention to their sensitivity for static electricity when soldering them.

 * Use good quality IC-sockets (or better don't use IC-sockets at all). They're worth their price.

 * Avoid using IC-sockets on sensitive circuits (high speed digital, clock signal and analog signals). The moving robot can shake those ICs loose over time. Using In-Circuit programmable microcontrollers removes the need to be able to unplug an IC.

 * LEDs are very practical to make slow digital signals visible, adding them on some signal lines can be interesting for testing purposes, however, they do increase power consumption. Removing them when your circuit works correctly can make it more power efficient (replace LED with a wire, replace resistor with a higher value one).

 * See if your microcontrollers can run with a lower clock speed. The higher the clock speed, the more they consume.

 * Use your microcontrollers sleep functions whenever possible, disable any part that isn't required (e.g. on-chip ADC).

 * Learn to make PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). It's not that hard and it makes your electronics look more professional. Don't throw away your breadboard, PCBs aren't very practical for prototyping.

 * If you're up to it: build your circuits in SMD components on PCBs. This reduces size, weight, and cost. However soldering SMD ICs isn't easy. SO-packages (Small Outline) aren't too hard for an experienced builder. Smaller packages are almost impossible to do by hand. Get good soldering tools before you attempt this. For many modern SMD microcontrollers are complete build and tested board available. These can be a solution for those who don't have the equipment, expertise and patience to solder these ICs themselves. These boards don't have to be large as the demo-boards most IC developers sell, e.g. the BasicStamp is such a board with the size of an IC.

 * Buy a breadboard. They're invaluable for designing and testing circuits.

 * If you intent to build your own electronic circuits, invest in a dual channel oscilloscope. Single channel is very restricting. Pick one with as high a bandwidth as you can afford. At least 4x the highest signal frequency you intend to use.

 * A good variable power supply is very handy to test how your circuit operates at lower voltage levels (as happens when the batteries discharge).

 * If you can choose between pull-up and pull-down resistors, pick the one that uses the lowest amount of power. If the circuits output is at +5V most of the time, use pull-up, if it's 0V use pull-down. Remember that such outputs consume power when the transistor is active (when it's inactive it consumes a small amount of power: a leak current through the resistor and through the input impedance of the next circuit).

 * Use high value resistors as pull-up/pull-down. But keep in mind that high speed signal lines need lower value resistor in order to minimize signal distortion.

 * Most electronic components on a robot will run on a 5V supply and need a 5V regulator. Use a regulator with low dropout to prevent the 5V supply from browning out.

Display
Very simple robots need only a few LEDs to show everything that it is "thinking".

When trying to debug more complex robot software, it is useful for the robot to display text. A few calculators and PDAs have a RS232 connector or some other simple way to connect to a robot.

Many robots have such a calculator or PDA or other display strapped to the top in order to show the humans what the microcontroller is "thinking", which is vastly more productive than trying to guess what's going on inside that little chip of silicon.

With large robots, sometimes a full-size laptop computer is strapped on top for such display purposes.

Balance
Everybody encounters balance every day. While walking, when putting down a glass of water or in so many other ways we have to keep a balance. Now in most of these cases you wouldn't need to think about it, but when designing your robot you'll have to keep an eye on this concept. For most designs, balance isn't hard to achieve, even without doing calculations on it. A few rules of thumb suffice. For more complex designs, e.g. a robot with an arm, you can get away with just some rules of thumb and some common sense, but there's no guarantee. Doing a simple calculation would make it clear if the robot is going to stay on its wheels or if it is going to tumble over and crush whatever it was trying to pick up.

If you're into walkers, you'll need to spend more attention to balance. The fewer amount of legs you have, the more important balance becomes.

Simple 4-Wheeled Robots
Achieving balance on this type of robot is pretty trivial. Keep the center of mass between the wheels (picture a rectangle between the centers of the wheels) and as low as possible. In practice it mean you should place the heavy components, e.g. the batteries, somewhat in the center of the robot and as low as possible.

Simple 3-Wheeled Robots
These designs are nearly as simple as 4-wheeled robots; the difference lies in that you need to keep the center of mass close to the center of the triangle formed by the wheels. If your robot is rectangular avoid placing weight at the two unsupported corners. These points are prone to making the robot tumble over.

Wheeled robots with an arm or gripper
For the working of an arm or a gripper, we need to take the help of a stepper motor in simple cases or use sensors in sophisticated cases.

title: Robotics/Design Basics/Physical Design


text:
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Grandare Grande/Archive

22 January 2015

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

The four sets of edits are remarkably similar all related to MLS team uniforms. All add incorrect parameters (edit = and current =) and removing correct parameters. All four are simply incorrect. Walter Görlitz (talk) 07:07, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

Comments by other users
''Accused parties may also comment/discuss in this section below. See Defending yourself against claims.'' The user has also edited from these IP addresses (though they all seem to be from the same IPS, so the number of addresses is probably because the IP address is dynamic, not because of any malice): And blanking the IP talk page seems like an indication that the account and the IP address are the same. 07:35, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

27 January 2015

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Also user:<IP_ADDRESS>. Editor makes-up uniforms for association football club articles and other unconstructive edits. The suspected sock waited until fourth warning, logged-out and then continued editing. Walter Görlitz (talk) 15:25, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Also a number of IP addresses here: Category:Suspected Wikipedia sockpuppets of Grandare Grande. Fenix down (talk) 18:47, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * It's pretty clear it's the user, especially given these two edits. 1, 2. The <IP_ADDRESS>/16 range seems to be used exclusively by him, so I've issued a 1 month, anon only block. Mike V • Talk 23:34, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

23 December 2015

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Editor from Brazil who only adds soccer kits (uniforms). Meets WP:DUCK. Grandare Grande has been blocked indefinitely for this behaviour. Walter Görlitz (talk) 16:30, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

 * <IP_ADDRESS>:

 * <IP_ADDRESS>
 * Last confirmed sock:
 *
 *
 *
 * there are also blanking of talk page by the sock master later.

 * <IP_ADDRESS>
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlando_City_SC&diff=694952191&oldid=694383111
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlanta_United_FC&diff=694955089&oldid=694480990
 * there are additional blanking of talk page later.

 * Grandare Grande
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami_MLS_team&type=revision&diff=643631060&oldid=640402245

 * In fact, look at the history of any of the anons who have been identified as confirmed socks and all of the suspected socks.

 * Confirmed socks
 * Suspected socks
 * Suspected socks
 * Suspected socks

 * But I understand your role is simply to confirm evidence provided. Walter Görlitz (talk) 21:27, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - In order to facilitate and expedite your request, please provide diffs to support your case. Please give two or more diffs meeting the following format:
 * 1) At least one diff is from the sockmaster (or an account already blocked as a confirmed sockpuppet of the sockmaster), showing the behaviour characteristic of the sockmaster.
 * 2) At least one diff per suspected sockpuppet, showing the suspected sockpuppet emulating the behaviour of the sockmaster given in the first diff.
 * 3) In situations where it is not immediately obvious from the diffs what the characteristic behaviour is, a short explanation must be provided. Around one sentence is enough for this.  Vanjagenije   (talk)  19:37, 24 December 2015 (UTC)
 * IP blocked for 2 days. Closing.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  22:24, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

21 January 2016

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Grandare Grande and his known socks - Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:18, 21 January 2016 (UTC)
 * 1) are from Brazil
 * 2) edit association football (soccer) articles adding unsourced (and poorly crafted) kits (uniforms).
 * 3) blanks user talk page when discovered and warned.

Comments by other users
 * Comment - Reviewing administrator/s may wish to consider the claims above as part of a much wider long-term campaign of vandalism across a wide range of IPs outlined Category:Suspected Wikipedia sockpuppets of Grandare Grande. Diffs are not necessary as all edits by this user follow exactly the same pattern as outlined above by Walter. I'm not that familiar with the way IP ranges work, but it does seem that he operates from quite a restricted range of addresses. A range block has been done before and in every instance I have come across this editor is the sole individual to edit enWiki from the IPs he uses. Fenix down (talk) 10:01, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * IP is already blocked. Closing the case.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  19:23, 22 January 2016 (UTC)

22 January 2016

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:56, 22 January 2016 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * IP is already blocked. Closing the case.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  19:23, 22 January 2016 (UTC)

25 January 2016

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

First edits are to revert the edits made to revert previous sock. Walter Görlitz (talk) 02:50, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * IP already blocked. Closing.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  19:11, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

28 January 2016

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Started by reverting my previous reverts of the last Grandare Grande sock. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:10, 28 January 2016 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * This IP is already blocked. Closing.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  11:48, 28 January 2016 (UTC)

28 March 2016

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

One of the puppetmaster's favourite activities is to modify association football uniforms (kits) and often adding a third kit to Orlando City https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlando_City_SC&diff=712248135&oldid=712216347 Walter Görlitz (talk) 00:24, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * Already blocked. Closing.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  09:58, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

31 March 2016

 * Suspected sockpuppets

 * User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
 * Editor interaction utility

Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:25, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I use Twinkle and I thought I cancelled the dialog instead of making this request. I checked the team's website and discovered that the kits, which an obvious sign of Grandare Grande's work, were somewhat close to the team's. was made after that: "I mistook the ugly kits as the work of Grandare Grande, but they are real." Feel free to close. The edit in question was actually just that of a new editor, not of the Brazilian editor. After the revert I confirmed that the IP is from Malaysia so clearly not Grandare Grande. Again, I didn't realize I had filed the report. Sorry for the trouble. Walter Görlitz (talk) 13:30, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

Comments by other users

Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments

 * - In order to facilitate and expedite your request, please provide diffs to support your case. Please give two or more diffs meeting the following format:
 * 1) At least one diff is from the sockmaster (or an account already blocked as a confirmed sockpuppet of the sockmaster), showing the behaviour characteristic of the sockmaster.
 * 2) At least one diff per suspected sockpuppet, showing the suspected sockpuppet emulating the behaviour of the sockmaster given in the first diff.
 * 3) In situations where it is not immediately obvious from the diffs what the characteristic behaviour is, a short explanation must be provided. Around one sentence is enough for this.  Vanjagenije   (talk)  12:13, 1 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Case withdrawn.  Vanjagenije   (talk)  13:58, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
dictated but not read

Adjective

 * 1)  Dictated, as to a secretary or stenographer, but not proofread by the person who dictated it.

title: dictated but not read


text:
Two Flaming Youths

Two Flaming Youths is a lost 1927 American silent comedy film directed by John Waters and written by John W. Conway, Donald Davis, Percy Heath, and Herman J. Mankiewicz. The film stars W. C. Fields, Chester Conklin, Mary Brian, Jack Luden, George Irving, and Cissy Fitzgerald. The film was released on December 17, 1927, by Paramount Pictures.

Plot
Sheriff Ben Holden is in love with hotel owner Madge Malarkey when down-and-out carnival man Gabby Gilfoil shows up, hoping to take her for some money. Gilfoil is mistaken for the wanted man Slippery Sawtelle. Neither suitor gets Malarkey but do manage to take her husband (wealthy Simeon Trott) for a bundle.

Cast

 * W. C. Fields as Gabby Gilfoil
 * Chester Conklin as Sheriff Ben Holden
 * Mary Brian as Mary Gilfoil
 * Jack Luden as Tony Holden
 * George Irving as Simeon Trott
 * Cissy Fitzgerald as Madge Malarkey
 * James Quinn as Slippery Sawtelle (credited as Jimmy Quinn)
 * Ben Bard as Bard (as Pearl and Bard)
 * Jay Brennan as Brennan (as Savoy and Brennan)
 * Bobby Clark as Clark (as Clark & McCullough)
 * Max Dill as Dill (of Kolb and Dill)
 * Vivian Duncan as Vivian Duncan
 * Lew Fields as Fields (as Weber and Fields)
 * Clarence Kolb as Kolb (as Kolb and Dill) (credited as C. William Kolb)
 * Charles Mack as Mack as part of Moran and Mack (Two Black Crows)
 * Chester Morton as The Human Pin Cushion
 * Lee W. Parker as The Tattooed Man
 * Jack Pearl as Pearl (as Pearl and Bard)
 * Billy Platt as The Dwarf (as William Platt)
 * Stanley Rogers as Savoy (as Savoy & Brennan)
 * John Seresheff as The Strong Man
 * Joe Weber as Weber (as Weber and Fields)
 * John Aasen as The Giant (uncredited)
 * Wallace Beery as Beery - of Beery and Hatton (uncredited)
 * Rosetta Duncan as Rosetta Duncam (uncredited)
 * Raymond Hatton as Hatton - of Beery and Hatton (uncredited)
 * Monty O'Grady as Minor Role (uncredited)

title: Two Flaming Youths


text:
Tsou language

Tsou (Cou) is a divergent Austronesian language spoken by the Tsou people of Taiwan. Tsou is a threatened language; however, this status is uncertain. Its speakers are located in the west-central mountains southeast of the Chiayi/Alishan area in Taiwan.

Name
The name Tsou literally means "person", from Proto-Austronesian *Cau through regular sound changes. It is therefore cognate with the name of the Thao.

Classification
Tsou has traditionally been considered part of a Tsouic branch of Austronesian. However, several recent classifications, such as Chang (2006) and Ross (2009) dispute the Tsouic branch, with Tsou more divergent than the other two languages, Kanakanabu and Saaroa.

Dialects
Tsou does not have much dialectal variation. There are four recorded dialects: Tapangʉ, Tfuya, Duhtu and Iimcu, of which Tapangʉ and Tfuya are still spoken. Iimcu has not been well described. The grammar of the other three dialects is nearly identical, and phonological variation is marginal: In certain environments, Tapangʉ corresponds to Tfuya and Duhtu  or, and Duhtu had  for Tfuya and Tapangʉ  (Actually, older speakers had been recorded to vary between  and , but at that point the dialect was moribund.).

Tsou is spoken in the following villages: All of the villages are located in Alishan Township, Chiayi County except for Mamahavana (Jiumei), which is located in Hsinyi/Xinyi Township, Nantou County. Both the native Tsou names and Chinese names are given.

Tapangʉ (Tapaŋʉ)
 * Tapangʉ 達邦 (Dabang)
 * Nia'ucna/Nibiei 里佳 (Lijia)
 * Saviki 山美 (Shanmei)
 * Sinvi 新美 (Xinmei)

Tfuya (Tfuya)
 * Cayamavana 茶山 (Chashan)
 * Dadauya 樂野 (Leye)
 * Ranguu/Pnguu/Dadangia 來吉 (Laiji)

Duhtu (Luhtu)
 * Mamahavana 久美 (Jiumei)

Iimucu – extinct

Phonology
The description of Tsou phonology below is from Wright & Ladefoged (1994).

Vowels
Tsou has six vowels,. Vowel sequences occur, including sequences of like vowels ( etc.), but these are separate moras rather than long vowels or diphthongs. Vowels, especially back vowels, are centralized when flanked by voiceless alveolar consonants. This may involve a central offglide, so that is pronounced as a diphthong  or  in this environment. The sound ~  has been written , possibly the only case in the world of x representing a vowel.

Consonants
The approximants and  may surface as non-syllabic mid vowels  and, even (for ) in initial position ( "fishes";  does not occur in initial position), explaining the spelling Tfuea  for the name of the dialect. However, stress assignment and restrictions on consonant clusters (see stress and phonotactics below) demonstrate that they behave as consonants.

The plosives are not aspirated. Phonetically aspirated stops are actually sequences of stop plus, as can be seen by the fact that they cannot cluster with a third consonant (see phonotactics below), and by morphological alternations such as ~  "to trade".

According to spectrum analysis, appears to be a glottal fricative in most environments, but approaches a velar  next to the central vowel, as in  'palm, sole'. However, the fact that the sequences and  occur, when no other homorganic sequence is allowed, suggests that  and  may not both be glottal. (Additional evidence that might best be analyzed as velar is the fact that  is not found, and that  is only found medially, in the single known word  "fox".)

The voiceless sibilants, and, are palatalized to  and  before the front vowels  and. However, the voiced sibilant is not affected by this environment.

The implosives and  are uncommon. Both may be glottalized ( or maybe ) in intervocalic position. In addition, alveolar has some unusual allophony: About a third of speakers pronounce it with a lateral release, or before  as a lateral approximant, as in  "maple". Indeed, Tsuchida (1976) transcribed it as a preglottalized lateral,.

Stress
With a few exceptions, stress is not only predictable, but shifts when suffixes are added to a word. It falls on the penultimate vowel, or on the penultimate mora if a moraic analysis is adopted. That is, a final heavy syllable (double vowel) receives stress ( "house"); otherwise, stress falls on the penultimate syllable ( "his child"). Additional stress falls in a trochaic pattern: Every other light syllable (single vowel) also receives stress. Unstressed vowels are deleted, except at word boundaries (initial or final vowel) and unless doing so would create a forbidden consonant cluster (see below).

For example, the verb "to cut with a bolo" takes stress on the syllables  and, and is realized as. However, this does not explain all consonant clusters, many of which are lexically determined.

Phonotactics
The most complex syllable in Tsou is CCVV. Tsou is unusual in the number of consonant clusters that it allows. Homorganic clusters are not allowed, unless one is a nasal consonant, and a maximum of two consonants may occur together, but otherwise about half of possible sequences are known to occur. For example, all non-homorganic sequences starting with and  are found. Missing clusters may not be allowed, or may simply be accidental gaps due to limited knowledge of the lexicon.

!Initial or medial!!Medial only In clusters of oral stops, both have an audible release burst. This is true even between vowels, an environment where the first stop has no audible release in most languages, supporting an analysis of these clusters as part of the syllable onset, with no syllable codas occurring in the language.
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

Stops, oral or nasal, may or may not have a release burst before a nasal stop, depending on the speaker. The initial clusters are unusual cross-linguistically. The spectrum shows that the tongue moves towards an alveolar articulation during the of, demonstrating that it is not articulated as a velar. The initial clusters and  are sometimes realized as two released stops, but sometimes with a single release, resembling ejective consonants in other languages. ( is again notably missing, except intervocalically, despite the fact that is the most common ejective cross-linguistically.)

Syntax
Like most other Austronesian languages, Tsou displays a predicate-initial syntax.

Tsou has three main types of questions.
 * 1) Yes–no questions
 * 2) Alternative questions
 * 3) Wh-questions (information questions)

Tsou has the following types of clauses:
 * 1) Verbal
 * 2) Declarative
 * 3) Imperative
 * 4) (Verbal) interrogative
 * 5) Equational
 * 6) Existential (no auxiliary verbs are allowed)

Important function words are:
 * zou – "to be"
 * 'a – "it is in case that"
 * o'ta – (it is) not (in case that)"
 * pan – "there is" / existential
 * uk'a – negative existential (usually followed by ci)
 * o'a – negation of a fact or event
 * ci – relativizer
 * 'o – prohibition (AV constructions)
 * av'a – prohibition (UV constructions)

Case markers are as follows, with nominative forms placed before slashes and oblique forms placed after them (Zeitoun 2005:274). The nominative form is given when there are no slashes.
 * 'e – visible and near speaker
 * si / ta – visible and near hearer
 * ta – visible but away from speaker
 * 'o / to – invisible and far away, or newly introduced to discourse
 * na / no ~ ne – non-identifiable and non-referential (often when scanning a class of elements)

Word classes
Tsou nouns are distinguished from verbs by the presence of case markers and suffixed genitive pronouns, both of which cannot be applied to verbs. Verbs, on the other hand, have elaborate voice marking. Adjectives and certain adverbs actually function as verbs, since they also undergo voice inflection and are placed at the same positions within clauses as verbs (i.e., predicate-initial).

Tsou is unique for not having any preposition-like elements, instead using nouns or verbs to express these notions.

Verbs
Main verbs can take on four types of voices, the actor voice and three undergoer voices, which are marked by suffixes.
 * 1) Actor voice: m-, b-, , or ø
 * 2) Patient voice: -a
 * 3) Locative voice: -i
 * 4) Instrumental/benefactive voice: -(n)eni

Tsou verbs can be divided into five major classes (I, II, III-1, III-2, IV, V-1, V-2) based on morphological alternations (Zeitoun 2005:285). Tsou verbs do not have as many morphological distinctions as other Formosan languages do, since the Tsou language makes more extensive use of auxiliary verbs. For instance, there are no temporal/aspectual distinctions, separate markings for imperatives, and stative/dynamic distinctions. Nevertheless, Tsou still preserves the causative poa- (allomorphs: p-, pa-).

Tsou auxiliary verbs can carry temporal/aspectual and modal information as well as voice. They are marked for the following voices:
 * 1) Actor voice (AV)
 * 2) Undergoer voice (UV), or sometimes referred to as non-actor voice (NAV)

These auxiliary verbs can be divided into three classes:
 * 1) AV constructions – mio, mo, mi-, moso, mo(h)-
 * 2) UV constructions – i-, o(h)-
 * 3) AV/UV constructions – te, ta, tena, nte, ntoso, nto(h)-, la

Tsou has the following aspectual suffixes:
 * 1) -cu/-c'u – already
 * 2) -n'a – still, just, about to
 * 3) -la – once

Pronouns
The personal pronouns below are from the Tfuya dialect of Tsou, and are sourced from Zeitoun (2005:265). Note that third-person pronouns are distinguished between those that are visible or non-visible.

Numerals
Tfuya Tsou numerals are:
 * 1) coni ; 10. m-as-kʉ
 * 2) yuso ; 20. m-pus-ku
 * 3) tuyu ; 30. m-tuyu-hu
 * 4) sʉptʉ ; 40. m-sʉptʉ-hʉ
 * 5) eimo ; 50. m-eimo-hʉ
 * 6) nomʉ ; 60. m-onmʉ-hʉ
 * 7) pitu ; 70. m-pʉtvʉ-hʉ
 * 8) voyu ; 80. m-voyvʉ-hʉ
 * 9) sio ; 90. m-sio-hʉ

Tens are derived with the circumfix (confix) m- -hʉ. There is also a u/ʉ vowel harmony phenomenon.

Language endangerment
These people live in the mountainous areas because dominating colonizers were in Taiwan for over 380 years. Outsiders have killed the indigenous people, burned villages, and forced them to move as the colonizers claimed more and more spaces. Some such colonizers were the Dutch, Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese. The outside rulers imposed their own education systems on the indigenous people, but the most notable influence came from the Kuomintang era, where Taiwanese people were forced to use Mandarin and where children were punished at school if they used their own indigenous language. This forced the original Taiwanese people to give up their language in order to survive in the new, imposed environment.

Due to globalization, people are always in search of finding better lives if they're not completely happy, and young people are leaving the villages and looking for jobs in big cities. Because of this, children are not using the language and are not getting exposed to the culture as frequently, which means the language is not getting passed down to future generations.

One survey from 1999 found that only 9% of the indigenous children could speak their native language, and most children preferred to use Mandarin, which is the official Taiwan language. Tsou is mostly used by community elders in ceremonies and certain gatherings. Unfortunately, since the parents are not fluent and do not view the language as practical for children, the language is rarely spoken at home. The language is found more in school settings where children attend cultural learning programs.

The Tsou language is recognized by the government. The government has allocated money dedicated to bring language programs to elementary and junior high schools, but the funds are sometimes inconsistent, which negatively affects the programs. It helped that the Martial law was lifted in 1987 and that people could freely speak their native languages again, however, so many other dominant languages were used that several native indigenous languages disappeared.

The elders care about their language and worry that it may not survive in the future, so they welcome any help linguists may provide. In addition, the community has programs to maintain the language. One example is when children get to sing Tsou folk songs in kindergarten and continue to become exposed to other cultural programs through elementary school. People are relying heavily on these kids to keep the language, music, and culture alive. There are programs for elementary and middle school kids to learn the language. Community members are very willing to get involved with events. It is difficult to teach the language because there is a lack of good teaching materials. Schools do not make learning the indigenous language a priority because if an event deemed more important occurs, teachers are likely to put off the language lesson. In addition, students have to worry about studying English, Mandarin, and entrance exam materials, so time is limited and the ethnic language is not a priority in the minds of the younger generation.

title: Tsou language


text:
User:Afiligenzi/be bold

Being bold is important on Wikipedia.

Blah
Blah blah paragraph

Sub heading
HHHHH
 * More

title: User:Afiligenzi/be bold


text:
General Mechanics/Energy Analysis

Energy Analysis
Figure 11.2: Potential, kinetic, and total energy of a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator plotted as a function of spring displacement.

For a spring, Hooke's law says the total force is proportional to the displacement, and in the opposite direction.
 * $$F=-kx$$

Since this is independent of velocity, it is a conservative force. We can integrate to find the potential energy of the mass-spring system,

$$V(x)=\frac{1}{2}kx^2$$

Since a potential energy exists, the total energy
 * $$E=\frac{1}{2}kx^2+\frac{1}{2}m\dot{x}^2$$

is conserved, i. e., is constant in time.

We can now use energy conservation to determine the velocity in terms of the position
 * $$\dot{x}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}-\frac{k}{m}x^2}$$

We could integrate this to determine the position as a function of time, but we can deduce quite a bit from this equation as it is.

It is fairly evident how the mass moves. From Hooke's law, the mass is always accelerating toward the equilibrium position, so we know which sign of the square root to take.

The velocity is zero when
 * $$x=\pm \sqrt{\frac{2E}{k}}$$

If x were larger than this the velocity would have to be imaginary, clearly impossible, so the mass must be confined between these values. We can call them the turning points.

If the mass is moving to the left, it slows down as it approaches the left turning point. It stops when it reaches this point and begins to move to the right. It accelerates until it passes the equilibrium position and then begins to decelerate, stopping at the right turning point, accelerating toward the left, etc. The mass thus oscillates between the left and right turning points.

How does the period of the oscillation depend on the total energy of the system? We can get a general idea without needing to solve the differential equation.

There are only two parameters the period, T, could depend on; the mass, m, and the spring constant, k.

We know T is measured in seconds, and m in kilograms. For the units in Hooke's law to match, k must be measured in N·m-1, or equivalently, in kg·s-2.

We immediately see that the only way to combine m and k to get something measured in seconds is to divide, cancelling out the kg's.

Therefore T∝$$\sqrt{m/k}$$

We have established the general way the period depends on the parameters of the problem, without needing to use calculus.

This technique is called dimensional analysis, and has wide application. E.g., if we couldn't calculate the proportionality constant exactly, using calculus, we'd be able to deduce by doing one experiment. Without dimensional analysis, if calculus failed us we'd have to do scores of experiments, each for different combinations of m and k.

Fortunately, the proportionality constants are typically small numbers, like $$3\sqrt{2} $$ or $$\sqrt{\pi}/2$$.

title: General Mechanics/Energy Analysis


text:
Charles Todd Quintard

Charles Todd Quintard (December 22, 1824 – February 16, 1898) was an American physician and clergyman who became the second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee and the first Vice-Chancellor of the University of the South.

Medical career
He was born in Stamford, Connecticut, to a Huguenot-descended family and attended school in New York City, including medical studies at University Medical College, New York University and Bellevue Hospital, graduating in 1847. Quintard moved to Athens, Georgia, in 1848 to take up a medical practice, then moved to Memphis in 1851 to teach physiology and pathological anatomy at Memphis Medical College. Dr. Quintard's 1854 report on Memphis mortality statistics was covered in The New York Times, including his assessment of the city as being "the first considerable place to be without the range of yellow fever," a boast that was to prove incorrect in the 1870s, when Memphis experienced several yellow fever epidemics.

Priesthood
During this time, Quintard became friends with James Hervey Otey, the first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee, resulting in his decision to give up the medical profession for the priesthood. A man of strong talents, Quintard studied for holy orders in 1854, was ordained deacon on January 1, 1855 and priest on January 6, 1856. He subsequently served as the rector of Calvary Church in Memphis and at the Church of the Advent in Nashville.

An adherent of the Oxford Movement (1833-1845), Quintard described himself as a "high churchman" and a "ritualist", identifying with Anglicans who were reviving ritual practices associated, in the popular mind, with Roman Catholicism. In fact, the Oxford Movement leaders attempted to call the Anglican Church to its first principles and roots in history and tradition. To what degree Quintard was actually a Ritualist is a matter of debate. None of the Tractarians was a "ritualist," and the ritualism that developed in the Episcopal Church in the South was rather tame during Bishop Quintard's lifetime, compared to that occurring in England and parts of the Northern U.S. then. Like Bishop Otey, he was of the Southern branch of the old High Church or Hobartian group of Episcopalians. The leaders of the Oxford Movement, also called "Tractarians" for the ninety Tracts for the Times they published, rediscovered the Church of the Creed as something more than an institution or an arm of civil power, as they alleged many evangelical and liberal churchmen to believe. Quintard and his generation were deeply moved by the writings of faithful and brilliant Christian intellectuals such as John Keble (d. 1866), Edward Pusey (d. 1882), and John Henry Newman (d. 1890), who guided many Anglicans into a stronger understanding of the Church as a God-made phenomenon and indeed the mystical Body of Christ in the world. Quintard professed to be "Catholic and Reformed" like many Anglicans, and he assumed, in a manner which did not transcend his culture, that the Church of England and its offspring were in fact the historic Catholic Church for English-speaking peoples.

American Civil War
After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Quintard joined the Rock City Guards, a Nashville militia, as chaplain. He was subsequently nominated by soldiers in the Confederate 1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment, to serve as their chaplain. He accepted this invitation, despite his initial pro-Union stance, and also served as a regimental surgeon. Informally he was known as the Chaplain of the Confederacy. He was the compiler of the Confederate Soldiers' Pocket Manual of Devotions (Charleston, 1863). In 1864, he organized St. Luke's Episcopal Church in Atlanta.

The South's first post-war bishop
Bishop Otey died in 1863, but the Diocese of Tennessee was unable to elect a new leader until after the war, on September 7, 1865, when it selected Quintard as its second bishop. The bishops and lay leaders of the national Episcopal Church confirmed his election the next month at the General Convention in Philadelphia. The subsequent consecration of the South's first post-war bishop was viewed as a sign of healing within the church, as evidenced by this comment in the October 13, 1865 New York Times: "The entire service was one to be long remembered by all who witnessed it, and the occasion was one fraught with interest and importance in the history of the Church, as it marked the first step toward that reunion in the Church consequent upon the rapid march of events and the peace which now happily blesses our whole land. It is to be hoped that the occasion will strengthen that harmony which prevails in the convention, and be productive of beneficial results."

Quintard received honorary doctorates from Columbia College (Doctor of Divinity, 1866) and Cambridge (Doctor of Laws, 1867).

Stewardship of The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee
Quintard quickly launched rebuilding efforts in his diocese, which had suffered much physical and emotional distress during the war. He also led efforts to ensure the post-war survival of the fledgling University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. As the school's vice-chancellor (the institution's chief executive position, despite the name) Quintard sponsored the establishment of a training school for clergy there in 1866 (the present-day School of Theology, one of the official seminaries of the Episcopal Church) and laid the cornerstone for St. Augustine's Chapel in 1867. He traveled to Northern U.S. dioceses to raise funds for the university and went to England three times with the same purpose, returning with large sums of money and many books for the school's library.

Quintard Hall at the university was given by his brother George W. Quintard in 1900. Until 1908 it was the site of the grammar school, and from then until 1971 it was used by the Sewanee Military Academy, a boys' preparatory school. It is now a co-ed residence hall for the University. The University of the South remains an Episcopal institution and is a nationally-recognized center of liberal arts education.

Cathedral
At the beginning of 1871, Quintard was presented with the first Episcopal cathedral in the South, when the parish church of St. Mary in Memphis symbolically presented him with keys to the building. While the bishop retained his ecclesiastical seat (literally cathedra, in Latin) in Memphis, he continued to live in Sewanee with his family. He ceded the "Bishop's House" on the close of St. Mary's Cathedral to the sisters of the Community of St. Mary for their educational and humanitarian missions.

Quintard believed that his mission was to make the Episcopal Church in Tennessee "a refuge for all—the lame, halt and blind as well as the rich." He opposed parish pew rents, a then-common method of raising funds, and fostered a ministry on behalf of the disadvantaged. Concerned by the effects of industrialization on workers, he established a refuge for the poor in Memphis in 1869, and in 1873 he advocated a plan to assist people lacking food, housing, and education. Quintard started missions for the laborers at foundries in South Pittsburg (1876) and in Chattanooga (1880). Hoping that the Episcopal Church would also expand its evangelistic work among African Americans, he opposed plans to segregate the black congregations of the denomination, and he assisted in the founding of Hoffman Hall, a seminary for African Americans adjacent to Fisk University in Nashville.

Although Bishop Quintard traveled five times to England, helping to mend relations with the Church of England, he also became involved in the Gallican movement in France. This started with an 1875 trip, a gift of his friend Sam Noble, to enroll his son George at a private school in Paris as well as to lead Sam's children Ned and Addie around England, France, Switzerland and Germany. He met the Rev. Morgan Dix of Trinity Church, New York, who was laying a cornerstone for Victoria Chapel, as well as Père Hyacinthe Loyson.

Death and legacy
Quintard died in February 1898 in Meridian, Georgia, having traveled and stayed there in an effort to improve his health.

Selected works

 * (1851)
 * (1853)
 * (1861)
 * (1863)
 * (1864)
 * (1864)
 * (1865)
 * (1905)
 * (1913)

title: Charles Todd Quintard


text:
Asanoyama Hiroki

Asanoyama Hiroki (朝乃山 広暉) is a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Toyama Prefecture. He wrestles for Takasago stable. He debuted in sumo in March 2016 and made his makuuchi debut in September 2017. His highest rank has been ōzeki. He has earned six special prizes, and one gold star for defeating a yokozuna. In May 2019 he won his first top division yūshō or tournament championship, the first of the Reiwa era. He was also runner-up in November 2019 and finished the calendar year with more top division wins than any other wrestler. He was promoted to ōzeki after the March 2020 tournament, and was a runner-up in his ōzeki debut in July 2020 and in January 2021. In June 2021 Asanoyama was handed a one-year (six tournament) suspension for violating sumo protocols related to COVID-19. He returned to competition in the July 2022 tournament having been demoted to the third-lowest rank of sandanme. After returning to the top division in May 2023, he was sidelined again in July 2024 after tearing his left ACL in competition.

Background
After initially showing more interest and aptitude for handball, Ishibashi began to concentrate on sumo in Junior High School. He took part in the national championships in his third year but sustained an elbow injury which led to him considering quitting the sport. He then attended Toyama Commercial High School and was persuaded to persevere by the school's sumo director. After competing successfully in High School tournaments he won a place at Kindai University where he studied Economics. He won seven college titles and reached the top four in all-Japan Sumo Championships.

Early career
In 2016 Ishibashi joined the professional Takasago stable, bringing him under the tutelage of the former ōzeki Asashio. Like most new wrestlers he began his career under his family name.

As a University champion, Ishibashi was allowed to bypass the two lowest tiers of professional sumo and begin his career in the fourth sandanme division in March 2016. Three kachi-koshi (winning records) in his first three basho (tournaments) saw him promoted to the makushita division for September. Winning records in September and November were followed by a perfect 7–0 in January 2017 which earned him the divisional championship and promotion to the second division (jūryō). At this point he took the shikona (ring name) of Asanoyama. His promotion ensured that Takasago stable would once again have a sekitori, following the demotions of Asasekiryū and Asabenkei to makushita which had left the stable with no wrestlers in the top two divisions for the first time since 1878. Asanoyama revealed his determination to reach jūryō to honour the memory of his sumo coach at high school who had recently died of cancer, and that his resolve did not falter even though he lost two matches in November and had to wait for one more tournament to earn promotion.

In his jūryō debut in March 2017 Asanoyama recorded 10 wins to tie for the lead on the final day of the tournament but was beaten in a play-off by the much more experienced Toyohibiki. After 8 wins in May, he tied for the championship with 11 wins in July but again lost a play-off, this time to his near contemporary Daiamami. His efforts were enough to secure promotion to the top makuuchi division for the next tournament. He was the second sandanme tsukedashi entrant to reach makuuchi following Yutakayama.

Makuuchi career
In his first tournament in the top division Asanoyama was assigned the rank of maegashira 16. He stood at only 3–3 after Day 6 but then went on a five-match winning streak and was on the leaderboard towards the end of the tournament, trailing Gōeidō by just one win on Day 13. He finished with a 10–5 record and was awarded the Fighting Spirit Prize. After his final match Asanoyama commented, "I have fought with the spirit of a challenger over the 15 days and that has led to my finishing with double figures in wins. I am really happy about that." He was less successful in his second top division tournament, scoring only five wins against ten losses and barely avoiding demotion back to jūryō. In January 2018 he produced a 9–6 record from the rank of maegashira 16. In July he was on the leaderboard for much of the tournament and finished with an 11–4 record and a share of the Fighting Spirit prize. For the next few tournaments he remained in the middle of the maegashira ranks, mostly alternating between 8–7 and 7–8 records.

In the May 2019 tournament, the first to be held in the Reiwa era, he was the sole leader with ten wins and just one loss on Day 11. He lost his second bout of the tournament on Day 12, but regained the sole lead on Day 13 with a controversial win over Tochinoshin. He appeared to have hit the ground first, but the judges ruled that Tochinoshin's heel had touched out of bounds. By defeating Gōeidō on Day 14 he won the tournament after his only challenger Kakuryū was defeated by Tochinoshin, leaving Asanoyama two wins ahead with only one day to go. He was the first wrestler without previous san'yaku experience to win a yūshō since Sadanoyama in 1961. He lost his final day match to Mitakeumi to finish on a 12–3 record. In addition to the tournament championship he won special prizes for Outstanding Performance and Fighting Spirit and received the inaugural US President's Cup from President Donald Trump. Speaking to reporters the day after his victory Asanoyama said that he never imagined he could win the championship within three years of his professional debut but that the next tournament would be different and he would be seeking a winning record. He was the first wrestler from Toyama Prefecture to win a top division championship in 103 years, and 25,000 people attended a parade in his hometown on June 16. In the July 2019 tournament he just missed out on a san'yaku debut, instead being ranked at maegashira 1. He fell one win short of his goal of kachi-koshi with a 7–8 record. On the fifth day of the September tournament he earned his first kinboshi or gold star for a win over a yokozuna, against Kakuryū. He held a share of the tournament lead after Day 10, but lost both his bouts on Days 11 and 12 and finished with a 10–5 record. He was awarded his second Outstanding Performance Prize, for defeating Kakuryū and two ōzeki.

He made his san'yaku debut in November 2019, one of four komusubi on the banzuke in that tournament. He is the first komusubi from Takasago stable since Asasekiryū in 2006, the third post-World War II from Toyama Prefecture after Wakamiyama and Kotogaume, and the third from Kindai University after his stablemaster Asashio and Takarafuji. He was runner-up to Hakuhō with an 11–4 record, and won his first Technique Prize. He also finished 2019 with 55 top division wins, more than any other wrestler that year. He is the first ranked below yokozuna or ōzeki to achieve the most wins in a calendar year.

Promotion to ōzeki
In the January 2020 tournament Asanoyama made his debut at sekiwake and produced a 10–5 record. The demotion of Takayasu and the retirement of Gōeidō left only one ōzeki on the March banzuke for the first time in 38 years, and Asanoyama told a press conference on 24 February, "There is another spot available for ōzeki. I want to make the most of this opportunity." Asanoyama finished with an 11–4 record in the March tournament, good enough for the sumo advisory board to recommend his promotion to the ōzeki rank. The Japan Sumo Association officially promoted him on 25 March. He is the first ōzeki from Toyama Prefecture since the 22nd yokozuna Tachiyama made the rank 111 years earlier; Asanoyama said he hoped to reach his level, and also inspire youngsters from his prefecture to join professional sumo.

Ōzeki career
In his ōzeki debut in July 2020 Asanoyama was the tournament leader until Day 13 when he was defeated by former ōzeki Terunofuji. Asanoyama was unable to take advantage of Terunofuji's defeat the following day to Shōdai when he lost for the second day in a row, falling victim to Terutsuyoshi's ashitori leg grab. He finished the tournament runner-up on 12–3. He made a poor start to his September campaign, losing his first three matches, which led to him being criticized by former yokozuna and Takasago stable member Asashōryū. He then won ten in a row before being defeated by Shōdai and Takakeishō on the last two days to finish on 10–5. He withdrew from the November 2020 tournament on Day 3, due to a deltoid muscle injury to his right shoulder suffered on the opening day. This was the first time in his career that he had been forced to withdraw from a tournament. On his return to competition in the January 2021 tournament, he achieved a winning record to retain his ōzeki rank and ended as joint runner-up with fellow ōzeki Shōdai and sekiwake Terunofuji.

Investigation and suspension
Asanoyama withdrew from the May 2021 tournament after Day 11 when it emerged that he had broken COVID-19 protocols. The Sumo Association's director of communications, Shibatayama, said at the time that Asanoyama had initially denied the allegations, which were first reported by the Shūkan Bunshun magazine, but later admitted to them.

The investigation into the matter was handled by the Sumo Association's compliance committee, headed by Oguruma (former ōzeki Kotokaze). The committee found that Asanoyama had visited cabaret nightclubs ten times and dined out three times, all during a period when wrestlers were instructed not to go out for any non-essential reason. It was also discovered that a 44-year-old reporter for Sports Nippon who accompanied Asanoyama during his outings conspired with him to cover-up the incidents to investigators, with Asanoyama found to have destroyed evidence by deleting the reporter's text messages from his smartphone. When initially asked by investigators about the violations, Asanoyama claimed to have been seeking medical treatment, accompanied by the Sports Nippon reporter.

The compliance committee's report noted that Asanoyama had "seriously tarnished his dignity as an ōzeki." An extraordinary session of the full Sumo Association body was scheduled on 11 June for final disposition. Prior to the meeting, it was revealed that Asanoyama had submitted his resignation two days after he withdrew from the May 2021 tournament.

The Sumo Association issued Asanoyama a one-year (six tournament) suspension from sumo and a 50% salary cut for six months, with his retirement papers held in case he causes any further trouble. Oguruma was quoted as saying that Asanoyama "...should have served as a role model for other sumo wrestlers" as an ōzeki, adding that the punishment would not have been as harsh if he admitted to what he did in the first place. Asanoyama appeared at the meeting and apologized to the directors, saying that he lied because he feared what would happen if he had been more straightforward about it.

As his suspension is treated as absences on the banzuke, Asanoyama lost his ōzeki title and fell out of the sekitori ranks completely. In addition to Asanoyama's punishment, his stablemaster Takasago (former sekiwake Asasekiryū) was issued a 20% salary cut for three months. Sports Nippon later announced that the reporter that dined with Asanoyama had been dismissed following an internal inquiry. Asanoyama's former stablemaster Nishikijima (former ōzeki Asashio IV) submitted his resignation after he was found to have violated COVID restrictions by inviting Asanoyama for dinner and drinks with his family and acquaintances.

One month after his suspension was finalized, Asanoyama, his stablemaster and six lower-ranked rikishi in Takasago stable all tested positive for COVID-19.

Return to competition
Asanoyama was demoted to the third-lowest division at the rank of west sandanme 22 for the July 2022 tournament in Nagoya following the completion of his six-tournament suspension. He changed his ring name for his return to competition, switching the first name of Hideki to his real given name of Hiroki. Speaking ahead of Asanoyama's return, his stablemaster Takasago said Asanoyama had not received any special treatment since his fall from the sekitori ranks and had been required to do chores around the stable with the other low-ranking wrestlers. At a training session in June, he won nine out of twelve bouts against jūryō ranked.

Asanoyama won his opening match on the second day of the July 2022 basho, which marked his first professional sumo contest in 418 days. He would go on to win the sandanme championship with a perfect record of 7 wins.

In September 2022 he was ranked at makushita 15 and would have been promoted back to jūryō for November if he had produced another perfect score, but he lost one of his seven matches. At the November tournament in Kyūshū he lost his sixth bout against makushita veteran Tamashōhō and finished again at 6–1. Following the November basho the Sumo Association announced that Asanoyama would be promoted to jūryō, returning to sekitori for the January 2023 tournament. Asanoyama won this tournament with a 14–1 record. His only defeat was to Daishōhō on Day 11. After his victory Asanoyama said his goals for 2023 were to return to makuuchi and reach sanyaku by the end of the year. Asanoyama rose to the top of the jūryō division at #1 East for the March 2023 tournament. On Day 5 he defeated Tochinoshin in the first ever match between two former ōzeki to take place in jūryō.

Asanoyama would be back in the top makuuchi division at the May 2023 tournament for the first time since his suspension, having been promoted to maegashira 14. He stayed in the championship race until Day 13 when he was defeated by Yokozuna Terunofuji, the eventual top division champion of this basho. He finished the May 2023 tournament with a runner-up record of 12-3. This was his first runner-up performance in the top division since January 2021. At the July 2023 tournament he secured four wins before having to withdraw after partially tearing his left bicep in his loss to Hōshōryū on Day 7. It was his first absence from a tournament since concluding his suspension. Nevertheless, Asanoyama decided to return to competition on the twelfth day, his return match being against maegashira Tobizaru. During the jungyō of August, Asanoyama also withdrew from the tour to heal his biceps injury.

During the October tour, Asanoyama also suffered an injury, the medical report following his injury citing a "torn left calf muscle." Eleven days before the start of the November tournament, however, he reaffirmed his desire to take part in the competition and reach the san'yaku ranks, for the first time since his suspension, for the January tournament. Moreover, on 3 November, Asanoyama was also bereaved by the loss of his former master Asashio IV, who had raised him to the rank of ōzeki, having died at the age of 67. Asanoyama announced that he would be absent at the start of the November tournament because of slow recovery of his calf muscle. He entered competition on Day 8, winning his first match of the tournament over ōzeki Takakeishō.

Asanoyama was the undefeated sole leader after seven days of the January 2024 tournament, but in his loss to Tamawashi on Day 8 he appeared to twist his right ankle. Asanoyama withdrew from the tournament the following day. His stablemaster Takasago indicated that he would see how Asanoyama's ankle improved, with a possibility that he could return to competition. Despite having withdrawn from the tournament (and conceding a default victory to Ōnoshō in the process), Asanoyama returned to the tournament on Day 13 and immediately secured a kachi-koshi score with an eighth victory over Gōnoyama. At the following tournament, in March 2024, Asanoyama, then at the top of the rank-and-file wrestling ranks, scored an eighth victory over Komusubi Abi, raising hopes in the press of a repromotion in the san'yaku ranks for the May tournament; his first since his demotion from sekiwake after the September 2021 tournament. On Day 14, he defeated the tournament's sole leader, Takerufuji, handing him his second defeat to record a ninth victory. With his score at 9–6, Asanoyama commented on his return to the san'yaku ranks for the first time since his return to the top division with some concern, notably emphasizing that being now older he would have to rely on his experience and technique to be on equal footing with younger and physically stronger wrestlers.

Knee injuries
Asanoyama first return to san'yaku status was made official at the banzuke unveiling for the May 2024 tournament. Near the end of the spring regional tour, however, Asanoyama suffered a MCL injury to his right knee. The diagnosis of the injury at a hospital in Chiba Prefecture indicated that it would need about three weeks of treatment. With $2 1/2$ weeks until the start of the next grand tournament, Asanoyama told reporters that he had to start treatment immediately. The severity of his injury was all the more worrying as Asanoyama made his return at the top of makuuchi, even declaring that it would be difficult for him to adapt, as this was his first leg injury. On May 8, it was announced that Asanoyama would not be taking part in the tournament, as he declared that he was unable to compete in training and his doctors warned him that his injury would worsen if he took part in the tournament. At the start of the tournament it was reported that he would need about three more weeks of treatment.

On Day 4 of the July 2024 tournament Asanoyama, with three wins under his belt, fell awkwardly in his bout against Ichiyamamoto. Unable to stand on his own, he was taken away from the ring in a wheelchair and went to a local hospital. He was later diagnosed with a tear of his left ACL. Stablemaster Takasago said that Asanoyama would consult with the doctors on a recommended course of action, though Takasago suggested that he have surgery. Asanoyama's medical certificate indicated he would need two months of treatment, but Takasago predicted that he would need more than half a year to fully recover and return to competition. This would likely drop him out of salaried status once again, possibly to the third-lowest sandanme division by the time he would be able to return.

Fighting style
Asanoyama has shown a preference for yotsu techniques which involve grasping his opponent's mawashi or belt. His most common kimarite or winning move is yorikiri, the force-out. His preferred grip is migi-yotsu, a right arm inside and left hand outside position, although in the run-up to the March 2020 tournament he worked on obtaining a left hand inside grip as well.

title: Asanoyama Hiroki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Baltazár

The result was   delete. Jenks24 (talk) 10:55, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Baltazár

 * – ( View AfD View log  •  Stats )
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions.  Cliff  Smith 21:18, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions.  Cliff  Smith 21:18, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

This article was tagged for speedy deletion as an obvious hoax. I didn't find it blisteringly obvious as to warrant speedy deletion, but if this is indeed false information, it should be deleted Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 20:21, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I do not have now an immediate access to the library, but List of Hunnic rulers clearly lists somebody else under the same years.--Ymblanter (talk) 10:20, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That list is very dodgy for the years allotted to each name; in a lot of cases, all we have is a fl. or maybe a year of death. I have several books (in German) on the Huns, and none of them mentions "Baltazár" or "Donatus", who seem to originate from an anachronistic Russian source à la Geoffrey of Monmouth. Trigaranus (talk) 15:15, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * , cited in Uldin, contains no mention of this person and goes straight from "the shadowy" Balamber to Uldin ("the first Hun mentioned by name") on page 59. As far as I can tell, the only place from which this information could have come to the original author is ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>701.  That is a book of highly questionable scholarship, whose author's credentials I have been unable to determine, and that appears to have been self-published, or at least published by a publisher that has only ever published the one book.  Maenchen-Helfen 1973, on the other hand, is Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen and a university press.  I go with the credentialled historian, there being no evidence that I can find that reliable historical scholarship has found a new, heretofore unrecognized, hun leader in the time since 1973.  Delete.  Uncle G (talk) 15:46, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

 * Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, The Bushranger One ping only 01:16, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Delete as failing to have significant coverage in independent third party sources, and as per above. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:08, 21 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Vouzas

Vouzas is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Antonios Vouzas (born 1993), Greek footballer
 * Argyrios Vouzas, Greek revolutionary and doctor
 * Vasilis Vouzas (born 1966), Greek footballer and manager

title: Vouzas


text:
Talk:Kim Stolz

mtvU
mtvU and MTV for that matter is something I know nothing about, but I do know what is needed for consistancy on articles here and the care that is needed for wiki. I notice that she has been placed in the MTV VJs category. This does not seem correct as she is not on MTV, but mtvU. Comments? Also the language of the article should be for the average reader, not the laguage of a fashion blog where everyone knows what it's about. Doc ♬ talk 20:44, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Deletion
why is this up for deletion? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:52, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Why is this here? WGAS<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:41, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

news report
http://www.out.com/entertainment/art-books/2014/06/10/kim-stolz-new-book-unfriending-my-ex-details-seven-day-iphone: "She writes on page 17: “Wikipedia, of course, is notoriously unreliable. I once checked my own Wikipedia page to find out that I had died the week before. It was a very existential experience. And it marked the only time I modified or wrote anything on my Wikipedia profile—it seemed like bad luck to be dead on the Internet.”" — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:10, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Kim Stolz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081218085850/http://entertainment.aol.ca:80/article/top-model-contestants-we-cant-forget/97152/ to http://entertainment.aol.ca/article/top-model-contestants-we-cant-forget/97152/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:57, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Kim Stolz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080618100211/http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0549%2Czappia%2C70573%2C15.html to http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0549%2Czappia%2C70573%2C15.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://entertainment.aol.ca/article/top-model-contestants-we-cant-forget/97152/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:32, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Kim Stolz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080615151518/http://www.afterellen.com/TV/2005/12/topmodel-kim.html to http://www.afterellen.com/TV/2005/12/topmodel-kim.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081007051343/http://mtvpress.com/bios/profile/kim_stolz/ to http://mtvpress.com/bios/profile/kim_stolz/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090102061151/http://www.mtv.com/news/correspondents/stolz/bio.jhtml to http://www.mtv.com/news/correspondents/stolz/bio.jhtml

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:32, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kim Stolz


text:
Talk:Robotics/Physical Construction/Resourcefulness

Resourcefulness

Sharing component identification
Is there any kind of standard for sharing pages between books? In electronics we have Electronics/Component Identification, which would be useful for robotics too, for part cannibalizing. Ideally it should contain a description of every type of labeling system for every package style for every type of component, but obviously does not come close yet. - Omegatron 03:46, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Not sure about that. I used external links in "Robotics: Components: Actuation Devices: Motors". If there is a better way, this should be changed. --Patrik 13:41, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Azhar Mansor

Dato' Azhar Mansor is the first Malaysian to sail solo around the world. He made his trip in 1999, sailing the ship Jalur Gemilang. His round the world trip, with stops, took 190 days, 6 hours 57 minutes and 2 seconds

Successes
Datuk Azhar has managed to set a new world record via an East about route, attempted by no-one and has been verified by the WSSRC (World Speed Sailing Record Council) as an official record.

Azhar is currently based in Langkawi managing Telaga Harbour Park, one of Malaysia's finest marinas.

title: Azhar Mansor


text:
Wikiversity:Why contribute to Wikiversity?

Why contribute to Wikiversity? Here are some possible answers to that question:
 * You can join with other people to pursue personal and collective learning goals.
 * If you create educational resources under a free licence (like the GFDL) then the resources, and the knowledge they contain, will be available for others to freely use for generations to come.
 * You can learn by doing in order to make the learning process more meaningful to you, and connected to your own experience.
 * You can start to make the learning experience more fun for yourself and others.
 * You can feel good about it.

Contributing to free public wikis is not only a benefit to humankind, but serves to refine a resource for personal use. A resource that has the best potential for the widest possible perspective, and which serves the best interests of humankind and scholarly learning.

Learning is a life-long process. Learners might want to study a curriculum but can't afford today's exhorbitant tuition at Universities. They might want to catch up on a subject they've already studied, or want to learn more on a subject because they want to expand their knowledge or decide to further study that subject in a more formal manner.

Being able to teach something to another person is a good indicator that you yourself understand the topic well. Teaching others will help you understand things in subjects by forcing you to change the way you understand things into another form, possibly bringing to your attention some unknown fact that you would not have known just by learning on your own.


text:
Senator Larson

Senator Larson may refer to:

 * Anton Larson (1873–1965), North Dakota State Senate
 * Cal Larson (born 1930), Minnesota State Senate
 * Chris Larson (born 1980), Wisconsin State Senate
 * Chuck Larson (born 1968), Iowa State Senate
 * Dan Larson (politician) (born 1965), Minnesota State Senate
 * Diane Larson (fl. 2010s), North Dakota State Senate
 * John B. Larson (born 1948), Connecticut State Senate
 * Lane Larson (born 1957), Montana State Senate
 * Morgan Foster Larson (1882–1961), New Jersey State Senate
 * Richard R. Larson (Wyoming politician) (born 1928), Wyoming State Senate
 * Tim Larson (born 1958), Connecticut State Senate
 * Tyson Larson (born 1986), Nebraska State Senate

title: Senator Larson


text:
User:JWSchmidt/Blog/23 February 2007

Complementing Wikipedia  Wikipedia is so large that it deforms the conditions for existence of all other wiki projects. In most cases, it helps when Wikiversity participants who are creating webpages here at Wikiversity are aware of the related resources that already exist at Wikipedia. I was pleased to see a new Wikiversity participant plainly express this as the need for "Searching Wikipedia to avoid reinventing the wheel".

I have been thinking about the fact that Wikipedia takes a one-size-fits-all approach to topics. The exception to this is built into the idea that Wikipedia articles can start "simple" and then get more technical towards the bottom. However, I've noticed that some people go to the discussion pages of the more technical Wikipedia articles and leave comments such as, "Can anyone explain this in English?" Wikiversity can complement Wikipedia by providing introductions to technical topics. At the opposite extreme, some people will come to Wikiversity because they want to go beyond what is possible at Wikipedia and investigate topics in greater detail.

None of what I have written above is meant to ignore Wikibooks. Wikiversity participants should search Wikibooks and become aware of existing textbook modules that are related to Wikiversity webpages. However, there is much less content at Wikibooks than at Wikipedia. Based on my experience, in most cases Wikiversity participants will be actively helping to develop Wikibooks textbooks that can be used as resources by Wikiversity participants.

I started using the Science journalism content development project as place to explicitly test ways to take a Wikipedia article as a starting point and then design Wikiversity pages around that existing Wikipedia page. In particular, I selected the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine learning project as my starting point. My goal with that project is to make sure that Wikiversity has learning resources related to each year's Nobel Prize. So far there is only the RNA interference page for the 2006 prize. That page now explicitly directs Wikiversity participants to individually decide if the related Wikipedia article is too technical or if it does not go into enough detail. For people who need a less technically detailed learning resource, there is a link to a subpage, RNA interference/Medical, where a less technical description of the medical implications of the Nobel Prize-winning research is outlined (still under construction at this moment). Anyone who wants to go into additional details is invited to join in further exploration of the topic, ask questions, and join in discussions.

This website has another approach, providing a set of questions about a topic, each with links to basic and advances options.

title: User:JWSchmidt/Blog/23 February 2007


text:
2020 OV1

 is a near-Earth object of the Atira group.

Discovery
was discovered at r=20.2 mag on 2020 July 19 by the Zwicky Transient Facility using the 1.2-m f/2.4 Schmidt.

Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.5–0.8 AU once every 6 months (186 days; semi-major axis of 0.64 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and a relatively high inclination of 33° with respect to the ecliptic.

The orbital evolution of indicates that it is comfortably entrenched within the Atira orbital realm, but it might have arrived there relatively recently.

Numbering and naming
As of 2023, this minor planet has neither been numbered nor named by the Minor Planet Center.

title: 2020 OV1


text:
Madeira Islands Open

The Madeira Islands Open was a men's professional golf tournament on the European Tour played from 1993 to 2015 on Madeira, an autonomous region of Portugal.

History
The tournament had one of the smallest prize funds on the tour (€600,000 in 2015), and few of the tour's top players took part. From 2002 to 2005, and again from 2011 to 2015, it was a dual-ranking event with the Challenge Tour. It was played opposite the Volvo World Match Play Championship in 2011 and 2013. In 2015, it was played opposite the Saltire Energy Paul Lawrie Match Play after the rescheduling caused by severe weather postponed the event four months.

It was hosted at Clube de Golf do Santo da Serra (1993–2008, 2012–15) and at Porto Santo Golfe (2009–11). For its last five years of existence, it was one of two European Tour events annually staged in Portugal, the other being the Portugal Masters. The 2015 event was rescheduled from March to August due to weather.

title: Madeira Islands Open


text:
Ichiro Sado

Ichiro Sado (born 5 February 1941) is a Japanese field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Ichiro Sado


text:
Lipno, Lipno County

Lipno ( Polish pronunciation: ; Leipe) is a town in Poland, in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, about 40 km southeast of Toruń. It is the administrative seat of Lipno County and of Gmina Lipno. Its population is 14,791 (2010).

The town is the birthplace of actress Pola Negri, economist Leszek Balcerowicz and politician Ya'akov Meridor.

History
Lipno dates back to the Middle Ages, when it was part of the Piast-ruled Kingdom of Poland. In 1349 it was granted town rights. Administratively Lipno was located in the Dobrzyń Land in the Inowrocław Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. Despite not being the capital of the Dobrzyń Land, Lipno became the region's most important centre and the seat of the sejmik of the Dobrzyń Land.

The town was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, in 1807 it became part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw and in 1815 it became part of so-called Congress Poland in the Russian Partition. Many inhabitants took part in the unsuccessful November and January Uprisings against Russia, after which Lipno was subject to severe persecutions. Nevertheless, local Poles founded various organisations. Lipno became part of independent Poland again, when the country proclaimed independence on 11 November 1918, afterwards the town's cultural life was revived. During the Polish–Soviet War, the town was briefly occupied by the Soviets from 13–14 August 1920. The Soviets then plundered private homes and shops, as well as the municipal office, and terrorized the population. Prominent local activist and organizer of the Polish defense, Jerzy Starzyński, was subjected to gruesome tortures and murdered. Nearly half of the occupying security forces were local communist Jews, recruited mainly from the poor. Wealthy Jews and Orthodox Jews did not support the Soviets, and several wealthy Jews were robbed and murdered by the Soviets. Lipno was liberated by Poles on 20 August 1920. A monument to local Polish soldiers fallen in the war was erected in 1930.

In 1924, Zygmunt Uzarowicz, a former Polish independence activist in the Russian Partition of Poland, became the mayor of the town, and held office until the German invasion of Poland in 1939.

During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the town was raided by the Germans on 2 September 1939 and captured on 8 September. During the German occupation, Poles were subject to mass arrests, expulsions and executions. A prison for Poles was established in the town. In October 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of Polish teachers and landowners from Lipno and surrounding villages, deceitfully gathering them to Lipno for alleged conferences on town matters. 71 teachers and several dozen landowners were arrested, imprisoned in concentration and forced labour camps, and mostly later murdered. Also 20 priests were arrested and imprisoned in the Stutthof concentration camp, where 13 of whom died. Around 200 Poles and Jews from Lipno and surrounding villages were murdered in the forest near Karnkowo. Next mass arrests of Poles were carried out in April 1940. 10 Poles were murdered in a public execution at the market square on 3 November 1940. The pre-war mayor Zygmunt Uzarowicz was arrested and imprisoned in Grudziądz in 1940, and then deported to the Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps, where he was beaten to death by the Germans in 1942. In addition, about 3,300 Poles were expelled from the Lipno County, and Jews were deported to Nazi ghettos, however Poles managed to create an underground resistance movement. In 1939, the Germans destroyed the Polish monument from 1930. It was rebuilt in 1992.

Sports
The local football team is, which competes in the lower leagues.

title: Lipno, Lipno County


text:
Template:Did you know nominations/Compulsory Miseducation

The result was: promoted by Miyagawa (talk) 00:19, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Compulsory Miseducation

 * ... that in Compulsory Miseducation, Paul Goodman proposes alternatives to schooling, including "the real city as school, farm schools, practical apprenticeships, guided travel, work camps", and "no school at all"?
 * ALT1: ... that in Compulsory Miseducation, Paul Goodman proposes that school be made non-compulsory?
 * Reviewed: Oak Hill Industrial Academy

Moved to mainspace by Czar (talk). Self nominated at 01:11, 10 February 2015 (UTC).

 * Symbol voting keep.svg Looks good: QPQ fine, article plenty long enough and new, seems neutral and well-cited, AGFing on the offline sources. No evidence of copyvio/paraphrasing. The original hook is quite long, and not nearly as interesting as ALT1, so I recommend that. I have modified the first sentence of the Summary section so that it doesn't repeat the first sentence of the article. If you disagree, please feel free to revert/modify my edit. Relentlessly (talk) 13:07, 12 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms

This is a book to complement the Data Structures book and the Algorithms book, and assumes these books as prerequisites.

There are two conflicting goals in online book writing:

 * to be an introduction to fundamental material
 * to be a complete reference work that includes discussions of tangential material

We've decided to do both. The Data Structures text and the Algorithms text focus on just the fundamentals. This book (Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms) is a place for reference material. The idea is that a student in the span of a year or less can cover those fundamentals and then move on the advanced topics in this book.

Possible topics

 * Parallel Programming (section; an elaboration of divide and conquer, or pipeline decoupling for streaming algorithms)
 * Memory Management and Garbage Collection (whole chapter)
 * NP-Completeness (whole chapter)
 * Proof of the master theorem (section)
 * Quadtrees and Octrees and R-trees (chapter)
 * Trie data structure
 * B-trees (chapter) (didn't we already cover this in Data Structures/Trees and Algorithm Implementation/Trees/B+ tree ?)
 * (pseudo) random number generators (see Statistics/Numerical Methods/Random Number Generation, etc.)
 * Introspective Sort (section; a hybrid sorting algorithm)
 * Closures ( What Is Closure? )
 * Continuations ( continuations )
 * Cache-Aware and Cache-Oblivious Algorithms
 * Approximation
 * Maximum Flow
 * Primality testing (see Algorithm Implementation/Mathematics/Primality Testing, Algorithm Implementation/Mathematics/Prime number generation, Some Basic and Inefficient Prime Number Generating Algorithms, Cryptography/Mathematical Background, Discrete Mathematics/Number theory, Cryptography/RSA, etc.)

While there is no content here yet, please feel free to start writing sections! Because this book is more of a reference, chapters can be more independent of each other. Further, you can assume the reader already knows the basic data-structures and algorithms.

FFT Multiplication*
As covered in the Algorithms book, by breaking an integer into two parts and treating it as a polynomial, we were able to derive a better-than-grade-school multiplication algorithm. Even more gains in efficiency can be made if we break the integer into three parts instead. However, we don't need to stop there: we can generalize the technique of polynomial multiplication and interpolation by breaking an n digit binary number into a degree n polynomial, which breaks the number up into its individual digits (and is the furthest we can divide such a number).

We noticed that evaluating the polynomial representations at points 1, -1, and 0 made the expressions easy, but if we are to use degree-2n polynomials, how can we come up with enough points to use? The trick is to evaluate the polynomial using complex numbers, in particular, by using "roots of unity": that is, complex numbers that are all distance 1 from the origin.

Trie data structure
A Trie, also called digital tree and sometimes radix tree or prefix tree (as they can be searched by prefixes), is an ordered tree data structure often used to store an associative array where the keys are usually strings. Unlike a binary search tree, no node in the tree stores a complete key.

Tree-List
w:Rope (computer science)

When dealing with lists, we normally have two choices: either we get $$O(1)$$ indexed access but $$O(N)$$ insertion with vectors, or $$O(N)$$ indexing and $$O(1)$$ insertion with linked lists. It'd be nice if we could find some middle ground, say with $$O(\log N)$$ (amortized) running time for all operations. Well, Soren Sandmann has implemented GSequence, which uses a splay tree to achieve exactly that. ''[TODO: This structure doesn't have a widely accepted name yet. If someone can think of a better name, suggest it.]''

''I think B-tree algorithms give worst-case O(ln(N)) insertion, deletion, and access by name. Is GSequence better in some way? I've been told that some operating systems stored files and directories on disk as B-trees. --DavidCary 23:39, 21 July 2005 (UTC)''

''There's a number of balanced trees that give O(ln N) performance. The idea here is just wrapping a list interface around a tree. You might as well just say that you can use a tree since a list interface is only for implementation convenience.''

There are various heap data structures that give O(log(N)) insertion, deletion and access by name.

''I believe these are called random-access lists. Also, it is possible to get O(1) insertion and O(log N) indexing; e.g. Okasaki's skew-binomial random access lists. If there is an interest, I can upload a demonstration-quality implementation in Common Lisp.''

title: Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms


text:
Talk:Theatre of Pain/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Reviewer: K. Peake (talk · contribs) 07:35, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

On first glance seems a bit messy but I will look into further detail soon. --K. Peake 07:35, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Quick fail
Saddens me to do this since you were very eager after finding out that I was reviewing this article, but it will have to be failed by me immediately. This is because there are multiple tags for unsourced information, as well as many citations in the infobox/lead which is not an appropriate procedure. The lead itself is poorly written, while the charts and certifications sections are not laid out well at all. Sorry for this quick fail. --K. Peake 07:51, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No need to apologize, it's a learning experience. SolarFlashDiscussion 08:18, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theatre of Pain/GA1


text:
tweek

Etymology 1
Imitative.

Noun

 * 1) A form of atmospherics (radio interference) produced when the high-frequency components reach the receiver before the low-frequency components.

title: tweek


text:
Pierce, North Dakota

Pierce, North Dakota may refer to:
 * Pierce County, North Dakota
 * Pierce Township, Barnes County, North Dakota

title: Pierce, North Dakota