text:
Talk:Tacrolimus

Clarification
Reading this I become a little confused on some items (aka I think this article could be clarified a little more than what it is at the moment). Since I'm not a medical professional (nor am I in the pharmacy profession) I'm coming to this article with just the knowledge of a 3 yr post transplant patient on this drug.

Anyway disregarding that I'll start at the introduction. I get the part where FK is introduced as both an immunosuppressent and then a topical cream but after the topical introduction "It has also been used after bone marrow transplants and for severe refractory uveitis." is somewhat thrown in there. Is the topical used after bone marrow transplants somehow, or is it used as an immunosuppressent in pill form? Same goes for the refractory uveitis. For the Contraindications and Precautions, is that for both the immunosuppressent or the topical or both? Additionally I notice it says "Black patients" (personal curiosity) under that heading, I'm curious as to why that is, it perhaps could be clarified in the article (I assume this has something to do with the topical cream and perhaps skin reactions?) Or does it even belong in there at all? I understand that a contraindication is a 'condition or factor that increases the risk involved in using a particular drug' but to include that with precautions just leaves me a bit confused, especially when seeing 'children' in there. Maybe I'm not reading that particular section right, but like I said I'm not in the medical field so..

Pretty much my last topic to hit in this section is the "Cancer risks" is this talking about the immunosuppressent or the topical or both (personally I've been warned that my skin cancer risks go up because I'm on this and a bunch of other immunosuppressents)? This doesn't really seem clear and the whole paragraph is vague at best until you get to the part about "UK dermatologists." So that's about it, I just thought I would throw that out there in case others come across this article and are as confused as I am. Although I must note that if I were to be looking for information on the medications that I take wikipedia would not be the first place I check, I just came across this article while bored and randomly typing in items to learn about. Anyway whoever clarifies this/answers these questions, thanks! --ImmortalGoddezz 23:52, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

serious drug
It would be very foolish to use this strong, possibly risky drug any more than absolutely necessary. Certainly not every day, without a damn good reason. -<IP_ADDRESS> 01:28, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

I was sad to hear about the risk a couple years ago. I used this every day for my eczema and it was the wonder drug. Doctors couldn't find anything else that worked for me. Now that I haven't used it for a couple years, I am still suffering from constant scratching from the horrible itchiness. The more I scratch the itchier it gets. Azn Clayjar 18:19, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Antibiotic?
I think I'm going to soon edit the sentence that defines tacrolimus as a macrolide antibiotic. chemically, it is a macrolide but not an antibiotic (doesn't kill bacteria in anyway, nor is that it's aim, quite the contrary as a side effect usually).

Personal experience + Literature search
I checked out the tacrolimus page recently since I personally have pretty severe eczema and had tried Protopic soon after it was approved for clinical use. I put a test amount on the inside of my elbows and immediately felt a hot, burning sensation. This was quickly followed by an intense, unusual headache that lasted for hours. I never used the stuff again.

It was pretty disappointing, especially since the failure meant it was back to the old steroids. (Tried pimecrolimus too, and it had no effects good or bad.) Of course drug reactions depend on the individual, but I was surprised to find the industry trials had only found headaches in ~20% of patients and they wrote it off as being comparable to controls. I refuse to write the headache off as a psychological effect because I had no idea what to expect. Who'd expect to get a headache from a topical cream? Wonder why it only happens in some people? Anyway-- just did a PubMed search to back up my edits.

As I understand it the cancer risk isn't super-high, and may be specific to the species of lab animals they tested it on. Wouldn't be enough to stop me from using Protopic if it actually worked without giving me a headache. Eczema's no fun and I'd trade a few years of my life for relief.Scerevisiae 15:49, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I had a hot sensation too the first few times I used it, but it was nothing I couldn't handle, and I didn't get any headaches either. At that time, I really had a bad eczema but three days after using it, the condition improvided significantly, not more than a week later it was gone. I can now stretch applying the ointment to one, maybe two times in two weeks and be comfortable with my skin. I can't even remember when I applied it in once critical areas - the crooks of my arms - the last time, because they've been fine for a long time. Maybe you should give it a try for two days in spite of the side effects. Maybe they will subside. I certainly didn't have the burning sensation for a long time. --Thilo 02:45, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry -- I know this is a page for discussing the article, not the subject -- but I've also had the burning sensation from Tacrolimus ointment: when I first used it and, bizarrely, after I've had a few sips of beer, but only if it's real ale! All I can think is that I'm having some kind of allergic reaction to the beer and that reaction is being modified by the Tacrolimus. Sam Dutton (talk) 22:17, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Alcohol sensitivity is listed as one of the clinically significant side-effects. Also experienced headache and burning, similar to the feeling after too much sun.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:47, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

Trying to add reference
Sorry to ask, but I'm terrible at adding references. Mine in particular is for tactrolimuses use in treating ulcerative colitis. If anyone would be so kind as to add this link as a reference to this use it would be greatly appreciated:

http://www.springerlink.com/content/g2kjwecu3dthb3l2/

I have some other sources for its use against UC if this one is not sufficient enough.

DO NOT USE PROTOPIC FOR ECZEMA!!
DO NOT USE PROTOPIC!! I AM SERIOUS!! http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A17568-2005Feb11?language=printer

instead, use vanos for strong eczema, cloderm for medium, and atopiclair (non-steroidal) for mild eczema. i have eczema too. also, use herb medicene if you want to cure it "safely." XU-engineer 13:40, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * That article talks largely about children and excessive use of the drug. The kid mentioned hat the ointment applied over the whole skin area of his body (!!). I only need very small amounts in select parts of my body to stay exczema-free so I think the cancer risk is not too high. Your suggestion on the other hand shines in another light if you consider that Vanos and Cloderm actually are steroids and if you read this: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/527690
 * Due to a lack of long-term safety data and the potential for suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, treatment should be limited to 2 consecutive weeks at a maximum dose of 60 g per week. Therapy should be discontinued when control of the skin condition has been achieved. A patient's diagnosis may require reassessment if the condition does not improve after 2 weeks
 * With me, Protopic works as well as steroids but without the skin thinning and other side effects that these steroids have. At the moment, I am willing to live with the risk of applying Protopic, as it really does help me at least. --Thilo 02:56, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Tacrolimus is not intended for prolonged use on large areas of the body. Every time I have been prescribed Tacrolimus, I was given specific instructions, where, when and how to apply it, to minimise such risks. If those people had listened to their doctor's advice, I'm sure the cases wouldn't have occurred. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:46, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Discovered in 1984 and 1987?
From the first paragraph: "It is a 23-membered macrolide lactone discovered in 1984". From the second paragraph: "Tacrolimus was discovered in 1987 by a Japanese team". Neither of these assertions are sourced. (I have undergone two liver transplants, and tacrolimus/Prograf is my primary immunosuppressant.) Emptyshell 04:52, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * From the "answering my own question" department: 1984 is the correct date, according http://www.prograf.com/HCP/Prograf_History.htm. Emptyshell 04:55, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Severe atopic dermatitis
I, for one (in the UK), don't have 'severe atopic dermatitis', but I'm being treated with Tacrolimus.

Maybe the first paragraph should be changed to 'moderate to severe atopic dermatitis'?

Sam Dutton (talk) 22:21, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

IUPAC Name and structure
I believe the structure has the wrong stereochemistry and this is the correct structure

http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4976056.html

The name is: (3S,4R,5S,8R,9E,12S,14S,15R,16S,18R,19R,26aS)-5,19-dihydroxy-3-{(1E)-1-[(1S,3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl]prop-1-en-2-yl}-14,16-dimethoxy-4,10,12,18-tetramethyl-8-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-5,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,24,25,26,26a-hexadecahydro-3H-15,19-epoxypyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxazacyclotricosine-1,7,20,21(4H,23H)-tetrone --ChemSpiderMan (talk) 00:41, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I looked at both images, but they're oriented differently. Which aspects of the stereochemistry of the current image are wrong?

 * Thanks for finding this error.

 * Ben (talk) 06:31, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Ben..please contact me offline at infoATchemspiderDOTcom with your email address and I will send you the molfile in an attractive format for uploading.--ChemSpiderMan (talk) 23:59, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

3D or 2D molfile? I've got the 3D structure from the x-ray study - will this be the same?

Have emailed you.

Cheers

Ben (talk) 00:04, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I put the systematic name you provided above into ChemDraw and compared it with the structure in my Image:Tacrolimus-2D-skeletal.png. They differ in the stereochemistry at one particular carbon. I've made a comparison here. I believe my structure is correct (and therefore the name given above is wrong), based on the x-ray crystal structure of tacrolimus complexed to a protein in PDB file 1bkf - compare the skeletal structures of the disputed fragment with the 3D structure of the fragment from 1bkf.

 * I may, however, have made a mistake in interpreting the information here, so it'd be great if several people could check.

 * Cheers again

 * Ben (talk) 01:11, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Ben, take a look at the image shown on [this DailyMed page http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=2958]. Let me know what you think--ChemSpiderMan (talk) 06:06, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I've found the same structure but from a more reliable source: Acta Cryst. (1995). D51, 522-528.

 * Both of these structures are have the same stereochemistry same as my image at the fragment in question, i.e. the R group and the MeO group are both pointing in the same direction, while the OH group is pointing in the opposite direction.

 * Looking at the ChemSpider structure again, now that we've identified the part we think if different, the Chemspider structure is also correct - and identical. It's just the name given above.

 * How did you come to the conclusion that the image in this article was wrong? Was it due to the name? If so, there might not be a mistake after all.

 * Ben (talk) 10:16, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I think I caused confusion with my initial comment. The name I posted above was for the structure in WIkipedia already. The CORRECT name I believe is:

(1R,9S,12S,13R,14S,17R,18E,21S,23S,24R,25S,27R)-1,14-dihydroxy-12-{(1E)-1-[(1R,3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl]prop-1-en-2-yl}-23,25-dimethoxy-13,19,21,27-tetramethyl-17-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-11,28-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[<IP_ADDRESS>~4,9~]octacos-18-ene-2,3,10,16-tetrone In terms of how I concluded the article was wrong it was not using the name. It was by careful visual inspection of every structure as part of the curation process. See here: http://www.chemconnector.com/chemunicating/dedicating-christmas-time-to-the-cause-of-curating-wikipedia.html I AGREE with this observation: the R group and the MeO group should both be pointing in the same direction, while the OH group is pointing in the opposite direction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by ChemSpiderMan (talk • contribs) 15:49, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * See also this.

 * So does that mean there's no problem with the current image?

 * Cheers

 * Ben (talk) 17:55, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry...I am recovering from surgery yesterday and not clear minded right now. My comment should have been "the R group and the OH group should both be pointing in the same direction, while the OMe group is pointing in the opposite direction." According to my view this would give R,R,R. The present way on the image gives R,R,S.--ChemSpiderMan (talk) 03:37, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Sorry to hear about your surgery, best wishes for a speedy recovery.

I still believe the current image has the correct (R),(R),(R) stereochemistry: see this image annotated with stereo, stereo calculated automatically in ChemDraw. However, the current image would better if the hashed bonds were wedged, to show their directionality, in line with the 2006 IUPAC guidelines, and as I did when I made the 2D original.

The crystal structure shows that the R and the OH are not pointing in the same direction

Ben (talk) 13:54, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll send you a couple of structures via email to take a look at and comment on. You may be right and it might be an issue of the wedge direction since wedges can kill stereo detail.--ChemSpiderMan (talk) 01:16, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Patent expiry dates - generics ?
tacrolimus : US patent 5,260,301 expired in Feb 28, 2011 - Not sure what it actually covers though. Rod57 (talk) 22:49, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Also USP 5,385,907 expires Jan 31, 2012. - Rod57 (talk) 03:18, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

 * USP 8,551,522 and USP 6,440,458 both expire March 2019.
 * Article mentions "alternative brands" are these generics ? or what are the prospects of generic tacrolimus ? - Rod57 (talk) 13:45, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

Who makes it
I am currently taking Tacrolimus for liver transplant; I am in rejection and terminal; I am looking for the pharmaceutical company who makes this drug as I can no longer afford the co-pay for procuring this drug, can you help? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:27, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

Heart transplant patient: Switching from cyclosporin (after using 18 years) to Tacrolimus or to some other?
Wiki says now: "It has similar immunosuppressive properties to cyclosporin, but is much more potent. Immunosuppression with tacrolimus was associated with a significantly lower rate of acute rejection compared with ciclosporin-based immunosuppression (30.7% vs 46.4%) in one study. Clinical outcome is better with tacrolimus than with ciclosporin during the first year of liver transplantation. LONG-term outcome has not been improved to the same extent". QUESTIONS: Is the outcome better then? Is Tacrolimus safer for kidneys?
 * What if a person who has had heart transplant for 18 years and has used Cyclosporin for 18 years switches to Tacrolimus?
 * A long time patient may need to switch because Cyslosporin damages kidneys.

ee1518 (talk) 16:52, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

FK
What is the FK protein naming scheme? If you Google "FK505", "FK504", etc they exist, but what does "FK" stand for? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:33, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

FK506 as alternative name
In my view, the name FK506 should be included in the lead (not solely in the infobox), because it is NOT an obsolete or former name. For example, it is used as the primary name in this 2023 paper. Robert.Allen (talk) 19:44, 21 January 2023 (UTC)
 * User:Whywhenwhohow: WP:PHARMOS is a guideline, not a rule, and in this particular case should not apply. Adding the name FK506 does not clutter the lead. Moreover, FK506 is no longer just a "development name", since it is still frequently used in the research literature as the primary name of the compound and is also part of the name for FK506 binding proteins. For examples, see, , , , , , . It is easy to find many more examples in the recent literature where FK506 is used and tacrolimus is not. --Robert.Allen (talk) 22:43, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tacrolimus


text:
Talk:Hazel Blears

This edit was mentioned in The Times. Ud terrorist 13:07, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Untitled
I love Wikipedia 23:50, 3 August 2006 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).

Equality Minister
Hazel Blears is not Equality or Women Minister. The position is Harriet Harman.

Spoof blog
If the article was more humorous, or wasn't about a politician, I would probably leave this in - but the inclusion of the link to a false blog only detracts from the article. This is political manoeuvring, and this is not the place for it. --Firi e n § 13:00, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

'Law Degree'?
The College of Law does did not until 2006 hand out law 'degrees' (LLB)- it exits to provide postgraduate professional qualifications (this would have been 'Solicitors Finals' in her case).

It also seems strange that she is quoted as having completed the CPE 'law conversion course' which ought not to have been necessary if she had a BA in law.....does anyone have the citation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:32, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Someone forgot the protection template. <IP_ADDRESS> 19:41, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. Luna Santin 00:31, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Chairman?
As she's a woman, shouldn't she be called Chairwoman rather than Chairman? Or just "Chair" I think is appropriate. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:20, 18 February 2007 (UTC).
 * Should be "Chair" - that's the word the Labour Party rule-book uses (in 2002 to 2006 at least). Rwendland 17:40, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Criticisms
In March 2005, while Home Office minister, Blears implied that section 44 of the terrorism act would disproportionally affect the Muslim community.

“Dealing with the counter-terrorist threat and the fact that at the moment the threat is most likely to come from those people associated with an extreme form of Islam, or falsely hiding behind Islam, if you like, in terms of justifying their activities, inevitably means that some of our counter-terrorist powers will be disproportionately experienced by people in the Muslim community.”[2]

This is just a quote of her personal views. Can we get a citation for the actual criticism of it? <IP_ADDRESS> 02:18, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added specific criticisms from community leaders as quoted by The Times. Lachrie (talk) 06:58, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Trivia
I have removed the Trivia section. There were two interesting items: Blears performing in the film A Taste of Honey as a child, and Blears's hobbby of tap-dancing, which I have placed in the main body of the article. The other two facts, Blears's height, and Blears's brother being employed as a bus driver I did not think noteworthy or worthy of mention in an Encyclopedia entry, and have dropped them. Mick gold (talk) 12:16, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I came here specifically to find out her height. Might be worth adding it back in. Nibbler999 (talk) 20:10, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Here's a reference to her height, if anyone does think it merits inclusion: 'At only 4ft 11in Blears is the joint smallest member of parliament (the other is Sarah Teather, Liberal Democrat MP for Brent East).' SOURCE: 'Blair babe on the fast track', Sunday Times (8 January 2006), p. 2. Lachrie (talk) 07:03, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

I came here looking to find out her height as well. Why is it hidden back here on the 'talk' page?! Surely it's just about the most prominant characteristic of this person. Which member of the wikipolice decided that this encyclopedia was supposed to omit interesting facts such as these? Perhaps the wikipedia hard drives are running low on space, so we need to reduce the amount of information available... —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:26, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

As negative comment is often focussed round her physical appearance and mannerisms, they should be covered in the article. Vicarage (talk) 06:33, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Flipping and CGT
Whilst I hold no brief for MPs' "flipping", it should be noted that neither Parliament nor HMRC require consistency between the property nominated as "Main Residence" for Parliamentary expense claim purposes and that nominated as "Principal Residence" for CGT purposes. Karlsoy (talk) 19:14, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

I added [citation needed] to the sentence "On 12th May, she said she would voluntarily pay £13,332 capital gains tax on the sale of her 'second home'" as required by the policy on biographies of living persons, as the statement is unsourced but doesn't appear to be harmful (if it were harmful then the sentence would need to be removed).--LawsOfRobotics (talk) 11:10, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Nice pic. I wouldn't mind having a rummage around her red box. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:06, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Allegations of Libel by Daud Abdullah
Repaired' by (Off2riorob (talk) 20:30, 5 June 2009 (UTC)) In this section none of the cites work, the story is about someone who threatened to sue and hasn't. It is not really very significant in Blears biography is it, mp's must get threatened with law suits every other day, it would be worth keeping if he had followed uo his threats, but he hasn't. (Off2riorob (talk) 13:47, 3 June 2009 (UTC))

Wicked and malicious comment controversy
content moved to discussion below

2010 Labour Conference controversy
The content.

When interviewed by Andrew Neil on the BBC's Daily Politics Show it was put to Blears that she had described the actions of the Labour government as "wicked and malicious" at a fringe meeting. Blears denied that she had made such a statement, claiming that if she had used the phrase she had used the word to describe Conservative spending cuts or Eric Pickles. A partial audio recording of the meeting later emerged which Neil used to repeat his claim. The clip used did not include either the question asked of Hazel Blears or her entire answer as it was cut off mid answer. Neil returned to the story for the third day in succession with a further interview with Hazel Blears where he repeated his allegation and she confirmed that she had commented upon some actions within the Labour Party whilst in government and not Labour government policy or actions.
 * - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11436800
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1316297/Yvette-Cooper-Ed-Balls-Shadow-Chancellor-job.html

discussion
I have removed this content a couple of times and it has been replaced. The content is totally undue coverage of what is basically a non issue and simple partisan twaddle type fluff, worthless and such a minor issue and denied by the subject, I don't see any value to it at all, I am open to be convinced that this claim and some section of a youtube video are noteworthy sat all in this persons life story, the content appears in her life story with moere weight than her appointment to notable positions. The content is also not reported accurately, and even the presenter was at ends to present the comments correctly.Off2riorob (talk) 20:42, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I started a discussion on this yesterday and am merging the material with this section. Below is my previous comment.--Shakehandsman (talk) 20:56, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Well this has now been deleted twice. I'd suggest the comments are notable not only due to their content (surely the most severe condemnation any major Labour figure has made of the party), but also due to the fact Blears was caught out by denying the comment then her version being disproved by the recording. It's notable twice over and the video has even gone viral now. Perhaps it isn't worthy of it's own section and might be better off integrated into the article, (and I do also agree it wasn't concise enough until I edited it). That said, it would have been better if people had done this rather than just deleting notable material.--Shakehandsman (talk) 22:58, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Here's coverage showing that the video has gone viral: http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2010/sep/30/austrailas-next-top-model I'll create a slightly more concise version as I don't believe there is any disagreement that that would be an improvement over the present version an improvement over the current version--Shakehandsman (talk) 20:58, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok I've made it more concise though perhaps there is a little more scope for that. I've relegated it to a lower level heading and integrated it into the section on her parliamentary career. I've also found the source for the previously unreferenced material.--Shakehandsman (talk) 21:17, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It is still of no value at all, its simply rubbish, what actual educational or encyclopedic value do you assert it has, your edits actually didn't help the content at all, as I see it it is clear misrepresentation of partisan nonsense, your addition says she called the actions of the labour government malicious when that is clearly not the case at all. Its awful rubbish, please comment as to what you see as worthwhile in the addition? IMO this is the type of completely valueless content that demeans the whole wikipedia project. I have little energy for such valueless crap at the moment, when the wikipedia is an even bigger laughing stock and as less people come to even bother reading the articles it is imo such partisan additions as this that will have degraded the project to such a level as to make it valueless. Off2riorob (talk) 15:41, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think you need to reread the text, it doesn't' say what you've suggested. I suppose if people are misreading it then that might suggests it need to be slightly clearer though.--Shakehandsman (talk) 15:59, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I see you have removed this despite the inaccuracies in your concerns. Perhaps I should explain your mistake - the text says its was "put" to Blears that she had described the government as wicked and malicious, then going on to give her various versions of events. There are no inaccuracies that I can see. Perhaps you've deleted the section due to me not responding got your requests for why it is encyclopaedic but I've already covered this above (in fact I covered it in this talk page before you began this section). Anyway if there are some legitimate inaccuracies the solution is to identify them in this talk and to correct them rather than just removing notable content.--Shakehandsman (talk) 20:17, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Still no discussion. Would you be happy if there were more sources? Here's some international coverage, that certainly increases notability further: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/world/europe/03britain.html?_r=1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shakehandsman (talk • contribs) 21:14, 8 October 2010

The New York Times repeating and indeed exagerating the allegation does not make it so. This was a spat, a bit of mischief making by Andrew Neil, it was certainly not the notable claim you suggest of a Labour minister making a blanket condemnation of the Labour government. You can tell this quite easily by listening to what she did say about some things that went on "in" the Labour party and by her repeated denials of the allegation.RichasAA (talk) 09:18, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * And your repeating of the allegation that I'm suggesting she was talking about the government does not make that true either. The New York Times coverage simply increases notability, and that's all I've stated. I notice the Independent covered the issue too, I'd say we have a good selection of sources now from all across the political spectrum. To blame Andrew Neil for Blears' comments is ridiculous - I suppose he somehow forced her to make the comments and then also forced her to lie about what she had said?--Shakehandsman (talk) 19:34, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

I have heard the audio and watched the you tube clips. she clearly talks about things "in" the Labour Party. When it was initially put to her by Neil that she had said the government had done wicked and malicious things she denied having said that (she had not) she then said that "if" she had used the term it was "probably" about the coalition cuts or Eric Pickles. There was no lie, there is no major significance to the spat but if something is included then your clearly partisan interpretation of lies made and adverse comment by Blears on government policy and actions is simply wrong however follow up single liners in the NYT have it.RichasAA (talk) 23:19, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to continue this if you can't even read my comments properly. I've already pointed out that you're wrong to suggest I stated her comments were in relation to government policy yet you continue making these false statements about me. There is nothing partisan about my interpretation, I've already said people can interpret it however they want, and I've put far more effort than anyone here into trying to take all viewpoints on board, making the content accurate and coming up with a revision that keeps most contributors happy.--Shakehandsman (talk) 00:07, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hazel Blears


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Computer Architecture Lab/Winter2006/PolzerJahn/Simulator

SISP Instruction Simulator
The simulator for the SIS Processor is written in C++. It uses the ncurses library for its user interface. Make sure you have the ncurses and ncurses development package installed.

Build instructions
It can be build using the GNU toolchain:

1. Download and unpack the archive to a directory on your machine. 2. Run configure in that directory. 3. Run make. 4. Run make install.

The simulator is now ready to use.

Usage
To simulate a program simply run:

sisp_simul inputfile

The input file must contain a SISP program in binary format. To create such a file use our assembler.

Download
You can download the current version of the simulator here.

Version History
v0.0.1 First public release v0.0.2 Correction in the disassemble routine of the ld and st instruction Corrected wrong execution behavior of the st instruction

Open Issues

 * The instructions INP and OUTP are currently not supported.
 * When changing the terminal dimensions while the program is running the layout will become wrong.


text:
Talk:David Bellion

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title: Talk:David Bellion


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User:Kirby145

Welcome to my page. please leave me a message for anything. ill fix this page when i figure out how to :)

title: User:Kirby145


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User:Kasarvijay/sandbox

Mithsagare is a small village in Nashik district, Maharashtra state in Western India. The 2011 Census of India recorded a total of 2017 residents in the village. Mithsagare's geographical area is approximately 1290.93 hectare.

title: User:Kasarvijay/sandbox


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Talk:New Waverly, Texas

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title: Talk:New Waverly, Texas


text:
Talk:Dave Brock

Brock's role in Hawkwind
I'll try and address the issues user:Gingrichrook has raised regarding Brock's role in Hawkwind: As far as chief writer and arranger goes ,thats crazy,thats your opinion,not a fact.Who wrote Master of the Universe ,Brainstorm,Sonic Attack,Realms ,Wings, Robot ,Silver Machine,Dying seas,Motorhead,Dreamworker,Dangerous Vision,Waiting for Tomorrow,Moonglum,Ejection,D-Rider,Tv Suicide,Lost Johnny,Watcher, and on and on. He is not and never has been the chief song writer. He is one of the writers. Who was Bob Calvert? Who was Nik Turner? Who was Alan Davey ? Who was Lemmy? How many songs on DOREMI ,Space Ritual ,Warrior ,PXR5, etc.,did he write BY HIMSELF?.......And as far as the lead singer goes thats your opinion not fact.Ever hear of Nik Turner,Ron Tree,Bob Calvert,Capt Riz,Bridgette Wishart,Alan Davey,LEMMY,etc. Lead singer on what,who sang lead on the biggest Hawkwind songs ,Silver Machine,Brainstorm,Master of the Universe,Watcher,Realms ,Lost Johnny,Spirit of the Age,Quark,Pxr5,Death Trap,and on and on ? Wasn't Brock was it. What about leads on albums Space Bandits,Quark,Palace Springs, ,pxr5,astounding sounds,Alien ,etc. Why so biased against all other members? ..... And as far as Klute goes did you bring up all the Hawkfans who were messing with his file? Are you sure you want to talk about non payment of royalties or not getting prior permission for releases in the bios ? Do you want me to fill the bios with quotes with POV's on Hawk members royalties not paid from all the books like the other hawkfans do to Klute? Do we really want to read that sorry story again here after those two books made them look so bad? I mean Hawk fans talking about someone not paying royalties on that little item from 2004 is kind of silly isn't it ,considering the Voiceprint,Space Ritual 2 ,Yuri ,Hawkstra, Magma ,etc.,situations. I came on to read about the wonderful songs,the tours I saw,the songs, Stacia,Space Ritual era and all these bios are filled with items about firings of band members all slanted in Brocks favor. For example,why talk about Nik Turner being fired in the article? What about his songs ? In the whole Hawkwind and Nik Turner bios not one mention of "Brainstorm " or "Master of the Universe",but personal problems mentioned everywhere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gingrichrook (talk • contribs) 02:59, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * "the founder" - it would be difficult to justify a claim that he was the sole founder, strictly speaking it was his meeting with John Harrison that was the genesis for the band, so I've left this this as "one of the founders"
 * "leader" - over their forty years lifespan, it would be difficult to rebuke this claim. Of course, I wouldn't want to diminish the role other players brought, but they always worked within Brock's framework.
 * "chief music writer and arranger" - I think the writing credits of each album would back this claim.
 * "for the most part, the lead singer" - As band members tend to sing their own songs, and as the majority of songs were written by Brock, then this claim is justified. The exception, of course, is the three years (1976-78) when Calvert was dedicated lead vocals, but the three years in a 40 year history is why "for the most part" is stated.

Ok, I'm going to try to address the issues you have raised in your rant: Drwhawkfan (talk) 09:48, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * "As far as chief writer and arranger goes ,thats crazy" - take any album and look at the writing credits, chances are the majority will be Brock compositions. You mention, for example, Palace Springs (album), an album of which four out of the eight tracks are Brock sole compositions, three of the remaining four are Brock co-compositions. Of course other people also wrote songs, the claim isn't that he was "sole writer", but it is interesting that in the list you reel off, Brock actually wrote the music to quite a few.
 * "as far as the lead singer goes thats your opinion not fact" - Again, the claim isn't that he was/is the sole lead singer, but that "for the most part, the lead singer". Lemmy and Turner averaged one lead vocal per album, Brock sang the rest prior to Calvert joining in 1976. As with the above statement, I am confident that this statement stands up to scrutiny.
 * "as Klute goes did you bring up all the Hawkfans who were messing with his file? Are you sure you want to talk about non payment of royalties or not getting prior permission for releases in the bios ?". - No, contentious claims of that nature shouldn't be made unless backed up by a reliable source. It is fine to state the fact that it is based on a sample of Hawkwind's "Zarozinia", but claiming "it was stolen" isn't.
 * "slanted in Brocks favor" - can you give an instance where you believe something specically favours Brock?
 * "Do you want me to fill the bios with quotes with POV's on Hawk members royalties not paid" - no, obviously not. If you can quote reliable sources then it is fine to mention Brock is responsible for releasing material without the permission of others and without them receiving due royalty. I hope that in the instances where this fact should be mentioned, it has been mentioned, such as Complete '79: Collectors Series Volume 1.
 * "Do we really want to read that sorry story again" - this article is written for the general public, not for fans. Most people reading it will not have read any Hawkwind books. If you feel that the story is "sorry", then perhaps that's simply the nature of the story, we shouldn't be in the business of roseying things up.
 * "I mean Hawk fans talking about someone not paying royalties on that little item from 2004 is kind of silly isn't it" - I would agree, but that's just my opinion.
 * "I came on to read about the wonderful songs,the tours I saw,the songs, Stacia,Space Ritual era and all these bios are filled with items about firings of band members all" - Wikipedia is encyclopedic and as such should be based on verifiable facts. If you want to read reviews, reminisces etc, then this isn't the place. I hope all effort has been made to comprehensively cover all aspects of the band's history, changes in the band line-ups, factual information about the writing of songs and their re-appearances over the years. Of course, as with all Wikipedia articles, it is an ongoing project and your are more than welcome to add verifiable facts to the articles where they are lacking.
 * "why talk about Nik Turner being fired in the article?" Because he was.

Personal Life
There's no point in selectively editing Brock's personal info - either put it all in there or leave it all out. I think that perhaps it is too invasive, and so have removed the section entirely. — Drwhawkfan (talk) 13:50, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Dave Brock - Hawkwind influences
Presently the article asserts that 'from the start' (1969) Brock's influences with Hawkwind included bands such as Neu and Kraftwerk. Both of these bands were formed many years after Hawkwind's first recordings, so whereas I don't dispute that they may have BECOME influences, it's logically impossible for them to have been original influences. Braka (talk) 20:07, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I can understnad why you have raised this issue, and I am happy to accept solutions you provide. I suppose the problem is with the stated intention of Brock from the outset of Hawkwind to "marry simple three-chord rock music with experimental electronic music", I'll see if I can find a reference for that. As for influences, the "cites his influences for the band at the time as The Moody Blues, Steve Miller Band and the krautrock scene of Kraftwerk, Neu! and particularly Can" comes from a 1972 interview, perhaps we should change "at the time" to "early in the band's evolution". — Drwhawkfan (talk) 22:42, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

I've just checked Wiki's own references, according to which Neu's first album was released roughly between Hawkwind's second and third. Kraftwerk are cited as being formed in 1970, but Hawkwind were formed in 1969 (though they were 'Hawkwind Zoo' at that time). I have no arguments about Can whose first album predated Hawkwind's by about a year.

I'm a little bemused that if 'krautrock' were a major influence, Amon Duul II weren't mentioned, considering that a) they predated Hawkwind by two years, and b) Dave Anderson, bass player on Amon Duul's first two albums, left and joined Hawkwind for their first two albums. Not to mention that both he and Amon Duul frontman John Weinzierl collaborated with Robert Calvert, and that Anderson rejoined Hawkwind, and was ejected, meantime playing with both Nik Turner and Dead Fred in Inner City Unit - though obviously some of this this is from the 80's.

I think your suggestion "early in the band's evolution" makes more sense than the current version.

Braka (talk) 17:29, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

a Bit Thin
This article is a bit thin, I suspect a great deal has been taken out but this should be a warts and all account of Brock's career. Would not harm to make it clearer that most of Hawkwind's work was collaborative even if Brock was the constant.

And shouldn't the article mention Dr Technical, Brock's 'alter ego'?Stub Mandrel (talk) 18:54, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Brock


text:
User:KirbyMeister:FlashDev

Possible outline for creating a WikiBook on Flash Development, feel free to modify at will

Chapter 1: Flash Background Small history of Flash Explain what Flash is Explain what it isnt Pros and Cons Uses of Flash Examples (uses for flash, ads, webcartoons (H*R), webgames) Chapter 2: Your First Flash Animation Section 1: Animation Techniques Explain various animation techniques Frame by Frame vs. Tweening Section 2: First Frame Explain how to draw in Flash Warn about stickman movies Explain symbols Section 3: Animating Creating keyframes Using Layers Tweening Shape vs. Motion tweens Section 4: Music Importing music Stream vs. Event sound Compression upon export A note about music sources Section 5: Preloaders What is a Preloader Why use a Preloader When NOT to use a Preloader How to make a Preloader Preloader Alternatives Section 6: Distribution Exporting from flash (.swf, .avi, among others) When to export to an SWF file When to export to an AVI file AVI specifics (compression, lack of actionscript) SWF vs. AVI comparison Chapter 3: Your First Interactive Flash Animation Section 1: Actionscript basics Explain movieclips, buttons Explain various features of actionscript Section 2: Making webgames Why make a webgame Explain specifically about games Explain different types of games Section 3: Making entire websites in Flash Why make a site in Flash Backend technologies How to update the site Chapter 4: Where to go from here to be discussed...

title: User:KirbyMeister:FlashDev


text:
User:Meam70/sandbox

DataGraph is a graphing and data analysis software application for the macOS operating system, developed by Visual Data Tools in Chapel Hill, NC. DataGraph is used for creating publication quality graphics, particularly for research and science.

Visual Data Tools was founded in 2002. In 2005, Visual Data Tools was awarded an Apple Design award for the Best Mac OS X Scientific Computing Solution for DataTank. In 2011, Visual Data Tools released DataGraph. DataGraph was among the first appplications available on the mac App store.

Both DataTank and DataGraph were created by David Adalsteinsson, a Professor of Mathematics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

title: User:Meam70/sandbox


text:
9th Bangladesh National Film Awards

The 9th Bangladesh National Film Awards (জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার) were presented by the Ministry of Information, Bangladesh, to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi cinema released in the year 1984. The Bangladesh National Film Awards is a film award ceremony in Bangladesh established in 1975 by the government of Bangladesh. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1984 was the 9th ceremony of the National Film Awards.

List of winners
This year awards were given in 19 categories.

Special award

 * Special Directorial Award - Morshedul Islam for Agami (Short Film)

title: 9th Bangladesh National Film Awards


text:
Template:Ulu notice

Thank you for uploading Image:. Unfortunately, the file is missing important information about its source and license. Please provide the necessary information as soon as possible so the file does not have to be deleted. You can find out what licenses are available at License tags.

Please also add important information about the file by using information: If you uploaded this file by mistake or do not want it shared on Wikiversity anymore, please tag it with delete for deletion.

title: Template:Ulu notice


text:
File talk:Landau1910.jpg

Date of photo-1910?!
1910 is frankly wrong. I would guess the 1940s as he married in 1937-he was precocious but ... Can anyone correct this please? It recurs in other language versions also... DadaNeem (talk) 06:29, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

title: File talk:Landau1910.jpg


text:
Josiane

Josiane is a feminine given name. It is a feminine name, of Tupinambá origin. Its meaning in the Tupinambá language is "He who was born under the waterfall". Or even the one with a very loud voice.

List of people with the given name

 * Josiane Balasko (born 1950), French actress, writer and director
 * Josiane Corneloup (born 1959), French politician
 * Josiane Nunes (born 1993), Brazilian mixed martial artist
 * Josiane Shen, Luxembourgian television presenter
 * Josiane Stoléru, French actress
 * Josiane Tito (born 1979), Brazilian sprinter

title: Josiane


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/ivymike

ivymike

Beautiful image, found this while reading on Nuclear fusion the image's page says it was "Cropped and resized from full-sized version at http://www.nv.doe.gov/news&pubs/photos&films/atm.htm"

 * Nominate and support. - Adolcetta 14:35, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Brainhacker Reborn 007/sandbox

The Hongqi LS5 is a full-size luxury SUV manufactured by Hongqi. It is now serves as the second official car of the Paramount Leader besides the L5 sedan

title: User:Brainhacker Reborn 007/sandbox


text:
Gursaran Singh Sehmi

Gursaran Singh Sehmi (17 February 1931 – 30 June 2009) was a Kenyan field hockey player. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics.

title: Gursaran Singh Sehmi


text:
Talk:David Marquand

Without rancour
Can't we get the famous 'without rancour' anecdote in here someways? The Golux 18:30, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:29, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

sources for death
https://labourlist.org/2024/04/frank-field-david-marquand-tributes-paid-death-funeral/

https://twitter.com/AnthonyBarnett/status/1782847882095403094

Regards, Anameofmyveryown (talk) 07:43, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Marquand


text:
Josiane Corneloup

Josiane Corneloup (born 30 September 1959) is a French pharmacist and politician of the Republicans (LR) who been representing Saône-et-Loire's 2nd constituency in the National Assembly since the 2017 election.

Political career
Corneloup was elected to the French Parliament in the 2017 legislative election.

In parliament, Corneloup serves on the Committee on Social Affairs. In this capacity, she is the parliament's rapporteur on the government's decision to declare a state of emergency amid the COVID-19 pandemic in France in 2020.

In addition to her committee assignments, Corneloup is part of the French-Senegalese Parliamentary Friendship Group.

According to Le Monde, Corneloup was one of the wealthiest members of parliament at the time of her election.

Political positions
In July 2019, Corneloup voted against the French ratification of the European Union’s Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.

Ahead of the 2022 presidential elections, Corneloup publicly declared her support for Michel Barnier as the Republicans’ candidate. In the run-up to the Republicans’ 2022 convention, he endorsed Éric Ciotti as the party's chairman.

title: Josiane Corneloup


text:
The Little Deputy

The Little Deputy is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Trevor Anderson and starring Luke Oswald, released in 2015.

Synopsis
This short film blurs documentary and fiction as Anderson re-creates a photograph taken with his father at a West Edmonton Mall photography business while wearing western garb when he was a child in the 1980s. Using the visual tropes of dramatic reenactments seen in documentaries, the photographer initially mistakes young Anderson (played by Luke Oswald) for a girl and offers him a red dress to wear. He corrects the photographer, worried about the consequences of wearing the dress, and ends up wearing a child-sized deputy costume, which he is shown wearing in the real-life photo that inspired the creation of this film.

The second act of The Little Deputy manifests Anderson's childhood wish to wear the red gown. Filmed at Fort Edmonton, Anderson lives his childhood fantasy, wearing a red gown created custom for the director/actor, designed by Nicole Bach-Lebrecque and created by Joanna Johnston, to re-take the photograph.

Awards
The film premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival.

At the Alberta Film and Television Awards in 2015, The Little Deputy won the Rosie Award for Best Short Film. In December 2015, it was named to the Toronto International Film Festival's annual Canada's Top Ten list of the year's ten best feature and short films.

The film was a shortlisted Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Short Documentary Film at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards.

title: The Little Deputy


text:
User:Cschwartz725

My name is Choyce Schwartz. I am a songwriter and musician using a personal article on wikipedia to help support my music profession and background. I used content from my very own website www.http://choycecincere.weebly.com/.com.

title: User:Cschwartz725


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Campaigns and Elections

I suggest to merge this apparently rather inactive WikiProject into the newly created WikiProject Elections and Referenda, which will hopefully soon be buzzing with activity... ;) Any thoughts? — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 12:36, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Do whatever you want, I don't care. Scott Ritchie 09:01, 25 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
proforma

Noun

 * 1) formality

Adjective

 * 1) routine

Adverb

 * 1) as a formality

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) for the sake of form only; only on paper; only for show

Adverb

 * 1) (only) formally

Adjective

 * 1) pro forma

title: proforma


text:
Wikipedia talk:Scottish Wikipedians' notice board/Archive 2

The first shall be last
There's a peculiarity in the diagram for British Isles (terminology) in that Scotland is dropped below the other nations: I raised this on Image talk:Nations of the UK2.jpg and the response was that this flows better. I've again requested a change as it looks even worse in the new tidied up ping Image:British isles history v2.png. Anyone else share this opinion? ...dave souza 00:22, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Currach
I have expanded the currach article to include more information on the Scottish craft. --MacRusgail 18:09, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Father of the Nation
Does Scotland have a Father of the Nation? It is an interesting conundrum. I know that Donald Dewar is sometimes described thus, but he just seems far too recent a figure, in a nation that can trace its roots back at least a couple of millenia. Kenneth MacAlpin?--Mais oui! 11:36, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The nature of "father of the nation" is such a high-profile one that, I'd guess, if you can't name him off the top of your head then there isn't one per se... Shimgray | talk | 12:17, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Donald Dewar should never be called "Father of the Nation", as An Siarach says. As far as I am concerned he was probably the architect's coffee maker, when it came to the parliament. It's a bit of media hype, and Labour spin after the man's death. --MacRusgail 20:47, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

The use of Father of the Nation with reference to Donald Dewar always seemed ridiculously over the top to me and a typical example of tabloid hyperbole. Probably the only two Scots who might have any reasonable claim to be described as such are Cináed mac Ailpín as the founding King of Scotland or Robert the Bruce for obvious reasons. Shimgray makes an excellent point i think and id agree that there isnt really a 'Father of the Nation' figure in the Scottish psyche.

An Siarach

 * Yeah, MacAlpin is a good case... but you couldn't walk into the average Scottish classroom and be told who he was, at least not in my experience! Bruce is more famous, but I'd not have given him that title without prompting.
 * In England, it's a bit easier - there's a couple you could argue for, William the Conqueror or Alfred the Great (first king of modern England, first king of "all England" respectively)... but even though they're famous enough, they don't have quite the undisputed father-status of someone like Washington or Ataturk. Shimgray | talk | 14:40, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Any geographers?
Please see Talk:List of rivers in Scotland, for discussion of some variations in Wikipedia figures for Scottish rivers. --MacRusgail 20:46, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Scottish Ale
Can someone with the requisite knowledge please have a look at Talk:Scottish ale. The article underwent a total, and I mean total, rewrite today by a new User, and as far as I can see it is 100% original research and personal opinion. I have requested sources, so we shall see if any are forthcoming. Another editor requested that the opposing viewpoint also be presented, but it hasn't been. Surely someone out there knows their beers? --Mais oui! 22:48, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Cinema in Scotland
There is a vociferous campaign to delete Category:Cinema of Scotland, which survived a Cfd nomination in December (Categories_for_deletion/Log/2005_December_14).

What particularly concerns me is that there is no cogent argument being put, simply a general hostility to a "non-British" cat. This is not the first example of this type of nomination at Cfd, although the principal campaign has been conducted against English cats rather than Scottish ones. If you care about the value of Scottish categories (and is there any editor of Scotland-related articles who does not?), I urge you to regularly review Categories for deletion, but in particular, please see this nomination: See also the related nomination re the twin English cat.--Mais oui! 04:49, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Categories_for_deletion/Log/2006_January_28

Category:Towns in Scotland
I have completed subcataegorising Towns of Scotland by council area, with a fews exceptions - I havent done Eilean Siar (one town), Shetland (one), Orkney (two towns), or the four city council areas. The only real 'town' in all of these four (that I can see) is South Queensferry. I would contend that places like Broughty Ferry and Portobello are areas of cities, rather than towns in their own right, and maybe shouldnt be in Towns in Scotland? What does anyone think? I plan to continue with Category:Villages in Scotland, if anyone feels like lending a hand... :Supergolden:: 17:13, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * What counts as a village in England is often a town in Scotland! Where to draw the line? --MacRusgail 17:55, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Good question... I have gone through both cats now, and sorted by whatever the article says. ie, "Foo is a town in Angus" goes in Towns in Angus, "Bar is a village in Angus" goes in Villages in Angus. I am not sure if there is any consistency in this approach, but i think the difference between a town and a village is an intuitive one based on several things, bit like the difference between a hill and a mountain. Not sure if there is a line that can be drawn :Supergolden:: 15:42, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Blackford, Scotland
David Williams, who has written a guide to Glasgow and is publishing a Scottish guide (currently incomplete) has sent a narky letter to the Help Desk claiming that Wikipedia is inaccurate because it claims that Blackford is a suburb of Edinburgh.

Our article is on Blackford, Edinburgh. There is apparently a village in Perthshire located on the road between Perth and Stirling and near the Gleneagles golf course. . It seems that we don't as yet have an article on the village.

I would be grateful if someone could confirm that:

(a) there is a suburb in Edinburgh called Blackford:

(b) there is a village in Perthshire called Blackford.

I would be grateful if someone could get back to me so I could reply to Mr Williams. Capitalistroadster 23:28, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * There is certainly a Blackford in Edinburgh - it's the area around Blackford Hill. Wouldn't call it a suburb, per se, but it's there. Shimgray | talk | 00:02, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Blackford on the A9 is where Highland Spring mineral water comes from. It most definately does exist! Lianachan 00:04, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Maps: I'd simply tell the guy that's he's more than welcome to write an article on Blackford, Perthshire, since after all we're not claiming to be complete... Thanks/wangi 00:18, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The one in Perthshire: http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?lat=56.2623&lon=-3.7783&scale=100000&icon=x
 * And in Edinburgh: http://uk.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?lat=55.9533&lon=-3.1889&scale=25000&icon=x
 * Erm, but you did see this, yeah: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackford%2C_Perthshire&oldid=36159312
 * Blackford is located in Perthshire, Scotland. It is reasonably affluent, and contains Blackford Hill, one of the supposed "Seven Hills of Edinburgh"...
 * I'm about to fix it up/wangi 00:21, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks to everyone for your advice. Capitalistroadster 00:57, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Celtic/Pictish/Alternate Names of Scottish Kings
NOTE: This discussion was begun on my talk page. I have copied it here to encourage the participation of a wider audience.''' If you have an opinion on this question, please share it ! Angus McLellan 19:28, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

MOVED: Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_Medieval_Gaels

Unsourced
I have slapped the ugly, intrusive "unsourced" header onto the List of monarchs of Scotland article. It is high time that this key article was kicked up a few academic gears, because I think that a lot of the poor qualitry Scottish royalty articles stem from the mediocre quality of this central article. Sorry for being a pain.--Mais oui! 23:10, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

New World Scot contributing...
I happened across Articles requested for more than a year; on that list was a request for Caerlanrig, which I was able to find a little information on and therefore wrote up.

Might there be someone who'd like to spot-check the article to make sure I've got everything in the right place, please?

Corgi 01:44, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

(Clan MacMillan)

who support the Scotland national rugby team

 * moved here from Announcements by User|Mais oui!

Any wikipedian, Scottish or not, who would like to join me in the new category "Users who support the Scotland national rugby team" which I have created is very welcome. Cheers, --Historian 22:11, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Is there one for the football team too? --MacRusgail 17:11, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Sure, why not. An Siarach


text:
Talk:David Kirk

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title: Talk:David Kirk


text:
Cappella Romana

Cappella Romana is a vocal ensemble founded in 1991 in Portland, Oregon. Its name, meaning "Roman Chapel", refers to the medieval Greek concept of the Roman oikoumene (inhabited world), which embraced Rome and Western Europe, as well as the Byzantine Empire of Constantinople ("New Rome") and its Slavic commonwealth centered at Moscow. It has become especially known for its exploration of Eastern Orthodox vocal music. It has collaborated with notable museum exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. The ensemble's 2002 performance of Ivan Moody's Passion and Resurrection was acclaimed by Los Angeles Times music critic Chris Pasles as "sung gorgeously" and "like jeweled light flooding the space".

In 2010 it became a participant in the research project 'Icons of Sound: Aesthetics and Acoustics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul', a collaboration between Stanford University's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) and Department of Art & Art History. Cappella Romana completed a residency at Stanford again in 2013, which included further experiments with CCRMA, lecture demonstrations, and a live performance in Stanford's new Bing Hall, featuring a medieval Byzantine chant sung in the virtual acoustic of Hagia Sophia before a sold-out audience.

For their 2019 album of music in the medieval Byzantine tradition, Lost Voices of Hagia Sophia, advanced digital sound-sampling techniques were employed to capture the acoustics of the immense Hagia Sophia. The ensemble's singing of Byzantine chants thus recreates the ambiance as the music would have been heard there a millennium ago. The New York Times said the album "... brings to life the stately mystery of Byzantine cathedral liturgy, bathed in the glittering acoustics of the space for which it was written — even though it was recorded in a studio in California".

The ensemble is directed by Alexander Lingas, a musicologist of Byzantine music at City University, London. Guest artists with similar interests regularly appear with the ensemble, including Ioannis Arvanitis, Stelios Kontakiotis, Ivan Moody, and Vladimir Morosan.

Passion Week, Maximilian Steinberg's 1923 choral work based on Russian Orthodox liturgical texts for Holy Week in Old Church Slavonic, was given its world premiere in 2014 by Cappella Romana in Portland, Oregon. In preparation for the premiere, Cappella Romana's music director, Alexander Lingas, had traveled to St. Petersburg in order to examine Steinberg's manuscripts. His research resulted in a new edition of the previously lost work, published by Musica Russica. This edition was also used for the first ever recording of the work by Cappella Romana and in performances of the work by other choirs throughout the world.

Discography

 * 2019 — Lost Voices of Hagia Sophia
 * 2015 — Cyprus. Between Greek East and Latin West
 * 2012 — Angelic Light: Music from Eastern Cathedrals (Valley Entertainment)
 * 2011 — Mt. Sinai: Frontier of Byzantium
 * 2011 — Choral Settings of Kassiani
 * 2009 — Peter Michaelides: The Divine Liturgy
 * 2009 — Byzantium in Rome: Medieval Byzantine Chant from Grottaferrata
 * 2009 — Byzantium: 330-1453 (Royal Academy of Arts)
 * 2008 — Kontakion on the Nativity of Christ
 * 2008 — The Divine Liturgy in English in Byzantine Chant
 * 2006 — The Fall of Constantinople
 * 2005 — Epiphany: Medieval Byzantine Chant
 * 2005 — Lay Aside All Earthly Cares: Orthodox Choral Works in English
 * 2004 — Music of Byzantium (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
 * 2003 — The Akáthistos Hymn by Ivan Moody
 * 2000 — When Augustus Reigned: Christmas Music from the Byzantine Tradition
 * 2000 — Tikey Zes Choral Works

title: Cappella Romana


text:
User:Kawalpreet singh

False thinking of indian peoples regarding their religious aspects

Despite all the religious teaching of all existing religions of india who teaches the principles of mankind and represent the philanthropist acts

The indian citizens are so dumb that they regard one as hero who started the riots

This clearly shows that there is false thinking among peoples of india regarding their religious concepts

The main cause behind this is

people instead of reading their religious books by themselves and accquiring trye knowledge

They listen to those individuals who proclaim theirselves as the caretaker of religions

and spread false teachings and concepts of one's religion

title: User:Kawalpreet singh


text:
US History/American Revolution

Background
The British forces might at first glance seem to have every advantage. At the outset of the War they had stocks of cannon and ammunition. The Colonists had single-shot rifles from local forges, guns which took time to load and could easily misfire or explode. When Washington took command of the army in 1775, he learned that there was only enough gunpowder to provide nine rounds of ammunition per man. The British had a large professional army drilled to a pitch like that of Ancient Rome, well-supplied with food, uniforms, and arms. But the American lack of training meant that they did not mass in the European style. Instead they relied on snipers, individuals hidden behind the trees who shot their bullet and then loaded again while their neighbors fired. They had learned this during the French and Indian War. Snipers helped strengthen the American odds.

Lexington and Concord
The British government commanded General Thomas Gage to enforce the Intolerable Acts and limit rights in Massachusetts. Gage decided to confiscate a stockpile of colonial arms located in Concord. On April 19, 1775, Gage's troops marched to Concord. On the way, at the town of Lexington, Americans who had been warned in advance by Paul Revere and others of the British movements made an attempt to stop the troops. No one knows which side fired the first shot, but it sparked battle on Lexington Green between the British and the Minutemen. Faced against an overwhelmingly superior number of British regular troops in an open field, the Minutemen were quickly routed. Nevertheless, alarms sounded through the countryside. The colonial militias poured in and were able to launch guerrilla attacks on the British while they marched on to Concord. The colonials amassed of troops at Concord. They engaged the British in force there, and they were able to repulse them. They then claimed the contents of the armory. The British retreated to Boston under a constant and withering fire from all sides. Only a reinforcing column with artillery support on the outskirts of Boston prevented the British withdrawal from becoming a total rout. The following day the British woke up to find Boston surrounded by 20,000 armed colonists, occupying the neck of land extending to the peninsula the city stood on.

The Battle of Bunker Hill
"Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes."

The action changed from a battle to a siege, where one army bottles up another in a town or a city. (Though in traditional terms, the British were not besieged, since the Royal Navy controlled the harbor and supplies came in by ship.) General Artemas Ward, the head of the Massachusetts militia, had the initial oversight of the siege. He set up headquarters at Cambridge, Massachusetts and positioned his forces at Charlestown Neck, Roxbury, and Dorchester Heights. The 6,000 to 8,000 rebels faced some 4,000 British regulars under General Thomas Gage. Boston and little else was controlled by British troops. General Gage countered the siege on June 17 by attacking the colonists on Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill. Although the British suffered tremendous casualties compared to the colonial losses, the British were eventually able to dislodge the American forces from their entrenched positions. The colonists were forced to retreat when many colonial soldiers ran out of ammunition. Soon after, the area surrounding Boston fell to the British. However, because of the losses they suffered, they were unable to break the siege of the city. Despite the early defeat for the colonists, the battle proved that they had the potential to counter British forces, which were at that time considered the best in the world.

The Last Chance For Peace
The Second Continental Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition, a petition for peace, on July 5, 1775. The Congress affirmed its allegiance to the Crown. It was received in London at the same time as it heard of the Battle For Bunker Hill. The King refused to read the petition or to meet with its ambassadors. Parliament reacted by passing the Prohibitory Act, which banned trade with the colonies.

Battle For Boston
Despite the British access to the ships, the town and the army were on short rations. Salt pork was the order of the day, and prices escalated rapidly. While the American forces had some information about what was happening in the city, General Gage had no effective intelligence of rebel activities.

On May 25, 1775, 4,500 reinforcements and three new generals arrived in Boston Harbor. The fresh leaders were Major General William Howe and Brigadiers John Burgoyne and Henry Clinton. Gage began planing to break out of the city.

On July 3, 1775, George Washington arrived to take charge of the new Continental Army. Forces and supplies came in from as far away as Maryland. Trenches were built at Dorchester Neck, extending toward Boston. Washington reoccupied Bunker Hill and Breeds Hill without opposition. However, these activities had little effect on the British occupation.

In the winter of 1775– 1776, Henry Knox and his engineers under order from George Washington used sledges to retrieve sixty tons of heavy artillery that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga. Knox, who had come up with the idea to use sledges, believed that he would have the artillery there in eighteen days. It took six weeks to bring them across the frozen Connecticut River, and they arrived back at Cambridge on January 24, 1776. Weeks later, in an amazing feat of deception and mobility, Washington moved artillery and several thousand men overnight to take Dorchester Heights overlooking Boston. General John Thomas fortified the area. The British fleet had become a liability, anchored in a shallow harbor with limited maneuverability, and under the American guns on Dorchester Heights.

When General Howe saw the cannons, he knew he could not hold the city. He asked that George Washington let them evacuate the city in peace. In return, they would not burn the city to the ground. Washington agreed: he had no choice. He had artillery guns, but did not have the gunpowder. The whole plan had been a masterful bluff. The siege ended when the British set sail for Halifax, Nova Scotia on March 17, 1776. The militia went home, and in April Washington took most of the Continental Army forces to fortify New York City.

Ethan Allen and Fort Ticonderoga
The British had considered Fort Ticonderoga a relatively unimportant outpost in a conflict which had up to then been mostly based in Massachusetts. However, a veteran of the French and Indian War, Ethan Allen, had his eye on the fort. Allen had built up a Vermont territorial militia, the Green Mountain Boys, until it was an effective fighting force. Vermont was claimed by the New York colony, but Allen wanted more independence. In April of 1775, Allen was surprised by a visit by Commander Benedict Arnold of the Connecticut Militia. Arnold announced that he had been commissioned to seize the cannons of Fort Ticonderoga. A heated discussion between the two concluded with the agreement that the two militias would combine to attack the fort. This was for the best, for both forces together were small, well short of brigade strength. On May tenth, the combined American forces captured the fort. They seized the arms, including the cannons, which were then hauled by oxen all the way to Boston.

Strengthening The Cause
Through the media available in that day, the Revolution promoted the idea of honorable men in revolt against tyranny. Newspapers in North and South published incendiary stories and inspiring engravings. The theater contributed dramatic outcries, including those of Mary Otis Warren. Songs were played and sung to rally flagging spirits.

Thomas Paine's 1776
In January of 1776, the Englishman Thomas Paine published the pamphlet Common Sense. This anti-monarchical publication encouraged American independence, using examples from the Bible and republican virtues to argue that kings were never good for any free state. In late 1776 he began printing his series of pamphlets, The American Crisis, calling soldiers to mass to the cause of the Revolution. The first of these pamphlets begins with the stirring words, "These are the times that try men's souls."

The Declaration of Independence

As military hostilities built up, the Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington as General of the Continental Army. Washington gave up his salary for the position all through the war. (As he was among the richest men in the colonies, he could afford this choice.) In June of 1776, the Second Continental Congress felt it needed a spur for separation from Great Britain. It appointed a Committee of Five to draft a declaration of independence: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman and Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson became the principal author of this document.

Although the British king was no longer principally responsible for his dominion's policy, the Declaration of Independence called him a tyrant. It justified the rights of the rebellion with words the European Enlightenment would have hailed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal[.]" The Continental Congress signed the document on July 4, 1776. However, the signatures at this point showed that they wished independence: they could not alone achieve it.

Army Bands
One of the attributes of a well-drilled company of soldiers was its military band. The British and Hessian troops drilled to the beat of drums, which carried the rhythm of the march above the noise of musket fire, and provided a way to communicate on the battlefield. "By 1778 soldiers marched at seventy-five 24″ steps per minute in common time and nearly double that (120 steps per minute) when marching in quick time." The music of the fife (a shrill flute) and drum helped build soldier morale.

If the Rebellion could not have good supplies, it would at least have high morale. With the Middle-brook Order, George Washington directed that every officer must provide military music for his troops. This was despite the limited number of instruments. The bands were used to announce the beginning and end of the day, direct troops in battle, and uplift spirits.

Popular Music in the Revolution
One of the two major songs of the Revolution was the hymn Chester, first published in 1770 in "The New England Psalm Singer" and revised in 1778. Its author and composer, William Billings, created a combination of the biblical (Let tyrants shake their iron rod) and the topical (Howe and Burgoyne and Clinton too,/ With Prescot and Cornwallis join'd).

Another was the song Yankee Doodle, adapted from a tune of the Seven Years War. This was originally used by the British to laugh at the provincial manners of the Colonists, but was turned into a theme of the American upstarts.

Canada
In September of 1775, the Colonists, led by General Richard Montgomery, invaded Canada. At first the invasion proved successful, with Montgomery capturing Fort St. Jean and the city of Montreal. On December 30 he made the decision to launch an attack onto the British held city of Quebec. It proved disastrous, and Montgomery was killed in battle. This was the last major action in Canada, although Benidict Arnold and a number of other generals did attack the coasts or Canada, or launch raids across the border.

The Turning Point of the War
Despite the numerous defeats they faced in the early years of the war, the colonists were able to turn the tide around with several major victories.

New York and New Jersey
In July, 1776, General William Howe and thirty-thousand British troops arrived at Staten Island in New York. The large army attacked and defeated General George Washington's American forces in the Battle of Long Island. After nearly having his entire army captured, Washington led a skilled withdrawal out of New York. Eventually the Continental Army was forced to set up camp in Pennsylvania.

Howe could have ended the war by pursuing Washington's forces. But Howe was very cautious and took almost no risks. He feared losing too many men so far from home. Britain hired German mercenaries (Hessians) to guard the British fort at Trenton. Howe took advantage of these replacements and decided to wait until spring to attack the Continental Army again.

Washington also took advantage of the situation, though from a different perspective. He figured that the Hessians would be weakest on Christmas night, after heavy feasting and drinking. On the night of December 25, 1776, Washington led his troops 9 miles, and across the Delaware River to ambush the Hessians. Crossing the river was difficult. A hail and sleet storm had broken out early in the crossing, winds were strong and the river was full of ice floes. The crossing took 3 hours longer than expected, but Washington decided to continue the attack anyway. As Washington predicted, the mercenaries were completely caught off guard and had little time to respond. Within just a over an hour, on the morning of December 26, the Continental Army had won the Battle of Trenton. The Americans had just 4 wounded and 0 killed against 25 Hessians Killed, 90 wounded and 920 captured. The victory increased the troops' morale and eventually led to re-enlistments. Some historians even speculate Trenton saved the revolution.

On January 2, the British came to re-take Trenton, and did so with heavy casualties. Washington once again led a clever withdrawal, and advanced on Princeton. At the Battle of Princeton, the Continental Army attacked the rear-guard of the British Army, and forced them to retreat from New Jersey.

During the war, the New World was being devastated by the 1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic. Having survived the diseased in his youth, and having been warned about the effect the disease may have on the Army by Benjamin Franklin , George Washington wrote he had more dread of the disease crippling the continental army then the British Troops. On February 5, George Washington ordered the first mass inoculation of troops, following large disruptions caused by smallpox outbreaks. The policy was unpopular among soldiers, but stopped the mass infections from continuing.

The Battle of Saratoga
In the summer of 1777, British General John Burgoyne and General Howe agreed to attack the colonial Army from two sides and defeat it. Howe marched north, winning the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown and eventually capturing Philadelphia. But Burgoyne was not so fortunate. Delayed by natural traps set up by the Continental Army, his troops slowly marched from Canada to Albany. By September of the year, his forces reached Saratoga, where an enormous American Army attacked the troops. In October, General Burgoyne surrendered all his forces to the Americans. General Howe resigned his post, thwarted despite his victories in Pennsylvania.

The Battle of Saratoga proved to be the major turning point in the war. It persuaded France that America had to overthrow Great Britain, and French aid now was introduced to the colonists. The battle was also the last time the British would advance North. By the summer of 1778, following the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey, all fighting would take place in the South.

Defeat of the Iroquois
The Iroquois Confederacy in its zenith had been the equal of the European Powers. But since the French and Indian war it had been in decline. The Tribes of the Confederacy disagreed on who to support in the Revolution. The Onedia and Tuscaroras supported the Americans, while the Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and the Seneca supported the British. The Confederacy managed to stay together until 1777, when following the Battle of Saratoga, the 4 Tribes supporting the British began to attack American settlements across New York and Pennslyvenia.

A back and forth battle followed. The Iroquois would attack American Forts and Towns, then the Americans would burn Iroquois villages. In 1779 George Washington sent General Sullivan to destroy the Iroquois Nation. After defeating the Iroquois at the Battle of Newtown, Sullivan's army then carried out a scorched earth campaign, methodically destroying at least forty Iroquois villages. The devastation created great hardships for the thousands of Iroquois refugees outside Fort Niagara that winter, and many starved or froze to death. The survivors fled to British regions in Canada and the Niagara Falls and Buffalo areas. Thus ended the 700-year history of the Iroquois Confederacy.

Conclusion of the War (1778 - 1781)
After the loss at Saratoga, the French, traditional rivals of the British, offered their aid in the Revolution. The United States allied itself with France in 1778. Spain and the Dutch Republic also joined the American side, both lending money to the United States and going to war with Britain.

Valley Forge
Following the capture of Philadelphia by the British, Washington took his followers to Valley Forge on December 17th, 1777, a defensible nearby area, and built camp for 12,000 soldiers and 400 civilians, then the fourth largest settlement in the colonies. Following the introduction of the Prussian protege of Frederick the Great, Baron Von Steuben to Congress by way of Benjamin Franklin, he was directed to Valley Forge, where he arrived on February 23, 1778.

On the Seas
War broke out on the seas as well. Americans granted commissions to "privateers" to attack and destroy all British ships, whether they were military or not. One of the most famous privateers, John Paul Jones, scored several victories at sea for the Americans, even attacking the shores of Britain itself.

The War Heads South
An attempted treachery was defeated when its architect, British Major John Andre, was captured in September of 1780. Benedict Arnold, one of the heroes of Fort Ticonderoga, had been placed in charge of Fort Clinton, New York (now called West Point). In response to a bribe, Arnold neglected maintenance of the fortification, and was then preparing to turn the fort over to the British. After he had learned of Andre's arrest he fled to join the British army.

Britain turned its attention from the North to the South, where more loyalists lived. They were at first very successful, defeating the Americans at Waxhaws, Charleston, and Camden. Lord Cornwallis, commander of the British forces in the south, was faced with the challenge of chasing down the Americans. Nathanael Greene had split his army into two, leaving one under the control of Daniel Morgan. Morgan drew Banastre Tarleton, who was commanding one half of the British Army, to Cowpens where they were they decisively defeated the British. The other half of the British Army, still under control of Cornwallis, defeated the Americans at the Battle of Guilford Court House. However, it was a bloody victory for Cornwallis and he was forced to withdraw to Yorktown Virginia to regroup.

After hearing that the British were in Yorktown, and there was a French Fleet arriving, Washington took the Continental Army, along with French Troops, to Yorktown and surrounded the British. By mid September the town was under siege. Cornwallis was assured by British Commander-in-Chief, Henry Clinton, who was in New York, that he would be relieved shortly. However, the British relief force was defeated by the French fleet. The British continued to hold off for a few more days, but the allied army moved in closer and closer to Yorktown, and their cannons destroyed many of the British defenses. On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered his entire army, over 7,000 men.

Scattered fighting continued, but back in Britain, the British were crushed by this defeat. Parliament voted to cease all offensive operations in "the colonies." Washington took his army to Newburgh, New York, where he stopped a mutiny in the Army.

At the conclusion of the war in 1783 large numbers of loyalists and their families relocated to the home country of England and in large part to Canada as well as to other British Colonies. They submitted claims for lost property and lands in America. Many of the claims were not accepted by the English government for lack of evidence of the losses or significantly reduced. The property and lands were acquired by the American communities and then resold to the highest bidders.

Due to the climatic effects of a 1782 eruption of an Icelandic volcano, the loyalists also experienced one of the coldest Canadian winters on record which contributed to poor crops in 1783-1784. Starvation, disease and hardship were rampant and many resolved to return to the United States despite the threats of retribution rather than subsist on their meager produce.

Treaty of Paris (1783)
The British lost hope of crushing the rebellion after Yorktown. They decided to negotiate peace with The United States, France, and Spain. The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3rd, 1783. In it, the United States was recognized as an independent nation, with boundaries stretching from the Canadian border in the North, to the Mississippi River to the West, and the northern border of Florida in the South. Britain was forced to return Florida to Spain, but could still hold Canada. Congress was told to advise the states to restore property lost or stolen from the Loyalists. (However, many Loyalists had fled during the Revolution, and many of them did not return to claim their property.)

Catholics in the Revolution
The complex situation of Catholicism in Great Britain had results in its Colonies. At the time of the American revolution, Catholics formed approximately 1.6% of the total American population of the original 13 colonies. If Catholics were seen as potential enemies of the British state, Irish Catholics, subject to British rule, were doubly-damned. In Ireland they had been subject to British domination. In America Catholics were still forbidden from settling in some of the colonies. Although the head of their faith dwelt in Rome, they were under the official representation of the Catholic Bishop of the London diocese, one James Talbot. When War began, Bishop Talbot declared his faithfulness to the British Crown. (If he had done otherwise, Catholics in England would have been in trouble. Anti-Catholic sentiment still ran high.) He forbade any Colonial priest to serve Communion. This made practice of the faith impossible. This created sympathy for the Colonial rebels. The Continental Army's alliance with the French increased sympathy for the faith. When the French fleet arrived in Newport, Rhode Island, the colony repealed the Act of 1664 and allowed citizenship to Catholics. (This anticipated the provision of the Constitutional Bill of Rights which would strike anti-Catholic laws from the books.) After the war, the Pope created an American Bishop, John Carroll -- a descendant of the same Carrolls who had helped found Maryland -- and an American Diocese communicating directly with Rome.

From Anglicanism to Episcopalianism
On the one hand the colonial Church of England was an organ of the British government and a collaborator with it. Its clergy swore allegiance to the King. Several colonial governments paid monies to the local Anglican Church. Although other faiths were allowed in those states, the Anglican was considered the Official (Established) Church, putting pressure on other denominations. Still, several Revolutionaries, including Thomas Jefferson, rented their pews in a Church of England building. (Jefferson's own faith was Low Church, and he disagreed with the miracles in Christianity.) Significant meetings of the rebellion were held in Church of England buildings.

But after the war, the Church needed to find a new role. Some of the Loyalist clergy went north to Canada. Others were allowed to remain after swearing an oath to the new government. The formerly Established Church was no more: even before the creation of the Constitution, with its separation of Church and State, Americans did not want to pay any extra fees. The Book of Common Prayer, the form of worship in that Church, was pragmatically revised for the new Episcopal Church so that people prayed for "Civil Rulers," instead of the King. But many Church buildings were closed, and there was now room for other denominations to flourish in Virginia and other states.

The Early Government of the New United States
[Copied from Wikipedia]

The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. Its drafting by the Continental Congress began in mid-1776, and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all 13 states was completed in early 1781. Even when not yet ratified, the Articles provided domestic and international legitimacy for the Continental Congress to direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with Europe and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations. Nevertheless, the weakness of the government created by the Articles became a matter of concern for key nationalists. [Whom?]

Questions for Review
1. Who were these authors/composers, and what were they known for? (Mary Otis Warren, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, William Billings.)

2. How do the battles of Lexington and Concord show the early strengths and weaknesses of the American fighters?

3. Examine a copy of the Declaration of Independence in relation to this and the previous chapters. How does its rhetoric (choice of words) address the concerns of the American rebellion? How does it deviate from actual events to make a point?

title: US History/American Revolution


text:
Cyril Cartwright

Cyril Cartwright may refer to:
 * Cyril Cartwright (cyclist) (1924–2015), British cyclist
 * Cyril Cartwright (civil servant) (1920–1943), British colonial service administrator

title: Cyril Cartwright


text:
Cherepanovsky (rural locality)

Cherepanovsky (Черепановский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Cherepanovsky Selsoviet, Zmeinogorsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 365 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Cherepanovsky is located 12 km northeast of Zmeinogorsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bespalovsky is the nearest rural locality.

title: Cherepanovsky (rural locality)


text:
Tord

Etymology
From, from +.

Etymology
From, a contraction of , from.

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1)  of 🇨🇬 origin

title: Tord