text:
2021 Masters (snooker)

The 2021 Masters (officially the 2021 Betfred Masters) was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 10 and 17 January 2021 at the Marshall Arena in Milton Keynes, England. It was the 47th staging of the Masters tournament, which was first held in 1975, and the second of three Triple Crown events in the 2020–21 season, following the 2020 UK Championship and preceding the 2021 World Snooker Championship. The top sixteen players from the snooker world rankings were invited to compete in a knockout tournament. The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association organised the tournament, which was broadcast by the BBC and Eurosport in Europe. The event was sponsored by sports betting company Betfred. It was played behind closed doors because of COVID-19 restrictions in the United Kingdom. Two players, world number one Judd Trump and Jack Lisowski, withdrew from the event after testing positive for COVID-19.

The defending champion, Stuart Bingham, had defeated Ali Carter 10–8 in the previous year's final. Bingham lost 6–5 to Yan Bingtao in the semi-finals. Yan (one of three debutants at the event, alongside Thepchaiya Un-Nooh and Gary Wilson) met John Higgins in the final. Yan completed a 10–8 victory to win his first Triple Crown tournament. As the winner of the event, Yan was awarded £250,000 from the total prize pool of £725,000. The highest of the event was a 145 made by Higgins in his quarter-final win over Ronnie O'Sullivan which earned him £15,000.

Overview
The Masters is an invitational snooker tournament first held in 1975. The event is organised by World Snooker in partnership with the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. The 2021 Masters was the second Triple Crown event of the 2020–21 snooker season, following the 2020 UK Championship and preceding the 2021 World Snooker Championship. The tournament was held between 10 and 17 January 2021. The 16 highest-ranked players according to the world rankings after the 2020 UK Championship in December 2020 were invited to the event. World number one Judd Trump and world number fourteen Jack Lisowski tested positive for COVID-19 and were forced to withdraw. Anthony McGill, ranked 17th, would have been the first reserve player but declined to travel to the event, whilst Barry Hawkins, second reserve, also tested positive for COVID-19. Joe Perry replaced Trump in the draw, while Gary Wilson replaced Lisowski.

Initially, the 2021 Masters was scheduled to be held at Alexandra Palace, London, and would have been the first snooker event to host an audience since the 2020 World Snooker Championship in August 2020. However, the event was moved to the Marshall Arena in Milton Keynes, and played without spectators, to comply with stricter regulations against COVID-19.

Stuart Bingham won the previous year's event, defeating Ali Carter in the final 10–8. The draw for the tournament was made during the final of the 2020 UK Championship. As defending champion, Bingham was seeded first, with the next seven players in the world rankings seeded and allocated fixed positions in the draw. They met the remaining eight participants who were drawn randomly. Matches were played as best-of-11 until the final, which was contested over a maximum of 19 frames played over two. The World Snooker Tour, a subsidiary of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association, organised the event, which was sponsored for the first time by sports betting company Betfred, who replaced previous sponsors Dafabet.

Broadcasting
The tournament was broadcast live in the United Kingdom by BBC Sport, as well as by Eurosport in Europe. Worldwide, the event was covered by China Central Television and Superstars Online in China and Sky Sport in New Zealand. The event was simulcast in Hong Kong by Now TV with additional commentary; DAZN covered the event across Canada, Brazil and the United States. In all other territories, the event was streamed by Matchroom Sport.

Prize fund
The prize fund for the event was £725,000, with the winner receiving £250,000. A breakdown is as follows:

 * Winner: £250,000
 * Runner-up: £100,000
 * Semi-finals: £60,000
 * Quarter-finals: £30,000
 * Last 16: £15,000
 * Highest break: £15,000
 * Total: £725,000

First round
The Masters began on 10 January, with the first round being played as the best-of-11 frames until 13 January. The 2018 Masters finalist Kyren Wilson met Gary Wilson, world ranking number 19, in the opening match, who was making his debut at the event. Kyren won the opening frame of the match, before Gary won the next two frames. During the third frame, Kyren used a lighter on the top of his to burn off frayed edges. Kyren won frame four with a century break before leading 4–2 after two in frame six. Kyren won the next two frames with a break of 136 in frame seven and a break of 65 in frame eight to win 6–2. Kyren credited his play to competing against John Higgins in practice for four days leading up to the match.

David Gilbert had been drawn against the world number one, Judd Trump; however, Trump had been replaced by Joe Perry, who came into the tournament having taken Christmas off and not played, as he had not been expecting to play in the competition. Gilbert won the first four frames of the match to lead 4–0 into the. Gilbert also won frame five with a break of 72. Leading 5–0, Gilbert was unable to complete a whitewash, as Perry won frame six with a break of 73 and frame seven with a century break. However, Gilbert won the match 6–2 after a break of 54.

Defending Masters champion Stuart Bingham met Thepchaiya Un-Nooh, who was making his debut at the event. Bingham made a break of 114 en route to taking a 5–1 lead. In the seventh frame, Bingham was playing for a maximum break, but trying to continue the break and allowed Un-Nooh to  and win the frame. Un-Nooh won the next two frames to trail by one, before Bingham won the match in frame ten 6–4. After the match, Eurosport pundit Neal Foulds suggested that Un-Nooh needed to add more defensive play to his game to win such matches. Two former winners, Shaun Murphy and Mark Williams, met in the fourth first round match. Leading 2–1, Murphy required the final two balls to win the next frame. He fluked the before potting a similar shot on the. Murphy later clarified that he was "embarrassed" by the fluke, but had intentionally played the difficult shot on the black. Williams tied the match at both 3–3 and 4–4 before Murphy won the final two frames to win 6–4. Reigning UK champion Neil Robertson played 20-year-old Yan Bingtao. Robertson took leads of 3–1 and then 5–3 including a break of 121. Yan, however, made breaks of 61 and 55 to force a. Yan played most of the colours onto the in the lengthy final frame and won 6–5. Robertson commented after the match that he could not "praise Yan Bingtao highly enough" for his determination during the match.

Ding Junhui made breaks of 83, 75 and 73 to lead Ronnie O'Sullivan 3–0, before O'Sullivan won the next two frames including a century break. Ding then took a lead of 5–3 after another century from each player. He missed to win the match in frame nine, allowing O'Sullivan to win the next two frames. He won the match in the deciding frame with a 73 break. The match contained four centuries and a further six breaks of above 70 in the 11-frame match. Three-time champion Steve Davis suggested Ding had "panicked", while the 1997 world champion, Ken Doherty, commented Ding "missed a trick" in not taking advantage to win the match. The match between Mark Allen and John Higgins also went to a deciding frame. Higgins led 5–3, but Allen won the next two frames. A missed allowed Higgins to make a break of 59 to win 6–5.

Quarter-finals
The quarter-finals were played on 14 and 15 January. The first was played between Gilbert and Wilson. Gilbert suffered a allowing Wilson to win the opening frame. Gilbert tied the match at 1–1 with a break of 58, however, before he cleared the table and also potted the  to win the third frame. Wilson tied the match at 2–2 with a break of 114. The match was later tied again at both 3–3 and 4–4. After a break of 80 in the ninth frame by Wilson, Gilbert again tied the match again at 5–5. Gilbert won the match after Wilson missed a pot on the pink. Davis described Gilbert as a "vastly improved player" and said Wilson would rue the missed pink in the deciding frame. Murphy and Bingham, who had contested the 2015 World Snooker Championship final, met in the second quarter-final. Murphy won the first two frames before Bingham won a frame with a break of 133 and a second recovering from 0–58 points behind. Murphy missed pots in the next two frames allowing Bingham to win the frames, but won the seventh frame with a break of 70. Bingham won the next two frames to win the match 6–3 after a lengthy 47-minute ninth frame.

Yan Bingtao playing in his first Masters event drew Stephen Maguire. Yan took the match's first two frames but lost the next three frames including a break of 102. Two missed by Maguire allowed Yan to win the next two frames and lead 4–3. Maguire evened the score in the next frame with a break of 137, but missed a in the ninth frame to fall behind again. In the tenth frame, attempting a, Maguire fluked a separate red ball into the middle pocket and won the frame to force a decider. Yan took the final frame to win 6–5 with the highest break of his career, a 141. The last quarter-final was between Higgins and O'Sullivan. This was the 70th competitive match between the two since they turned professional in 1992. O'Sullivan won the opening frame with a break of 97, but Higgins responded with a 110 and 145—the highest of the tournament—to lead 3–1. O'Sullivan made two more century breaks of 125 and 103 in frames five and six to even the score at 3–3. A bad by O'Sullivan allowed Higgins to make a 134 in the next frame, the fifth consecutive century break of the match. Higgins won frame eight with a break of 88 and won the match in frame nine 6–3. The five consecutive century breaks equalled the record for the Masters by Robertson and Maguire in 2009. Former world champion John Parrott described Higgins' performance as "spellbinding", whilst six-time winner Stephen Hendry was surprised he did not play to this quality more often. Higgins suggested after the match that he "can't play any better" than he had, as O'Sullivan backed Higgins to win the tournament after this performance.

Semi-finals
Both semi-final matches were played on 16 January. Bingham won the opening frame of the match by only seven points before Yan made a break of 94 to equal the match at 1–1. Yan had the first chance in the next two frames, but Bingham won both. Yan won two of the next three frames and trailed 3–4 but won frame eight with a score of 106–0. He took the lead in the ninth frame with a century break. Bingham tied the match after Yan had missed a red. Yan won the match 6–5 after a break of 65 in the deciding frame. Doherty commented that Yan's "composure was fantastic in that last frame", whilst O'Sullivan suggested it was a "significant result for Chinese snooker".

The second semi-final was contested between Gilbert and Higgins. Both players cited their previous meeting in the semi-finals of the 2019 World Snooker Championship, where Higgins won 17–16. Gilbert won the opening frame with a break of 80 before Higgins made a 106 in frame two. The scores were tied at 2–2, with Higgins making a clearance to win frame four. Frame five featured a break of 107 by Higgins, who took a two-frame lead with a break of 55 in frame six. Gilbert tied the match at 4–4 after Higgins missed the final pink to win frame eight. Higgins won the next two frames, however, to win the match 6–4. Higgins commented after the match: "I personally think semi-finals are the worst game, you are close to being in a showpiece and David did not play great."

Final
The final was played on 17 January as the best-of-19 frames held over two sessions, refereed by Paul Collier. Higgins had not appeared in the final of the event since he last won the Masters in 2006, whilst Yan was appearing in his first Triple Crown final. Yan took the opening frame of the final, with a break of 66; Higgins won the next. Frame three featured a missed pot on the by Higgins, who won the fourth to tie the match at 2–2. Higgins took the next two frames, including a break of 98, before Yan made a break of 97 in frame seven. Higgins won frame eight, the final of the first session, to lead 5–3 with a break of 52. Steve Davis referred to Yan as "naive", saying he needed a "flying start and get his tail up" to win the match in the second session.

Higgins opened frame nine with a break of 67, but Yan's clearance forced a re-spotted black. After a prolonged battle, Yan cut the black to trail 4–5. Yan made a break of 76 to tie the match at 5–5. Frame 11 featured a break of 51 by Yan, before Higgins made a 74 after making a plant, then a 116 in the next frame to lead again by two frames. With just the final ball remaining in frame 13, Higgins attempted a double but missed allowing Yan to win the frame. Yan made a break of 103 in the next frame to tie the score at 7–7. When Yan won frame 15, Higgins left the arena muttering to himself. Higgins returned and made a break of 63 to tie the score at 8–8. A break of 70 won Yan frame 17. He won the match in frame 18 with a break of 64.

Aged 20 years and 11 months, Yan was the youngest Masters winner since O'Sullivan in 1995, 26 years earlier, and the first debutant winner since Selby in 2008. The odds were 50–1 against Yan becoming champion at the outset of the event. Higgins suggested Yan would become the world champion "without a shadow of a doubt", and winning the event at his age was a "brilliant achievement". Yan commented: "I have imagined how I would celebrate but I am very calm, even though in the last few frames I was not playing very well. But I did not give up." O'Sullivan said he would be "very surprised if he doesn't win at least one or two world titles", whilst Davis commented he was "impressed with his temperament and his nerve" in defeating Higgins.

Tournament draw
Numbers given on the left and in brackets show the players' seeding for the tournament. Players in bold denote match winners.

Century breaks
There were 30 century breaks made during the tournament, the highest was a 145 by Higgins in his quarter-final match with O'Sullivan.

 * 145, 134, 116, 110, 107, 106 – John Higgins
 * 141, 123, 103, 100 – Yan Bingtao
 * 137, 102 – Stephen Maguire
 * 136, 114, 108, 107 – Kyren Wilson
 * 133, 114 – Stuart Bingham
 * 129, 128 – Ding Junhui
 * 125, 103, 103, 100 – Ronnie O'Sullivan
 * 121 – Neil Robertson
 * 113 – Thepchaiya Un-Nooh
 * 108, 108 – Mark Williams
 * 108 – Joe Perry
 * 106 – Mark Allen

title: 2021 Masters (snooker)


text:
Talk:Rita Johnston

where's the friggen' picture?
She was the premier of a canadian province. She's got to have a PD picture somewhere.Ericl (talk) 15:03, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Rita Johnston


text:
Talk:Bengt Skytte

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bengt Skytte


text:
Cardiovascular fitness

Welcome to the Wikiversity Center for Cardiovascular Fitness.

The Center for Cardiovascular Fitness is a Wikiversity content development project where participants create, organize and develop learning resources for cardiovascular fitness.

These resources are meant to educate participants in the ways of cardiovascular exercise. That is, any exercise that heavily involves the use of the heart and lungs.

Participants will be introduced to the various types of cardiovascular exercise, from the broad to the slim, so to speak. Cardiovascular exercise is very important to maintaining a healthy lifestyle, but as always, if you don't adhere to a proper nutrional diet it will not be as effective.

Ways to increase your cardio vascular fitness
Cardiovascular refers to the system in your body which moves blood around. The heart is the main organ in your body that moves blood around. EXERCISE is the primary method of improving cardio-vascular fitness. In essence, to increase cardio-vascular fitness you get YOUR HEART RATE up. That means that you make it beat faster and work harder than it might normally would. So you Do THIS by MOVING around. FASTER. So RUN. Running, BIKING, SKIING, SNOWBOARDING, some types of YOGA, MARTIAL arts, and other sports all have the potential to increase your cardiovascular fitenss. CONSULT your doctor BEFORE engaging in a exercise plan. Improving cardiovascular fitness can also help you lose weight if desired because it can help you to burn calories. and slows the time you have to stop and rest.

title: Cardiovascular fitness


text:
Boyce, Chattanooga

Boyce is an area within Chattanooga, Tennessee.

History
A post office called Boyce was established in 1880, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1889. The community was named for Samuel J. Boyce, son of Chattanooga city father Ker Boyce, a native of South Carolina.

title: Boyce, Chattanooga


text:
Cookbook:Zupa Ogórkowa (Polish Cucumber Soup)

 * Polish cuisine | Soup

Zupa ogórkowa is a traditional Polish soup made out of sour, salted cucumbers.

Ingredients

 * 4 chicken wings
 * 1 small leek (or 1 small onion)
 * 2 carrots
 * ½ celery root (optional)
 * 1 parsnip root
 * 3 medium potatoes
 * 3 big sour-salted (pickled) cucumbers
 * 1 tablespoon butter
 * 1 teaspoon flour
 * 2 bay leaves
 * 3 pimentos
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * 1–2 tablespoons of cream or half and half (optional; yoghurt is also acceptable but not traditional)

Procedure

 * 1) Put the chicken wings, salt, pepper, bay leaves and pimentos into a saucepan or stock pot with 1.5 L (1½ quarts) cold water. After bringing it to a boil, let it simmer for 25 minutes on low heat.
 * 2) Add the peeled carrots, celery root, parsnip root, and leek, and boil it for 10 more minutes. During that time peel the potatoes and dice them into quarter inch (cubes 0.25 x 0.25 inches).
 * 3) Take out the leek, and add the potatoes to the pot. Boil them for 10–12 minutes and make sure the potatoes are cooked through.
 * 4) Grate the sour-salted (pickled) cucumbers and put them into a sauté pan with the melted butter. Sauté for 2 minutes, and add the flour and constantly stir it over low heat.
 * 5) Add ½–⅓ cups of water to the sauté pan and continue stirring.
 * 6) When the potatoes are cooked, add the prepared sour cucumber preparation to the stock pot and mix them well. Boil for 3–5 minutes and season the soup to taste. If you like, mix some soup with cream or sour cream in a small cup and add it to the pan, or a smaller amount to each individual serving.
 * 7) Bon appétit! Smacznego!

Notes, tips, and variations

 * It is very important to add the potatoes first, and then the sour cucumbers. If you add them in reverse order, the potatoes will not be cooked through.


text:
User:Fhassib/sandbox

This is The American University in Cairo, it was originally established in Tahrir Square in downtown Cairo.

The American University in Cairo

title: User:Fhassib/sandbox


text:
p-code

Etymology
Short for.

Noun

 * 1)  A very low-level code that is machine-independent and enables a compiled file to be run on different processor types.
 * Most implementations of the Pascal programming language employed a p-code system to achieve a greater level of machine independence.

title: p-code


text:
Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Using Modules

Here's this chapter's typing exercise (name it cal.py). actually looks for a file named calendar.py and reads it in. If the file is named calendar.py and it sees an "import calendar" it tries to read in itself which works poorly at best.)):

And here is part of the output I got:

Type in the year number: 2001 2001                                         January                  February                    March Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su     Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 1  2  3  4  5  6  7                1  2  3  4                1  2  3  4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14       5  6  7  8  9 10 11       5  6  7  8  9 10 11 15 16 17 18 19 20 21      12 13 14 15 16 17 18      12 13 14 15 16 17 18      22 23 24 25 26 27 28      19 20 21 22 23 24 25      19 20 21 22 23 24 25      29 30 31                  26 27 28                  26 27 28 29 30 31

(I skipped some of the output, but I think you get the idea.) So what does the program do? The first line  uses a new command. The command  loads a module (in this case the   module). To see the commands available in the standard modules either look in the library reference for python (if you downloaded it) or go to http://docs.python.org/library/. If you look at the documentation for the calendar module, it lists a function called  that prints a calendar for a year. The line  uses this function. In summary to use a module  it and then use   for functions in the module. Another way to write the program is:

This version imports a specific function from a module. Here is another program that uses the Python Library (name it something like clock.py) (press Ctrl and the 'c' key at the same time to terminate the program):

With some output being:

The time is: Sun Aug 20 13:40:04 2000 The time is: Sun Aug 20 13:40:05 2000 The time is: Sun Aug 20 13:40:06 2000 The time is: Sun Aug 20 13:40:07 2000 Traceback (innermost last): File "clock.py", line 5, in ? the_time = ctime(time) KeyboardInterrupt

The output is infinite of course so I canceled it (or the output at least continues until Ctrl+C is pressed). The program just does a infinite loop ( is always true, so   goes forever) and each time checks to see if the time has changed and prints it if it has. Notice how multiple names after the import statement are used in the line.

The Python Library contains many useful functions. These functions give your programs more abilities and many of them can simplify programming in Python.

Exercises
Rewrite the High_low.py program from section Decisions to use a random integer between 0 and 99 instead of the hard-coded 78. Use the Python documentation to find an appropriate module and function to do this.


text:
Kabacan River

The Kabacan River is a river in the province of Cotabato in the Philippines. It is a tributary of the Pulangi River, discharging at Kayaga, Kabacan, Cotabato.

Flooding
Flooding occurs during heavy rainfall, thunderstorms and typhoon season.

Dam

 * Kabacan RIS, National Irrigation Administration (NIA)

title: Kabacan River


text:
Talk:Dick LeBeau

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot (talk) 18:45, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Defensive Coordinator 1992-1994?
I think there might be an error. This lists LeBeau as the defensive coordinator from 1992-1996 (1st stint), but wasn't Dom Capers the Defensive Coordinator until the 1995 offseason where he was named the first head coach of the then expansion Carolina Panthers? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:34, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * This issue has been corrected.--Deejayk (talk) 18:02, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 31 October 2023
I am Dick LeBeau's eldest granddaughter and know exactly how my grandmother (Phyllis Geer LeBeau) died as well as how many children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren he has. Please help correct this information as I have edited it several times and it continues to be reverted. Thank you.

Edits:

LeBeau has four [living] children with his first wife, Phyllis Geer LeBeau, who died of a [stroke] in 2002: Richard Jr, Linda, Lori, and Fe [(Phyllis Jr.)] [He lost his first child (Lisa) to leukemia at the age of 10. LeBeau has six living grandchildren (one deceased in 2021) and four great-grandchildren.] HLeBeau (talk) 04:30, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Also see the message on your talk page. Liu1126 (talk) 10:44, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick LeBeau


text:
Wikiversity:Namespaces/Proposals for new namespaces

Proposals for new namespaces can be listed on this page.

Proposals
Please only list new namespaces that you will actually use. (No theory; just practical names)

Low-end names in the namespace

 * Here are namespaces which are useful to me. (In some cases, I am already using them.)

 * "Course"
 * I need a namespace for full courses, each of which is a series of multi-page lessons, etc. If a potential student is interested in learning what I teach, they need to know that a page identified as a "Course" is not a lesson but rather the starting page of a series of lessons aimed at a single goal.  (I see names such as "Stream" and "Project" but the word "Course" is much closer to what I offer.)

 * I am currently working on three unrelated courses. Eventually, I will write one new course each year (30 lessons for each course) consisting of about 1000 pages of which I will write about 200 of the pages.

 * "Lesson"
 * This is the first page of a lesson. If the lesson is short, this can be the entire lesson.  If the lesson has many steps, it can be the introductory page.

 * "LessonPage"
 * This is all lesson pages other than the first lesson page. I need to be able to find these and identify these quickly since these pages often have the most need for changes.

 * Like most instructors that I have seen at Wikiveristy, I develop lessons on line. I do  not have any tools for developing lessons off line.  Therefore, I am continually searching through (and working on) all the lessons I am currently writing… and that is a lot of pages.  I never complete one page before I start the next.  Rather I work on all the pages at the same time… hence my need to be able to identify them in my mind.  I believe I current have about 200 of these pages and I am continually working on all of them.  Because of my writing style, I will continue to polish all my pages even after they are finished.

 * Perhaps another name would be better but I cannot think of it. "AdditionalLessonPages" is too long and "Pages" is not clear.

 * "Reference"
 * I need an identifier for pages which have information vital to a lesson but are not part of a lesson.  (The names could be "ReferencePage" but that seems a bit too long.)  Reference fits a wide varity of purposes.  Normally, a reference page is only a single page.

 * "Review"
 * This is a new namespace that I am thinking about. As part of my lessons, I continally recommend programs (almost always FREE programs for the Macintosh, Windows and occasionally Linux) which students must use to complete the lesson.  However, it would be nice to have a page where I (and other uses of the computer program) explain and review the program.  For this, "Reference" might be sufficient but it might also be misleading since it is only opinions.  The word "Reference" is not what people associate with a product review.  "ProductReview" is a much clearer name but possibly too long.  I will recommend about 100 programs in the basic filmmaking course.  Therefore, it would be nice for people to know WHY I recommend that they use these programs.  Reviews will solve that problem.

 * "Homework"
 * I need a namespace for completed assignments. The name could be "Homework" or "CompletedHomework" or "Assignments" or "CompletedAssignments".  Establishing a namespace might not be enough because most of the assignments I have received so far are PDF files which have no easy marking system (as these are all called "image" inside Wiki.)  I have not found a good solution for combining these two file storage systems.

 * Robert Elliott 16:15, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Discuss low end names proposal
"I need a namespace for full courses ..... a "Course" is not a lesson but rather the starting page of a series of lessons" <-- Just create a page for each course in the "Topic:" namespace. There is no need for a new namespace for courses. --JWSchmidt 16:47, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Lessons are main namespace content. There is no need for a "Lesson:" namespace. "LessonPage ..... I need to be able to find these and identify these quickly since these pages often have the most need for changes" <-- put all related lessons in the same category, that will allow you to find them. You can also create navigation aids in the form of lists of hypertext links or navigation boxes. See w:Wikipedia:Navigational templates. --JWSchmidt 16:55, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

"Reference", "Review", "Homework" <-- These all sound like main namespace content. There is no need to create new namespaces for different kinds of main namespace content. Just give each page a good name and include them in appropriate categories. --JWSchmidt 17:00, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Reply by Robert Elliott

 * You are asking me to do more work than is necessary. Putting all my low-end pages in the main namespace does not provide me with the tools and the structure that I need.  Instead, you are asking me to do all the work manually rather than use the Wiki software which will do it all automatically for me.

 * Asking me to do more work is OK… if I am doing on a few pages or a few lessons. But asking me to continually create and maintain navigation templates for hundreds of page because you do not want to change 10 lines of code is not reasonable.

 * The Wiki software has tremendous power if you apply it correctly. Robert Elliott 17:22, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thousands of people have developed and used this software over the past five years and developed solutions the organizational problems you have described. As far as I know, all Wikimedia Foundation sister projects use categories to keep track of related pages. Categories provide a flexible system that allows wiki users to organize content as needed. Any change to the namespace structure of Wikiversity needs to be performed by a developer. I doubt if any developer would ever start down the path of replacing the category system with your proposed new use for the namespaces system. If you need help organizing the pages you create, try placing a request for help at the Colloquium. There are some wiki participants who love to do that kind of work. --JWSchmidt 17:57, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Note
 * The software we are using for Wikiversity is NOT the software that is used for WikiBooks. This is a highly modified version which is still incomplete.

 * Also, I am not requesting any programming changes (in the request above). I am only asking that the data file which controls the searches in Wikiversity be expanded.  When you click on "My Contributions", you get a search engine with a fixed number of options (a fixed number of namespaces that you can search on).  These options are controlled by a data file which currently has 22 entries.  Simply adding lines to this data file does not require any programming.  Robert Elliott 00:56, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Thoughts from Cormaggio
First of all, I think I should say that I've always been reluctant to create more namespaces - we already have more than any other project, as far as I know. I think our system is already confusing as it is - and we need to be sure that we are working off solid principles before we create further complexities in the system we're using and developing.

This conversation throws into relief for me the limitations of the system we are dealing with (ie the MediaWiki software). And no solution I have seen seems to fit the real problems that Robert is experiencing. The namespaces proposed seem clumsy and don't seem to me to help the situation of making course-pages more easily findable (but if you think they can, please spell this out for me). Categories and navigational templates are what have worked best for other projects, though, admittedly, the other projects (apart from Wikibooks) do not have the same type of "page-dependency" (for want of a better phrase) as we do. Perhaps, there is another way? This seems like something that is of key importance to developing a solid bank of resources on Wikiversity - so it deserves our deep attention. (Btw, It has also been requested by the KDE community for the development of their training materials to have a system of overlaying a web of pages with a structure of learning trails, which the learner follows to carry out a specific task, amassing the skills that are of interest to them.) All this just makes me think that it might be an idea to have a chat (or some form of discussion) with the Wikimedia developers, to see if something like this is possible - along with our other technical needs and issues.

Obviously, we need to create structures that are easy to track both for the navigator, and the contributor. I can't see any of these namespaces working any better than the structure we have in place at the moment (though, as I've said, please spell it out for me if you disagree). This is of prime importance - so we must take it seriously. Cormaggio 21:17, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Point of clarification by Robert Elliott
 * When I talk about Low-End Namespaces, I am refering to the area of Wikiversity which currently has NO namespaces. This is called the main namespace but really it is a void without any structure at all.  Currently, all lesson pages, course pages, homework pages, etc. are given NO namespace name at all.  There is absolutely NO structure for these pages in the current system.

 * The changes I am requesting is simply adding a few lines to the data file that controls searches in Wiki. There is no actual programming changes needed to add a namespace called "Lesson".  Only one line is added to the data file which simply says "Lesson".  Same with "Course" and "Homework".  There is no programming to do this. Robert Elliott 00:43, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify my own perspective - it's not any programming that I'm objecting to - it's having namespaces that could clutter the organisation of content, rather than help people find and add content. (Also note that I'm not saying that this is the case with your proposed namespaces - it's just that I don't currently see what good they would do.) Cormaggio 00:52, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The developers are not going to create new namespaces for everyone who will not learn how to use categories and other existing organizational tools. At Wikipedia, the Music genre page uses a "navigation template" at the bottom of the page (w:Template:Music genres). There are 45 subcategories in w:Category:Music genres and a couple hundred pages. By following the links in the "navigation box" produced by that template you can visit pages such as List of blues genres which has its own navigation box that is generated by w:Template:Blues. Another example of a Wikipedia category with many subcategories and pages is w:Category:History of Europe. The Wikipedia page for History of Europe has several "navigation boxes" at the bottom to help guide people to particular articles. It is not hard to organize hundreds of related main namespace pages by making use of categories, lists of pages and "navigation templates". We could have a community project to do so for something like Course:WikiU Film School Course 01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking. --JWSchmidt 00:54, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Robert Elliott, If searching within wikiversity is your concern, then please use google.--Hillgentleman|User talk:hillgentleman 10:00, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Support

 * Course: Agree. There should be a namespace that denotes the level of organization that is a set of learning objectives aimed at accomplishing a certain strategic learning objective. This may mean it is a university-style class (History of Pants), or a part of a DIY section (Using a Lathe), etc. In the School of Strategic Studies, this would be the numbered courses that could then be arranged in a course calendar. This would make Wikiversity more modular: if a stream (curriculum) designer wanted to put together a curriculum with some overlap with another, (e.g. Peace Studies and International Relations) they could simply choose applicable courses from the course calendar, knowing that they were groups of small learning objectives geared to teaching a student about the topic that is the subject of the course.
 * Department: We should include Department and not Topic. Topic doesn't fit into the proposed school organization, it has to be forced to fit there.
 * Class/Lesson: Agree. A limited learning objective that is the atom of a course. Again, a general catalog of these would allow for the modular construction of more curricula from a good core of classes.

Diversity of approach in organization actually hinders the development of this site. There should be built-in standardization to a degree, so that curriculum developers can find what they need if it exists, and not have to look through disparate forms of categorization in order to find what they seek.--Dnjkirk 16:52, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Oppose
I don't see how adding namespaces can benefit Wikiversity. In fact, I think we have too many already. Portal:, School: and Topic: even seem extranious to me, but I've become accustomed to them as I shall the new ones if there is a consensus.

As for the Film School my feeling is that naming conventions were not adhered to, thus causing some problems. Mr. Elliot has a definate style and that is great, but I intuit that he ..we.. could solve the above problems with navigational templates and categories. Furthermore he should, in my opinion, simplify the titles of the pages. As JW said, there are people here who thrive on this sort of work. I'm one of them.

Category: and Template: are powerful tools because of their added functionality. If it's a matter of navigation between and among related pages, Templates and Categories can be of great value if applied correctly. For instance Category:Courses contains only three pages. What's up with that?

I've suggested the Template Taskforce as a learning project for getting the most out of MediaWiki templates. It could be part of the MediaWiki Project and Topic:MediaWiki which really look into the nuts and bolts of MediaWiki. Shouldn't we look more deeply at the engine that powers Wikiversity? Isn't there some existing functionality we're not exploiting? Do we not have a working relationship with the developers? Let's step back and look at this, please. CQ 19:35, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Oppose. The idea of splitting main namespace content into subsets to be placed in new namespaces has never been justified in terms of how it would provide any benefits over the current namespace system. The way to facilitate human interactions with related main namespace pages is by making use of portals, categories and templates. The "Topic:" namespace is a good place for Wikiversity content development projects because "topic" is a general term and the current naming conventions allow for Wikiversity participants to refer to the pages in the "Topic:" namespace as divisions, departments, programs, centers, projects, courses or with any other label selected by those who collaborate to develop learning resources for a particular topic area. There is no generally agreed upon meaning for terms such as "department" and "course" and it would just lead to confusion and argument if there were new namespaces called "Department:" or "Course:". --JWSchmidt 21:25, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Oppose:
 * Every suggested use of the new namespaces can be done by using categories and templates. For example, references and homeworks can be put in their appropriate categories.
 * Topic: is a good namespace - it flexibly allows many possible paths of learning, complementing the more traditional school:.  The namespaces suggested above ('lesson:, course:, reference:, etc) are not flexible.--Hillgentleman|User talk:hillgentleman 10:00, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

How to expand the main namespace
In case you wonder where the namespaces are stored, below is a typical file which comes with the wiki software that defines the namespaces.

Wikimedia says...
The names are set in files such as those listed in Locales for the Wikimedia projects, with default Language.php:

/* private */ $wgNamespaceNamesEn = array(	NS_MEDIA           => 'Media',	NS_SPECIAL          => 'Special',	NS_MAIN	            => '',	NS_TALK	            => 'Talk',	NS_USER             => 'User',	NS_USER_TALK        => 'User_talk',	NS_WIKIPEDIA        => $wgMetaNamespace,	NS_WIKIPEDIA_TALK   => $wgMetaNamespace . '_talk',	NS_IMAGE            => 'Image',	NS_IMAGE_TALK       => 'Image_talk',	NS_MEDIAWIKI        => 'MediaWiki',	NS_MEDIAWIKI_TALK   => 'MediaWiki_talk',	NS_TEMPLATE         => 'Template',	NS_TEMPLATE_TALK    => 'Template_talk',	NS_HELP             => 'Help',	NS_HELP_TALK        => 'Help_talk',	NS_CATEGORY	    => 'Category',	NS_CATEGORY_TALK    => 'Category_talk' );

As you can see, this is a very simple data file that can be expanded immediately to include a better structure for Wikiversity. The advanage of adding structure to the low end (main namespace) is to allow easy searching in "my contributions". My list of contributions for the main namespace has long passed 500 so it would be nice to be able to find changes to courses, lessons, lesson pages, reference pages, homework, and reviews easily and quickly. Robert Elliott 20:25, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Have you tried searching with google? For example, Robert Elliott November site:wikiversity.org gives 42 results now.--Hillgentleman|User talk 18:06, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Class and Session namespaces
The Class: and Session: namespaces are special purpose containers for static (class:) and dynamic (session:) constructs that will work in conjunction with MediaWiki Objects, Automatons, bots, spiders, crawlers, etc. on various levels at various times in various contexts. They generally help various applications to know who is doing what with automated database integrity generated by login sessions, timestamps and contexts such as a unique School:, Portal:, Topic:, MediaWiki:, Help:, or other "place" on Wikiversity.

These namespaces, when seen through the lenz of the OSI Model, exist in the Application layer. Class: and session: variables are set to initial, progressive and final values allowing users and the applications to track progress along a timeline, position within a course of study, traversal through a predefined series of contexts or other "moving-target" sequence of expected, registered or consequential events.

Submitted by CQ on 18:06, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * This all seems very abstract. Can you provide specific example of what kinds of pages would go in the "Class:" and "Session:" namespaces? What purpose would the namespaces serve that cannot be met by having Category:Class and Category:Session? How do "Class: and session: variables" relate to "Class:" and "Session:" namespaces? --JWSchmidt 18:45, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Book:
With the recent addition of the book tool, it would be useful to have a Book namespace. This is the default namespace for storing books, but it hasn't yet been created on Wikiversity.

Currently, the Saved book indicates that books in the Book: namespace are in the incorrect place. But this is because the namespace hasn't been created yet. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 00:56, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

 * What book tool? Since I'm ignorant of the book tool, I'm going to guess as to what you're talking about and ask, shouldn't any book type materials be created on Wikibooks and be linked to? Or are there policies on Wikibooks that keep things like work problems or whatever from being added to books. --Devourer09 03:22, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Devourer9 - I've started Help:Book to provide more info about the book tool. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 04:09, 29 September 2010 (UTC)


text:
Niru Devi Pal

Niru Devi Pal (also Neeru) is a Nepali communist politician and a member of the House of Representatives of the federal parliament of Nepal. She was elected under the proportional representation system from CPN UML filling the reserved seat for women, for Kanchanpur district. Representing the newly formed Nepal Communist Party (NCP) in the parliament, she also chairs the parliamentary Women and Social Committee.

She was allegedly threatened by a group of people when out grocery-shopping in Mid-Baneshwar on July 31, 2018. A large number of police personnel had been mobilised and as many as 75 had been arrested for further investigation by August 2, 16 of whom had been held, post preliminary screening. There was no further progress reported on the case, and by mid-November, there were reports that the whole incident was a hoax.

title: Niru Devi Pal


text:
German/Appendices/Grammar II

<< Beginning German | Basic German | Intermediate German

Conjugating 'to be'
Ich bin groß. I am tall. Du bist sehr groß. You are very tall. Sie ist klein. She is short. Sie sind groß. They are tall.

In these cases, we use the correct form of sein for each situation. Please notice the final two sentences both use 'Sie', and we must look at the verb to determine the difference between 'she' and 'they'.

In German, the English infinitive 'to be' is translated as sein.

This is the table of the forms of 'sein', with rough English translations. Note that in English, there are only three forms (am, is, are) while German has five (bin, bist, ist, sind, seid).

Also, the verb conjugation of the two you-formals are always the exact same.

German

sein

English

to be

Conjugating Normal Verbs
Er spielt Volleyball. He plays volleyball. Ich mache Hausaufgaben. I do my homework. Wir kommen aus München. We come from Munich. Was machst du? What are you doing?

In these sentences, different verbs and endings are used. Note that the verb is always in second position.

When conjugating normal verbs, use the endings shown below (a memory hook is the "best ten" endings). Note that in normal verbs, such as spielen and machen, ihr-form and er/sie/es-form are the same and the wir-form, sie (pl)-form and the formal are all the same as the infinitive.

-en

spielen - to play

machen - to make/do

Conjugating Irregular Verbs
Ich habe keine Zeit. I have no time. Gib mir das Buch! Give me the book. Sie wandert gern. She likes to hike. Er liest einen Roman. He is reading a novel.

In each of these sentences, we use an irregular verb. Irregularity occurs in the ich-form or the du-form and er/sie/es-forms. There are three types of irregularity.

E in the first syllable
One form of irregularity occurs sometimes when the verb contains an 'e' in the first syllable. The change is simple: the du-form and er/sie/es forms both change the 'e' to an 'i.e.' or an 'i'. Two common examples are shown. Note that the er/sie/es-form and ihr-form are no longer the same.

sehen - to see

geben - to give

Haben
A similar, yet different, change occurs in the verb "haben". As in the irregularity above, the du-form and er/sie/es-form change.

haben - to have

Verbs ending in Consonant-N
Some verbs change the ich-form for obvious reasons. "Wandern" and "basteln"  are two examples. Both drop the first e in the ich-form.

wandern - to hike

basteln - to build

Conjugating Modals
Ich will ins Kino gehen. I want to go to the movies. Dürfen wir hier essen? May we eat here? Was kann ich für dich tun? What can I do for you? Er mag Romane lesen. He likes to read books.

Modals are a new kind of verb. They are the equivalent to helping verbs in English. There are seven basic modals: können (can), mögen (like), dürfen (may), wollen (want), sollen (should), müssen (must), and möchten (would like). Möchten isn't technically a modal, but it acts like one in most aspects.

Modals are conjugated very differently. The ich-form and er/sie/es-form are always alike and singular has a different verb in the first syllable (except in sollen and möchten). Below are the conjugations of the six basic modals and möchten.

können - can

mögen - like

dürfen - may

wollen - want

sollen - should

müssen - must

möchten - would like

Separable Verbs
Du siehst schön aus! You look good! Ich muss mein Zimmer aufräumen. I have to clean my room. Komm mit! Come with! Probier diese Jeans an! Try these jeans on.

Some verbs in German are separable: they have a prefix that can be separated from the base. When the verb is used with a modal, it regains the prefix at the end of the sentence. When it is the main verb of the sentence, the prefix is moved to the end of the sentence.

An "example" in English would be the word "intake". When it is used as a verb, it becomes "take ... in". When it is used as an adjective or a noun, it becomes "intake" again.

Two easy examples of separable verbs are aussehen and mitkommen. Note that aussehen is also irregular.

aussehen - to appear

mitkommen - to come along/with

title: German/Appendices/Grammar II


text:
Talk:Dianne Wiest

1946
birthdata database has her born in 1946.As does intelius. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vaudeville2009 (talk • contribs) 20:54, 11 July 2010 (UTC)
 * That is accurate. I corrected the article. All Hallow's Wraith (talk) 04:50, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

Year of Birth
She was born in 1948, not in 1946 as this page has somehow is led to believe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:12, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

Year of birth - interview
In the interview cited in the note, nothing is said about the age of Dianne Wiest. Cher was 44 at the time. Just read with attention https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YudPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fAgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6758,3397621 Enrico Marletti
 * Yeah, I agree. I've removed the date of birth information in this edit. Our biographies of living persons policy is very clear that we require reliable sources, none of which have been provided in this case. --MZMcBride (talk) 20:55, 1 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Pinging All Hallow's Wraith in case they would like weigh in. I realize it's been many years since this issue was first raised. I did some quick searching earlier today and I couldn't find anything definitive or authoritative. Some interviews mention an age (this piece for example says 66 and was published in 2015), but none of them aligned with a birth year of 1946. While date of birth is a key and standard part of a human biography, we really must err on the side of caution here and not include a date of birth unless it's appropriately sourced. --MZMcBride (talk) 02:21, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I added a note that her birth year is “contested” and provided two sources for both ‘46 and ‘48. Chadwick Boseman had a similar debate about a year ago. Perhaps the 1946 sources are just outliers, but feel we can’t have *no* birth year in a biography article; 1948 seems to be the better-sourced/more prevailing date, though. TropicAces (talk) 16:14, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi TropicAces. Thank you for investigating this. Do we have any other sources besides TV Tropes for 1946? TV Tropes is a wiki (example page history) and I'm not sure it's considered reliable for a biography of a living person. I get a feeling that TV Tropes was following Wikipedia in this case. --MZMcBride (talk) 00:26, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

MZMcBride I honestly couldn’t find many sources that said 1946 or had the math support ‘46. Most everything I found said 1948. So we may not even have to include the note mentioning the 1946 date, since the whole reason this started (above) was from a misunderstanding. TropicAces (talk) 02:15, 4 March 2021 (UTC)tropicAces

Year of birth - evidence
In the interest of accuracy, the year of her birth is 1946. This is because of the following conclusive evidence, all of which is found on Ancestry.com. 1). A passenger manifest of 19 August 1948 shows Dianne E. Wiest arriving in New York on the Cunard liner SS Queen Elizabeth with her mother Anne S. Wiest, 28, born in Scotland. Dianne is shown as born in Missouri and is 2 years of age. This can only be the Dianne E. Wiest in question here, the later actress, because of all the data. 2). The outbound passenger manifest for the same voyage from 14 August 1948 shows Dianne Wiest departing with Anne Wiest from Southampton, England on the SS Queen Elizabeth as well, with the added detail that the birthplace of Anne is Auchtermuclty, Fife, Scotland. Their ages are again given as 2 and 28 respectively. 3). A more extensive record in the U.S., Index to Public Records, 1994-2019, shows Dianne E. Wiest residing at several addresses in Manhattan and born in March 1946. 4). The U.S., Public Records Index, 1950-1993, Volume 1, gives addresses of Dianne E. Wiest in 1986, 1990, and 1991 in New York and states that her birthdate is 28 March 1946. 5). In the U.S., Public Records Index, 1950-1993, Volume 2, there is an entry for Dianne E. Wiest, residing at 1278 W 79 St 8c in New York, born on 28 March 1946. 6). The U.S., Public Records Index, 1950-1993, Volume 2, also shows Dianne E. Wiest residing at Williams College in Williamstown, MA, and gives her birthdate as 28 March 1946. 7). No public records show the supposed alternative date of 1948. Now, I mean no harm to this talented and accomplished actress, but the actual truth ought to be brought out. Just because 1948 is more frequent on the Internet means nothing; none of those are documentary sources.LCalpurniusPiso (talk) 04:29, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

God awful picture
is there something better to give this wonderful actress's article some appeal?

Vandalism Warning
Possible vandalism of this page was mentioned on Last Week Tonight by John Oliver on 13 November 2016. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:C581:4A40:F0E3:44B:EA64:D558 (talk) 16:22, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Fact check: He didn't mention he saw the page vandalized, he used it as an example of how easy it is for someone to lie on the internet. Someone then laughed at that joke while in front of a computer, googled an actor nobody had ever heard of before, and thought it would be funny to take the joke a step too far. But while you're at it... could you at least change the picture so it doesn't look like she's a Sith Lord? Because that's just mean, Wiki. Really mean. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:48, 14 November 2016 (UTC)
 * That's the image we have. If you can find a better, freely-licenced alternative, put a note at WP:Files for upload and we'll replace it. -- AntiCompositeNumber (Leave a message) 21:54, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hoax
Please revert this. The editor who put it in is a persistent long time "Easter" hoaxer. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:48, 11 October 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 00:51, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

 * LOL. This IP address is a descendant of one of at least three used in the previous months as a deterrent of factual information. The fact that this request was pushed through so quickly from a Talk page, no less, hints at conspiracy and agenda to say the least.

 * Easter is not a hoax, nor has it ever been. It is an independent, crowdfunded project to which a number of people have endorsed. Dianne Wiest and Glenn Close are surely aware of this, and on board with it. Do some research and quit being a coward. Captain camEO (talk) 00:48, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Yep, it's all a giant conspiracy; you figured it out. But juuuuuuuuust on the off chance that I only came by here because I was bored and decided to take a look through some semi-protected edit requests, you should know that telling me (or others) to "do the research" isn't going to fly; the onus is on you to find reliable, secondary sources when adding information to articles.  This is especially important for information about living persons.  Please click through the links and read the relevant policies.  Also, see the policies about civility and no personal attacks.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 04:31, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Yeah, my Internet provider gives me a different IP address if I turn off my modem for more than a set time. That happens in lots of places, no conspiracy, sorry.  See the discussion on lease expiration at DHCP.
 * For anyone wanting to explore this crowdfunded series of operas and sequels to Die Hard (film series) please check out the web site for the project and admins (I believe) can take at look the now deleted article Die, Detective!. It's all rather bizarre. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:29, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dianne Wiest


text:
Baz-e Heydar

Baz-e Heydar (, also Romanized as Bāz-e Ḩeydar; also known as Bār-e Ḩeydar) is a village in Zeberkhan Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 109, in 35 families.

title: Baz-e Heydar


text:
Gurguiata

The Gurguiata is a left tributary of the river Bahlui in Romania. It discharges into the Bahlui near Belcești. Its length is 33 km and its basin size is 127 km2. The Gurguiata valley has been heavily modified by human activity. There are many storage reservoirs in the valley, used mainly for flood control and for intensive fishing. The largest of these is Lake Plopi, located northeast of Belcești.

title: Gurguiata


text:
Zhangzhou

Etymology
From the romanization of, from its former status as the seat of Zhang Prefecture, named for the Zhang River.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 漳州
 * Hakka: 漳州
 * Hokkien: 漳州
 * Mandarin:
 * Japanese: 漳州, ショウ州
 * Korean: ^장주, ^장저우
 * Manchu: ᠵᠠᠩᠵᡠ
 * Russian: Чжанчжо́у
 * Vietnamese: Chương Châu

title: Zhangzhou


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/James A. Ortte

The result was   delete. j⚛e deckertalk 03:33, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

James A. Ortte

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Delete: Fails WP:BLP  Arun Kumar SINGH (Talk)  08:06, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Virginia-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:57, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Law-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:57, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:57, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Delete. The officeholder is not inherently notable (see WP:POLITICIAN), and the individual has no claim of notability beyond being an officeholder and having bought a prop from a Transformers movie.  Ortte is one of 16 local magistrates in Virginia's District 31, and there are at least 30 other districts.  Even if he were Chief Magistrate of the district (he's not; that's Lawrie Falck Moncure), that would be an insufficient basis for notability.  The magistrates "perform[] limited judicial duties and personnel providing supervision, training and support." Basically, just a local judge lite.  Delete. TJRC (talk) 00:33, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete local judges are not inherently notable.John Pack Lambert (talk) 21:01, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment for what it is worth, the article also makes impossible assertions. Mrs. Ortte (wife of subject) could not have been granted assylum by Reagan in 1993 because Reagan's term ended in 1989.John Pack Lambert (talk) 21:02, 13 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Intelligence Intensification/The Theoretician Versus the Practician

Is this page really necessaru? Is it valueable? --DanielJanzon 00:50, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

What does "???6=7" mean and why is it there? Lukys (discuss • contribs) 19:36, 17 February 2012 (UTC)


text:
F. Dean Toste

F. Dean Toste (born 1971 in Terceira, Azores, Portugal) is the Gerald E. K. Branch Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley and faculty scientist at the chemical sciences division of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. He is a prominent figure in the field of organic chemistry and is best known for his contributions to gold chemistry and asymmetric ion-pairing catalysis. Toste was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2020, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2018.

Education and training
Toste attended the University of Toronto for his undergraduate and masters studies in the group of Ian Still. With Still, Toste developed several novel reactions of thiocyanates   that were then applied towards the synthesis of the natural product Varacin. He earned his B.Sc. in 1993 and his M.Sc. in 1995. Toste attended graduate school at Stanford University, earning his PhD under the supervision of Barry Trost in 2000 While at Stanford, Toste published twenty-four publications on a range of topics, including phenols in palladium-catalyzed reactions,  and ruthenium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming reactions. He also completed the enantioselective total syntheses of the natural products (−)-galanthamine, (−)-aflatoxin B1 and (−)-calanolide A and B.

From 2001 to 2002, Toste conducted postdoctoral studies at the California Institute of Technology with Robert H. Grubbs, where he worked on ruthenium-catalyzed cross-metathesis variants of the olefin metathesis reaction.

Independent career
Toste joined the faculty at Berkeley in 2002 as an assistant professor. He was promoted to associate professor in 2006, and professor in 2009. In 2017, Toste was appointed the Gerald E. K. Branch Distinguished Professor. He has served as a faculty scientist at the chemical sciences division of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab since 2007.

Awards and honors
Toste is the recipient of numerous awards for his work, including the Janssen Prize for Creativity in Organic Synthesis in 2018, the Humboldt Research Award in 2016, the Catalysis in Organic Chemistry Award from the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2018, and the American Chemical Society Cope Scholar and E. J. Corey Awards.

title: F. Dean Toste


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Waves/Anisotropic Media

Anisotropic Media
Notice that Snell's law makes the implicit assumption that rays of light move in the direction of the light's wave vector, i. e., normal to the wave fronts. As the analysis in the previous chapter makes clear, this is valid only when the optical medium is isotropic, i. e., the wave frequency depends only on the magnitude of the wave vector, not on its direction.

Certain kinds of crystals, such as those made of calcite, are not isotropic -- the speed of light in such crystals, and hence the wave frequency, depends on the orientation of the wave vector. As an example, the angular frequency in anisotropic medium might take the form
 * $$ \omega = \left[ \frac{c_1^2 ( k_x + k_y )^2}{2} + \frac{c_2^2 ( k_x - k_y )^2}{2} \right]^{1/2}, $$ (4.4)

where $$c_1$$ is the speed of light for waves in which $$k_y = k_x$$, and $$c_2$$ is its speed when $$k_y = - k_x$$.

Figure 3.3: The right panel shows the fate of a light ray normally incident on the face of a properly cut calcite crystal. The anisotropic dispersion relation which gives rise to this behavior is shown in the left panel.

Figure 3.3 shows an example in which a ray hits a calcite crystal oriented so that constant frequency contours are as specified in equation (3.4). The wave vector is oriented normal to the surface of the crystal, so that wave fronts are parallel to this surface. Upon entering the crystal, the wave front orientation must stay the same to preserve phase continuity at the surface. However, due to the anisotropy of the dispersion relation for light in the crystal, the ray direction changes as shown in the right panel. This behavior is clearly inconsistent with the usual version of Snell's law!

It is possible to extend Snell's law to the anisotropic case. We will not derive the equations here, but they are
 * $$ \frac{dx_i}{dt}=\frac{\partial \omega}{\partial k_i} \quad

\frac{dk_i}{dt}=-\frac{\partial \omega}{\partial x_i}$$

Later we will see a suggestive resemblance between these equation of geometrical optics and the equations of classical mechanics.

For now, though, we will assume that isotropic optical media are used, and discuss optical instruments.

title: Waves/Anisotropic Media


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Melanotan II

Melanotan II is a synthetic analogue of the peptide hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that stimulates melanogenesis and increases sexual arousal.

It was under development as drug candidate for female sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction but clinical development ceased by 2003, and as of 2018, no product containing melanotan II was marketed and all commercial development had ceased.

Unlicensed, untested, or fraudulent products sold as "melanotan II" are found on the Internet, and purported to be effective as "tanning drugs", though side effects such as uneven pigmentation (it makes already uneven pigmentation more noticeable), new nevi (moles), and darkening or enlargement of existing moles have been reported and have led to medical authorities discouraging its use. There has been no scientific study into the long term and permanent side effects the use of this peptide may cause.

Synthesis
In the synthesis of melanotan II, an ε-amino group of lysine and an γ-carboxy group of aspartic acid have their orthogonal protection removed before undergoing a carbodiimide mediated lactamization, leading to an intermediate. This intermediate, when attached to N-acetylnorleucine, forms melanotan II. The entire process can be accomplished in 12 steps with an overall yield of 2.6%, and the product is more than 90% pure without preparative chromatography.

Mechanism of action
Melanotan II acts as a non-selective agonist of the melanocortin receptors MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC5.

Melanotan II produces melanogenesis by activation of the MC1 receptor, whereas its clinically documented sexual effects are thought to be related to its ability to activate the MC4 receptor (though the MC3 is thought to also possibly be involved).

Other effects of melanotan II, mostly regarded as adverse effects, include flushing, nausea, vomiting, stretching, yawning, and loss of appetite (the last via activation of MC4).

History
Research in the early 1960s showed that in rats, administration of α-MSH caused sexual arousal, and work on this continued in many labs up through the 1980s, when scientists at the University of Arizona began attempting to develop α-MSH and analogs as potential sunless tanning agents, and synthesized and tested several analogs, including melanotan-I and melanotan II.

Early in the research process one of the scientists, who was conducting experiments on himself with an early tool compound, melanotan II, injected himself with twice the dose he intended to and got an eight-hour erection, along with nausea and vomiting.

As a tanning agent, melanotan I (now known as afamelanotide) was licensed by Competitive Technologies, a technology transfer company operating on behalf of the University of Arizona, to an Australian startup called Epitan, which changed its name to Clinuvel in 2006. As a sexual dysfunction agent, melanotan II was licensed by Competitive Technologies to Palatin Technologies. Palatin ceased development of melanotan II in 2000 and synthesized, patented, and began to develop bremelanotide, a likely metabolite of melanotan II that differs in that it has a carboxy group where melanotan II has an amide. Competitive Technologies sued Palatin for breach of contract and tried to claim ownership of bremelanotide; the parties settled in 2008 with Palatin retaining rights to bremelanotide, returning rights to melanotan II to Competitive Technologies, and paying US$800,000.

Society and culture
Numerous products are sold online and in gyms and beauty salons as "melanotan" or "melanotan-1" or "melanotan-2" in their marketing.

The unregulated products are not legal to be sold for human usage in any jurisdiction.

Starting in 2007, health agencies in various countries began issuing warnings against their use.

"Hubiopharm" became the first company in the territory of the Russian Federation to register and introduce into civil circulation a cosmetic product under the brand name "Melanotan."

title: Melanotan II


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Oreochromis urolepis

The Wami tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis) or Rufiji tilapia is a species tilapiine cichlid that is native to Morogoro Region of Tanzania. It is an important food fish and has been introduced to several other countries, although most of these populations possibly are hybrids with close relatives, especially Mozambique and Nile tilapia.

This species reaches up to 44.0 cm in standard length. This tilapia is found in fresh and brackish waters.

The two subspecies, geographically separated, are:
 * O. u. hornorum (Trewavas, 1966) (Wami tilapia)
 * O. u.urolepis (Norman, 1922) (Rufigi tilapia)

title: Oreochromis urolepis


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BASIC Programming/Beginning BASIC/PRINT, CLS, and END

BASIC Programming > Beginning BASIC > Your First Program

Introduction
In the previous code example, we wrote your first BASIC program. In it, you saw examples of PRINT, CLS, and END commands. Their roles in the program may or may not have been apparent at the time, but, as they're so vital to the BASIC language, they will be discussed here.

Output
(CLS) Hello, world!" I'm making the sample program clear and understandable." This text is being printed via the PRINT command." On the next line, I'll use CLS, which will clear everything I just printed, so you won't even see the preceding text." Also, you can't give CLS a line to PRINT; it won't actually do anything" (CLS) Finally, on line 80, I'll use END, which will keep me from reaching line 90." (END) -Program end-

Discussion
From that example, it's fairly easy to deduce what each command does.

 * CLS
 * An abbreviation that stands for the words CLear Screen. In the above program, when you used CLS on line 60, all of the words that were printed to the screen were wiped away.

 * PRINT
 * Writes to the screen. There are commands for printing to other things, like a printer, but that's to be discussed later. Each new PRINT command will start printing on a new line. To insert a blank line, don't specify a string to print. The syntax for "PRINT" is: PRINT "[whatever you want to be printed here]"

 * END
 * It stops the program at that line; that is, anything that's added after that won't show. That's why the PRINT command on line 90 didn't print anything. The END command can be included in control structures to end the program if a condition is met. This will be discussed with control structures.

What is happening?
 * 1) Line 10 the display is cleared.
 * 2) Lines 20 through 50 print text to the screen.
 * 3) Line 60 clears the display.
 * 4) Line 70 shows the message you should see after you run this program.
 * 5) Line 80 ends the program.
 * 6) Line 90 shows that an END statement stops the program. No instruction following an END statement is executed.

Given the state of computer speed today you should not see the paragraph displayed by lines 20 through 50, it should be cleared by the CLS statement on Line 60 before you have a chance to see it. If you slow the program down you can see the program write the message to the screen. Line 70 is then written to the screen/display then Line 80 stops everything. Line 90 never, ever runs.


text:
Category:Spanish Language Division

The Spanish Language Division coordinates and focuses studies on the Spanish language which relate to the language itself.

 * The main article of this category is the Spanish Language Division.

title: Category:Spanish Language Division


text:
Talk:1997 Miami tornado

Name
I moved "1997 Miami Tornado" to "1997 Miami tornado" to comply with Naming conventions (events). --Rosiestep (talk) 23:23, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:1997 Miami tornado


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/purplethistlethreads.co

Links

 * purplethistlethreads.co resolves to [//X X]
 * Link is not on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the domainredlist.
 * Link is not on the Monitorlist.
 * None of the mentioned users is on the blacklist.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.
 * Link is not on the whitelist.
 * Link is not on the monitor list.

Users
No users found.

Additions
No additions recorded.


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Queen Sirikit Naval Hospital

Queen Sirikit Naval Hospital (โรงพยาบาลสมเด็จพระนางเจ้าสิริกิติ์) also stylised Somdech Phranangchao Sirikit Hospital, is a hospital located in Sattahip District, Chonburi Province, Thailand. It is a military hospital operated by the Naval Medical Department, The Royal Thai Navy particularly for personnel of the Royal Thai Navy, but also for the general public. It has a CPIRD Medical Education Center which trains medical students for the Faculty of Medicine, Burapha University. It is an affiliated teaching hospital of Phramongkutklao College of Medicine and the Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University.

History
Queen Sirikit Naval Hospital was constructed following the increase in usage of the Abhakornkiatiwong Hospital of Sattahip Naval Base, the increase in naval personnel and the development of the nearby U-Tapao International Airport and industrial areas such as Map Ta Phut. At the same time, this coincided with "The Celebrations on the Auspicious of Her Majesty the Queen's 5th Cycle Birthday Anniversary" and Queen Sirikit came and laid the foundation of the hospital on 18 August 1992. The construction was completed on 20 November 1995.

title: Queen Sirikit Naval Hospital


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Hilary Finucane

Hilary Kiyo Finucane is an American computational biologist who is Co-Director of the Program in Medical and Population Genetics at the Broad Institute. Her group combines genetic data with molecular data to understand the origins and mechanisms of disease.

Early life and education
Finucane grew up in Maryland. She has said that her family enjoyed music and science. Finucane became interested in policy as a child, and started an Amnesty International student chapter at her high school. She was an undergraduate student at Harvard College, where eventually majored in mathematics and spent her spare time taking part in chamber music. After graduating from Harvard in 2009 Finucane moved to Israel where she joined the Weizmann Institute of Science. Here she focused on theoretical computer science, completing a dissertation on geometric group theory. She developed an analytical tool (the maximal information coefficient) that allows users to search complex data sets in an effort to identify meaningful relationships. Finucane became interested in the application of complex theoretical mathematics to the real world. She returned to the United States in 2012, where she worked toward a doctorate in applied mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She eventually started working with Alkes Price, with whom she developed statistical methods for understanding the genetic basis of human disease. In particular, Finucane considered how specific parts of the genome relate to activity in different cell types, making use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to model these relationships.

Research and career
Finucane was appointed a Schmidt Fellow at the Broad Institute. She was awarded an National Institutes of Health Independence Award to combine data from ENCODE, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, with GWAS and other biological information to better understand the cell types relevant to a particular disease. Soon after joining the Broad Institute, Finucane was made Associate Director of Medical and Population Genetics.

Personal life
Finucane is married to Yakir Reshef, a computer scientist who works on the immune system. She met him during middle school.

title: Hilary Finucane


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Akuapim-Mampong

Akuapim-Mampong is a town in the Akuapim North district of the Eastern Region of Ghana. It shares boundaries with Mamfe .It is famous for being the first place cocoa was planted in Ghana by Tetteh Quarshie

History
A 1772 Dutch report included the name Mampo (Mampong) in their records. This indicates that Mampong had been founded before 1772. The name Mampong might have been taken from the Shai village, Mankpon. Another tradition indicated that early settlers, after defeating an invading Asante army moved from an old settlement to a new one – the Damti shrine neighbourhood. In jubilation, they uttered the Akan words "Yɛabedu ha yi de, yɛapɔn" Meaning, so far so good! Constant use of that phrase evolved to become Mampong.

The third probable reason for the name is the connection Mampong-Akuapem has with her Asante counterpart. Mampong became famous when Tetteh Quarshie planted in 1879 some cocoa seeds in the town. He had brought them from Fernando Po. A plantation was set up in the 1890s to teach farmers the correct methods of raising the cocoa plant and other crops. Farmers of Mampong became the pioneers of the cocoa industry in Ghana.

July 7, 2017 Dr. Obadele Kambon, celebrated linguist, scholar, and professor at the University of Ghana at Legon, was enstooled as the Banmuhene Kyidɔmhene of Akuapem Mampɔn, (spelled as "Akuapim Mampong" throughout the rest of the article). He is the Banmuhene's king of the rear-guard for the Akuapem Mampɔn traditional area. He is the first person from the African diaspora to be given this prestigious honour. It's both a warrior title/role as well as a spiritual one.

Festival
The People of Mampong celebrate Ohum and this ceremony is usually held in September/October. Ohum is one of Ghana's many festivals that see attendance from people from all walks of life including the diaspora.

For many decades, the Ohum Festival has been a staple of Ghana's colourful, vibrant and diverse cultural expression, bringing together people from all walks of life to celebrate themes of victory, gratitude and harvest, in unity. However, even before Odwira became a part of Ghana's cultural landscape it had long been celebrated by the people of Abiriw, Dawu and Awukugua in the Eastern Region.

The Ohum festival is celebrated to mark the beginning of harvesting new farm crops, just like the Homowo of the Gas, Ahoboa and Bakatue of the Ahantas, and Aboakyere of the Awutus and Afutus, Kundum of the Fantes, Adaekese of the Ashantis, Hogbotsotso of Anlo (Ewes), Dambaa of the Dagombas, and Appoo of Brong-Ahafo.

Ohum is an ancient traditional festival of the people of Akuapem, particularly the Larteh and Okere people including Abiriw who are Guans.

Health care
Akuapim-Mampong is the home Centre for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine. The centre conducts research in the use of plant medicine in the cure of various ailments.

There is also the Tetteh Quarshie Memorial Hospital.

Notable places

 * Tetteh Quarshie cocoa farm

Education
Mampong has several educational institutions across all the town.

Mampong is also known for its Special education for the deaf (Mampong Senior Technical School for the Deaf).

Below are some of the secondary schools in Mampong Akuapem:

 * Demonstration School for the Deaf
 * Presbyterian Senior High School

title: Akuapim-Mampong


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Cookbook:Beef

| Basic foodstuffs | Meat and poultry

Beef is meat obtained from a bull, steer (castrated bull), or cow.

Production
There are two primary beef rearing methods. In some parts of the world (e.g. Australia and South America), beef cattle self-feed on grass and weeds while roaming around. This produces beef with fat deposits on the outsides of the beef cuts, where they can be removed before cooking. In the USA and some other countries, feedlot beef is much more common. These animals are confined to a small stockyard and fed primarily on grain. Feedlot animals produce beef which is tender, mild flavored, and marbled with large amounts of fat.

There is a special kind of beef produced in Japan called Kobe beef, which goes a step beyond feedlot production. Beef cattle of the Wagyu breed are hand-raised, fed on a diet of beer and quality grain, and given regular massages. This produces super-tender beef with lots of marbled fat. Kobe beef sells at a premium price because of the higher costs of feed and production.

After slaughter, beef must be allowed to rest and naturally tenderize before cooking. The tenderizing process may go a step further with dry aging, where beef is allowed to carefully putrefy under controlled cold and dry conditions. This concentrates its flavor and creates a more tender texture.

Characteristics
Beef is considered a red meat due to its higher levels of myoglobin. Very fresh meat that has not been exposed to oxygen will have a purpleish color. Once exposed to oxygen, the meat will turn bright red and eventually oxidize to brown after over a week. Beef fat is distributed both around individual cuts and within the muscle, the latter of which is called marbling. The more marbling, the more flavorful and tender the beef after cooking.

Beef is high in flavor compared to lighter meats, and it works well in many applications. It takes well to strong flavors. Beef from different parts of the animal will differ in flavor and texture. Generally, the more flavorful the meat, the less tender, and vice versa. Beef increases in tenderness the higher up it is on the animal, as the less-used muscles are the tenderest. Animal age also impacts the beef's tenderness, with younger animals producing more tender meat.

Grading
The USDA beef rating system encourages beef with high amounts of intramuscular fat by giving high scores to highly-marbled beef. From least marbled to most marbled, the grades are standard, select, choice, and prime. Subdivisions have recently been added; a "-" indicates a cut with less marbling while a "+" indicates more marbling. The letter grades refer to age of the animal, with "A" being for the youngest animals.

Cuts
After slaughter, beef is divided into several sections called cuts, which are then further subdivided into smaller sections for serving. Different regions have different standards for cuts, depending on local cuisines and regulatory bodies. In continental Europe, cuts tend to derive from individual muscles, and each cut will primarily consist of one muscle group—this results in consistency of flavor and texture across the cut. In the UK and North America, some cuts may consist of multiple muscle groups.

American Cuts
In the United States, beef is first divided into the following large "primal" cuts:

Brisket is a dense, tough cut from the chest of the animal. It is fatty and flavorful, and it is best suited for long slow cooking, such as slow roasting and braising.

Chuck is derived from the shoulder. It is somewhat fatty and tough but has good flavor. Some smaller cuts from the chuck are flat-iron steak, stew meat, chuck roast, chuck short ribs, and top blade steaks. It is also often used for ground beef.

Flank cuts are tough with a low fat content. It is suitable for braising. Cuts from the flank include flank steak and london broil. It is often recommended to cut flank across the grain to avoid excess chewiness.

The loin is a very tender cut of beef near the rear of the animal. The short loin is the most tender, and yields smaller cuts including tenderloin, filet mignon, strip steak and roast, T-bone steak, and porterhouse steak. The sirloin is slightly less tender than the loin and yields sirloin steak, tri-tip, ball tip, and sirloin flap, among others. If too lean, loin cuts can end up bland and lacking in flavor.

The plate comes from the abdomen. Its smaller cuts include skirt steak and short ribs.

Rib cuts are generally tender cuts from the middle of the animal, which often feature marbling. They include short ribs, rib-eye steak, rib-eye roast, cowboy steak, and back ribs.

The round is generally lean, tough, and inexpensive. It yields various roasts and some round steaks.

The shank comes from the leg of the animal. It is very tough and requires slow cooking, but it has excellent flavor.

Bones
Beef bones contribute a good deal of flavor, which is usually extracted in stocks and broths. Marrow bones are thick bones from the shank, and the soft fatty marrow in the center is nutrient dense and rich—it can be spread on foods.

Offal
Beef heart is somewhat springy. Other beef variety meats include the tongue, tripe from the stomach, various glands—particularly the pancreas and thyroid—referred to as sweetbreads, the brain, the liver, the kidneys, and the tender testicles of the bull commonly known as "calf fries", "prairie oysters", or "Rocky Mountain oysters."

Selection and storage
When choosing beef, look for bright red meat. It should smell fresh and have no off colors.

Use
The method used to cook beef often depends on the cut. Tougher pieces of beef with more connective tissue benefit from long, slow, moist cooking—this breaks down the collagen and produces a tender and melting final product. Tender cuts can be quickly cooked using dry heat, but they can easily become overcooked and will then suffer in texture.

Several Asian and European nationalities include beef blood in their cuisine—the British use it to make black pudding, and Filipinos use it to make a stew called dinuguan. Tongue is usually sliced for sandwiches.

title: Cookbook:Beef


text:
Physics Study Guide/Thermodynamics

=Introduction= Thermodynamics deals with the movement of heat and its conversion to mechanical and electrical energy among others.

=Laws of Thermodynamics=

First Law
The First Law is a statement of conservation of energy law:

The First Law can be expressed as the change in internal energy of a system ($$\Delta U$$) equals the amount of energy added to a system (Q), such as heat, minus the work expended by the system on its surroundings (W).

If Q is positive, the system has gained energy (by heating).

If W is positive, the system has lost energy from doing work on its surroundings.

As written the equations have a problem in that neither Q or W are state functions or quantities which can be known by direct measurement without knowing the history of the system.

In a gas, the first law can be written in terms of state functions as

Zero-th Law
After the first law of Thermodynamics had been named, physicists realised that there was another more fundamental law, which they termed the 'zero-th'.

This is that:

An alternate form of the 'zero-th' law can be described:

This second statement, in turn, gives rise to a definition of Temperature (T):

Second Law
This law states that heat will never flow from a cold object to a hot object.

$$ S = k_B \cdot ln(\Omega) $$

where $$k_B$$ is the Boltzmann constant ($$k_B = 1.380658 \cdot 10^{-23} \mbox{ kg m}^2 \mbox{ s}^{-2} \mbox{ K}^{-1}$$) and $$\Omega$$ is the partition function, i. e. the number of all possible states in the system.

This was the statistical definition of entropy, there is also a "macroscopic" definition:

$$ S = \int \frac{\mathrm{d}Q}{T} $$

where T is the temperature and dQ is the increment in energy of the system.

Third Law
The third law states that a temperature of absolute zero cannot be reached.

=Temperature Scales=

There are several different scales used to measure temperature. Those you will most often come across in physics are degrees Celsius and kelvins.

Celsius temperatures use the symbol Θ. The symbol for degrees Celsius is °C. Kelvin temperatures use the symbol T. The symbol for kelvins is K.

The Celsius Scale
The Celsius scale is based on the melting and boiling points of water.

The temperature for freezing water is 0 °C. This is called the freezing point

The temperature of boiling water is 100 °C. This is called the steam point.

The Celsius scale is sometimes known as 'Centigrade', but the CGPM chose degrees Celsius from among the three names then in use way back in 1948, and centesimal and centigrade should no longer be used. See Wikipedia for more details.

The Kelvin Scale
The Kelvin scale is based on a more fundamental temperature than the melting point of ice. This is absolute zero (equivalent to −273.15 °C), the lowest possible temperature anything could be cooled to—where the kinetic energy of any system is at its minimum. The Kelvin scale was developed from an observation on how the pressure and volume of a sample of gas changes with temperature-  PV/T   is  a constant. If the temperature ( T)was reduced, then the pressure ( P) exerted by Volume (V) the Gas would also reduce, in direct proportion. This is a simple experiment and can be carried out in most school labs. Gases were assumed to  exert no pressure  at  -273 degree Celsius. ( In fact all gases will have condensed into liquids or solids at a somewhat higher temperature)

Although the Kelvin scale starts at a different point to Celsius, its units are of exactly the same size.

Therefore:

=Specific Latent Heat=

Energy is needed to break bonds when a substance changes state. This energy is sometimes called the latent heat. Temperature remains constant during changes of state.

To calculate the energy needed for a change of state, the following equation is used:

The specific latent heat, L, is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of the substance without changing the temperature.

The latent heat of fusion refers to melting. The latent heat of vapourisation refers to boiling.

=Specific Heat Capacity=

The specific heat capacity is the energy needed to raise the temperature of a given mass by a certain temperature.

The change in temperature of a substance being heated or cooled depends on the mass of the substance and on how much energy is put in. However, it also depends on the properties of that given substance. How this affects temperature variation is expressed by the substance's specific heat capacity (c). This is measured in J/(kg·K) in SI units.

title: Physics Study Guide/Thermodynamics


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Crochet

Yarn
There are many different materials that can be used for Crochet. Strips of fabric, string, wire, ribbons, and embroidery threads can all be used although yarn the most commonly used. The best yarn to use for crochet is a smooth and firm one as this achieves the best results.

Hook
The hooks used for Crochet come in a variety of sizes but in two basic styles: Standard Crochet Hooks and Tunisian Hooks.

Standard Crochet Hooks
Hooks can come in a wide variety of sizes, colors, and materials. The type and size of hook will be determined by the pattern and the thickness of the thread.

Tunisian Hooks
Unlike regular crochet hooks these have a cylindrical shaft and knob at the end to prevent stitches from falling off. These specialized hooks are used for Tunisian Crochet, a specialized form of Crochet. They are also known as 'tricot needles'.

Tape Measure
A tape measure to measure ones work is of great benefit in checking tension.

Scissors
A sturdy and sharp pair of scissors are necessary for cutting the ends off yarn.

Stitch Markers
These are used to mark a place in a piece of work. The purpose may be to indicate a change in color or stitch, or it may be used to calculate the number of stitches up to that point. Needles or safety pins make adequate stitch markers.

Tapestry Needles
Are necessary to stitch away the ends of yarn that are left over on a project after the crochet work is completed. This is a necessary process to tidy up the work and to ensure that the ends do not start to unravel the completed work.

Things To Keep in Mind
Make note of which way you hook something. Over can give a different result from under. Do it the same way every time for even rows. Keeping an even tension on the yarn helps make the project come out neater. Don't pull it too tight- You probably have to poke the hook back through that hole later. Also, keep track of the number of stitches in a row. If you know how many stitches you should have, it's easier to find out if you missed one.

The Chain
The basic unit of crochet is the slip knot. If you pull the end of the yarn at the working edge of the unfinished project, you should be able to completely unravel it. Think of it as a huge, elaborate slip knot. To see how the basics of crochet work, you don't need to start with a hook. Mark one end of your rope. Make a slip knot. /*add a picture*/ Make a loop at the base of the slip knot using the marked end of the rope. /*add a picture*/ Pull this loop through the loop of the slip knot. /*add a picture*/ Make another loop with the marked end and pull it through the last loop you made. /*add a picture*/ Continue to do this a few more times until you have a chain that looks like a braid on one side. /*add a picture*/

Practice this until you can make a chain without any twists. You are now ready to do this with a hook.

Double
When working from a chain, yarn over. Insert hook into third chain from the hook. Yarn over. Pull through the chain stitch. Yarn over. Pull through the first two loops on the hook. Yarn over. Pull through the two remaining loops.

When working the second row, chain two, yarn over and insert hook in the second stitch of the row. Yarn over. Pull through the stitch. Yarn over. Pull through the first two loops on the hook. Yarn over. Pull through the two remaining loops

Video Stitch Guides: (Right-handed), (Left-handed)

Projects

 * Clothing
 * Hats
 * Scarves
 * Sweaters
 * Skirts

 * Jewelry

 * Satchels

 * Household
 * Afghans
 * Pillows
 * Floormats
 * Bowls
 * Toys
 * Washcloth

title: Crochet


text:
User:Dream mind/Sandbox

 * Turbo Machines
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 * Boiling
 * My templates
 * Navier-stokes equation
 * Heat Exchangers
 * FRP

title: User:Dream mind/Sandbox


text:
Παρμενίδης

Proper noun

 * : Parmenides
 * 1) in particular, the pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenides of Elea

title: Παρμενίδης


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Cookbook:Spatula

| Kitchen tools

A spatula is a hand-held tool that is used for lifting, flipping, or spreading. Spatulas have a handle that is long enough to keep the holder's hand away from what is being lifted or spread, as well as away from a hot surface.

The blade of the spatula is wide and thin. The shape of the blade varies, with square and rectangular shapes being most common. The blade is usually somewhat flexible. Spatula blades are often longer on the right side than the left, as this is more effective for right-handed people. There are also left-handed spatulas, but these are rarer.

Spatulas are usually made of plastic or metal, but wooden, rubber and silicone ones are also sometimes used. Metal spatulas generally have a wood or plastic handle to insulate them from the heat.

Varieties
There are many varieties of spatula. A frosting spatula has a long, thin blade. Spatulas designed to be used with a barbecue or other open flame have longer handles. A Chinese spatula is designed to be used with a wok; one edge is curved and they are firmer, to handle large amounts of food.

African turning stick
A "turning stick" is a type of wooden spatula or paddle commonly used in several African countries such as Nigeria. It is often used to mix swallows and other starchy foods.

Use
A spatula is essential for many types of cooking. They are especially needed when frying foods that need to be flipped. Spatulas can also be used to serve food. The blade of a cooking spatula is often slotted to allow liquids to flow through. In British English, this slotted utensil is called a fish slice.

title: Cookbook:Spatula


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Talk:Diarmuid Gavin

TV series about the Irish people
How about Blood of the Irish? And the coverage of Gavin at Chelsea is a bit lacking, sorry to say. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:13, 11 September 2019 (UTC)

Citizenship
Reverted recent edit removing British citizenship; whether passport holder or not, this refers: https://www.gov.uk/check-british-citizenship/born-in-the-uk-or-a-british-colony-before-1-january-1983 (up to 1983, after which more complex conditions, but even then...). Unless there is referenced evidence of renunciation.SeoR (talk) 22:18, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

Career
This section jumps straight from college to current consultancy, and garden shows. Where are early assignments and clients? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:31, 21 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diarmuid Gavin