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DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000

The DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 (H.R. 4640, 42 U.S.C. 14135 et seq.) is a United States Act of Congress that primarily allows US states to carry out DNA analyses for use in the FBI's Combined DNA Index System and to collect and analyse DNA samples.

DNA samples National index
Under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 42 U.S.C. § 14132, "Congress authorized the FBI to create a national index of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples taken from convicted offenders, crime scenes and victims of crime, and unidentified human remains." In response to this congressional mandate, the FBI established the Combined DNA Index System ("CODIS"). The CODIS database provides a means for state and local forensic laboratories to share DNA profiles in an attempt to "link evidence from crime scenes for which there are no suspects to DNA samples of convicted offenders on file in the system."

However, the 1994 Act was interpreted by the FBI to permit only the creation of the CODIS, not the taking of DNA samples of persons convicted of federal offenses for input into the system. Thus, "the FBI requested that Congress enact statutory authority to allow the taking of DNA samples from persons committing Federal crimes of violence, robbery, and burglary, or similar crimes in the District of Columbia or while in the military, and authorizing them to be included in CODIS."

Accordingly, Congress passed the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 ("DNA Act"), 42 U.S.C. § 14135 et seq., which authorizes the "Attorney General to make grants to eligible States... to carry out, for the inclusion in the Combined DNA Index System of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, DNA analyses of samples taken from individuals convicted of a qualifying State offenses." 42 U.S.C. § 14135(a)(1). Moreover, the DNA Act provides that "the Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall collect a DNA sample from each individual in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons who is, or has been, convicted of a qualifying Federal offense" and that "the probation office responsible for the supervision under Federal law of an individual on probation, parole, or supervised release shall collect a DNA sample from each such individual who is or has been, convicted of a qualifying Federal offense." 42 U.S.C. § 15135a(a)(1)-(2).

In addition, Congress has mandated the collection of DNA samples from "each individual in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons who is, or has been convicted of a qualifying District of Columbia offense" or any "individual under the supervision of the Agency who is on supervised release, parole, or probation who is, or has been convicted of a qualifying District of Columbia offense." 42 U.S.C. § 14135b(a)(1)-(2). Congress left to the District of Columbia the responsibility of determining which offenses under the District of Columbia Code should be deemed qualifying offenses. 42 U.S.C. § 14135b(d). The District of Columbia has determined that forty-nine separate offense qualify for collection under the DNA Act. See, D.C. Code § 22-4151(1)-(46). These qualifying offense include, for example, arson, aggravated assault, burglary, kidnaping, robbery, attempted robbery, and carjacking. Id.

Once a DNA sample is entered into the CODIS database, the information can be released only (1) "to criminal justice agencies for law enforcement identification purposes;" (2) "in judicial proceedings;" (3) "for criminal defense purposes, to a defendant, who shall have access to samples and analyses performed in connection with the case in which such defendant is charged;" or (4) "if personally identifiable information is removed, for a population statistics database, for identification research and protocol development purposes, or for quality control purposes." 42 U.S.C. § 14132(b)(3). In addition, the DNA Act imposes criminal penalties for individuals who improperly disclose sample results or improperly obtains or uses DNA samples. 42 U.S.C. § 14135e(c).


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Shady Rest, Warren County, Tennessee

Shady Rest is an unincorporated community in Warren County, in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

History
The community was named from the presence of the Shady Rest Tourist Court.

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shady Rest, Warren County, Tennessee


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Top-rated United States television programs of 1966–67

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1966–67 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.


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Talk:PHP/Introduction

Restructuring of Lessons
I am not the most experienced user on Wiki (very new in fact). Maybe it would be a good idea for someone to create an index page for lessons. I think the basic introduction is complete, and would like to add more pages, but a standard format for lessons and an index are needed! KJ 18:12, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Other PHP lessons/activities
Hi KJ, I've been building some activities under the Web Design topic that might be useful:
 * Web_Design/Dynamic_Websites/Responding_to_HTML_Forms
 * Web_Design/Dynamic_Websites/Calculating_Totals_and_Discounts
 * Web_Design/Dynamic_Websites/PHP_Challenges etc.

Maybe we could merge/work together or something? Michaelnelson 10:25, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Added PHP Sessions
I have created a new article, PHP Sessions. I am wondering if you guys could give it the once over, and suggest a place where it could fit in in this Introduction. Maybe another section for more 'intermediate' PHP concepts could be found. Thanks,

Punkstar 15:00, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

== click the next internet page ==

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== kontantlaan ==

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title: Talk:PHP/Introduction


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Visual Language Interpreting/Tools of the Trade

Homicide Cartel ( 187 Cartel )

Homicide Cartel aka 187 Cartel was made in July of 2017 by OG Ocho from OriginalBlockMafiaFamily and King Capone and TG from FastMoneyKings. Ocho and King was homies and had the same mission as each other, and it was to Money Power and Respect. They decided to come up with a gang that could bring them closer to each other, Ocho came up with the name Homicide Cartel and King agreed, Homicide Cartel became the main source and FastMoneyKings and OriginalBlockMafiaFamily the sets of it.KeKe girlfriend of TG was OG of FastMoneyQueens which was connected to FastMoneyKings wanted apart of it. So OriginalBlockMafiaFamily became the 1st set of Homicide Cartel, FastMoneyKings 2nd set and FastMoneyQueens 3rd set, this was a new come up in Aug of 2017 Homicide Cartel had 5sets in all from 2 new sets called FamilyAndLoyaltyOverEverything and OffThePorch. MT who is OG of FALOE and BK60 who is OG of OTP.

American Sign Language
Contrary to popular belief, American Sign Language is not international. For the most part there is a signed language for almost all countries. As with spoken languages, these vary from country to country. They are not based on the spoken language in the country of origin. And like spoken languages, they developed in antiquity.

A signed language can also be used in other contexts, where normal speech cannot be used. Native Americans were known to use a signed pidgin to facilitate communication among tribes who used different spoken languages.

American Sign Language is the dominant sign language in the United States, Canada and parts of Mexico. American Sign Language is usually abbreviated ASL, though it has also been known as Ameslan. As with other sign languages, its grammar and syntax are separate and distinct from the spoken language(s) spoken in its area of influence. Etymologically, ASL's origins stem from a nineteenth century blending of French Sign Language (LSF) when Deaf French Sign Language instructor, Leclerc, came over to the states. Other American regional and indigenous signed language systems, such as Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL), was developed by the residents of the Massachusetts island. Since there is no written form of ASL, it is possible that there may be other undocumented influences on the language, but there is no way to tell for certain.

ASL is a natural language as proved to the satisfaction of the linguistic community and by the research findings of William Stokoe. It is a manual language meaning that the information is expressed not with combinations of sounds, but with combinations of handshapes, movements of the hands, arms and body, and facial expressions.

Manual Codes of English
Manual codes of English (MCE) are signing systems (not languages) that utilize the manual component of a signed (read: nonverbal) language to convey the grammatical and syntactical structure of spoken English. They do not share the grammatical and syntactical structure of American Sign Language. Historically, there have been several attempted MCE systems, viz:

Signed English (SE)
Signed English is a simplified English-based code, SE only added fourteen grammatical markers. SE was developed in the mid-1970s by Harry Bornstein at Gallaudet College, and further explored in 1983 by Bornstein, Saulnier, & Hamilton. (See Gustason, G. (1990). Signing exact English and Bornstein, H. (1990). Signed English. In H. Bornstein (ed.) Manual Communication: Implications for Education. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.)

Seeing Essential English, or, formerly ‘SEE1’
Intended to reinforce basic English morphemic structure, in SEE1: SEE1 was developed in 1966 by David Anthony at Gallaudet College. SEE1 is no longer in use today.
 * 1) compound words are formed with separate signs (‘butter’+‘fly’)
 * 2) the same sign is used for homonyms (‘bear’ and ‘bare’)
 * 3) there is a heavy use of initialization (haVe)
 * 4) affixes, articles, and ‘to be’ verb were added

Signing Exact English, or, formerly ‘SEE2’
SEE2 is very similar to SEE1, however: SEE2 was developed in 1972 by Gerilee Gustason; SEE2 is currently the “signed English” that is used in American school systems. (This is the ‘Signing Exact English‘ referred to below.)
 * 1) compound words are conceptually accurate (‘butterfly,’ not ‘butter’+ ‘fly’)
 * 2) more ASL signs (one sounded word = one sign) are used
 * 3) there are at least seventy artificial/invented signs and affixes added to this system

Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE)
The LOVE system was a chirography system based on Seeing Essential English modes; it used the Stokoe Notation System (tab-dez-sig) to codify sentence structure. Unfortunately, there is very little explanation and/or examples extant of the LOVE system. LOVE was developed in 1972 by Dennis Wampler.

The Rochester Method
So-called because it was developed in 1878 by Zenas Westervelt, a teacher at the Western New York Institute for Deaf-Mutes (later Rochester School for the Deaf), in the Rochester Method, every word is fingerspelled. Sometimes used in tactile signing situations, some Deaf adults still use this method.

Signing Exact English
Signing Exact English (SEE) is a system of signing that strives to be an exact representation of English. It is an artificial system that was devised in 1972. It takes much of its vocabulary of signs from American Sign Language (ASL). However, it often modifies the handshapes used in the ASL signs in order to incorporate the handshape used for the first letter of the English word that the SEE sign is meant to represent. SEE can be thought of as a code for visually representing spoken English. It is used most often with Deaf children in educational settings - the initial goal of SEE was to facilitate the learning of English. It often finds use in the home too, however, as it is often welcomed as an alternative to ASL by hearing parents of Deaf children because it does not require them to learn a new grammar or syntax. Therfore, it is easier learn for people who have already internalized English. It is not often used by adult Deaf people except to communicate with hearing people who know some sign but who are not fluent users of ASL. SEE is not a single coded sign: there is SEE1, SEE2, L.O.V.E, MCE, and more.

As with almost every aspect of the education of deaf children, the use of SEE is mired in controversy concerning its efficacy and utility. In a way, it is a slight variation of the oralist vs. manualist controversy which has pitted those that have supported the use of sign language against those that believed in lipreading and speech therapy as the best way to educate deaf children. This debate has raged for centuries.

Cued Speech
Cued speech is a manual system which, when produced near the mouth while speaking, helps the Deaf disambiguate the phonemes in spoken language. Cued speech combines eight arbitrary handshapes and four locations to visually and phonetically approximate the sounds of English. While not a signed language, it is a visual means of representing spoken language segments. Developed in 1966 by Dr. Robert Cornett, an engineer at Gallaudet College, as an educational and communicative tool for the Deaf.

Consecutive Interpreting
In its purest form, consecutive interpretation is a mode in which the interpreter begins their interpretation of a complete message after the speaker has stopped producing the source utterance. At the time that the interpretation is rendered the interpreter is the only person in the communication environment who is producing a message. In practice, a consecutive interpretation may be rendered when the interpreter does not have a text in its entirety, that is, the person delivering the source utterance may have more to say, but the interpreter has enough information to deliver a message that could stand alone if need be. It is important to note that although the person who originated the message has ceased their delivery of new information, this speaker has not necessarily given up the floor and, once the interpretation has been delivered, the speaker may resume delivery of their message.

Though most people may be more familiar with simultaneous interpretation, where the interpreter renders their interpretation while still receiving the source utterance, consecutive interpretation has distinct advantages in certain interpreting situations, not the least of which is that consecutive interpretations render more accurate, equivalent[i], and complete target texts. In fact, the two modes, when performed successfully, employ the same cognitive processing skills, with the only difference being the amount of time that elapses between the delivery of the source utterance and the delivery of theinterpretation. This being the case, mastery of techniques used in consecutive interpretation can enhance an interpreter’s ability to work in the simultaneous mode. The Interpreting Process

Before we continue I would like to take a moment to explain the interpreting process in order to explain how consecutive interpretations produce more accurate and equivalent target texts. In order to interpret a text the interpreter must be able to receive and understand the incoming message and then express it’s meaning in the target language. In order to accomplish this task, the interpreter must go through an overlapping series of cognitive processing activities. These include: attending to the message, concentrating on the task at hand, remembering the message, comprehending the meaning of the message, analyzing the message for meaning, visualizing the message nonverbally, and finally reformulating the message in the target language[ii]. Seleskovitch (1978) compresses these tasks into three steps, noting that the second step includes the, “Immediate and deliberate discarding of the wording and retention of the mental representation of the message” (Seleskovitch, 8); interpreters often refer to this as “dropping form.”  By discarding the form (words, structure etc.) of the source text the interpreter is free to concentrate on extracting and analyzing the meaning of the text, and conceiving strategies for reformulating the message into the target language.

Seleskovitch, among others, points out that there is another practical reason for the interpreter to discard the form of the source text, there is only so much that a person can hold in their short-term memory. As the interpreter receives the source text the information passes initially through their short-term memory. If the interpreter does not do anything with this information it will soon disappear. Smith (1985) notes that, “Short term memory...has a very limited duration. We can remember...six or seven items only as long as we give all of our attention to them” (Smith, 38). If an interpreter attempts to retain the form of a source utterance their short-term memory will be quickly filled with individual lexical items, which may not even compose a full sentence. If the interpreter then attempts to find a corresponding lexical item in the target language for each of the source language forms in their short-term memory all of their attention will be wasted on translating these six items rather than attending to the incoming message, as Smith points out, “as long as pay attention to short-term memory we cannot attend to anything else” (Smith, 38). In a consecutively interpreted situation this would result in the interpreter stopping the speaker every six or seven words so that the interpreter could clear their short-term memory and prepare to receive new information. Cleary this is not a preferable manner in which to communicate, and, as Seleskovitch points out, it would require the interpreter to know every existing word in both languages.

It is because of the limitations of short-term memory that interpreters are required to drop form and concentrate on meaning. Both Seleskovitch and Smith propose that meaningful segments of great size can be placed into long-term memory and retrieved later. Of course a chunk of information must be understood in order to be meaningful. To demonstrate this idea Seleskovitch uses the example of a person who has just seen a movie, after viewing the film the person will be able to relate the plot and many of the details of the film. If the person continues to discuss the film with others the details will remain fresh in their mind for a longer period of time. In this example the person is able to remember the film because they understood it, and are, “conversant with the various themes found in films...the movie-goer can easily and fully process the ‘information’ conveyed...and for this reason he remembers” (Seleskovitch, 1979, 32). Smith adds, “it takes no longer to put a rich and relevant chunk of meaning into long-term memory than it does a useless letter or word” (Smith, 45), because of this the moviegoer will probably be able to relate the salient points of the film in a fraction of the time it took them to receive the information. Since the information was understood, its salient points can be reformulated into another mode of communication. For example, when the moviegoer discusses the plot of the film they do not recreate its form, nor do they take two hours to render their “interpretation.”

Due to the greater ease of assimilating larger meaningful chunks of information it behooves the interpreter to focus their attention on these larger chunks. A larger chunk of text will usually contain a greater amount of meaning. It is this relationship that aids the interpreter’s understanding of the source text when working consecutively. As shown above, once a chunk of information is understood it can be reformulated into another form. As Seleskovitch (1978) points out, “In consecutive interpretation the interpreter has the advantage of knowing line of the argument before he interprets” (Seleskovitch, 28).

Interpreters are not charged with merely understanding the message, they must also be able to remember it, in order to deliver their interpretation. Seleskovitch notes that dropping form aids the interpreter’s memory because they are not concentrating on remembering the words, or even the structure of the source text. Instead, the interpreter understands the message, connects it to long-term memory, and is then able to reformulate it in much the same way the moviegoer can relate the points of a film. Of course the interpreter must provide a more equivalent target text than the moviegoer. To this end interpreters working consecutively will often make notes as they take in the source utterance. These notes help the interpreter retrieve the message from their long-term memory and consist of, “symbols, arrows, and a key word here or there” (Seleskovitch, 1991, 7). These few notes are effective because interpreters do not produce their target texts based on the form used by the speaker but on what they understood of the meaning of the source text. The “key words” may consist of words that will remind the interpreter of the speaker’s point, or of specific information “such as proper names, headings and certain numbers” (Seleskovitch, 1978, 36).

Seleskovitch also points to the time afforded an interpreter working in the consecutive mode as an asset in reformulating the message in the target language. Because the interpreter does not need to split their attention between receiving the message, and monitoring their output, as is required in simultaneous, they can devote more of their processing to analysis and reformulation of the text thereby producing a more accurate and equivalent interpretation.

Situations for Consecutive Interpreting

Even though the interpreter’s goal is always to produce the most accurate and equivalent target text possible consecutive interpretation is not always possible. Situations where one speaker maintains the floor, with little or no interaction with the audience and situations where there is rapid turn taking between a group of interlocutors may require the interpreter to work simultaneously. While Seleskovitch notes that spoken language interpreters working at international conferences may sometimes interpret entire speeches consecutively, the consecutive mode often requires some type of pause so that the interpreter may render the message.

That said, there are situations that lend themselves to consecutive interpretation, I would like to discuss three such situations, one general, and two specific. In general, consecutive interpretation can be employed successfully in one-on-one interpreted interactions. One-on-one interactions often allow for more structured turn taking behavior than large group situations. Interviews, parent teacher meetings, and various type of individual consultations may be interpreted consecutively with minimal disruption to the flow of communication perceived by the participants.

Specifically, there are two types of interpreted situations that, due to the consequences involved, require consecutive interpretation rather than simultaneous. These are legal and medical interpreted interactions. In these situations, where a person’s life or freedom is at stake, accuracy and equivalence are of the utmost priority; as we have seen, consecutive interpretation provides greater accuracy and equivalence than simultaneous does. Palma (1995) points out that the density and complexity of witness testimony requires the interpreter to work consecutively, and to be aware of how long a chunk they can manage effectively. Palma notes that, especially during expert witness testimony, where the language used can be highly technical and is more likely to use complex sentence constructions; a segment of text that is short in duration may be extremely dense in terms of the content and complexity of its ideas. In this case the consecutive mode has the added advantage of allowing the interpreter to ask speaker to pause so that the interpreter may deliver the message. The interpreter may also take advantage of the time in which they hold the floor to ask the speaker for clarification. Use of the consecutive mode is also helped by the fact that court officials (attorneys, judges etc.) may be familiar with the norms of consecutive interpretation and by the fact that turn taking between the witness and the attorney often proceeds with only one the two speaking at any one time.

In the case of medical interpreting accuracy and equivalence are also at a premium due to the possible consequences of a misdiagnosis. Like expert witness testimony, doctor-patient interactions may be filled with medical jargon or explanations of bodily systems that may be particularly dense for the interpreter. Again turn taking may be more structured in a one-on-one medical environment especially if the patient is in full control of theirfaculties. As in the legal setting, the medical interpreter may take advantage of the structure of a doctor-patient interaction in order to request for pauses and clarifications.

Generally, the logistics of a consecutively interpreted interaction must be established before the communication takes place. In the case of a single speaker who will have little or no interaction with the audience this means either the speaker will pause for the interpreter, or the interpreter, and hopefully the audience, knows that the interpretation will not be delivered until the speaker has finished. Establishing the logistics with all the parties involved, before the interpreted interaction takes place, can help prevent the uneasiness that participants often feel while waiting for the interpreter to begin.

Consecutive in Relation to Simultaneous

As mentioned above the primary difference between consecutive and simultaneous interpreting is involves the time lapse between the delivery of the speaker’s message and the beginning of the interpretation. While this is a significant difference, one that provides more challenges for the interpreter, at their roots consecutive and simultaneous interpreting modes stem from the same set of cognitive processes. These processes are described by many interpreting theorists, (Gish, 1986-1994; Colonomos, 1989; Isham, 1986), while Seleskovitch (1978) establishes the parallel between consecutive and simultaneous. According to Seleskovitch an interpreter working in the simultaneous mode uses the same strategies, dropping form, analyzing the message for meaning, and developing a linguistically equivalent reformulation, as does the interpreter working consecutively. After all, the goal is the same for both interpreters; to deliver an accurate and equivalent target text. The difference is that in the simultaneous mode the interpreter continues to receive and process new information while rendering, and monitoring the target for equivalence. Because interpreters working in the simultaneous mode are still interpreting meaning rather than form they also allow for a lag between themselves and the speaker. That is, the interpreter waits until the speaker has begun to develop their point before beginning to interpret. By allowing for lag time, and the interpreter ensures that they are interpreting meaning, not just individual lexical items, which Seleskovitch suggests would be an exercise in futility.

“Even memorizing a half dozen words would distract the interpreter, whose attention is already divided between listening to his own words, and those of the speaker...His memory does not store the words of the sentence delivered by the speaker, but only the meaning those words convey.” (Seleskovitch, 1978, 30-31)

Seleskovitch solidifies the correlation between the cognitive processes involved in each mode when she states, “simultaneous interpretation can be learned quite rapidly, assuming one has already learned the art of analysis in consecutive interpretation” (Seleskovitch, 30). This view has been adopted at interpreter training programs at both California State University Northridge and Gallaudet University, both of whom require classes teaching text analysis and consecutive interpreting skills prior to those dealing with simultaneous interpreting.

Conclusion

Rather than being two separate skills, mastery of consecutive interpretation is in fact a building block for successful simultaneous interpretations. In fact, thanks to the time allowed for comprehension and analysis of the source text consecutive interpretations offer greater accuracy and equivalence than do simultaneous interpretations. There are situations that lend themselves to consecutive interpretations (one-on-one interactions), and others still which require use of the consecutive mode (legal, medical) due to the consequences of a possible misinterpretation.

[i]           For the purposes of this chapter, “accuracy” relates to the content of the text, while “equivalence” relates to the ability of the target text to convey the register, affect, and style of the source text. An “accurate” interpretation will provide the target language audience with all of the information contained in the source text, while an equivalent interpretation will provide the content, and also have the same effect on the target language audience as it would on a source language audience. By there definitions an interpretation may be accurate, without being totally equivalent, while an equivalent interpretation assumes accuracy.

[ii] List of cognitive processing skills taken from class notes in Risa Shaw’s Gallaudet University class “ITP 724, Cognitive Processing Skills; English” (2002)


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Electronics/Component Identification

''We should make sure that types of markings for all the types of resistors, caps, ICs, and everything else are thoroughly explained. This is not terribly important to engineers, who are more concerned with theory and just pull them out of a labeled box. But to the hobbyist this is pretty important, and also difficult to learn, because there are so many nonintuitive ways to label things.''

''Should we put the color code and SMT numbering explanations at the top, and then tell in each section what they stand for? (ohms, picofarads, microhenries) "The color-digit pairs used in the resistor example below are standard, but the tolerance and higher multiplier values are for resistors only."''

Identifying resistors
Most axial resistors use a pattern of colored stripes to indicate resistance. SMT ones follow a numerical pattern. Cases are usually brown, blue, or green, though other colors are occasionally found like dark red or dark gray.

4-band axial resistors
Axial resistors are also called "thru-hole" resistors because they cross the plate to which they are welded. Four band identification is the most commonly used color coding scheme on all resistors. It consists of four colored bands that are painted around the body of the resistor. The values of the resistors belong to series. The best-known series with 4 rings is called the E12 serie because this series contains 12 values. The values are part of the preferred numbers. The scheme is simple: The first two numbers are the first two significant digits of the resistance value, the third is a multiplier, and the fourth is the tolerance of the value. Each color corresponds to a certain number, shown in the chart below. The tolerance for a 4-band resistor will be 2%, 5%, or 10%

For example, if you are looking for a 12K (12000 ohm) resistor with ±5% tolerance, you would be looking for a Brown (1) Red (2) Orange (×103) Gold (±5%) resistor.

12×103 ohm = 12000 Ω = 12 kΩ

Note that red to violet are the colors of the rainbow where red is low energy and violet is higher energy. Resistors use specific values, which are determined by their tolerance. These values repeat for every exponent, 6.8, 68, 680. This is useful because the digits, and hence the first two or three stripes, will always be similar patterns of colors, which you will learn to recognize without checking a chart. To help you remember them, the standard values for 10% resistors are:

The E24 series therefore contains 24 values with 2 significant digits. As soon as the E48 series, the resistors contain 3 significant digits, so a code with 5 color rings. These numbers are not chosen at random, but are part of IEC 60063. Charles Renard proposed these numbers and have since been adopted in the international standard ISO 3.

5-band axial resistors
5-band identification is used for higher precision (lower tolerance) resistors (1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1%), to notate the extra digit. The first three bands represent the significant digits, the fourth is the multiplier, and the fifth is the tolerance.

SMD/SMT resistors
SMD (surface mounted device) or SMT (surface mount technology; same thing) resistors are found mostly on devices where large scale integration is present. They generally use an alphanumeric numbering system.

For surface mount resistors, a numerical code is used. For 10% tolerance resistors, 3 numbers are used, for 1% resistors, 4 digits are used. The scheme is similar to color codes, in that the first two or three digits are the significant digits, and the last digit is the multiplier (expressed as an exponent of 10). This is easy to remember as "the first digits then as many zeros as the last digit after it" ohms. "683" for instance, represents 68 with three zeros after it: 68 000 = 68 kΩ. Likewise, "4991" represents 499 with 1 zero after it: 499 0 = 4.99 kΩ.

For small resistance values, an alternate notation is often used. For these, an R is used in place of the decimal. For example, 5R6 = 5.6 Ω.

They are the smallest class of discrete resistors available.

Large resistors
For large power resistors and potentiometers, the value is usually written out explicitly as "2Ω", for instance. Some power resistors have their power rating imprinted on the component body. An example of a 10W "2Ω" power resistor follows.

Examples

In the top example, the colors are brown (1) - black (0) - orange (×103) - gold (5%). This means 1 0 ×103 Ω ± 5% = 10 ± 0.5 kΩ. This resistor has a value anywhere from 9.5 to 10.5 kΩ

The second example has 5 stripes. They are brown (1) - black (0) - black (0) - red (×102) - brown (1%). This means 1 0 0 ×102 Ω ± 1% = 10 ± 0.1 kΩ. This resistor then has a value anywhere from 9.9 to 10.1 kΩ.

Note that these are both 10 kΩ.

The third example is a larger power resistor, and is labeled green (5) - blue (6) - black (×100) - gold (5%). This means 5 6 ×100 Ω ± 5% = 56 ± 2.8 Ω. This resistor then has a value anywhere from 53.2 to 58.8 Ω. It has a higher power rating than the others, which is not labeled, but is obvious from its larger size.

Electrolytic capacitors
Axial electrolytic capacitors are electrolytic capacitors that have connections on both ends. These are most frequently used in devices where there is no space for vertically mounted capacitors. See photograph above.

The arrowed stripe indicates the polarity, with the arrows pointing towards the negative pin. Warning: connecting electrolytic capacitors in reverse polarity can easily damage or destroy the capacitor. Most large electrolytic capacitors have the voltage, capacitance, temperature ratings, and company name written on them without having any special color coding schemes. Most electrolytic capacitors in general have light blue, black, dark purple or brown colors, although some specialized ones come in yellow and other colors. If for some reason you are uncertain about the polarity, the can is always the negative connection. Most axial caps have both ends visible. The positive end has a rubber insulation and the negative side is only aluminium.

Radial electrolytic capacitors are like axial electrolytic ones, except both pins come out the same end. Usually that end (the "bottom end") is mounted flat against the PCB and the capacitor rises perpendicular to the PCB it is mounted on. This type of capacitor probably accounts for at least 70% of capacitors in consumer electronics (that don't use SMT components). See photograph above.

Like their axial counterparts, many radial electrolytic capacitors have the voltage, capacitance, temperature ratings, polarity, and company name directly written on them without having any special color coding schemes.

Tantalum capacitors
Tantalum capacitors are useful due to their low leakage current, reliability, and their ability to keep stable capacitance over a wide range of temperatures. below is a diagram:

They have special markings. The stripe on the side indicates polarity. Usually with a store bought component, the longer lead is positive. Warning: connecting tantalum capacitors in reverse polarity can easily damage or destroy the capacitor. Generally it will have the capacitance written in µF, and the working voltage below it. In some cases (often when µF is not printed), the value (in pF) is encoded with three numbers; the first two digits being the significant figures, with the third being the multiplier (i.e. number of zeros). Tantalum capacitors are most commonly dipped and have a shiny coating, as well as vary in color, being yellow, red, and sometimes blue. Most axial tantalum capacitors look completely different.

The dark line on the SMT variety is the positive terminal. The dipped axial through-hole variety will be marked with a + or a dark line to indicate the positive terminal.

Ceramic capacitors
Ceramic capacitors are generally non-polarized and almost as common as radial electrolytic capacitors.

Generally, they use an alphanumeric marking system. The number part is the same as for SMT resistors, except that the value represented is in pF. They may also be written out directly, for instance, 2n2 = 2.2 nF. For capacitors the tolerance code is:

letters with * are not used consistently.

how similar is this to resistors?

For example, .047K = .047 µF 10%.

The dielectric material is sometimes designated by another code: (note: the materials in the table below are not ceramic capacitors as implied, but plastic and paper)

Please note that the table above is valid most of the time but not always because it is not a real standard. To be real sure you may check the data sheet from the manufacturer in mind.

The cap color can also indicate the dielectric:

Axial ceramic capacitors
These often have a yellow body, and use the same color band system as resistors, except that the value indicated is in pF.

Multilayer Ceramic capacitors

These usually use the same alphanumeric system.

SMD/SMT capacitors
These are often not even labeled. If they are labeled, it is the same system as SMT resistors, but representing pF. Polarized capacitors are marked with a stripe on the positive end of the package, though some electrolytic SMT capacitors are marked on the negative end of the package. They are rectangular, and often black or tan colored. The black capacitors are easily mistaken for diodes due to the white stripe on one end...

Inductors
Sometimes the value of an inductor is printed directly on it. If no units are given, µH can be assumed. If it looks like the system used by SMT resistors, it is probably that system, except that the value represented is in µH. Inductors as a class of components are current and magnetic sensitive devices. Inductors work by creating a magnetic field around the windings. The current of a electron flow causes energy to transfer into the field. Similarly, if there is a no current but a field present, coiled wiring responds by creating a current in the wiring. This is the original source of the name Inductor, it induces a current when exposed to a field, or a field when exposed to a current.

Axial inductors
If an inductor uses the color code system, the value represented is in µH. Expect to see a wide silver or gold band before the normal colored bands, and a thin tolerance band at the end. but have some more information that is not given. Identified on PCB assemblies with the letter designation of L, the last letter in the word coil.

Examples
Diode:- in electronics a diode is a two terminal electronic component with asymmetric transfer characteristic, with low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

title: Electronics/Component Identification


text:
fischiare

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to whistle
 * 2)  to buzz, to ring
 * 3)  to hiss, to boo
 * 4) to sing (of birds)

title: fischiare


text:
Selbhorn

Selbhorn is with an elevation of the highest mountain in the Steinernes Meer, a sub-range of the Berchtesgaden Alps. It is located in the Austrian state Salzburg, close to the German border.

title: Selbhorn


text:
Historical Introduction to Philosophy/The Problem of Evil

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Reading Questions

 * 1) How do concepts change over time?
 * 2) What was the ancient concept of Evil, and what is its modern counterpart?
 * 3) Why does the existence of Evil deny the existence of God?

Terms
Hellenes is a term for either ancient or modern Greeks (used in this fashion to note that at the time the nation/national identity of Greece did not exist)

B.C.E. Before Common Era.

Introduction
The problem of evil is not a simple topic, nor is it free from the fetters of religious interpretation and influence. For our purpose we shall begin with the simple aspect of a definition and look at how its concept has evolved, but before we do that we must note that all aspects of ancient philosophy that we have access to today have been translated and interpreted, in some cases, many times before it reaches us. All philosophical thought is based on the search for reasons why and how the world works. These reasons for things are based on observation and then filtered through the observers experiences, thus these reasons develop and evolve based upon the experience or knowledge of those interpreting them. For example concepts such as Metaphysics and Epistemology existed in ancient times but they were not termed as such because there were no terms for them as we know them today. So if we were to talk to an ancient philosopher about their work on "metaphysics," for example, they would have no idea or frame of reference for what we're talking about because that term doesn't exist to them. It has been said by many an atheist that because evil exists there can be no God. This is known as the "Problem of Evil". On the other hand, I believe most people would agree, atheists included, that good is the opposite of evil. If evil proves that God does not exist, then by the same token, the existence of good must prove that God does exist. If hate disproves God, then love proves Him; if violence disproves God, then compassion proves Him; if revenge disproves God, then forgiveness proves Him. There must be an explanation, therefore, of God's co-existence with evil or non-existence in spite of good.

There is perhaps, the possibility that God is a combination of both good and evil (dualism). The atheist's argument does not hold true if God is evil. I would argue, however, that God is the ultimate cause of good and evil, and God is good. While evil is not the doing of God, it is ultimately caused by Him. This is because He is omnipotent, the Supreme Being. Nothing takes place without His knowledge or permission; if it did, then He would not be omnipotent-He would not be God. In the words of the famous apologist, C.S. Lewis, ...Christianity asserts that God is good; that He made all things good and for the sake of their goodness; that one of the good things He made, namely, the free will of rational creatures, by its very nature included the possibility of evil; and that creatures, availing themselves of this possibility, have become evil.

He explained the apparent irony in this way: Is this state of affairs in accordance with God's will or not? If it is, He's a strange God, you'll say: and if it isn't, how can anything happen contrary to the will of a being with absolute power?

But anyone who has been in authority knows how a thing can be in accordance with your will in one way and not in another. It may be quite sensible for a mother to say to the children, 'I'm not going to go and make you tidy the schoolroom every night. You've got to learn to keep it tidy on your own.' Then she goes up one night and finds the Teddy Bear and the ink and the French Grammar all lying in the grate. That's against her will. She would prefer the children to be tidy. But on the other hand, it is her will which has left the children free to be untidy. The same thing arises in any regiment, or trades union, or school. You make a thing voluntary and then half the people don't do it. That isn't what you willed, but your will has made it possible.2 Nevertheless, we must remember that God did not create evil. But God created everything, right? Yes, but evil is not a thing. Evil is real, but it is not a real thing. For example, you might have a weak leg, but it is not the leg itself that is evil, but the weakness. The weakness (evil) is not a thing, but a condition. Thus, God did not create evil; He allows it. Lewis explains that "evil is a parasite, not an original thing. The powers which enable a bad man to be effectively bad are in themselves good things - resolution, cleverness, good looks, existence itself."3

So our problem is this: Why does a good and all powerful God allow evil? First, we must realize that even an omnipotent Being cannot do the impossible. C.S. Lewis once noted that making God the subject of an irrational statement does not make it true. Indeed, God cannot create a square triangle, "undo the past," or make a stone bigger than He can lift. This is the reason why God cannot immediately eliminate evil. For at the same time, He would make it impossible to accomplish other goals which are important to Him.

If God were to suddenly wipe out all traces of evil, free will would be lost, and we would become animals. As animals, we would have the capacity to like God, and to react to Him, but we would not have the capacity to truly love Him. This would defeat the purpose for which man was created. The atheist fails to consider that God may be dealing with evil progressively. If that is the case, and I believe it is, then God is doing as the atheist insists, but He is doing it over a period of time. In the end, God will do away with all evil.

Does free will necessarily involve God letting us do as we please, even if it is contrary to His will? In all practicality, it does. C.S. Lewis explains: We can, perhaps, conceive of a world in which God corrected the results of this abuse of free will by His creatures at every moment: so that a wooden beam became soft as grass when it was used as a weapon, and the air refused to obey me if I attempted to set up in it the sound waves that carry lies or insults. But such a world would be one in which wrong actions were impossible, and in which, therefore, freedom of the will would be void; nay, if the principle were carried out to its logical conclusion, evil thoughts would be impossible, for the cerebral matter which we use in thinking would refuse its task when we attempted to frame them.

Evil and Good
We must first ask the question, “What is evil?” Most modern dictionaries define Evil as morally bad or wrong, wicked, depraved, causing pain harm or trouble. As such it is heavily bound in ethics, to the ancient Hellenes, however Evil was disorder/chaos, anything that disrupted the structure of their lives. One extreme example of this is that in Sparta it was illegal to get sick. The Hellenes equated order and structure with goodness, as it helped their lives function and protected them, on the same token disorder, chaos and anything that disrupted that was bad and thus Evil. With the conception of Socratic Ethics and Platonic Forms (around 400 B.C.E.) these concepts gained a more moralistic tinge to them that has stuck with them ever since, as can be seen in the difference between Hellenistic and Modern definition of the word, simple disorder versus a lack of morality. I refer to these ancient philosophers because they had a profound influence on the formation of church doctrines at and around the formation of the Christian church for whom "The Problem of Evil" is an issue. The Christian philosopher Augustine worked much of Plato's works into church doctrine, about 1000 years later Thomas Aquinas brought the works of Aristotle into Christian doctrine. These works vastly influenced the formation and early life of the Christian church.

The Problem of Evil
There is an unexpected, or perhaps misplaced, annexable conclusion extractable from the classic Problem of Evil and that is the case for Manichéism. From "the Holocaust, why didn't He stop it? (a) He couldn't or (b) He wouldn't?" we get: He's not all-powerful or He has His Reasons: Things far Beyond our Tiny Minds. The problem comes in part from our ascribing to Him the attribute (among others) of Infinite Goodness. The question arises, could he choose to be Bad? If He is after all Omnipotent, I suppose He could. It's no business of human beings if He got fed up with the 'Loving Father' image. And we're told again and again in the Bible ('I am what I am')that it's not for us to doubleguess Him. If one argues it's impossible for Him to be Bad, because His Nature is Good(ness), we're presuming to know His Nature and defining it for Him. Two equal principles of Good and Evil answer these conumdrums more logically than the One (Flawed) Good God who knows and sees all. Auschwitz was the work of men, and so in fairness it is more difficult to pull Him up over that. But the recent tsunami in the Indian Ocean was 'natural' and it is phenomena such as that, -earthquakes and so on that really stretch the inventiveness of the Good God apologists. The Manichéan has no problem with this. The problem of evil is that an omnipotent, omnipresent, benevolent God (these features are commonly associated with “God” in monotheistic religions such as Christianity, Judiasm and their derivitives) can not exist in the same world with “real evil.” For example one common argument is that “…God knew about the Holocaust and could have prevented it, but didn’t…” The logical solution to this problem is to weaken one of the premices, such as saying that the murder of thousands isn’t evil or that God doesn’t care about humans. Either way a weakening of one of the premises negatively effects the stability of monotheistic religions and that in a nut shell is the problem of evil. Some philosophers have concluded that an infinitely good, powerful, and just God is compatible with the existence of evil. One of these philosophers was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716). On the assumptions that God exists and is infinitely good, just, and powerful, Leibniz reasoned that God must have created the best possible world. He went on to argue that evil is a necessary component of such a world. In his work titled Philosopher’s Confession, Leibniz describes the creation of the world. The creator’s intellect is a combination of eternal, unchanging ideas. Everything in the world is an instance of one of these ideas. When God created the world, he chose from among his ideas to create the most harmonious combination. The evil in the world is like a dark, gloomy spot in a great painting; without the gloomy spot, the painting would not look as good. The darkness accents the bright portions. Leibniz realized he needed to do some more reasoning to resolve the problem of evil, so he dealt extensively with this issue in his Theodicy, a work in which he discusses God’s goodness, free will, and the existence of evil. In this work, Leibniz made a distinction between two kinds of will: Antecedent (coming before) and consequent (following as a result). God antecedently wills for everything to exist in a perfect state, but not all things can exhibit perfection while coexisting with other things, so God consequently wills that the combination of things in the world be as perfect as possible. It is this incompatibility of things in their perfect states that Leibniz reasons to be the root of evil.

David Hume- In Hume's writings "Dialogues", Hume considers an argument in the form of "Epicurus's old questions" which to Hume remain unanswered. These questions are: Is God willing to prevent evil but unable to do so? If this is the case, then God is not omnipotent. Is God able to prevent evil but unwilling to do so? then he is malevolent(or at the least less that perfectly good). If God is both willing and able to prevent evil, then why is their evil in the world?. These questions have imposed a great amount of thought over the centuries, and what seems to be at stake here is possible vindication of God and his/her moral attributes that are thrown into the face of the existence of evil. If this cannot be done, then the case for theism in any Christain Orthodox form will collapse under the scrunity. There are several strategies available to a theist to try and defuse this problem. One strategy that may be used is to completely deny that evil really exists, or the reality of evil, and then insist that the evil we witness or experience in our world are "goods to the universe" which are a necessity in obtaining a perfectly good "whole". In other words, these evils are only relative to our own individual, narrow, human perspective, but when veiwing the world or universe as only one system the removal of such "evils" or worldly "afflictions" would only produce a even greater set of ills or completely diminish the good in the world.

This strategy could be possibly be lead to interpretation as either there are no real evils in this world, but evils of necessity. Hume takes the view that this strategy is contrary to the overall human experience. The distinction between good and evil in reality, whether in the physical or moral sense, depends on "the natural sediments of the human mind". These distinctions, when based on feelings, cannot be altered or amended " by any philosophical theory or speculation whatsoever"(EU,8.34-5/101-03).

In the dialogues, Hume opens his discussion of the problem of evil by having Philo(the sceptic)describe a catalogue of suffering and misery in this world. He starts his discussion with the suffering of animals, such as the strong that prey on the weak and so forth, and continues to move on to the subject of human suffering in its many forms such as illness, disease, emotional strife and grief, even describing religion (superstition) as a source of immense fear and anxiety, but despite this enormous catalogue of human suffering, despair and grief, we as humans still find we have a fear of death, that would obviously put an end to such a miserable experience. Hume states,"we are terrified, not bribed to the continuance of our existence"(D99). The conclusion that Philo seems to draw from this is that "the course of nature tends not to human or animal felicity" which brings us back to "Epicurus's old argument and questions"(D100)

It would seem that it is not Hume's intention to show that the reality of evil proves that God is not or cannot be both omnipotent and perfectly good, but that we are likely in no position to claim that we could know what God will correct or rectify in or of this world(i.e. rectify the unjust distribution of good and evil). We may hope or even imagine that possibly something better may be bestowed upon us, but the present phenomena do not seem to give license a hypothesis of this kind as of yet.(EU,11.21,24.)

The central emphasis or idea in Hume's discussion of evil in the Dialogues is to demonstrate how this kind of theodicy can fail.

...I will allow, that pain or misery in man is compatible with infinite power and goodness in the Diety, even in your sense of these attributes: What have you advanced by all these concessions? A mere possible compatilibility is not sufficient. You must prove the pure unmixed, and uncontrollable attrubites from the present mixed and confused phenomena, and from these alone(D103) Philo will go on to attempt to point out that even if the phenomena were :pure and unmixed they are still finite and so insufficient to prove God's infinite perfection and goodness. The phenomena of nature are, in any case, not only finite, they are a mixture of good and evil, so any effort to prove God's power "infinite power and goodness" steeprd in this basis is really a hopeless task. Here Philo claims to "triumph"(D202, Later, Philo returns to this point.

...as this goodness is not antecedently established, but must be inferred from the phenomena, there can be no grounds for such an inference, while there are so many ills in the universe, and while these ills might so easily have been remedied, as far as human understanding can be allowed to judge on such a subject. I am skeptic enough to allow, that the bad appearances, notwithstanding all my reasonings, may be compatible with such attributes as you suppose:but surely they can never prove these attributes.(D113)

It is now clear the subtlety in the argument of Hume. There is no need for the skeptic to infer a forceful argument that has the aim to prove that God cannot exist on the basis of the real existence of evil in the world. All that Hume the skeptic need to is to in some way that the theist is to establish or prove God's attributes of infinite power and goodness given the evidence of creation as we seem to observe it. What must be done by the theist to meet this challenge head on is to try and show that all evil exists in this world is necessary and really unavoidable. It is very clear that the theist is in a difficult position to try and support this claim..

Hume's concession that evil and God's existence are compatible may tend to take on the appearance of another effort to retreat from a stronger skeptical position.

Conclusion.
What conclusions can we draw from this? Are our beliefs about God incorrect or do we just not have all the pieces of the puzzle. It is my oppinion that given time and experience we shall come up with information or a new perspective on this issue and it’s concept will once again change, such is the evolution of the human expierence, human intellect and human spirituality. After decades of neglect, the language of evil has been reintroduced to public life in the rhetoric used by political leaders in the early twenty-first century. Some political theorists, too, have argued that a revival of the language of evil is required to maintain a sufficient outrage at genocide, nuclear weapons, terrorism, and threats to the ecological stability of the planet.

Shared indignation at the worst things people do seems to be all that remains of a shared normative view of the world. But does this justify reviving the language of evil? Feminist scholars are not the only ones to caution against so quintessentially dualistic a concept. Evil allows no compromise. But the history of human societies shows that it is almost always the other who is demonized. Perhaps what Carl Gustav Jung called a "morality of evil"—an integration through honest recognition of the capacity for evil in human nature—is safer.

The modern problematic of theodicy, with its confidence in reason and shared conceptions of the good, may not survive our postmodern age. As long as we try to make moral sense of the world and of human life, however, "evil" will remain a challenge and a temptation.

God is not the author of evil. [8] However, God does reward and punish on the basis of good and bad behavior. Therefore, God does bring judgment and calamity (either directly or through human authorities) on those who rebel. [9] God will ultimately judge all people, since rebels will not be allowed in the new, perfect creation.

Test Yourself. Choose the best option.
{ To the ancient Hellenes what was evil? - Something Wicked + Disorder - The French - None of the above
 * type=""}

{ What is the Problem of Evil? - A lack of concern for ones fellows. - Moral depravity in society. + An omnipotent, omniprescent, benevolent God can not exist in the same world with “real evil.” - Bad Cheese
 * type=""}

{ To the ancient Hellenes what was good? - Order - Faith + Both a and d - Structure
 * type=""}

{ Why is the problem of evil important? + Because it calls into question long standing beliefs about the nature of god? - It is the supreme conflict of the spititual universe. - All of the above. d) It isn't.
 * type=""}

{ Put Aristotle Socrates and Plato into the correct order chronologically. - Who are these Guys - Plato, Socrates, Aristotle - Aristotle, Socrates Plato + Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
 * type=""}

{ Why is it important to look at things in the terms and environment in which they were created? + Because we may have a different frame of reference for things today than was present at their inception. - It is unimportant because concepts do not change over time. - So we do not get confused with poorly translated texts. d) None of the Above.
 * type=""}

{ Which Philosopher listed below most influenced Augustine? - Aristotle + Plato - Socrates - Thomas Aquinas
 * type=""}

{ Which ancient Philosopher listed below most influenced Aquinas? + Aristotle - Augustine - Plato - Socrates
 * type=""}

{ About how long after Augustine was it before Aquinas? - 18 hours - 7 light years + 1000 years - 6 months
 * type=""}

{ Who were the Hellenes? - The French - Christians - Philosophers + Ancient Greeks
 * type=""}

Important People.
Socrates - Athens 469-399 B.C.E Plato - Athens 427-347 B.C.E

Aristotle - Athens 384-322 B.C.E Augustine - Tagaste 354-430 C.E  Thomas Aquinas - Italy 1225-1274 C.E

For Additional Information
See the Wikipedia entries for Evil, God and the aforementioned philosophers. Also take a look at the section on Presocratics and Socratics if you haven't already.

Works Sited can be found here.
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text:
User:Joel Lamoure

Professional Website: http://www.joelwlamoure.com/

'''Joel Lamoure RPh., B.Sc.Phm., FASCP. Adjunct Associate Professor and Assistant CME Director, Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario; Associate Scientist, Lawson Health Research Institute; Teaching Associate, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto; Mental Health Pharmacist, London Health Sciences Centre, South St Hospital'''

Publications
Lamoure J, Stovel J. Abrupt Stop: Managing Discontinuation Syndrome Associated with Psychoactive Medications. Pharmacy Practice. 2010; 26 (5) Sept 2010: 40-47,53

Lamoure J. Stovel J., Recovery from Schizophrenia. Cdn J of CME 2010; 22(9): 22

Lamoure J. Stovel J., Difficulties in Treating Patients with Lewy Body Dementia. Cdn J of CME 2010; 22(8): 21

Lamoure J., Stovel J. Issues in Switching to Generic Antidepressants and Bioequivalence. Canadian Healthcare Network ATE Panel. June 30, 2010. http://www.canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/pharmacists/discussions/the-experts/mental-health

Lamoure J, Stovel J, Chandarana P. Probable Topiramate-Induced Hemiparesis. Cdn J Hospital Pharmacists 2010; 63 (3); 242-244

Lamoure J. Bipolar Disorder in Teenagers. Cdn J of CME 2010; 22(6): 22

Gignac M, Legare N (Rev), Lamoure J (Rev). The Long and the Short Story of ADHD... Advances in Pharmacotherapy. Web Education Module www.rxbriefcase.com May 2010

Lamoure J. Treatments for ADHD in Teens and Adults in Both the Medical and Neuropathic Medications? Cdn J of CME 2010; 22(5): 27

Lamoure J. Depression in Pre-Teens with Somatization. Cdn J of CME 2010; 22(3):20

Lamoure J., Stovel J. Suggestions for Treating Major Depression with Concomitant PTSD? Canadian Healthcare Network ATE Panel. Republished March 25, 2010. http://www.canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/pharmacists/discussions/the-experts/mental-health

Lamoure J., Stovel J. What Precautions Should be Taken with SSRI's in the General Population? Canadian Healthcare Network ATE Panel. Republished March 25, 2010. http://www.canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/pharmacists/discussions/the-experts/mental-health

Lamoure J., Stovel J. What are the Best Strategies to Treat Insomnia Related to Antidepressant Use? Canadian Healthcare Network ATE Panel. Republished March 25, 2010. http://www.canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/pharmacists/discussions/the-experts/mental-health

Lamoure J., Stovel J. How do Newer Psychiatric Medications Compare with Older Ones in Terms of Efficacy? Canadian Healthcare Network ATE Panel. March 24, 2010. http://www.canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/pharmacists/discussions/the-experts/mental-health

Lamoure J. How is Zolpidem Dependence Managed? Medscape Pharmacist ATE February 2010 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/717142

Stovel J. Lamoure J (Rev). Constipation in Children. Pharmacy Practice 2010; 26(2): 36-47

Stovel J, Lamoure J, Barr J, Takhar J. (Poster Abstract) Ziprasidone-Analgesia Induced Serotonin Syndrome. CSHP PPC Toronto January 31,2010

Lamoure J. Medicating Pregnant or Nursing Manic-Depressives. Cdn J of CME 2010; 22(1):25

Lamoure J. Early Indications of Dementia. Cdn J of CME 2010; 22(1):33

Lamoure J. Which Antidepressant is Right for a Given Patient? Medscape Pharmacist ATE December 2009 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/714113

Lamoure J. Seasonal Affective Disorder Treated by UV Lights (Current thinking for optimal length of exposure) Cdn J of CME 2009; 21(11):30

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Which Antidepressants Treat Comorbid Anxiety and Depression. Medscape ATE October 2009 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/711111

Lamoure J. Assessing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(10):27 Lamoure J. How Often is Male Hypogonadism Associated with depression? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(10):21

Lamoure J. Theory of Mindfulness. Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(9):20

Lamoure J. When Should Antidepressants Not be Used for Depression? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(9): 34

Lamoure J. Anxiety, Depression and Dual SSRI Use Pharmacy Gateway Mental Health ATE. Aug 2009 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J. What is the First-line Treatment for Bipolar Disorder for GP’s? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(6): 28

Lamoure J, Stovel J.  Parker N.  Do older "typical" antipsychotics share the same warnings as "atypical" regarding their use in the elderly with dementia? Are any of them safer? Pharmacy Gateway Mental Health ATE. June 2009 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J, Stovel J,  Marchioni D. What Drug Interactions Are Common in Treatment-Resistant Depression? Medscape ATE June 2009 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/703441

Lamoure, JW., Rudnick,A. (Poster Abstract) A retrospective case report series of patients (post-marketing) receiving olanzapine intramuscular (IM) outside of product monograph does and indications:  Assessing safety and tolerability. UWO Psychiatry Research Day June 18, 2009

Lamoure, JW., Rudnick,A. (Poster Abstract) A retrospective case report series of patients (post-marketing) receiving olanzapine intramuscular (IM) outside of product monograph does and indications:  Assessing safety and tolerability. RMHC Research Day May 13, 2009

Lamoure J. Which Types of Psychotherapy are Effective for the Different Anxiety Disorders (Empirically Validated)? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(5):38

Lamoure J. How Common is Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? In Adults/In Children? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(5):24

Lamoure J. What is the Best Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(4):33

Lamoure J. How Can We Best Help and Treat the Depressed Adolescent? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(3):15

Lamoure J. What is the Medication/Treatment for Somatic Delusions?. Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(2):20

Lamoure J, Stovel J. (Poster Abstract) Topiramate-Induced Hemiplegia. CSHP PPC Toronto February 1, 2009

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Depression: A Deeper Shade of Blue. Pharmacy Practice. 2009; 25 (1): 38-42

Lamoure J, Stovel J, Boivin M.  Schizophrenia for Pharmacists. Beyond the Diagnosis. Web Education Module. December 2008 www.rxbriefcase.com

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Medications and Mental Health. Cdn J. CME 2008: 20 (11):51-54

Lamoure J, Stovel J, Bateman K. How Common or Significant Is Serotonin Syndrome? Medscape ATE November 2008 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/582862

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Do SSRIs medications cause bleeding in general patients? Is there need to be cautious when patients take SSRI’s with other medications such as aspirin or NSAID’s? September 2008 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J. Como funciona a estimulação magnética transcraniana no tratamento da depressão refratária. Jornal Mineiro de Psiquiatria. Edição No. 28 (agosto de 2008) Ano XII

Dixon D, Harris S,  Lamoure J,  Stovel J.  Webmodule: TZD in the news. Putting Evidence into Perspective. August 2008. http://www.rxbriefcase.com/process/view.asp?cid=358

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Overview of New Treatments and Efficacy of Medications in Mental Health. Pharmacy Gateway Mental Health ATE. July 2008 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J, Bombardier S. Overview of  Options for Treatment Resistant depression and SSRI Augmentation. Pharmacy Gateway Mental Health ATE. June 2008 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J. Neurobiology of rTMS. Medscape ATE May 2008  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/572342

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Does Quetiapine Produce False-Positive Methadone Tests? Medscape ATE January 2008 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/568245

Andrews E, Bombassaro A, Mills D, Lamoure J, Baskette J. (Poster Abstract) Medication Reconciliation In a Pre-Admission General Surgery Service. CSHP PPC January 2008

Pang S, Facca N ,Lamoure J, Delamere K. (Poster Abstract) Medication Reconciliation on 4-IP (Medicine). CSHP PPC January 2008

Lamoure J. Stovel J. Are Duloxetine's Side Effects Dose Related? Medscape Pharmacist ATE December 2007 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/566867

Lamoure J. Stovel J What are the Troublesome Side Effects of Topiramate? Cdn J of Diagnosis 2007; 24(12); 25

Lamoure J. Stovel J. Is It Safe to Use "Natural" Sleep Aids While Taking Antidepressants? Medscape Pharmacist ATE October 2007 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/563447

Lamoure J. Psychopharmacology Drug Case. Summary of Case and Conclusions. . UWO Department of Psychiatry Fall 2007 Issue 47:6-7

Chiu A, Lamoure J, Naidu K. Lamotrigine-Induced Blood Dyscrasias in Association with Rash. Cdn J Hospital Pharmacists 2007; 60 (4); 257-259

Smith L, Lamoure J. Drug-Disease Psychopharmacology Review. Clinical QandA Antipsychotics in Breastfeeding. UWO Department of Psychiatry Summer 2007 Issue 46:8-9

Lamoure J. Regarding expired medications, other than a decreased efficacy, is there a significant health risk? Cdn J. of Diagnosis 2007; 24(5) (In press-publication date May07)

Lamoure J. Does Combining Duloxetine and Amitriptyline Raise the Risk for Seizures? Medscape Pharmacist ATE April 2007. http://www.medscape.com/pharmacists/asktheexperts

Lamoure J. Schizophrenia.Getting the Right Drug to the Right Patient. Pharmacy Practice 2007; 23(4) 48-54, 63-64

Lamoure J. Somatization/Personality Disorders and Adverse Effects "My antidepressants or my eyesight?". Cdn J. of Diagnosis 2007; 24(4):47-50

Lamoure J, Turgay A, Sumpton J, Weiss G. Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children. Web Education Module March 2007 www.rxbriefcase.com Loder J, Lamoure J, Northcott S. Clarithromycin and Clozapine Interaction “Doctor, I don’t feel well”. Cdn. J of Diagnosis 2006; 23(12):34-37

Lamoure J. Treatment of Social Anxiety in Teenagers. Cdn. J of CME 2006; 18(10):10

Lamoure J. Antidepressant Use Associated with Type 2 Diabetes. UWO Department of Psychiatry Fall 2006 Issue 43 pp12-13

Lamoure J. Discontinuation Syndrome: Relapse vs. Withdrawal. Cdn. J of Diagnosis 2006; 23(9):95-98

Lamoure J, Smith L. Methamphetamine...Madness to the Method. : Cdn. J of CME 2006; 18(7): 51-54

Lamoure J. Role of Dalteparin in Stroke. Cdn. J of Diagnosis 2006;23(2):21

Lamoure J. IM MPA and BC Failure. Cdn. J of CME 2006;18(1):39

Lamoure J. Metformin and Glyburide. Cdn. J of CME 2005; 17(9):31

Lamoure J, Bush H. Atypical Antipsychotics as Poison in Overdose. Cdn. J of CME 2005; 17(5):71-73

Flinn A, Lamoure J. Olanzapine Induced Pancreatitis (Case Review): CSHP Journal PPC Feb 2004:p50

Bio
Bio (June 2009)

Joel Lamoure is an award-winning Assistant Professor and Assistant Director of CME in the Department of Psychiatry at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (SSMD), University of Western Ontario serving as Chair of the ACCME-WG and award-winning Teaching Associate, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto. In his hospital clinical practice, he serves as a Mental Health Pharmacist with a primary place of practice is at London Health Sciences Centre, South Street Hospital. He is an Accreditor with Accreditations Canada specializing in medication management and mental health with an interest in infection control. There are almost a dozen Ask The Expert publications under Medscape written by Professor Lamoure. Starting in December 2008, Joel took over as the Psychiatry Consultant expert for the Canadian Journal of CME and Pharmacy Mental Health expert for Pharmacy Gateway.

He has won the Western Teaching Roll of Honour in Medicine for 5 consecutive academic years, the most recent being the 2009-2010 academic year. He has also won the UWO CME Award in Medicine for 2007 and the University Of Toronto Teaching Award in 2006. He has published over 70 journal papers and consultant reviews on mental health medications and their impact to the patient and their quality and quantity of life. He writes as a psychopharmacotherapy expert for several national and international publications.

Joel was awarded a Fellowship in the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists (Geriatrics) in 2000. Areas of interest and research include medical conditions that overlap and augment the severity of psychiatric disorders, impacts of alternative treatments and psychopharmacology.

He is an inductee in numerous prestigious publications recognizing his work including the Canadian Book of Who’s Who (2008 and 2009 and 2010 Centennial edition candidate), Strathmore’s Who’s Who (2009), the prestigious Marquis Book of Who’s Who in Medicine in the World (7th International edition 2009-2010 (Published August 2009)) and the International Marquis Book of Who's Who in the World (2011).

title: User:Joel Lamoure


text:
1949 in Chile

The following lists events that happened during 1949 in Chile.

Incumbents

 * President of Chile: Gabriel González Videla

January

 * 14 January - The law granting Chilean women the right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections is published.

February

 * 5 February - Chilean Army Captain Alberto Larraguibel breaks the high Jump world record with his horse Huaso, overcoming an obstacle of 2.47 meters.

March

 * 6 March – Chilean parliamentary election, 1949

April

 * 19 April - In the Araucania Region, an earthquake measuring 7.3 degrees on the Richter scale mainly affected the cities of Angol, Temuco and Los Angeles, leaving 35 dead, 155 injured and 2,065 homeless.

July

 * 15 July – Chile dismisses two consuls in New York City because of alleged Communist ties.
 * 16 July – Chile disenfranchises female Communist voters.

August

 * 6 August - Condorito is published for the first time in Okey magazine.
 * 16 August And 17 August - Demonstrations are held in Santiago due to the rise in public transport fares, known as the "Chaucha Revolution".

December

 * 17 December – 1949 Tierra del Fuego earthquake

Births

 * 2 March – Antonio Vodanovic
 * 25 March – Juan Carlos Latorre
 * 13 August – Rogelio Farías (d. 1995)
 * 20 November – Alejandro Pierola
 * 1 December – Sebastián Piñera
 * 4 December – Arturo Salah

Deaths

 * 24 May – Rosita Renard (b. 1894)
 * date unknown – Adolfo Ibáñez Boggiano (b. 1880)

title: 1949 in Chile


text:
User:Rfern15/sandbox

The Lavender Menace was a group of radical lesbian feminists who banded together to create their own feminist movement after not being able to join the larger feminist movement created by Betty Friedan. Friedan was seen as the leader of the second wave of the feminist movement, but receives criticism to this day because she did not want too many lesbian women to join because outsiders might believe the feminist movement consisted only of women who were not interested in men.

title: User:Rfern15/sandbox


text:
Talk:Military medicine

24 June 2008 - Somewhat upset that the School of Medicine does not link the Department of Military Medicine to it's front page. Not sure how to fix this. It happened right after I spent sooo much time working on the military dermatology course outline.

22 Nov 2007 - Added the first course outline (Cold Weather Medicine). I hope you like.

This is a very american view of things... I would suggest a more general view with sub-para on US Military Medicine. Also what happened to the list of sub-disciplines within Military Medicine.... hmmm...

That is a good Idea, in Canada for example the EMT-B would be replaced by Emergency medical responder (EMR). Both of which should fall under the emergency medicine topic. Derek Holden 17:31, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Hey guys, It was me who removed it and I apologise for that. I have reinstated it and left a School talk: Medicinereply for whoever raised the issue with me. Go raibh mile maith agaibh 18:21, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Military medicine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Francisco Banha

The result was   delete. Nakon 02:26, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Francisco Banha

 * – ( View AfD View log  Stats )

Does not pass WP:BASIC. All US coverage seems to be blogs, social media and press released. Based on rough machine translation the Spanish language sources do not look much, if any, better Does not pass WP:NRV. Does not pass WP:GNG. Puff piece, the article is written in an overly promotional style and there are no sources to back it up or to rewrite it in a neutral manner. WP:SPIP. JBH (talk) 17:58, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Portugal-related deletion discussions. JBH (talk) 18:04, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 14:00, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
 * Delete Lacks significant third-party reliable sources. I can find him quoted in Portuguese business pages, but not as the focus of an article. LaMona (talk) 23:12, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Missvain (talk) 05:55, 15 February 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Kim Fowley

Untitled
I don't agree at all. If you'd bothered to read the article (which you should have done before tagging it as "reading it like an advertisement") you'd have seen it's far from a hagiography. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:35, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Motown?
Why no mention of his time there? JBDay (talk) 00:36, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

I'm Bad
Robert Christgau wrote a review of I'm Bad [Capitol, 1972]: "I've nothing against hype, but it's a little low to distribute snazzy jackets containing blank discs. Caveat emptor. E-" Were blank discs actually released? If so, it sounds notable. Ulmanor (talk) 05:20, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Producer vs. solo artist
The article focuses too much on his career producing other artists. Other than the discography, it barely touches on his extensive solo work.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:48, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Mother
Someone back in April 2011 changed his mother's name from Shelby Payne, which is what it says in his book and on his web page, as given in the reference, to "Timara Pace", which I don't think is even a real person and certainly is not Kim Fowley's mother. In his book he describes her as a "debutante-cum-starlet", so I have also changed her profession. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:39, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * The Timara Pace edit was here - shame it hasn't been corrected earlier. As corroboration, Shelby Payne has an IMDb entry here, and more info here, here, here, etc.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 07:57, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Hypephone?
"He later appeared on hypephone on Frank Zappa's first album Freak Out!." I've checked and this word doesn't exist in the internet dictionaries I used. Is this an outdated term for a item that no longer exists? Is it a made up word to describe something else and was used as such in the album's liner notes/credits? To aid the casual reader it would be nice for some clarification on this one. Thoughts?THX1136 (talk) 14:52, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I'm assuming it's a musical instrument.. though, splitting hairs here, one MIGHT not 'appear'.. more like, performed or played 'hypephone on Frank...'. Perhaps a piano horn or waterphone? That said.. get the album/CD and listen to it, like duh! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:52, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

 * TJRC (talk) 07:38, 1 August 2015 (UTC)

Rape allegations
In an article posted on Huffington Post in July 2015, Kim Fowley is accused of having raped one of the members of all-girl rockband the Runaways which he managed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:983:80B:1:FCDA:C3A4:A1C7:D306 (talk) 08:23, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The article mentions the claims under "Personal life". At this stage, I'm not convinced they are appropriate for the lede.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 18:16, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kim Fowley


text:
User:Ayishwarya/sandbox

Dr. Shobana Vignesh is a Classical Carnatic and Devotional Vocalist. She is popularly known as ‘Mahanadhi’ Shobana due to her stint as a child actor and singer in the National award winning film, ‘Mahanadhi.’

Early Life :

Dr. Shobana Vignesh was born in Kumbakonam (Tanjore District of Tamilnadu) to N. Kumar and Revathi Kumar and raised in Chennai. Shobana has a rich musical lineage from both the maternal and paternal families. Shobana’s maternal side family has rendered decades of service to preserve and nurture the rich Bhagavatamela tradition in the Village Tepperumalnallur in the Tanjore District of Tamilnadu. She did her entire schooling in the reputed Padma Seshadri School in Chennai.

Carnatic Vocalist :

Dr. Shobana started training in Carnatic Music at a very young age. She has been trained by stalwarts like Sri. P.S. Narayanaswamy, Prof. T.R. Subramaniam and Sri. Swamimalai Janakiraman. Dr. Shobana regularly performs during the Chennai December music season across major venues and Television channels. She regularly performs at ‘Narada Gana Sabha’, ‘Sri Krishna Gana Sabha’, ‘Sri Thyaga Brahma Gana Sabha’, ‘Bharat Kalachar’, ‘Chennayil Thiruvayaru’, ‘Margazhi Mahotsavam,’ among others.

Dr. Shobana makes her annual pilgrimage to Saint Thyaragaraja’s Samadhi at Thiruvaiyaru and participates in the Thyagaraja Aradhana festival.

As an internationally renowned artist, Dr. Shobana has performed in several parts of India, United States, Singapore, Malaysia, Dubai and Srilanka. She is often featured by leading Television channels in India and other countries and has been performing concerts for the past 2 decades.

Education :

 * PhD in Music, Mother Teresa University, India, 2011(Highly Commended Thesis)
 * M Phil in Music, Mother Teresa University, India (Highly Commended Thesis)
 * Masters in Music, University of Madras, India
 * M.A Mass Communication & Journalism, Alagappa University, India
 * B.A Music, University of Madras, India
 * 8th Grade in Theory of Western Classical Music, Trinity College of Music, London
 * 6th Grade in Practical Solo Piano, Trinity College of Music, London

Albums :

Dr. Shobana made her recording debut through the film, ‘Mahanadhi.’ She released her first solo album at the age of 12 and has since then released more than 150 albums ranging over 1,500 songs and had stunned millions with her prodigious talent by the time she touched her teens. She has rendered albums in different languages like Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Sanskrit, Braj, Marathi, Hindi, English and Baduga. Many of her albums like ‘Kandha Sashti Kavacam’, ‘Namo Name Sree Narayana’, ‘Lalitha Sahasranamam’ etc. are super hits. Shobana was nominated for the Global Indian Music Awards, Mumbai in 2010 for her Album, ‘Shobana Live in Concert – Bharat Kalachar’.  Playback Singer : Shobana has sung in several movies like Mahanadhi (Tamil), Mahanadhi (Telugu), Aravindan, Punniyavathi, Kannedhire Thondrinaal, Azhagana Natgal, Kanave Kaliyadhe, etc.

Awards :
 * Received ‘ISAI SELVAM’ title from Muthamizh Peravai in May 2015.
 * Received 'TAMIL ISAI PEROLI' title from the New York Tamil Sangam in April 2014 in appreciation of her exemplary service to Classical Music and particularly for her dedicated service in promoting Tamil Music across the globe.
 * Received 'ISAI ARASI' title from the Trinity Arts Festival of India in recognition of her exceptional accomplishment as a Carnatic Vocalist in December 2013.
 * Received 'TAMIZHISAI VANI' from Greater Atlanta Tamil Sangam for excellence in spreading Thamizhisai across the globe in May 2011.
 * Received the 'INDIVIDUAL ARTIST AWARD' from the Maryland State Arts Council, USA for the year 2010 for excellence in Carnatic Music.
 * Shobana has been chosen as the 'YOUNG ACHIEVER' in the field of Carnatic music by the India Today magazine in 2007.
 * Awarded the 'YUVA KALA BHARATHI' title by Bharat Kalachar in 2003.
 * Received the 'YOUNG ACHIEVER OF THE YEAR 2002' award from The Cosmopolitan club of Madras.
 * Awarded the fellowship for 'OUTSTANDING YOUNG ARTISTE' by the Department of Culture, Government of India from 2003-2005.
 * Awarded the title of PANNISAI ARASI by Thamizh Isai Sangam, Thiruvaiyaru in 1997.
 * Was conferred the title of EZHIL ISAI VANI by Vani Vilas Sabha, Kumbakonam in 1996.

Social Service Programs : Shobana is associated with various non profits and charities in India, US and Malaysia and has contributed in the form of performing concerts for fund raising events and annual conventions. Some of the concerts include:

 * Fund raising concert for free eye camps conducted by Arvind Eye Hospital, India,
 * Concerts for the Tamilnadu Foundation across the United States.
 * Fund raising concert for the EWRF (Educational, Welfare and Research Foundation) as part of the No Student Left behind campaign (NSLB), Malaysia.
 * Performance for the relief of Tsunami victims at Chennai, India.
 * Concert at the Music Academy for the Cancer Institute, Chennai.
 * Performance for an AIDS Awareness album
 * Charity concert at Malaysia for the welfare of spastic children and many such events.
 * Shobana has rendered songs for creating awareness of legal rights among citizens, highlighting the rights of women and various legal help available for them from the government. Shobana was honored for these services by the State Legal Services Authority on Indian Independence day celebrations at the Bar Council by Chief Justice of High Court, Subhashan Reddy on August 15th, 2003.

Articles :

http://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/music/190817/parents-teachers-must-create-learning-environment-for-kids-shobana.html

http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-Grand-Exposition-of-Ragam-Tanam-Pallavi-With-Clarity/2016/01/23/article3239723.ece

http://www.thesouthasiantimes.info/index.php?param=news/40254/new%20york/112

http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1421964.ece

Facebook – facebook.com/MahanadhiShobana Twitter – https://twitter.com/singershobana

title: User:Ayishwarya/sandbox