text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/needlework.me

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\bneedlework\.me\b          # ADMINNAME # see  [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/needlework.me ]]

Discussion
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New data reported. No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. --COIBot (talk) 16:25, 24 September 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:KOKC (AM)/Other version

Merge
This article needs to be merged with KOKC (AM). It doesn't really make too much sense to have two articles on basically the same station. They are nearly identical, anyway, except that this article has a schedule and the other article doesn't, and some portions of the KOKC (AM) article are from when it was at KOMA-AM. -- WC  Quidditch  ☎   ✎  19:27, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

source: wikimedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:KOKC (AM)/Other version


text:
Chris Sheridan (sportswriter)

Chris Sheridan (born May 14, 1965) is a sportswriter who formerly covered the National Basketball Association for ESPN. He previously worked 18 years for the Associated Press. After leaving ESPN, his basketball Web site, Sheridan Hoops, launched on September 5, 2011. On July, 9th, 2014, he was the first major NBA journalist to report that LeBron James would sign with and return to the Cleveland Cavaliers during his free agency. The report was ultimately confirmed by ESPN on July 11, 2014. Sheridan has covered Team USA senior men's national team longer than any American sportswriter, having first reported on them at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996. The website was closed in April, 2016.

Sheridan is a Marquette University graduate with a degree in journalism.

title: Chris Sheridan (sportswriter)


text:
USA-232

USA-232, also known as GPS IIF-2, and GPS SVN-63, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the second of twelve Block IIF satellites to be launched.

Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-232 was launched at 06:41 UTC on 16 July 2011, atop a Delta IV carrier rocket, flight number D355, flying in the Medium+(4,2) configuration. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-232 directly into medium Earth orbit.

As of 24 July 2011, USA-232 was in an orbit with a perigee of 20452 km, an apogee of 20463 km, a period of 729.16 minutes, and 55.0 degrees of inclination to the equator. It is used to broadcast the PRN 01 signal, and operates in slot 2 of plane D of the GPS constellation. The satellite has a design life of 15 years and a mass of 1630 kg.

On 10 July 2023, the satellite was operating at D2A in the D plane. It experienced a clock anomaly that caused the Space Force’s 2nd Space Operations Squadron to set the satellite as “off” (Unhealthy) to all users until further notice. It is operating on its last Rubidium Frequency Standard clock, which demonstrated instances of unpredictable performance starting in January 2023. The GPS community concurred in transferring SVN 63 out of the active constellation and into a test status.

title: USA-232


text:
Sarah Lohman

Sarah Lohman is an American historian, specializing in the history of food. She is the author of Eight Flavors: The Untold Story of American Cuisine.

Biography
As a teenager, growing up in Hinckley, Ohio, Lohman worked, in costume, as a historic re-enactor. Her duties there included showing visitors how Americans used to prepare food. In 2005, she earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the Cleveland Institute of Art.

She traveled to New York City in 2006. She worked for Grub Street, upon her arrival, and worked at the Tenement Museum from 2009.

In 2016, she told The New York Times that she "searches old cookbooks and other records to recreate forgotten recipes as a way of studying history". She then prepares food, according to those recipes. She called eating those foods "an elaborate form of performance art".

Her book, Eight Flavors, published in 2016, has eight chapters, which each trace a signature taste crucial to the development of modern American cooking: black pepper, vanilla, curry powder, chili powder, soy sauce, garlic, MSG, and Sriracha. Several reviewers praised Lohman's deep research, and told readers her writing was informed by wide travel to conduct that research.

Lohman was one of the food historians used as an expert in a PBS documentary series entitled "The Poison Squad", first broadcast in 2020.

Lohman is working on a second book, documenting cookery at risk of disappearing, entitled Endangered Eating: Exploring America’s Vanishing Cuisine, scheduled for publication in 2021.

Works

 * Eight Flavors: The Untold Story of American Cuisine, 2016.
 * Endangered Eating, 2023.

title: Sarah Lohman


text:
Kępno railway station

Kępno is a railway station in Kępno (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland run by PKP, the Polish State Railways.

Train services
The station is served by the following services:

 * Intercity services (IC) Poznań - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Kępno - Lubliniec - Częstochowa - Kraków
 * Intercity services (TLK) Poznań - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Kępno - Lubliniec - Częstochowa - Kraków
 * Regional services (R) Poznań - Kluczbork
 * Regional services (KW) Poznań – Jarocin – Kępno

title: Kępno railway station


text:
Economic Classroom Experiments/Private Value Auctions

The Private Value Auction Experiment - Introduction
People sell and buy goods, equities, and financial assets through Auctions every day.

We explore the implications of the theory and experimental evidence for the first-price, and second-price auctions. We begin with a brief review of the experiment procedure, and proceed to the recent experimental results and compare them with the Nash equilibrium predictions. We then show how we can calculate the efficiency and try to measure the total surpluses.

Description of the Experiment
Software for running private-value auction experiments is available on Veconlab and econport. We used Veconlab in seven similar price auctions sessions, in each with different undergraduate and postgraduate students at the University of Exeter. After the participants were seated in a computer room, they began reading the instructions in the upper table. During the experiment we had two price auctions. In the first price auction all bidders bid and the highest bidder wins and pays his bid. We considered a game where each player receives a private value between $0 and $10 he would receive if he gets the good. No player knew the values of the others participants.

However, each bidder’s value for the underlying good is equally likely to be $0-$10 which is determined randomly. Every bidder knows his own value, and if both bids are the same it will be decided by the flip of a coin which bidder gets the good. The winner will have as return his own value minus his own bid. In other words, the buyer’s surplus is the difference between his certain value and his bid. If he does not win the auction, he has no return at all from the auction and will earn nothing from that round.

The number of students was 18 and for the whole experiment they are going to act as bidders. Each different form of auction was tested 7 rounds. In the First Price auction every bidder is being matched with a random bidder in each round and they bid for the same good. The highest bid receives the good. The same procedure is being following in the Second Price auction with the only difference that this time the highest bidder wins the good and pays the highest losing bid. This means that he pays less than he was bidding.

After these 2 sessions we repeat the experiment for the First Price auctions with higher amount of players. The only difference was the number of the bidders that were matched. We run 1 session of 7 rounds with 3 bidders matched, and then we run the same procedure with 4 bidders matched.

Recommended Testing
A simple (5-10 minute) test is essential to develop the confidence and experience needed for a smooth classroom implementation. To test this program, we should set up an experiment for only two participants (not necessary, but it speeds up the testing). Here are the instructions that are illustrated to the students before the experiment starts:

Examples:
 * Rounds: The experiment consists of a sequence of "rounds".
 * Matching: In each round, you will be matched with a different person. Each of you will submit a bid for a prize being sold in an auction.
 * Prize Values: Before bidding, you will be given a "prize value" which is the money value to you for the item being auctioned. Prize values, which will be determined randomly, will differ from person to person as explained below.
 * Bid: After finding out your prize value, you begin by choosing a number or "bid". The other person will also choose a bid at the same time. You cannot see their prize value or their bid while making yours, and vice versa.
 * Earnings: A bid is required to be a number, and the person with the high bid will purchase the item being sold. A random "coin flip" will select the winner in the event of a tie bid. The winner will earn their own prize value minus their own bid. The other bidder will earn nothing for that round.
 * 1) If your prize value is 2 cents and you make a bid of 1 cent, then you would earn 2 - 1 = 1 cent if you have the high bid, and you would earn 0 otherwise.
 * 2) Suppose that both you and the other person tie with bids of 2 cents. Then we would use a computer-generated random number to select the winner, who would earn the difference between that person's prize value and the bid of 2 cents. The loser would earn 0 cents. The random tie-breaking device is like a fair coin flip, it ensures that each person has an equal chance of winning in the event of a tie, regardless of their value, their bid, or of whether or not they have won in previous rounds.
 * 3) The prize values will be determined randomly, so one person's value is likely to differ from that of another. Suppose a bidder with a value of 2 cents bids 1 and a bidder with a value of 3 cents bids 2, then the former would earn 0 and the latter would earn 3 - 2 = 1 cent.
 * Note: The numbers used in the actual experiment to follow will be much larger than these numbers, which are for illustrative purposes only; the actual numbers are discussed next.

 * Possible Values: At the beginning of each round, the computer will select a randomly determined value for you, which may be any penny amount between and including $0.00 and $10.00, with each amount in this interval being equally likely to be chosen. Imagine a roulette wheel with the stops labelled as 0.00, 0.01, ... 9.99, 10.00. Then a hard spin of the wheel would make each of these value amounts equally likely. Your value will be independent of any other person's value, so it is as if we spin the wheel once for you and a different time each other person. Your value in one period is independent of that in the next, so it is as if we spin the wheel for each bidder again at the start of each period.

 * Bids: The round begins when you and the other person find out your own values, but neither of you will ever know the other's value. Then each of you will select a non-negative bid.

 * You will be matched with the different persons in all rounds.
 * There is a new random draw for each person at the start of a round to determine that person's value. Values are equally likely to be any penny amount between and including $0.00 and $10.00.
 * After seeing their own value, each person will choose a bid that must be no greater than an upper limit: $10.00. The high bidder in each auction earns the difference between their value and their own bid, and the low bidder earns $0.00, with ties decided at random.

Theoretical background
Two of the basic ways of how Auctions can be theoretically modelled are private values or common values. In private value auctions bidders know their own value but are unaware about the value of the other participants. On the other hand in common value auctions, the object's value to each bidder is the same. In our experiment we are going to discuss about the private value auctions.

Some of the most common auction mechanisms are as follows:

The English Auction is where a single seller of a single item (or lot of items) receives increasing bids from prospective buyers. The auction ends by a predetermined stopping rule such as when a certain amount of time has passed before a new bid as been entered or at a predetermined time (such as with ebay) In this auction, the item goes to the highest bidder who pays his bid.

The Dutch auction has the seller start at the highest price and decrease price until someone is willing to buy the underlying good. The auction ends when either a buyer agrees to the price or the price reaches the minimum sale price. The buyer who first agrees gets the item for the current price. This has been used to sell flowers in both the Netherlands (hence, the name) and Japan. A varient of this mechanism is used on pricedrop.tv.

In the First Price Auction, bidders write sealed bids. The bidder with the highest bid wins and pays his bid. This is strategically equivalent to the Dutch Auction.

In the Second Price Auction the bidder with the highest bid wins the auction, but pays only the second highest bid (or the minimum bid/reserve price if none is given). This is also known as the Vickrey auction.

In an All Pay Auction everyone writes down a bid. The bidder with the highest bid wins the item; however, all bidders must pay their bids.

Equilibrium
The equilibrium concept used is one of Bayes-Nash, that is, an equilibrium is a bid as a function of value, where each bidder would not want to deviate from following this bid function given that other bidders are using it.

When bidders are risk neutral, the equilibrium in the first price auction is $$b_i(v_i) = {n-1 \over n} v_i $$  for all $$i = 1, \ldots ,n$$. (n = number of bidders). The equilibrium bid for a two bidder game will be ½ of the private value. Whilst it will be 2/3 for three bidders and ¾ for four bidders.

The equilibrium in the second-price auction is $$b_i(v_i)=v_i$$. The equilibrium in the all-pay auction is $$b_i(v_i) = {n-1 \over n} \cdot {v_i^2\over 10}  $$ (if $$v_i$$ is uniformly distributed on $$[0,10]$$).

The equilibrium bid is in the following graphs always shown by the green vertical line. Theoretically, more bidders mean higher bids and thus more return for the seller. If all players would bid according to equilibrium, always the player with the highest private value won the auction. A state of efficiency.

Rules to auctions
In the experiment we deal with different forms of auctions. We have the First-Price Sealed-Bid Auction with two, three and four bidders and the Second-Price Sealed-Bid Auction and an All-Pay Auction as well. The first form of Auction applied in the experiment is the simplest one, the first price auction where two bidders are competing with each other. All bidders know their own value for the good which is different from round to round. They wrote their bid in the Online form and the highest bidder wins the good and pays his bid. His personal return is the difference between the value and his bid. Each player has seven rounds playing with different bidders with this kind of auctions.

In the second part of the experiment a second price auction all bidders bid and the highest bidder wins the good and pays the highest losing bid. Also the competitor is chosen randomly and the bidders play seven rounds. Then we repeated two sessions of seven rounds by changing the number of the bidders who were matched in each round. This two sessions were only concerned the first price auctions.

Experimental economics’ Nash Equilibrium
Holt and Roth (2004, p4001) stated that:

"‘Another emerging connection between game theory and experimentation is the increased use of the experimental methods in teaching. A well designed classroom experiment shows to students that the seemingly abstract equilibrium models can have surprising predictive power. The internet makes it easier to run complex games with large groups of students. For example, >30 different types of games, auctions and markets can be set up and run from site (http://veconlab.econ.virginia.edu/admin.htm). Most of the data displays and dynamically generated data graphs have options for hiding the relevant Nash predictions when the results are being discussed and then showing the Nash predictions subsequently’"

Nash's most important contribution to game theory is the Nash equilibrium. He showed that in any competitive situation if the participants are rational, and they know that their opponents are rational, there can be only one optimal strategy.

All auctions have a Nash equilibrium, a bid that perfectly balances the risk of losing to a higher bidder (and making no profit) against the possibility of greater profits (the lower you bid, the more money you'll make).

Experimental procedure

 * 1) 	At the beginning of the experiment the participants were seated far away from each other and were given an introduction of the experiment. More specifically they were told the time that the experiment is going to last, during which they would be asked to take some decisions.
 * 2) 	Students have 5 minutes to read the instructions. After they had finished reading the instructions they have to answer two questions in order to show that they have totally understood the procedure.
 * 3) 	Instructor repeats the main information
 * 4) 	We have two session of which a number of subjects bids for a single unit of a commodity under a given pricing rule
 * 5) 	Every session is constitute by seven periods
 * 6) 	In each period every bidder is randomly being match with another bidder
 * 7) People make their decision and the sessions end
 * 8) 	Your bit determinates your round payoff as follows:
 * 9) 	If your bid is equal to the price, you will receive nothing
 * 10) 	The same procedure is being following to the second price auction with the only difference that this time the highest bidder wins the good and pays the highest losing bid.
 * 11) 	The earnings of the bidders are filled into an Excel Spreadsheet
 * 12) 	We compare our results with the predictions of Nash Equilibrium

Interpretation
In the beginning we must identify that the Nash equilibrium (A bid that perfectly balances the risk of losing to a higher bidder against the possibility of greater profits) is a very useful tool in order to make predictions. The predictions can be very accurate (accurate predictor) of how participants are going to behave during the experiment, but there is a strong possibility to have some divergences. When this happens automatically we are thinking of experiments where individuals act with different motivations.

To start with the analysis of the experimental data, we have to say that the results are very interesting because the participants did not have any experience in this kind of economic experiments. Thus the player will behave artless and will not try to follow any strategy they have heard of.

In the First Price and the Second Price auction we can observe that the results are above the predictions of the Nash equilibrium. In this particular experiment Nash equilibrium can be consider a persistently poor predictor. Participants seem not to conform to equilibrium behavior. Following the general theory, in both the First Price and the Second Price auction the object is sold to the bidder with the highest valuation of the good. However, you will see that the results of the experiment do not really support the theoretical results.

As we have identified before, in the first two auction sessions we have overbidding. This tendency of the participants to overbid can be explained in the following way. In both private values auctions the overbidding can be caused in terms of risk aversion. Risk aversion is the obvious suspect. Increasing risk aversion would make the bids increase overtime (from one auction to another- only when we have profit). In the Second Price auction some players obviously bid more than their private value because they expected the second bid to be lower then their private value. However, they risk having a negative payoff when the second bid is higher than their own valuation of the good. This behavior is likely because there are only two bidders competing against each other. This very risky behavior would probably disappear when more players are bidding in the auction. As Michael Abrams has mentioned ‘By the time an auctioneer shouts "Sold!" most bidders have already gone too far’.

Another reason why this may happen, is because is the first time the participants to experience and interact with this particular experiment. Further more the over bidding can be partial explained by this argument.

If we would repeat the experiment with the same participants many times we get probably results closer to Nash equilibrium predictions. Therefore learning can occur just by thinking about what the other participants will decide and the students will adjust their bids to that.

First Price Auction in Detail
Beneath you can see the result of the First Price auction in a diagram. There is a linear dependence between the private valuation of the good and the size of the corresponding bid. Following theory people would act rational by bidding the half of their private value which is shown by the green line i.e. you bid $3 when your private value is $6 and consequently your revenue would be $3 if you won the auction. People are trying to maximise their revenue because the revenue represents the utility from their purchase.

However a lot of participants bid more than the optimal bid and sometimes even their full private value which is shown by the red line. The overbidding may result from risk aversion as mentioned before or is maybe a consequence of the inexperience of the students. In general we can conclude that the participants of this experiment bid about 60% of their private value instead of the expected ration of 50%. Increasing the bid will increase the probability to win the auction but will decreases the surplus gained when winning. With bidding the private value the surplus will be zero.

The efficiency of the auction is nevertheless very high, about 97% of all auctions elected transferred the good to the player with the higher private value.

When we look at the Second Price auction we can see the tendency to bid the full private value was relatively high in this experiment. This is because participants know that their bid does not influence the price they have to pay. In the competition with one other student, most of the participants bid their private value aware that they only have to pay the lower bid. This would lead to efficiency because all goods would be transferred to the bidders with the higher valuation of the underlying object.

This, however, does not always hold because some people bid higher than their private value. This risky behavior must be seen as the attempt to certainly receive the good in combination with the hope that the other bid is low. The result was that some players had negative payoffs because the second bid was higher than their private value as well. So efficiency can be disturbed by such behavior. The overall efficiency was about 94% which means that in about 94% of the auctions the bidder with the higher valuation of the good has won the auction. This is a good value which indicates the efficiency of auctions. The average earnings have been about $2,6 per player and round. Obviously the average revenue for the player is higher in the Second Price than in the First Price auction. $2,6 > $1,56 is by nearly two third higher than in the other auction game.

A very likely explanation is that the winning bidders only have to pay the second highest bid which will automatically increase the revenue of the bidder. Even if the players bid more likely their private values than in the First Price experiment the revenues are going up. The average winning bid is much lower than in the other auction as well.

Distribution of the ‘pie'
The theory predicts that in the First Price auctions as in the Second Price auctions with two bidders the percentage of the bidders and sellers should be equally distributed. This means that 50% of the pie belongs to the bidder while the other half belongs to the seller.

For the First Price auctions with two bidders, the percentages of both the sellers and the buyers are not suiting theory. Moreover we have calculated that only 23% of the pie belongs to the bidder on average whilst 77% belongs to the sellers. The reason must be that the people can not use other bidders' prices as a guide, and as a result they tend to bid higher than they normally should. Also the participants are risk averse and are willing to have a lower expected revenue in order to higher probability to win the race. As a consequence the competition between the participants leads to overbidding and this behaviour is beneficial for the sellers.

In the Second Price auctions the percentages that we obtained are more closely to what the theory predicts. We have that 42% of the pie belongs to the bidder’s whist 58% belongs to the sellers.

Obviously the average revenue for the player is higher in the Second Price than in the First Price auction. A logical explanation is that the winning bidder only has to pay the second highest bid which will automatically increase the revenue of the bidder and decrease the revenue of the seller. Thus we have a result which is more similar to theory than the First Price auction. Joy of wining Cox, Smith, and Walker (1983b, 1988) and Goerre, Holt, and Palfrey (2000) suggested as an alternative explanation for overbidding in the first price auctions a model, where bidders receive a utility from the event of winning the auction. This pure joy of winning model with out risk aversion explains overbidding in single unit first price auctions. Increasing the number of the bidders (only for the first price auctions) In this part we are going to increase the number of the bidders ( 3 bidders and four bidders), in order to observe what is happening when we increase the number of the participants which act as bidders. The rounds that are described below in the figure 3 concerned only the first price auctions. Following the rule how to bid the optimal value which we have derived earlier, the optimal bid would be 2/3 of the private value.

Again we can see that there is a linear dependence between the private valuation of the good and the size of the corresponding bid. The green line again represents what the people would have bid if they act rational, by bidding the 2/3 of their private value.

We can observe that most of the participants overbid and sometimes their bids excided their private value. We can easily see that the results are similar to those of the First price auction with 2 bidders; again the overbidding dominates in the experiment.

The reasons for this overbidding is that in the First and the Second Price auctions people can not use other bidders' prices as a guide, and as a result they tend to bid higher than they normally would (than their private value). Also as we have mentioned before the risk aversion may a cause this overbidding.

The experiment continued by increasing the number of the bidders to 4. The green line represents what the participants would have bid if they act rational and the red line means bidding the full private value. We can observe that the results are almost the same in comparison to the previous examples. The most of the participants bid more then ¾ of their private value and many times they bid all of their private value. Thus overbidding continues. The reasons for the overbidding are the same as they have been describe above.

In both cases we have an increase at the number of the bidders to 3 and 4. The results remain the same as in the case with the First Price auctions with 2 bidders. We saw that the overbidding dominates in all of our cases. From this we can conclude that the number of the participants which act as bidders does not affect our results. With a larger number of bidders the overbidding goes on and the bids are becoming even higher than before. Because the players are risk averse and can not use other bidders' values as a guideline, and as a result they tend to bid higher than they normally would.

As previous research has shown, English auctions tend to create higher prices for the seller because of the way it is organized. The participants observe the other bids and can use this information to determine how much to bid themselves. This competition leads to higher bids.

On the other hand Dutch auctions are a little bit to complicate because to be effective a bidder must have some idea of how low the bidding will go before it is accepted. For example, if the bidding starts at $2000, then goes to $1900, then to $1800, the anxious bidder may go ahead and accept that price even though it could have went all the way to $1500 without being accepted.

Conclusions
The private value experiment is a good way to test theoretical assumption in practice. In both First and Second price auction with two bidders we have the same results of the overbidding of the participants. Participants are risk averse: by marginally increasing the bid, the agent lowers his profit if he wins (hence, increasing the seller’s revenue), but increases the probability of his winning. Moreover they do not know other bidders' private value in a private value auction. As a result they tend to bid higher than they normally should.

We tried to identify if the number of the participants who act as bidders affects our results. We added bidders and we had almost the same results as before with only two bidders. The participants again start to bid more than the optimal bid and many times they overbid even their private value. It seems that the number of bidders affects the decisions of the participants in such way, that they are willing to bid more. Because of the higher competition for the good, players sacrifice their return in order to increase the probability of winning the auction.


text:
Pete Musser

Warren Van Dyke "Pete" Musser (December 15, 1926 – November 25, 2019) was the chairman of the Musser Group. He was the founder of Safeguard Scientifics, a venture capital firm that invested in technology companies. At the peak of the dot-com bubble, Musser was a billionaire on paper; however, when the bubble burst, he lost almost his entire fortune.

Musser was a philanthropist and The Musser Foundation has donated over $50 million to organizations including the Boy Scouts of America. Musser has served on the board of directors of the Cradle of Liberty Council. The Musser Award for Excellence in Leadership from Fox School of Business and Management at Temple University and the Musser Scout Reservation in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, are named after Musser.

Early life and education
Musser was born in the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, area on December 15, 1926 and earned a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering at Lehigh University in 1949.

Career
In 1952, at the age of 25, Musser went to work as a stockbroker trainee for Hornblower & Weeks. The next year, he left the company with others to form their own company. In 1955, his company acquired Safe-Guard Corporation and in 1966, Musser's firm changed its name to Safeguard Industries. Musser invested in technology companies in Philicon Valley such as QVC, Comcast, and Novell, which resulted in a $200 million profit.

In March 1996, when Ken Fox and Walter Buckley left Safeguard Scientifics to form Internet Capital Group (later Actua Corporation), they asked Musser for $5 million in funding, but he insisted on investing $15 million. At the height of the dot-com bubble, the company had a market capitalization of almost $60 billion, making Musser a paper billionaire. Musser was a director of TyCom, a subsidiary of Tyco International, and in December 2000, he borrowed $14.1 million from Tyco executives Dennis Kozlowski and Mark H. Swartz

On November 29, 2000, after the burst of the dot-com bubble, to repay a loan, Musser was forced to sell 6.5 million of his shares in Safeguard Scientifics for $8.25 per share, or $53.7 million. The stock price was down over 90% from the peak of $99 per share 9 months earlier. This left him with 560,000 shares in the company. In 2003, Musser defaulted on a $26.5 million loan from Safeguard Scientifics.

Musser was a member of the board of directors of Brandywine Realty Trust from 1996, when the company acquired properties from a joint venture of Safeguard Scientifics, until 2002.

Personal life
Musser married and divorced Betty K. Musser (née Umstad) and then Hilary Grinker Musser, who was 39 years younger than him.

Musser's son, Craig, a renowned kaleidoscope artist under the name Van Dyke, was partnered with Bruce Darda, a New York based tech executive, at the time of his death from AIDS in 1986.

Musser spent lavishly on his residences, building his-and-hers tennis courts on his Nantucket residence and spending $100,000 on special garage doors.

Musser also was a contributor to Republican causes. He died on November 25, 2019.

title: Pete Musser


text:
Talk:George O'Brien (actor)

Irish-American?
Although he likely was, I removed the category because I couldn't find a source. Feel free to restore it if you do. JackO'Lantern 02:32, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Not John Ford's first film - by a long shot
As I read the text, it is saying that "The Iron Horse" was John Ford's first film. This is not so. Ford began directing shorts in 1915 and directed his first feature in 1917 (Straight Shooting). "The Iron Horse" is his first epic -- about the building of the transcontinental railroad. It had 6,000 extras and was filmed on location in Arizona. It also features (in the final scene) a re-enactment of the meeting of the Central and Union Pacific Railroads at Promentory Point using the two locomotives (Jupiter and #116) which actually met there. So, I think the reference to this being Ford's first film should be deleted or changed. Tres Passos (talk) 08:18, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:George O'Brien (actor)


text:
1883 Iowa gubernatorial election

The 1883 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on October 9, 1883. Incumbent Republican Buren R. Sherman defeated Democratic nominee L. G. Kinne with 50.15% of the vote.

Candidates
Major party candidates
 * Buren R. Sherman, Republican
 * L. G. Kinne, Democratic

Other candidates
 * James B. Weaver, Greenback

title: 1883 Iowa gubernatorial election


text:
Talk:Cindy Frey

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title: Talk:Cindy Frey


text:
Cookbook:Hominy

| Basic foodstuffs | Cereal | Corn

Hominy, also known as nixtamal, is corn treated with an alkaline solution.

Characteristics
To nixtamalize it, the corn is soaked a solution of water and lye or lime before undergoing several rinses, a process that removes the hard outer hull/germ and causes several other key changes. Nutritionally, this makes the protein more digestible and makes essential nutrient niacin more bioavailable. It also causes the kernel to expand significantly and makes the texture somewhat chewier. The flavor is less sweet than unprocessed corn, with an "earthy" or "nutty" flavor. After nixtamalization, the hominy may be dried again.

Hominy is commonly available in both white yellow varieties.

Selection and storage
Whole hominy is usually sold either dried or canned in liquid. The canned hominy may be used as-is, while the dried hominy needs to be soaked and simmered like pulses do. Both canned and dried varieties have a very long shelf life.

Use
Hominy has several uses, primarily in its area of traditional use, such as Mexico and the American Southwest. Whole, it is included in menudo, pozole, hominy bread, hominy chili, casseroles, and fried dishes. It can also be ground to make grits or masa harina.

Substitution
In many cases, hominy can be safely replaced with untreated corn. However, note that the texture will be fairly different.

title: Cookbook:Hominy


text:
Talk:Cyril Magnin

Place of birth
my father was born in San Francisco, not China. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:31, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

Mae Magnin Brussels
was a 2nd cousin not a niece <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:34, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyril Magnin


text:
Ebbe Gyllenstierna

Friherre Ebbe Gyllenstierna af Lundholm (12 November 1911 – 14 May 2003) was a Swedish Army officer and a modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics and finished 16th.

Early life
Gyllenstierna was born on 12 November 1911 in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of major general, friherre, Göran Gyllenstierna and his wife Anna (née Neijber).

Career
He was commissioned as an officer in the Life Regiment of Horse (K 1) with the rank of fänrik in 1932. He represented Sweden in modern pentathlon in Hungary and Germany 1935-1936 and competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Gyllenstierna served as military attaché in Brussels from 1936 to 1937 and was promoted to ryttmästare (cavalry captain) in 1941. The same year, Gyllenstierna was promoted to captain in the Swedish Armoured Troops. In 1943, he was promoted to captain of the General Staff Corps, and he served as aide-de-camp to the Chief of Army, lieutenant general Ivar Holmquist from 1943 to 1944. Gyllenstierna then served as a general staff officer (mobilization officer ) of the III Military District in 1944 and as a teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1945 to 1948 and from 1953 to 1957.

He was ryttmästare in the cavalry from 1948, was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1952, and served on the Medical Board of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1952. Gyllenstierna was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1955 and served as battalion commander in the Västerbotten Regiment (I 20) from 1957 and served as commanding officer of the Swedish Battalion VI in Gaza from April to October 1959. He was promoted to colonel in Västerbotten Regiment in 1960 and served as military attaché in Paris and Bern from 1960 to 1965. From 1966 until his retirement in 1972, Gyllenstierna served as regimental commander of the Life Regiment Grenadiers (I 3).

He was also a board member of the Swedish Military Sports Association (Sveriges militära idrottsförbund) from 1943 to 1944 and secretary of the Royal Patriotic Society from 1973 to 1987.

Personal life
In October 1936, he married Eva Svennilson (1915–1966), the daughter of Sven Nilson, a court chaplain, and Auga (née Andersson), in Solna Church. They had three children: Nils (born 1938), Christofer (born 1942) and Tove (born 1951). His son Christofer Gyllenstierna is a Swedish ambassador.

In 1970, he married Maj Dalén (1908–1983), the daughter of professor Albin Dalén and Maja (née Svedin). He later married Else Bengtson-Muusfeldt (1921–1998), an artist.

Death
Gyllenstierna died on 14 May 2003 in Stockholm and was buried in Skogskyrkogården on 29 August 2003.

Dates of rank

 * 1932 – Second lieutenant
 * 1936 – Lieutenant
 * 1941 – Ryttmästare
 * 1941 – Captain
 * 1952 – Major
 * 1955 – Lieutenant colonel
 * 1960 – Colonel

Swedish

 * Royal_Order_of_the_Sword_-_Commander_BAR.svg 🇸🇪 Commander of the Order of the Sword (6 June 1966)
 * 🇸🇪 RyttOl Medal of Merit

Foreign

 * 🇫🇷 Commander of the Legion of Honour
 * 🇳🇴 Commander of the Order of St. Olav
 * 🇧🇪 Knight of the Order of the Crown
 * 🇺🇳 United Nations Medal

Honours

 * Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences (1956)

title: Ebbe Gyllenstierna


text:
sfidato

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) one who has been challenged

Adjective

 * 1)  discouraged, disheartened
 * 2)  distrustful

title: sfidato


text:
Brunswick SC

Brunswick SC may refer to:

 * Brunswick SC (1921–1936), a defunct Association football (soccer) club based in Brunswick, Victoria
 * Brunswick City SC, an Association football (soccer) club based in Brunswick West, Victoria
 * Brunswick Juventus Junior FC, an Association football (soccer) club based in Brunswick East, Victoria
 * Brunswick Latvia FC, an defunct Association football (soccer) club based in Parkville, Victoria
 * Moreland Zebras Juventus FC, an Association football (soccer) club based in Fawkner, Victoria

title: Brunswick SC


text:
Ceratozamia mirandae

Ceratozamia mirandae is a species of cycad in the family Zamiaceae endemic to Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico. It is found on the slopes of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Sierra de Niltepec, near La Tigria (La Tigrilla).

title: Ceratozamia mirandae


text:
Talk:Toufiq Saber Muhammad Al Marwa'i

rough work

 * 1) Amnesty International Report 2008 ''"but another, Tawfiq al Marwa'i, was released after he was tried and convicted of forging a false passport.  page 330

title: Talk:Toufiq Saber Muhammad Al Marwa'i


text:
Talk:Family tree of Abu Bakr

Let's keep a good article with a good tree.
This one gives information but is not very good. Especially the links and references, e.g. ymofmd.com which contains (do not laugh please :) Islam Personals Islam singles seek love, dating and marriage. Join free today. www.Muslima.com Pour les Cultes Chiite et Sunnite Vocale,5500 villes programmées www.meccashop.fr Spécialiste ésotérisme en France Très Grand choix et Sérieux ! www.librairie-inconnu.com
 * Dreamstime.com
 * Montre Prière Musulmane
 * Livres de Prières

Plz someone check other references ? thanks -- DLL .. T 21:34, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

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Katib famliy abu bakar
What was th esurname of abu bakar 2402:3A80:6AD:55A4:0:5B:D524:AF01 (talk) 20:52, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Family tree of Abu Bakr


text:
Talk:Swiss Leaks

February 2015
Hello, I'm trying to improve the article but I don't know how to do it. So I'll put links that can improve it if you want to help me, please:

They are in "Complaints of journalism in Spain due of the lack of this investigation in tabloids and public broadcaster" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Leaks&oldid=646490271#Complaints_of_journalism_in_Spain_due_the_treatment_of_this_information

Thank you (I'm a newbie here) ;-P Regards.--Pantuflo (talk) 12:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I can't help you for the moment? Why don't you start an article about the event in the Spanish Wikipedia? Take care to stick to sources and do not add interpretation of informaiton by yourself to articles. This would harm the reputation of Wikipedia in the end.Luxsarl (talk) 13:16, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Seems like you're trying to address a completely different subject (journalism in Spain and its perceived shortcomings) using this article as a coatrack... --Randykitty (talk) 15:38, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * No, no, sorry, I only tried to relate that the treatment of an info itself could become a relevant fact (for example) and it could be relevant in many articles (or not). I'm a newcomer here, and my english is horrible hahah... :-P  Edit: I've read WP:RECENTISM about recent articles in Wikipedia, It is useful before editing, better I'll edit other less recent articles, thanks. :-) --Pantuflo (talk) 10:21, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Prosecution of banking crimes should be in article
“So you might ask, what’s the appropriate financial penalty for a bank in HSBC’s position? Exactly how much money should one extract from a firm that has been shamelessly profiting from business with criminals for years and years? Remember, we’re talking about a company that has admitted to a smorgasbord of serious banking crimes. If you’re the prosecutor, you’ve got this bank by the balls. So how much money should you take?

How about all of it? How about every last dollar the bank has made since it started its illegal activity? How about you dive into every bank account of every single executive involved in this mess and take every last bonus dollar they’ve ever earned? Then take their houses, their cars, the paintings they bought at Sotheby’s auctions, the clothes in their closets, the loose change in the jars on their kitchen counters, every last freaking thing. Take it all and don’t think twice. And then throw them in jail.

Sound harsh? It does, doesn’t it? The only problem is, that’s exactly what the government does just about every day to ordinary people involved in ordinary drug cases.”  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kontrollinski (talk • contribs) 10:51, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swiss Leaks


text:
Talk:Diethylene glycol

Triethylene Glycol
Should there be a Triethylene Glycol page? To record its CAS and SMILES info more appropriately?
 * I think thats warranted, its an important chemical in the gas treatment HarmoniK 01:02, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Article about usage/contamination in toothpaste
Found this article originally from AP. Is this the same DEG? --Silvaran 00:36, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes. There ain't no other! --King Hildebrand 20:27, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality and Toxicity
Diethylene glycol is very toxic however, this page appears to have been created for the specific purpose of warning about the toxicity. Information about the toxicity of a chemical should definitely be included in articles as should poison warnings. This article should be reworded so that references to toxicity are concentrated under one heading. To spread references about toxicity throughout the article make it sound more like a consumer warning than unbiased information. I would suggest the skull and cross bones poison symbol be added to the heading of any chemical that is poisonous and that the FDA has required be labeled as a poison. This could satisfy the need for a warning about toxicity.
 * I tried to correct the issue with POV. A problem with WE-chem articles is that toxicity trivia provides material for those with an urge to edit but who know no chemistry.  Regarding your recommendation about "skull and cross bones": virtually every chemical can be considered poisonous (and our physical world is composed exclusively of chemicals).  Not sure what to think about the U.S.'s FDA: NPOV? Authoritative? (Certainly it is large and powerful in the US). --Smokefoot 21:59, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * DEG has an estimated LD50 of around 3000mg/kg which is the same as table salt's. (arguably, the estimated human LD50 is ~12,000mg/kg, 4 times higher for salt). IOW, it is simply NOT TRUE that DEG is "very toxic". But its use as a solvent or adulterant means that the dose can be high enough to be toxic.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:29, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

TEG uses
Under TEG there is a sentence, "Glycols are also used as liquid desiccants for natural gas and in air conditioning systems." The sentence as phrased appears to refer to glycols generally, not just TEG. Since I can't find in a quick check what desiccants are used for natural gas, I haven't adjusted the article text, but it doesn't read right the way it is. --King Hildebrand 20:31, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Personal care uses
The phrase DEG is often substituted by the much less toxic diethylene glycol ethers is ungrammatical, and as a result ambiguous.

If it means "DEG is used instead of DEG ethers" (because it's cheaper), it should be written "DEG is subsitituted for...." If it means "DEG ethers are used instead of DEG" (because they're less toxic), it should be written "DEG is replaced by...." ABehrens 16:46, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Good point. Thanks.  Been there; done that!  --King Hildebrand 14:21, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

More Explanation Please
While I pretty much understand the article inasmuch as it describes DEG as a substance that causes water to bind to it, a desiccant, it is not clear at all to me why it is used in toothpaste or cough syrup. Could we have a sentence such as: "for example, a without such a substance in toothpaste, the toothpaste would absorb water and become [overly mushy?] and in cough syrup, the cough syrup would absorb water and become [too thin and lose its viscosity?]

Contradictory information
"Like ethylene glycol, a solution of diethylene glycol and water is used as a coolant. It both lowers the freezing point of the solution and elevates its boiling point making it more suitable for hot climates."

????

Ref.:

Anti-freezing and anti-icing additive

http://chemicalland21.com/petrochemical/DEG.htm

is commonly used as an antifreeze agent in automobile cooling systems

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/glycol.html

Since already, grateful

<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:56, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usu%C3%A1rio:Quiumen

Diethylene glycol does decrease the freezing temperature, but generally is used for its other properties. Freezing point being around -10 C it's not effective as a practical antifreeze. The information above is not contradictory as there is a big difference between ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. Perhaps the article could be reworded to specifically address this common misconception as I recall there being media hysteria about this in the past.Blue Leopard (talk) 14:27, 18 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll get into it in the next 24h. Perhaps I need to start hunting thru refs before I copyedit in future... (!) Freestyle-69 (talk) 21:07, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Mass poisonings section
The article is becoming swamped with this section, as would the article on water if we listed all the people that died via ingestion of that. Unless there are any qualified objections I will be reducing/compacting this section. Freestyle-69 (talk) 21:42, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The epidemiology section seems too large and unbalanced - Can we move it to a separate Mass poisonings with diethylene glycol or similar ? Rod57 (talk) 13:57, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Synthesis
It would be nice if the article included a section on the synthesis process(es) used to make diethylene glycol. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joelthelion (talk • contribs) 12:17, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Contradictory Statements
Under Toxicology: "DEG is not allowed in food and drugs" vs. Fed Regulations allow no more than 0.2% as part of polyethylene glycol (which is allowed). My reading of this is that 21CFR172.820 allows DEG as a food additive (as part of polyethylene glycol). Is this not right? The statement that DEG is not allowed in food and drugs appears to be false.Chemqueen (talk) 21:22, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Diethylene glycol in antifreeze
Most commercial Ethylene glycol antifreeze in the US contains a few percent Diethylene glycol. Why? Because it is a common contaminant of the production process, that would be trouble or expense to remove? Does it add desirable properties?-<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:46, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

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Improper use of the noun 'epidemic'
"...this has resulted in numerous epidemics..." In this use, 'epidemic' is a noun which means 1. an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time or 2. an outbreak or product of sudden rapid spread, growth, or development. Mass ingestion of a poison is not an epidemic, is it? Leveretth (talk) 05:34, 19 July 2017 (UTC)

Dec 2022
Add Uzbekistan https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64114240 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:08, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diethylene glycol


text:
Talk:Donna Atwood

Owner of Ice Capades after husband's death?
There's an unsourced claim to that effect on Dorothy Hamill. Would be nice to know for sure. Yakushima (talk) 13:57, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donna Atwood


text:
User:Ariannah Armstrong

I am married to Ben Armstrong. We have been homeschooling 4 of our children since 2003.

I have a blog which doesn't get updated too frequently.

title: User:Ariannah Armstrong


text:
IB French

Bienvenue mes amis dans le monde magnifique des francophones !

=French B SL=

As of 2012 the IB Language B exam has changed in format and contents. This article is outdated.

Pour faciliter la communication entre les étudiants de ce niveau, et puisque ceci est la section Anglaise de « Wikibooks », la plupart de cette section est en Anglais.

To begin, French B is the second lowest difficulty of Group 2 Subjects. It is intended for students who have some background in French already, and wish to improve upon their reading and writing. There is no IB syllabus for French, so it really depends on your teacher to prepare you for your exams.

The Exams
Your French IB mark is determined primarily by external markers. The Oral Exam is internally marked, and externally moderated, whereas the Paper 1 & 2 are externally marked.

The Oral Exam
You are expected to speak for 3 to 5 minutes on a subject of your choice. Following this, there is a question period between you and your teacher for 2-3 minutes. During this question period, their job is to show your breadth and depth in the French language.

Note: You have to do your oral via cassette tape recording or digitally via CD recorder.

Tips for the Oral:
 * It would be most beneficial to your mark if you chose something relating in some way to French culture. Talking about Ford cars really has nothing to do with French culture, and would not impress markers. Some examples that are sure to "wow" the marker would be
 * French Regions (e.g. Provence, Champagne, Franche-Comté)
 * Francophone Countries (e.g. Cameroon, Haiti, Belgium, etc...)
 * French Cuisine
 * French Art
 * Basically, anything distinctly French or Francophone will do
 * Pick something you're interested in and can talk easily about
 * Read newspapers and magazines about recent events in France or French-speaking countries, and express your opinions.
 * Watch French television. It is very helpful in picking up enunciation and pronunciation, as well as French expressions, which the markers love to hear.
 * Practise your speech and record yourself. It is very helpful to hear yourself on tape, and to recognise what common errors you make.

Paper 1
The Paper 1 exam is 1h 30 minutes. This exam is designed to test your reading comprehension. You will be given two packages:
 * Your readings
 * The exam itself

The exam is composed of approximately 50 questions. They range from True/False to Fill in the Blanks to Finding Synonyms to Matching.

A strong grasp of French vocabulary and grammar is a must to succeed in this exam.

Paper 2
The Paper 2 exam is also 1h 30 minutes. It is designed to test your writing skills. A list of questions will be given to you - you must choose one of these and write a response of at least 250 words to it.

Some teachers recommend that you write at least double the minimum, but to be honest, go with quality over quantity. Aim for 350 words, but make those 350 words rife with idiomatic expressions, various verb tenses, and a clear presentation of your knowledge of the language. It is all a matter of personal preference in the end.

Tips for Paper 2
Il faut que vous sachiez comment écrire dans les formes suivantes:

- Discours

- Lettre à un ami

- Lettre formelle

- Page de journal intime / Blog

- Essai

- Guide (humoristique ou non)

- Interview / Dialogue / Conversation

- Editorial

- Brochure

- Compte-rendu

- Page d'accueil d'un site Internet

- Article de journal

- Critique (de livre ou de film)

- Fin d'un récit

Know the specific formats of each form, as these are easy marks to get. If you fail to write in the specific format, your points can go down by a lot. Format includes register, vocabulary, phrases, and physical appearance (for example if it is a newspaper article include columns).

Les questions d'écriture vont exiger une de ces formes. Si vous n'écrivez pas dans la forme précisée, vous serez pénalisé.

=French B HL=

The Exams

 * THE ORAL EXAM

title: IB French


text:
經典

Noun

 * 1)  ; Chinese canonical texts
 * 2)  religious scripture
 * 3)  classics; masterpiece; masterwork
 * 1)  classics; masterpiece; masterwork
 * 1)  classics; masterpiece; masterwork

Adjective

 * 1) classic; classical; authoritative; definitive; outstanding
 * 2) classic; traditional; original

title: 經典


text:
User:TEMPO156/redwarnConfig.js

/*                                                   This is your RedWarn configuration file. It is recommended that you don't edit this yourself and use RedWarn prefrences instead. It is writen in JSON formatting and is excecuted every time RedWarn loads.

If somebody has asked you to add code to this page, DO NOT do so as it may comprimise your account and will be reverted as soon as any configuration value changes.

!!! Do not edit below this line unless you understand the risks! If rw.config isn't defined, this file will be reset. !!! rw.config = {"lastVersion":"15","rwHAN":"disable","templatePacks":"W10="}; //

title: User:TEMPO156/redwarnConfig.js


text:
heru

Noun

 * 1) comb

Verb

 * 1) to comb

Etymology
From. Compare also 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) iron

title: heru


text:
User:Fraser001/sandbox

Theodore Galloway is a fictional character from the Transformers universe. He is a United States National Security Advisor to the President who believes the Autobots presence on Earth is the reason for the Decepticons still remaining on the planet. Galloway is portrayed by John Benjamin Hickey. He serves as the supporting antagonist of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen.

IDW Publishing
?

Films
Director Galloway appears in the 2009 sequel Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. He is sent by the President to NEST base on Diego Garcia

Books
?

Video games
?

Titan Magazines
?

Category:Film characters Category:Transformers human characters

title: User:Fraser001/sandbox


text:
Talk:Dotard

Donald Trump - Dotard
Can someone add in Donald Trump, and reference to Dotard?

What is means, etc.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/22/dotard-kim-jong-uns-obscure-insult-donald-trump-explained/

 * WP is not a dictionary. We don't define terms, even when they're applied to famous people. —C.Fred (talk) 15:44, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Addition to the List of disability-related terms with negative connotations article
I've included an entry to this word in the List of disability-related terms with negative connotations list, and I have included a source to back this up. Maybe we can redirect this entry to the linked article? Just an idea. Johnnysama (talk) 02:54, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dotard


text:
What Works Clearinghouse

What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) is a digital library of educational research which focuses on evidence-based education.

A 2006 report described that many researchers perceived the WWC to be passive cataloger of available research. In contrast to that view, the paper described a series of opinionated subjective decisions which the WWC made about providing some educational research and declining to index another sort.

WWC was established in 2002 as a project of the Institute of Education Sciences.

The WWC recommendations for interpreting the results of single-case educational studies is the subject of discussion.

The WWC has systems for evaluating the effectiveness of educational research in general and curricula.

Various researchers use WWC itself as the platform through which they access other research.

Some of the concerns expressed about WWC are that it appears to have difficulty keeping up with the research so it may not be current; and when a program is not listed on their database, it may be that it did not meet their criteria or they have not yet reviewed it, but it's not clear which. In addition Straight Talk on Evidence, authored by the Arnold Ventures LLC’ Evidence-Based Policy team, on January 16, 2018 expressed concerns about the validity of the ratings provided by WWC. It says WWC in some cases reported a "preliminary outcome when high-quality RCTs found no significant effects on more important and final educational outcomes".

title: What Works Clearinghouse