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article-131258_29 | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Personnel | Intestinal ultrasound is typically performed by: Sonographers Radiologists Gastroenterologists Emergency medicine physicians with specialized ultrasound training | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Personnel. Intestinal ultrasound is typically performed by: Sonographers Radiologists Gastroenterologists Emergency medicine physicians with specialized ultrasound training |
article-131258_30 | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Preparation | The patient should be fasting for at least 8 to 10 hours. Food can induce gaseous distension, which makes the visualization of the bowel difficult. Ingestion of a large amount of fluid could fill the bowel with water and mimic an intestinal obstruction. Thus, ideally, patients should be fasting for better intestinal vi... | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Preparation. The patient should be fasting for at least 8 to 10 hours. Food can induce gaseous distension, which makes the visualization of the bowel difficult. Ingestion of a large amount of fluid could fill the bowel with water and mimic an intestinal... |
article-131258_31 | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Technique or Treatment -- The Sequence of Intestinal Ultrasound Examination | In chronic conditions: as ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease follow-up, celiac disease, etc., it is preferred to start from the epigastric region or the left iliac (sigmoid) quadrant and then proceed to examine the rest of the intestine and colon, including the terminal ileum and appendix in the right iliac quadrant. Wh... | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Technique or Treatment -- The Sequence of Intestinal Ultrasound Examination. In chronic conditions: as ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease follow-up, celiac disease, etc., it is preferred to start from the epigastric region or the left iliac (sigmoid) qua... |
article-131258_32 | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Technique or Treatment -- Limitations | If the intestinal visualization is not possible due to gaseous distension, then " graded compression " of the bowel will help shift gaseous shadows and improve image quality. Another maneuver is to turn the patient on their side (right or left according to the bowel examined), assisting in displacing visually obstructi... | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Technique or Treatment -- Limitations. If the intestinal visualization is not possible due to gaseous distension, then " graded compression " of the bowel will help shift gaseous shadows and improve image quality. Another maneuver is to turn the patient... |
article-131258_33 | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Complications | There are no complications to this non-invasive procedure. | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Complications. There are no complications to this non-invasive procedure. |
article-131258_34 | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Clinical Significance -- The Impact of Intestinal Ultrasound on the Medical Care of Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Intestinal ultrasound could be used to diagnose multiple gastrointestinal diseases (acute and chronic). [30] [31] [25] Inflammatory bowel diseases could be diagnosed and followed up by intestinal ultrasound, as these patients need close monitoring and follow-up. Using a cost-effective, non-invasive method with no radio... | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Clinical Significance -- The Impact of Intestinal Ultrasound on the Medical Care of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Intestinal ultrasound could be used to diagnose multiple gastrointestinal diseases (acute and chronic). [30] [31] [25] Inflammatory bowel dis... |
article-131258_35 | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes | Intestinal ultrasound as a part of the follow-up for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis) has an important role, especially when performed by a trained operator. It can decrease the need for repeated CT or MR imaging of the abdomen. An interprofessional team approach in which... | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes. Intestinal ultrasound as a part of the follow-up for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis) has an important role, especially when performed by a trained operator. It can decr... |
article-131258_36 | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Review Questions | Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. | Sonography Intestinal Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation -- Review Questions. Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. |
article-27694_0 | Pressure Support -- Continuing Education Activity | Ventilation management is a crucial aspect of critical care medicine, serving as a cornerstone in emergency, internal, and hospital medicine. Several ventilation modes exist that are important for patient care in inpatient settings and for immediate stabilization. Pressure support ventilation (PSV) is a mode designed t... | Pressure Support -- Continuing Education Activity. Ventilation management is a crucial aspect of critical care medicine, serving as a cornerstone in emergency, internal, and hospital medicine. Several ventilation modes exist that are important for patient care in inpatient settings and for immediate stabilization. Pres... |
article-27694_1 | Pressure Support -- Continuing Education Activity | PSV operates as a flow-limited ventilation mode, providing pressure during inspiration until a preset flow threshold is attained. The inspiratory pressure level can vary from 5 to 20 cm H 2 O, depending on the patient's ventilatory needs. A pressure support of less than 5 cm H 2 O reduces resistance by overcoming venti... | Pressure Support -- Continuing Education Activity. PSV operates as a flow-limited ventilation mode, providing pressure during inspiration until a preset flow threshold is attained. The inspiratory pressure level can vary from 5 to 20 cm H 2 O, depending on the patient's ventilatory needs. A pressure support of less tha... |
article-27694_2 | Pressure Support -- Continuing Education Activity | Objectives: Identify appropriate patient populations for pressure support ventilation based on clinical indicators and ventilatory needs. Implement optimal pressure support ventilation settings considering tube size, lung compliance, and airway resistance. Apply evidence-based practices in pressure support ventilation ... | Pressure Support -- Continuing Education Activity. Objectives: Identify appropriate patient populations for pressure support ventilation based on clinical indicators and ventilatory needs. Implement optimal pressure support ventilation settings considering tube size, lung compliance, and airway resistance. Apply eviden... |
article-27694_3 | Pressure Support -- Introduction | Ventilation management is a crucial aspect of critical care medicine, serving as a cornerstone in emergency, internal, and hospital medicine. Several ventilation modes exist that are important for patient care in inpatient settings and for immediate stabilization. Pressure support ventilation (PSV) is a ventilation mod... | Pressure Support -- Introduction. Ventilation management is a crucial aspect of critical care medicine, serving as a cornerstone in emergency, internal, and hospital medicine. Several ventilation modes exist that are important for patient care in inpatient settings and for immediate stabilization. Pressure support vent... |
article-27694_4 | Pressure Support -- Introduction | PSV operates as a flow-limited ventilation mode, providing pressure during inspiration until a preset flow threshold is attained. The inspiratory pressure level can vary from 5 to 20 cm H 2 O, depending on the patient's ventilatory needs. Pressure support at low levels, typically less than 5 cm H 2 O, is commonly used ... | Pressure Support -- Introduction. PSV operates as a flow-limited ventilation mode, providing pressure during inspiration until a preset flow threshold is attained. The inspiratory pressure level can vary from 5 to 20 cm H 2 O, depending on the patient's ventilatory needs. Pressure support at low levels, typically less ... |
article-27694_5 | Pressure Support -- Introduction | Higher levels of pressure support are used to help patients breathe easier by introducing positive pressure to supplement their spontaneous effort. PSV can be used as a stand-alone ventilation mode or as a weaning mode from mechanical ventilation. In addition, it can be used as a noninvasive ventilation (NIV) mode in t... | Pressure Support -- Introduction. Higher levels of pressure support are used to help patients breathe easier by introducing positive pressure to supplement their spontaneous effort. PSV can be used as a stand-alone ventilation mode or as a weaning mode from mechanical ventilation. In addition, it can be used as a nonin... |
article-27694_6 | Pressure Support -- Introduction | Patients consistently govern breath frequency, duration, and flow in a PSV environment. The volume of each breath is directly influenced by set pressures, patient effort, and other mechanical settings that may oppose ventilation. [5] [6] [7] | Pressure Support -- Introduction. Patients consistently govern breath frequency, duration, and flow in a PSV environment. The volume of each breath is directly influenced by set pressures, patient effort, and other mechanical settings that may oppose ventilation. [5] [6] [7] |
article-27694_7 | Pressure Support -- Function | The PSV mode is often used in spontaneously breathing patients to aid ventilator liberation. This mode is comfortable for weaning patients and can be readily titrated to regulate a patient's breathing. In addition, PSV may be initiated in patients without the intention of ventilation liberation. Patient populations req... | Pressure Support -- Function. The PSV mode is often used in spontaneously breathing patients to aid ventilator liberation. This mode is comfortable for weaning patients and can be readily titrated to regulate a patient's breathing. In addition, PSV may be initiated in patients without the intention of ventilation liber... |
article-27694_8 | Pressure Support -- Function | In certain aspects, PSV shares similarities with intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB). Similar to pressure support, an IPPB support device is used to enhance the quality of breaths by promoting lung expansion. The concept of lung expansion therapy is that the elevation of alveolar pressure (positive pressure... | Pressure Support -- Function. In certain aspects, PSV shares similarities with intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB). Similar to pressure support, an IPPB support device is used to enhance the quality of breaths by promoting lung expansion. The concept of lung expansion therapy is that the elevation of alveol... |
article-27694_9 | Pressure Support -- Function | The concept of pressure support is straightforward and logical, as elevating the pressure support leads to increased ventilation and reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Lung compliance, airway resistance, and patient synchrony significantly influence the success of PSV. An increase in airway resistance or a dec... | Pressure Support -- Function. The concept of pressure support is straightforward and logical, as elevating the pressure support leads to increased ventilation and reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Lung compliance, airway resistance, and patient synchrony significantly influence the success of PSV. An increase... |
article-27694_10 | Pressure Support -- Function | As previously noted, PSV is exclusively a spontaneous mode, requiring patients to initiate breaths. Apneic patients must be in a controlled breath environment where the ventilator may fully sustain respiratory function. A patient must be hemodynamically stable and have sufficient respiratory effort to qualify for press... | Pressure Support -- Function. As previously noted, PSV is exclusively a spontaneous mode, requiring patients to initiate breaths. Apneic patients must be in a controlled breath environment where the ventilator may fully sustain respiratory function. A patient must be hemodynamically stable and have sufficient respirato... |
article-27694_11 | Pressure Support -- Function | Numerous limitations for PSV extend beyond liberations from mechanical ventilation. The ideal level of pressure support for weaning may vary among patients depending on the tube size and lung compliance. In addition, prolonged periods of PSV use may lead to diaphragm weakness, delayed mechanical ventilation duration, a... | Pressure Support -- Function. Numerous limitations for PSV extend beyond liberations from mechanical ventilation. The ideal level of pressure support for weaning may vary among patients depending on the tube size and lung compliance. In addition, prolonged periods of PSV use may lead to diaphragm weakness, delayed mech... |
article-27694_12 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | A simple approach to understanding the impact of resistance and compliance on outcomes is by comparing 2 medical conditions using the same fictitious patient, which could prompt the initiation of PSV. One can then speculate how each scenario might respond to treatment. In the initial scenario, we consider a fictional p... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. A simple approach to understanding the impact of resistance and compliance on outcomes is by comparing 2 medical conditions using the same fictitious patient, which could prompt the initiation of PSV. One can then speculate how each scenario might respond to treatment. In the init... |
article-27694_13 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | The patient's ventilator is currently set with pressure support of 10 cm H 2 O, yielding an average exhaled tidal volume of 550 mL. In comparison, in the second scenario, the patient's diagnosis shifts to postoperative pneumonia. Although the patient's condition has improved, they are initiated on pressure support mode... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. The patient's ventilator is currently set with pressure support of 10 cm H 2 O, yielding an average exhaled tidal volume of 550 mL. In comparison, in the second scenario, the patient's diagnosis shifts to postoperative pneumonia. Although the patient's condition has improved, they... |
article-27694_14 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | PSV emerges as a pivotal weaning strategy when compared to IMV modes. Studies have shown that PSV leads to a reduced respiratory rate, increased tidal volume, diminished respiratory muscle activity, and lower oxygen consumption compared to IMV ventilation modes. In 2000, an article from the United States National Libra... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. PSV emerges as a pivotal weaning strategy when compared to IMV modes. Studies have shown that PSV leads to a reduced respiratory rate, increased tidal volume, diminished respiratory muscle activity, and lower oxygen consumption compared to IMV ventilation modes. In 2000, an articl... |
article-27694_15 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | Comparing various weaning methods, such as T-piece and trach collar trials, for liberating patients from the ventilator is crucial. Studies indicate higher success rates when utilizing pressure support for spontaneous breathing trials than T-piece trials for a simple wean. T-piece trials are noted to have a less succes... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. Comparing various weaning methods, such as T-piece and trach collar trials, for liberating patients from the ventilator is crucial. Studies indicate higher success rates when utilizing pressure support for spontaneous breathing trials than T-piece trials for a simple wean. T-piece... |
article-27694_16 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | In a significant 2019 trial published in JAMA, a comparison was made between 30 minutes of pressure support and 2 hours of T-piece weaning. Among the 1153 adults studied, the proportion of successfully extubated patients was 82.3% ( n =557) in the 30-minute PSV group, whereas 74% ( n =578) in the 2-hour T-piece ventila... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. In a significant 2019 trial published in JAMA, a comparison was made between 30 minutes of pressure support and 2 hours of T-piece weaning. Among the 1153 adults studied, the proportion of successfully extubated patients was 82.3% ( n =557) in the 30-minute PSV group, whereas 74% ... |
article-27694_17 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | The endotracheal tube, being smaller than natural airways, remains static, whereas the natural airway is dynamic and dilates during inspiration. This understanding underscores how an artificial static airway can pose a disadvantage when breathing spontaneously without pressure compensation. [18] | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. The endotracheal tube, being smaller than natural airways, remains static, whereas the natural airway is dynamic and dilates during inspiration. This understanding underscores how an artificial static airway can pose a disadvantage when breathing spontaneously without pressure com... |
article-27694_18 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | One of the newer modes available in certain ventilator brands is adaptive support ventilation, characterized as volume-targeted PSV. In this mode, the machine dynamically adjusts respiratory rate, tidal volume, and inspiratory time in response to the patient's effort and respiratory mechanics. | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. One of the newer modes available in certain ventilator brands is adaptive support ventilation, characterized as volume-targeted PSV. In this mode, the machine dynamically adjusts respiratory rate, tidal volume, and inspiratory time in response to the patient's effort and respirato... |
article-27694_19 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | Patient-centered weaning is important when utilizing pressure support as the primary ventilation mode. Recognizing the uniqueness of each individual will often determine the outcome of ventilation liberation. A ventilator liberation protocol that allows for an individualized approach yields superior results compared to... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. Patient-centered weaning is important when utilizing pressure support as the primary ventilation mode. Recognizing the uniqueness of each individual will often determine the outcome of ventilation liberation. A ventilator liberation protocol that allows for an individualized appro... |
article-27694_20 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | Understanding when to discontinue pressure support is just as important as when to initiate it. When transitioning a patient from a breath rate-controlled mode to pressure support, monitoring their responsiveness to therapy becomes imperative. Assessing the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) is a valuable indicator o... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. Understanding when to discontinue pressure support is just as important as when to initiate it. When transitioning a patient from a breath rate-controlled mode to pressure support, monitoring their responsiveness to therapy becomes imperative. Assessing the rapid shallow breathing... |
article-27694_21 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | Many other factors play a role when pressure support is unsuccessful. Underlying issues such as congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease, fluid overload, dehydration, or electrolyte abnormalities leading to hemodynamic compromise can all contribute to unsuccessful outcomes. Very low blood pressure may stem f... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. Many other factors play a role when pressure support is unsuccessful. Underlying issues such as congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease, fluid overload, dehydration, or electrolyte abnormalities leading to hemodynamic compromise can all contribute to unsuccessful outco... |
article-27694_22 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | The patient's presentation during the process can identify success in pressure support weaning. Monitoring the RSBI and vital signs is a good indicator of patient tolerance. Although arterial blood gasses may be drawn to determine tolerance, studies do not significantly reflect that an arterial blood gas altered the de... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. The patient's presentation during the process can identify success in pressure support weaning. Monitoring the RSBI and vital signs is a good indicator of patient tolerance. Although arterial blood gasses may be drawn to determine tolerance, studies do not significantly reflect th... |
article-27694_23 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | Systemic steroids yield favorable outcomes for individuals undergoing mechanical ventilation weaning. Administering steroids both before and after extubation proves beneficial in preventing upper airway obstruction and reducing the risk of reintubation, particularly in at-risk populations. | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. Systemic steroids yield favorable outcomes for individuals undergoing mechanical ventilation weaning. Administering steroids both before and after extubation proves beneficial in preventing upper airway obstruction and reducing the risk of reintubation, particularly in at-risk pop... |
article-27694_24 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | After extubation, vigilant patient monitoring and proactive measures to mitigate the risk of reintubation are crucial for success. A study suggests that visually assessing the extubated patient and implementing noninvasive positive pressure ventilation through a mask can significantly decrease the risk of reintubation,... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. After extubation, vigilant patient monitoring and proactive measures to mitigate the risk of reintubation are crucial for success. A study suggests that visually assessing the extubated patient and implementing noninvasive positive pressure ventilation through a mask can significa... |
article-27694_25 | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern | Managing PSV in cases of COPD and asthma can be challenging due to substantial variability among patients and varying airway resistance. Furthermore, other factors should be considered, such as expiratory and inspiratory time, airway resistance, lung compliance, and WOB. [22] The use of PSV can cause a decrease in CO 2... | Pressure Support -- Issues of Concern. Managing PSV in cases of COPD and asthma can be challenging due to substantial variability among patients and varying airway resistance. Furthermore, other factors should be considered, such as expiratory and inspiratory time, airway resistance, lung compliance, and WOB. [22] The ... |
article-27694_26 | Pressure Support -- Clinical Significance | Pressure support provides a set amount of pressure during inspiration to support the spontaneously breathing patient. This mode eases a patient's ability to overcome the resistance of the endotracheal tube and is frequently used during weaning, as it reduces the effort of breathing. Pressure support is considered valua... | Pressure Support -- Clinical Significance. Pressure support provides a set amount of pressure during inspiration to support the spontaneously breathing patient. This mode eases a patient's ability to overcome the resistance of the endotracheal tube and is frequently used during weaning, as it reduces the effort of brea... |
article-27694_27 | Pressure Support -- Other Issues | When a patient requires ventilator weaning in pressure support mode, activating the backup mode on the ventilator is recommended. This mode will be triggered if the patient encounters difficulty breathing or exhibits shallow breaths. | Pressure Support -- Other Issues. When a patient requires ventilator weaning in pressure support mode, activating the backup mode on the ventilator is recommended. This mode will be triggered if the patient encounters difficulty breathing or exhibits shallow breaths. |
article-27694_28 | Pressure Support -- Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes | PSV is recognized as a crucial weaning strategy, distinguishing itself from other modes, such as intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). Studies have shown that PSV results in a decreased respiratory rate, increased tidal volume, reduced respiratory muscle activity, and decreased oxygen consumption compared to IMV ve... | Pressure Support -- Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes. PSV is recognized as a crucial weaning strategy, distinguishing itself from other modes, such as intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). Studies have shown that PSV results in a decreased respiratory rate, increased tidal volume, reduced respiratory muscle activ... |
article-27694_29 | Pressure Support -- Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions | Ventilator weaning with PSV necessitates a collaborative, multidisciplinary effort involving close cooperation and coordination among the nurse, respiratory therapist, and the healthcare team. Typically, these patients are initiated on PSV, and their sedation is paused. | Pressure Support -- Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions. Ventilator weaning with PSV necessitates a collaborative, multidisciplinary effort involving close cooperation and coordination among the nurse, respiratory therapist, and the healthcare team. Typically, these patients are initiated o... |
article-27694_30 | Pressure Support -- Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions | To avoid complications and self-extubations, the healthcare team should be readily available, and the patient must be closely monitored. Incorporating daily spontaneous breathing trials and sedation vacations, which are part of the ABCDEF bundle, into the best practices of all ICUs, can enhance patient-centered outcome... | Pressure Support -- Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions. To avoid complications and self-extubations, the healthcare team should be readily available, and the patient must be closely monitored. Incorporating daily spontaneous breathing trials and sedation vacations, which are part of the AB... |
article-27694_31 | Pressure Support -- Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Monitoring | During the weaning trial on PSV, it is crucial to closely monitor the patient for any signs of respiratory compromise. Respiratory therapists, nurses, and other healthcare team members should collaborate to vigilantly observe the patient throughout the weaning process. | Pressure Support -- Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Monitoring. During the weaning trial on PSV, it is crucial to closely monitor the patient for any signs of respiratory compromise. Respiratory therapists, nurses, and other healthcare team members should collaborate to vigilantly observe the patient... |
article-27694_32 | Pressure Support -- Review Questions | Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. | Pressure Support -- Review Questions. Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. |
article-38210_0 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Introduction | Arteries make up a major part of the circulatory system, with the veins and heart being the other main components. Arteries make up tubelike structures responsible for transporting fluid (i.e., blood for the circulatory system and lymph for the lymphatic system) to and from every organ in the body. Mainly, arteries man... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Introduction. Arteries make up a major part of the circulatory system, with the veins and heart being the other main components. Arteries make up tubelike structures responsible for transporting fluid (i.e., blood for the circulatory system and lymph for the lymphatic system) to and from every orga... |
article-38210_1 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Introduction | Arteries are composed of smooth muscle allowing constriction and dilation through the parasympathetic nervous system. [3] Arteries differ from veins in that they most often carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and into the rest of the body system. However, this is not always the case, as the pulmonary artery move... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Introduction. Arteries are composed of smooth muscle allowing constriction and dilation through the parasympathetic nervous system. [3] Arteries differ from veins in that they most often carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and into the rest of the body system. However, this is not always the... |
article-38210_2 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Introduction | As individuals age, health issues begin presenting themselves in the form of stiffening or thickening of the arteries. This issue may develop due to a variety of issues ranging from advanced age, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, and/or genetic factors such as hypercholestreriamiaAs problems arise in the structure of the... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Introduction. As individuals age, health issues begin presenting themselves in the form of stiffening or thickening of the arteries. This issue may develop due to a variety of issues ranging from advanced age, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, and/or genetic factors such as hypercholestreriamiaAs pro... |
article-38210_3 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Structure and Function | The arteries throughout the body are composed of three different layers (see Image. Artery Layers). The first innermost layer of the artery is known as the intima, which is made up of a smooth muscle layer that contains one layer of endothelial cells, and the rest is smooth muscle and elastin. The tunica intima creates... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Structure and Function. The arteries throughout the body are composed of three different layers (see Image. Artery Layers). The first innermost layer of the artery is known as the intima, which is made up of a smooth muscle layer that contains one layer of endothelial cells, and the rest is smooth ... |
article-38210_4 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Structure and Function | The adventitia is crucial for connecting the arteries to other tissues in the body, including the vascular nerves, which control the smooth muscles in the arteries. In this way, the arteries do not move freely throughout the body but instead are held in place to ensure a consistent and effective cardiovascular system. ... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Structure and Function. The adventitia is crucial for connecting the arteries to other tissues in the body, including the vascular nerves, which control the smooth muscles in the arteries. In this way, the arteries do not move freely throughout the body but instead are held in place to ensure a con... |
article-38210_5 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Structure and Function | The aortic arch is similar to the ascending aorta and carries blood up to the back and neck. The descending aorta brings blood from the heart to smaller vessels in the chest or ribs. Finally, the abdominal aorta carries blood to the iliac arteries, which provide circulation for many organs in the abdominal region. [8] | Anatomy, Arteries -- Structure and Function. The aortic arch is similar to the ascending aorta and carries blood up to the back and neck. The descending aorta brings blood from the heart to smaller vessels in the chest or ribs. Finally, the abdominal aorta carries blood to the iliac arteries, which provide circulation ... |
article-38210_6 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Embryology | During development, the arteries constantly change to maintain balance in changing environments. The heart and arteries develop from the mesoderm germ layer as it is composed of smooth muscle. After the mesoderm begins to differentiate into sections of the circulatory system due to specific growth factor signaling, the... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Embryology. During development, the arteries constantly change to maintain balance in changing environments. The heart and arteries develop from the mesoderm germ layer as it is composed of smooth muscle. After the mesoderm begins to differentiate into sections of the circulatory system due to spec... |
article-38210_7 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Embryology | During pregnancy, the fetus has a sharded circulatory system with the mother, making the movement of blood unique. The uterine arteries carry blood from the mother to the placenta, where it can perfuse and travel to the fetus to supply it with oxygen. Fetal hearts also have a unique blood flow as blood does not become ... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Embryology. During pregnancy, the fetus has a sharded circulatory system with the mother, making the movement of blood unique. The uterine arteries carry blood from the mother to the placenta, where it can perfuse and travel to the fetus to supply it with oxygen. Fetal hearts also have a unique blo... |
article-38210_8 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Muscles | In all of these examples, arteries are comprised of smooth muscle. They are nonstriated muscles encompassing the vessels to provide support and integrity to the entire artery. This smooth muscle reacts to different signals and innervations to constrict or dilate to maintain consistent blood pressure, such as epinephrin... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Muscles. In all of these examples, arteries are comprised of smooth muscle. They are nonstriated muscles encompassing the vessels to provide support and integrity to the entire artery. This smooth muscle reacts to different signals and innervations to constrict or dilate to maintain consistent bloo... |
article-38210_9 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Muscles | Additionally, the kidney can indirectly affect blood pressure through its release of renin. Renin allows for the creation of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor. [11] Angiotensin II interacts directly with the smooth muscles in the arteries, causing constriction when blood pressure drops below normal. Additional... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Muscles. Additionally, the kidney can indirectly affect blood pressure through its release of renin. Renin allows for the creation of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor. [11] Angiotensin II interacts directly with the smooth muscles in the arteries, causing constriction when blood pressure ... |
article-38210_10 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Muscles | As arteries age, they harden and become less compliant, leading to an imbalance in this system that can lead to secondary hypertension due to a low glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys. Therefore through the endocrine system, different hormones are released into the blood, which is then able to signal the vascular... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Muscles. As arteries age, they harden and become less compliant, leading to an imbalance in this system that can lead to secondary hypertension due to a low glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys. Therefore through the endocrine system, different hormones are released into the blood, which is th... |
article-38210_11 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Surgical Considerations | The different surgical considerations with regard to arterial anatomy are: Aneurysms - May need surgical ligation, stenting, or clipping based on the location Arteriovenous fistula - May need separation of the vessels Ligation of an arterial bleeder - May need a trans-fixation suture for major arteries Thrombo-embolism... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Surgical Considerations. The different surgical considerations with regard to arterial anatomy are: Aneurysms - May need surgical ligation, stenting, or clipping based on the location Arteriovenous fistula - May need separation of the vessels Ligation of an arterial bleeder - May need a trans-fixat... |
article-38210_12 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Clinical Significance | There are many more ways that arteries aid in maintaining balance, including some vasodilators such as histamine or serotonin. This, however, can become dangerous if balance is not maintained. An angiogram, or insertion of a tube and dye into the artery, can be used to monitor the blood flow to identify bleeds or block... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Clinical Significance. There are many more ways that arteries aid in maintaining balance, including some vasodilators such as histamine or serotonin. This, however, can become dangerous if balance is not maintained. An angiogram, or insertion of a tube and dye into the artery, can be used to monito... |
article-38210_13 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Clinical Significance | One of the most common medical problems concerning arteries is atherosclerosis; the arteries build up with plaque until it affects normal cardiovascular function. This compilation of plaque can form anywhere, meaning a blockage can develop in any area. A myocardial infarction will occur if the blood supply gets cut off... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Clinical Significance. One of the most common medical problems concerning arteries is atherosclerosis; the arteries build up with plaque until it affects normal cardiovascular function. This compilation of plaque can form anywhere, meaning a blockage can develop in any area. A myocardial infarction... |
article-38210_14 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Clinical Significance | Individuals with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) should be evaluated with carotid ultrasound to assess the level of stenosis. Vascular surgery may be performed to open the arterial lumen further, depending on the level of stenosis or obstruction in these major vessels. This process is often achie... | Anatomy, Arteries -- Clinical Significance. Individuals with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) should be evaluated with carotid ultrasound to assess the level of stenosis. Vascular surgery may be performed to open the arterial lumen further, depending on the level of stenosis or obstruction in thes... |
article-38210_15 | Anatomy, Arteries -- Review Questions | Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. | Anatomy, Arteries -- Review Questions. Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. |
article-67476_0 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Introduction | Homeostasis is a term that was first coined by physiologist Walter Cannon in 1926, clarifying the 'milieu intérieur' that fellow physiologist Claude Bernard had spoken of in 1865. [1] 'Homeo,' Latinized from the Greek word 'homio,' means 'similar to,' and when combined with the Greek word 'stasis,' meaning 'standing ... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Introduction. Homeostasis is a term that was first coined by physiologist Walter Cannon in 1926, clarifying the 'milieu intérieur' that fellow physiologist Claude Bernard had spoken of in 1865. [1] 'Homeo,' Latinized from the Greek word 'homio,' means 'similar to,' and when combined with th... |
article-67476_1 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Introduction | The body's many functions, beginning at the cellular level, operate as to not deviate from a narrow range of internal balance, a state known as dynamic equilibrium, despite changes in the external environment. Those changes in the external environment alter the composition of the extracellular fluid surrounding the ind... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Introduction. The body's many functions, beginning at the cellular level, operate as to not deviate from a narrow range of internal balance, a state known as dynamic equilibrium, despite changes in the external environment. Those changes in the external environment alter the composition of th... |
article-67476_2 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Cellular Level | On the cellular level, homeostasis is observable in the biochemical reactions that take place. Regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, ion concentrations, and blood glucose concentration is necessary for enzymes to function optimally in the environment of the cell, and the formation of waste products must be kept in con... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Cellular Level. On the cellular level, homeostasis is observable in the biochemical reactions that take place. Regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, ion concentrations, and blood glucose concentration is necessary for enzymes to function optimally in the environment of the cell, and the form... |
article-67476_3 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Cellular Level | Cells respond to changes in volume by activating the metabolic transport of molecules necessary to return to back to normal volume. [4] In both, the cases of hyperosmolar or hypoosmolar external cellular states, the transfer of molecules must result in volume regulation as not to disturb the contents of the cell from t... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Cellular Level. Cells respond to changes in volume by activating the metabolic transport of molecules necessary to return to back to normal volume. [4] In both, the cases of hyperosmolar or hypoosmolar external cellular states, the transfer of molecules must result in volume regulation as not... |
article-67476_4 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Development | Homeostasis would not be possible without setpoints, feedback, and regulation. The human body is composed of thousands of control systems to detect change caused by disruptors and employ effectors to mediate that change. The setpoint is invaluable in the development of the homeostatic control system and is the value th... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Development. Homeostasis would not be possible without setpoints, feedback, and regulation. The human body is composed of thousands of control systems to detect change caused by disruptors and employ effectors to mediate that change. The setpoint is invaluable in the development of the homeos... |
article-67476_5 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Development | Although homeostasis is central to understand internal regulation, allostasis, or maintaining stability through change, is worthy of mention, as it is also necessary for organisms to adapt to their environments. [6] Allostasis considers the normal daily variations that exist in the internal system. As such, a differenc... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Development. Although homeostasis is central to understand internal regulation, allostasis, or maintaining stability through change, is worthy of mention, as it is also necessary for organisms to adapt to their environments. [6] Allostasis considers the normal daily variations that exist in t... |
article-67476_6 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Organ Systems Involved | Homeostasis is involved in every organ system of the body. In a similar vein, no one organ system of the body acts alone; regulation of body temperature cannot occur without the cooperation of the integumentary system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and cardiovascular system at a minimum. Chemosensors in the c... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Organ Systems Involved. Homeostasis is involved in every organ system of the body. In a similar vein, no one organ system of the body acts alone; regulation of body temperature cannot occur without the cooperation of the integumentary system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and cardio... |
article-67476_7 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Function | In short, the purpose of homeostasis is to maintain the established internal environment without being overcome by external stimuli that exist to disrupt the balance. | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Function. In short, the purpose of homeostasis is to maintain the established internal environment without being overcome by external stimuli that exist to disrupt the balance. |
article-67476_8 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Mechanism | A proposed mechanism for homeostasis is represented by a regulatory system in which five critical components must work together in a reflex loop: the sensor, setpoint, error detector, controller, and effector. [5] A regulated (sensed) variable has a sensor within the system to measure the change in its value, an exampl... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Mechanism. A proposed mechanism for homeostasis is represented by a regulatory system in which five critical components must work together in a reflex loop: the sensor, setpoint, error detector, controller, and effector. [5] A regulated (sensed) variable has a sensor within the system to meas... |
article-67476_9 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Mechanism | A controller's role is to interpret an error signal and determine the outputs of the effectors so that homeostasis is once again attainable. Thus, in the body, controllers are usually the endocrine cells and sensory neurons in the autonomic nervous system, medulla, and hypothalamus. The effectors produce the response t... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Mechanism. A controller's role is to interpret an error signal and determine the outputs of the effectors so that homeostasis is once again attainable. Thus, in the body, controllers are usually the endocrine cells and sensory neurons in the autonomic nervous system, medulla, and hypothalamus... |
article-67476_10 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Mechanism | Negative feedback refers to a response that is opposite to the stress: the compensatory action will increase values if they become too low or decrease if they become too high. Anticipatory (feedforward) controls exist to minimize the disturbance of a predicted change in the environment when anticipating a change. [8] I... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Mechanism. Negative feedback refers to a response that is opposite to the stress: the compensatory action will increase values if they become too low or decrease if they become too high. Anticipatory (feedforward) controls exist to minimize the disturbance of a predicted change in the environ... |
article-67476_11 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Related Testing | A patient's vital signs (blood pressure, core body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) are the first measurement indicating if there is a homeostatic imbalance. A basic metabolic panel is a quick blood test to show electrolyte disturbances, if present, to guide diagnosis and treatment. Mea... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Related Testing. A patient's vital signs (blood pressure, core body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) are the first measurement indicating if there is a homeostatic imbalance. A basic metabolic panel is a quick blood test to show electrolyte disturbances, if pr... |
article-67476_12 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Pathophysiology | Homeostasis underlies many, if not all, disease processes. Diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, involve both the disturbance of homeostasis, as well as the presence of inflammation. [2] The loss of receptor sensitivity with age increases the risk of illness as an unstable internal environment ... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Pathophysiology. Homeostasis underlies many, if not all, disease processes. Diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, involve both the disturbance of homeostasis, as well as the presence of inflammation. [2] The loss of receptor sensitivity with age increases the risk of ... |
article-67476_13 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Pathophysiology | The setpoint must confine itself to a strict range in certain body functions, but it is not necessarily static in others. For example, deviation of arterial blood gas values from the accepted range would be detrimental to a living system. However, when the body is deprived of food, a 'new normal' must be adjusted to fu... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Pathophysiology. The setpoint must confine itself to a strict range in certain body functions, but it is not necessarily static in others. For example, deviation of arterial blood gas values from the accepted range would be detrimental to a living system. However, when the body is deprived of... |
article-67476_14 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Clinical Significance | All in all, every medical condition can be traced back to failure at some point in the homeostatic control system, whether it be in the inability to detect the initial external change, failure of initiating a feedback loop, failure to enact a response to return to the setpoint, or failure in the setpoint itself. The go... | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Clinical Significance. All in all, every medical condition can be traced back to failure at some point in the homeostatic control system, whether it be in the inability to detect the initial external change, failure of initiating a feedback loop, failure to enact a response to return to the s... |
article-67476_15 | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Review Questions | Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. | Physiology, Homeostasis -- Review Questions. Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. |
article-22264_0 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Continuing Education Activity | Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible multifactorial optic neuropathy. Characterized by an open angle of the anterior chamber, optic nerve head changes, and a gradual decline in peripheral vision followed by central visual field loss, OAG remains asymptomatic until advanced stages, empha... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Continuing Education Activity. Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible multifactorial optic neuropathy. Characterized by an open angle of the anterior chamber, optic nerve head changes, and a gradual decline in peripheral vision followed by central visual field loss,... |
article-22264_1 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Continuing Education Activity | This course evaluates the complexities of OAG, and describes how early detection and management can help prevent irreversible vision loss and preserve patients' quality of life. Participants explore the multifactorial nature of OAG, including its pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. The latest ev... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Continuing Education Activity. This course evaluates the complexities of OAG, and describes how early detection and management can help prevent irreversible vision loss and preserve patients' quality of life. Participants explore the multifactorial nature of OAG, including its pathophysiology, ri... |
article-22264_2 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Continuing Education Activity | Objectives: Identify risk factors and early signs of open-angle glaucoma during routine patient evaluations. Differentiate between open-angle glaucoma and other ocular conditions that may present with similar symptoms, ensuring accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. Assess disease progression and treatment effi... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Continuing Education Activity. Objectives: Identify risk factors and early signs of open-angle glaucoma during routine patient evaluations. Differentiate between open-angle glaucoma and other ocular conditions that may present with similar symptoms, ensuring accurate diagnosis and appropriate man... |
article-22264_3 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Introduction | Glaucoma is a collection of diseases where increased intraocular pressure (IOP) adversely impacts the optic nerve and, subsequently, the visual field. [1] However, not all cases of glaucoma are associated with increased IOP. A subset includes similar optic nerve and visual field damage, known as normal pressure glaucom... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Introduction. Glaucoma is a collection of diseases where increased intraocular pressure (IOP) adversely impacts the optic nerve and, subsequently, the visual field. [1] However, not all cases of glaucoma are associated with increased IOP. A subset includes similar optic nerve and visual field dam... |
article-22264_4 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Introduction | Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible multifactorial optic neuropathy characterized by an open angle of the anterior chamber, typical optic nerve head changes, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, and progressive loss of peripheral vision (see Image. Visual Field and Optical Coherence Tom... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Introduction. Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible multifactorial optic neuropathy characterized by an open angle of the anterior chamber, typical optic nerve head changes, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, and progressive loss of peripheral vision (see Image. V... |
article-22264_5 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Introduction | The disease is usually bilateral, but asymmetry depends on the etiology. Although increased IOP is a significant risk factor in developing glaucoma, IOP levels greater than 21 mm Hg do not necessarily cause glaucoma and optic nerve damage in all patients. [4] Studies have shown asymptomatic individuals with ocular hype... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Introduction. The disease is usually bilateral, but asymmetry depends on the etiology. Although increased IOP is a significant risk factor in developing glaucoma, IOP levels greater than 21 mm Hg do not necessarily cause glaucoma and optic nerve damage in all patients. [4] Studies have shown asym... |
article-22264_6 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology | Understanding the formation and drainage of aqueous humor is necessary to comprehend the etiology of OAG. The ciliary body continuously produces aqueous humor in the posterior chamber and drains it into the eye's anterior chamber. Most aqueous humor drainage occurs through the trabecular meshwork, and a minority of aqu... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology. Understanding the formation and drainage of aqueous humor is necessary to comprehend the etiology of OAG. The ciliary body continuously produces aqueous humor in the posterior chamber and drains it into the eye's anterior chamber. Most aqueous humor drainage occurs through the trabecula... |
article-22264_7 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology | Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type, characterized by increased resistance to drainage in the trabecular meshwork. However, the drainage angle between the cornea and iris remains open. [6] Due to this blockage, the pressure in the eye gradually increases, resulting in optic nerve damage and progr... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type, characterized by increased resistance to drainage in the trabecular meshwork. However, the drainage angle between the cornea and iris remains open. [6] Due to this blockage, the pressure in the eye gradually increases, resultin... |
article-22264_8 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic | Chromosome 1q24.3, MYOC gene: Myocilin is a cytoskeletal protein product of the MYOC gene, implicated in cases of hereditary juvenile OAG and adult OAG. Myocilin is a cytoskeletal protein expressed in the trabecular meshwork and is also known as trabecular meshwork glucocorticoid-inducible response protein. [7] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic. Chromosome 1q24.3, MYOC gene: Myocilin is a cytoskeletal protein product of the MYOC gene, implicated in cases of hereditary juvenile OAG and adult OAG. Myocilin is a cytoskeletal protein expressed in the trabecular meshwork and is also known as trabecular meshwork glucocorti... |
article-22264_9 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic | Chromosome 5q22.1, WDR36 gene: The WDR36 protein is a member of the WD repeat protein family and is implicated in adult-onset POAG. This protein functions in ribosomal ribonucleic acid processing, p53 stress-pathway response, cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. WDR36 protein is ... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic. Chromosome 5q22.1, WDR36 gene: The WDR36 protein is a member of the WD repeat protein family and is implicated in adult-onset POAG. This protein functions in ribosomal ribonucleic acid processing, p53 stress-pathway response, cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apopt... |
article-22264_10 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic | Chromosome 7q31, CAV1/CAV2 genes: CAV1 and CAV2 are protein members of the caveolin family that are involved in the formation of caveolae-invaginations of the plasma membrane in areas that are rich in cholesterol during transcytosis. This gene is associated with POAG susceptibility in populations of European and East A... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic. Chromosome 7q31, CAV1/CAV2 genes: CAV1 and CAV2 are protein members of the caveolin family that are involved in the formation of caveolae-invaginations of the plasma membrane in areas that are rich in cholesterol during transcytosis. This gene is associated with POAG suscepti... |
article-22264_11 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic | Chromosome 9p21, CDKN2B-AS1 gene: CDKN2B-AS1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B antisense noncoding ribonucleic acid that regulates cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A and 2B in the cell cycle. [12] A United States-based observational case study found that this region modifies optic nerve vulnerability to glauc... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic. Chromosome 9p21, CDKN2B-AS1 gene: CDKN2B-AS1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B antisense noncoding ribonucleic acid that regulates cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A and 2B in the cell cycle. [12] A United States-based observational case study found that this region... |
article-22264_12 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic | Chromosome 10p13, OPTN gene: Optineurin is the coiled-coil protein product implicated in adult-onset POAG and normal-tension glaucoma. Optineurin is involved in various cellular functions, including apoptosis, cellular morphogenesis, inflammation, vasoconstriction, membrane protein trafficking, vesicular trafficking, a... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic. Chromosome 10p13, OPTN gene: Optineurin is the coiled-coil protein product implicated in adult-onset POAG and normal-tension glaucoma. Optineurin is involved in various cellular functions, including apoptosis, cellular morphogenesis, inflammation, vasoconstriction, membrane p... |
article-22264_13 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic | Chromosome 15q24.1, LOXL1 gene: Lysyl oxidase-like 1 gene codes for an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase enzyme that catalyzes the first step in crosslinking collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix and is implicated in cases of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. SNP in the LOXL1 gene is associated with exc... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic. Chromosome 15q24.1, LOXL1 gene: Lysyl oxidase-like 1 gene codes for an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase enzyme that catalyzes the first step in crosslinking collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix and is implicated in cases of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. ... |
article-22264_14 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic | Several study results (based on whole-exome sequencing using gene-based and single-variant analyses) have revealed more than 40 new previously unreported genes associated with glaucoma phenotypes. [20] Understanding this disease's genetic and molecular mechanisms is crucial to developing new drug targets. [21] [22] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Etiology -- Genetic. Several study results (based on whole-exome sequencing using gene-based and single-variant analyses) have revealed more than 40 new previously unreported genes associated with glaucoma phenotypes. [20] Understanding this disease's genetic and molecular mechanisms is crucial t... |
article-22264_15 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology | Glaucoma affects about 70 million people worldwide and is the second leading cause of blindness globally. Of the 70 million individuals affected by glaucoma, 74% have OAG; in the United States (US), nearly 80% of all glaucoma is OAG. A recent meta-analysis showed that the estimated number of individuals with POAG world... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology. Glaucoma affects about 70 million people worldwide and is the second leading cause of blindness globally. Of the 70 million individuals affected by glaucoma, 74% have OAG; in the United States (US), nearly 80% of all glaucoma is OAG. A recent meta-analysis showed that the estimated ... |
article-22264_16 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology | Longevity also plays a role because glaucoma primarily affects older populations. The longevity factor should be considered in the epidemiology of glaucoma, as women and individuals in developed countries have greater longevity than men and individuals in non-developed countries. In 2020, OAG was projected to have the ... | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology. Longevity also plays a role because glaucoma primarily affects older populations. The longevity factor should be considered in the epidemiology of glaucoma, as women and individuals in developed countries have greater longevity than men and individuals in non-developed countries. In... |
article-22264_17 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Older age (African American, 40+ years; Caucasians, 65+ years) [26] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Older age (African American, 40+ years; Caucasians, 65+ years) [26] |
article-22264_18 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Race (African-American, Afro-Caribbean, and West African patients have a 4-fold increased risk of developing OAG) [26] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Race (African-American, Afro-Caribbean, and West African patients have a 4-fold increased risk of developing OAG) [26] |
article-22264_19 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Family history (eg, the Rotterdam Eye study found a 9.2 times higher risk of developing OAG if first-degree relatives had glaucoma) [27] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Family history (eg, the Rotterdam Eye study found a 9.2 times higher risk of developing OAG if first-degree relatives had glaucoma) [27] |
article-22264_20 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Elevated IOP [28] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Elevated IOP [28] |
article-22264_21 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Myopia (eg, results from studies have reported an increased risk of glaucoma of up to 20% for each diopter increase in myopia) [29] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Myopia (eg, results from studies have reported an increased risk of glaucoma of up to 20% for each diopter increase in myopia) [29] |
article-22264_22 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Increased cup-to-disc ratio [30] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Increased cup-to-disc ratio [30] |
article-22264_23 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Disc hemorrhage [31] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Disc hemorrhage [31] |
article-22264_24 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Thin central corneal thickness [32] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Thin central corneal thickness [32] |
article-22264_25 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Low ocular perfusion pressure [33] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Low ocular perfusion pressure [33] |
article-22264_26 | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors: | Low blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) [34] | Open Angle Glaucoma -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors:. Low blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) [34] |
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