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Introduction
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A gene tree represents the evolutionary relationships between a set of homologous genes. Gene trees are useful to unveil the molecular evolutionary events that have shaped today\'s genomes. They are traditionally constructed from sequence alignments \[[@B1]\], while recent methods also use th... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-polymers-11-01925}
===============
Thermoplastic resins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinyl chloride, have been widely used in packaging applications, for example, bottles, containers, vessel, labels, foods wraps, and cap seals, which need shrinkable p... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#SEC1}
============
Pathway diagrams are the roadmaps for molecular biology. Just as roadmaps show the connections between villages, towns, and cities, pathway diagrams illustrate the connections between genes, proteins and metabolites. A well-illustrated pathway diagram provides biological context to co... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. Data are available from Figshare: <http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1232203>.
Introduction {#s1}
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Work is a part of a process of social integration that directly affects the physical and mental health o... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1-1}
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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was introduced into clinical practice over 40 years ago, to support patients with advanced but potentially reversible cardiopulmonary failure. Early adoption as a widely accepted support modality occurred in severe neonatal respiratory fail... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
People with severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other nonorganic psychotic illnesses, are known to have shorter life expectancy, by \~10--20 years, than the general population.[@b1-clep-10-421]--[@b6-clep-10-421] Their premature death is attributed not ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION
============
The National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) is a private, not-for-profit corporation established in 1952 that aims to provide an impartial venue for matching applicants' and programs' preferences for each other. In 2007 the NRMP enrolled 127 emergency medicine (EM) residency programs in the... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-nanomaterials-10-00157}
===============
The first application of solid polymer electrolytes in lithium-based batteries was pioneered by Armand and co-workers \[[@B1-nanomaterials-10-00157]\], which has inspired a series of studies in this field. Due to the safety issues of classical Li-ion batte... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
The University of Tennessee (UT), the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and the Kentucky Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network (KBRIN), have collaborated over the past decade to share research and educational expertise in bioinformatics. One result of this collaboration is the joint sponsorship of an annual re... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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Introduction
============
An abdominal pseudocyst is a rare complication of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Such cysts may cause diagnostic problems in regions such as the Middle East, where echinococcosis disease of the liver is endemic, due to similarities in clinical presentation and radiological appearance.
Case p... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. For ischemic strokes, clots in the brain can be dissolved with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) [@pone.0054203-Zivin1]. Timing of tPA application is critically important. The sooner patients receive tPA a... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
27.1 Introduction {#Sec1_28}
=================
Effective communicable disease control relies on high- quality disease surveillance, which is the systematic and regular collection of information on the occurrence, distribution, and trends of an event on an ongoing basis with sufficient accuracy and completeness to prov... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Prostate Development {#sec1-jdb-04-00030}
=======================
The prostate is a male sex-accessory gland that contributes secretions to the ejaculate. The mouse prostate is comprised of a highly branched ductal network in a loose fibro-vascular stroma arranged into anterior, dorsolateral and ventral lobes. The ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#section1-2192568218765400}
============
The number of cervical spine surgeries performed in the United States has increased over the past several decades.^[@bibr1-2192568218765400]^ One of the goals of surgical correction is restoration of normal anatomic alignment; however, age-based normative values f... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION
============
Type II odontoid fracture is the most common injury of the axis, especially in elderly patients, and it is usually treated by anterior odontoid screw fixation[@b2-jkns-60-5-498],[@b6-jkns-60-5-498]. There is much controversy regarding risk factors of nonunion following anterior odontoid screw... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Findings
========
Spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from companion animals to humans causes concern but the role of companion animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant bacteria requires further investigation \[[@B1]\]. *Escherichia coli*are commonly found in the intestinal tract of animals, including d... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Cow\'s milk allergy (CMA) accounts for most diagnosed food allergies, mainly in the first year of life.[@B1] CMA can cause severe anaphylaxis.[@B2] CMA management is based on strict avoidance and the prescription of rescue medication.
Cow\'s milk (CM) contains more than 40 proteins, including casein (Bos d 8), -lactal... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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1. Introduction {#sec1-viruses-10-00353}
===============
In laboratory animal facilities, efforts are made by researchers, veterinarians, and caretakers to enrich the lives of animals in captivity beyond basic biological needs, such as housing, food, water, and resting sites. Indeed, many laboratory animal facilities ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Type 2 diabetes is preceded by a long pre-diabetic state, characterized by mild elevation of fasting and/or postprandial glucose levels. This asymptomatic phase may last for years, and about one-third of these individuals finally develop type 2 diabetes ([@B1]). The pre-diabetic state, defined by an oral glucose tolera... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
During prepuberty four types of Sertoli cells develop under hormonal control \[[@CR1]\]: fetal Sertoli cells (Sf), which are observed in the first months after birth; the Sa and Sb types, which are observed during childhood; and the Sc type, which is observed in puberty and throughout lif... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
慢性髓性白血病（CML）是一种起源于造血干细胞的血液系统恶性疾病，Ph染色体\[t（9；22）（q34；q11）\]是其特征性细胞遗传学标志，存在于90%\~95%CML患者中[@b1]。额外染色体异常（ACA）是CML病程演进中出现的额外或多重细胞遗传学改变[@b2]。ACA在初诊CML慢性期患者中的发生率为5%\~10%，在急变期患者中则上升至60%\~80%，往往预示疾病进展[@b1],[@b3]。以伊马替尼为代表的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）的广泛应用，使绝大多数CML慢性期患者的生存和生活质量得到改善。TKI治疗过程中，ACA的出现与CML耐药及病程演进密切相关[@b4]。我们通过回顾性分析我院387例CML患者在TKI治疗... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#section1-s-0036-1583289}
============
Continuing medical education has gained importance over the last decades. Nowadays it is considered a valuable tool in the knowledge acquisition process for residents, fellows, and young surgeons. The major purpose is to produce changes in knowledge to improve patie... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Patellofemoral pain is a common disorder whose aetiology is multifactorial and is often attributed to foot function. Foot orthoses are commonly prescribed for this condition; however the mechanisms by which they work are poorly understood. Previous studies using single segment foot models have hy... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is caused by a virus in the *Coronaviridae* family, genera *Gammacoronavirus.* It is a highly contagious disease with a short incubation period \[[@CR1]\]*.* The Avian coronavirus was previously classified, and is most commonly referred to, as avian infect... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}
============
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is referred to as the 'internists' tumor' due to its varied presentation and often unpredictable course. Every urologist has known patients with small renal masses but distant metastases, and at the other end of the spectrum, those who survive years with e... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
CONTEXT AND CAVEATSPrior knowledgeIndividuals with *MUTYH*-associated polyposis, a recessively inherited disorder, have a lifetime risk for colorectal cancer that approaches 100%. It is not known whether specific histological and molecular genetic features of such cancers influence tumor behavior and patient survival.S... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Diabetes was originally identified by the presence of glucose in the urine. Almost 2,500 years ago it was noticed that ants were attracted to the urine of some individuals. In the 18th and 19th centuries the sweet taste of urine was used for diagnosis before chemical methods became available to detect sugars in the uri... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Literature in visual perception has identified that there are cross-cultural differences in visual perception \[[@B1]\]. Research comparing members of interdepended and collectivist East Asian cultures with independent and individualist European American cultures into picture perception showed that East Asians are more... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Over the past 3 decades the north-western Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with Peshawar as its capital, has been affected by political instability, economic uncertainty, regional conflict, and continuous daily violence \[[@CR1]\]. In such settings, common mental disorders are hi... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
It is now common knowledge that we are in the midst of a worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D). This disease occurs disproportionately in African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and other minorities. T2D is a major cause of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, and these unfavorable outcomes are greatly ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery is a common procedure to improve functional stability after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The successful rate of primary ACLR is approximated to be 75% to 97% among patients^[@CR1],[@CR2]^. This means that almost o... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1}
============
The choroidal blood supply to the outer retina is essential for the health of photoreceptors (Bill, [@ref3]; Yancey & Linsenmeier, [@ref98], [@ref99]). Choroidal vessels are innervated by parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory nerve fibers, which regulate choroidal vessel dilation ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
What is known? {#S0001}
==============
The majority (99%) of the children who die during the first 4 weeks of life do so in the poorer parts of the world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.In 2018, the Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) for Kenya was 19.6 deaths per 1000 live births.In 2018, the NMR for South... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Key points {#Sec1}
==========
Non-invasive imaging offers a solution for parents declining conventional autopsy.Postmortem ultrasound can delineate main body organs and identify congenital anomalies.Postmortem ultrasound can be useful where access to MRI is unavailable.Postmortem ultrasound may aid image-guided organ ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
###### Key messages
- Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILDs) are characterised by symptoms such as chronic, dyspnea and cough. These lead to significant psychological distress, which is scarcely manageable.
- This study represents the first attempt to conduct a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program in a gr... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}
============
Malaria remains a significant health burden in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there has been a major decline in malaria morbidity (by 42%) and mortality (by 66%) between 2000 and 2015. To further address malaria-related challenges, many African countries have adopted WHO\'s Global Tec... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by dream-enacting behaviors and unpleasant dreams and presents a risk for self-injury and harm to others due to abnormal REM sleep during which control of muscle tonus is lacking (REM sleep without atonia) \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. RBD ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Transfer of a signal from one site in a protein to another is a pervasive theme in protein regulation. Although our understanding of this process has advanced[@b1][@b2][@b3][@b4][@b5] our ability to identify allosteric sites and the pathways between sites remains incomplete. This is largely due to difficulties in obser... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s0010}
============
Plant biotechnology has experienced exponential development during the past 30 years, facilitated in large part by the capacity of a clever soil bacterium (*Agrobacterium tumefaciens*) to transfer DNA segments into plant cells ([@bib23]). This powerful function, harnessed by clever p... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-micromachines-07-00143}
===============
The standby power consumption of conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits increases to the dynamic ON state level as they are scaled down to the scale of a few tens of nanometers \[[@B1-micromachines-07-00143]\]. On the other ha... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research a... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) was developed originally as an alternative for hemodynamically unstable acute renal failure (ARF) patients who could not tolerate conventional hemodialysis \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. The early application of CRRT largely involved technology adapted fro... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION
============
In eukaryotes, three of the four cytoplasmic rRNAs are transcribed from polycistronic coding units. The nascent transcripts contain 18S, 5.8S and 25S/28S rRNAs flanked by 5′ and 3′ external transcribed spacers (ETS) and two internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2). This precursor undergoe... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
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Vinyl chloride (VC) -- a proven human carcinogen [@pgen.1000714-Kielhorn1] -- and other chloroethenes, such as trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE), are among the most frequently detected groundwater contaminants in the United States of America and other industrialized coun... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Published: September 11, 2019
Introduction {#sec1}
============
Kinases are key regulators of inter- and intracellular communication, and their inhibitors are critical in targeted therapy and precision medicine ([@bib6], [@bib17], [@bib27]). Therefore, the capability to monitor the dynamics of kinase activity is esse... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec0005}
===============
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, accounting for 28% of total cancer cases across Europe \[[@bib0005]\]. In 2014, 92,500 women died from breast cancer in the EU-28 \[[@bib0010]\]. Through better diagnostic techniques and advancement in surgical and pha... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Tendon injuries are a significant cause of morbidity in both man and veterinary species and are reported to represent 30% of the musculoskeletal caseload in a one year study of human general practitioners \[[@B1]\]. Injury to the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) poses a significant... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research a... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
Lettuce (*Lactuca sativa* L.) downy mildew, caused by the oomycete *Bremia lactucae* Regel, is a major threat to lettuce production around the world \[[@pone.0144573.ref001]--[@pone.0144573.ref002]\]. The life cycl... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#section1-1076029615601494}
============
It is over 50 years since the first license for a fibrinogen concentrate (FIBRINOGENIO HUMANO LIO.) was granted in Brazil in 1963. Historically, fibrinogen came into focus because of reports suggesting it was a cardiovascular risk factor, and there is still no fin... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#SEC1}
============
Mutations can confer selective growth advantages on cancer cells, leading to their clonal selection and expansion. Analysis of tumor genome sequences led to the identification of several different patterns of mutations or mutational signatures ([@B1]). Many such mutational signatures ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
There has been little progress in understanding pancreatic ASC since these aggressive tumors were first described over a century ago^[@R1],[@R2]^. One problem is that no mutations unique to this class of pancreatic tumors have been identified. Thus, while oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been shown to be alter... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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The importance of fruit and vegetable consumption to human health has been well established. Fruit and vegetable intake is associated with reductions in chronic diseases including heart disease, stroke and some cancers^(^ [@ref1] ^,^ [@ref2] ^)^. However, in the USA, less than 10 % of the population consumes adequate f... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#section1-1177271918756648}
============
Prion protein (PrP) is a naturally occurring glycoprotein. Prion protein binds to the cell membrane via a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor^[@bibr1-1177271918756648]^ and is abundantly present on the cell surfaces of neurons.^[@bibr2-1177271918756648],[@bibr3... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
GPR91 and GPR99 are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activated by Krebs cycle intermediates, part of the larger class of carbohydrate metabolites---an observation that renewed interest in a biochemical ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Related literature {#sec1}
====================
For literature on the UV spectroscopy of proteins, see: Demchenko (1986[@bb7]). For the different polymorphic forms of fumaric acid, see: Reis & Schneider (1928[@bb15]); Yardley (1925[@bb18]); Bednowitz & Post (1966[@bb3]). For the nonlinear optical properties of organ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1}
============
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening chronic complication that virtually harms patients with diabetes \[[@B1]\]. Currently, DR affects approximately 150 million people worldwide, and the number of DR patients is expected to double by 2025 according to the World Health Orga... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-polymers-10-00737}
===============
The electrospinning technique is a simple procedure to obtain polymeric and subsequently metallic, semiconducting, or ceramic fibers from solutions or melts \[[@B1-polymers-10-00737],[@B2-polymers-10-00737],[@B3-polymers-10-00737],[@B4-polymers-10-00737]\]. The... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Intensive care medicine also referred to as critical care medicine is that body of specialist knowledge and practice which is concerned with the treatment of patients who are at risk of recovering from potentially life threatening failure of one or more of the body organ systems. It includes provision of organ support ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Gene transfer into experimental animals or humans resulting in generalized or tissue-specific expression may allow precise *in-vivo* manipulation of biological processes to cure diseases and induce immune responses to pathogens ([@B1], [@B2]). The basic challenge in gene therapy is to develop approaches to the delivery... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Solid tumor tissues often contain hypoxic regions, in which the supply of oxygen and nutrition is reduced because of an immature vascular network, and in which there is rapid tumor progression [@pone.0039292-Majmundar1]. Hypoxia is a critical microenvironmental factor that contributes t... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Our Neanderthal genes {#sec1}
=====================
Pandora remains fascinated with our Neanderthal ancestors and, fortunately, so are the scientists! Although contact with humans didn\'t help their survival, evidence that some of the Neanderthal DNA has survived in us is increasing. These Neanderthal genes have not o... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Reputable scientific journals only publish manuscripts that have been subjected to peer review -- that is, critical scrutiny by scientific experts. When a manuscript is submitted, reviewers who are researching and publishing work in the same field (peers) are asked to evaluate the conte... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Internationally, there is substantial evidence of unfair inequalities in health between ethnic groups and, for many countries with histories of colonization, inequalities between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples within the same territory (e.g. New Zealand, Canada, and Australia). In New Zeal... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Published: August 11, 2016
Introduction {#sec1}
============
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common subtype of breast cancer, comprising 8%--14% of all breast cancer cases ([@bib17], [@bib27]). ILC is histologically characterized by single-cell files of tumor cells in a fibrous stroma. Due to its ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec0005}
===============
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first recognised in January 2020 and rapidly spread world-wide \[[@bib0005]\]. Tests designed to measure antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 antigens were rapidly developed and are important for diagnostics and ser... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Since the discovery of the first microRNA in 1993, this type of small non-coding RNAs has attracted the attention of scientists in nearly all fields of researches and has proved themselves as a superstar \[[@bib1],[@bib2]\]. They have been reported to participate in various biol... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Oral squamous cell carcinoma represents a large, worldwide health burden as the eleventh most common cancer type with approximately 274,000 cases diagnosed annually worldwide \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. Carcinogenesis is a multistage process consisting of initiation, promotion, and progre... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
急性髓系白血病（AML）具有较明显的异质性，基因突变导致细胞增殖、分化及凋亡途径的改变是AML的发病基础[@b1]。FLT3（Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3）是Ⅲ型酪氨酸激酶受体家族成员之一，在早期造血祖细胞的增殖、分化方面起重要作用[@b2]。FLT3有两个有临床意义的突变形式：近膜区的内部串联重复（internal tandem duplication，ITD）和酪氨酸激酶结构域（tyrosine kinase domain，TKD）活化环内的点突变。FLT3-ITD突变在成人AML中的发生率约为30%，FIT3-ITD突变阳性AML患者通常具有外周血白细胞计数及骨髓原始细胞比例较高、临床预后差、易复... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Enterohemorrhagic *Escherichia coli* O157:H7 (EHEC O157:H7) is a zoonotic enteric pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans ([@B24]; [@B5]). EHEC O157:H7 can intimately adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and form characteristic attaching and eff... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#SEC1}
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Polyploidy plays a significant role in plant evolution and formation of the important agriculture traits such as high yield and stress resistances in crops ([@B1]). Polyploidy crops own higher plasticity and environmental adaptability ([@B4]) with specific gene expression patterns for... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with increasing incidence worldwide ([@ref-37]). Inflammation develops because of an exaggerated immune response to luminal antigens derived from the gut microbiota or from infecting pathogens i... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
The thermal conductivity of bulk materials can be engineered by various means such as the use of composite materials[@b1] or metamaterials[@b2]. This allows the manipulation of heat flow with precision and inspires various functionalities, like thermal inverter, thermal concentrator, thermal cloak and so on[@b3][@b4][@... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Adolescence is considered a critical period in human evolution, although it is often not recognized as such by health care workers and parents as well as professionals in adult medicine and pediatric disciplines \[[@B1]\]. The onset of menstruation in adolescence is a phenomenon that signals repr... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Among secondary tumors of the liver, metastases from colorectal adenocarcinomas are the easiest to identify histopathologically. In most cases, they exhibit glands strongly resembling those of the primary colorectal cancers (CRCs), their lumens lined by tall columnar cells and filled with... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Objective
=========
To develop a modular approach to infectious disease genomic analysis that can easily integrate with public health analytics systems. Using dynamic approaches to genomic sequence analysis, relevant whole genome data can be quickly and accurately visualized and correlated, using a minimum of computat... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}
============
Cadmium contamination has serious potential implications for soil, water, and human health\[[@ref1]\]. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals are not degradable and may persist for relatively long periods of time in aquatic and terrestrial environments\[[@ref2]\]. Amongst the metho... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is common worldwide and has become one of the most economically important diseases in the swine industry \[[@CR1]\]. PRRSV can cause reproductive failure in sows and is associated with a respiratory disease complex ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION
============
Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) are well-established procedures for the management of localized prostate cancer \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. Recently, cancer treatment strategies have focused more on patient quality of life after surgery, thus requiring... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy with antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which utilizes the power and specificity of the autologous immune system, has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of established malignancies \[[@R1]--[@R5]\]. For effective therapeutic i... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Calf mortality has been an important problem in the dairy industry for more than a hundred years, and the causes of death are multifactorial, from environmental and infectious agents, to host phenotype. Although the knowledge about neonatal diseases in calves has increased in recent years... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Radish (*Raphanus sativus* L., 2*n* = 2× = 18), one of the most important worldwide root vegetable crops, is an annual or biennial herb belonging to Brassicaceae family. The fleshy taproot is the significant edible part in radish plants, which contains abundant nutrient substances suc... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1 Background
============
Obesity is increasing to epidemic proportions \[[@B1]\],\[[@B2]\], starting from young ages \[[@B3]\],\[[@B4]\], and is associated with an increase in the prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) throughout the world \[[@B2]\],\[[@B5]\]. In recent years, active participation of immune ce... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
All-*trans* retinoic acid (tRA) is the primary bioactive form of endogenous retinoids derived from dietary vitamin A and plays important roles in regulating a myriad of physiological events [@pone.0045725-Napoli1]. One of the major mechanisms through which tRA exerts its biological acti... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumour arising from the mesothelial lining of the pleura, which remains compartmentalized for most of the disease course \[[@R1]\] \[[@R2]\]. Current therapeutic approaches include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Cisplatin (C... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec0005}
===============
Myositis ossificans (MO), otherwise known as heterotopic ossification, is a non-neoplastic, localized tumor-like lesion of new true bone formation that affects the muscles, ligaments, and fascia. Most cases of MO occur as a result of trauma, and thus the main demographics are... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is an aquatic virus that causes acute contagious diseases in freshwater and marine fish, which can result in heavy losses to the aquaculture industry. IPNV is a member of the *Birnaviridae* family [@pone.0016740-Dobos1]. Birnaviruses contain t... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is the single most used non-invasive measure of cardiac function in clinical practice and is an important prognostic factor for survival after myocardial infarction (MI), in stable coronary artery disease (CAD), and in heart failure \[[@B1]-[@B3]\]. Healt... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-ijerph-16-00683}
===============
Medicine has been revolutionized by antibiotics throughout the 20th century, due to their ability to prevent and treat bacterial infections. However, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics prompted bacteria to develop resistance. Our capacity for treating infectio... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
The major common endpoint in most human disease is thrombosis and the major causes of arterial thrombosis (such as diabetes) have been established for decades. The risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) (such as obesity and orthopedic surgery) are also now becoming well established and... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
SLE generally affects young to middle aged women, commonly presenting as a triad of fever, rash, and joint pain. However, SLE can present in a complex fashion, varying based on the degree and severity of organ involvement. Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in SLE, and more th... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne viral zoonosis distributed in Africa, Asia, eastern Europe and the Balkans. Ticks belonging to the genus *Hyalomma* are considered the principa... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a serious complication of pregnancy with the frequency of 1-5% among fertile couples trying to conceive ([@B1]). RPL is defined as "the occurrence of 2-3 or more consecutive pregnancy loss prior to 20th week of gestation" in reproductive age ([@B2]). RPL is a... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction
===============
Plants resist herbivorous insects through a combination of constitutive or induced defenses that are generally manifested through poor feeding, abnormal development, low fecundity or even mortality. Various molecular and biochemical approaches can be used to determine the role of consti... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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