| --- |
| annotations_creators: |
| - crowdsourced |
| language_creators: |
| - crowdsourced |
| language: |
| - en |
| license: |
| - cc-by-sa-4.0 |
| multilinguality: |
| - monolingual |
| size_categories: |
| - 100K<n<1M |
| source_datasets: |
| - original |
| task_categories: |
| - question-answering |
| task_ids: |
| - open-domain-qa |
| - extractive-qa |
| paperswithcode_id: squad |
| pretty_name: SQuAD2.0 |
| dataset_info: |
| config_name: squad_v2 |
| features: |
| - name: id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: title |
| dtype: string |
| - name: context |
| dtype: string |
| - name: question |
| dtype: string |
| - name: answers |
| sequence: |
| - name: text |
| dtype: string |
| - name: answer_start |
| dtype: int32 |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 116732025 |
| num_examples: 130319 |
| - name: validation |
| num_bytes: 11661091 |
| num_examples: 11873 |
| download_size: 17720493 |
| dataset_size: 128393116 |
| configs: |
| - config_name: squad_v2 |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: squad_v2/train-* |
| - split: validation |
| path: squad_v2/validation-* |
| default: true |
| train-eval-index: |
| - config: squad_v2 |
| task: question-answering |
| task_id: extractive_question_answering |
| splits: |
| train_split: train |
| eval_split: validation |
| col_mapping: |
| question: question |
| context: context |
| answers: |
| text: text |
| answer_start: answer_start |
| metrics: |
| - type: squad_v2 |
| name: SQuAD v2 |
| --- |
| |
| # Dataset Card for SQuAD 2.0 |
|
|
| ## Table of Contents |
| - [Dataset Card for "squad_v2"](#dataset-card-for-squad_v2) |
| - [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents) |
| - [Dataset Description](#dataset-description) |
| - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary) |
| - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards) |
| - [Languages](#languages) |
| - [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure) |
| - [Data Instances](#data-instances) |
| - [squad_v2](#squad_v2) |
| - [Data Fields](#data-fields) |
| - [squad_v2](#squad_v2-1) |
| - [Data Splits](#data-splits) |
| - [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation) |
| - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale) |
| - [Source Data](#source-data) |
| - [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization) |
| - [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers) |
| - [Annotations](#annotations) |
| - [Annotation process](#annotation-process) |
| - [Who are the annotators?](#who-are-the-annotators) |
| - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information) |
| - [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data) |
| - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset) |
| - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases) |
| - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations) |
| - [Additional Information](#additional-information) |
| - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators) |
| - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information) |
| - [Citation Information](#citation-information) |
| - [Contributions](#contributions) |
|
|
| ## Dataset Description |
|
|
| - **Homepage:** https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/ |
| - **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| - **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03822 |
| - **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
|
|
| ### Dataset Summary |
|
|
| Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) is a reading comprehension dataset, consisting of questions posed by crowdworkers on a set of Wikipedia articles, where the answer to every question is a segment of text, or span, from the corresponding reading passage, or the question might be unanswerable. |
|
|
| SQuAD 2.0 combines the 100,000 questions in SQuAD1.1 with over 50,000 unanswerable questions written adversarially by crowdworkers |
| to look similar to answerable ones. To do well on SQuAD2.0, systems must not only answer questions when possible, but |
| also determine when no answer is supported by the paragraph and abstain from answering. |
|
|
| ### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards |
|
|
| Question Answering. |
|
|
| ### Languages |
|
|
| English (`en`). |
|
|
| ## Dataset Structure |
|
|
| ### Data Instances |
|
|
| #### squad_v2 |
| |
| - **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 46.49 MB |
| - **Size of the generated dataset:** 128.52 MB |
| - **Total amount of disk used:** 175.02 MB |
| |
| An example of 'validation' looks as follows. |
| ``` |
| This example was too long and was cropped: |
| |
| { |
| "answers": { |
| "answer_start": [94, 87, 94, 94], |
| "text": ["10th and 11th centuries", "in the 10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries"] |
| }, |
| "context": "\"The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave thei...", |
| "id": "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629", |
| "question": "When were the Normans in Normandy?", |
| "title": "Normans" |
| } |
| ``` |
| |
| ### Data Fields |
|
|
| The data fields are the same among all splits. |
|
|
| #### squad_v2 |
| - `id`: a `string` feature. |
| - `title`: a `string` feature. |
| - `context`: a `string` feature. |
| - `question`: a `string` feature. |
| - `answers`: a dictionary feature containing: |
| - `text`: a `string` feature. |
| - `answer_start`: a `int32` feature. |
|
|
| ### Data Splits |
|
|
| | name | train | validation | |
| | -------- | -----: | ---------: | |
| | squad_v2 | 130319 | 11873 | |
| |
| ## Dataset Creation |
| |
| ### Curation Rationale |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| ### Source Data |
| |
| #### Initial Data Collection and Normalization |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| #### Who are the source language producers? |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| ### Annotations |
| |
| #### Annotation process |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| #### Who are the annotators? |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| ### Personal and Sensitive Information |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| ## Considerations for Using the Data |
| |
| ### Social Impact of Dataset |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| ### Discussion of Biases |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| ### Other Known Limitations |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| ## Additional Information |
| |
| ### Dataset Curators |
| |
| [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) |
| |
| ### Licensing Information |
| |
| The dataset is distributed under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license. |
| |
| ### Citation Information |
| |
| ``` |
| @inproceedings{rajpurkar-etal-2018-know, |
| title = "Know What You Don{'}t Know: Unanswerable Questions for {SQ}u{AD}", |
| author = "Rajpurkar, Pranav and |
| Jia, Robin and |
| Liang, Percy", |
| editor = "Gurevych, Iryna and |
| Miyao, Yusuke", |
| booktitle = "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)", |
| month = jul, |
| year = "2018", |
| address = "Melbourne, Australia", |
| publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", |
| url = "https://aclanthology.org/P18-2124", |
| doi = "10.18653/v1/P18-2124", |
| pages = "784--789", |
| eprint={1806.03822}, |
| archivePrefix={arXiv}, |
| primaryClass={cs.CL} |
| } |
| @inproceedings{rajpurkar-etal-2016-squad, |
| title = "{SQ}u{AD}: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text", |
| author = "Rajpurkar, Pranav and |
| Zhang, Jian and |
| Lopyrev, Konstantin and |
| Liang, Percy", |
| editor = "Su, Jian and |
| Duh, Kevin and |
| Carreras, Xavier", |
| booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing", |
| month = nov, |
| year = "2016", |
| address = "Austin, Texas", |
| publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", |
| url = "https://aclanthology.org/D16-1264", |
| doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1264", |
| pages = "2383--2392", |
| eprint={1606.05250}, |
| archivePrefix={arXiv}, |
| primaryClass={cs.CL}, |
| } |
| ``` |
| |
| |
| ### Contributions |
| |
| Thanks to [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@albertvillanova](https://github.com/albertvillanova), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. |
