"""Minimal Ray Data GPU profiling example (the shape used in the article).

The GPU work runs *inside* Ray Data — a `map_batches` call whose UDF is a
callable class placed on a GPU actor (`num_gpus=1`). Nsight is attached only to
that actor via `runtime_env`, so the .nsys-rep captures the GPU stage and not
the driver or the CPU operators.

Run (a machine with one NVIDIA GPU, Ray + PyTorch + the `nsys` CLI on PATH):

    python example_min.py               # split: CPU load op -> GPU actor
    python example_min.py --inline      # load fused into the GPU UDF

Then export the report nsys wrote under the Ray session for analysis:

    rep=$(ls -t /tmp/ray/session_*/logs/nsight/*.nsys-rep | head -1)
    nsys export --type sqlite --include-blobs=true -o out.sqlite "$rep"
    nsys-ai skill run gpu_idle_gaps out.sqlite -p device=0 --format json

Note: on Ray <= a version without the #66094 fix, launch with the venv on PATH
(activate it, or `export PATH=<venv>/bin:$PATH`) so the profiled worker's bare
`python` resolves; and let the driver stay alive until the report is written
(this example does), otherwise teardown can truncate it (ray#60904).
"""

import argparse
import time

import numpy as np
import ray
import torch

ROWS, WIDTH, BATCHES, ITERS = 2048, 8192, 32, 9  # ~64 MiB/batch, ~39 ms GPU/batch
LOAD_MS = 40  # stand-in for real decode/IO; ~matches the GPU time on purpose


def load_batch(batch):
    """CPU data prep. In `split` mode this is its own Ray Data operator."""
    time.sleep(LOAD_MS / 1000)
    return {"x": np.ones((ROWS, WIDTH), dtype=np.float32)}


class Predict:
    """The GPU stage. A callable class so Ray Data runs it on a GPU actor."""

    def __init__(self, inline):
        torch.cuda.set_device(0)
        self.inline = inline
        self.weight = torch.eye(WIDTH, device="cuda")
        (torch.ones((ROWS, WIDTH), device="cuda") @ self.weight).cpu()  # warm up

    def __call__(self, batch):
        if self.inline:  # data prep fused into the GPU UDF (serial load->compute)
            batch = load_batch(batch)
        x = torch.tensor(batch["x"], device="cuda")  # H2D
        for _ in range(ITERS):
            x = x @ self.weight
        return {"out": x[:, 0].cpu().numpy()}  # D2H


def main():
    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    ap.add_argument("--inline", action="store_true", help="fuse load into the GPU UDF")
    ap.add_argument("--profile", action="store_true", help="attach Nsight to the actor")
    args = ap.parse_args()

    ray.init(num_cpus=8, num_gpus=1, include_dashboard=False)
    ds = ray.data.range(ROWS * BATCHES, override_num_blocks=BATCHES)

    if not args.inline:  # CPU prep as its own operator, so it can run ahead
        ds = ds.map_batches(
            load_batch, batch_size=ROWS, batch_format="numpy",
            compute=ray.data.TaskPoolStrategy(size=4), num_cpus=1,
        )

    gpu_kwargs = dict(
        batch_size=ROWS, batch_format="numpy",
        fn_constructor_args=(args.inline,),
        compute=ray.data.ActorPoolStrategy(size=1, max_tasks_in_flight_per_actor=4),
        num_cpus=1, num_gpus=1,  # <-- the GPU work is a Ray Data actor
    )
    if args.profile:
        gpu_kwargs["runtime_env"] = {
            "nsight": {"t": "cuda,nvtx", "sample": "none",
                       "cpuctxsw": "none", "stop-on-exit": "true"}
        }
    ds = ds.map_batches(Predict, **gpu_kwargs)

    t0 = time.perf_counter()
    ds.materialize()
    print(f"mode={'inline' if args.inline else 'split'} "
          f"E2E={time.perf_counter() - t0:.2f}s")
    ray.shutdown()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()