Add files using upload-large-folder tool

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012752.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Nature's secrets
+Chapter 2. Runaway desire
+Chapter 3. Ravages of denial
+Chapter 4. Evilightenment
+Hauser
+Evilicious. Front matter
+HOUSEOVERSIGHT012752

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012753.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Prologue:
+Evilution
+"There is no such thing as eradicating evil [because] the deepest essence of
+human nature consists of instinctual impulses which are of an elementary
+nature... and which aim at the satisfaction of certain primal needs."
+- Sigmund Freud
+I was drowning. A boy named Lionel James, who was the same age but twice my size, was shoving my head
+under water, roaring with laughter as I struggled to gasp some air. He was part of an
+evil three pack, including Ronnie Paxton and Chris...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012754.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+My father told me that it was time to go back to lunch at school, but
+with a plan, one centered around the notion of respect. The only way to command it from my tormenters
+was to fight back. "But Dad," I said, "if I hit them, they will crush me." "They might," he said, "but you
+will have gained some respect, and they may turn their attention to someone else." It seemed like a
+remarkably stupid idea. With no
+more than a flinch, Paxton looked down at me, fury in his face, and grunted "What's up...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012755.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+This prologue provides a sampling of the central ideas minus
+the rich evidence and explanations that follow in the four core chapters of this book. They abound globally and across the ages. Many
+scholars have judged them as evil. Despite the pervasiveness of these atrocities, evil is commonly perceived as a defect, an
+unfortunate malignancy that has engulfed and metastasized within our species' essential goodness. We are of
+two minds, wanting to hide from the atrocities of evil while feeding...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012756.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Former Chairman of the NASDAQ stock
+exchange, Bernard Madoff, was responsible for initiating a Ponzi scheme involving money laundering,
+perjury, and mail fraud that caused thousands of people to suffer financial ruin. Jane Toppan, born
+Honora Kelley, was an American nurse who was responsible for killing over 30 patients by drug
+overdose, stating in her testimony that she experienced a sexual thrill when she held dying patients, and
+that her goal in life was to kill more innocent people than...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012757.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Meerkats teach their young how to hunt dangerous but energy-
+rich scorpion prey, providing an education that bypasses the risks of trial and error learning. Humans
+unconsciously wrinkle their noses and pull back their lips into an expression of disgust that communicates
+information about disease-ridden and toxic substances, thereby lowering the costs of sickness to others
+who might be exposed. Each specialization is used for one and only one problem — except in humans. Human thoughts and...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012758.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+All social animals fight to gain resources, using highly ritualized behaviors to assess their
+opponents and minimize the personal costs of injury. Changes in hormone levels and brain activity
+motivate and reward the winners, and minimize the costs to the losers. As the British anthropologist Richard Wrangham has suggested, animals can surmount these costs by
+attacking and killing only when there is a significant imbalance of power. Historical records, vividly summarized by Lieutenant Colonel...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012759.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+This suite of transformations,
+enabled by our promiscuous brain, allowed us to occupy a unique position within the animal kingdom as
+large scale killers. Chimpanzees only kill adults when there are many attackers against one victim, with the vast
+majority of kills focused on individuals outside of their own group; most kills within the group are aimed
+at infants, where the costs to the attacker are low. Though humans also kill members of enemy groups
+when there are many against one — a pattern...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012760.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Punishment in humans is emblematically promiscuous. We castigate others whenever they
+violate a social norm, in both competitive and cooperative situations, targeting kin and non-kin. Punishment is doled out by the individual directly harmed and also by third party onlookers. Punishment's landscape is
+vast. Ironically, as the economist Samuel Bowles has suggested based on mathematical models and a synthesis
+of the historical record, punishment can strengthen solidarity and cooperation within...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012761.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Some actions have benign or even beneficial consequences for the welfare of
+others, while others have malignant and costly consequences. Exquisite studies pioneered by the American cognitive neuroscientist Kent Berridge have
+uncovered the core elements of pleasure, including distinctive systems of wanting, liking and learning. We, and hundreds of other species, often want things we like, and like things we want. This is, obviously,
+an adaptive coupling. Thanks to naturally occurring situations,...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012762.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+In a competitive world with limited resources, our desire system never rests. But a desire system
+that never sleeps is a system that is motivated to accrue ever larger coffers or power. To offset the
+costs of harming another, desire recruits denial. This is a recipe for evil and the creation of excessive
+harms. Historical material on the lives of Franz Stangl and Adolf Eichmann, leaders in the Nazi
+annihilation of Jews, illustrates how desire and denial combine within individual minds to...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012763.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Stangl and Eichmann: two different routes into evil. This is a lean explanation of why evil evolved and how it develops within individuals and
+societies. It is an explanation that strips evil down to its root causes, focusing on the core psychological
+ingredients that enable us to violate moral norms and cause excessive harms to innocent others. A difficult journey
+This book takes you on a journey into evil. It is as much a story about you and me, as it is about all of our
+ancestors and future...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012764.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Evilution
+Recommended books:
+There are numerous books about evil, most written by philosophers, theologians, historians, political
+scientists, and legal scholars. The following recommendations are for books about evil written by
+scientists. New York, Oxford University Press. Notes:
+• For a philosophical account of the nature of goodness that treats evil as a deviation from our species'
+repertoire, see Philippa Foot Natural Goodness (2001, Oxford, Clarendon Press).
+• For an explicit,...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012765.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+house-oversight-012765
+
+exterminate the Jews. He may have lived a calm and peaceful existence outside of his day job at Nazi
+headquarters, but this was no ordinary citizen.
+• Quote by Lozowick on Eichmann and banality of evil: Lozowick, Y. (2002) Hitler's Bureaucrats: The
+Nazi Security Police and the Banality of Evil. New York, Continuum Press, p. 279. Evilution
+19
+HOUSEOVERSIGHT012765

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012766.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Chapter 1:
+Nature's secrets
+Nature hides her secrets because of her essential loftiness, but not by means of ruse. Albert Einstein
+In Charles Darwin's day, biologists unearthed the mysteries of evolution by means of observation,
+sometimes accompanied by a simple experiment. The Darwins of today continue this tradition, but with new tools, informed by understanding of
+the genetic code and aided by technical developments in engineering, physics, chemistry, and computer
+science. The Darwins of...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012767.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+When these new
+and improved mice ran through an IQ test, they outperformed normal mice. Tsien pulled off an extraordinary engineering trick, creating a lineage of smarter mice. But in biology, there are always trade-offs. Several months after Tsien's report, a follow-up study of the same memory-enhanced mice
+appeared in print, also in a distinguished scientific journal. The
+new work was carried out by Min Zhuo at Washington University, an ex-member of Tsien's lab and a co-
+author of the...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012768.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+About 50 million years ago, a family of insects - the Phylliinae - evolved a distinctive piece of
+anatomy: a body that looks like a leaf. They also evolved the capacity for catalepsy or statuesque
+stillness. But from the fact that the leafy body provides these insects with an
+invisibility cloak, and the fact that this enables them to escape predation, we cannot conclude that the
+leafy body evolved for predator evasion. What something is used for today may be different from what it
+evolved for —...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012769.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+To answer this question, let us
+look at two illustrative examples that are more challenging than leafy coverage in insects: the evolution of
+tameness and religion. Sheep, goats, cows, cats, and dogs are all domesticated animals, created by the forces of artificial
+selection. All have been transformed from a wild type to an animal that not only lives with us, but
+sometimes lives for us as food. All are more relaxed, less fearful, and less stressed in the presence of
+humans than their wild...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012770.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+But Belyaev also got much more than he aimed for:
+these tame foxes had floppier ears, curlier tails, smaller brains, higher serotonin levels, and much sharper
+social skills than their wild relatives. These tame foxes acquired the same package that virtually all other
+domesticated mammals had acquired: some desired and desirable traits and some surprises. Belyaev's study shows that even under highly controlled laboratory conditions, artificial selection
+leaves a trail of unanticipated...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012771.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Religious groups show higher levels of
+cooperation, often over longer periods of time, than many other organized, but non-religious groups. Religious groups also tend to last longer as groups than non-religious organizations or institutions. Cooperation among religious groups is often facilitated by punishment or the implication of punishment
+from a deity. In a study of 186 societies by the biologist Dominic Johnson, analyses showed that those
+who believed in a strong moralizing god, capable of...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012772.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Further evidence in support of religion as exaptation comes from a follow-up to the dictator game
+experiment discussed above. If you swap religious words for non-religious but moral words such as civic,
+duty, jury, court and police, you get the same results: people give more money when thinking about these
+morally-pregnant, but non-religious words. It is also the case that if you paste up a photograph of eyes
+next to a money box for coffee, people give more than with a photograph of flowers....

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012773.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+This unpredictability is partially responsible for changes in the brain. Promiscuous mating
+systems demand more flexibility, creativity and out of the box thinking. The anthropologist Steve Gaulin explored the idea that a species' mating system is directly
+related to its capacity to think. Gaulin started by looking at two closely related species of voles, one
+monogamous and the other polygynous. In the polygynous vole, males typically mate with multiple
+females.

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012774.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+During this down time, the cockroach turns into a living meal for the wasp's
+larvae.
+•A Brazilian parasitoid wasp of the family Braconidae, lays its eggs inside a
+particular species of caterpillar, and once the larvae are fully developed, they hatch out of
+the caterpillar. Though it is strange enough for caterpillars to function like incubators,
+these innocent larvae were anything but innocent while developing inside the caterpillar. Once the larvae hatch, they are treated to an unprecedented...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012775.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+What changes in the brain enabled us, but no other species, to engage in
+promiscuous thinking? To understand what changed in the brain, it is useful to paint a few broad-stroke comparisons, and
+then narrow in on the details. We know, for example, that brain size changed dramatically over the
+course of our evolutionary history, ultimately reaching three times the size of a chimpanzee's brain with
+the appearance of the first modern humans some 100-200,000 years ago. The new material culture was...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012776.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+What changed since we split off from our ape
+cousins is both the overall geometry of the brain in terms of the relative size of different components, as
+well as the connections both within and between these components. Some of the most spectacular
+changes evolved within the frontal and temporal lobes, as well as their connections to other areas of the
+brain involved in the control of emotion and stress. These circuits play a critical role in decision making,
+self control, short-term memory,...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012777.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+All of these capacities require a system that can integrate multiple
+sources of information. During brain scanning, individuals with autism show a striking reduction in
+activity in an area called the insula and its connection to both the somatosensory cortex and amygdala. The insula is an area of the brain that is like a traffic cop, responsible for coordinating the flow of
+information in the brain, both where it is coming from and where it should go. The somatosensory cortex
+handles our body's...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012778.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+This has the effect of tightening the bonds
+within the group. Next, convince the in-group that those undesirable qualities make the others less-than-
+human and barely nonhuman. Next, make sure that the nonhuman mascot for the out-group is vile,
+abhorrent, and disgusting. This ingredient is critical as it guarantees that each member of the in-group will
+feel a surge of disgust every time it sees or hears of the out-group. Harm feels good
+Our uniquely promiscuous minds invented dehumanization,...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012779.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+And of course, there are animals
+populating every other continent and the seas that surround them. Among the social animals — those
+living in groups — the common form of aggression is one-on-one, and the context is typically
+competition over food, a place to rest, or access to a mate. Sometimes the aggression is initiated as an
+attack and sometimes it is in self-defense. Sometimes it is highly ritualized and planned, and sometimes it
+is a reactive free-for-all. Sometimes it occurs within the...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012780.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+This is where things get interesting as these other factors
+determine the start and end of a contest. Insights into the dynamics of aggressive competition emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s
+due to two fundamental developments within evolutionary biology. The first involved a marriage
+between economic game theory and evolutionary biology. This marriage was set up by the British
+evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith who recognized that for any competitive interaction, there...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012781.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Added on to an animal's RHP are dynamic properties, features that require energetic
+investment in the moment such as the loudness or duration of a vocalization, or the height of a jump
+display. These dynamic properties form the foundation of competitive interactions, and the raw material
+for assessments. When a resource is up for grabs, and no simple rule of thumb or RHP factor trumps,
+animals assess each others' displays, working out whether to flee or escalate. What, if anything in a
+display,...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012782.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+HARMING OTHERS, version 1.1: microcontrollers
+In any competitive situation, whether it is animals working out a strategy for maximizing the odds of
+obtaining food or humans working out a strategy for maximizing the odds of check mating an opponent's
+king, someone will walk away as the winner and someone as the loser. Winning feels good and losing
+feels bad. Winning fuels confidence, losing lowers self-esteem. Depending on the opponent, including
+what they look like and whether they are familiar...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012783.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+house-oversight-012783
+
+cichlid fish spectators observing a winning fight, and soccer spectators seeing their team win the World
+Cup. Testosterone influences behavior, and behavior influences testosterone. If an individual
+experiences a challenge, this causes an increase in testosterone. The increase in testosterone heightens
+confidence and risk-taking to defend the resources. Our understanding of this assemblage, beautifully
+synthesized by the psychologist Jack van Honk, accounts for both our...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012784.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Testosterone modulates these brain chemicals, suppressing serotonin in the service of heightening
+aggression, and ramping up dopamine to add to the already reinforcing properties of testosterone. But
+like dopamine, testosterone is also directly linked to the reward system. Mice will work a response lever
+to deliver testosterone, and humans become addicted to it. Drug abusers and gamblers, two personality profiles associated with
+heightened experience of reward and poor self-control, have...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012785.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+As the biologist Eldridge Adams has demonstrated,
+bigger groups are more likely to win, more likely to kill a higher number of their smaller opponents, and
+less likely to incur any fatalities. To get a sense of lethal aggression in chimpanzees, consider the following description by the
+anthropologist David Watts and his colleagues concerning an attack by males of the Ngogo community of
+Uganda (emphasized words are mine):
+[Field Assistant] G. Mbabazi found 12 adult and three adolescent males, 10...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012786.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+When they catch the victim, the attack is brutal, focused on body parts
+that are necessary for moving, communicating and reproducing. The attackers commonly have a
+numerical advantage over the victims, a ratio of at least three to one. In a well documented case from Jane
+Goodall's site in Gombe, Tanzania, one chimpanzee community literally eliminated their competitors in
+the neighboring community, absorbing the remaining individuals and land. The suite of behaviors that accompany coalitionary...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012787.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+These claims led to the rather dreamy-eyed utopian conclusion that "Just as wars begin in the
+minds of men', peace also begins in our minds. The same species who invented war is capable of
+inventing peace. The responsibility lies with each of us." In essence, understanding our biology will not
+contribute to understanding violence and war because we invented war as well as peace, woven out of
+nurture's cloth and her infinite tapestry of cultural potential. What makes the Seville Statement, and...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012788.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+The debate about version 1.5 of lethal aggression gains interest if we restrict the conversation to
+the similarities and differences between chimpanzee and human killing. On the one hand are anthropologists such as Robert
+Sussman and Brian Ferguson who suggest that chimpanzee killing is infrequent, has little benefit in terms
+of resources or competition, and is restricted to populations that are either artificially provisioned by
+humans or crowded in by us. As Ferguson notes "To argue that war...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012789.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+A further parallel between chimpanzees and small scale human societies comes from analyses of
+two extreme warring societies, the Waorani of New Zealand and the Yanomamo of Venezuela. Though
+violence accounts for between 40-55% of all deaths in these two groups, attackers appeared immune to
+injury, with no more than 5% dying in battle, and often no deaths at all. The parallels between chimpanzees and humans living in small scale societies supports the idea
+that similar pressures favored the...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012790.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+For both Bowles and I, certain aspects of our capacity to harm others emerges as an
+incidental byproduct of other capacities, and once this dynamic emerges, the combination of these
+capacities can evolve and change. What Bowles' analysis misses, however, is the fact that parochial
+altruism could well be true, and so too could our shared capacity for killing with chimpanzees. As noted
+above, rates of killing among chimpanzees and several small scale societies are comparable, and so too
+are the...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012791.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Along with testosterone's
+increase is an increase in dopamine, a decrease in cortisol and serotonin, and a decrease in frontal lobe
+activity and control. Within the environment of a promiscuous brain, this physiological ballet affects our
+sense of fairness, empathy, moral conscience, attitude toward retribution and justice, as well our
+willingness to engage in lethal aggression. Brain imaging studies reveal that the prefrontal cortex plays an essential role in regulating our
+aggressive...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012792.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Oxytocin increases our sense of camaraderie toward those
+within the inner sanctum, which can result in greater animosity toward those outside. Oxytocin may
+therefore facilitate our ability to take out the competition even if this means killing another human being. Oxytocin is two-faced, cuddling with its left profile and harming with its right. This is a small sampling of the ways in which our promiscuous brain enables new forms of harm,
+including killing other adults. We share this capacity...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012793.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+The challenge to any cooperative enterprise is to avoid getting suckered by free-riders who cheat
+and add little or no help. As group size grows, the opportunity to cheat and get away with it grows as
+well given the challenges of storing information about reputation. How do individuals and groups avoid
+this sucker problem? When nonhuman animals cooperate with members of the same species, they typically target kin. Helping relatives, even at a cost, translates to helping ones genes move on into...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012794.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Waiting for a future benefit, whatever its currency, is hard for all animals, humans included. Studies of rats, birds, monkeys, apes, human children and adults show that individuals perceive future
+gains as less valuable than immediate, but smaller gains. For example, give any one of these animals a
+choice between one piece of food and ten, and they will pick the ten. More is better than less, except if
+you are a dieting human. Now give them a choice between one piece available immediately and...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012795.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Taking money away from the donor is a form of costly punishment. It is costly in two ways: the
+punisher loses money he could have kept, and the donor loses money that he unfairly kept in his previous
+exchange. When donors kept a significantly larger portion of the original sum, observers punished, paying
+the costs. Where was this honey hit
+to the brain coming from? To figure this out, Fehr and his colleagues put people in a brain scanner and used a technique
+called Positron Emission Tomography...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012796.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+It allowed our feelings
+of inequity and envy to morph into schadenfreude, retaliation, and spite. It allowed us to enjoy violence
+as perpetrators and spectators. It allowed us to put our money on feeling good about righting an injustice. Why did evil, expressed as excessive harm to innocent others, evolve? The answer lies, so I suggest, in a
+special property of the human brain.

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012797.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Endnotes: Chapter 1
+Recommended books
+Bloom, P. (2010). Kekes, J. (2005) The Roots of Evil. Ithaca, Cornell University Press. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to
+Darfur. New Haven, Yale University Press.

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012798.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Intuitive Moral Judgments are Robust
+across Variation in Gender, Education, Politics and Religion: A Large-Scale Web-Based Study. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10, 253-281; Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., McElreath, R., Barr,
+A., Barrett, C., Bolyantz, A., Cardenas, J. C., Gurven, M., Gwako, E., Henrich, N., Lesorogol, C
+Marlowe, F., Tracer, D., Ziker, J. (2010). Journal of Cognition and Culture, 9(3), 315-
+332.
+• Promiscuity: Aldridge, Kristina. (2011). Journal
+of Human Evolution, 58, 138-146;...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012799.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Ethology, 112(7), 699-706; Wedman, S., Bradler, S., & Rust, J. (2007). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(2), 565-569; Harvey, J.A., Brezemer,
+T.M., Gols, R., Nakamatsu, Y., & Tanaka, T. (2008). Physiological Entomology, 33(3), 217-225; Polidori, C., Matteo, F., Pesarini, C., & Francesco, A.
+(2007). Animal Biology, 57(1), 11-28.
+• Fighting but not killing: Bradbury, J. & Vehrencamp, S. (1998) Principles of Animal Communication. Tapir
+Academic Press; Hauser, M.D. (1996) The...

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012800.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+• The evolution of cooperation and punishment in animals: Clutton-Brock, T.H (2009). Nature, 462, 51-57; Clutton-Brock, T.H., & Parker, G.A.
+(1995). Punishment in animal societies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1553), 2635-2650;
+Stevens, J.R, & Hauser, M.D. (2004). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(2), 60-65.
+• Cooperation, punishment, and feeling good, see: Boyd, R, Gintis, H, & Bowles, S. (2010).

extracted/summaries/house-oversight-nov/12/house-oversight-012801.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Chapter 2:
+Runaway desire
+The desire of being believed, or the desire of persuading, of leading and
+directing other people, seems to be one of the strongest of all of our desires.
+— Adam Smith
+In 1999, an investment officer in a management firm had a gut feeling that something was wrong in a
+corner of the securities market. Based on calculations from the stated investment strategy for the fund, the
+returns were not only orbiting outside the financial stratosphere, but were mathematically...