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@@ -9785,3 +9785,6 @@ methaneset-emit/DATA/EMIT_L1B_RAD_001_20230228T164006_2305911_023/elevation.tif
 methaneset-emit/DATA/EMIT_L1B_RAD_001_20230228T164006_2305911_023/wind.tif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 methaneset-emit/DATA/EMIT_L1B_RAD_001_20230228T164006_2305911_023/latlon.tif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 methaneset-emit/DATA/EMIT_L1B_RAD_001_20230228T164006_2305911_023/glt.tif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+methaneset-bank/methaneset-bank_part0002.tacozip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+methaneset-bank-les/methaneset-bank-les.tacozip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+methaneset-bank/methaneset-bank_part0001.tacozip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

methaneset-bank-les/.tacocat/COLLECTION.json

@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+{
+    "id": "methaneset_bank_les",
+    "dataset_version": "1.0.0",
+    "description": "The 3D methane cubes from the WRF-LES simulations of Gorro\u00f1o et al. (2026), published as they come.\nEach sample is one GeoTIFF with 49 bands: the CH4 enhancement of one plume, level by level, at an\nemission rate of 3000 kg/h. Nothing has been projected, cropped or zeroed.\n\nThe set has all 18 emitters (p1 to p9 point sources, a1 to a9 area sources) at the 11 wind speeds.\nTwo snapshot families travel together, so the projected companion can be rebuilt from these cubes:\n\n- **Every 5 minutes** between simulation minutes 30 and 60 (7 snapshots per emitter and wind),\n  because the turbulence memory of the flow is 1 to 2.5 minutes and 5 minutes makes them\n  independent samples.\n- **The exact snapshots used by `methaneset-bank`** (261 more volumes), so every plume of the\n  projected bank is here, unprojected. Summing the 49 bands of one of these volumes and projecting\n  the angles of the projected row gives that row back.\n\n## Source simulations\n\nThe plumes come from the WRF-LES 4.7.0 simulations of Gorro\u00f1o et al. (2026), *Atmos. Meas. Tech.*\n19, 1245-1257, with data on Zenodo (doi:10.5281/zenodo.18161182). The inner domain has 120 \u00d7 90\ncells of 20 m and 49 vertical levels, with one output every 30 s. There are two simulation types,\n`multi` (point sources) and `area` (area sources), each run at 11 wind speeds from 2 to 10 m/s.\n\nThis dataset keeps the whole inner domain and all 18 emitters. The projected companion,\n`methaneset-bank`, is built from these same cubes: it sums the 49 levels of the vertical column,\nprojects the result for 855 sun positions and selects the plumes that meet its quality criteria.\n\n## What is stored\n\nEach GeoTIFF has 49 bands of 90 rows \u00d7 120 columns, float32. Band 1 is the lowest level and band 49\nthe highest, and each band carries its height in its band description (`z=9.9 m`, ...). The value of\na cell is the XCH4 enhancement of that plume in that level, in ppb, for an emission of 3000 kg/h.\nSumming the 49 bands gives the vertical column map in ppb at 3000 kg/h, which is the starting point\nof the projected bank.\n\nThe frame is local, not geographic: x is the wind direction and y is across it. Images are stored\nnorth-up: row 0 is north and the wind blows towards +x (to the right). Coordinates are in metres\nfrom the source, which is centred at (0, 0). Distances in the table are metres (one cell is 20 m),\nand fractions are dimensionless ratios over `methane:peak_ppb`.\n\n## Domain and the relaxation band\n\nThe LES is a nested domain. The outer `5` pixels on every side (columns 0 to 4 and 115 to 119, rows\n0 to 4 and 85 to 89) are a WRF relaxation band: there the 20 m solution is blended with the 60 m\nparent, and the tracer of the parent can also be present. Those pixels are kept in the file, because\nthis is the raw output, but for geometry work or for comparing with the projected bank the user is\nadvised to crop them: the valid inner domain is columns 5 to 114 and rows 5 to 84. This is the same\n`spec_bdy_width = 5` band that Gorro\u00f1o removes in his own processing.\n\nThe `edge:*` columns and the `criteria:*` flags already use that inner domain, so they can be\ncompared directly with the projected bank.\n\n## The vertical grid\n\nThe 49 levels are not exactly 20 m apart. Their real heights are in `grid:level_heights_m`, read\nfrom `(PH + PHB) / g` in the WRF files (mean thickness 20.45 m, from 9.9 to 991 m). Using a uniform\n20 m grid would place the top level up to 39 m away from its real height and, at high sun zenith\nangles, shift it by more than 100 m on the ground.\n\n## How to get the column map and project the plume\n\nThe column map in ppb is the sum of the 49 bands. To project the plume for a sun position, each\nlevel at height z is shifted on the ground by z\u00b7tan(SZA) in the direction opposite to the sun, then\nall levels are summed. The sun azimuth relative to the wind, RAA, is measured counterclockwise from\n+x, and the shift goes towards RAA + 180. Because the levels are already in ppb and in metres, no\nother conversion is needed.\n\n## What is not included\n\n- **The spin-up is not published.** The LES is only valid after minute 30; snapshots before index 60\n  are left out, even though the files exist.\n- **No zero threshold is applied**, unlike the projected bank (which zeroes values below 1e-4 of the\n  peak). The volumes keep their small numerical noise, including a few negative values.\n- **No geographic coordinates and no wind direction column.** The frame is relative to the wind,\n  which always blows towards +x; the geostrophic speed of the run is `methane:wind_speed`.\n- **No projected image and no sun angle** are stored; those belong to `methaneset-bank`.\n\n## What Gorro\u00f1o's work recommends and we keep\n\n- The **5-pixel boundary crop** (`spec_bdy_width = 5`): the relaxation band is not a clean 20 m\n  solution, so it should be removed before quantitative use.\n- The **50 ppb noise level** of EMIT to decide what part of a plume is visible: it is the threshold\n  used here for the width, length and height of the visible plume.\n- The **linear scaling of the plume with the emission rate**, which is why the volumes are published\n  at a single reference rate of 3000 kg/h.\n\n\n## Rescaling\n\nValues scale linearly with the emission rate: for a plume emitting Q kg/h, multiply the GeoTIFF and\nthe `_ppb` columns by Q / 3000. The dimensionless ratios do not change.\n\n## Citation and license\n\nPlease cite Gorro\u00f1o et al. (2026), *Atmos. Meas. Tech.* 19, 1245-1257, doi:10.5194/amt-19-1245-2026,\nand the Zenodo archive of the simulations, doi:10.5281/zenodo.18161182. The data are distributed\nunder CC-BY-4.0. The dataset was curated by the Image and Signal Processing Group (ISP-UV).\n\n",
+    "licenses": [
+        "CC-BY-4.0"
+    ],
+    "providers": [
+        {
+            "name": "Image and Signal Processing Group (ISP-UV)",
+            "roles": [
+                "producer"
+            ],
+            "url": null,
+            "links": null
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "LARS-UPV, Gorro\u00f1o et al. (WRF-LES simulations)",
+            "roles": [
+                "licensor"
+            ],
+            "url": null,
+            "links": null
+        }
+    ],
+    "tasks": [
+        "other"
+    ],
+    "taco_version": "0.5.0",
+    "title": "MethaneSET bank LES",
+    "curators": null,
+    "keywords": [
+        "methane",
+        "plume",
+        "LES",
+        "WRF",
+        "XCH4",
+        "cube",
+        "3D",
+        "synthetic"
+    ],
+    "extent": {
+        "spatial": [
+            -180.0,
+            -90.0,
+            180.0,
+            90.0
+        ],
+        "temporal": null
+    },
+    "taco:pit_schema": {
+        "root": {
+            "n": 1647,
+            "type": "FILE"
+        },
+        "shape": [
+            1647
+        ],
+        "hierarchy": {}
+    },
+    "taco:field_schema": {
+        "level0": [
+            [
+                "id",
+                "string",
+                "Unique sample identifier within parent scope. Must be unique among siblings."
+            ],
+            [
+                "type",
+                "string",
+                "Sample type discriminator (FILE or FOLDER)."
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:sim_type",
+                "string",
+                "LES simulation type: 'area' (area sources) or 'multi' (point sources)"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:emitter",
+                "string",
+                "Emitter: a1 to a9 are area sources, from smallest to largest; p1 to p9 are point sources"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:wind_speed",
+                "double",
+                "Geostrophic wind speed of the LES run [m/s]. The wind always blows towards +x (the right of the image), so there is no wind direction column"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:snapshot_index",
+                "int64",
+                "LES output index (one output every 30 s from 0 to 60 min); the valid range starts at 60 (minute 30), after the spin-up"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:scale_factor",
+                "double",
+                "Factor applied to the arbitrary WRF tracer to bring the plume to 3000 kg/h"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:peak_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum of the vertical column map [ppb] (the volume summed over levels). It is the reference of the criteria, which are relative to it"
+            ],
+            [
+                "plume:mean_height_m",
+                "double",
+                "Mass-weighted mean height of the methane [m], using the real grid:level_heights_m. Each level is shifted by mean_height x tan(SZA) when the plume is projected"
+            ],
+            [
+                "plume:width_max_m",
+                "double",
+                "Widest crosswind extent of the column map above 50 ppb [m]. 50 ppb is the EMIT noise, so only the visible part of the plume is measured"
+            ],
+            [
+                "plume:length_downwind_m",
+                "double",
+                "Downwind extent of the column map above 50 ppb [m]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "plume:height_vertical_m",
+                "double",
+                "Vertical extent of the volume above 50 ppb [m]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:ime_ppb_px",
+                "double",
+                "Integrated mass enhancement of the column map [ppb x pixel]. The IME of the plume. Total methane in mol = IME x 3.6055e5 x 400 / 1e9"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:source_width_m",
+                "double",
+                "Size of the emitting rectangle along x, the wind direction [m]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:source_height_m",
+                "double",
+                "Size of the emitting rectangle along y [m]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:upwind_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum of the column map along the upwind edge (column 5, the first clean column), where the wind enters [ppb]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum of the column map along the downwind edge (column 114, the last clean column), where the wind leaves [ppb]. The plume is cut there"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_slope",
+                "double",
+                "Slope of log(maximum per column) over the last 600 m before the downwind edge; negative means the plume fades towards it"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_ref_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Reference for the downwind edge: the lowest value of the maximum per column in the middle of the domain (columns 40 to 84) [ppb]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_width_m",
+                "double",
+                "Crosswind extent of the column map above 50 ppb at the downwind edge [m]. At most 60 m, one EMIT pixel, in the projected bank"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:top_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum of the column map along the top edge (row 84, the +y side) [ppb]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:bottom_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum of the column map along the bottom edge (row 5, the -y side) [ppb]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:foreign_mass_frac",
+                "double",
+                "Estimated fraction of the mass of the column map that comes from the outer WRF domain, measured in the strip upwind of the source and extended over the domain. NaN when the source box leaves no upwind strip (a8, a9)"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:max_frac",
+                "double",
+                "Largest of the four edge values (upwind, downwind, top, bottom) divided by methane:peak_ppb"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:touches_edge",
+                "bool",
+                "True when edge:max_frac is above 0.05: the plume reaches a domain boundary at more than 5% of its own peak"
+            ],
+            [
+                "criteria:fades_out",
+                "bool",
+                "Criterion of the projected bank: the plume fades before the downwind edge (edge:downwind_slope < 0 and edge:downwind_ppb < edge:downwind_ref_ppb)"
+            ],
+            [
+                "criteria:ent_ok",
+                "bool",
+                "Criterion of the projected bank: edge:upwind_ppb below 2% of the peak"
+            ],
+            [
+                "criteria:lat_ok",
+                "bool",
+                "Criterion of the projected bank: edge:top_ppb and edge:bottom_ppb below 2% of the peak"
+            ],
+            [
+                "criteria:fuera_ok",
+                "bool",
+                "Criterion of the projected bank: edge:foreign_mass_frac below 0.002"
+            ],
+            [
+                "criteria:ancho_ok",
+                "bool",
+                "Criterion of the projected bank: edge:downwind_width_m is 60 m or less"
+            ],
+            [
+                "criteria:pasa",
+                "bool",
+                "The five criteria true at once: this volume would be selected for the projected bank"
+            ],
+            [
+                "grid:level_heights_m",
+                "list<item: double>",
+                "Height above ground of the middle of each of the 49 levels [m], from (PH + PHB) / g. The levels are not exactly 20 m apart (mean 20.45 m, from 9.9 to 991 m), so the heights travel with the row"
+            ],
+            [
+                "qa:zeros_frac",
+                "double",
+                "Fraction of cells that are exactly zero"
+            ],
+            [
+                "internal:current_id",
+                "int64",
+                "Current sample position at this level (0-indexed). Enables O(1) random access and relational JOINs (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT)."
+            ],
+            [
+                "internal:parent_id",
+                "int64",
+                "Foreign key referencing parent sample position in previous level (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT)."
+            ]
+        ]
+    },
+    "taco:sources": {
+        "count": 1,
+        "ids": [
+            "methaneset_bank_les"
+        ],
+        "files": [
+            "methaneset-bank-les.tacozip"
+        ],
+        "extents": [
+            {
+                "file": "methaneset-bank-les.tacozip",
+                "id": "methaneset_bank_les",
+                "spatial": [
+                    -180.0,
+                    -90.0,
+                    180.0,
+                    90.0
+                ]
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+}

methaneset-bank-les/.tacocat/level0.parquet

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:16ca28b415f19f824b373ccf55d4206dc36167e1a3e483b94e2803439f7e30f1
+size 405884

methaneset-bank-les/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+
+# MethaneSET bank LES
+
+The 3D methane cubes from the WRF-LES simulations of Gorroño et al. (2026), published as they come.
+Each sample is one GeoTIFF with 49 bands: the CH4 enhancement of one plume, level by level, at an
+emission rate of 3000 kg/h. Nothing has been projected, cropped or zeroed.
+
+The set has all 18 emitters (p1 to p9 point sources, a1 to a9 area sources) at the 11 wind speeds.
+Two snapshot families travel together, so the projected companion can be rebuilt from these cubes:
+
+- **Every 5 minutes** between simulation minutes 30 and 60 (7 snapshots per emitter and wind),
+  because the turbulence memory of the flow is 1 to 2.5 minutes and 5 minutes makes them
+  independent samples.
+- **The exact snapshots used by `methaneset-bank`** (261 more volumes), so every plume of the
+  projected bank is here, unprojected. Summing the 49 bands of one of these volumes and projecting
+  the angles of the projected row gives that row back.
+
+## Source simulations
+
+The plumes come from the WRF-LES 4.7.0 simulations of Gorroño et al. (2026), *Atmos. Meas. Tech.*
+19, 1245-1257, with data on Zenodo (doi:10.5281/zenodo.18161182). The inner domain has 120 × 90
+cells of 20 m and 49 vertical levels, with one output every 30 s. There are two simulation types,
+`multi` (point sources) and `area` (area sources), each run at 11 wind speeds from 2 to 10 m/s.
+
+This dataset keeps the whole inner domain and all 18 emitters. The projected companion,
+`methaneset-bank`, is built from these same cubes: it sums the 49 levels of the vertical column,
+projects the result for 855 sun positions and selects the plumes that meet its quality criteria.
+
+## What is stored
+
+Each GeoTIFF has 49 bands of 90 rows × 120 columns, float32. Band 1 is the lowest level and band 49
+the highest, and each band carries its height in its band description (`z=9.9 m`, ...). The value of
+a cell is the XCH4 enhancement of that plume in that level, in ppb, for an emission of 3000 kg/h.
+Summing the 49 bands gives the vertical column map in ppb at 3000 kg/h, which is the starting point
+of the projected bank.
+
+The frame is local, not geographic: x is the wind direction and y is across it. Images are stored
+north-up: row 0 is north and the wind blows towards +x (to the right). Coordinates are in metres
+from the source, which is centred at (0, 0). Distances in the table are metres (one cell is 20 m),
+and fractions are dimensionless ratios over `methane:peak_ppb`.
+
+## Domain and the relaxation band
+
+The LES is a nested domain. The outer `5` pixels on every side (columns 0 to 4 and 115 to 119, rows
+0 to 4 and 85 to 89) are a WRF relaxation band: there the 20 m solution is blended with the 60 m
+parent, and the tracer of the parent can also be present. Those pixels are kept in the file, because
+this is the raw output, but for geometry work or for comparing with the projected bank the user is
+advised to crop them: the valid inner domain is columns 5 to 114 and rows 5 to 84. This is the same
+`spec_bdy_width = 5` band that Gorroño removes in his own processing.
+
+The `edge:*` columns and the `criteria:*` flags already use that inner domain, so they can be
+compared directly with the projected bank.
+
+## The vertical grid
+
+The 49 levels are not exactly 20 m apart. Their real heights are in `grid:level_heights_m`, read
+from `(PH + PHB) / g` in the WRF files (mean thickness 20.45 m, from 9.9 to 991 m). Using a uniform
+20 m grid would place the top level up to 39 m away from its real height and, at high sun zenith
+angles, shift it by more than 100 m on the ground.
+
+## How to get the column map and project the plume
+
+The column map in ppb is the sum of the 49 bands. To project the plume for a sun position, each
+level at height z is shifted on the ground by z·tan(SZA) in the direction opposite to the sun, then
+all levels are summed. The sun azimuth relative to the wind, RAA, is measured counterclockwise from
++x, and the shift goes towards RAA + 180. Because the levels are already in ppb and in metres, no
+other conversion is needed.
+
+## What is not included
+
+- **The spin-up is not published.** The LES is only valid after minute 30; snapshots before index 60
+  are left out, even though the files exist.
+- **No zero threshold is applied**, unlike the projected bank (which zeroes values below 1e-4 of the
+  peak). The volumes keep their small numerical noise, including a few negative values.
+- **No geographic coordinates and no wind direction column.** The frame is relative to the wind,
+  which always blows towards +x; the geostrophic speed of the run is `methane:wind_speed`.
+- **No projected image and no sun angle** are stored; those belong to `methaneset-bank`.
+
+## What Gorroño's work recommends and we keep
+
+- The **5-pixel boundary crop** (`spec_bdy_width = 5`): the relaxation band is not a clean 20 m
+  solution, so it should be removed before quantitative use.
+- The **50 ppb noise level** of EMIT to decide what part of a plume is visible: it is the threshold
+  used here for the width, length and height of the visible plume.
+- The **linear scaling of the plume with the emission rate**, which is why the volumes are published
+  at a single reference rate of 3000 kg/h.
+
+
+## Rescaling
+
+Values scale linearly with the emission rate: for a plume emitting Q kg/h, multiply the GeoTIFF and
+the `_ppb` columns by Q / 3000. The dimensionless ratios do not change.
+
+## Citation and license
+
+Please cite Gorroño et al. (2026), *Atmos. Meas. Tech.* 19, 1245-1257, doi:10.5194/amt-19-1245-2026,
+and the Zenodo archive of the simulations, doi:10.5281/zenodo.18161182. The data are distributed
+under CC-BY-4.0. The dataset was curated by the Image and Signal Processing Group (ISP-UV).
+
+
+## Dataset Information
+
+**Version**: 1.0.0
+
+**License**: CC-BY-4.0
+
+**Keywords**: methane, plume, LES, WRF, XCH4, cube, 3D, synthetic
+
+**Tasks**: other
+
+## Dataset Overview
+
+**Partitions**: 1 file
+**Spatial coverage**: [-180.00, -90.00, 180.00, 90.00] (WGS84)
+
+## Dataset Structure (Root-Sibling Uniform Tree)
+
+**Root**: FILE (1,647 samples)
+
+
+## Metadata Fields
+
+### LEVEL0
+
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|-------|------|-------------|
+| `id` | `string` | Unique sample identifier within parent scope. Must be unique among siblings. |
+| `type` | `string` | Sample type discriminator (FILE or FOLDER). |
+| `methane:sim_type` | `string` | LES simulation type: 'area' (area sources) or 'multi' (point sources) |
+| `methane:emitter` | `string` | Emitter: a1 to a9 are area sources, from smallest to largest; p1 to p9 are point sources |
+| `methane:wind_speed` | `double` | Geostrophic wind speed of the LES run [m/s]. The wind always blows towards +x (the right of the image), so there is no wind direction column |
+| `methane:snapshot_index` | `int64` | LES output index (one output every 30 s from 0 to 60 min); the valid range starts at 60 (minute 30), after the spin-up |
+| `methane:scale_factor` | `double` | Factor applied to the arbitrary WRF tracer to bring the plume to 3000 kg/h |
+| `methane:peak_ppb` | `double` | Maximum of the vertical column map [ppb] (the volume summed over levels). It is the reference of the criteria, which are relative to it |
+| `plume:mean_height_m` | `double` | Mass-weighted mean height of the methane [m], using the real grid:level_heights_m. Each level is shifted by mean_height x tan(SZA) when the plume is projected |
+| `plume:width_max_m` | `double` | Widest crosswind extent of the column map above 50 ppb [m]. 50 ppb is the EMIT noise, so only the visible part of the plume is measured |
+| `plume:length_downwind_m` | `double` | Downwind extent of the column map above 50 ppb [m] |
+| `plume:height_vertical_m` | `double` | Vertical extent of the volume above 50 ppb [m] |
+| `methane:ime_ppb_px` | `double` | Integrated mass enhancement of the column map [ppb x pixel]. The IME of the plume. Total methane in mol = IME x 3.6055e5 x 400 / 1e9 |
+| `methane:source_width_m` | `double` | Size of the emitting rectangle along x, the wind direction [m] |
+| `methane:source_height_m` | `double` | Size of the emitting rectangle along y [m] |
+| `edge:upwind_ppb` | `double` | Maximum of the column map along the upwind edge (column 5, the first clean column), where the wind enters [ppb] |
+| `edge:downwind_ppb` | `double` | Maximum of the column map along the downwind edge (column 114, the last clean column), where the wind leaves [ppb]. The plume is cut there |
+| `edge:downwind_slope` | `double` | Slope of log(maximum per column) over the last 600 m before the downwind edge; negative means the plume fades towards it |
+| `edge:downwind_ref_ppb` | `double` | Reference for the downwind edge: the lowest value of the maximum per column in the middle of the domain (columns 40 to 84) [ppb] |
+| `edge:downwind_width_m` | `double` | Crosswind extent of the column map above 50 ppb at the downwind edge [m]. At most 60 m, one EMIT pixel, in the projected bank |
+| `edge:top_ppb` | `double` | Maximum of the column map along the top edge (row 84, the +y side) [ppb] |
+| `edge:bottom_ppb` | `double` | Maximum of the column map along the bottom edge (row 5, the -y side) [ppb] |
+| `edge:foreign_mass_frac` | `double` | Estimated fraction of the mass of the column map that comes from the outer WRF domain, measured in the strip upwind of the source and extended over the domain. NaN when the source box leaves no upwind strip (a8, a9) |
+| `edge:max_frac` | `double` | Largest of the four edge values (upwind, downwind, top, bottom) divided by methane:peak_ppb |
+| `edge:touches_edge` | `bool` | True when edge:max_frac is above 0.05: the plume reaches a domain boundary at more than 5% of its own peak |
+| `criteria:fades_out` | `bool` | Criterion of the projected bank: the plume fades before the downwind edge (edge:downwind_slope < 0 and edge:downwind_ppb < edge:downwind_ref_ppb) |
+| `criteria:ent_ok` | `bool` | Criterion of the projected bank: edge:upwind_ppb below 2% of the peak |
+| `criteria:lat_ok` | `bool` | Criterion of the projected bank: edge:top_ppb and edge:bottom_ppb below 2% of the peak |
+| `criteria:fuera_ok` | `bool` | Criterion of the projected bank: edge:foreign_mass_frac below 0.002 |
+| `criteria:ancho_ok` | `bool` | Criterion of the projected bank: edge:downwind_width_m is 60 m or less |
+| `criteria:pasa` | `bool` | The five criteria true at once: this volume would be selected for the projected bank |
+| `grid:level_heights_m` | `list<item: double>` | Height above ground of the middle of each of the 49 levels [m], from (PH + PHB) / g. The levels are not exactly 20 m apart (mean 20.45 m, from 9.9 to 991 m), so the heights travel with the row |
+| `qa:zeros_frac` | `double` | Fraction of cells that are exactly zero |
+| `internal:current_id` | `int64` | Current sample position at this level (0-indexed). Enables O(1) random access and relational JOINs (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT). |
+| `internal:parent_id` | `int64` | Foreign key referencing parent sample position in previous level (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT). |
+
+
+## Usage
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+# pip install tacoreader
+import tacoreader
+
+ds = tacoreader.load("/data/databases/METHANESET_TACOS/methaneset-bank-les/.tacocat")
+print(f"ID: {ds.id}")
+print(f"Version: {ds.version}")
+print(f"Samples: {len(ds.data)}")
+```
+
+### R
+
+```r
+# Coming soon: R support is planned but not yet available
+# install.packages("tacoreader")
+library(tacoreader)
+
+ds <- load_taco("/data/databases/METHANESET_TACOS/methaneset-bank-les/.tacocat")
+cat(sprintf("ID: %s\n", ds$id))
+cat(sprintf("Version: %s\n", ds$version))
+cat(sprintf("Samples: %d\n", nrow(ds$data)))
+```
+
+### Julia
+
+```julia
+# Coming soon: Julia support is planned but not yet available
+# using Pkg; Pkg.add("TacoReader")
+using TacoReader
+
+ds = load_taco("/data/databases/METHANESET_TACOS/methaneset-bank-les/.tacocat")
+println("ID: ", ds.id)
+println("Version: ", ds.version)
+println("Samples: ", size(ds.data, 1))
+```
+
+## Data Providers
+
+**Image and Signal Processing Group (ISP-UV)** — *producer*
+
+**LARS-UPV, Gorroño et al. (WRF-LES simulations)** — *licensor*
+
+
+
+
+---
+
+Generated with ❤️ using [TacoToolbox](https://github.com/tacotoolbox/tacotoolbox) v0.26.9

methaneset-bank-les/methaneset-bank-les.tacozip

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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:deeaff322ad1427f6d255bc21e18a5c92a433f37932ed7928c3b0937942f92bb
+size 3061587687

methaneset-bank/.tacocat/COLLECTION.json

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+{
+    "id": "methaneset_bank",
+    "dataset_version": "1.0.0",
+    "description": "A bank of synthetic methane plumes for injection into real hyperspectral scenes. Each sample is a\nGeoTIFF with the XCH4 enhancement (ppb) of one plume emitting 3000 kg/h, as seen from above with the\nsun at a given position. 279 physical plumes \u00d7 855 sun positions = 238 545 samples.\n\n## Source simulations\n\nThe plumes come from the WRF-LES 4.7.0 simulations of Gorro\u00f1o et al. (2026), *Atmos. Meas. Tech.*\n19, 1245-1257, with data on Zenodo (doi:10.5281/zenodo.18161182). The inner domain has 120 \u00d7 90\ncells of 20 m and 49 vertical levels of 20 m, with one output every 30 s. There are two simulation\ntypes, `multi` (point sources p1 to p9) and `area` (area sources a1 to a9, from smallest to\nlargest), each run at 11 wind speeds from 2 to 10 m/s.\n\nThe 5-cell relaxation band is removed on every side, which leaves a domain of 110 \u00d7 80 cells\n(2200 \u00d7 1600 m).\n\n## Snapshot selection\n\nThe wind always blows towards +x: the **upwind** edge is where it enters the domain and the\n**downwind** edge is where it leaves. A snapshot is included only if its vertical column map meets\nall of these conditions:\n\n1. **The plume fades before the downwind edge.** The logarithm of the maximum per column decreases\n   over the last 30 columns (600 m), and the value at the downwind edge is below the lowest value in\n   the middle of the domain.\n2. **The plume closes before it leaves.** Its crosswind extent above 50 ppb, the noise of a typical\n   EMIT scene, is at most 60 m at the downwind edge (`edge:downwind_width_m`). One EMIT pixel is\n   60 m, so whatever leaves the domain is narrower than a pixel of the sensor and the cut cannot be\n   seen once the plume is injected.\n3. **The upwind edge is clean.** Its maximum is below 2% of the peak. This excludes tracer entering\n   from the periodic outer WRF domain, where the same sources also emit.\n4. **The top and bottom edges are clean.** Their maxima are below 2% of the peak, for the same\n   reason.\n5. **Almost no methane from outside.** The plume itself cannot reach the strip upwind of the source\n   (from the upwind edge to 100 m before the source), so any tracer there comes from the outer WRF\n   domain. Its mass per column, extended over the 110 columns of the domain, must be below 0.2% of\n   the mass of the map (`qa:foreign_mass_frac`). Since the IME method gives Q proportional to the\n   IME, this keeps the bias in Q below 0.2%, twice the budget accepted for the zeros. The estimate\n   assumes the inflow is even along the domain, which it is not exactly: it comes in gusts.\n\nUp to three snapshots are kept per run: those closest to minutes 37.5, 45 and 52.5, at least\n8 minutes apart. No snapshot of the three largest areas (a7 to a9) meets the conditions.\n\n## Geometry\n\n- The frame is local, not geographic: x is the wind direction and y is across it. There is no CRS.\n  Images are stored with +y up and the wind towards +x, so the plume runs to the right. Coordinates\n  are in metres from the source, which is at (0, 0). The four edges of the domain are named after\n  this frame: **upwind** (where the wind enters) and **downwind** (where it leaves) along x, **top**\n  (+y) and **bottom** (\u2212y) across it. In the stored image the wind runs to the right, so **upwind**\n  is its left side and **downwind** its right side. They only become north, south, east and west\n  once the plume is rotated to the wind direction of the scene it is injected into.\n- The sensor looks straight down (VZA = 0), so the ground-to-sensor path does not shift the plume.\n  Along the sun-to-ground path, each level at height z is shifted by z\u00b7tan(SZA), away from the sun.\n- The two paths are combined as (A_s\u00b7sun + A_v\u00b7view) / (A_s + A_v), with A_s = 1/cos(SZA) and\n  A_v = 1/cos(8.4\u00b0), where 8.4\u00b0 is the median EMIT viewing zenith angle. Using 0\u00b0 instead would\n  change the values by about 1%.\n- The sun positions cover 17 values of SZA, from 0 to 71.0\u00b0, chosen so that a layer at 330 m\n  shifts by 60 m from one value to the next. At each SZA, the azimuths are spaced so that neighbouring\n  positions are also 60 m apart.\n- RAA is the azimuth of the **sun** relative to the wind direction, measured counterclockwise from\n  +x. The solar-path image of the plume is displaced towards RAA + 180\u00b0.\n- The emitting source is a rectangle centred on (0, 0), spanning x from \u2212W/2 to +W/2 and y from\n  \u2212H/2 to +H/2, with W = `methane:source_width_m` and H = `methane:source_height_m`. Point sources\n  occupy a single 20 \u00d7 20 m cell (the source pixel). Area sources range from 60 \u00d7 80 m (a2) to\n  420 \u00d7 440 m (a6); they are always one cell taller than wide, so their centre falls on a pixel\n  edge in y (`array:source_row` ends in .5).\n\n## Choosing the sun position for a scene\n\nUse the row whose `sun:sza` and `sun:raa` are closest to those of the scene. The error of this\nchoice grows with the height of the plume. Neighbouring sun positions, in both zenith and azimuth,\nshift the plume by 60 m \u00d7 h / 330 m relative to each other, where h is `methane:mean_height_m`. The\nnearest position is therefore off by at most half the diagonal, about 42 m \u00d7 h / 330 m: about 4 m\nfor a plume close to the ground (30 m), and about 42 m (2 pixels) for the highest plumes (330 m).\n\n## Choosing the emission rate\n\nEvery value in the bank is the enhancement of a plume emitting 3000 kg/h. To use it at another\nemission Q, multiply the image by Q / 3000: at 1500 kg/h every value is halved, at 6000 kg/h every\nvalue is doubled.\n\nThe plume leaves the LES domain at its downwind edge, so it ends in a straight cut there. How much\nmethane is left at that cut is `edge:downwind_ppb`, again at 3000 kg/h. The cut is invisible while it\nstays below the noise of the scene you inject into. So, for a scene with noise r (ppb), a plume can\nbe used up to\n\n    Q = 3000 \u00d7 r / edge:downwind_ppb        [kg/h]\n\nFor example, a plume with 40 ppb at its downwind edge can be injected up to 3700 kg/h in a scene with\n50 ppb of noise, but only up to 2000 kg/h in a quieter scene with 27 ppb. Select plumes with\n\n```python\nr = 50                                    # noise of your scene, ppb\nq = 3000                                  # emission you want, kg/h\nok = t[3000 * r / t[\"edge:downwind_ppb\"] >= q]\n```\n\nIn this bank the median of that limit is about 2700 kg/h for r = 50 ppb.\n\n## Zeros\n\nValues below a threshold are set to 0. The threshold is the highest value that removes at most\n0.1% of the plume mass, capped at 1e-4 of the maximum of the image. The cap applies in 84% of the images. Each image is then cropped to the bounding box of its non-zero values.\n\n\n## Rescaling\n\nValues scale linearly with the emission rate: for a plume emitting Q kg/h, multiply the image and\nthe `_ppb` columns by Q / 3000. The `_frac` columns do not change.\n\n## Known limitations\n\n- The plume is cut at the downwind edge of the LES domain (`edge:downwind_frac`: median 4%, up to 51% of\n  the peak). With a low sun, this edge appears as a straight line inside the image.\n  See \"Choosing the emission rate\" below to pick plumes whose cut stays hidden in the noise.\n- The images contain the enhancement only, with no noise and no background.\n\n",
+    "licenses": [
+        "CC-BY-4.0"
+    ],
+    "providers": [
+        {
+            "name": "Image and Signal Processing Group (ISP-UV)",
+            "roles": [
+                "producer"
+            ],
+            "url": null,
+            "links": null
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "LARS-UPV, Gorro\u00f1o et al. (WRF-LES simulations)",
+            "roles": [
+                "licensor"
+            ],
+            "url": null,
+            "links": null
+        }
+    ],
+    "tasks": [
+        "other"
+    ],
+    "taco_version": "0.5.0",
+    "title": "MethaneSET bank",
+    "curators": null,
+    "keywords": [
+        "methane",
+        "plume",
+        "LES",
+        "WRF",
+        "XCH4",
+        "hyperspectral",
+        "EMIT",
+        "synthetic"
+    ],
+    "extent": {
+        "spatial": [
+            -180.0,
+            -90.0,
+            180.0,
+            90.0
+        ],
+        "temporal": null
+    },
+    "taco:pit_schema": {
+        "root": {
+            "n": 238545,
+            "type": "FILE"
+        },
+        "shape": [
+            196061
+        ],
+        "hierarchy": {}
+    },
+    "taco:field_schema": {
+        "level0": [
+            [
+                "id",
+                "string",
+                "Unique sample identifier within parent scope. Must be unique among siblings."
+            ],
+            [
+                "type",
+                "string",
+                "Sample type discriminator (FILE or FOLDER)."
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:plume_uid",
+                "string",
+                "Physical plume: emitter, wind speed and snapshot (e.g. a1_w02.0_s078). Shared by the 855 rows (sun positions) of the plume"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:sim_type",
+                "string",
+                "LES simulation type: 'area' (area sources) or 'multi' (point sources)"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:emitter",
+                "string",
+                "Emitter: a1 to a9 are area sources, from smallest to largest; p1 to p9 are point sources"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:wind_speed",
+                "double",
+                "Wind speed of the LES run [m/s]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:snapshot_index",
+                "int64",
+                "LES output index (one output every 30 s)"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:snapshot_minute",
+                "double",
+                "Simulation minute of the snapshot (index / 2)"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:scale_factor",
+                "double",
+                "Factor that converts the arbitrary WRF tracer to an emission of 3000 kg/h"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:peak_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum of the plume with the sun overhead (SZA = 0) [ppb]. The same for all rows of a plume; the reference for every _frac column"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:mean_height_m",
+                "double",
+                "Mass-weighted mean height of the methane [m]. The solar-path image of the plume shifts by about mean_height * tan(SZA); the nearest sun position in the bank is off by at most ~42 m * mean_height / 330 m"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:width_max_m",
+                "double",
+                "Widest crosswind extent of the plume above 50 ppb on the vertical column map [m], at 3000 kg/h"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:source_width_m",
+                "double",
+                "Size of the emitting rectangle along x, the wind direction [m]; 20 for point sources. The source at (0, 0) is its centre"
+            ],
+            [
+                "methane:source_height_m",
+                "double",
+                "Size of the emitting rectangle along y [m]; 20 for point sources"
+            ],
+            [
+                "sun:sza",
+                "double",
+                "Solar zenith angle [deg]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "sun:raa",
+                "double",
+                "Azimuth of the sun relative to the wind direction [deg], counterclockwise from +x. The solar-path image of the plume is displaced towards raa + 180"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:upwind_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum along the upwind edge (column 5), where the wind enters [ppb]. Below 2% of the peak in every sample"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:upwind_frac",
+                "double",
+                "edge:upwind_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum along the downwind edge (column 114), where the wind leaves [ppb]. The plume is cut there; below edge:downwind_ref_ppb in every sample"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_frac",
+                "double",
+                "edge:downwind_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_slope",
+                "double",
+                "Slope of log(maximum per column) over the last 600 m before the downwind edge; a negative value means that the plume fades towards it. Negative in every sample"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_ref_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Reference for the downwind edge: the lowest value of the maximum per column in the middle of the domain, columns 40 to 84 [ppb]. Every sample has edge:downwind_ppb < edge:downwind_ref_ppb"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_ref_frac",
+                "double",
+                "edge:downwind_ref_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:downwind_width_m",
+                "double",
+                "Crosswind extent of the plume above 50 ppb at the downwind edge [m]. At most 60 m, one EMIT pixel, in every sample: the plume closes before leaving the domain"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:top_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum along the top edge (row 84, columns 5 to 114, the +y side) [ppb]. Below 2% of the peak in every sample"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:top_frac",
+                "double",
+                "edge:top_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:bottom_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum along the bottom edge (row 5, columns 5 to 114, the -y side) [ppb]. Below 2% of the peak in every sample"
+            ],
+            [
+                "edge:bottom_frac",
+                "double",
+                "edge:bottom_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate"
+            ],
+            [
+                "array:width",
+                "int64",
+                "Image width [pixels of 20 m]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "array:height",
+                "int64",
+                "Image height [pixels of 20 m]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "array:source_col",
+                "double",
+                "Column of the source pixel in the image (0 = upwind side)"
+            ],
+            [
+                "array:source_row",
+                "double",
+                "Row of the source pixel in the image (0 = top, +y)"
+            ],
+            [
+                "array:peak_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Maximum of this image [ppb]. It changes with the sun and equals methane:peak_ppb when sza = 0"
+            ],
+            [
+                "array:grow_upwind_px",
+                "int64",
+                "Number of pixels by which the image extends beyond (+) or falls short of (-) the 110 x 80 LES domain on the upwind, where the wind enters side"
+            ],
+            [
+                "array:grow_downwind_px",
+                "int64",
+                "Number of pixels by which the image extends beyond (+) or falls short of (-) the 110 x 80 LES domain on the downwind, where it leaves side"
+            ],
+            [
+                "array:grow_top_px",
+                "int64",
+                "Number of pixels by which the image extends beyond (+) or falls short of (-) the 110 x 80 LES domain on the top (+y) side"
+            ],
+            [
+                "array:grow_bottom_px",
+                "int64",
+                "Number of pixels by which the image extends beyond (+) or falls short of (-) the 110 x 80 LES domain on the bottom (-y) side"
+            ],
+            [
+                "qa:threshold_ppb",
+                "double",
+                "Zero threshold of this image [ppb]: lower values were set to 0. It is the highest threshold that removes at most 0.1% of the mass, capped at 1e-4 of the image maximum"
+            ],
+            [
+                "qa:threshold_rel",
+                "double",
+                "qa:threshold_ppb / array:peak_ppb; equal to 1e-4 when the cap applies"
+            ],
+            [
+                "qa:ime_before",
+                "double",
+                "Sum of the image before zeroing [ppb x pixel]"
+            ],
+            [
+                "qa:ime_after",
+                "double",
+                "Sum of the image after zeroing [ppb x pixel]; ime_after / ime_before is the fraction of mass kept"
+            ],
+            [
+                "qa:foreign_mass_frac",
+                "double",
+                "Estimated fraction of the mass of the vertical column map that comes from the outer WRF domain: the mass in the strip upwind of the source, where the plume itself cannot reach, extended over the 110 columns of the domain. Below 0.002 in every sample"
+            ],
+            [
+                "internal:current_id",
+                "int64",
+                "Current sample position at this level (0-indexed). Enables O(1) random access and relational JOINs (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT)."
+            ],
+            [
+                "internal:parent_id",
+                "int64",
+                "Foreign key referencing parent sample position in previous level (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT)."
+            ]
+        ]
+    },
+    "taco:sources": {
+        "count": 2,
+        "ids": [
+            "methaneset_bank",
+            "methaneset_bank"
+        ],
+        "files": [
+            "methaneset-bank_part0001.tacozip",
+            "methaneset-bank_part0002.tacozip"
+        ],
+        "extents": [
+            {
+                "file": "methaneset-bank_part0001.tacozip",
+                "id": "methaneset_bank",
+                "spatial": [
+                    -180.0,
+                    -90.0,
+                    180.0,
+                    90.0
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "file": "methaneset-bank_part0002.tacozip",
+                "id": "methaneset_bank",
+                "spatial": [
+                    -180.0,
+                    -90.0,
+                    180.0,
+                    90.0
+                ]
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+}

methaneset-bank/.tacocat/level0.parquet

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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:d9a143756f3c55aea6c6dc3aade55db0cfd50a31b54921dbfc9a59051f5dcad2
+size 10254969

methaneset-bank/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+
+# MethaneSET bank
+
+A bank of synthetic methane plumes for injection into real hyperspectral scenes. Each sample is a
+GeoTIFF with the XCH4 enhancement (ppb) of one plume emitting 3000 kg/h, as seen from above with the
+sun at a given position. 279 physical plumes × 855 sun positions = 238 545 samples.
+
+## Source simulations
+
+The plumes come from the WRF-LES 4.7.0 simulations of Gorroño et al. (2026), *Atmos. Meas. Tech.*
+19, 1245-1257, with data on Zenodo (doi:10.5281/zenodo.18161182). The inner domain has 120 × 90
+cells of 20 m and 49 vertical levels of 20 m, with one output every 30 s. There are two simulation
+types, `multi` (point sources p1 to p9) and `area` (area sources a1 to a9, from smallest to
+largest), each run at 11 wind speeds from 2 to 10 m/s.
+
+The 5-cell relaxation band is removed on every side, which leaves a domain of 110 × 80 cells
+(2200 × 1600 m).
+
+## Snapshot selection
+
+The wind always blows towards +x: the **upwind** edge is where it enters the domain and the
+**downwind** edge is where it leaves. A snapshot is included only if its vertical column map meets
+all of these conditions:
+
+1. **The plume fades before the downwind edge.** The logarithm of the maximum per column decreases
+   over the last 30 columns (600 m), and the value at the downwind edge is below the lowest value in
+   the middle of the domain.
+2. **The plume closes before it leaves.** Its crosswind extent above 50 ppb, the noise of a typical
+   EMIT scene, is at most 60 m at the downwind edge (`edge:downwind_width_m`). One EMIT pixel is
+   60 m, so whatever leaves the domain is narrower than a pixel of the sensor and the cut cannot be
+   seen once the plume is injected.
+3. **The upwind edge is clean.** Its maximum is below 2% of the peak. This excludes tracer entering
+   from the periodic outer WRF domain, where the same sources also emit.
+4. **The top and bottom edges are clean.** Their maxima are below 2% of the peak, for the same
+   reason.
+5. **Almost no methane from outside.** The plume itself cannot reach the strip upwind of the source
+   (from the upwind edge to 100 m before the source), so any tracer there comes from the outer WRF
+   domain. Its mass per column, extended over the 110 columns of the domain, must be below 0.2% of
+   the mass of the map (`qa:foreign_mass_frac`). Since the IME method gives Q proportional to the
+   IME, this keeps the bias in Q below 0.2%, twice the budget accepted for the zeros. The estimate
+   assumes the inflow is even along the domain, which it is not exactly: it comes in gusts.
+
+Up to three snapshots are kept per run: those closest to minutes 37.5, 45 and 52.5, at least
+8 minutes apart. No snapshot of the three largest areas (a7 to a9) meets the conditions.
+
+## Geometry
+
+- The frame is local, not geographic: x is the wind direction and y is across it. There is no CRS.
+  Images are stored with +y up and the wind towards +x, so the plume runs to the right. Coordinates
+  are in metres from the source, which is at (0, 0). The four edges of the domain are named after
+  this frame: **upwind** (where the wind enters) and **downwind** (where it leaves) along x, **top**
+  (+y) and **bottom** (−y) across it. In the stored image the wind runs to the right, so **upwind**
+  is its left side and **downwind** its right side. They only become north, south, east and west
+  once the plume is rotated to the wind direction of the scene it is injected into.
+- The sensor looks straight down (VZA = 0), so the ground-to-sensor path does not shift the plume.
+  Along the sun-to-ground path, each level at height z is shifted by z·tan(SZA), away from the sun.
+- The two paths are combined as (A_s·sun + A_v·view) / (A_s + A_v), with A_s = 1/cos(SZA) and
+  A_v = 1/cos(8.4°), where 8.4° is the median EMIT viewing zenith angle. Using 0° instead would
+  change the values by about 1%.
+- The sun positions cover 17 values of SZA, from 0 to 71.0°, chosen so that a layer at 330 m
+  shifts by 60 m from one value to the next. At each SZA, the azimuths are spaced so that neighbouring
+  positions are also 60 m apart.
+- RAA is the azimuth of the **sun** relative to the wind direction, measured counterclockwise from
+  +x. The solar-path image of the plume is displaced towards RAA + 180°.
+- The emitting source is a rectangle centred on (0, 0), spanning x from −W/2 to +W/2 and y from
+  −H/2 to +H/2, with W = `methane:source_width_m` and H = `methane:source_height_m`. Point sources
+  occupy a single 20 × 20 m cell (the source pixel). Area sources range from 60 × 80 m (a2) to
+  420 × 440 m (a6); they are always one cell taller than wide, so their centre falls on a pixel
+  edge in y (`array:source_row` ends in .5).
+
+## Choosing the sun position for a scene
+
+Use the row whose `sun:sza` and `sun:raa` are closest to those of the scene. The error of this
+choice grows with the height of the plume. Neighbouring sun positions, in both zenith and azimuth,
+shift the plume by 60 m × h / 330 m relative to each other, where h is `methane:mean_height_m`. The
+nearest position is therefore off by at most half the diagonal, about 42 m × h / 330 m: about 4 m
+for a plume close to the ground (30 m), and about 42 m (2 pixels) for the highest plumes (330 m).
+
+## Choosing the emission rate
+
+Every value in the bank is the enhancement of a plume emitting 3000 kg/h. To use it at another
+emission Q, multiply the image by Q / 3000: at 1500 kg/h every value is halved, at 6000 kg/h every
+value is doubled.
+
+The plume leaves the LES domain at its downwind edge, so it ends in a straight cut there. How much
+methane is left at that cut is `edge:downwind_ppb`, again at 3000 kg/h. The cut is invisible while it
+stays below the noise of the scene you inject into. So, for a scene with noise r (ppb), a plume can
+be used up to
+
+    Q = 3000 × r / edge:downwind_ppb        [kg/h]
+
+For example, a plume with 40 ppb at its downwind edge can be injected up to 3700 kg/h in a scene with
+50 ppb of noise, but only up to 2000 kg/h in a quieter scene with 27 ppb. Select plumes with
+
+```python
+r = 50                                    # noise of your scene, ppb
+q = 3000                                  # emission you want, kg/h
+ok = t[3000 * r / t["edge:downwind_ppb"] >= q]
+```
+
+In this bank the median of that limit is about 2700 kg/h for r = 50 ppb.
+
+## Zeros
+
+Values below a threshold are set to 0. The threshold is the highest value that removes at most
+0.1% of the plume mass, capped at 1e-4 of the maximum of the image. The cap applies in 84% of the images. Each image is then cropped to the bounding box of its non-zero values.
+
+
+## Rescaling
+
+Values scale linearly with the emission rate: for a plume emitting Q kg/h, multiply the image and
+the `_ppb` columns by Q / 3000. The `_frac` columns do not change.
+
+## Known limitations
+
+- The plume is cut at the downwind edge of the LES domain (`edge:downwind_frac`: median 4%, up to 51% of
+  the peak). With a low sun, this edge appears as a straight line inside the image.
+  See "Choosing the emission rate" below to pick plumes whose cut stays hidden in the noise.
+- The images contain the enhancement only, with no noise and no background.
+
+
+## Dataset Information
+
+**Version**: 1.0.0
+
+**License**: CC-BY-4.0
+
+**Keywords**: methane, plume, LES, WRF, XCH4, hyperspectral, EMIT, synthetic
+
+**Tasks**: other
+
+## Dataset Overview
+
+**Partitions**: 2 files
+**Spatial coverage**: [-180.00, -90.00, 180.00, 90.00] (WGS84)
+
+## Dataset Structure (Root-Sibling Uniform Tree)
+
+**Root**: FILE (238,545 samples)
+
+
+## Metadata Fields
+
+### LEVEL0
+
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|-------|------|-------------|
+| `id` | `string` | Unique sample identifier within parent scope. Must be unique among siblings. |
+| `type` | `string` | Sample type discriminator (FILE or FOLDER). |
+| `methane:plume_uid` | `string` | Physical plume: emitter, wind speed and snapshot (e.g. a1_w02.0_s078). Shared by the 855 rows (sun positions) of the plume |
+| `methane:sim_type` | `string` | LES simulation type: 'area' (area sources) or 'multi' (point sources) |
+| `methane:emitter` | `string` | Emitter: a1 to a9 are area sources, from smallest to largest; p1 to p9 are point sources |
+| `methane:wind_speed` | `double` | Wind speed of the LES run [m/s] |
+| `methane:snapshot_index` | `int64` | LES output index (one output every 30 s) |
+| `methane:snapshot_minute` | `double` | Simulation minute of the snapshot (index / 2) |
+| `methane:scale_factor` | `double` | Factor that converts the arbitrary WRF tracer to an emission of 3000 kg/h |
+| `methane:peak_ppb` | `double` | Maximum of the plume with the sun overhead (SZA = 0) [ppb]. The same for all rows of a plume; the reference for every _frac column |
+| `methane:mean_height_m` | `double` | Mass-weighted mean height of the methane [m]. The solar-path image of the plume shifts by about mean_height * tan(SZA); the nearest sun position in the bank is off by at most ~42 m * mean_height / 330 m |
+| `methane:width_max_m` | `double` | Widest crosswind extent of the plume above 50 ppb on the vertical column map [m], at 3000 kg/h |
+| `methane:source_width_m` | `double` | Size of the emitting rectangle along x, the wind direction [m]; 20 for point sources. The source at (0, 0) is its centre |
+| `methane:source_height_m` | `double` | Size of the emitting rectangle along y [m]; 20 for point sources |
+| `sun:sza` | `double` | Solar zenith angle [deg] |
+| `sun:raa` | `double` | Azimuth of the sun relative to the wind direction [deg], counterclockwise from +x. The solar-path image of the plume is displaced towards raa + 180 |
+| `edge:upwind_ppb` | `double` | Maximum along the upwind edge (column 5), where the wind enters [ppb]. Below 2% of the peak in every sample |
+| `edge:upwind_frac` | `double` | edge:upwind_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate |
+| `edge:downwind_ppb` | `double` | Maximum along the downwind edge (column 114), where the wind leaves [ppb]. The plume is cut there; below edge:downwind_ref_ppb in every sample |
+| `edge:downwind_frac` | `double` | edge:downwind_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate |
+| `edge:downwind_slope` | `double` | Slope of log(maximum per column) over the last 600 m before the downwind edge; a negative value means that the plume fades towards it. Negative in every sample |
+| `edge:downwind_ref_ppb` | `double` | Reference for the downwind edge: the lowest value of the maximum per column in the middle of the domain, columns 40 to 84 [ppb]. Every sample has edge:downwind_ppb < edge:downwind_ref_ppb |
+| `edge:downwind_ref_frac` | `double` | edge:downwind_ref_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate |
+| `edge:downwind_width_m` | `double` | Crosswind extent of the plume above 50 ppb at the downwind edge [m]. At most 60 m, one EMIT pixel, in every sample: the plume closes before leaving the domain |
+| `edge:top_ppb` | `double` | Maximum along the top edge (row 84, columns 5 to 114, the +y side) [ppb]. Below 2% of the peak in every sample |
+| `edge:top_frac` | `double` | edge:top_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate |
+| `edge:bottom_ppb` | `double` | Maximum along the bottom edge (row 5, columns 5 to 114, the -y side) [ppb]. Below 2% of the peak in every sample |
+| `edge:bottom_frac` | `double` | edge:bottom_ppb / methane:peak_ppb. It does not change when the plume is rescaled to another emission rate |
+| `array:width` | `int64` | Image width [pixels of 20 m] |
+| `array:height` | `int64` | Image height [pixels of 20 m] |
+| `array:source_col` | `double` | Column of the source pixel in the image (0 = upwind side) |
+| `array:source_row` | `double` | Row of the source pixel in the image (0 = top, +y) |
+| `array:peak_ppb` | `double` | Maximum of this image [ppb]. It changes with the sun and equals methane:peak_ppb when sza = 0 |
+| `array:grow_upwind_px` | `int64` | Number of pixels by which the image extends beyond (+) or falls short of (-) the 110 x 80 LES domain on the upwind, where the wind enters side |
+| `array:grow_downwind_px` | `int64` | Number of pixels by which the image extends beyond (+) or falls short of (-) the 110 x 80 LES domain on the downwind, where it leaves side |
+| `array:grow_top_px` | `int64` | Number of pixels by which the image extends beyond (+) or falls short of (-) the 110 x 80 LES domain on the top (+y) side |
+| `array:grow_bottom_px` | `int64` | Number of pixels by which the image extends beyond (+) or falls short of (-) the 110 x 80 LES domain on the bottom (-y) side |
+| `qa:threshold_ppb` | `double` | Zero threshold of this image [ppb]: lower values were set to 0. It is the highest threshold that removes at most 0.1% of the mass, capped at 1e-4 of the image maximum |
+| `qa:threshold_rel` | `double` | qa:threshold_ppb / array:peak_ppb; equal to 1e-4 when the cap applies |
+| `qa:ime_before` | `double` | Sum of the image before zeroing [ppb x pixel] |
+| `qa:ime_after` | `double` | Sum of the image after zeroing [ppb x pixel]; ime_after / ime_before is the fraction of mass kept |
+| `qa:foreign_mass_frac` | `double` | Estimated fraction of the mass of the vertical column map that comes from the outer WRF domain: the mass in the strip upwind of the source, where the plume itself cannot reach, extended over the 110 columns of the domain. Below 0.002 in every sample |
+| `internal:current_id` | `int64` | Current sample position at this level (0-indexed). Enables O(1) random access and relational JOINs (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT). |
+| `internal:parent_id` | `int64` | Foreign key referencing parent sample position in previous level (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT). |
+
+
+## Usage
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+# pip install tacoreader
+import tacoreader
+
+ds = tacoreader.load("/data/databases/METHANESET_TACOS/methaneset-bank/.tacocat")
+print(f"ID: {ds.id}")
+print(f"Version: {ds.version}")
+print(f"Samples: {len(ds.data)}")
+```
+
+### R
+
+```r
+# Coming soon: R support is planned but not yet available
+# install.packages("tacoreader")
+library(tacoreader)
+
+ds <- load_taco("/data/databases/METHANESET_TACOS/methaneset-bank/.tacocat")
+cat(sprintf("ID: %s\n", ds$id))
+cat(sprintf("Version: %s\n", ds$version))
+cat(sprintf("Samples: %d\n", nrow(ds$data)))
+```
+
+### Julia
+
+```julia
+# Coming soon: Julia support is planned but not yet available
+# using Pkg; Pkg.add("TacoReader")
+using TacoReader
+
+ds = load_taco("/data/databases/METHANESET_TACOS/methaneset-bank/.tacocat")
+println("ID: ", ds.id)
+println("Version: ", ds.version)
+println("Samples: ", size(ds.data, 1))
+```
+
+## Data Providers
+
+**Image and Signal Processing Group (ISP-UV)** — *producer*
+
+**LARS-UPV, Gorroño et al. (WRF-LES simulations)** — *licensor*
+
+
+
+
+---
+
+Generated with ❤️ using [TacoToolbox](https://github.com/tacotoolbox/tacotoolbox) v0.26.9

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