# MethaneSET-EMIT: Hyperspectral Methane Plume Detection from EMIT

methaneset-emit provides analysis-ready EMIT hyperspectral scenes for methane plume detection and quantification. 721 granules (700 with plumes + 21 verified plume-free), selected from the granules where the UNEP-IMEO and CarbonMapper catalogs BOTH report a plume (consensus), with 0% onboard nodata and complete IMEO flux quantification, balanced across flux class (all 812 weak plumes under 1,000 kg/h retained), year, region and sector. Each sample carries 10 sensor-geometry layers with 128x128 internal tiling: the full 285-band L1B radiance cube, per-pixel lat/lon, the GLT orthorectification lookup, Copernicus GLO-30 elevation, an ERA5-Land 10 m wind field (u/v, time-interpolated to the acquisition minute), three matched-filter retrievals (mf, rmf, mag1c), and dual instance-coded plume masks from the IMEO portal and CarbonMapper analysts, where a matched pair shares the same code in both files. A leakage-free train/val/test split grouped by emitter is proposed; all metadata is queryable in level0.parquet without opening a raster.
## Dataset Information

**Version**: 1.0.0

**License**: cc-by-4.0

**Keywords**: methane, EMIT, hyperspectral, plume detection, matched filter, IMEO, CarbonMapper

**Tasks**: segmentation, regression


## Dataset Structure (Root-Sibling Uniform Tree)

**Root**: FOLDER (721 samples)

**Hierarchy**:

- Level 1: FILE → FILE → FILE → FILE → FILE → FILE → FILE → FILE → FILE → FILE (7,210 samples)

## Metadata Fields

### LEVEL0

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `id` | `string` | Unique sample identifier within parent scope. Must be unique among siblings. |
| `type` | `string` | Sample type discriminator (FILE or FOLDER). |
| `detection:n_imeo` | `int64` | Number of distinct IMEO emitters with a plume in this granule |
| `detection:n_cm` | `int64` | Number of distinct CarbonMapper sources with a plume (upper bound: CM can register one plume under multiple source identities) |
| `detection:coverage_imeo` | `double` | Percent of scene pixels covered by IMEO plume masks |
| `detection:coverage_cm` | `double` | Percent of scene pixels covered by CarbonMapper plume masks |
| `detection:coverage_union` | `double` | Percent of scene pixels covered by the union of both masks |
| `detection:imeo_ids` | `string` | JSON list of IMEO emitter ids (source_name) present in the scene |
| `detection:cm_ids` | `string` | JSON list of CarbonMapper source names present in the scene |
| `detection:imeo_flux` | `string` | JSON dict IMEO emitter -> CH4 flux rate (kg/h); flux completeness enforced at selection |
| `detection:cm_flux` | `string` | JSON dict CM source -> CH4 flux rate (kg/h); null = unquantified (structural in CM's catalog, not size-biased) |
| `detection:sectors` | `string` | JSON dict sector -> {imeo: [...], cm: [...]}; CM IPCC codes mapped to IMEO names (97% cross-agreement on matched pairs) |
| `detection:sector_list` | `string` | JSON list of sectors present in the scene |
| `detection:sector` | `string` | Dominant sector by plume count |
| `detection:n_imeo_weak` | `int64` | IMEO plumes with 0 < flux < 1,000 kg/h (weak, following STARCOP) |
| `detection:n_imeo_strong` | `int64` | IMEO plumes with flux >= 1,000 kg/h (strong) |
| `detection:n_cm_noflux` | `int64` | CarbonMapper sources without quantified emission |
| `detection:n_cm_dup_pairs` | `int64` | CarbonMapper plume pairs from DIFFERENT sources overlapping with IoU >= 0.5 in this scene (duplicate identities). If > 0, treat n_cm and the CM source partition as an upper bound; IMEO is the reference catalog |
| `detection:cm_dup_groups` | `string` | JSON list of GROUPS of CarbonMapper sources that describe the same plume in this scene (connected components of the IoU >= 0.5 overlap graph). A group can hold more than two sources: up to six in this dataset. Use it to check whether the CM source matched to your IMEO plume has twins, in which case its flux and mask area are a lower bound for that plume |
| `detection:imeo_flux_total` | `double` | Sum of IMEO plume fluxes in the scene (kg/h) |
| `detection:imeo_flux_max` | `double` | Largest IMEO plume flux in the scene (kg/h) |
| `detection:cm_flux_total` | `double` | Sum of quantified CarbonMapper fluxes (kg/h) |
| `detection:cm_flux_max` | `double` | Largest quantified CarbonMapper flux (kg/h) |
| `detection:imeo_cod` | `string` | JSON dict IMEO emitter -> instance codes in plume_imeo.tif band 1 (a matched IMEO-CM pair shares the same code in both files) |
| `detection:cm_cod` | `string` | JSON dict CM source -> instance codes in plume_cm.tif band 1 |
| `match:pairs` | `string` | JSON list of matched IMEO-CM pairs (Hungarian assignment on geometry alone: overlap + source distance; flux and sector never used, keeping them free for cross-catalog studies) |
| `match:orphans` | `string` | JSON dict of unmatched plumes per catalog |
| `match:n_pairs` | `int64` | Number of accepted IMEO-CM pairs |
| `match:n_perfect` | `int64` | Pairs without same-catalog overlap ambiguity |
| `match:n_orph_imeo` | `int64` | IMEO plumes without a CM counterpart |
| `match:n_orph_cm` | `int64` | CM sources without an IMEO counterpart |
| `sensor:shape_rows` | `int64` | Sensor-grid rows |
| `sensor:shape_cols` | `int64` | Sensor-grid columns |
| `sensor:sza_mean` | `double` | Mean solar zenith angle (deg); intra-scene range is <1 deg |
| `sensor:vza_mean` | `double` | Mean view zenith angle (deg) |
| `sensor:saa_mean` | `double` | Mean solar azimuth angle (deg) |
| `sensor:vaa_mean` | `double` | Mean view azimuth angle (deg) |
| `sensor:amf_mean` | `double` | Two-way air mass factor 1/cos(SZA)+1/cos(VZA) |
| `sensor:phase_mean` | `double` | Mean solar phase angle between sun and view vectors (deg); sunglint indicator |
| `sensor:path_length_mean` | `double` | Mean sensor-to-ground path length (m) |
| `sensor:earth_sun_distance` | `double` | Earth-Sun distance (AU) |
| `meteo:wind_u` | `double` | Scene-mean 10 m eastward wind from the wind.tif layer (ERA5-Land, time-interpolated); per-pixel field in wind.tif |
| `meteo:wind_v` | `double` | Scene-mean 10 m northward wind (m/s), ERA5-Land |
| `meteo:wind_speed` | `double` | Scene-mean 10 m wind speed (m/s), ERA5-Land. NOTE: this is MethaneSET's own reanalysis wind, not the wind either catalog used to invert its fluxes; for that see imeo_wind and cm_wind |
| `meteo:imeo_wind` | `string` | JSON dict IMEO emitter -> {u, v, speed} (m/s): the PER-PLUME 10 m wind published by UNEP-IMEO, i.e. the wind IMEO used to invert its own flux rate. Independent of the ERA5-Land wind.tif layer shipped with the scene |
| `meteo:cm_wind` | `string` | JSON dict CarbonMapper source -> {speed, dir, u, v}: the PER-PLUME wind published by Carbon Mapper (wind_speed_avg_auto and wind_direction_avg_auto), i.e. the wind CM used to invert its own emission. dir follows the meteorological convention (degrees FROM which the wind blows); u and v are derived from speed and dir. Null when CM ships no wind for that plume |
| `emit:flight_line` | `string` | EMIT flight line identifier |
| `emit:time_start` | `string` | Acquisition start (UTC) |
| `emit:time_end` | `string` | Acquisition end (UTC) |
| `radiance:min` | `double` | Minimum radiance over the full 285-band cube (negative values are calibration noise in dark SWIR bands, kept unclipped) |
| `radiance:max` | `double` | Maximum radiance over the full cube |
| `radiance:elev_min_m` | `double` | Minimum elevation (m, Copernicus DEM GLO-30 2024) |
| `radiance:elev_max_m` | `double` | Maximum elevation (m) |
| `site:country` | `string` | Country of the scene (from the IMEO portal) |
| `spatial:bbox_west` | `double` | Bounding box west (deg, EPSG:4326) |
| `spatial:bbox_south` | `double` | Bounding box south (deg) |
| `spatial:bbox_east` | `double` | Bounding box east (deg) |
| `spatial:bbox_north` | `double` | Bounding box north (deg) |
| `spatial:imeo_points` | `string` | WKT MULTIPOINT of IMEO emission source points |
| `spatial:cm_points` | `string` | WKT MULTIPOINT of CarbonMapper source points |
| `selection:split` | `string` | Proposed train/val/test split (70/15/15, grouped by emitter: zero source leakage; users may re-split, everything ships) |
| `selection:is_free` | `bool` | True = verified plume-free granule from IMEO's full-tile test pool |
| `selection:flux_bin` | `string` | has_weak / strong_only / free (weak = any IMEO plume under 1,000 kg/h, following STARCOP) |
| `internal:current_id` | `int64` | Current sample position at this level (0-indexed). Enables O(1) random access and relational JOINs (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT). |
| `internal:parent_id` | `int64` | Foreign key referencing parent sample position in previous level (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT). |

### LEVEL1

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `id` | `string` | Unique sample identifier within parent scope. Must be unique among siblings. |
| `type` | `string` | Sample type discriminator (FILE or FOLDER). |
| `internal:current_id` | `int64` | Current sample position at this level (0-indexed). Enables O(1) random access and relational JOINs (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT). |
| `internal:parent_id` | `int64` | Foreign key referencing parent sample position in previous level (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT). |
| `internal:relative_path` | `string` | Relative path from DATA/ directory. Format: {parent_path}/{id} or {id} for level0 (ZIP, FOLDER, TACOCAT). |


## Usage

### Python

```python
# pip install tacoreader
import tacoreader

ds = tacoreader.load("methaneset-emit.tacozip")
print(f"ID: {ds.id}")
print(f"Version: {ds.version}")
print(f"Samples: {len(ds.data)}")
```

### R

```r
# Coming soon: R support is planned but not yet available
# install.packages("tacoreader")
library(tacoreader)

ds <- load_taco("methaneset-emit.tacozip")
cat(sprintf("ID: %s\n", ds$id))
cat(sprintf("Version: %s\n", ds$version))
cat(sprintf("Samples: %d\n", nrow(ds$data)))
```

### Julia

```julia
# Coming soon: Julia support is planned but not yet available
# using Pkg; Pkg.add("TacoReader")
using TacoReader

ds = load_taco("methaneset-emit.tacozip")
println("ID: ", ds.id)
println("Version: ", ds.version)
println("Samples: ", size(ds.data, 1))
```

## Data Providers

**NASA JPL** — *producer*

**UNEP IMEO** — *producer*

**Carbon Mapper** — *producer*

**Universitat de Valencia, ISP** — *processor*


## Dataset Curators

| Name | Organization | Email |
|------|--------------|-------|
| Julio Contreras | Universitat de Valencia, Image and Signal Processing (ISP) | julio.contreras@uv.es |
| Cesar Aybar | Universitat de Valencia, Image and Signal Processing (ISP) | cesar.aybar@uv.es |

## Publications & Citations

If you use this dataset in your research, please cite:


**DOI**: 10.5067/EMIT/EMITL1BRAD.001

Green, R. O., et al. (2023). EMIT L1B At-Sensor Calibrated Radiance and Geolocation Data 60 m V001. NASA LP DAAC.

*Source radiance and geolocation.*

---

**DOI**: 10.1038/s41598-023-44918-6

Ruzicka, V., et al. (2023). Semantic segmentation of methane plumes with hyperspectral machine learning models. Scientific Reports.

*Weak/strong plume convention at 1,000 kg/h.*

---

**DOI**: 10.5270/ESA-c5d3d65

European Space Agency (2024). Copernicus DEM GLO-30.

*Elevation layer source.*

---

**DOI**: 10.24381/cds.e2161bac

Munoz-Sabater, J., et al. (2021). ERA5-Land hourly data. Copernicus Climate Data Store.

*Wind layer source.*

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### BibTeX

```bibtex
@dataset{methaneset-emit1,
  title = {MethaneSET-EMIT: Hyperspectral Methane Plume Detection from EMIT},
  author = {Julio Contreras and Cesar Aybar},
  year = {2022},
  version = {1.0.0},
  publisher = {Universitat de Valencia, Image and Signal Processing (ISP)}
}
```

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