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README.md
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num_examples: 756774
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download_size: 34467223
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dataset_size: 116790842
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---
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num_examples: 756774
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download_size: 34467223
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dataset_size: 116790842
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language:
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- kab
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---
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# tatoeba-kabyle-mono-cleaned
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[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_language)
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[](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)
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[](https://huggingface.co/datasets/boffire/tatoeba-kabyle-mono-cleaned)
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Cleaned and quality-assessed monolingual Kabyle corpus extracted from Tatoeba.
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---
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## Summary
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This dataset contains sentences from Tatoeba tagged as Kabyle (`lang == "kab"`), processed through a multi-layer linguistic filtering pipeline combining **orthographic normalization**, **language identification** (GlotLID v3 + DistilBERT Kabyle/Tachelhit classifier), **code-switching detection** (MaskLID), and **lexical validation** (Kabyle Hunspell dictionary). Only the subset qualified as **pure** is published here.
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**Language**: Kabyle (kab) -- standardized Latin script (INALCO 1996 / KIM).
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**Source**: [Tatoeba sentences.csv](https://downloads.tatoeba.org/exports/sentences.csv)
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**License**: CC0 1.0 Universal (Tatoeba)
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**Format**: HuggingFace `datasets` (Arrow)
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**Author**: [boffire](https://huggingface.co/boffire)
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---
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## Cleaning Pipeline
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### 1. Orthographic Normalization
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- Correction of **character false friends** (Greek, Cyrillic, Turkish, etc.): `ε → ɛ`, `γ → ɣ`, `Γ → Ɣ`, `Σ → Ɛ`, etc.
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- Removal of forbidden characters and normalization of French diacritics.
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- Unicode NFC normalization and whitespace cleanup.
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### 2. Berber Validation (DistilBERT)
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- Model: [`boffire/distilbert-kabyle-tachelhit-classifier-v2`](https://huggingface.co/boffire/distilbert-kabyle-tachelhit-classifier-v2)
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- Adaptive thresholds based on sentence length.
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- Classification: `kab` (Kabyle) vs `tach` (Tachelhit).
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- Scope: first 10,000 sentences analyzed; remainder flagged as `SKIPPED`.
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### 3. Language Identification (GlotLID v3)
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- Model: `cis-lmu/glotlid`
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- Confidence threshold: **>= 0.95** for the published subset.
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### 4. Code-Switching Detection (MaskLID)
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- Token-level analysis combining GlotLID, Kabyle Hunspell (Belkacem77), and an auxiliary vocabulary.
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- Detection of isolated borrowings and IOB2 annotation.
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- CS threshold: > 15% non-Kabyle tokens.
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### 5. "Pure" Filter
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The published subset retains only sentences that simultaneously satisfy:
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- `is_cs == False` (no code-switching)
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- `len(contaminants) == 0` (no false friends or forbidden characters)
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- `is_mismatch == False` (no GlotLID=kab / DistilBERT=tach divergence)
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- `berber_status` in `{"HIGH_CONF", "SKIPPED"}`
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- `glot_conf >= 0.95`
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---
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## Statistics
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| Metric | Value |
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|---|---|
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| Source sentences (Tatoeba `lang=kab`) | 789,712 |
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| Retained sentences (**pure** subset) | **756,774** |
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| Conservation rate | **95.8%** |
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| Hunspell coverage (token-level) | **85.1%** (3,173,402 / 3,730,724 tokens) |
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| Code-switching detection rate | **0.24%** (1,915 phrases) |
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| Orthographic contamination rate | **3.66%** (28,887 phrases) |
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| Contaminant types | `faux_ami`: 31,805 / `non_canonique`: 10,092 / `forbidden`: 617 |
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| GlotLID confidence >= 0.95 | **99.7%** (787,561 phrases) |
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| DistilBERT HIGH_CONF (analyzed) | 9,679 / 10,000 |
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| DistilBERT mismatch kab->tach | 67 (0.67% of analyzed) |
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---
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## Column Structure
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| Column | Type | Description |
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|---|---|---|
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| `id` | `string` | Original Tatoeba identifier |
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| `text` | `string` | **Normalized** Kabyle text (use for training) |
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| `raw_text` | `string` | Original raw text (before normalization) |
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| `glot_lang` | `string` | Language predicted by GlotLID v3 |
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| `glot_conf` | `float` | GlotLID confidence score |
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| `berber_label` | `string` | DistilBERT label (`kab` / `tach`) |
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| `berber_score` | `float` | DistilBERT confidence score |
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| `berber_status` | `string` | `HIGH_CONF` / `LOW_CONF` / `REJECT` / `NON_BERBER` / `SKIPPED` |
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| `dominant_lang` | `string` | Dominant language detected by MaskLID |
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| `dominant_ratio` | `float` | Ratio of tokens in the dominant language |
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| `lang_distribution` | `string` | JSON distribution of detected languages (token-level) |
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---
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## Quick Usage
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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ds = load_dataset("boffire/tatoeba-kabyle-mono-cleaned", split="train")
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# Example
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print(ds[0]["text"])
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# -> "Tecfiḍ fell-i ?"
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# Iteration
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for example in ds:
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print(example["text"])
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```
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---
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## Recommended Use Cases
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- **Continued pre-training** of language models (LLM, mT5, etc.)
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- **Fine-tuning** of Kabyle Sentence Transformers
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- **Tokenizer training** for Kabyle-specialized SentencePiece / BPE
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- **Perplexity benchmark** for evaluating the quality of new corpora
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- **Semantic search** (FAISS indexing) and RAG
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---
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## Known Limitations
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1. **Isolated sentence corpus**: Tatoeba provides short utterances without discursive context. For LLM pre-training, this corpus should be complemented with longer documents (Wikipedia, forums, etc.).
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2. **Technical borrowings**: Integrated technical terms in Kabyle (e.g., *aselkim*, *asiggez*) are retained as they belong to the contemporary lexicon. They do not constitute code-switching.
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3. **DistilBERT limited scope**: Only the first 10,000 sentences were validated by DistilBERT; the remainder of the corpus is filtered by GlotLID + MaskLID only.
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4. **Standardized orthography**: Normalization applies the INALCO 1996 / KIM inventory. Non-standard orthographic variants are corrected or discarded.
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---
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## Related Resources
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| Resource | Link |
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| Full pipeline (script) | *to be published* |
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| Raw Tatoeba dataset | [tatoeba.org](https://tatoeba.org) |
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| Berber classifier | [`distilbert-kabyle-tachelhit-classifier-v2`](https://huggingface.co/boffire/distilbert-kabyle-tachelhit-classifier-v2) |
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| Kabyle T5 tokenizer | [`kabyle-tokenizer-T5`](https://huggingface.co/boffire/kabyle-tokenizer-T5) |
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| Sentence Transformer | [`kabyle-sentence-transformer-mpnet`](https://huggingface.co/boffire/kabyle-sentence-transformer-mpnet) |
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| Hunspell dictionary | [Imseɣti n tira n teqbaylit](https://github.com/Belkacem77/imseti_n_tira_n_teqbaylit) (Belkacem77, MIT) |
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| Kabyle language specifications | [kabyle-specs.github.io](https://kabyle-specs.github.io) |
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---
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## Citation
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If you use this dataset, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@dataset{tatoeba_kabyle_mono_cleaned_2026,
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author = {Mokraoui, Athmane},
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title = {Tatoeba Kabyle Mono Cleaned},
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year = {2026},
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publisher = {HuggingFace},
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url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/boffire/tatoeba-kabyle-mono-cleaned}
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}
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```
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---
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## Changelog
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| Version | Date | Change |
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|---|---|---|
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| `1.0.0` | 2026-08-01 | Initial release (756,774 pure sentences) |
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---
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*Dataset maintained by [boffire](https://huggingface.co/boffire). For questions or contributions, please open an issue on the repository.*
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