pre_text: Research, Development and Engineering Expense NM—Not meaningful Research, development and engineering (RD&E) expense was 7.8 percent of revenue in 2019 and 6.8 percent of revenue in 2018. RD&E expense increased 11.3 percent in 2019 versus 2018 primarily driven by: • Higher spending (11 points) including investment in the z15 and Red Hat spending in the second half of 2019 (8 points); and • Higher acquisition-related charges associated with the Red Hat transaction (1 point); partially offset by • The effects of currency (1 point). Operating (non-GAAP) expense increased 10.4 percent year to year primarily driven by the same factors excluding the acquisition-related charges associated with the Red Hat transaction.
table: ($ in million)
table: For the year ended December 31: 2019 2018 Yr.-to-Yr. Percent Change
table: Total consolidated research, development and engineering $5,989 $5,379 11.3%
table: Non-operating adjustment
table: Acquisition-related charges (53) - NM
table: Operating (non-GAAP) research, development and engineering $5,936 $5,379 10.4%
question: Analyse this data from a financial earnings document. What was the Operating (non-GAAP) research, development and engineering average?