pre_text: The following table reconciles the expected income tax expense, computed by applying our combined German tax rate of 26.4% (2018: 26.4%; 2017: 26.4%), to the actual income tax expense. Our 2019 combined German tax rate includes a corporate income tax rate of 15.0% (2018: 15.0%; 2017: 15.0%), plus a solidarity surcharge of 5.5% (2018: 5.5%; 2017: 5.5%) thereon, and trade taxes of 10.6% (2018: 10.6%; 2017: 10.6%). Relationship Between Tax Expense and Profit Before Tax
table: € millions, unless otherwise stated 2019 2018 2017
table: Profit before tax 4,596 5,600 5,029
table: Tax expense at applicable tax rate of 26.4% rate of 26.4% (2018: 26.4%; 2017: 26.4%) 1,212 1,478 1,327
table: Tax effect of:
table: Foreign tax rates –209 –147 –403
table: Changes in tax laws and tax rates 10 0 –212
table: Non-deductible expenses 116 106 82
table: Tax-exempt income –93 –38 –95
table: Withholding taxes 138 91 131
table: Research and development and foreign tax credits –89 –33 –26
table: Prior-year taxes 80 –17 –26
table: Reassessment of deferred tax assets, research and development tax credits, and foreign tax credits 48 58 185
table: Other 13 13 20
table: Total income tax expense 1,226 1,511 983
table: Effective tax rate (in %) 26.7 27.0 19.5
question: Analyse this data from a financial earnings document. What was the change in Other in 2019 from 2018?