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- AGPL-3.0 +216 -0
- LICENSE +170 -0
- README-en.md +54 -0
- README.md +50 -1
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-Android.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-Youtube.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-authenticator.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-calendar.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-chrome.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-drive.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-keyboard.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-mail.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-map.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-meet.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-play_store.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-pswd_manager.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-search.png +3 -0
- assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-translate.png +3 -0
- assets/deMeta/deMeta-Facebook.png +3 -0
- assets/deMeta/deMeta-Instagram.png +3 -0
- assets/deMeta/deMeta-Threads.png +3 -0
- assets/deMeta/deMeta-WhatsApp.png +3 -0
- assets/privacy-tracker-blocker.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/bigbluebotton-meme.jpg +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/censored-tube.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/ig-app-data-collection.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/line-app-data-collection.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/messenger-app-data-collection.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/mobile-OS-meme.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/odysee-interface.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/peertube-sepia.jpg +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/ravio-commercial-scam.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/ravio-open-scam.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/threads-app-data-collection.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/twitter-app-data-collection.png +3 -0
- assets/ref_images/wechat-data-breach.png +3 -0
- chinese-service-risk.md +61 -0
- deGoogle-appStore.md +358 -0
- deGoogle-authenticator.md +458 -0
- deGoogle-browser.md +537 -0
- deGoogle-calendar.md +155 -0
- deGoogle-drive-and-album.md +290 -0
- deGoogle-email.md +164 -0
- deGoogle-keyboard.md +311 -0
- deGoogle-map.md +130 -0
- deGoogle-meet.md +334 -0
- deGoogle-mobile-OS.md +879 -0
- deGoogle-pswd-manager.md +283 -0
- deGoogle-search-engine.md +179 -0
- deGoogle-translator.md +281 -0
AGPL-3.0
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| 1 |
+
Version 3, 19 November 2007
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
+
Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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| 4 |
+
Link to this section
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| 5 |
+
Preamble#
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| 6 |
+
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| 7 |
+
The GNU Affero General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works, specifically designed to ensure cooperation with the community in the case of network server software.
|
| 8 |
+
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| 9 |
+
The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, our General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free software for all its users.
|
| 10 |
+
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| 11 |
+
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
|
| 12 |
+
|
| 13 |
+
Developers that use our General Public Licenses protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
|
| 14 |
+
|
| 15 |
+
A secondary benefit of defending all users' freedom is that improvements made in alternate versions of the program, if they receive widespread use, become available for other developers to incorporate. Many developers of free software are heartened and encouraged by the resulting cooperation. However, in the case of software used on network servers, this result may fail to come about. The GNU General Public License permits making a modified version and letting the public access it on a server without ever releasing its source code to the public.
|
| 16 |
+
|
| 17 |
+
The GNU Affero General Public License is designed specifically to ensure that, in such cases, the modified source code becomes available to the community. It requires the operator of a network server to provide the source code of the modified version running there to the users of that server. Therefore, public use of a modified version, on a publicly accessible server, gives the public access to the source code of the modified version.
|
| 18 |
+
|
| 19 |
+
An older license, called the Affero General Public License and published by Affero, was designed to accomplish similar goals. This is a different license, not a version of the Affero GPL, but Affero has released a new version of the Affero GPL which permits relicensing under this license.
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| 20 |
+
|
| 21 |
+
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
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| 22 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 23 |
+
TERMS AND CONDITIONS#
|
| 24 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 25 |
+
0. Definitions.#
|
| 26 |
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|
| 27 |
+
"This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License.
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| 28 |
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| 29 |
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"Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks.
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| 30 |
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| 31 |
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"The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and "recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
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| 32 |
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| 33 |
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To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
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| 34 |
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| 35 |
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A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based on the Program.
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| 36 |
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| 37 |
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To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, distribution (with or without modification), making available to the public, and in some countries other activities as well.
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| 38 |
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| 39 |
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To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
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| 40 |
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| 41 |
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An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices" to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
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| 42 |
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Link to this section
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| 43 |
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1. Source Code.#
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| 44 |
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| 45 |
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The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source form of a work.
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| 46 |
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| 47 |
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A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that is widely used among developers working in that language.
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| 48 |
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| 49 |
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The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an implementation is available to the public in source code form. A "Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component (kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system (if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.
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| 50 |
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| 51 |
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The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to control those activities. However, it does not include the work's System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source includes interface definition files associated with source files for the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require, such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those subprograms and other parts of the work.
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| 52 |
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| 53 |
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The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding Source.
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| 54 |
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| 55 |
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The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same work.
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| 56 |
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Link to this section
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2. Basic Permissions.#
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| 58 |
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| 59 |
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All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
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You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
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| 63 |
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Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 makes it unnecessary.
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| 64 |
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Link to this section
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3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.#
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| 66 |
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No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such measures.
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| 69 |
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When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of technological measures.
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| 70 |
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Link to this section
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| 71 |
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4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.#
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| 72 |
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| 73 |
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You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all notices stating that this License and any non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
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| 74 |
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| 75 |
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You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
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| 76 |
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Link to this section
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| 77 |
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5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.#
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| 78 |
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| 79 |
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You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
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| 80 |
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| 81 |
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a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified it, and giving a relevant date.
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| 82 |
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b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is released under this License and any conditions added under section 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to "keep intact all notices".
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| 83 |
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c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.
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| 84 |
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d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your work need not make them do so.
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| 85 |
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| 86 |
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A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate.
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| 87 |
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Link to this section
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| 88 |
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6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.#
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| 89 |
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| 90 |
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You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:
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| 91 |
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| 92 |
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a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange.
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| 93 |
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b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
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| 94 |
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c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord with subsection 6b.
|
| 95 |
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d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party) that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.
|
| 96 |
+
e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no charge under subsection 6d.
|
| 97 |
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|
| 98 |
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A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in conveying the object code work.
|
| 99 |
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| 100 |
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A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.
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| 101 |
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| 102 |
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"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods, procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been made.
|
| 103 |
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|
| 104 |
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If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).
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| 105 |
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| 106 |
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The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the network.
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| 107 |
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| 108 |
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Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying.
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| 109 |
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Link to this section
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| 110 |
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7. Additional Terms.#
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| 111 |
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| 112 |
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"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions.
|
| 113 |
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| 114 |
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When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
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| 115 |
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| 116 |
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Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
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| 117 |
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| 118 |
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a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
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| 119 |
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b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works containing it; or
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| 120 |
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c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in reasonable ways as different from the original version; or
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| 121 |
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d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or authors of the material; or
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| 122 |
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e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or
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| 123 |
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f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors.
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| 125 |
+
All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying.
|
| 126 |
+
|
| 127 |
+
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms.
|
| 128 |
+
|
| 129 |
+
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.
|
| 130 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 131 |
+
8. Termination.#
|
| 132 |
+
|
| 133 |
+
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11).
|
| 134 |
+
|
| 135 |
+
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
|
| 136 |
+
|
| 137 |
+
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
|
| 138 |
+
|
| 139 |
+
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.
|
| 140 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 141 |
+
9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.#
|
| 142 |
+
|
| 143 |
+
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
|
| 144 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 145 |
+
10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.#
|
| 146 |
+
|
| 147 |
+
Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
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| 148 |
+
|
| 149 |
+
An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
|
| 150 |
+
|
| 151 |
+
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
|
| 152 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 153 |
+
11. Patents.#
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+
A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
|
| 156 |
+
|
| 157 |
+
A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.
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| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying on" means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, you're conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.
|
| 164 |
+
|
| 165 |
+
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.
|
| 166 |
+
|
| 167 |
+
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
|
| 168 |
+
|
| 169 |
+
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
|
| 170 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 171 |
+
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.#
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
|
| 174 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 175 |
+
13. Remote Network Interaction; Use with the GNU General Public License.#
|
| 176 |
+
|
| 177 |
+
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, if you modify the Program, your modified version must prominently offer all users interacting with it remotely through a computer network (if your version supports such interaction) an opportunity to receive the Corresponding Source of your version by providing access to the Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge, through some standard or customary means of facilitating copying of software. This Corresponding Source shall include the Corresponding Source for any work covered by version 3 of the GNU General Public License that is incorporated pursuant to the following paragraph.
|
| 178 |
+
|
| 179 |
+
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the work with which it is combined will remain governed by version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
|
| 180 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 181 |
+
14. Revised Versions of this License.#
|
| 182 |
+
|
| 183 |
+
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU Affero General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
|
| 184 |
+
|
| 185 |
+
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU Affero General Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU Affero General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
|
| 186 |
+
|
| 187 |
+
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU Affero General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
|
| 188 |
+
|
| 189 |
+
Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.
|
| 190 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 191 |
+
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.#
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
|
| 194 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 195 |
+
16. Limitation of Liability.#
|
| 196 |
+
|
| 197 |
+
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
|
| 198 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 199 |
+
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.#
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
|
| 204 |
+
Link to this section
|
| 205 |
+
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs#
|
| 206 |
+
|
| 207 |
+
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
|
| 208 |
+
|
| 209 |
+
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
|
| 210 |
+
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
|
| 211 |
+
|
| 212 |
+
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
|
| 213 |
+
|
| 214 |
+
If your software can interact with users remotely through a computer network, you should also make sure that it provides a way for users to get its source. For example, if your program is a web application, its interface could display a "Source" link that leads users to an archive of the code. There are many ways you could offer source, and different solutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the specific requirements.
|
| 215 |
+
|
| 216 |
+
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see .
|
LICENSE
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|
| 1 |
+
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
Creative Commons Corporation (“Creative Commons”) is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an “as-is” basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
Using Creative Commons Public Licenses
|
| 6 |
+
|
| 7 |
+
Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.
|
| 8 |
+
|
| 9 |
+
Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC-licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors.
|
| 10 |
+
|
| 11 |
+
Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor’s permission is not necessary for any reason–for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright–then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described.
|
| 12 |
+
|
| 13 |
+
Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public.
|
| 14 |
+
|
| 15 |
+
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License
|
| 16 |
+
|
| 17 |
+
By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.
|
| 18 |
+
|
| 19 |
+
Section 1 – Definitions.
|
| 20 |
+
|
| 21 |
+
a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
|
| 22 |
+
|
| 23 |
+
b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.
|
| 24 |
+
|
| 25 |
+
c. BY-SA Compatible License means a license listed at creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses, approved by Creative Commons as essentially the equivalent of this Public License.
|
| 26 |
+
|
| 27 |
+
d. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
|
| 28 |
+
|
| 29 |
+
e. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
|
| 30 |
+
|
| 31 |
+
f. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
|
| 32 |
+
|
| 33 |
+
g. License Elements means the license attributes listed in the name of a Creative Commons Public License. The License Elements of this Public License are Attribution and ShareAlike.
|
| 34 |
+
|
| 35 |
+
h. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
|
| 36 |
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|
| 37 |
+
i. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
|
| 38 |
+
|
| 39 |
+
j. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
|
| 40 |
+
|
| 41 |
+
k. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
|
| 42 |
+
|
| 43 |
+
l. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
|
| 44 |
+
|
| 45 |
+
m. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.
|
| 46 |
+
|
| 47 |
+
Section 2 – Scope.
|
| 48 |
+
|
| 49 |
+
a. License grant.
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
|
| 52 |
+
|
| 53 |
+
A. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part; and
|
| 54 |
+
|
| 55 |
+
B. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.
|
| 56 |
+
|
| 57 |
+
2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
|
| 58 |
+
|
| 59 |
+
3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
|
| 60 |
+
|
| 61 |
+
4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
|
| 62 |
+
|
| 63 |
+
5. Downstream recipients.
|
| 64 |
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|
| 65 |
+
A. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
|
| 66 |
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|
| 67 |
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B. Additional offer from the Licensor – Adapted Material. Every recipient of Adapted Material from You automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Adapted Material under the conditions of the Adapter’s License You apply.
|
| 68 |
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|
| 69 |
+
C. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
|
| 70 |
+
|
| 71 |
+
6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).
|
| 72 |
+
|
| 73 |
+
b. Other rights.
|
| 74 |
+
|
| 75 |
+
1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
|
| 76 |
+
|
| 77 |
+
2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
|
| 78 |
+
|
| 79 |
+
3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties.
|
| 80 |
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| 81 |
+
Section 3 – License Conditions.
|
| 82 |
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|
| 83 |
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Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.
|
| 84 |
+
|
| 85 |
+
a. Attribution.
|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+
1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:
|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
A. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
|
| 90 |
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|
| 91 |
+
i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
|
| 92 |
+
|
| 93 |
+
ii. a copyright notice;
|
| 94 |
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+
iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;
|
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+
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| 97 |
+
iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
|
| 98 |
+
|
| 99 |
+
v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
B. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
|
| 102 |
+
|
| 103 |
+
C. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
|
| 104 |
+
|
| 105 |
+
2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
|
| 106 |
+
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| 107 |
+
3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.
|
| 108 |
+
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| 109 |
+
b. ShareAlike.In addition to the conditions in Section 3(a), if You Share Adapted Material You produce, the following conditions also apply.
|
| 110 |
+
|
| 111 |
+
1. The Adapter’s License You apply must be a Creative Commons license with the same License Elements, this version or later, or a BY-SA Compatible License.
|
| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
+
2. You must include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, the Adapter's License You apply. You may satisfy this condition in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share Adapted Material.
|
| 114 |
+
|
| 115 |
+
3. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, Adapted Material that restrict exercise of the rights granted under the Adapter's License You apply.
|
| 116 |
+
|
| 117 |
+
Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.
|
| 118 |
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| 119 |
+
Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:
|
| 120 |
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| 121 |
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a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database;
|
| 122 |
+
|
| 123 |
+
b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material, including for purposes of Section 3(b); and
|
| 124 |
+
|
| 125 |
+
c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.
|
| 126 |
+
For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.
|
| 127 |
+
|
| 128 |
+
Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+
a. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
b. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
|
| 133 |
+
|
| 134 |
+
c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.
|
| 135 |
+
|
| 136 |
+
Section 6 – Term and Termination.
|
| 137 |
+
|
| 138 |
+
a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.
|
| 139 |
+
|
| 140 |
+
b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:
|
| 141 |
+
|
| 142 |
+
1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |
+
2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
|
| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+
c. For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
|
| 147 |
+
|
| 148 |
+
d. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
|
| 149 |
+
|
| 150 |
+
e. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.
|
| 151 |
+
|
| 152 |
+
Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.
|
| 153 |
+
|
| 154 |
+
a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
|
| 155 |
+
|
| 156 |
+
b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.
|
| 157 |
+
|
| 158 |
+
Section 8 – Interpretation.
|
| 159 |
+
|
| 160 |
+
a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
|
| 161 |
+
|
| 162 |
+
b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
|
| 163 |
+
|
| 164 |
+
c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
|
| 165 |
+
|
| 166 |
+
d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.
|
| 167 |
+
|
| 168 |
+
Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.
|
| 169 |
+
|
| 170 |
+
Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.
|
README-en.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
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|
| 1 |
+
# privacy_guides_tw
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
#### Traditional Chinese digital privacy education materials
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
Replacing surveillance services with privacy-respecting free and open source alternative, reclaiming your digital privacy!
|
| 6 |
+
**Free** mainstream online services often come at a cost: your data.
|
| 7 |
+
If you're concerning about privacy but unsure where to start, we will help you escape the grasp of data-hungry players, and reclaiming the right to be forgotten.
|
| 8 |
+
|
| 9 |
+
> :warning: **Important Notice** :warning::
|
| 10 |
+
> The **documents and images** in this project are licenced under **CC-BY-SA 4.0**.
|
| 11 |
+
> If you use this project's data or part of this project's data for **AI model training, fine-tuning** or **software service hosting**, any **derivative works (e.g. model weights, source code) must be open source under the AGPL-3.0 licence**.
|
| 12 |
+
|
| 13 |
+
---
|
| 14 |
+
|
| 15 |
+
|
| 16 |
+
## Table of Contents
|
| 17 |
+
|
| 18 |
+
### Overview
|
| 19 |
+
- [Why Digital Privacy Matters](./privacy-for-everybody.md)
|
| 20 |
+
- [Risks of Chinese Online Services](./chinese-service-risk.md)
|
| 21 |
+
- [Unintentional Information Leakage](./unintentional_info_leak.md)
|
| 22 |
+
- [Introduction to Open Source](./open-source-intro.md)
|
| 23 |
+
- [Privacy vs Cybersecurity](./privacy-and-cybersecurity.md)
|
| 24 |
+
- [FOSS and Privacy Relationship](./foss-and-privacy.md)
|
| 25 |
+
- [Democratic Countries Embraced Surveillance](./democracy_corruption.md)
|
| 26 |
+
- [Zero Trust](./zero-trust_persecurity-delusion.md)
|
| 27 |
+
|
| 28 |
+
### Privacy-Preserving Free and Open Source Choices
|
| 29 |
+
- [Search Engine](./deGoogle-search-engine.md)
|
| 30 |
+
- [Email](./deGoogle-email.md)
|
| 31 |
+
- [Browser](./deGoogle-browser.md)
|
| 32 |
+
- [Cloud Storage, Albums, and File Sharing](./deGoogle-drive-and-album.md)
|
| 33 |
+
- [Calendar (Daily / Monthly)](./deGoogle-calendar.md)
|
| 34 |
+
- [Map](./deGoogle-map.md)
|
| 35 |
+
- [Video Conferencing Software](./deGoogle-meet.md)
|
| 36 |
+
- [Translation Tool](./deGoogle-translator.md)
|
| 37 |
+
- [Password Manager](./deGoogle-pswd-manager.md)
|
| 38 |
+
- [App Store](./deGoogle-appStore.md)
|
| 39 |
+
- [Mobile Keyboard](./deGoogle-keyboard.md)
|
| 40 |
+
- [2FA / MFA App](./deGoogle-authenticator.md)
|
| 41 |
+
- [Mobile Operating System (OS)](./deGoogle-mobile-OS.md)
|
| 42 |
+
- [Video Platform](./deGoogle-video-platform.md)
|
| 43 |
+
- [Microblog](./deMeta-microblog.md)
|
| 44 |
+
- [Macroblog](./deMeta-macroblog.md)
|
| 45 |
+
- [Tracker and Ad Blocker](./privacy-tracker-blocker.md)
|
| 46 |
+
- [Short Video Social Platform](./deMeta-img-and-short.md)
|
| 47 |
+
- [Messenger](./deMeta-messenger.md)
|
| 48 |
+
|
| 49 |
+
*I'll keep updating this repo to provide systemic education materials for digital privacy in traditional Chinese*
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
---
|
| 52 |
+
|
| 53 |
+
Free speech is the cornerstone of democracy and freedom, while privacy is their prerequisite.
|
| 54 |
+
Community immunity against surveillance and power abuse can only be reached if everyone has basic privacy awareness.
|
README.md
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,3 +1,52 @@
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|
| 1 |
---
|
| 2 |
-
|
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|
| 3 |
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
# 私路 - 隱私之路
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
#### 正體中文的數位隱私教育素材
|
| 4 |
+
介紹如何用「開源」、「免費」、「尊重隱私」的替代品,取代主流軟體服務
|
| 5 |
+
主流軟體服務的「免費」特質,實際上是用你我的個資所換取
|
| 6 |
+
如果你重視隱私權、個資,卻不知從何著手。此系列會帶你一步步擺脫控制,從貪婪的個資匪徒手中,奪回被遺忘的權利
|
| 7 |
+
|
| 8 |
+
> :warning: **重要聲明** :warning::
|
| 9 |
+
> 本專案的**文件、圖片資料**採用 CC-BY-SA 4.0 許可證。
|
| 10 |
+
> 若使用本專案的資料進行 **AI 模型訓練、微調** 或 **軟體服務架設**,則 **衍生作品(如模型權重、程式碼)須以 AGPL-3.0 許可證開放原始碼及權重**。
|
| 11 |
+
|
| 12 |
---
|
| 13 |
+
|
| 14 |
+
## 目錄
|
| 15 |
+
|
| 16 |
+
### 概論
|
| 17 |
+
- [數位隱私的重要性](./privacy-for-everybody.md)
|
| 18 |
+
- [中國線上服務風險](./chinese-service-risk.md)
|
| 19 |
+
- [生活中洩漏的個資](./unintentional_info_leak.md)
|
| 20 |
+
- [開源 (開放原始碼)](./open-source-intro.md)
|
| 21 |
+
- [隱私和資安的異同](./privacy-and-cybersecurity.md)
|
| 22 |
+
- [開源和隱私的關係](./foss-and-privacy.md)
|
| 23 |
+
- [民主國家擁抱監控](./democracy_corruption.md)
|
| 24 |
+
- [零信任](./zero-trust_persecurity-delusion.md)
|
| 25 |
+
|
| 26 |
+
### 尊重、保障隱私的免費開源選擇
|
| 27 |
+
- [搜尋引擎](./deGoogle-search-engine.md)
|
| 28 |
+
- [電子郵件](./deGoogle-email.md)
|
| 29 |
+
- [瀏覽器](./deGoogle-browser.md)
|
| 30 |
+
- [雲端硬碟、相簿、和檔案分享](./deGoogle-drive-and-album.md)
|
| 31 |
+
- [日 / 月曆](./deGoogle-calendar.md)
|
| 32 |
+
- [地圖](./deGoogle-map.md)
|
| 33 |
+
- [會議軟體](./deGoogle-meet.md)
|
| 34 |
+
- [翻譯軟體](./deGoogle-translator.md)
|
| 35 |
+
- [密碼管理軟體](./deGoogle-pswd-manager.md)
|
| 36 |
+
- [應用程式商店](./deGoogle-appStore.md)
|
| 37 |
+
- [手機鍵盤](./deGoogle-keyboard.md)
|
| 38 |
+
- [兩步驟驗證器](./deGoogle-authenticator.md)
|
| 39 |
+
- [手機作業系統 (OS)](./deGoogle-mobile-OS.md)
|
| 40 |
+
- [影片平台](./deGoogle-video-platform.md)
|
| 41 |
+
- [微型部落格](./deMeta-microblog.md)
|
| 42 |
+
- [完整部落格](./deMeta-macroblog.md)
|
| 43 |
+
- [廣告攔截器](./privacy-tracker-blocker.md)
|
| 44 |
+
- [短影音社群](./deMeta-img-and-short.md)
|
| 45 |
+
- [通訊軟體](./deMeta-messenger.md)
|
| 46 |
+
|
| 47 |
+
*會不定期加入新篇章,提供系統性的數位隱私中文學習素材*
|
| 48 |
+
|
| 49 |
---
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
言論自由是民主的基石,而兩者的前提都是隱私權
|
| 52 |
+
當人人都有基礎隱私意識,才能達成對監控、濫權的集體免疫
|
assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-Android.png
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assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-Youtube.png
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|
Git LFS Details
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assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-authenticator.png
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|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-calendar.png
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|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-chrome.png
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|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-drive.png
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|
Git LFS Details
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assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-keyboard.png
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|
Git LFS Details
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assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-mail.png
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|
Git LFS Details
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assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-map.png
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|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-meet.png
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Git LFS Details
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assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-play_store.png
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|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-pswd_manager.png
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|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-search.png
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|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deGoogle/deGoogle-translate.png
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|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deMeta/deMeta-Facebook.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deMeta/deMeta-Instagram.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deMeta/deMeta-Threads.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/deMeta/deMeta-WhatsApp.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/privacy-tracker-blocker.png
ADDED
|
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Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/bigbluebotton-meme.jpg
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/censored-tube.png
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|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/ig-app-data-collection.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/line-app-data-collection.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/messenger-app-data-collection.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/mobile-OS-meme.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/odysee-interface.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/peertube-sepia.jpg
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/ravio-commercial-scam.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/ravio-open-scam.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/threads-app-data-collection.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/twitter-app-data-collection.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
assets/ref_images/wechat-data-breach.png
ADDED
|
Git LFS Details
|
chinese-service-risk.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
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| 1 |
+
# 中國線上服務,安全嗎?
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
先不論中國為獨裁政體,政府索求資料哪須理由
|
| 4 |
+
即便從法律層面,中國政府也能「合法」向企業要個資
|
| 5 |
+
所以使用中國軟體、線上服務,就冒著資料被政府拿走的風險
|
| 6 |
+
尤其兩岸「特殊」的關係,對岸政府更有動機出手
|
| 7 |
+
|
| 8 |
+

|
| 9 |
+
|
| 10 |
+
---
|
| 11 |
+
|
| 12 |
+
### 法條簡述
|
| 13 |
+
中國政權「獲取」資料的法源依據:
|
| 14 |
+
* 《[國家情報法](https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/beijings-new-national-intelligence-law-defense-offense)》
|
| 15 |
+
* 第七條:「任何組織和公民都應當依法支持、協助和配合國家情報工作,保守所知悉的國家情報工作秘密」
|
| 16 |
+
* 第十四條:國家情報工作機構可以要求有關機關、組織和公民提供必要的支持、協助和配合
|
| 17 |
+
* 《[網路安全法](https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/)》
|
| 18 |
+
* 第28條:網路運營者應向公安機關、國家安全機關在維護國家安全與偵辦犯罪時提供「技術支持與協助」。拒不配合可依第69條處罰
|
| 19 |
+
* 《[數據安全法](https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-data-security-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china/)》
|
| 20 |
+
* 第35條:國家安全機關、公安機關、國家有關部門為維護國家安全或偵查犯罪需要,可依法**調取數據**,有關組織和個人應當配合
|
| 21 |
+
* 《[反恐怖主義法](https://stli.iii.org.tw/article-detail.aspx?no=645&tp=5&d=7659)》
|
| 22 |
+
* 第18條:電信與網際網路服務提供者在依法防範、調查恐怖活動時,須提供「技術接口、解密等技術支持與協助」。
|
| 23 |
+
* 《[公安機關互聯網安全監督檢查規定](https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2018-11-13/china-new-regulation-on-police-cybersecurity-supervision-and-inspection-powers-issued)》
|
| 24 |
+
授權公安對網路服務單位進行現場或遠端檢查,可查驗、複製相關資料,要求說明並檢視技術措施運行狀況。
|
| 25 |
+
* 《[關鍵信息基礎設施安全保護條例](https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-critical-information-infrastructure-security-protection-regulations-effective-sept-1-2021/)》
|
| 26 |
+
* 第42條:CII 運營者須配合行業主管部門、公安、國安、保密、密碼管理等部門依法開展檢查;不配合者可罰。
|
| 27 |
+
* 《[反間諜法](https://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/npc/2023-04/26/c_954841_2.htm)》
|
| 28 |
+
* 第41條:郵政快遞、電信經營者與網路服務提供者在國安機關依法偵辦間諜行為時,須提供必要支持與協助。
|
| 29 |
+
* 第59條:拒不配合「調取相關數據」的,由國安機關依數據安全法等規定處罰。
|
| 30 |
+
* 《[國家安全法](https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/national-security-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china/)》
|
| 31 |
+
* 第77–79條:公民與組織有「提供必要支持、協助」國安、公檢機關的義務;企業事業單位應按國安工作需要予以配合。
|
| 32 |
+
* 《香港國安法第43條之實施細則》 (港版國安法)
|
| 33 |
+
允許警方在國安案件中:要求發布者或「相關服務提供者」刪除資訊或提供協助;**要求提供資料**與材料;經批準**可截取通訊**與秘密監察等。
|
| 34 |
+
|
| 35 |
+
<br/>
|
| 36 |
+
|
| 37 |
+
---
|
| 38 |
+
|
| 39 |
+
<br/>
|
| 40 |
+
|
| 41 |
+
你可能會說:「我又不是重要人物,他們哪有興趣?」
|
| 42 |
+
難說,不僅隱私權常被忽視的[重要性](./privacy-for-everybody.md),還有各種潛在誘因:
|
| 43 |
+
* 萬一你哪天變重要人物
|
| 44 |
+
* 你一個人可能不重要,但一堆台人的個資被掌握,就會危及國安
|
| 45 |
+
偽造你的身份,傳訊息給家人朋友,請他們幫忙某件事、索要更多資訊
|
| 46 |
+
容不容易成功呢?
|
| 47 |
+
_# 何況能做的比這多太多了,**這年頭資料是金礦,也是武器**_
|
| 48 |
+
* 若有[假旗行動](https://www.ydn.com.tw/news/newsInsidePage?chapterID=1477511)、認知作戰需求,台人個資可說至關重要
|
| 49 |
+
|
| 50 |
+
滲透往往是漸進的
|
| 51 |
+
若大眾都沒資安意識,就可能漸漸被侵蝕,後果也會十分可怕
|
| 52 |
+
但當多數人都會保護自己,此類風險就能大幅降低
|
| 53 |
+
也許你選的企業是良善的,但它背後的政府可不是
|
| 54 |
+
|
| 55 |
+
做好資安防護,可能不會看到某種功績
|
| 56 |
+
但能避免看到,你我不希望出現的結果
|
| 57 |
+
就像疫苗一樣,疾病沒失控大眾就無感
|
| 58 |
+
疫苗接種率低,則大流行、醫療崩潰、經濟重創都不奇怪
|
| 59 |
+
_# 別忘了 2019 Covid,全世界是怎麼過的_
|
| 60 |
+
資安教育,就是種疫苗
|
| 61 |
+
數位隱私、資安、和言論自由的疫苗
|
deGoogle-appStore.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
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|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 替換 Play 商店
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 可以到 Google Play 或 App Store 下載我們的應用程式喔!
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
對許多人來說,下載手機軟體不外乎那兩處
|
| 6 |
+
Android 去 Google Play、iPhone 則是 App Store
|
| 7 |
+
但這有幾個大問題:
|
| 8 |
+
* 多數軟體下載,須「登入」Google 或 iCloud 帳戶
|
| 9 |
+
_# 裝什麼軟體他們都知道_
|
| 10 |
+
* 開發者上架軟體,需給 Google 個資、交蘋果稅
|
| 11 |
+
做免費軟體造福大眾,卻要被貪婪公司吃一口?
|
| 12 |
+
|
| 13 |
+
若輕忽「軟體下載管道」,則 deGoogle、deApple 淪為空談
|
| 14 |
+
|
| 15 |
+
### 極權應用程式商店
|
| 16 |
+
#### App Store
|
| 17 |
+
蘋果最為人詬病的,莫過於應用程式商店
|
| 18 |
+
Mac (電腦)、iOS (手機)下載軟體,都得從官方商店下載
|
| 19 |
+
蘋果不只監控你裝什麼程式,也限制軟體分發自由
|
| 20 |
+
電腦還能用指令解決,手動移除系統的「損毀標記」
|
| 21 |
+
例如:
|
| 22 |
+
`brew install librewolf --no-quarantine`
|
| 23 |
+
<sup>用 [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/) 下載 [LibreWolf](./deGoogle-browser.md),並信任來源</sup>
|
| 24 |
+
<sup>不過今年蘋果強制軟體簽核,沒交蘋果稅的不能用了</sup>
|
| 25 |
+
但 iPhone 除非破解系統或歐盟用戶,否則軟體只能從 App Store 下載
|
| 26 |
+
_# 歐盟反壟斷法,讓該地重獲自由_
|
| 27 |
+
如政府有背後[政治考量](https://rsf.org/en/apple-s-complicity-russian-censorship-rsf-calls-tech-giant-refuse-compliance-regulators-do-not),蘋果也樂於[下架程式](https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-iceblock-app-big-tech-power-censorship-donald-trump-bondi-2025-10),是個中心化獨裁園地
|
| 28 |
+
_# 有沒有很熟悉呀?跟**隔壁國家** 87% 像呢!_
|
| 29 |
+
|
| 30 |
+
且蘋果對 App Store 的應用程式,抽取 **30%** 利潤
|
| 31 |
+
小規模生意、[特殊財團](https://embed.documentcloud.org/documents/21043962-2018-july-netflix-tried-to-get-lower-than-15-percent-no-tv-app/#document/p1)得申請減為 15%,依舊非常高
|
| 32 |
+
_# 抽成無理又高額,開發者戲稱「蘋果稅」_
|
| 33 |
+
你以為上架免費軟體就沒事?
|
| 34 |
+
錯!
|
| 35 |
+
就算是免費軟體,年費仍需近**百元美金**,公然搶錢
|
| 36 |
+
官方聲稱為安全性著想,因審核軟體需要成本
|
| 37 |
+
|
| 38 |
+
蘋果哪有那麼好心?
|
| 39 |
+
|
| 40 |
+
遊戲公司 Epic Games [訴蘋果案](https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/apple-loses-bid-pause-app-store-reform-order-epic-games-case-2025-06-04/),揭露了背後動機
|
| 41 |
+
蘋果內部信件顯示:
|
| 42 |
+
* 收費雙標,大財團可享更低價
|
| 43 |
+
例如 [Netflix](https://embed.documentcloud.org/documents/21043962-2018-july-netflix-tried-to-get-lower-than-15-percent-no-tv-app/#document/p1) 只被收 15%
|
| 44 |
+
* [審核放水](https://embed.documentcloud.org/documents/21043962-2018-july-netflix-tried-to-get-lower-than-15-percent-no-tv-app/#document/p1),博弈、色情、盜版遊戲照樣[給過](https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/20/18232583/apple-ios-developer-enterprise-program-store-mobile-apps),錢有付就好
|
| 45 |
+
說好的安全性和審查呢?
|
| 46 |
+
* 上架商店程式是[**不允許**](https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/18/20912689/apple-cloud-gaming-streaming-xcloud-stadia-app-store-guidelines-rules)**的**,畢竟那會[妨礙蘋果利益](https://embed.documentcloud.org/documents/21043907-2011-august-erb-meetings-stores-within-store-not-allowed/#document/p3)
|
| 47 |
+
別小看 App Store,其營收甚至[超過 Mac、iPad](https://embed.documentcloud.org/documents/21043942-2016-app-store-billings-bigger-than-mac-ipad/#document/p4)
|
| 48 |
+
蘋果曾為利益拒絕大魚遊戲上架,且[自知此舉無根據](https://embed.documentcloud.org/documents/21043933-2013-february-shoemaker-still-no-guidelines-about-store-within-store/#document/p1)
|
| 49 |
+
總之 App Store [非全為安全著想](https://www.theverge.com/c/22611236/epic-v-apple-emails-project-liberty-app-store-schiller-sweeney-cook-jobs),**利益最大化是關鍵考量,且收費雙標**
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
#### Google Play
|
| 52 |
+
Android 用戶別高興太早,Google 從來不是什麼好東西
|
| 53 |
+
同樣綁定 Google Play 付款方式,於是也[被 Epic Games 告](https://www.theverge.com/23945184/epic-v-google-fortnite-play-store-antitrust-trial-updates)了
|
| 54 |
+
不少國家[跟進](https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/apps-and-payments-what-is-the-controversy-about-google-play-billing-system-122102600748_1.html),對 Google 惡意壟斷行為[開罰](https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/19/tech/google-play-store-settlement-hnk-intl)
|
| 55 |
+
|
| 56 |
+
你猜怎麼著,Google 收斂了嗎?
|
| 57 |
+
|
| 58 |
+
不,只有變本加厲
|
| 59 |
+
他們:
|
| 60 |
+
* 索求更多用戶個資,[聲稱](https://www.techspot.com/news/109268-google-enhancing-play-games-profiles-more-data-collection.html)「為改善遊戲體驗」
|
| 61 |
+
* 應用程式**將**只能從 Google Play 下載,其他管道會大幅[限制](https://www.aftvnews.com/how-androids-upcoming-sideload-blocking-will-affect-you-your-apps-and-your-devices/)
|
| 62 |
+
Android 之所以「開放」、自由,就是因為 Google 服務非強制
|
| 63 |
+
應用程式商店很多種,不爽 Google Play 換掉���好,至少從前如此
|
| 64 |
+
現在 Google 學蘋果的爛招,顯然搞不清楚自己市場定位
|
| 65 |
+
_# 若接受極權管制,那我買 iPhone 就好啦!_
|
| 66 |
+
[預計](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2025/08/google-will-block-sideloading-of-unverified-android-apps-starting-next-year/) 2026 從新加坡、印尼、泰國、巴西開始,2027 禍及全球
|
| 67 |
+
_# 有些報導稱「其他下載管道」為「側載 (sideloading)」
|
| 68 |
+
但那只適用蘋果,因為開放性的平台,所有下載行為都是正當的 (正載)
|
| 69 |
+
Windows 用戶也不會說,我「側載」了某軟體_
|
| 70 |
+
有望豁免的對象是學生、社群開發者,或已有程式在 Google Play 上的單位
|
| 71 |
+
_# 前兩者但書是向 Google 註冊,基本上就是貪個資_
|
| 72 |
+
|
| 73 |
+
Google 的藉口呢?
|
| 74 |
+
|
| 75 |
+
[號稱](https://www.howtogeek.com/googles-attack-on-sideloading-will-rob-android-of-one-of-its-best-features/)為了「仔細審查」,有沒有似曾相識呀?
|
| 76 |
+
沒錯,與蘋果如出一徹,找各種名目遮掩貪婪的嘴臉
|
| 77 |
+
可是集中管理,有比較安全嗎?
|
| 78 |
+
Google Play 上的惡意軟體,[多到不勝枚舉](https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2025/03/16/google-confirms-play-store-app-deletion-what-you-do-now/)
|
| 79 |
+
更有[調查](https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/10/30/2972120/0/en/Pixalate-Releases-September-2024-Google-Play-Store-Privacy-Violation-Risk-Report-Over-12-000-Apps-With-Open-Programmatic-Advertising-Enabled-Have-No-Detected-Privacy-Policies.html)顯示,多數 Google Play 上的主流應用程式,都違反自己發布的隱私政策
|
| 80 |
+
高達一萬多個 app,未如實揭露「含侵入式廣告、追蹤」
|
| 81 |
+
_# Mozilla 也取得一致的[調查結果](https://www.mozillafoundation.org/en/privacynotincluded/articles/mozilla-study-data-privacy-labels-for-most-top-apps-in-google-play-store-are-false-or-misleading/),可參見[完整報告](https://www.mozillafoundation.org/en/campaigns/googles-data-safety-labels/)_
|
| 82 |
+
此現象行之有年,Google 可有善盡審查義務?
|
| 83 |
+
早些年前,Google Play 甚至擅自將用戶個資傳給開發者
|
| 84 |
+
[宣稱](https://www.fierce-network.com/developer/google-play-privacy-scandal-has-developers-calling-for-change)開發者需要那些資料,用以優化服務
|
| 85 |
+
重點是[開發者也嚇到](https://www.tumblr.com/phetdreams/42959902001/massive-google-play-privacy-issue),他們根本沒要求那些東西
|
| 86 |
+
_# Google 大概濫用個資慣了,覺得軟體開發不能少這環_
|
| 87 |
+
退一萬步說,Android 已內建 [Google Play Protect 服務](https://developers.google.com/android/play-protect)
|
| 88 |
+
本來就會掃描應用程式,根本不必額外管制
|
| 89 |
+
個資和錢一把抓,吃相極其難看
|
| 90 |
+
|
| 91 |
+
鑑於此般惡劣行徑,只換掉 Google Play 還便宜他們了
|
| 92 |
+
|
| 93 |
+
### 開換!
|
| 94 |
+
#### 圖先來:
|
| 95 |
+

|
| 96 |
+
<sup>圖源:捨我其誰</sup>
|
| 97 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指免費開源軟體 (Free and Open Source Software)</sup>
|
| 98 |
+
<sup>non-profit 指「不以營利為目的」</sup>
|
| 99 |
+
### 其他欠換程式商店
|
| 100 |
+
左半邊那堆東西,最上面是 Google Play、App Store
|
| 101 |
+
剩下:
|
| 102 |
+
* AppGallery 是華為的
|
| 103 |
+
* Oppo store 理所當然是 Oppo 的
|
| 104 |
+
* MyApp 是騰訊的
|
| 105 |
+
* MI Store 是小米的
|
| 106 |
+
* Vivo Store 是 Vivo 的
|
| 107 |
+
* Baidu mobile assistant 是百度手機助理
|
| 108 |
+
* 360 mobile assistant 是 360 的
|
| 109 |
+
|
| 110 |
+
以上皆為中國公司的程式商店,同樣該換
|
| 111 |
+
Android 本身開源,所以中國廠為了符合政治、市場需求
|
| 112 |
+
客製化 Android 給自家手機,並塞入自己的生態系,包括應用程式商店
|
| 113 |
+
中企的隱私問題就更可怕了,除了利益,可能還有政治目的
|
| 114 |
+
光[法規](./chinese-service-risk.md)就夠不友善,自然替換掉
|
| 115 |
+
離開 Google、Apple 等惡劣美企,不代表陸企沒問題
|
| 116 |
+
跳出一個火坑,不該再跳入另一個火海
|
| 117 |
+
|
| 118 |
+
憂心忡忡了嗎?
|
| 119 |
+
趕快看替代品吧!
|
| 120 |
+
|
| 121 |
+
---
|
| 122 |
+
|
| 123 |
+
#### [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/)
|
| 124 |
+
大名鼎鼎的**開源應用程式**商店,本身也開源
|
| 125 |
+
開頭的 F 代表 Freedom,免費與自由之意
|
| 126 |
+
後端可自架、不受制特定公司,不需帳號、也不追蹤你
|
| 127 |
+
重點是,上面全是 FOSS - **免費**、**開源**軟體
|
| 128 |
+
_# 開發者社群會嚴格審查,全開源、免費、安全才放行_
|
| 129 |
+
白話文就是,軟體全都不用錢,而且是正版
|
| 130 |
+
下載頁面都有標明,該軟體是否有缺陷 (anti-feature)
|
| 131 |
+
依賴第三方非開源服務者、會追蹤用戶者,都會警告你
|
| 132 |
+
堪稱最棒的 Android 應用程式商店
|
| 133 |
+
|
| 134 |
+
缺點:
|
| 135 |
+
* **僅支援 Android**
|
| 136 |
+
誰叫 iOS 生態系封閉,去怪蘋果
|
| 137 |
+
* 沒有 Line、Instagram、Uber 等應用程式
|
| 138 |
+
同前述,F-Droid 只有**免費開源**軟體
|
| 139 |
+
那些閉源、要錢、貪個資的東西,找不到很正常
|
| 140 |
+
_# 或許反而是個優點?_
|
| 141 |
+
|
| 142 |
+
和 Google 脫鉤,又不需要專業知識,Android 用戶還不趕緊試試
|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |
+
#### [Aurora Store](https://auroraoss.com/)
|
| 145 |
+
直翻極光商店,本身開源、免費
|
| 146 |
+
Aurora Store 原理是,提供代理前端連線至 Google Play
|
| 147 |
+
本質上仍是 Google Play,該有的程式都有,但更保障隱私
|
| 148 |
+
初次下載時,可選擇登入 Google 或「匿名登入」
|
| 149 |
+
選匿名登入,就不會暴露過多個資
|
| 150 |
+
_# 會以 anonymous@gmail.com 登入,其他使用者亦然_
|
| 151 |
+
和 Google Play 不同的是,app 都經第三方程式 [Exodus](https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/) 審閱
|
| 152 |
+
有無追蹤器、需要的權限都會顯示,還能知道是哪些追蹤器
|
| 153 |
+
_# 例如 Line 伴隨多個 [Google 追蹤器](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/jp.naver.line.android/latest/)_
|
| 154 |
+
把關比 Google Play 嚴格多了
|
| 155 |
+
|
| 156 |
+
缺點:
|
| 157 |
+
* 未完全脫離 Google,只是增加隱私層
|
| 158 |
+
畢竟是 Google Play 的替代前端,所以 iOS 沒有
|
| 159 |
+
* 程式仍仰仗 Google Play Service
|
| 160 |
+
可用 [MicroG](https://github.com/microg/GmsCore/wiki) 替代,但需要技術能力
|
| 161 |
+
|
| 162 |
+
因為只是換介面,對熟悉 Google Play 的人來說,幾乎無痛轉移
|
| 163 |
+
你愛用的~~偷個資爛~~程式都能找到,轉換成本較低
|
| 164 |
+
|
| 165 |
+
#### [Aptoide](https://en.aptoide.com/)
|
| 166 |
+
全球第三大應用程式商店,開源、去中心化
|
| 167 |
+
葡萄牙公司維運,總部位於里斯本,新加坡、深圳等地設有據點
|
| 168 |
+
服務可自架,在用戶端新增商店 URL 即可連線至特定商店實例 (instance)
|
| 169 |
+
_# E.g. 你自己架的服務_
|
| 170 |
+
Aptoide 有[掃毒系統](https://blog.aptoide.com/evolution-of-aptoide-malware-detection-system/),持續掃描商店內的程式
|
| 171 |
+
並[標示](https://en.aptoide.com/company/faq/is-aptoide-safe-trusted)是否值得信任,為使用者把關
|
| 172 |
+
_# 反觀 Google Play 消極作為,贏翻了_
|
| 173 |
+
商店內也可購買付費軟體,收費機制獨立於 Google
|
| 174 |
+
|
| 175 |
+
---
|
| 176 |
+
|
| 177 |
+
趣聞 (可略):
|
| 178 |
+
名稱很奇怪嗎?
|
| 179 |
+
開發者受 Linux Debian 分支啟發,覺得讀索引、抓取多重套件來源的做法甚是絕妙
|
| 180 |
+
因以為號焉
|
| 181 |
+
_# apt 是 Debian 的套件管理器,有名的 [Ubuntu](https://ubuntu.com/) 也用它_
|
| 182 |
+
Apt- 前綴即取自 apt,-oide 有「類似物」之意,表示「類似 Apt 的東西」
|
| 183 |
+
|
| 184 |
+
---
|
| 185 |
+
|
| 186 |
+
有個大好消息:**Aptoide 也有 iOS 版!**
|
| 187 |
+
壞消息是:僅限歐盟用戶
|
| 188 |
+
《歐盟數位市場法》 (DMA)使蘋果開放歐洲市場,[其他應用程式商店](https://connect.aptoide.com/blog/aptoide-ios)可進駐
|
| 189 |
+
Aptoide 於是踏入 iPhone,是少數跨平台的選項
|
| 190 |
+
缺點:
|
| 191 |
+
* iOS 版目前僅支援歐盟
|
| 192 |
+
今年初才正式入歐,燒滾滾的呢!
|
| 193 |
+
* 設定可能要摸索一下
|
| 194 |
+
但熟悉後,大概會愛上它
|
| 195 |
+
|
| 196 |
+
F-Droid 是 Aptoide 的一個分支 (fork),兩者師出同源喔!
|
| 197 |
+
|
| 198 |
+
#### [Obtainium](https://obtainium.imranr.dev/)
|
| 199 |
+
開源、非集中化的前端,甚至不是應用程式商店
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
不是商店,放這是在搞笑!?
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+

|
| 204 |
+
|
| 205 |
+
~~沒錯,就是在搞笑~~
|
| 206 |
+
別生氣,它比商店更棒
|
| 207 |
+
|
| 208 |
+
---
|
| 209 |
+
|
| 210 |
+
常見手機軟體開發流程:
|
| 211 |
+
開發者、公司們製作應用程式,送到 Google Play 註冊、審核
|
| 212 |
+
若通過,就能上架給消費者用
|
| 213 |
+
此為「集中化」管理
|
| 214 |
+
|
| 215 |
+
Obtainium 呢?
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
直接連接到程式下載檔 (APK),不透過第三方平台
|
| 218 |
+
減少中間人窺探風險,也因此不受制獨裁公司
|
| 219 |
+
白話文:
|
| 220 |
+
佃農種稻收成後,交給中盤商販售
|
| 221 |
+
中盤商會亂砍收購價、削爆消費者
|
| 222 |
+
_# 中盤商即為 Google、蘋果_
|
| 223 |
+
此時農會來了,辦理市集讓小農、消費者直接買賣
|
| 224 |
+
農會便是 Obtainium,小農就是開發者
|
| 225 |
+
|
| 226 |
+
---
|
| 227 |
+
|
| 228 |
+
Obtainium 前綴 obtain 指「獲得」,意味獲得軟體
|
| 229 |
+
缺點:
|
| 230 |
+
* 僅支援 Android
|
| 231 |
+
同樣原因,蘋果生態系閉鎖,是 Apple 的問題
|
| 232 |
+
|
| 233 |
+
開源、閉源軟體都有,是很理想的選擇
|
| 234 |
+
|
| 235 |
+
你可能好奇,Uptodown、Apkpure 呢?
|
| 236 |
+
首先,此二者都非開源,光這點就出局了
|
| 237 |
+
再者,Apkpure 是中國公司,[風險](./chinese-service-risk.md)過高不予推薦
|
| 238 |
+
|
| 239 |
+
---
|
| 240 |
+
|
| 241 |
+
iOS 商店
|
| 242 |
+
#### [SideStore](https://sidestore.io/)
|
| 243 |
+
「側店」顧名思義,側載 (sideloading)應用程式的商店
|
| 244 |
+
專為 iOS 設計,可繞過 App Store 下載軟體
|
| 245 |
+
由社群驅動,免費、[開源](https://github.com/SideStore/SideStore/)
|
| 246 |
+
|
| 247 |
+
---
|
| 248 |
+
|
| 249 |
+
背景與原理:
|
| 250 |
+
蘋果允許免費開發者不透過 App Store 安裝、測試軟體
|
| 251 |
+
SideStore 會在 iPhone 架設本地伺服器,並建立特殊 VPN 通道
|
| 252 |
+
從本地跨接回本地,讓系統誤以為是正常安裝過程
|
| 253 |
+
礙於蘋果規定,每個軟體有 7 天期限,到期就會失效
|
| 254 |
+
所以 SideStore 每 7 天會刷新一次軟體,避免過期問題
|
| 255 |
+
_# 刷新會在背景自動運作,不需手動處理_
|
| 256 |
+
|
| 257 |
+
---
|
| 258 |
+
|
| 259 |
+
毋須越獄,不影響蘋果保固、安全性
|
| 260 |
+
|
| 261 |
+
缺點:
|
| 262 |
+
* 首次安裝須外接電腦
|
| 263 |
+
_# 但之後運作只需 Wi-Fi_
|
| 264 |
+
* 只能裝三個 app
|
| 265 |
+
_# 蘋果僅授權免費開發者 3 個 app 的額度,去[怪 Apple](https://docs.sidestore.io/docs/faq/)_
|
| 266 |
+
可付費買蘋果開發者帳戶,但那就失去替代品的意義了
|
| 267 |
+
也能用其他方式繞過,詳見[官方教學](https://docs.sidestore.io/docs/advanced/sparserestore/)
|
| 268 |
+
|
| 269 |
+
嫌麻煩嗎?
|
| 270 |
+
誰叫你買 iPhone,蘋果生態系閉鎖,沒辦法
|
| 271 |
+
|
| 272 |
+
#### [AltStore](https://altstore.io/)
|
| 273 |
+
iOS 的側載商店,Alt- (alternative)和 Store 結合,表示替代商店
|
| 274 |
+
_# 當然是替代 App Store 囉!_
|
| 275 |
+
開源、去中心化,且不需越獄
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
---
|
| 278 |
+
|
| 279 |
+
講古:
|
| 280 |
+
創建者 Riley Testut 是果粉,自學開發 iOS app
|
| 281 |
+
當初為了玩 Pokémon Go,做了一款任天堂模擬器「Delta」
|
| 282 |
+
當他興高采烈想上架 app 時,被蘋果拒絕了
|
| 283 |
+
要知道,忠實粉絲由紅轉黑是很可怕的
|
| 284 |
+
Testut 憤而投入 AltStore 開發,三年後推出此商店
|
| 285 |
+
|
| 286 |
+
---
|
| 287 |
+
|
| 288 |
+
原理是欺騙手機,讓它以為下載的是自行開發的軟體
|
| 289 |
+
同樣利用蘋果給開發者的特權,繞過 App Store 限制
|
| 290 |
+
使用者須用電腦架設 AltServer,作為應用程式託管器
|
| 291 |
+
_# 支援 Windows 和 MacOS,Linux 有非官方版本_
|
| 292 |
+
手機連到 AltServer 後,便可開始下載軟體
|
| 293 |
+
蘋果免費開發者,同樣會面臨 7 日到期問題
|
| 294 |
+
不過只要手機和 AltServer 在同個 Wi-Fi 下,就能自動刷新
|
| 295 |
+
|
| 296 |
+
看起來很眼熟?
|
| 297 |
+
|
| 298 |
+
沒錯,SideStore 就是 AltStore 的社群分支
|
| 299 |
+
只是 AltStore 須自架伺服器,比較麻煩
|
| 300 |
+
歐盟更爽,[AltStore PAL](https://rileytestut.com/blog/2024/04/17/introducing-altstore-pal/) 能直接取代 App Store
|
| 301 |
+
不需蘋果開發者 ID,且 App **不會到期**
|
| 302 |
+
_# 不必再自架伺服器,因為上架的 App 形同獲蘋果認可_
|
| 303 |
+
用戶可藉 Patreon 贊助開發者,開發者也能上架付費軟體
|
| 304 |
+
而 AltStore 對 Patreon 贊助不抽佣金,和 _某企業_ 不一樣
|
| 305 |
+
|
| 306 |
+
缺點:
|
| 307 |
+
* 須架伺服器,有技術門檻
|
| 308 |
+
如有困難,可參考[中文教學](https://ivonblog.com/posts/ios-altstore/)
|
| 309 |
+
* 只能裝 3 個 app,同樣受蘋果限制
|
| 310 |
+
貼心提醒,AltStore 本身也算一個喔!
|
| 311 |
+
* 應用程式會到期,需定時讓手機和 AltServer 在同個網域下
|
| 312 |
+
歐盟用戶選 AltStore PAL,就沒這問題
|
| 313 |
+
* AltStore PAL 年費約 1.5 歐元
|
| 314 |
+
但 Epic Games [慷慨捐助](https://www.iclarified.com/94612/altstore-pal-now-free-thanks-to-megagrant-from-epic-games)下,大眾免費使用
|
| 315 |
+
_# 沒錯,就是告蘋果 App Store、Google Play Store 的那家 Epic Games_
|
| 316 |
+
|
| 317 |
+
App Store 的替代品較受限,畢竟 iOS 閉源、生態系不開放
|
| 318 |
+
沮喪的話下次買手機請三思,~~誰叫你當果盤~~是否繼續支持蘋果的商業模式
|
| 319 |
+
|
| 320 |
+
---
|
| 321 |
+
|
| 322 |
+
### 懶人包:
|
| 323 |
+
#### Android
|
| 324 |
+
* 科技小白,想無痛轉移 → [Aurora Store](https://auroraoss.com/)
|
| 325 |
+
* 免費、開源仔 → [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/)
|
| 326 |
+
* 開發者,想自架服務
|
| 327 |
+
* 只用免費開源軟體 → [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/)
|
| 328 |
+
* 不設限 → [Aptoide](https://en.aptoide.com/)
|
| 329 |
+
* 同時有 iPhone 和 Android 的歐盟人,想用同個商店 → [Aptoide](https://en.aptoide.com/)
|
| 330 |
+
* 不爽集中化管理,想直接下載安裝檔 → [Obtainium](https://obtainium.imranr.dev/)
|
| 331 |
+
不靠 [Obtainium](https://obtainium.imranr.dev/),直接到程式碼倉庫拉 APK 檔也行
|
| 332 |
+
_# APK 檔為 Android 套件包,用來安裝軟體_
|
| 333 |
+
|
| 334 |
+
選擇障礙嗎?
|
| 335 |
+
沒人規定只能有一個商店,可用 [Aurora Store](https://auroraoss.com/) 裝日常 app
|
| 336 |
+
搭配 [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/) 或 [Obtainium](https://obtainium.imranr.dev/),在其餘軟體獲得更多隱私
|
| 337 |
+
|
| 338 |
+
#### iOS
|
| 339 |
+
* 歐盟用戶
|
| 340 |
+
* 想自架伺服器 → [Aptoide](https://en.aptoide.com/ios/)
|
| 341 |
+
* 一般大眾 → [AltStore PAL](https://altstore.io/) / [Aptoide](https://en.aptoide.com/ios/)
|
| 342 |
+
* 家有電腦、能自架伺服器 → [AltStore](https://altstore.io/)
|
| 343 |
+
* 不想跟電腦扯上邊 → ~~搬到歐盟用 AltStore PAL~~ [SideStore](https://sidestore.io/)
|
| 344 |
+
iOS 的安裝檔 IPA 限制較多,一般人不易使用
|
| 345 |
+
|
| 346 |
+
---
|
| 347 |
+
|
| 348 |
+
要知道,消費者`買的不只是手機,而是整個生態系`
|
| 349 |
+
每個購買行為,都是對特定生態系的支持
|
| 350 |
+
Android 手機較能客製化,甚至可以[換掉 OS](./deGoogle-mobile-OS.md)
|
| 351 |
+
iPhone 很閉鎖,連替代品都處處受限
|
| 352 |
+
蘋果可能比 Google「稍微」尊重隱私,但絕非良善之輩
|
| 353 |
+
之前在「用戶不知情」的情況啟用 Siri,側錄對話用於優化廣告
|
| 354 |
+
東窗事發後,蘋果付出[近千萬美元代價](https://www.reuters.com/legal/apple-pay-95-million-settle-siri-privacy-lawsuit-2025-01-02/)
|
| 355 |
+
還完全信任蘋果嗎?
|
| 356 |
+
請再想想吧!
|
| 357 |
+
|
| 358 |
+
|
deGoogle-authenticator.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
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|
|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 兩步驟驗證器
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 兩步驟驗證好煩,密碼打對了還要被擋
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
好奇為什麼設計此擾人機制嗎?
|
| 6 |
+
|
| 7 |
+
### 兩步驟驗證
|
| 8 |
+
#### 那是什麼鬼?
|
| 9 |
+
兩步驟驗證 (2-step ~~[from the hell](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3swwxiALG5c0Tvom83tPGg)~~ verification) = 雙因素驗證 (2-factor authentication)
|
| 10 |
+
指「需要過兩關才能登入」,通常是密碼和簡訊 / app / 認證信等
|
| 11 |
+
雖然有點麻煩,但其為安全而生
|
| 12 |
+
設想以下情境:
|
| 13 |
+
電郵地址通常是公開資訊,被人知道不奇怪
|
| 14 |
+
而你貪圖方便,用懶人密碼`P@ssw0rd`
|
| 15 |
+
某天駭客對郵件服務施展「密碼噴灑 (password spray)」,企圖竊取使用者身份
|
| 16 |
+
「密碼噴灑」指嘗試用同一組密碼,對多個帳號進行登入
|
| 17 |
+
通常密碼是外流、或常用的懶人款
|
| 18 |
+
如果大眾都設懶人密碼,一次噴灑能獲得的帳號就很可觀
|
| 19 |
+
重點是只嘗試一次,所以「三次失敗就鎖帳」機制擋不住
|
| 20 |
+
於是,駭客輕鬆取得你的郵件,改個密碼你就無法登入了
|
| 21 |
+
|
| 22 |
+
兩步驟驗證,能幫上什麼忙呢?
|
| 23 |
+
|
| 24 |
+
假設你有開啟 2FA,駭客就會被擋在第二道門外
|
| 25 |
+
當他用**正確帳密**登入,系統便跳出「請輸入 app 上顯示的 6 位數字」
|
| 26 |
+
結果綁定的 app 在你手機裡,他什麼事也做不了
|
| 27 |
+
_# 除非你手機被偷_
|
| 28 |
+
好的服務還會寄信通知你,有人嘗試登入帳戶
|
| 29 |
+
你可以改密碼、檢查問題、變換登入方式...
|
| 30 |
+
兩步驟驗證,對資安有莫大助益
|
| 31 |
+
|
| 32 |
+
---
|
| 33 |
+
|
| 34 |
+
資安人士的苦衷:
|
| 35 |
+
沒出事大眾總嫌麻煩,出事又怪系統不安全
|
| 36 |
+
幫幫忙好嗎?
|
| 37 |
+
疫苗不打、口罩不帶、衛生不顧,危險的事 (e.g. 重複、懶人密碼)一直做
|
| 38 |
+
被感染又怪衛生單位沒做事,到底誰的問題?
|
| 39 |
+
|
| 40 |
+
---
|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+
兩步驟驗證常見做法,有簡訊認證碼、email 驗證信
|
| 43 |
+
還有本次主角 - 應用程式一次性密碼 (One-Time Password, OTP)
|
| 44 |
+
OTP 又分基於時間 (Time-based OTP, TOTP)、或雜湊函數 (Hash-based OTP, HOTP)
|
| 45 |
+
#### TOTP
|
| 46 |
+
原理:
|
| 47 |
+
雙方先綁定時間戳記、約定密鑰,之後就可以離線
|
| 48 |
+
每次登入時,系統基於當下時間 + 演算法,變換鎖孔形狀 (改變認證碼)
|
| 49 |
+
神奇的是,鑰匙也會同步更新形狀,因為時間戳記和密鑰早就綁定了
|
| 50 |
+
_# 有點像「雙方約好調整鎖鑰」,且每秒用固定方式共同變換_
|
| 51 |
+
除了當初綁定者,其他人無法得知鎖鑰狀態
|
| 52 |
+
尤其認證碼多半「每 30 秒」、「每分鐘」自動更換,非法入侵難度高
|
| 53 |
+
|
| 54 |
+
#### HOTP
|
| 55 |
+
嗯,得先解釋雜湊 (Hash)
|
| 56 |
+
|
| 57 |
+
---
|
| 58 |
+
|
| 59 |
+
雜湊簡單解釋 (其實不太簡單):
|
| 60 |
+
雜湊函數 (Hash function)是一類演算法,可將各種輸入轉成「固定長度」的輸出
|
| 61 |
+
輸出稱為雜湊值 (hash value / hash)、摘要 (digest)、或雜湊碼 (hash code)
|
| 62 |
+
因安全性高,常用於密碼轉換、儲存
|
| 63 |
+
雜湊具以下特性:
|
| 64 |
+
* 不論輸入多長,輸出長度都一樣
|
| 65 |
+
每個人密碼長度不同,但都用同樣 Hash 長度儲存
|
| 66 |
+
I.e. 無法從雜湊長度推測密碼位數,保護長度資訊
|
| 67 |
+
* 快速計算
|
| 68 |
+
任何輸入都能高效產生雜湊值,避免運算時間暴露輸入性質
|
| 69 |
+
I.e. 密碼多長、多複雜,運算時間都差不多,保護密碼長度、複雜性
|
| 70 |
+
* 抗碰撞性 (Collision resistance)
|
| 71 |
+
「兩種輸入產生同樣輸出」非常困難,通常以「機率極低」當標準
|
| 72 |
+
和安全性較無關,只是避免撞號
|
| 73 |
+
_# 此處「碰撞」可理解成「撞衫」,不同人碰巧用到一樣的值_
|
| 74 |
+
* 抗篡改 / 微調 (又稱雪崩效應,Avalanche effect)
|
| 75 |
+
輸入稍改,輸出就會巨幅改變,如雪崩一般
|
| 76 |
+
I.e. 無法每次微調一點,觀察輸出變化來破解
|
| 77 |
+
* 抗預像性 (Preimage resistance)
|
| 78 |
+
難以用雜湊值回推密碼,運算過程不可逆
|
| 79 |
+
I.e. 駭客取得雜湊值,也推不出你的密碼
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+
雖然身為函數,像是 h(x) = y
|
| 82 |
+
不過雜湊函數很複雜,不是隨便手算可破解的
|
| 83 |
+
_# 如果你手算破解了主流 Hash 演算法,請聯繫[阿貝爾獎](https://abelprize.no/) (Abel prize)_
|
| 84 |
+
只要使用高強度密碼,暴力破解就會[曠日費時](https://specopssoft.com/blog/sha256-hashing-password-cracking/)
|
| 85 |
+
_# 如 12 位數大小寫字母 + 數字 + 特殊符號,用 RTX 4090 得花近 20 **萬**年破解_
|
| 86 |
+
鑑於高度安全性,Hash 幾乎被所有需要密碼的服務採用
|
| 87 |
+
機構只儲存 Hash value,密碼留在用戶手上
|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
---
|
| 90 |
+
|
| 91 |
+
HOTP 以雜湊為基礎,用「遞增計數」變換驗證碼
|
| 92 |
+
雙方先約定密鑰,並共享計數器
|
| 93 |
+
每次使用計數器就 + 1,演算後鎖孔、鑰匙跟著協變
|
| 94 |
+
意思是,每次開鎖都會改變鎖鑰,適合用在手動觸發的情況
|
| 95 |
+
_# 例如 API 驗證,開發者可能比較有感_
|
| 96 |
+
|
| 97 |
+
<br/>
|
| 98 |
+
|
| 99 |
+
知道那些要幹嘛?
|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
<br/>
|
| 102 |
+
|
| 103 |
+
手機應用程式,能用來綁定 TOTP、HOTP
|
| 104 |
+
多半本地儲存,資料不離手機
|
| 105 |
+
有些會提供雲端備份,但加密與否各家殊異
|
| 106 |
+
常見選擇有 Google、微軟 Authenticator,或 Twilio Authy
|
| 107 |
+
知道我要說什麼了吧?
|
| 108 |
+
沒錯,換掉那些東西!
|
| 109 |
+
|
| 110 |
+
### 圖來囉!
|
| 111 |
+

|
| 112 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指免費開源軟體 (Free and Open Source Software)</sup>
|
| 113 |
+
<sup>non-profit 指就該品相而言,「不以營利為目的」</sup>
|
| 114 |
+
<sup>e2ee syncing 指「提供端對端加密備份方式」</sup>
|
| 115 |
+
|
| 116 |
+
### 欠換名單
|
| 117 |
+
#### Google Authenticator
|
| 118 |
+
不意外,先從 Google 開刀
|
| 119 |
+
Google 驗證器從前無備份機制,所以手機壞掉、弄丟,就完蛋了
|
| 120 |
+
_# 綁定的服務都會無法登入_
|
| 121 |
+
2023 年[推出](https://security.googleblog.com/2023/04/google-authenticator-now-supports.html)雲端備份,登入 Google 就能同步各裝置、備份密鑰
|
| 122 |
+
然而同年有研究員[指出](https://www.scworld.com/news/google-authenticators-syncing-security-concerns),Google 備份**未**端對端加密
|
| 123 |
+
換句話說,官方**能看到你的密鑰**
|
| 124 |
+
Google 收到輿論壓力後[表示](https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2023/05/google-will-eventually-add-end-to-end-encryption-to-google-authenticator),端對端加密在計劃中,準備好就會加上
|
| 125 |
+
|
| 126 |
+
猜猜怎麼著?
|
| 127 |
+
他們加了嗎?
|
| 128 |
+
|
| 129 |
+
沒有!
|
| 130 |
+
2023-2025,至截稿前都沒端對端加密
|
| 131 |
+
這技術很難?
|
| 132 |
+
才怪!有公版能照著走、也已有開源實作能參考,最好兩年做不出來
|
| 133 |
+
Google 身為全球頂尖軟體公司,遲遲沒下文只有一個可能 -
|
| 134 |
+
**不想做**,說不定還賭用戶們忘記此事了
|
| 135 |
+
風頭一過就裝傻充愣,資料到手再說
|
| 136 |
+
而且想用雲端備份,就得辦 Google 帳戶
|
| 137 |
+
別忘記在 Google 生態系中,就算你選擇「關閉追蹤」,個資照樣被偷
|
| 138 |
+
_# 今年 (2025)美國、法國才都[罰過](https://www.computerworld.com/article/4051435/google-hit-with-806m-in-penalties-from-us-and-french-authorities-over-privacy-issues.html),熱騰騰的**八億美金**呢!_
|
| 139 |
+
驗證器[隱私政策](https://sites.google.com/view/authenticator-privacy-policy/)又說明,蒐集超多個資、Metadata:
|
| 140 |
+
* IP
|
| 141 |
+
* Email
|
| 142 |
+
* 地區
|
| 143 |
+
* SIM 卡綁定的地區
|
| 144 |
+
* 每次使用的時間
|
| 145 |
+
* **廣告識別資料**
|
| 146 |
+
|
| 147 |
+
除了優化服務,也明言會用於**個人化廣告**喔!
|
| 148 |
+
|
| 149 |
+
如此危險,能不換嗎?
|
| 150 |
+
|
| 151 |
+
#### Microsoft Authenticator
|
| 152 |
+
微軟也不遑多讓,官方[明講](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/account-billing/microsoft-authenticator-faqs-12d283d1-bcef-4875-9ae5-ac360e2945dd#:~:text=Authenticator%20collects%20your%20GPS%20information,to%20access%20the%20protected%20resource.)會蒐集:
|
| 153 |
+
* GPS 地理位置
|
| 154 |
+
* 微軟帳號資訊 (若你要備份)
|
| 155 |
+
_# 雲端備份**無**端對端加密 ([微軟能打開](https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/microsoft-entra-blog/how-it-works-backup-and-restore-for-microsoft-authenticator/1006678)、看到內容)_
|
| 156 |
+
* 生物辨識資訊 (如果用臉、指紋登入)
|
| 157 |
+
|
| 158 |
+
個資除了優化服務,同樣也[用於](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/privacy/privacystatement)推薦產品、**個人化廣告**
|
| 159 |
+
更噁心的是微軟拿手絕活 - 綑綁行銷
|
| 160 |
+
許多微軟服務如 Azure,[要求](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/5253276/i-am-being-forced-to-install-the-ms-authenticator)用戶使用微軟驗證器
|
| 161 |
+
或許能用他牌軟體,但預設指引是微軟 (有多少人會去查呢?)
|
| 162 |
+
很遺憾,不少深陷微軟體系的[公司](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/work-is-requiring-me-to-install-miscrosoft-authenticator/14769),會[規定](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacy/comments/17vvaey/work_is_requiring_me_to_install_microsoft/)員工得用那些東西
|
| 163 |
+
理論上因工所需,公司應提供「工作機」給你裝個資盜竊軟體
|
| 164 |
+
個人手機應保持乾淨、安全,所以碰到這類情況請堅守立場
|
| 165 |
+
要馬拒絕安裝,要馬索取工作機
|
| 166 |
+
外國論壇都是一片倒,公司得提供手機或給予補償
|
| 167 |
+
這才是正當應對,千萬別奴到交出權益!
|
| 168 |
+
|
| 169 |
+
#### Twilio Authy
|
| 170 |
+
Twilio 是美國公司,2015 年收購 Authy (兩步驟驗證軟體)
|
| 171 |
+
雲端備份**有**端對端加密,且免費使用
|
| 172 |
+
_# 每月有免費額度,超過要按次計費_
|
| 173 |
+
|
| 174 |
+
聽起來不錯,為什麼要換呢?
|
| 175 |
+
|
| 176 |
+
首先,非全免費、不開源
|
| 177 |
+
再者,**安全性不足**
|
| 178 |
+
而且,個資會用於[廣告推送](https://www.twilio.com/en-us/legal/privacy)
|
| 179 |
+
不開源、廣告問題顯而易見
|
| 180 |
+
安全性不足,則可從過往歷史推知:
|
| 181 |
+
|
| 182 |
+
---
|
| 183 |
+
|
| 184 |
+
2022 年被駭客攻擊,[部分帳號被竊取](https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-104-6471-26455-1.html)
|
| 185 |
+
2024 年又被攻擊,用戶[個資外流](https://thehackernews.com/2024/07/twilios-authy-app-breach-exposes.html),包括[三千三百萬人的門號](https://www.securityweek.com/twilio-confirms-data-breach-after-hackers-leak-33m-authy-user-phone-numbers/)
|
| 186 |
+
|
| 187 |
+
---
|
| 188 |
+
|
| 189 |
+
非開源的壞處,就是公正第三方無���審核
|
| 190 |
+
宣稱安全、自詡隱私,只要沒被審查都能吹牛
|
| 191 |
+
漏洞也無法預先察覺,被駭客滲透了才知道
|
| 192 |
+
這也正好印證,資安、隱私的準則 - 不該拿的資料就別拿
|
| 193 |
+
若未蒐集手機號碼、Email 等個資,就不會被偷
|
| 194 |
+
|
| 195 |
+
#### Ravio OTP
|
| 196 |
+
有在關注開源的人,應該會驚呼:「等等,那不是開源 iOS OTP 軟體嗎!?」
|
| 197 |
+
抱歉,**不再**是了
|
| 198 |
+
2023 年,法國公司 Mobime 買下開源專案 Ravio OTP
|
| 199 |
+
調整[授權規範](https://github.com/raivo-otp/ios-application/blob/master/LICENSE.md),僅「公開程式碼」而不「開源」
|
| 200 |
+
且一次更新[刪光用戶資料](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacy/comments/1dcr5zn/raivo_otp_is_now_deleting_data_and_asking_for/),付費才能取回 (根本勒索軟體)
|
| 201 |
+
之後備份、匯出都要[訂閱](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacy/comments/1d3ha4f/raivootp_do_not_update/),已完全商業化
|
| 202 |
+
_# [社群解方](https://discuss.techlore.tech/t/i-lost-my-raivo-otp-passwords/8755)是先備份資料、再更新軟體;終極做法當然是**換掉**!_
|
| 203 |
+
夠爛了嗎?
|
| 204 |
+
還沒完,最惡劣的是**誤導行銷**
|
| 205 |
+
上述內容可知,Ravio OTP 早已商業化、非開源
|
| 206 |
+
但[官網](https://raivo-otp.com/)迄今仍自稱「非商業」、「開源」
|
| 207 |
+

|
| 208 |
+

|
| 209 |
+
程式碼倉庫[宣稱](https://github.com/raivo-otp/ios-application?tab=readme-ov-file)不蒐集個資,但 Mobime [隱私政策](https://mobime.org/privacy/)說使用 Facebook、Google AdMod
|
| 210 |
+
_# 個人化廣告追蹤器,會蒐集 IP 等資訊_
|
| 211 |
+
問題頗大,不換不行
|
| 212 |
+
|
| 213 |
+
---
|
| 214 |
+
|
| 215 |
+
### 替代品們
|
| 216 |
+
#### [2FAS](https://2fas.com/auth/)
|
| 217 |
+
創立者為[美國人](https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcbpunk/),不過比較像社群專案
|
| 218 |
+
主要貢獻者是[波蘭人](https://github.com/GrzegorzZajac000),其餘成員[來自各地](https://2fas.com/about-us/)
|
| 219 |
+
免費、開源、資料存於地端 (e.g. 你手機),無雲端伺服器
|
| 220 |
+
_# 沒伺服器就不會拿資料_
|
| 221 |
+
提供端對端加密備份,備份雲端依裝置而定
|
| 222 |
+
iPhone 預設用 iCloud,Android 則是 Google Drive
|
| 223 |
+
因為有加密,Google 和蘋果看不到內容 (當然,你也可以不備份)
|
| 224 |
+
可設定生物辨識解鎖,增加方便性
|
| 225 |
+
使用毋需帳號,不必信任特定機構
|
| 226 |
+
匯入 / 匯出功能完善,可無痛從 Google 或 Twilio Authy 轉來、轉走
|
| 227 |
+
還有出瀏覽器外掛,和手機 app 同步就不必手打驗證碼
|
| 228 |
+
商業模式來自贊助,認同理念的話不妨打賞
|
| 229 |
+
|
| 230 |
+
缺點:
|
| 231 |
+
* 新版非立刻開源
|
| 232 |
+
官方[授權](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/twofas/2fas-pass-android/main/LICENSE-FAQ.md)寫明,推出後是「原始碼公開」,商用須申請
|
| 233 |
+
每版兩年後,才[自動流用](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/twofas/2fas-pass-android/main/LICENSE) GPL 3.0 (開源)
|
| 234 |
+
|
| 235 |
+
支援 TOTP、HOTP,想要的功能基本上都有
|
| 236 |
+
|
| 237 |
+
#### [FreeOTP](https://freeotp.github.io/)
|
| 238 |
+
顧名思義,免費的 OTP 驗證軟體
|
| 239 |
+
_# HOTP 和 TOTP 都支援_
|
| 240 |
+
[Android](https://f-droid.org/packages/org.fedorahosted.freeotp/) 和 [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/freeotp-authenticator/id872559395) 皆可取得,完全離線使用
|
| 241 |
+
由紅帽 ([Red Hat](https://www.redhat.com/)) 公司贊助開發,會長期、穩定維護
|
| 242 |
+
_# 你沒看錯,此紅帽即 Red Hat Linux 那家公司_
|
| 243 |
+
身為開源產品推動者,紅帽[不想走上](https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/identity-management-and-two-factor-authentication-using-one-time-passwords) Google 閉源道路
|
| 244 |
+
於是贊助 FreeOTP 開發,旨在提供「免費」、「開源」、「跨平台」的選擇
|
| 245 |
+
不蒐集任何個資、不需帳號,也不會連線到伺服器
|
| 246 |
+
支援多數主流服務,可透過 QR code 或手動將 token 加入
|
| 247 |
+
_# 白話文:可以掃碼或打字串綁定 2FA_
|
| 248 |
+
雖然紅帽是營利企業,但此專案屬非營利性質
|
| 249 |
+
|
| 250 |
+
缺點:
|
| 251 |
+
* 紅帽為美國公司,近期有重大爭議
|
| 252 |
+
Linux 是開源專案,但 Red Hat [限制](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/06/red-hats-new-source-code-policy-and-the-intense-pushback-explained/)大眾查看紅帽 Linux (RHEL)原始碼
|
| 253 |
+
此舉有悖開源初衷,下游開源版 CentOS 甚至[被終止](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/linux/centos-linux-eol)
|
| 254 |
+
GPL 授權僅規範「取得二進制檔案者須可檢視原始碼」,非所有人
|
| 255 |
+
紅帽的做法是:訂閱戶可看原始碼,但「重新分發」就會終止合約
|
| 256 |
+
意思是,付錢才能看程式碼,一旦你要重製 (開源核心價值)就終止授權
|
| 257 |
+
若終止你還分發,則屬違法侵權
|
| 258 |
+
_# 很會鑽漏洞吧?法務堪比甲骨文公司_
|
| 259 |
+
這種做法違反開源精神,因此招來社群反彈
|
| 260 |
+
誰知道哪天,Red Hat 會不會對 FreeOTP 如法炮製呢?
|
| 261 |
+
* 介面有點「復古」,至於美醜因人而異
|
| 262 |
+
* 社群回報備份功能異常,似���尚未修復
|
| 263 |
+
如果你沒備份需求,就不影響
|
| 264 |
+
|
| 265 |
+
#### [Authman](https://authman.simular.co/)
|
| 266 |
+
台灣公司夏木樂 (Simular)所開發,隸屬百岳國際集團
|
| 267 |
+
開源、免費、跨平台的 OTP 軟體,可用於 TOTP 驗證
|
| 268 |
+
_# Android、iOS、Window 和 Mac 都能用_
|
| 269 |
+
可自選備份雲端,或用官方伺服器
|
| 270 |
+
備份前資訊會先加密,伺服器看不到明碼
|
| 271 |
+
_# I.e. 端對端加密_
|
| 272 |
+
高度可客製化,字體、縮圖都能改
|
| 273 |
+
同樣能輕鬆匯入 / 匯出 token,不綁死生態系
|
| 274 |
+
官方說:
|
| 275 |
+
> Authman is open, just export tokens for any purpose you want
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
算有良心吧?
|
| 278 |
+
也可用生物辨識解鎖,生物特徵僅存於本地
|
| 279 |
+
|
| 280 |
+
缺點:
|
| 281 |
+
* 須辦帳號
|
| 282 |
+
* 幾乎形同沒文件,對開發者不友善
|
| 283 |
+
* 疑似不支援 Linux
|
| 284 |
+
|
| 285 |
+
無明顯商業模式,推測可能是內部使用
|
| 286 |
+
只不過寫都寫了,就放開源給大眾共享
|
| 287 |
+
|
| 288 |
+
#### [Proton Authenticator](https://proton.me/authenticator)
|
| 289 |
+
老面孔 Proton,台裔瑞士物理學家創立
|
| 290 |
+
開源、免費、跨平台,所有主流系統都能用
|
| 291 |
+
_# Linux、Windows、Mac,手機 iOS、Android 皆可下載_
|
| 292 |
+
不需帳號,支援 TOTP、HOTP
|
| 293 |
+
提供端對端加密備份、同步,不過此功能需 Proton 帳號
|
| 294 |
+
_# 免費帳號就行,畢竟沒登入誰知道你哪位_
|
| 295 |
+
可掃碼、手動綁定 OTP 服務,功能基礎但充足
|
| 296 |
+
|
| 297 |
+
缺點:
|
| 298 |
+
* App 還很新,偶爾會有 bug、運作不穩定
|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
有趣的是, 明明已有 Proton Pass 能處理兩步驟驗證
|
| 301 |
+
他們還出 Proton Authenticator,引發社群好奇討論
|
| 302 |
+
此程式相對輕量,只有 2FA 相關功能
|
| 303 |
+
且不需訂閱 Proton,完全免費
|
| 304 |
+
_# Proton 訂閱方案「不包含」此產品,所以本篇歸為**非營利**_
|
| 305 |
+
|
| 306 |
+
#### [Ente Auth](https://ente.io/auth/)
|
| 307 |
+
即 [Ente Photo](https://ente.io/) 那家公司,背景可見[這篇](./deGoogle-drive-and-album.md)
|
| 308 |
+
支援各大主流平台,手機電腦都行
|
| 309 |
+
_# [Android](https://f-droid.org/packages/io.ente.auth/)、[iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ente-auth-2fa-authenticator/id6444121398)、[Linux](https://github.com/ente-io/ente/releases?q=tag%3Aauth-v4)、[Mac](https://github.com/ente-io/ente/releases/download/auth-v4.4.4/ente-auth-v4.4.4.dmg)、[Windows](https://github.com/ente-io/ente/releases/download/auth-v4.4.4/ente-auth-v4.4.4.dmg)_
|
| 310 |
+
免費、[開源](https://github.com/ente-io/ente)、不需帳號,提供端對端加密的雲端備份
|
| 311 |
+
_# 和 Proton Authenticator 一樣,雲端備份請辦帳號_
|
| 312 |
+
此項目完全免費,無訂閱方案
|
| 313 |
+
所以儘管 Ente 是商業公司,Ente Auth 仍算非營利項目
|
| 314 |
+
Ente Auth 棲位與 Proton Authenticator 接近,但相對成熟
|
| 315 |
+
支援 TOTP、HTOP,功能穩定、程式碼也積極維護
|
| 316 |
+
|
| 317 |
+
缺點:
|
| 318 |
+
* 美國公司開發、維護
|
| 319 |
+
_# 不過核心團隊、創辦者都是印度人_
|
| 320 |
+
|
| 321 |
+
Ente Auth 廣獲社群好評,對新手也很友善
|
| 322 |
+
|
| 323 |
+
#### [Aegis Authenticator](https://getaegis.app/)
|
| 324 |
+
直翻神盾驗證器,支援 TOTP、HOTP
|
| 325 |
+
[社群](https://github.com/beemdevelopment)發起的[開源](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/aegis)專案,[兩位](https://github.com/michaelschattgen)主要[開發者](https://github.com/alexbakker)都是荷蘭人
|
| 326 |
+
可用生物辨識、密碼解鎖,也能自訂排序、圖示、有暗色主題
|
| 327 |
+
從各種服務匯入 / 匯出都相容,可匯出明文 / 加密資訊
|
| 328 |
+
掃碼、手動綁定服務都行,亦可開啟「專家模式」細緻調教
|
| 329 |
+
|
| 330 |
+
缺點:
|
| 331 |
+
* 僅在 Android 發行
|
| 332 |
+
Google Play、[F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/packages/com.beemdevelopment.aegis/) 都能下載
|
| 333 |
+
|
| 334 |
+
社群評價很高,Android 用戶發問幾乎都會被推薦 Aegis
|
| 335 |
+
|
| 336 |
+
#### [Stratum](https://stratumauth.com/)
|
| 337 |
+
層疊驗證器,免費、開源、社群發起
|
| 338 |
+
_# [主要貢獻者](https://jmh.me/)為法國人_
|
| 339 |
+
從前叫 Authenticator Pro,不需帳號、能離線使用
|
| 340 |
+
支援 TOTP、HOTP 等,介面可客製化、有暗色模式
|
| 341 |
+
匯出 / 匯入容易,且先加密才轉出,讓你安全放到喜歡的雲端
|
| 342 |
+
_# 官方未提供雲端,請自選[適當服務](./deGoogle-drive-and-album.md),謝謝_
|
| 343 |
+
最特別之處,莫過於「穿戴式裝置相容」,是少數設計給穿戴裝置的驗證器
|
| 344 |
+
|
| 345 |
+
缺點:
|
| 346 |
+
* 僅在 Android 發行
|
| 347 |
+
|
| 348 |
+
沒辦法,*某公司*就很愛鎖生態系
|
| 349 |
+
|
| 350 |
+
---
|
| 351 |
+
|
| 352 |
+
#### [Tofu](https://tofuauth.com/)
|
| 353 |
+
社群的[開源](https://github.com/iKenndac/Tofu?tab=readme-ov-file)專案,免費、不需網路
|
| 354 |
+
看到「豆腐 (Tofu)」,就以為是華人功勞嗎?
|
| 355 |
+
不,[發起](https://github.com/calleluks)、[繼任者](https://github.com/iKenndac)都是瑞典人
|
| 356 |
+
免帳號、支援 TOTP、HOTP,基礎功能都有
|
| 357 |
+
|
| 358 |
+
缺點:
|
| 359 |
+
* 僅發行 iOS 版 (Android 好像也不缺這個?)
|
| 360 |
+
* 備份只能靠 iOS 機制,如 iCloud、iTune / Finder 連至 Mac
|
| 361 |
+
|
| 362 |
+
機密存於 iOS keychain,是好是壞就看你對蘋果的信任度囉!
|
| 363 |
+
|
| 364 |
+
#### [Mauth](https://github.com/X1nto/Mauth?tab=readme-ov-file)
|
| 365 |
+
官方說唸做「Moth」,是社群發起的開源專案
|
| 366 |
+
_# 開發者喬治亞人,喬治亞尚未入歐盟,所以不算 EU alternative_
|
| 367 |
+
[作者說](https://github.com/X1nto/Mauth?tab=readme-ov-file#inspiration)既有產品介面不直觀,所以自己做一個
|
| 368 |
+
主打功能多、好看、隱私,支援 HOTP 和 TOTP
|
| 369 |
+
可用密碼或生物辨識解鎖,也能掃碼、手動、或輸入深度連結綁服務
|
| 370 |
+
_# Deeplink 名字很炫,但其實只是「導向至特定頁面的超連結」_
|
| 371 |
+
許多功能尚在開發中,上次維護是 7 個月前,可能要等很久
|
| 372 |
+
|
| 373 |
+
缺點:
|
| 374 |
+
* 僅有 [Android](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.xinto.mauth/) 版
|
| 375 |
+
* 文件更新落後,已有的功能沒全寫上去
|
| 376 |
+
|
| 377 |
+
介面高度可客製化,能調成喜歡的樣子
|
| 378 |
+
|
| 379 |
+
---
|
| 380 |
+
|
| 381 |
+
### 加碼!
|
| 382 |
+
之前[介紹過](./deGoogle-pswd-manager.md)密碼管理軟體,此時派上用場啦!
|
| 383 |
+
許多密碼管理軟體,也附帶 OTP 驗證功能
|
| 384 |
+
例如 [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/)、[Proton Pass](https://proton.me/pass)、Bitwarden
|
| 385 |
+
_# KeePass 系列都有_
|
| 386 |
+
已入坑密碼管理器的,可直接使用
|
| 387 |
+
|
| 388 |
+
---
|
| 389 |
+
|
| 390 |
+
### 懶人包~~在我身上~~
|
| 391 |
+
同樣依照需求推薦:
|
| 392 |
+
* 想要穩定、老牌服務 → [FreeOTP](https://freeotp.github.io/) / [2FAS](https://2fas.com/auth/)
|
| 393 |
+
* 喜歡一個服務用到底,最好各平台都支援:
|
| 394 |
+
* 不~~爽~~想辦帳號 → [Proton Authenticator](https://proton.me/authenticator) / [Ente Auth](https://ente.io/auth/)
|
| 395 |
+
* 可接受辦帳號 → [Authman](https://authman.simular.co/)
|
| 396 |
+
* 新手,什麼都不想懂,無腦入坑就好 → [Ente Auth](https://ente.io/auth/) / [Proton Authenticator](https://proton.me/authenticator)
|
| 397 |
+
* 想要完備服務:
|
| 398 |
+
* Android 用戶 → [Aegis Authenticator](https://getaegis.app/) / [2FAS](https://2fas.com/auth/)
|
| 399 |
+
* 有穿戴裝置需求 → [Stratum](https://stratumauth.com/)
|
| 400 |
+
* iOS 用戶 → [2FAS](https://2fas.com/auth/)
|
| 401 |
+
* 極簡主義者:
|
| 402 |
+
* iOS → [Tofu](https://tofuauth.com/)
|
| 403 |
+
* Android → [Mauth](https://github.com/X1nto/Mauth?tab=readme-ov-file)
|
| 404 |
+
* 密碼管理軟體用戶:
|
| 405 |
+
* [KeePass](https://keepassxc.org/) 系列 → 請繼續用
|
| 406 |
+
* [Bitwarden](https://bitwarden.com/download/) → 裝手機應用程式即可
|
| 407 |
+
* [Proton Pass](https://proton.me/pass) → 繼續用吧!
|
| 408 |
+
|
| 409 |
+
---
|
| 410 |
+
|
| 411 |
+
### 遺珠之憾?
|
| 412 |
+
#### Bitwarden Authenticator
|
| 413 |
+
你或許會問,有介紹 Proton Authenticator,為何漏掉 Bitwarden Authenticator?
|
| 414 |
+
答案很簡單,官方[不再維護](https://github.com/bitwarden/authenticator-ios) Bitwarden Authenticator 了
|
| 415 |
+
_# 技術上來說,它已被[封存](https://github.com/bitwarden/authenticator-android?tab=readme-ov-file)_
|
| 416 |
+
Bitwarden 將之[併入](https://github.com/bitwarden/ios)手機 app,二者直接[合一](https://github.com/bitwarden/android)
|
| 417 |
+
免費、開源,歡迎自由取用
|
| 418 |
+
|
| 419 |
+
#### [andOTP](https://github.com/andOTP/andOTP?tab=readme-ov-file)
|
| 420 |
+
曾享負盛名的 andOTP,也已不再維護
|
| 421 |
+
程式碼被封存,因為[作者](https://xdaforums.com/t/unmaintained-app-4-4-open-source-andotp-open-source-two-factor-authentication-for-android.3636993/post-87021655)大學畢業後,沒足夠時間無償付出
|
| 422 |
+
身為 Android 開源驗證器先鋒,終止確實可惜
|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+
#### [OVault](https://ovault.net/)
|
| 425 |
+
iOS 的開源驗證器,使用 iOS keychain
|
| 426 |
+
地端存放資料,不需連網
|
| 427 |
+
免費使用、開發者為英國人
|
| 428 |
+
他當初覺得 Authy 太複雜,決定自己做個簡單、方便的
|
| 429 |
+
支援 TOTP、HOTP,能用 iCloud 同步、備份
|
| 430 |
+
|
| 431 |
+
看起來不錯,為何沒介紹?
|
| 432 |
+
|
| 433 |
+
因為沒特別好,且使用人數少
|
| 434 |
+
用戶少的缺點,就是會跑去幫忙開發、審核的也少
|
| 435 |
+
漏洞不易發現,維護進程也相對慢
|
| 436 |
+
結論就是**無重大缺失**,你想用我也沒意見
|
| 437 |
+
就當報給你知
|
| 438 |
+
|
| 439 |
+
#### OTPAuth
|
| 440 |
+
抱歉,此非遺珠之憾,而是刻意排除
|
| 441 |
+
OTPAuth 是 iOS 平台的驗證器,「號稱」開源、免費
|
| 442 |
+
問題是[作者程式碼倉庫](https://github.com/CooperRS),**找不到原始碼!**
|
| 443 |
+
還記得一路走來,最忌諱什麼嗎?
|
| 444 |
+
謊言行銷,尤其假開源
|
| 445 |
+
就算是良善 app,不開源就上不了推薦榜
|
| 446 |
+
且蓄意誤導大眾,實在不可取
|
| 447 |
+
|
| 448 |
+
---
|
| 449 |
+
|
| 450 |
+
Apple Authenticator,為何沒在替換名單內?
|
| 451 |
+
首先,它可離線使用
|
| 452 |
+
且蘋果提供進階資料保護 (Advanced Data Protection),能自行切換
|
| 453 |
+
若開啟 ADP,蘋果驗證器即享端對端加密,可在雲端同步、備份
|
| 454 |
+
雖然閉源,但尚無重大缺失
|
| 455 |
+
所以不推薦,可是也不到替換標準
|
| 456 |
+
果粉可以~~親吻對方~~歡呼了
|
| 457 |
+
|
| 458 |
+
|
deGoogle-browser.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
|
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|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 替換瀏覽器
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
### 前言
|
| 4 |
+
本篇將鉅細彌遺介紹,瀏覽器相關的知識背景
|
| 5 |
+
**看倌不必全部讀完,挑對自己有幫助的部分即可**
|
| 6 |
+
當然,欲全面瞭解瀏覽器生態的,也歡迎全文詳讀
|
| 7 |
+
|
| 8 |
+
---
|
| 9 |
+
|
| 10 |
+
> Chrome 吃太多記憶體了,而且跑超慢
|
| 11 |
+
|
| 12 |
+
Google Chrome 作為主流瀏覽器,雖已由 Google 優化驅動引擎,但為了各種目的 (例如廣告、追蹤器),犧牲了不少效能
|
| 13 |
+
就算不論隱私,差勁體驗早已令人厭倦
|
| 14 |
+
噁心的是,Google 把 Chrome 塞入 Android,綑綁銷售
|
| 15 |
+
預設為 Andoird 瀏覽器外,想換還刪不掉它 (只能停止)
|
| 16 |
+
預設瀏覽器對市占率影響很大,因為不論是懶得換、或根本不知道有其他選擇的人,就很可能固著在預設瀏覽器上
|
| 17 |
+
微軟當初把 IE 瀏覽器隨 Windows 強迫推銷,靠 OS 壟斷優勢搞垮 Mozilla Firefox 的前身 Netscape Navigator,因而被美國[反壟斷法制裁](https://www.justice.gov/atr/us-v-microsoft-proposed-findings-fact-0)
|
| 18 |
+
不正當的競爭手段,往往能讓「一無是處的產品」擠進主流
|
| 19 |
+
多數人用 Google Chrome (市占逾六成),不代表它就是好東西
|
| 20 |
+
_# 小提醒:主流瀏覽器中,只有 Chrome 對跨站 cookies 網開一面,方便別人追蹤你_
|
| 21 |
+
|
| 22 |
+
---
|
| 23 |
+
|
| 24 |
+
### 瀏覽器 (Browser)
|
| 25 |
+
替換產品前,得先簡介一下要換的東西
|
| 26 |
+
瀏覽器是進入網路世界的主要途徑,Windows 內建 Edge、Android 內建 Chrome、MacOS 內建 Safari
|
| 27 |
+
那些預設瀏覽器,都是該廠商推出的閉源產品,藉由綑綁行銷,強行增加市占率
|
| 28 |
+
瀏覽器引擎主要分三類:
|
| 29 |
+
* Blink (Chrome / Chromium)
|
| 30 |
+
* Gecko (Firefox)
|
| 31 |
+
* WebKit (Safari)
|
| 32 |
+
|
| 33 |
+
Chromium 是 Chrome 的核心,驅動引擎是 Blink,而 Chromium 本身開源
|
| 34 |
+
因此許多知名瀏覽器建構在 Chromium 上,例如 Brave、Vivaldi、Edge 和 Opera
|
| 35 |
+
_# 注意:開源的是 Chromium,不是 Chrome
|
| 36 |
+
且 Chromium 仍由 Google 開發維護,不完全獨立於科技巨頭_
|
| 37 |
+
Gecko 是 Mozilla 開發的開源引擎,Firefox 以此驅動,是 Chromium 的重要競品
|
| 38 |
+
_# Gecko 是守宮 (一類壁虎),Mozilla 很愛用動物命名產品_
|
| 39 |
+
WebKit 由蘋果開發、開源,是 Safari 的核心
|
| 40 |
+
_# 有趣的是,Blink 是 Google 從 WebKit 改來的,現在卻反超成為主流引擎_
|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+
講這些幹嘛?
|
| 43 |
+
|
| 44 |
+
因為之後要介紹的瀏覽器,多半基於 Gecko (Firefox),所以先提一下它們的愛恨情仇
|
| 45 |
+
為何是 Gecko?
|
| 46 |
+
因為除了 Chrome,Chromium 系列瀏覽器也受制於 Google
|
| 47 |
+
WebKit 系列則受制於 Apple,且發展很少、使用平台受限
|
| 48 |
+
身為唯一有效、獨立競爭者,選 Firefox 系列對市場競爭很重要,尤其就隱私保護而言
|
| 49 |
+
很多開發者也意識到這點,所以高隱私、安全的瀏覽器,多半建構在 Firefox 之上
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
上述乍看像陰謀論,但事實便是如此
|
| 52 |
+
|
| 53 |
+
讓營利企業壟斷,就會發生各種惡霸行徑,譬如 Youtube [廣告劣化](https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20250109edi025)、[延長化](https://www.reddit.com/r/youtube/comments/1i89wj8/60_minute_unskipable_ad/)、[取消背景播放](https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7437614?hl=zh-Hant&co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid) (勒索大家買 Premium)
|
| 54 |
+
Chrome 強制升級 Manifest V3,[不再支援](https://superuser.com/questions/1884201/these-extensions-are-no-longer-supported-chrome-recommends-that-you-remove-them)特定廣告 / [追蹤器攔截外掛](https://ublockorigin.com/) (此非未來式,是完成式)
|
| 55 |
+
Android 機種綁死 Google 生態系,甚至在更新中偷渡 Gemini app
|
| 56 |
+
光六成市占率,Chrome 就可以亂搞了 (除非另行開發,否則其他 chromium 基底的瀏覽器,也得被迫配合)
|
| 57 |
+
如果世上只剩 Chromium 基底的瀏覽器,甚至只剩 Chrome,你我要碼交出大量個資、觀看鋪天蓋地的廣告,要碼付錢給 Google
|
| 58 |
+
所以 Firefox 的市場競爭很重要,確保大眾還有選擇
|
| 59 |
+
至於近年出現的第三勢力,[Ladybird browser](https://ladybird.org/),因尚處開發、測試階段,沒程式背景的人應該玩不了,就不在此贅述 (甚至沒下載按鈕)
|
| 60 |
+
|
| 61 |
+
終於來到懶人圖了:
|
| 62 |
+

|
| 63 |
+
<sup>圖源:我本人</sup>
|
| 64 |
+
有些瀏覽器只有桌面版、有些則只有行動版
|
| 65 |
+
至於 Telemetry (遙測)、fingerprint、Tor、uBlock Origin 是什麼,稍後會解說
|
| 66 |
+
該換的除了 [Chrome](https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2021/03/20/stop-using-google-chrome-on-apple-iphone-12-pro-max-ipad-and-macbook-pro/) ([醜聞](https://www.forbes.com/sites/zacharyfolk/2024/04/01/google-will-destroy-incognito-mode-browsing-data-heres-what-that-means-for-users/)超多)、[Edge](https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-professor-says-edge-is-the-worst-for-privacy-microsoft-isnt-happy/)、[Safari](https://www.theregister.com/2024/04/30/apple_safari_europe_tracking/) (比前二者好「一點」,但閉源、廣告追蹤無法擋、隱私���掛不支援、綑綁生態系...),還有 Opera
|
| 67 |
+
Opera 粉絲可能很震驚:「Opera 不是保障隱私的挪威公司嗎?」
|
| 68 |
+
首先,Opera 建構在 Chromium 上、閉源,且[出過資安問題](https://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-threats/crossbarking-attack-secret-apis-expose-opera-browser-users)
|
| 69 |
+
再者,2016 年奇虎 360、昆侖萬維等的中國集團,收購了 Opera
|
| 70 |
+
閉源又中資,當然換掉
|
| 71 |
+
|
| 72 |
+
---
|
| 73 |
+
|
| 74 |
+
### 背景知識
|
| 75 |
+
想無腦選瀏覽器可略過本段
|
| 76 |
+
#### [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) 是什麼?
|
| 77 |
+
圖例中的那顆洋蔥,指「是否支援洋蔥路由」
|
| 78 |
+
洋蔥路由的做法是,每個連線都經三層加密,傳到一個節點解密一層,所以單一伺服器無法解析請求來源、連線到哪 (造訪什麼網站)
|
| 79 |
+
節點就是伺服器,是分散式的架構,由許多志願者、機構維運,無特定人士能掌控 (你高興的話,也可以架一台進 Tor network)
|
| 80 |
+
_# 題外話,柯南《零的執行人》劇中的「Nor」網路,本尊就是 Tor 喔!
|
| 81 |
+
Tor 比 VPN 更安全,許多人權倡議者、獨裁政權下的記者,都藉此匿蹤連網
|
| 82 |
+
_# 注意:Tor 並非絕對安全,使用者不當操作仍可能導致曝光,稍後會再提_
|
| 83 |
+
缺點是速度很慢,畢竟要多層加、解密,不適合日常瀏覽 (你能接受電動每 10 秒更新一次畫面?)
|
| 84 |
+
需靠洋蔥路由才能造訪的網站,就稱為「暗網」
|
| 85 |
+
很多人受電影影響,以為「暗網」充斥醜惡的東西
|
| 86 |
+
原因是暗網不受監管,所以人性黑暗面可能會在其中展現
|
| 87 |
+
但許多主流服務為突破特定政權封鎖,也會架設 xxx.onion 的暗網版頁面,例如 Facebook (你喜歡的話,也可以自架暗網頁面喔!)
|
| 88 |
+
> 科技無罪,人的選擇才決定善惡 - 移幣
|
| 89 |
+
|
| 90 |
+
#### 瀏覽網路,會留下指紋 (Fingerprint)?
|
| 91 |
+
此處 fingerprint 指瀏覽器指紋,是「可辨識特定用戶的特徵」總稱,非單一項目
|
| 92 |
+
例如 IP、時區、瀏覽器種類、預設語言、背景主題 (暗色或亮色)、裝哪些外掛、用什麼平台 (Mac、Windows 或 Linux 等)、行動裝置還是電腦、螢幕寬度、硬體配置...
|
| 93 |
+
|
| 94 |
+
看起來和瀏覽器無關?
|
| 95 |
+
|
| 96 |
+
不,只要非高隱私瀏覽器,網站都很容易能取得那些資訊
|
| 97 |
+
有些無良網站,甚至會傳一個透明的圖、沒聲音的音訊,藉此探知你瀏覽器渲染所需時間,鎖定你用哪種硬體
|
| 98 |
+
就算沒登入,仍可能被抓出身份
|
| 99 |
+
想像一下,假設你沒翻 VPN、沒做任何防護,如同一般使用者
|
| 100 |
+
你開 Chrome 無痕模式逛購物網,爾後關閉瀏覽器,再度開啟以用「乾淨之身」造訪遊戲網站
|
| 101 |
+
|
| 102 |
+
以為很安全了,對吧?
|
| 103 |
+
|
| 104 |
+
若網站維運者為同個集團、或有交流客戶資訊,甚至更常見的情況是,使用相同第三方服務 (e.g. 廣告投放,像 Google ad)
|
| 105 |
+
他們就能靠你的「網路指紋」知道你有玩 ooo 遊戲、喜歡買 xxx 物品,以及你所逛過~~見不得光~~的網站
|
| 106 |
+
怎麼做呢?
|
| 107 |
+
首先,IP 位址相同、瀏覽器相同 (Chrome 無痕)、裝置相同 (都是你的手機)、OS 都是 Android、瀏覽器都裝暗色外掛...
|
| 108 |
+
光第一點,就幾乎可確定你是誰了
|
| 109 |
+
搭配其他特徵,你在無痕的活動,並不如想像中私密
|
| 110 |
+
好奇你的瀏覽器多脆弱,可透過此[線上測試](https://coveryourtracks.eff.org/)玩玩
|
| 111 |
+
_# 放心,那是非營利機構「電子前鋒基金會 (Electron Frontier Foundation, EFF)」的網站_
|
| 112 |
+
或參考 Proton 的[測試報告](https://proton.me/blog/best-browser-for-privacy)
|
| 113 |
+
#### [uBlock Origin](https://ublockorigin.com/) (uBO) 關瀏覽器選擇什麼事?
|
| 114 |
+
關係可大了!
|
| 115 |
+
很多人聽過 Adblock 這類「廣告攔截器」,也常尋找各式的擋廣告外掛
|
| 116 |
+
而 uBlock Origin 可謂「地表最強廣告攔截器」,但其本質是個「[廣泛內容攔截器](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode)」
|
| 117 |
+
有礙隱私者,如廣告、追蹤器、惡意網域與資源濫用都擋
|
| 118 |
+
_# 第三方廣告多伴隨追蹤器,也會浪費資源載入
|
| 119 |
+
有時第一方廣告仍可顯示,例如劍橋辭典側邊欄
|
| 120 |
+
所以許多保障隱私的瀏覽器,都預設安裝 uBlock Origin
|
| 121 |
+
廣告過濾在你的瀏覽器發生,沒所謂「官方」會偷窺你
|
| 122 |
+
授予權限不怕洩露隱私,反而能保護隱私
|
| 123 |
+
廣告載入前就被擋、uBO 本身又很輕量,啟用後上網會更快、更省電
|
| 124 |
+
_# 如果你喜歡環保,uBO 還能減少跑廣告所需的電能,更該支持_
|
| 125 |
+
強到什麼程度呢?
|
| 126 |
+
* 常見廣告都不會出現,包括 Gmail 推銷、方格子廣告 ~~(方格子別 ban 我)~~
|
| 127 |
+
* Youtube 形同 Premium,看不到廣告
|
| 128 |
+
* 高度可客製化,哪些網站擋、哪些不擋,都能用 GUI 調整
|
| 129 |
+
* 網站、網址的追蹤器,也能擋掉
|
| 130 |
+
* 效能很高,且廣告載入前就會被屏蔽,所以甚至能「加速」瀏覽體驗
|
| 131 |
+
* Safari 外的瀏覽器都支援,直到 Google 打不贏只好改到 Manifest V3
|
| 132 |
+
* 不用帳號不用錢,[獨立社群開發者](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock)所創、維護,**不接受贊助** (不為錢而來)
|
| 133 |
+
|
| 134 |
+
uBlock Origin 最初叫 μBlock (後改名 uBlock),[Raymond Hill](https://github.com/gorhill) 覺得處理用戶需求像「乏味的工作」,而非嗜好
|
| 135 |
+
故將 uBlock 專案轉交給 Chris Aljoudi,分家出 uBlock Origin、把 uMatrix 專案的概念融入,使其日趨完備
|
| 136 |
+
而另一頭,uBlock 專案漸漸卡住,終至停止開發
|
| 137 |
+
後來 Adblock 公司買下 uBlock.org,經一番波折成為耳熟能詳的 Adblock 外掛
|
| 138 |
+
但效能、擋攔截器有效性,都輸 uBlock Origin 一大截,畢竟他們希望用戶買 Adblock plus (營利公司的缺點)
|
| 139 |
+
Google 把 Chromium 推上 Manifest V3 後,Chromium 基底的瀏覽器,便不再相容於 uBlock Origin 了 (有些後門仍可通行,但不排除將來 Google 出手關門)
|
| 140 |
+
開發者也說,不會再支援 Chromium 系列
|
| 141 |
+
粉絲有兩個選項:
|
| 142 |
+
* 改用 Firefox 基底的瀏覽器
|
| 143 |
+
因為 Firefox 雖然升級,但仍保留對 Manifest V2 的支援,尤其 WebRequest API
|
| 144 |
+
_# 那個 API 就是廣告攔截器高效過濾的關鍵_
|
| 145 |
+
* 用 uBlock Origin Lite (輕量版),保護效果、功能都少很多
|
| 146 |
+
_# uBO Lite 也支援 Safari 唷!_
|
| 147 |
+
|
| 148 |
+
其實還有第三個選擇,就是瀏覽器發行商自行調整,讓產品兼容 uBlock Origin (Manifest V2)
|
| 149 |
+
至於 Firefox 會不會放棄向後相容性,應該不必太擔心
|
| 150 |
+
因為 Firefox CTO 自己說很愛 uBO,沒意外會繼續支援下去
|
| 151 |
+
|
| 152 |
+
#### Telemetry 遙測又是什麼?
|
| 153 |
+
此處的遙測,指內建在瀏覽器中、回傳給發行商的資訊
|
| 154 |
+
例如不正常關閉、使用紀錄、異常行為等
|
| 155 |
+
你可曾有不慎踩到電源,強制關閉電腦的經驗?
|
| 156 |
+
重開機後,可能會跳出「瀏覽器不正常關閉」,並有個問題回報選項
|
| 157 |
+
按下回報,就會把斷線資訊傳給瀏覽器發行者 (e.g. Google)
|
| 158 |
+
內建的遙測更可怕,你沒按下任何按鈕,仍會傳出資訊
|
| 159 |
+
何時開、關,每個 session 多久,都可能被傳出,算很侵入式的資訊獲取
|
| 160 |
+
但瀏覽器本質是上網,不太可能斷網防止遙測,不然你要瀏覽器幹嘛?
|
| 161 |
+
圖中的 Telemetry-free 指無遙測,**你的瀏覽器就真的是你的瀏覽器**
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
---
|
| 164 |
+
|
| 165 |
+
### 正題:替代瀏覽器介紹
|
| 166 |
+
**本篇介紹的替代品,「以開源、免費,且和 uBlock Origin 相容」為原則**
|
| 167 |
+
|
| 168 |
+
#### [Brave Browser](https://brave.com/)
|
| 169 |
+
對習慣 Chrome 的人來說,Brave 瀏覽器算轉換成本最小的
|
| 170 |
+
因為 Brave 是本篇「唯一」基於 Chromium 的隱私瀏覽器
|
| 171 |
+
它容許 Youtube 背景播放、內建 Brave Shield (廣告/追蹤器攔截器)、Leo (隱私 AI 對話功能,預計另行撰文介紹)、Brave Talk (視訊功能,以後的文章會提)、預設用 Brave 搜尋引擎 ([之前介紹過](https://vocus.cc/article/68921a5efd89780001926c42#data-h3-4-68921a5efd89780001926c42))...
|
| 172 |
+
官方也做出調整,讓 Brave 雖身為 Chromium 系列,卻**仍可使用 uBlock Origin**
|
| 173 |
+
只想用 Brave Shield 也行,體驗很類似 uBlock Origin,只是功能不那麼細緻
|
| 174 |
+
_# 好處是內建在瀏覽器裡,所以不受外掛平台影響_
|
| 175 |
+
Brave 還有個特點:支援 Tor 連線!
|
| 176 |
+
你可以用 Brave 瀏覽器,進入先前提過的暗網
|
| 177 |
+
不用高深的技術,按鈕點一點就行
|
| 178 |
+
**注意:Brave [官方說過](https://brave.com/blog/tor-bridges/),須高度隱私的行為,仍應使用 [Tor 瀏覽器](https://www.torproject.org/download/)進行** (稍後會介紹)
|
| 179 |
+
不提不行的是,Brave 有獨特**抗網路指紋**功能
|
| 180 |
+
每次造訪網站,哪怕是同個網頁,Brave 都會隨機化可辨認特徵
|
| 181 |
+
只要你不登入,就難以被網路指紋鎖定,有興趣者可至 [EFF](https://coveryourtracks.eff.org/) 測試 (Brave 表現十分優異)
|
| 182 |
+
_# 請記得,一旦你「登入」某服務,等同交出高度可辨識特徵,不論是 Tor 還是網路指紋防護,都沒辦法阻止網站知道你是誰 (就像穿著隱形斗篷,卻拿身分證給人看)_
|
| 183 |
+
有興趣者還可開啟 Brave rewards,會看到 Brave 容許的廣告,但能賺虛擬貨幣 (就算被擋掉,仍有機會計入獎勵)
|
| 184 |
+
_# 該功能預設關閉,看不爽[把它隱藏](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6cKFliWW6Q)即可_
|
| 185 |
+
Windows 用戶可能有聽說,微軟近期加入的 Microsoft Recall 會 20 秒截圖一次你的畫面,號稱為了 AI 功能而設
|
| 186 |
+
大量反彈聲浪下,微軟允許關閉該功能,而 Brave 在此之前,就加入「瀏覽器畫面不受擷取」的保護,以用戶隱私為優先考量
|
| 187 |
+
喜歡 Brave 的人,不必擔心平台問題
|
| 188 |
+
所有主流平台如 Mac、Windows、Linux、iOS 和 Android,都能下載 Brave 瀏覽器!
|
| 189 |
+
缺點:
|
| 190 |
+
* 遙測需手動關閉,選擇有限
|
| 191 |
+
* 臃腫,不必要的功能、介面很多
|
| 192 |
+
* 美國公司,若坐大難保不會變成下一個 Google
|
| 193 |
+
|
| 194 |
+
後來推出 [Brave Origin](https://brave.com/origin/download-nightly/),基本上就是乾淨版的 Brave (把臃腫功能拔光)
|
| 195 |
+
不過要價幾千台幣,建議有錢的再去玩 (好消息,Linux 版免費!)
|
| 196 |
+
|
| 197 |
+
|
| 198 |
+
#### [Mullvad Browser](https://mullvad.net/en/browser)
|
| 199 |
+
噹啷,[又是](https://vocus.cc/article/68921a5efd89780001926c42)瑞典公司 Mullvad!
|
| 200 |
+
身為 VPN 公司,最知名的產品卻是瀏覽器,很~~諷刺~~棒吧?
|
| 201 |
+
Mullvad 瀏覽器改自 Firefox,移除所有遙測、整合 Mullvad VPN (可不使用)、預設搜尋引擎為 Mullvad Leta ([這篇](https://vocus.cc/article/68921a5efd89780001926c42)提過)
|
| 202 |
+
_# Mullvad Leta 已不再維運 QQ_
|
| 203 |
+
和 Tor 計畫結盟,號稱「只差洋蔥路由的 Tor 瀏覽器」
|
| 204 |
+
_# Mullvad 對抗網路指紋的原理和 Tor 一樣,稍後再仔細解說_
|
| 205 |
+
不儲存個人資訊如帳密、瀏覽記錄等 (關掉即刪光,預設就像無痕模式)。可能不方便,但很安全
|
| 206 |
+
_# 因此可選為預設瀏覽器,點擊連結時用它開啟,關掉就刪乾淨_
|
| 207 |
+
甚至連 uBlock Origin 都幫你裝好了
|
| 208 |
+
上述配置是為了「開箱即用」,意思是不需額外調整
|
| 209 |
+
想像你開公用電腦,查詢某些資料、登入特定帳號
|
| 210 |
+
如果直接用 Chrome、Edge,得擔心帳密、瀏覽記錄是否被儲存,以及會不會被追蹤
|
| 211 |
+
但有了 Mullvad,你要做的是「查詢 Mullvad Browser」,並下載、安裝
|
| 212 |
+
之後一切從 Mullvad 出發,Google、公用電腦取得的資訊,只有你查了 Mullvad
|
| 213 |
+
哪怕未刪除 Mullvad,關閉瀏覽器後,下一個人再開也只會看到全新頁面,什麼資料都沒留
|
| 214 |
+
缺點:
|
| 215 |
+
* 目前只有桌面版,手機不支援
|
| 216 |
+
* 設定像無痕,有些人可能不習慣 (但我超愛)
|
| 217 |
+
|
| 218 |
+
Mullvad 在改進瀏覽器方面,非常有效率
|
| 219 |
+
[評比網站](https://privacytests.org/)上,Mullvad 從前和 Firefox 差不多,現在卻變成數一數二保護隱私的選擇
|
| 220 |
+
|
| 221 |
+
#### [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/download/)
|
| 222 |
+
最安全、隱密的瀏覽器,沒有之一
|
| 223 |
+
Tor 是 [Tor project](https://www.torproject.org/) 官方基於 Firefox 魔改來的,拔光遙測、所有設定都調成隱私保障款
|
| 224 |
+
預設支持洋蔥路由 (The Onion Routing, Tor),可直接進入暗網
|
| 225 |
+
|
| 226 |
+
---
|
| 227 |
+
|
| 228 |
+
講古:
|
| 229 |
+
洋蔥路由是美國海軍實驗室草創,研究匿蹤通訊科技
|
| 230 |
+
初創者退役後改為民間單位,MIT 電腦科學家加入團隊
|
| 231 |
+
後續轉向對抗流量監聽、網路活動審查、保障隱私等,並成立 [Tor project](https://www.torproject.org/) 非營利組織,早期主要靠電子前鋒基金會 ([EFF](https://www.eff.org/))贊助
|
| 232 |
+
洋蔥路由連線皆經三層加密,沒有單一伺服器能解析使用者 IP、網路活動
|
| 233 |
+
伺服器群是志願者、機構架設,分佈於全球各地,不受特定政府管轄
|
| 234 |
+
Tor 瀏覽器除了洋蔥路由,也抗指紋追蹤
|
| 235 |
+
原理是混合「所有使用者資訊」,讓每個人看起來都一樣 (和 Brave 正好相反,但都很有效)
|
| 236 |
+
|
| 237 |
+
---
|
| 238 |
+
|
| 239 |
+
同樣開箱即用,不需額外調整
|
| 240 |
+
但使用者才是關鍵,不當使用仍會破壞 Tor 匿名性
|
| 241 |
+
譬如登入某些帳號,你的登入資訊仍會被抓到
|
| 242 |
+
或造訪 http 而非 https 網站,又做各種資料、訊息傳輸,則第三方仍有機會竊聽
|
| 243 |
+
官方未加裝 uBlock Origin,也**強烈不建議安裝任何外掛、改任何設定**
|
| 244 |
+
否則可能破壞匿名性、增加受敵面積 (因為外掛程式可被網路指紋追蹤,你會在拌勻的資訊裡鶴立雞群)
|
| 245 |
+
**Tor 保障的是網路安全,至於軟硬體、電腦被埋側錄程式等問題,不在守備範疇內**
|
| 246 |
+
缺點:
|
| 247 |
+
* 除非是高風險人士,否則不建議日常活動使用 Tor
|
| 248 |
+
不然你只會覺得,網路變很慢很難用
|
| 249 |
+
* 沒 iOS 版,iPhone 可改用 Onion Browser (下文會介紹)
|
| 250 |
+
|
| 251 |
+
#### [LibreWolf](https://librewolf.net/)
|
| 252 |
+
Libre- 是拉丁文「自由」之意,Wolf 就是狼,所以是自由的狼
|
| 253 |
+
這個專案非常酷,由社群人士自發投入,將 Firefox 改得更隱私友善
|
| 254 |
+
|
| 255 |
+
---
|
| 256 |
+
|
| 257 |
+
講古:
|
| 258 |
+
2020 LibreWolf 會創立,是因為 Mozilla 諸多作為惹惱不少隱私愛好者
|
| 259 |
+
* Firefox 發行者 Mozilla 不斷追加遙測功能,還越來越侵入式
|
| 260 |
+
* 除了增加遙測,又把「贊助 Mozilla」、「Mozilla VPN」等各種功能,擺到更顯眼處
|
| 261 |
+
白話文就是,偷你資料又推銷產品
|
| 262 |
+
* Mozilla 更新使用條款,把「永遠不會使用用戶資料」刪掉,又移除「漸進式網頁應用程式 (Progressive Web App, PWA)」支援
|
| 263 |
+
* 另一個受歡迎的 Firefox 分支,Waterfox,在 2020 年初被廣告公司 System1 收購 (沒錯,就是我[搜尋引擎那篇](https://vocus.cc/article/68921a5efd89780001926c42)提過的廣告公司)
|
| 264 |
+
社群覺得自由、獨立的本質消失了,需要有替代品
|
| 265 |
+
|
| 266 |
+
這時候,開源的優點就很耀眼啦!
|
| 267 |
+
|
| 268 |
+
開發者創建新的 Firefox 分支 (fork),並大肆修改,命名為 LibreWolf 象徵重新取回自由
|
| 269 |
+
|
| 270 |
+
---
|
| 271 |
+
|
| 272 |
+
LibreWolf 適合偏執用戶 (例如我),因為以下出廠設定,或許不適合一般人:
|
| 273 |
+
* 關閉程式即刪除 cookie、瀏覽記錄 (形同無痕,和 Mullvad 一樣)
|
| 274 |
+
* 反網路指紋設定,預設開啟
|
| 275 |
+
* 拔光所有遙測,也拆除 Mozilla 置入性行銷,非常乾淨
|
| 276 |
+
* 預設安裝 uBlock Origin
|
| 277 |
+
* 螢幕寬度設死、背景設為亮色系、時區是 UTC + 0、不允許硬體圖像渲染...
|
| 278 |
+
這些設定是用來保護網路指紋,降低個體獨特性
|
| 279 |
+
* 更新十分快速,只要 Firefox 推出更新,他們多半會在 1 天內跟上
|
| 280 |
+
若有任何漏洞修補,LibreWolf 也能立刻跟進
|
| 281 |
+
* 預設搜尋引擎為 DuckDuckGo (請參見我的[搜尋引擎比較](./deGoogle-search-engine.md)),不綁 Google
|
| 282 |
+
|
| 283 |
+
LibreWolf 超棒的,因為是社群專案,有任何意見都能直接向開發者反映
|
| 284 |
+
往往也會迅速得到回覆,且不受制任何公司
|
| 285 |
+
缺點:
|
| 286 |
+
* 只有桌面版
|
| 287 |
+
* Mac 用戶安裝不便
|
| 288 |
+
開發者拒付蘋果稅,得手動下載、安裝
|
| 289 |
+
Windows 則可[無腦裝](https://librewolf.net/installation/windows/)
|
| 290 |
+
* 無自動更新,需手動處理
|
| 291 |
+
若用指令安裝,可仰仗套件管理器的自動更新功能
|
| 292 |
+
* 阻擋硬體渲染,有些網站載入圖片會稍慢
|
| 293 |
+
|
| 294 |
+
總之,LibreWolf 比較像「面向開發者的瀏覽器」,日常用戶需適應一下
|
| 295 |
+
LibreWolf 官網有[很多資源](https://librewolf.net/docs/testing/),有興趣可參考
|
| 296 |
+
|
| 297 |
+
#### [Zen Browser](https://zen-browser.app/)
|
| 298 |
+
Zen 可說是開源、Firefox 基底版的 Arc 瀏覽器 (也許有些老人聽過?)
|
| 299 |
+
Zen 同樣是社群自發的專案,注重隱私但不像前幾個那麼極端
|
| 300 |
+
撰文時仍在 beta 測試階段,會一直更新功能、介面
|
| 301 |
+
有垂直標籤列、整合標籤等流行設計,且畫面偏極簡
|
| 302 |
+
可客製化功能多,且有 Zen Mods (畫面風格外掛)能直接套用
|
| 303 |
+
獨家功能是,可在瀏覽器畫面內分割多個視窗
|
| 304 |
+
官方陸續拔除了遙測,新版已不會送資訊給 Mozilla
|
| 305 |
+
相較於前幾個項目,Zen 比較像「尊重隱私」而非「守護隱私」
|
| 306 |
+
簡言之,Zen 不拿你的個資,但也沒太多額外保護
|
| 307 |
+
缺點:
|
| 308 |
+
* 快速發展中,可能遇到 bug
|
| 309 |
+
* 未預裝 uBlock Origin、保護較弱 (但還堪用)
|
| 310 |
+
* 尚且只有桌面版,行動裝置無緣消受
|
| 311 |
+
* 官方對[隱私](https://github.com/zen-browser/desktop/discussions/5907)、[漏洞](https://github.com/zen-browser/desktop/issues/5947)的應對方式,令人[生疑](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43443494)
|
| 312 |
+
|
| 313 |
+
#### [Floorp](https://floorp.app/)
|
| 314 |
+
Floorp 是罕見的「日本製」瀏覽器,比壓縮機還稀少 (唯一亞洲貨)
|
| 315 |
+
2021 年時由[日本學生](https://docs.floorp.app/docs/other/contributors/) aka 社群開發者,以「Firefox 界的 Vivaldi 瀏覽器」為定位創建
|
| 316 |
+
Floorp 高度可自訂,雙側邊欄、標籤位置等功能都沒少
|
| 317 |
+
摘除 Mozilla 遙測,還有嚴格模式能進一步防守
|
| 318 |
+
嚴格模式封鎖特定 API、偽造 WebGL 資訊 (即前述硬體渲染)、也預設使用容器區隔分頁
|
| 319 |
+
_# 封鎖的 API 主要是易洩漏資訊者;容器化可隔離個別分頁,避免跨站追蹤_
|
| 320 |
+
Floorp 甚至提供「一鍵切換 user agent」,也就是從原本「xxx 平台的 Firefox 使用者」,喬裝成「ooo 平台的 Chrome 用戶」
|
| 321 |
+
_# 平台指 OS,例如 Windows、Linux_
|
| 322 |
+
不過 user agent switcher 在第 12 版後停止支援,需靠外掛達成
|
| 323 |
+
缺點:
|
| 324 |
+
* 僅有桌面版
|
| 325 |
+
* 未先安裝 uBlock Origin,要自己記得補裝
|
| 326 |
+
某些版本似乎有預裝,但新版官方又移除了
|
| 327 |
+
* 高保護的嚴格模式,需手動切換,並非「開箱即享有」
|
| 328 |
+
* 文件更新較慢,需注意是否有過時描述
|
| 329 |
+
|
| 330 |
+
#### [Waterfox](https://www.waterfox.net/)
|
| 331 |
+
Waterfox 直翻「水狐」,因應火狐而取名
|
| 332 |
+
從前也是社群專案,專為隱私打造 (LibreWolf 那段提過)
|
| 333 |
+
不過曾被美國廣告公司 System1 收購、預設 Startpage 為搜尋引擎,令不少開發者惱怒
|
| 334 |
+
_# 好消息是,2023 年水狐開發者 Alex Kontos [宣布](https://www.waterfox.net/blog/a-new-chapter-for-waterfox/),Waterfox 重新獨立!_
|
| 335 |
+
好處是 Waterfox 開源、有相對隱私的設定
|
| 336 |
+
例如移除預測遙測、 阻擋追蹤器、一鍵清除資料,也脫去 Mozilla 置入的功能
|
| 337 |
+
且支援 Chrome、Opera、及新舊版 Firefox 外掛 (但不保證完全相容)
|
| 338 |
+
各大主流平台都可取得,包括電腦和手機 (除 iOS 外)
|
| 339 |
+
缺點:
|
| 340 |
+
* 之前能隨便出售,以後會不會再賣,難說
|
| 341 |
+
* 沒預載 uBlock Origin,需手動安裝
|
| 342 |
+
* 預設搜尋引擎 Startpage ,已被美國廣告公司 System1 收購
|
| 343 |
+
_# 開發者有做個 [Waterfox Private Search](https://www.waterfox.net/blog/waterfox-private-search/),但截稿前仍在 Beta 測試階段_
|
| 344 |
+
* 隱私保障中等,額外措施不多
|
| 345 |
+
|
| 346 |
+
2026 年更成為除了 Brave,第一個使用其函式庫實作廣告攔截器的瀏覽器
|
| 347 |
+
過濾引擎用 rust 寫成、無需外掛,效能高、攻擊面積較小
|
| 348 |
+
還正在早期測試中,穩定度���保證,且預設會留文字廣告 (為了 startpage 廣告分潤)
|
| 349 |
+
用戶得自行點選全擋,才能取回乾淨頁面
|
| 350 |
+
|
| 351 |
+
#### [Onion Browser](https://onionbrowser.com/)
|
| 352 |
+
前面提到 Tor 瀏覽器無 iOS 版,但社群開發者是很厲害的,沒有就做一個出來呀!
|
| 353 |
+
[Mike Tigas](https://github.com/mtigas),自稱駭客兼記者,開發了 Onion browser (直譯就是「洋蔥瀏覽器」,因 Tor 是「洋蔥路由」)
|
| 354 |
+
[Guardian project](https://guardianproject.info/2019/10/08/onions-on-apples-a-new-release-of-onion-browser-for-ios/) 贊助下,開放免費下載
|
| 355 |
+
後來 Tor 官方更[推薦](https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-31/)洋蔥瀏覽器,稱其為 iOS 上最好的 Tor 替代品
|
| 356 |
+
洋蔥瀏覽器內建 Tor 代理,白話文就是能直接連上 Tor,基本上就是「iOS 版的 Tor」
|
| 357 |
+
_# 也可串接 [Orbot app](https://orbot.app/en/),連線至 Tor 網路_
|
| 358 |
+
同樣開源非營利,建構在 WebKit 核心上,有銅銀金三種防護程度可選 (預 設為銀)
|
| 359 |
+
缺點:
|
| 360 |
+
* 建構在 WebKit 引擎而非 Firefox 上,安全性較低
|
| 361 |
+
WebKit 是蘋果推出的 Safari 核心,相較 Firefox Gecko,開發者能動的底層[設定](https://www.privacyguides.org/articles/2024/09/18/onion-browser-review/#other-settings)不多
|
| 362 |
+
更何況審視 WebKit 的開發者較少,所以安全性不如其他平台的 Tor
|
| 363 |
+
_# 別怪 Onion,去**怪蘋果**!他們規定「**上架 iOS 的瀏覽器,都必須用 WebKit 核心**」_
|
| 364 |
+
儘管歐盟反壟斷法,讓其他核心也能在「歐盟市場」上架,但尚無瀏覽器替換引擎
|
| 365 |
+
_# 首先,市場局限不符成本 (全球開放比較有動機);再來,開發者幹嘛為了蘋果,從頭再做一次?_
|
| 366 |
+
* iOS 系統限制,無法與 Tor 生態系完整相容,削弱安全性 (再買蘋果啊!)
|
| 367 |
+
* 僅 iOS 可取得
|
| 368 |
+
|
| 369 |
+
其餘優缺點大致和 Tor 相同,畢竟只是不同平台上的替代品
|
| 370 |
+
|
| 371 |
+
#### [Cromite](https://github.com/uazo/cromite)
|
| 372 |
+
基於 Chromium,但社群魔改成保障隱私的瀏覽器
|
| 373 |
+
開源、拔除遙測、內建修改版 Adblock Plus,也和 uBlock Origin 相容
|
| 374 |
+
有網路指紋防護,可說是除了 Brave 外少數能用的 Chromium 瀏覽器
|
| 375 |
+
在 Windows、Android、Linux 系統都能用,蘋果系列請去怪 Apple
|
| 376 |
+
|
| 377 |
+
缺點:
|
| 378 |
+
* iOS、MacOS 不支援
|
| 379 |
+
* 未上架 Google Play
|
| 380 |
+
不和 Google 生態系妥協,或許算優點
|
| 381 |
+
可從[官方釋出](https://github.com/uazo/cromite#releases)下載,Android 用戶可至[開源程式商店](./deGoogle-appStore.md) [F-droid](https://f-droid.org/) 下載
|
| 382 |
+
* 沒預載 uBlock Origin,需手動安裝
|
| 383 |
+
|
| 384 |
+
習慣 Chromium 生態系,一樣能取回隱私
|
| 385 |
+
|
| 386 |
+
#### [Firefox Focus](https://www.firefox.com/en-US/browsers/mobile/focus/)
|
| 387 |
+
專注版 Firefox 是 Moziila 推出、給行動裝置的瀏覽器
|
| 388 |
+
沒預裝 uBlock Origin,但有內建較弱的追蹤器攔截器
|
| 389 |
+
從前 Firefox Focus 有 Mozilla 遙測,2024 才移除了預設遙測 (但似乎沒特別[說明](https://www.techzine.eu/news/privacy-compliance/123726/mozilla-removes-telemetry-service-adjust-from-mobile-firefox-versions/))
|
| 390 |
+
_# 不過 Mozilla 會不會又置入遙測,無法保證_
|
| 391 |
+
預設就是無痕模式,關閉視窗即刪光歷程記錄、cookie
|
| 392 |
+
也提供一鍵清除歷程、cookie 功能,不一定要靠關閉 app 達成
|
| 393 |
+
有個其他競品缺少的特色 - 指紋解鎖瀏覽器
|
| 394 |
+
且在 stealth mode 下,切換 app 時會屏蔽瀏覽器畫面
|
| 395 |
+
~~避免不小心曝光你見不得人的秘密~~,可提供多一層保護
|
| 396 |
+
有趣的是,Firefox focus 本身可作追蹤器攔截器,安裝到 Safari 當外掛
|
| 397 |
+
_# 有點納悶此功能,直接用 Firefox focus 不就好了?_
|
| 398 |
+
缺點:
|
| 399 |
+
* 發行者為美國公司 Moziila,儘管開源,但說不定又會搞遙測或其他手段
|
| 400 |
+
Mozilla 是個基金會,但也成立了同名公司
|
| 401 |
+
每年近 9 成營收來自「預設 Google 為搜尋引擎」,獲得的廣告分潤 (參見 Mozilla 每年財報)
|
| 402 |
+
_# 受制於 Google,若哪天被以「不續約」要挾,Mozilla 是否挺得住呢?_
|
| 403 |
+
* 續上,預設搜尋引擎為 Google (但可手動更換,替換選項參考[這篇](./deGoogle-search-engine.md))
|
| 404 |
+
* 未預裝 uBlock Origin
|
| 405 |
+
_# 畢竟若廣告被擋光,就沒分潤啦!_
|
| 406 |
+
* 只有手機版
|
| 407 |
+
* [網路指紋防護](https://www.bitestring.com/posts/2023-03-19-web-fingerprinting-is-worse-than-I-thought.html)、隱私保障不若前幾者
|
| 408 |
+
|
| 409 |
+
#### [Firefox](https://www.firefox.com/)
|
| 410 |
+
想必很多人聽過,就是大名鼎鼎的[火狐](https://www.firefox.com/zh-TW/)瀏覽器嘍!
|
| 411 |
+
Mozilla 直接維運,更新最快、都是第一手,還有 Firefox Labs 測試功能可玩
|
| 412 |
+
_# 有個測試功能是,側邊欄 AI 聊天介面,串接主流 LLM 供應商
|
| 413 |
+
~~從前還有開源的 HuggingChat~~,但那已無預警停止服務了,復活之後很不一樣
|
| 414 |
+
復刻版對隱私不那麼保障,功能也差強人意_
|
| 415 |
+
|
| 416 |
+
---
|
| 417 |
+
|
| 418 |
+
講古 (可略):
|
| 419 |
+
從前瀏覽器由微軟 Internet Explore (IE),和 Netscape Navigator (網景領航員)二分天下
|
| 420 |
+
網景領航員功能更完善、使用者體驗較好 (網景工程師很強,發明 JavaScript 甚至只花兩週)
|
| 421 |
+
_# 順帶一提,JS 發明人曾任 Mozilla CEO,也是 Brave 創辦人_
|
| 422 |
+
微軟眼見打不贏,就出[奧步](https://www.justice.gov/atr/file/705246/dl)把 IE 綁成 Windows 預設瀏覽器
|
| 423 |
+
許多人沒花工夫查其他選擇,就固著於 IE,使其市占率大增、網景因此倒閉
|
| 424 |
+
之後,在網景為首的企業[舉發](https://www.computerworld.com/article/1362658/update-netscape-sues-microsoft-over-browser.html)下,美國司法部協同 20 個州的檢察長,向微軟發起[反壟斷訴訟](https://www.theringer.com/2018/05/18/tech/microsoft-antitrust-lawsuit-netscape-internet-explorer-20-years)
|
| 425 |
+
最後當然是微軟敗訴,需調整商業模式但逃過公司拆分
|
| 426 |
+
網景的律師也很行,微軟最後支付鉅額達成和解 (付給網景母公司,AOL 時代華納)
|
| 427 |
+
|
| 428 |
+
講這幹嘛呢?
|
| 429 |
+
|
| 430 |
+
網景歷經收購、重組等波折,核心成員在捐助下,組成 Mozilla 基金會 (很眼熟吧!)
|
| 431 |
+
_# Mozilla 是 Navigator 的內部代號_
|
| 432 |
+
他們開源 Netscape Navigator,並著手改寫
|
| 433 |
+
換 Gecko 引擎後,釋出 Phoenix/Firebird,之後改名 Firefox
|
| 434 |
+
_# 他們也釋出 Minotaur,即後來的 Thunderbird_
|
| 435 |
+
Firefox 從此就變社群導向的開源專案囉!
|
| 436 |
+
|
| 437 |
+
---
|
| 438 |
+
|
| 439 |
+
火狐開源、高度可自訂、附帶截圖功能、支援各大平台
|
| 440 |
+
且從前為人詬病的速度,也在幾次[引擎大改](https://blog.mozilla.org/en/mozilla/introducing-firefox-quantum/)後巨幅提升
|
| 441 |
+
甚至因為沒 Google 那坨追蹤器、臃腫程式,有時還更快
|
| 442 |
+
相較 Chrome,許多網站的廣告也會被攔阻 (但效果有限)
|
| 443 |
+
相對省記憶體,純效能考量不再輸光
|
| 444 |
+
Firefox 系列都內建「開源 PDF 編輯器」,超方便的
|
| 445 |
+
缺點:
|
| 446 |
+
* Mozilla 直營,有[恐怖遙測](https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/why-is-mozilla-firefox-built-with-telemetry-reporting-explicity-enabled/146466)、置入功能
|
| 447 |
+
* 預設搜尋引擎是 Google
|
| 448 |
+
* 沒擋網路指紋
|
| 449 |
+
* 沒預裝 uBlock Origin
|
| 450 |
+
* 想要無痕體驗,需自行開啟隱私瀏覽
|
| 451 |
+
|
| 452 |
+
好處是,若有興趣鑽研,多數缺點都能手動排除
|
| 453 |
+
關閉遙測、隱藏置入、開啟網路指紋防護、設定總是開無痕、其他安全措施...
|
| 454 |
+
全都可透過[設定檔](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/about-config-editor-firefox)調整 (在網址列輸入 `about:config `即可進入修改)
|
| 455 |
+
_# Firefox 系列,都能用 `about:config` 修改設定_
|
| 456 |
+
uBlock Origin 也手動安裝即可
|
| 457 |
+
若是自用電腦,可以魔改成喜歡的樣子
|
| 458 |
+
但在外想「開箱即用」的話,就不是那麼方便
|
| 459 |
+
|
| 460 |
+
---
|
| 461 |
+
|
| 462 |
+
#### 懶人包
|
| 463 |
+
依需求推薦:
|
| 464 |
+
* 想要所有平台體驗近似,且只要一個瀏覽器 → [Brave](https://brave.com/) / [Waterfox](https://www.waterfox.net/) / [Cromite](https://github.com/uazo/cromite)
|
| 465 |
+
* 喜歡高度客製化
|
| 466 |
+
* 電腦版 → [Floorp](https://floorp.app/) / [Zen](https://zen-browser.app/)
|
| 467 |
+
* 手機 [Waterfox](https://www.waterfox.net/) / [Firefox](https://www.firefox.com/) ([focus](https://www.firefox.com/browsers/mobile/focus/))
|
| 468 |
+
* 倡議者、人權記者 → 不用說,就是 [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/download/)
|
| 469 |
+
* 偏激隱私仔 (例如我):
|
| 470 |
+
各瀏覽器有不同優勢,沒規定只能選一個
|
| 471 |
+
**許多開發者會裝 4、5 個瀏覽器**,區隔不同用途
|
| 472 |
+
例如平時習慣 [Floorp](https://floorp.app/)、預設開啟網頁用 [LibreWolf](https://librewolf.net/) / [Mullvad](https://mullvad.net/en/browser)、裝 [Brave](https://brave.com/) 使用 Chromium 功能、為非作歹高隱私需求活動用 [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/download/)...
|
| 473 |
+
至於行動裝置,選擇較少更要精打細算 ([Brave](https://brave.com/) / [Waterfox](https://www.waterfox.net/) / [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/download/) / [Cromite](https://github.com/uazo/cromite))
|
| 474 |
+
|
| 475 |
+
---
|
| 476 |
+
|
| 477 |
+
#### 漏網之魚 or 遺珠之憾?
|
| 478 |
+
有些人可能好奇,不是有一堆「號稱」重隱私的瀏覽器,如 Vivaldi、Puffin、DuckDuckGo、Pale Moon、IceCat、SeaMonkey、Hyphanet 嗎?
|
| 479 |
+
一個個來:
|
| 480 |
+
* Vivaldi
|
| 481 |
+
* 建構在 Chromium 上,只有 Chromium 開源,其餘非開源
|
| 482 |
+
* 官方說[會跟進 Manifest V3](https://vivaldi.com/blog/manifest-v3-update-vivaldi-is-future-proofed-with-its-built-in-functionality/),不再支援 uBlock Origin、推銷自家廣告攔截器
|
| 483 |
+
攔廣告只是順路,和最強追蹤器攔截器不相容便不予考慮
|
| 484 |
+
* 而且月曆、郵件、高度客製化功能,都會讓瀏覽器變臃腫、增加網路指紋識別度
|
| 485 |
+
* 雖然沒到侵犯隱私,但非開源、保護不那麼完善,就不特地推薦
|
| 486 |
+
* Puffin
|
| 487 |
+
* 雖然是台灣人創立的公司 (CloudMosa),但程式碼不開源,出局
|
| 488 |
+
* DuckDuckGo
|
| 489 |
+
* 美國公司**閉源**產品,慢走不送
|
| 490 |
+
* 重點是 DuckDuckGo 瀏覽器曾[開���門給微軟](https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/duckduckgo-browser-allows-microsoft-trackers-due-to-search-agreement/),隱私保障顯然[非第一順位](https://www.wired.com/story/duckduckgo-microsoft-twitter-ft-bush-assassination-whatsapp/)
|
| 491 |
+
用非開源的產品,就得盲目信任對方
|
| 492 |
+
若對方已踐踏過信任,更不值得考慮
|
| 493 |
+
* [Pale Moon](https://www.palemoon.org/)
|
| 494 |
+
這值得細講
|
| 495 |
+
Pale Moon 是非 Firefox、非 Chromium,少數還活著的獨立瀏覽器
|
| 496 |
+
支援電腦版、有持續維護、開源,甚至有可攜版 (不必安裝)
|
| 497 |
+
但設計非常過時,也和 Firefox、Chromium 的外掛不相容
|
| 498 |
+
[有人實測](https://www.reddit.com/r/browsers/comments/18wj96a/i_tried_pale_moon_because_ugemmaugr_keeps/)過,有興趣可參考
|
| 499 |
+
該用戶指出,可找到「過時」版的 uBlock Origin,但點擊後會跳到程式碼倉庫,不會自動安裝
|
| 500 |
+
而官方提供的攔截器,又形同失能
|
| 501 |
+
若有舊電腦、喜歡懷舊風的,去玩玩無妨
|
| 502 |
+
但最後幾點對隱私保障不足,因此本篇不介紹
|
| 503 |
+
* [IceCat](https://www.gnu.org/software/gnuzilla/)
|
| 504 |
+
一言難盡,IceCat 又稱 GNU IceCat,是 GNU 開源基金會從 Firefox 改來的
|
| 505 |
+
當年有做出許多保障隱私的調整,程式碼也全開源
|
| 506 |
+
支援各[電腦平台](https://icecatbrowser.org/download.html),不過[更新速度](https://gitlab.trisquel.org/ruben/icecat/-/tree/102.5.0)是以年計
|
| 507 |
+
更新可以稍慢,但「年」有點夸張
|
| 508 |
+
漏洞修補一天都嫌久,何況是月、年?
|
| 509 |
+
一年中,瀏覽器總有許多漏洞被發現、修補,而沒修補的就很容易被利用
|
| 510 |
+
_# 資安界稱「零日漏洞」 (zero day vulnerability)_
|
| 511 |
+
安全性不理想,所以不列入
|
| 512 |
+
* [SeaMonkey](https://www.seamonkey-project.org/)
|
| 513 |
+
別誤會,那是指豐年蝦,不是海裡的猴子
|
| 514 |
+
SeaMonkey 不只是瀏覽器,而是 all-in-one 的瀏覽器-email-HTML 編輯器-IRC 即時通訊-網頁開發工具組
|
| 515 |
+
是社群開發者將當初網景的統合工具組,撿回來再開發而成
|
| 516 |
+
不介紹是因為:
|
| 517 |
+
* uBlock Origin 相容性問題 (僅支援舊版)
|
| 518 |
+
* [研究](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~kmowery/papers/js-fingerprinting.pdf)說明,網路指紋 100% 可被辨識
|
| 519 |
+
* 更新慢,約莫半年一次
|
| 520 |
+
_# 莫忘零日漏洞_
|
| 521 |
+
* [Hyphanet](https://www.hyphanet.org/index.html)
|
| 522 |
+
Hyphanet 是對等網路 (peer-to-peer, p2p),使用者直接對使用者,不經第三方審查
|
| 523 |
+
由分散式節點構成、社群開發者自主維運,和 Tor 類似
|
| 524 |
+
|
| 525 |
+
聽起來很棒,為什麼沒介紹?
|
| 526 |
+
|
| 527 |
+
因為嚴格來說,它不是個瀏覽器,而是連結此網路的軟體
|
| 528 |
+
非瀏覽器,自然不在範疇內囉!
|
| 529 |
+
有興趣者仍可[下載](https://www.hyphanet.org/pages/download.html),但有點技術門檻
|
| 530 |
+
_# 特別提它是因為,Tuta [介紹瀏覽器的文章](https://tuta.com/blog/best-private-browsers)有寫到_
|
| 531 |
+
|
| 532 |
+
---
|
| 533 |
+
|
| 534 |
+
除了開箱即用者,許多瀏覽器都能手動硬化 (外國社群稱 hardening),調成相對高隱私
|
| 535 |
+
下載瀏覽器後,不妨進入設定逛逛,按自己喜好訂製專屬款!
|
| 536 |
+
_# 圖形化設定介面,或 `about:config` (chromium 系列則是 `flags`)都可嘗試_
|
| 537 |
+
|
deGoogle-calendar.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 替換日曆
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 你有記得把時間加到 Google Calendar 上嗎?
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
雖然 Google 宣稱不會用日曆內容推廣告,但仍會蒐集用戶資訊
|
| 6 |
+
包括時間、事件標題、描述、參與者...
|
| 7 |
+
_# 何況 Google 無信用可言_
|
| 8 |
+
且無端對端加密,所以 Google 能輕鬆如意地拿到資料
|
| 9 |
+
再者,Google 身為美國企業,若該國政府用[監聽法案](https://proton.me/blog/us-warrantless-surveillance)索取資料
|
| 10 |
+
Google 極可能積極配合,不論要求是否合理
|
| 11 |
+
畢竟 [PRISM](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data) 都跪過了,哪可能為了你得罪政府?
|
| 12 |
+
|
| 13 |
+
#### 開換吧!
|
| 14 |
+

|
| 15 |
+
<sup>圖源:隱私倡議者 - 我</sup>
|
| 16 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指免費開源軟體 (Free and Open Source Software),或開源、至少有長久免費版者</sup>
|
| 17 |
+
<sup>End-to-end encryption 為端對端加密,僅當事人、經授權者能看到內容</sup>
|
| 18 |
+
<sup>non-profit 指「不以營利為目的」,不是「非營利機構」</sup>
|
| 19 |
+
除了 Google 日曆,Apple Calendar 也該換
|
| 20 |
+
Apple Calendar [沒端對端加密](https://support.apple.com/en-us/102651),即使開啟進階資料保護 (Advanced Data Protection, ADP)仍[不支援](https://support.apple.com/en-ca/guide/security/sec973254c5f/web)
|
| 21 |
+
_# 端對端加密代表只有你、經授權者能看到內容,即便公司方亦無從窺探_
|
| 22 |
+
蘋果曾參與稜鏡計劃 (PRISM),過去也[不甚光彩](https://www.reuters.com/legal/apple-must-face-narrowed-privacy-lawsuit-over-its-apps-2024-09-27/)
|
| 23 |
+
沒端對端加密、程式碼又閉源,實在不怎麼隱私
|
| 24 |
+
|
| 25 |
+
替代品眾多,畢竟日曆不是什麼艱深科技
|
| 26 |
+
更因如此,不必拘泥特定公司的~~噁爛~~產品
|
| 27 |
+
|
| 28 |
+
#### [Proton Calendar](https://proton.me/calendar)
|
| 29 |
+
沒錯,又是 Proton!
|
| 30 |
+
專做隱私產品,自然常常出現
|
| 31 |
+
Proton 是瑞士公司,從加密郵件起家
|
| 32 |
+
_# Proton 品牌故事,可參見我[介紹 Email 的文章](./deGoogle-email.md)_
|
| 33 |
+
日曆開源、端對端加密
|
| 34 |
+
[免費版](https://proton.me/pricing)可創三個日曆,欲分享則須訂閱
|
| 35 |
+
_# 訂閱可享有 Proton 生態系服務_
|
| 36 |
+
缺點:
|
| 37 |
+
* 免費版功能較少
|
| 38 |
+
* 會蒐集意外資訊
|
| 39 |
+
_# 例如 app 當機、意外掛掉_
|
| 40 |
+
|
| 41 |
+
#### [Tuta Calendar](https://tuta.com/calendar)
|
| 42 |
+
就是做[加密 Email](./deGoogle-email.md) 的那家德國公司,Tuta,~~土塔~~ (官方沒這樣翻)
|
| 43 |
+
幾乎什麼資料都不蒐集,日曆端對端加密、開源
|
| 44 |
+
免費版可建單一自用日曆,訂閱則享更多服務
|
| 45 |
+

|
| 46 |
+
圖源:Tuta 日曆[介紹](https://tuta.com/blog/private-calendar-alternative-to-google#google-calendar-alternatives-tuta-vs-proton-vs-ourcal)
|
| 47 |
+
官方的比較圖,可見左方 Tuta 不蒐集個資,右方 Google 日曆則搜刮一堆
|
| 48 |
+
缺點:
|
| 49 |
+
* 免費版功能較少
|
| 50 |
+
* ~~過於安全~~
|
| 51 |
+
|
| 52 |
+
#### [Nextcloud Calendar](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/calendar)
|
| 53 |
+
同樣是熟面孔德國公司,Nextcloud
|
| 54 |
+
產品百分百開源,體驗類似 Google 的整合雲端服務
|
| 55 |
+
因可自行架設,日曆無端對端加密
|
| 56 |
+
_# 你應該不必擔心,自己偷自己資料_
|
| 57 |
+
缺點:
|
| 58 |
+
* 自行架設有技術門檻
|
| 59 |
+
* 無端對端加密
|
| 60 |
+
若和親友共享服務,則架設者有機會看到眾人資訊
|
| 61 |
+
|
| 62 |
+
#### [Fossify Calendar](https://www.fossify.org/apps/)
|
| 63 |
+
從名稱可知,想把東西變「開源免費」
|
| 64 |
+
_# FOSS: Free and Open Source; Fossify: 把東西 FOSS 化_
|
| 65 |
+
社群建立的免費、開源專案,可完全離線使用
|
| 66 |
+
若欲同步日期、各種功能,須找到適當服務
|
| 67 |
+
_# 其為 Android app,支援 CalDAV protocol_
|
| 68 |
+
意思是,想更新日期、連結信箱的話,仍須串接線上服務
|
| 69 |
+
和 Google、Nextcloud 等各種 CalDAV 伺服器相容
|
| 70 |
+
缺點:
|
| 71 |
+
* 同步功能須找服務支持,Google 或第三方都行
|
| 72 |
+
_# 你可以不同步,當離線 app 用_
|
| 73 |
+
* 僅支援 Android
|
| 74 |
+
* 無端對端加密
|
| 75 |
+
|
| 76 |
+
Fossify 亦提供「聯絡人」、「檔案管理員」、「相簿」、「簡訊」等 app
|
| 77 |
+
|
| 78 |
+
#### [Etar](https://github.com/Etar-Group/Etar-Calendar)
|
| 79 |
+
開源、免費的社群專案, 用於替代 Google 日曆
|
| 80 |
+
介面簡潔直觀,功能齊全
|
| 81 |
+
_# 可用日、週、月檢視,有亮、暗主題..._
|
| 82 |
+
能完全離線使用,若想同步則須連接線上服務 (和 Fossify 類似)
|
| 83 |
+
缺點:
|
| 84 |
+
* 只有 Android 版
|
| 85 |
+
* 無端對端加密
|
| 86 |
+
* 同步功能仰賴線上服務
|
| 87 |
+
_# 但可離線使用,不一定得同步_
|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
純粹替代 Google 日曆應用程式,很夠用
|
| 90 |
+
且社群評價不錯,值得一試
|
| 91 |
+
|
| 92 |
+
#### [DAVx<sup>5</sup>](https://www.davx5.com/)
|
| 93 |
+
奧地利公司 bitfire web engineering 維運,遵守歐盟 [GDPR](https://gdpr-info.eu/) 隱私保護法規
|
| 94 |
+
橋接線上服務和應用程式,用以同步日曆、聯絡人,可視為轉接器
|
| 95 |
+
前述 Fossify、Etar 都能靠 DAVx<sup>5</sup> 連上想要的服務
|
| 96 |
+
缺點:
|
| 97 |
+
* 僅支援 Android
|
| 98 |
+
* 無端對端加密
|
| 99 |
+
畢竟是轉接器,傳輸層加密比較合理
|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
#### [Thunderbird](https://www.thunderbird.net/en-US/calendar/)
|
| 102 |
+
Thunderbird (直翻雷鳥) 是萬用郵件前端,可連接各家 email 信箱
|
| 103 |
+
由 Mozilla 開發,後脫離成獨立專案
|
| 104 |
+
開源、免費,各大桌面平台、Android 都可取得
|
| 105 |
+
|
| 106 |
+
在這裡提 email app,跑錯篇了?
|
| 107 |
+
|
| 108 |
+
別走!你聽我解釋 (八點檔戲碼)!
|
| 109 |
+
從前官方外掛 lightning,賦予雷鳥日曆功能
|
| 110 |
+
後來 lightning 被整入雷鳥,不必再另裝外掛
|
| 111 |
+
意思是,下載 Thunderbird 就會有內建日曆
|
| 112 |
+
可離線使用,也可連接線上服務以同步資訊
|
| 113 |
+
缺點:
|
| 114 |
+
* 非獨立日曆,跟郵件 app 同捆
|
| 115 |
+
對某些人可能是優點,兩個願望一次滿足
|
| 116 |
+
我[替換郵件](./deGoogle-email.md)那篇文,有介紹 [Thunderbird](https://www.thunderbird.net/en-US/)
|
| 117 |
+
* 日曆無端對端加密
|
| 118 |
+
* 尚無 iOS 版 (仍在開發中)
|
| 119 |
+
_# 官方[說法](https://blog.thunderbird.net/2025/06/thunderbird-mobile-progress-report-may-2025/):預計 2025 年底進入 alpha 測試_
|
| 120 |
+
#### [Cal.com](https://cal.com/)
|
| 121 |
+
開源議程排定工具,由**美國公司**開發
|
| 122 |
+
串接其他日曆服務,用以排定開會時間、設定提醒等
|
| 123 |
+
產品定位是 Calendly 繼任者,提供較隱私友善、開源的選擇
|
| 124 |
+
有個人用免費版,也可訂閱
|
| 125 |
+
_# 核心以 AGPL [開源](https://github.com/calcom/cal.com)、部分企業版功能需商業授權,個人用途基本上可自架_
|
| 126 |
+
缺點:
|
| 127 |
+
* 僅協調議程排定,無完整日曆功能
|
| 128 |
+
* 美國公司所有、無端對端加密
|
| 129 |
+
_# 鑑於開源、相對友善的隱私政策,才提此 app_
|
| 130 |
+
|
| 131 |
+
若習慣 Calendly,不妨換 Cal.com 玩玩看
|
| 132 |
+
|
| 133 |
+
---
|
| 134 |
+
|
| 135 |
+
### 別找了,懶人包在此
|
| 136 |
+
* ~~無知愚民~~一般大眾、想要完整功能者 → [Proton](https://proton.me/calendar) / [Tuta Calendar](https://tuta.com/calendar)
|
| 137 |
+
不排斥付費的話,可訂閱享完整功能
|
| 138 |
+
* 免費仔、想要離線 app → [Etar](https://github.com/Etar-Group/Etar-Calendar) / [Fossify Calendar](https://www.fossify.org/apps/)
|
| 139 |
+
* 想要 Email、日曆一個 app 搞定 → [Thunderbird](https://www.thunderbird.net/en-US/calendar/)
|
| 140 |
+
* 喜歡客製化的開發者 → [Nextcloud Calendar](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/calendar) (可配 [DAVx<sup>5</sup>](https://www.davx5.com/) 再串接至 [Etar](https://github.com/Etar-Group/Etar-Calendar) / [Fossify Calendar](https://www.fossify.org/apps/))
|
| 141 |
+
* ~~墮落者~~想要類似 Calendly 服務者 → [Cal.com](https://cal.com/)
|
| 142 |
+
|
| 143 |
+
---
|
| 144 |
+
|
| 145 |
+
至於社群有些討論的 [OurCal](https://ourcal.com/),為何沒提呢?
|
| 146 |
+
開源、端對端加密,又主打隱私,似乎挺不錯?
|
| 147 |
+
因為:
|
| 148 |
+
* OurCal 免費試用 14 天,之後就要錢
|
| 149 |
+
I.e. 無永久免費版,不符合廣義 FOSS
|
| 150 |
+
* 蒐集較多 metadata,如聯絡人、用量、個人識別資訊等
|
| 151 |
+
_# 僅日曆本身隱私,何況公司在[隱私災難地](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/02/https-www-amnesty-org-en-latest-news-2025-02-uk-encryption-order-threatens-global-privacy-rights/)英國_
|
| 152 |
+
|
| 153 |
+
光第一點就出局,所以不推薦
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+
|
deGoogle-drive-and-album.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
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|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 雲端硬碟與相簿
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 檔案太大了,用 Google drive 連結分享給我
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
個資,也順便分享給 Google 了
|
| 6 |
+
不僅 [Google](https://www.techradar.com/pro/security/gemini-ai-platform-caught-scanning-google-drive-files-without-user-permission)、[Dropbox](https://proton.me/blog/dropbox-security-issues)、[百度](https://gbhackers.com/chinas-baidu-compromised-in-data-leak/)...,主流中美企業個資爭議不斷
|
| 7 |
+
畢竟從架構到商業模式,都不是為隱私設計
|
| 8 |
+
免費方案看似慷慨,其實是個人資料換來的
|
| 9 |
+
賺到服務,卻賣了自己
|
| 10 |
+
|
| 11 |
+
鑑於性質相似,本篇將一併介紹雲端相簿、檔案分享服務
|
| 12 |
+
如果還在用預設相簿且開啟備份,勸你三思
|
| 13 |
+
|
| 14 |
+
### 來人,上圖!
|
| 15 |
+

|
| 16 |
+
雲端硬碟替代方案
|
| 17 |
+
<sup>製圖:我</sup>
|
| 18 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指 Free and Open Source Software,即免費開源軟體</sup>
|
| 19 |
+
<sup>端對端加密 (End-to-end encryption),僅你、獲授權者才能看到內容,公司也不知你傳了什麼</sup>
|
| 20 |
+
* Google 雲端硬碟 / 相簿
|
| 21 |
+
不只對外[安全性問題](https://www.technice.com.tw/techmanage/infosecurity/187175/),Google 更能[掃描](https://proton.me/blog/is-google-drive-secure)你的雲端硬碟內容
|
| 22 |
+
Android 手機預設的 Google 相簿,也有[照片被拿去練 AI](https://proton.me/blog/is-google-photos-safe#ai-training)、烏龍[指控兒少性犯罪](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/21/technology/google-surveillance-toddler-photo.html?unlocked_article_code=1.80w.nigh.XohWLd4Vrdgd)及其他隱私疑慮
|
| 23 |
+
* Dropbox
|
| 24 |
+
隱私政策[疑點重重](https://proton.me/blog/dropbox-privacy),不只聲明「受法律要求時,他們會基於自身判斷是否提供資料」 (別忘了,[PRISM](https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/11/edward-snowden-new-yorker-festival/) 計劃是美國國安局主導,他們會說不嗎?)
|
| 25 |
+
還和不少機構分享資料,又閉源、非端對端加密
|
| 26 |
+
而且過往實在[不怎麼光彩](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/11/dropbox-condoleezza-rice-privacy-surveillance),自然在更換名單內
|
| 27 |
+
* OneDrive / SharePoint
|
| 28 |
+
OneDrive 從[設計](https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/microsoft-onedrive-flaw-exposes/)上就[不安全](https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/cloud-security/proofpoint-discovers-potentially-dangerous-microsoft-office-365-functionality),且微軟也保留檔案存取權
|
| 29 |
+
SharePoint 可分享、協作、儲存檔案,還有多種管理、自動化工具
|
| 30 |
+
可架設企業內網、充當整合工具平台
|
| 31 |
+
然而,SharePoint 和 OnDrive 同樣有安全性問題
|
| 32 |
+
今年才[被駭客利用](https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2025/07/21/hackers-exploit-microsoft-software-vulnerability-to-reportedly-target-governments-and-businesses-what-to-know/),造成[核子機構](https://socradar.io/toolshell-sharepoint-zero-day-cve-2025-53770/)、[研究單位](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/07/23/sharepoint-microsoft-hack-nih-nnsa/)等[諸多受害者](https://www.securityweek.com/toolshell-attacks-hit-400-sharepoint-servers-us-government-victims-named/)淪陷
|
| 33 |
+
微軟出了不少修補,但也建議使用者改用他家線上平台,變相廣告
|
| 34 |
+
_# 就不安全了,還付錢用你雲端?_
|
| 35 |
+
* 其餘市占率較低的危險雲端,如[百度網盤](https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%80-%E5%B0%8F%E7%B4%85%E6%9B%B8-%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%9A-%E6%8A%96%E9%9F%B3-%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1-030600240.html)、[Yandex Disk](https://www.cloudwards.net/review/yandex-disk/) 等恕不一一詳述
|
| 36 |
+
|
| 37 |
+
開始換吧!
|
| 38 |
+
|
| 39 |
+
#### [Proton Drive](https://proton.me/drive)
|
| 40 |
+
在 [Email 那篇](https://vocus.cc/article/6895c735fd89780001176a4a)提過,Proton 是保障隱私的瑞士公司,[台裔科學家](https://proton.me/blog/author/andy-yen)創立
|
| 41 |
+
他們率先提供「端對端加密」、「開源」、保障隱私的雲端儲存服務
|
| 42 |
+
因為端對端加密,只有你、你授權的人能存取
|
| 43 |
+
**Proton 也看不到你的檔案內容**,所以請牢記密碼、備份金鑰
|
| 44 |
+
_# 否則一旦忘記密碼,沒人能幫你救回檔案_
|
| 45 |
+
雲端硬碟和自家文件、郵件整合,類似 Google 雲端的概念
|
| 46 |
+
無廣告、不出售個資,採訂閱制 (且為防特定政權封鎖,接受虛擬貨幣付款)
|
| 47 |
+
缺點:
|
| 48 |
+
* 手機版 app 偶爾會出狀況
|
| 49 |
+
* 免費版容量小,不過訂閱能享有整個 Proton 生態系的服務
|
| 50 |
+
月費數百台幣,可等黑色星期五、特定節日再下大單,多半有驚天折扣 (e.g. 三折)
|
| 51 |
+
* 若想當相簿用,介面可能不太方便 (畢竟產品定位是雲端硬碟)
|
| 52 |
+
|
| 53 |
+
#### [Filen](https://filen.io/)
|
| 54 |
+
Filen 是德國公司,提供端對端加密的雲端空間,程式碼開源、支援各大平台
|
| 55 |
+
曾有加密[安全性不足](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/pull/345)問題,例如使用 RSA 演算法
|
| 56 |
+
儘管未公開回應,但更新的程式碼已[改善](https://filen.io/hub/)此類問題
|
| 57 |
+
訂閱制,免費帳戶給 10GB 儲存空間
|
| 58 |
+
不定期推出終身方案,可一次買足
|
| 59 |
+
_# 注意:若公司倒閉,終身方案仍形同白搭_
|
| 60 |
+
|
| 61 |
+
缺點:
|
| 62 |
+
* 免費帳戶三個月沒用,資料就會被刪除
|
| 63 |
+
付費帳戶三年沒用,才會被刪資料
|
| 64 |
+
_# 付錢又不使用,對商家不是很划算嗎?為何要停權?_
|
| 65 |
+
* 定位是雲端硬碟,不太適合當相簿
|
| 66 |
+
* 曾出過檔案傳輸中斷等 bug,雖已修復但使用上需小心
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
#### [Nextcloud](https://nextcloud.com/)
|
| 69 |
+
Nextcloud 也是德國公司,產品 100% 開源,主張去中心化整合雲端
|
| 70 |
+
產品很像 Google 雲端,各種工具整合在一個服務中
|
| 71 |
+
人人皆可自行架設,且企業版和一般版「**沒有差別**」
|
| 72 |
+
主要靠提供企業、政府解決方案來獲利,例如資安認證、客服、穩定版本維護
|
| 73 |
+
簡單說就是賣服務,所以散戶不必擔心隱藏費用
|
| 74 |
+
你可以自行架設雲端,和家人朋友共用
|
| 75 |
+
_# 自行架設相對隱私,因為只有你可以偷自己的個資_
|
| 76 |
+
支援端對端加密,雖然自有雲端不見得需要
|
| 77 |
+
純粹儲存、分享檔案外,亦享有整合工具服務
|
| 78 |
+
官方也有合作者事先架好服務,付費即可直接使用
|
| 79 |
+
_# 但你得信任服務架設者_
|
| 80 |
+
缺點:
|
| 81 |
+
* 有技術門檻
|
| 82 |
+
* 需自行維運相關設備
|
| 83 |
+
|
| 84 |
+
#### [Syncthing](https://syncthing.net/)
|
| 85 |
+
此為檔案傳輸軟體,非雲端硬碟
|
| 86 |
+
使用對等網路 (peer-to-peer, p2p),意思是不經中央伺服器
|
| 87 |
+
由你和檔案接收者,直接對傳檔案
|
| 88 |
+
所以儘管只靠 TLS 加密,仍達成**端對端加密**
|
| 89 |
+
|
| 90 |
+
---
|
| 91 |
+
|
| 92 |
+
白話文解釋:
|
| 93 |
+
你想分享檔案給朋友,於是你們下載 [Syncthing](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)、保持在線
|
| 94 |
+
接著你上傳檔案、他接收檔案,結束
|
| 95 |
+
只有你本人、該朋友可取得檔案,沒第三人
|
| 96 |
+
有點像搭建一個直通滑道,然後把包裹滑至對方家
|
| 97 |
+
沒有物流公司、撿貨員,參與者只有你們倆
|
| 98 |
+
|
| 99 |
+
---
|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
Syncthing 開源、免費、去中心化,支援各大桌面平台
|
| 102 |
+
Android 有[非官方 app](https://github.com/Catfriend1/syncthing-android),但也開源
|
| 103 |
+
缺點:
|
| 104 |
+
* 傳輸時須保持在線
|
| 105 |
+
* 檔案在收發裝置上沒加密,若駭客入侵有機會取得明文
|
| 106 |
+
_# 簡單說:若你或朋友的電腦中毒,就可能不安全_
|
| 107 |
+
* iOS 尚不支援
|
| 108 |
+
|
| 109 |
+
#### [OnionShare](https://onionshare.org/)
|
| 110 |
+
同樣是檔案傳輸用,很像 Syncthing
|
| 111 |
+
OnionShare 直翻「洋蔥共享」,用洋蔥路由傳輸資料
|
| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
+
---
|
| 114 |
+
|
| 115 |
+
洋蔥路由 (The Onion Router, Tor)
|
| 116 |
+
洋蔥路由連線皆經多層加密 (通常是三層),無單一伺服器可解析使用者活動
|
| 117 |
+
伺服器群靠志願者、機構架設,分佈於全球各地,不受特定政府管轄
|
| 118 |
+
Tor 專案由非營利組織維運,不必擔心隱藏費用
|
| 119 |
+
|
| 120 |
+
---
|
| 121 |
+
|
| 122 |
+
開源、端對端加密,支援所有主流平台
|
| 123 |
+
Linux、Windows、MacOS、Android、iOS 都能用
|
| 124 |
+
_# 行動版由守望者計劃 ([Guardian project](https://guardianproject.info/))開發_
|
| 125 |
+
除了檔案分享,OnionShare 還提供「架設暗網網站」、「聊天」功能
|
| 126 |
+
沒什麼技術門檻,下載軟體、按指示做即可
|
| 127 |
+
_# 若真不會用,也可參考[教學影片](https://odysee.com/@techlore:3/onionshare-for-private-file-sharing,:7)_
|
| 128 |
+
缺點:
|
| 129 |
+
* 速度較慢,畢竟要多層加密
|
| 130 |
+
* 傳輸檔案時,須保持在線上
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
#### [Immich](https://immich.app/)
|
| 133 |
+
Immich 為 Google 相簿替代品,開源、可自架伺服器
|
| 134 |
+
由社群自主開發,非盈利項目
|
| 135 |
+
可處理照片、影片,介面人性化
|
| 136 |
+
因伺服器自行架設,就沒端對端加密
|
| 137 |
+
缺點:
|
| 138 |
+
* 需自備硬體,稍有技術門檻
|
| 139 |
+
|
| 140 |
+
#### [Cryptomator](https://cryptomator.org/)
|
| 141 |
+
德國公司 [Skymatic](https://skymatic.de/) 開發、維護,是開源、免費軟體
|
| 142 |
+
Cryptomator 本身非雲端、相簿、或檔案共享軟體
|
| 143 |
+
而是相容於各大雲端的**客戶端加密**軟體,可搭配 Dropbox、Google drive、OneDrive...
|
| 144 |
+
功能:把檔案先加密,再傳上任一雲端硬碟
|
| 145 |
+
如此一來,雲端供應商只會看到亂碼,不知檔案內容
|
| 146 |
+
程式和各雲端無縫整合,[操作非常簡單](https://techlore.tv/w/9KQBtSMJNNwXCaSxRZwT5f?start=1s)
|
| 147 |
+
**幾乎等同使用你習慣的雲端,只是把它變安全了**
|
| 148 |
+
有此軟體,任何雲端都能當加密雲端
|
| 149 |
+
缺點:
|
| 150 |
+
* 比純用特定雲端慢,因為檔案收發須加解密
|
| 151 |
+
不過相較其他端對端加密服務,就無明顯速度差
|
| 152 |
+
用 [VeraCrypt](https://veracrypt.io/en/Home.html) 手動加密每個檔案也行,但 Cryptomator 和雲端整合,方便許多
|
| 153 |
+
_# VeraCrypt 是硬碟加密軟體,日後**可能**會提_
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+
#### [Ente Photo](https://ente.io/)
|
| 156 |
+
簡稱 Ente,是 Google Photos 替代品
|
| 157 |
+
|
| 158 |
+
---
|
| 159 |
+
|
| 160 |
+
講古:
|
| 161 |
+
從前從前,有個[印度人](https://ente.io/blog/ama-with-ente-ceo/)在瑞士 Google 工作
|
| 162 |
+
他發現主流相片軟體不保障隱私,卻沒平易近人的替代選項
|
| 163 |
+
於是返回印度後,他開發了相片管理軟體
|
| 164 |
+
也成立公司,提供雲端服務
|
| 165 |
+
公司註冊在美國上市,但主要研發總部在阿姆斯特丹 (荷蘭)、邦加羅爾 (印度)
|
| 166 |
+
資料存於[歐盟](https://ente.io/help/photos/faq/security-and-privacy#data-encryption-and-storage) (德國法蘭克福、法國巴黎、荷蘭阿姆斯特丹),受歐盟隱私法規庇護
|
| 167 |
+
「Ente」源於馬拉雅拉姆語 (Malayalam, 創辦人母語),意為「我的」
|
| 168 |
+
所以產品指「[我的相片](https://ente.io/help/#origin-of-the-name)」
|
| 169 |
+
|
| 170 |
+
---
|
| 171 |
+
|
| 172 |
+
Ente 軟體**全**[開源](https://github.com/ente-io),支援所有主流平台
|
| 173 |
+
資料端對端加密,metadata (相片的資料)也加密
|
| 174 |
+
app [功能](https://ente.io/features/)非常多,體驗甚至好過 Google 相簿
|
| 175 |
+
_# 可鎖 app、隱藏相簿、無廣告、本地運作的 AI 功能..._
|
| 176 |
+
採訂閱制,免費帳戶 10GB 雲端備份空間,自架空間則視你硬體而定
|
| 177 |
+
也可以不用雲端備份,純粹當本地相簿軟體
|
| 178 |
+
那容量就視你裝置而定,且可離線使用
|
| 179 |
+
缺點:
|
| 180 |
+
* 公司登記在美國
|
| 181 |
+
* 過去曾有下載慢、功能少的問題,但很快就解決
|
| 182 |
+
_# 開發團隊效率高,或許算種優點?_
|
| 183 |
+
|
| 184 |
+
#### [Mega](https://mega.io/)
|
| 185 |
+
紐西蘭公司,母公司登記在香港
|
| 186 |
+
_# 別急!創辦人[說過](https://www.businessinsider.com/kim-dotcom-data-not-safe-filing-sharing-site-mega-2015-7),中資、美資併購 Mega 的事,都是[假訊息](https://www.zdnet.com/article/mega-denies-claims-by-kim-dotcom-of-nz-government-control-of-company/)_
|
| 187 |
+
端對端加密,且提供線上會議功能
|
| 188 |
+
客戶端程式碼公開,但非開源
|
| 189 |
+
I.e. 可檢視程式碼,但不授權各種使用
|
| 190 |
+
_# 即使是廣義開源,仍非程式碼公開就算,可參考[本篇](./open-source-intro.md)_
|
| 191 |
+
最大的優點是,免費帳戶就有 20GB
|
| 192 |
+
_# [據說](https://www.zdnet.com/article/review-what-to-expect-from-megas-free-50gb-of-cloud-storage/)從前免費帳戶有 50GB,但 20GB 也算慷慨了_
|
| 193 |
+
缺點:
|
| 194 |
+
* 中資疑慮 (畢竟香港被強硬接管了)
|
| 195 |
+
至少只有母公司在香港,且客戶端加密、公開程式碼 (否則不會入列)
|
| 196 |
+
|
| 197 |
+
---
|
| 198 |
+
|
| 199 |
+
### 其他
|
| 200 |
+
#### [Firefox Send](https://github.com/mozilla/send)
|
| 201 |
+
熟悉開源的人可能好奇,為何沒提 Firefox Send?
|
| 202 |
+
Firefox Send 是 Mozilla 的開源專案,為端對端加密檔案傳輸軟體
|
| 203 |
+
用戶上傳檔案到伺服器、分享連結給別人以供下載
|
| 204 |
+
且可設定下載多少次、或某個期限後,自動焚毀檔案
|
| 205 |
+
更棒的是,伺服器可自架!
|
| 206 |
+
|
| 207 |
+
如此美妙,為何不提?
|
| 208 |
+
|
| 209 |
+
因為 2020 年官方已[停止維護](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/what-happened-firefox-send),僅剩社群支援
|
| 210 |
+
且[社群服務點](https://github.com/timvisee/send-instances/)需信任第三方,存在安全風險
|
| 211 |
+
_# 若不介意仍可使用,**出事不負責**_
|
| 212 |
+
好消息是,Mozilla 說 Thundermail 會復刻、改良 Firefox Send
|
| 213 |
+
讓我們拭目以待
|
| 214 |
+
|
| 215 |
+
### 果粉可能會問,那 iCloud 呢?
|
| 216 |
+
尚可接受,因其有[端對端加密](https://support.apple.com/en-us/102651)
|
| 217 |
+
但除此之外,就沒什麼可提
|
| 218 |
+
缺點:
|
| 219 |
+
* 閉源,程式碼不公開
|
| 220 |
+
所以無從檢核是否落實加密、偷埋後門
|
| 221 |
+
* 美國公司,又曾參與稜鏡 (PRISM)[監聽計劃](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data)
|
| 222 |
+
_# 何況不開源,如何相信他們呢?_
|
| 223 |
+
* 綁蘋果生態系、免費儲存空間少
|
| 224 |
+
* 需開啟[進階資料保護](https://support.apple.com/en-us/102651#advanced) (ADP),預設[標準保護](https://support.apple.com/en-us/102651#standard)沒端對端加密
|
| 225 |
+
_# 蘋果稱其為「標準」,可見不認為用戶需要太多隱私_
|
| 226 |
+
* 蘋果曾在[英國政府要求](https://www.theregister.com/2025/02/24/apple_adp_replacements_e2ee/)下,取消端對端加密
|
| 227 |
+
|
| 228 |
+
光前兩點,就不推薦 iCloud 了
|
| 229 |
+
但相較其他美企,又稍微好一點
|
| 230 |
+
於是沒在欠換名單內
|
| 231 |
+
|
| 232 |
+
#### pCloud
|
| 233 |
+
說來話長,簡言之不推薦
|
| 234 |
+
pCloud 外宣自己是[瑞士公司](https://www.pcloud.com/company/about.html)、有跨平台服務、[客戶端加密](https://www.pcloud.com/Europe)
|
| 235 |
+
且最獨特的行銷,就是「終身方案」
|
| 236 |
+
I.e. 付一次錢,享有終身儲存空間
|
| 237 |
+
|
| 238 |
+
聽起來不賴,為何不推薦呢?
|
| 239 |
+
|
| 240 |
+
因為:
|
| 241 |
+
* 公司[不透明](https://www.experte.com/cloud-storage/pcloud),許多資訊無從得知
|
| 242 |
+
* 閉源,程式碼未公開
|
| 243 |
+
* 營運團隊主要在[保加利亞](https://www.reddit.com/r/pcloud/comments/11kbyjd/some_concerns/),資料儲存在盧森堡、**美國**
|
| 244 |
+
主打「瑞士公司」有誤導之虞,保加利亞和瑞士法規差異甚大
|
| 245 |
+
資料存在美國,更要擔心**美國政府**,莫忘 [NSA 稜鏡計劃](https://epic.org/documents/epic-v-doj-prism/)
|
| 246 |
+
_# 善意提醒,保加利亞親俄_
|
| 247 |
+
* 免費帳戶有置入廣告,想當然爾追蹤器們...
|
| 248 |
+
_# 而且只有 5GB,還不如選 Proton Drive_
|
| 249 |
+
* 加密功能須另購,不是訂閱、購買就享有
|
| 250 |
+
* **帳戶停權爭議**:
|
| 251 |
+
[許多](https://www.reddit.com/r/DataHoarder/comments/n9shfp/pcloud_subscribers_accounts_terminated_with_no/)用戶[反映](https://www.reddit.com/r/pcloud/comments/rhbw4p/lost_720_to_pcloud_black_friday_deal_account_just/),買了終身方案且添購加密服務
|
| 252 |
+
* 有人被無預警停權,沒任何通知
|
| 253 |
+
且保證退費期內解約,仍未退費
|
| 254 |
+
* 有人被警告,上傳內容侵害版權,因而停權
|
| 255 |
+
首先,客戶端加密,他們何以得知侵權?打自己臉?
|
| 256 |
+
_# 要碼 pCloud 羅織罪名,要碼加密是假的、有後門_
|
| 257 |
+
其次,有人上傳「公領域文件 (沒版權)」、「合法購買內容」,卻仍遭停權
|
| 258 |
+
意見反映無效,其他檔案也被刪
|
| 259 |
+
_# 顯然編造藉口,只是想停你權_
|
| 260 |
+
|
| 261 |
+
從前有人好奇,「終身方案」如何永續經營?
|
| 262 |
+
畢竟那像老鼠會,若無新人加入,遲早會垮
|
| 263 |
+
現在知道了,他們收錢、停權,近乎當強盜
|
| 264 |
+
所以提供終身制,仍可持續獲利,畢竟拿錢不做事
|
| 265 |
+
|
| 266 |
+
劣跡斑斑的公司,自然不值得推薦
|
| 267 |
+
你當然能碰運氣,說不定停權沒停到你
|
| 268 |
+
但爭議多、誤導行銷、閉源...,至少我不信任 pCloud
|
| 269 |
+
|
| 270 |
+
---
|
| 271 |
+
|
| 272 |
+
#### 懶人包
|
| 273 |
+
* 雲端先來:
|
| 274 |
+
* 願意付費、喜歡整合服務 → [Proton Drive](https://proton.me/drive)
|
| 275 |
+
* 開發者想自架 → [Nextcloud](https://nextcloud.com/)
|
| 276 |
+
* 免費仔、有習慣雲端者 → [Cryptomator](https://cryptomator.org/) + 你原本的雲端
|
| 277 |
+
或選 [Filen](https://filen.io/) / [Proton Drive](https://proton.me/drive)
|
| 278 |
+
* 蕭貪免費仔 (?) → [Mega](https://mega.io/)
|
| 279 |
+
* 檔案分享:
|
| 280 |
+
* 高風險人士 → 不用想,就是 [OnionShare](https://onionshare.org/)
|
| 281 |
+
* 一般人 → [Syncthing](https://syncthing.net/)
|
| 282 |
+
甘冒風險者,[Firefox Send](https://github.com/mozilla/send) 也行
|
| 283 |
+
* 相片軟體:
|
| 284 |
+
* 開發者想自架 → [Immich](https://immich.app/)
|
| 285 |
+
* 想簡單換 Google 相簿、免費仔、願意訂閱者 → [Ente Photo](https://ente.io/)
|
| 286 |
+
|
| 287 |
+
---
|
| 288 |
+
|
| 289 |
+
不想被大企業偷窺,早點替換才是王道
|
| 290 |
+
|
deGoogle-email.md
ADDED
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@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
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|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 替換 email
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 我加密我的郵件,因為隱私很重要 - ProtonMail
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
老一輩可能有印象,從前 Gmail 打開都會有「信內廣告」
|
| 6 |
+
使用者可曾想過,背後的疑慮?
|
| 7 |
+
能因信件內容投遞個人化廣告,意味他們也能掃描你的信件,Google 還[直接承認](https://www.wsj.com/articles/techs-dirty-secret-the-app-developers-sifting-through-your-gmail-1530544442),稱大部分企業都會掃描用戶郵件
|
| 8 |
+
這種情況下,你收發的不是信件,是明信片 (誰想看都行)
|
| 9 |
+
雖已在輿論壓力、競爭對手倡議下改善了不少,但[主流 email 服務商](https://www.vice.com/en/article/free-email-apps-spying-on-you-edison-slice-cleanfox/),幾乎都仍可讀取你的信件內容
|
| 10 |
+
尤其下載 app,又多一層疑慮
|
| 11 |
+
|
| 12 |
+
你可能會擔心,現在辦各種帳號,幾乎都需要 email
|
| 13 |
+
就算連動登入,也同樣會把個資交給 [Google](https://www.reuters.com/legal/google-settles-5-billion-consumer-privacy-lawsuit-2023-12-28/)、[Meta](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2jmledvr3o) 這類素行不良的企業
|
| 14 |
+
Email 形同網路世界的身分證,又取代傳統書信成為正式聯繫管道
|
| 15 |
+
若如此危險,個人隱私、憲法保障的「秘密通訊自由」,難道玩完了嗎?
|
| 16 |
+
> 幾年之後它 (email)可能比我們的真實身分證明還要重要 - [嚴育銓](https://www.twreporter.org/a/protonmail-project)
|
| 17 |
+
|
| 18 |
+
別急,替代品這不就來了:
|
| 19 |
+

|
| 20 |
+
<sup>圖源:~~做那麼精美~~當然是我</sup>
|
| 21 |
+
<sup>non-profit 不是指「非營利機構」,而是「不以盈利為目的」</sup>
|
| 22 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指免費 (free)且開源 (open source)的軟體 (software)</sup>
|
| 23 |
+
<sup>皇冠是很推薦的意思,就算同為替代品,仍有出類拔萃者</sup>
|
| 24 |
+
### 端對端加密
|
| 25 |
+
講解之前,先提一下「端對端加密 (end-to-end encryption, e2ee)」
|
| 26 |
+
端對端加密是個「概念」,可用不同技術達成
|
| 27 |
+
指使用特定方式加密,實踐「只有兩端使用者」才能看到內容
|
| 28 |
+
白話文解釋:若我用支援 e2ee 的服務寄信給 Gorhill,則只有我和 Gorhill 本人看得到信件內容
|
| 29 |
+
其他所有人,**包括 email 服務提供商**,都不知道我寫~~恐嚇信~~了什麼
|
| 30 |
+
|
| 31 |
+
開始講圖吧!
|
| 32 |
+
|
| 33 |
+
已知 Gmail 是[隱私惡夢](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/aug/14/google-gmail-users-privacy-email-lawsuit),但果粉可能會抗議:「iCloud 有端對端加密!」
|
| 34 |
+
別急,開啟 Apple ADP (Advanced Data Protection)可讓 iCloud 獲得端對端加密
|
| 35 |
+
但[蘋果自己說](https://www.zdnet.com/article/apple-is-bringing-end-to-end-encryption-to-icloud-backups-heres-what-it-means/),iCloud mail **不受** e2ee 保護,何況加密演算法不明、程式未開源
|
| 36 |
+
蘋果又和 Google、微軟一樣有 [PRISM 醜聞](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data),當然也欠換
|
| 37 |
+
|
| 38 |
+
至於第三個被換的,是微軟的 Outlook,我猜很多人沒聽過,畢竟市佔率低 (對,就是在笑它)
|
| 39 |
+
Outlook 至今都還會塞廣告,而且頗難用
|
| 40 |
+
但鑒於市占第三 (其實很低,Google 和蘋果瓜分了近 9 成市場 ),就給點尊重吧!
|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+
### [Proton Mail](https://proton.me/mail)
|
| 43 |
+
特別推薦這家,因為「加密郵件」的風潮,可說是由 Proton Mail 帶起的
|
| 44 |
+
核心價值是「Privacy by default」,Proton 本質是家隱私保障公司
|
| 45 |
+
他們當初披荊斬棘,還遭遇 Google [不當打壓](https://proton.me/blog/search-risk-google),最後成功迫使各服務商重視隱私,推動數位人權
|
| 46 |
+
Proton 的防護做得很完善:
|
| 47 |
+
* 端對端加密 (Open PGP),官方也看不到信件內容
|
| 48 |
+
如寄給 Proton 以外用戶,可設定密碼做加密
|
| 49 |
+
寄信時還能設定,多久以後該信自動焚毀 (從收件夾消失)
|
| 50 |
+
* 程式碼開源,免費版已夠用
|
| 51 |
+
Proton 採訂閱制,藉以脫離「濫用個資的廣告商業模式」,但有免費版
|
| 52 |
+
_# 若支持他們的理念,不妨考慮訂閱,有很多額外功能_
|
| 53 |
+
* 免費版就提供 email alias 服務,也就是轉寄地址
|
| 54 |
+
辦各種帳號時,可創個 alias 充當 email,信還是會寄到你的電郵地址,只是經過轉發
|
| 55 |
+
好處是不會暴露真實電郵地址,若發現地址外洩、對方亂寄廣告信,把對應 alias 刪掉即可,~~信就會寄到虛空~~
|
| 56 |
+
_# 此為整合 [SimpleLogin](https://simplelogin.io/) 的功能,用 Proton 帳號可登入 SimpleLogin
|
| 57 |
+
SimpleLogin 是法國人創立的**開源信箱別名服務**,收、發信件都能用別名 (假地址)_
|
| 58 |
+
白話文解釋:你住的社區有警衛統一收信,再由他分發信件給住戶
|
| 59 |
+
寄件人只知道警衛窗口,不知道你真實地址
|
| 60 |
+
* 伺服器在瑞士地底,只有合乎瑞士法規的命令,他們才會配合 (美、中政府無法勒索)
|
| 61 |
+
瑞士是中立國,*從前*隱私保障很嚴格,不過近年在吵[監���法案](https://tuta.com/blog/switzerland-surveillance-plan),若通過會是場噩夢
|
| 62 |
+
_# Proton 說如果瑞士不再安全,就會令尋他處,且現已[開始投資歐洲](https://proton.me/blog/lumo-ai)_
|
| 63 |
+
* 創辦人 Andy Yen 是**台灣裔**、原先為**物理學家**,和傳統貪婪商人不同
|
| 64 |
+
他就是本篇引言提到的嚴育銓,曾受台灣獨立媒體[訪問](https://www.twreporter.org/a/protonmail-project)
|
| 65 |
+
* 有其他[整合雲端服務](https://proton.me/),生態系相對完善 (日後會陸續介紹)
|
| 66 |
+
總之,Proton (質子科技)可謂隱私保護第一品牌
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
### [Tuta Mail](https://mail.tutanota.com/?r=/login)
|
| 69 |
+
名字很怪嗎?
|
| 70 |
+
Tutanota 是家德國公司,Tuta- 為拉丁文的「安全」,Nota 則是「消息、訊息」
|
| 71 |
+
後來為簡化品牌形象,2023 年改名 Tuta
|
| 72 |
+
Tuta 和 Proton 性質十分類似,前端開源、訂閱制但有免費版、端對端加密等
|
| 73 |
+
因市場棲位重合,兩邊常發文[隔空叫囂](https://tuta.com/best-protonmail-alternative)、遇到重大隱私事件又會合力譴責,互動十分有趣
|
| 74 |
+
Tuta 所在的德國,算歐盟數一數二重視隱私的國家,畢竟有歷史因素
|
| 75 |
+
_# 若展開大監聽,易落話柄:「想找出特定族群進行迫害」,例如**某些人種**_
|
| 76 |
+
Tuta 的加密演算法,就算量子電腦問世仍屬安全 (學術圈有探討過,哪些演算法在量子電腦面前不堪一擊、哪些又能挺過)
|
| 77 |
+
且信件採用 AES 256 加密,連主旨也受保護 (Proton 的 OpenPGP 也會加密主旨,但非端對端)
|
| 78 |
+
**重視環保的看過來**,Tuta 服務 100% 由再生能源驅動,**環保可以從日常選擇做起!**
|
| 79 |
+
缺點:
|
| 80 |
+
* 有些介面不太直觀,可能要摸索一下
|
| 81 |
+
|
| 82 |
+
如果你偏好下載手機 app,Tuta 可說是個好選擇
|
| 83 |
+
因為多數其他 email 客戶端,「跳通知」功能來自 Google / Apple
|
| 84 |
+
而 Tuta 用自家服務,所以沒閉源成分
|
| 85 |
+
_# 因此可從 [F-droid](./deGoogle-appStore.md) 下載_
|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+
### [Nextcloud](https://nextcloud.com/)
|
| 88 |
+
Nextcloud 也是德國公司,產品 100% 開源,主張整合雲端服務**去中心化** (≈民主化)
|
| 89 |
+
什麼意思呢?
|
| 90 |
+
Nextcloud 很像 Google 雲端,有各種工具可用,全整合在一個服務中
|
| 91 |
+
任何人皆可自行架設,且企業版和一般版「**沒有差別**」
|
| 92 |
+
他們的商業模式,主要靠提供企業、政府解決方案,例如資安認證、客服、穩定版本維護
|
| 93 |
+
簡單說就是賣服務,所以散戶不用擔心隱藏費用
|
| 94 |
+
但此處要說明,Nextcloud 本身**沒有** email 功能,但能充當 email 前端
|
| 95 |
+
意思是,你可以自架電郵伺服器、或導入某個既有電郵服務,以 Nextcloud 介面呈現
|
| 96 |
+
缺點:
|
| 97 |
+
* 仍須依靠其他服務
|
| 98 |
+
* 有技術門檻
|
| 99 |
+
* 端對端加密靠第三方外掛 Mailvelope 達成,非原生
|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
### Thunderbird
|
| 102 |
+
Thunderbird 直翻雷鳥,是[開源](https://github.com/thunderbird)、可客製化、靠 OpenPGP 支援端對端加密的 email 前端
|
| 103 |
+
欸別急著滑走,Thunderbird 很平易近人,到官網[下載](https://www.thunderbird.net/en-US/download/)軟體就行了
|
| 104 |
+
此專案歷史悠久,起初由 Mozilla 基金會開發 (Mozilla 另一個代表作,是瀏覽器 [Firefox](https://www.firefox.com/)),後獨立出來,由 Mozilla 資助
|
| 105 |
+
雲端郵件問世前,電子郵件多是由電腦中的 app 負責收發,每個 app 可能差異頗大
|
| 106 |
+
就算雲端郵件出現後,下載各家 app 也得受制於該公司隱私政策、介面設計
|
| 107 |
+
Thunderbird 就是負責提供「統一介面」,可收發所有來源的郵件
|
| 108 |
+
白話文就是「萬用 email 前端」,不論你用哪家服務,通通都能用此 app 管理,有點像所有信箱都轉寄至此
|
| 109 |
+
你可以把 gmail、iCloud mail、Yahoo mail (還有人在用的話) app 刪掉,全改以 Thunderbird 替代
|
| 110 |
+
缺點:
|
| 111 |
+
* 對 Gmail 的支援偶爾會有 bug
|
| 112 |
+
* 只是前端,本身並非信箱服務 (須自備 email 帳號,只是 app 換成 Thunderbird)
|
| 113 |
+
|
| 114 |
+
Mozilla 後來推出 [Thundermail](https://thundermail.com/),企圖加入保障隱私的郵件供應商行列
|
| 115 |
+
不過 Beta 測試很久仍無下文,我登記參與也遲遲未見回音
|
| 116 |
+
若有讀者玩過,懇請分享一下感想
|
| 117 |
+
|
| 118 |
+
### [Mailfence](https://mailfence.com/)
|
| 119 |
+
Mailfence 直譯是郵件藩籬,本意是提供藩籬 (加密)的郵件服務
|
| 120 |
+
該公司位於比利時,以 OpenPGP 處理端對端加密
|
| 121 |
+
訂閱制但有免費版,服務也整合了月曆、文件功能 (但我沒用過)
|
| 122 |
+
缺點:
|
| 123 |
+
* 隱私政策[說明](https://mailfence.com/en/privacy.jsp)會蒐集 metadata,包括 IP、寄信人、收件人、時間戳記 (何時寄的)...
|
| 124 |
+
* 服務**極不穩定**,有時會登入失敗,顯示「無此帳號」、有時則會將信件寄到異次元 (寄出即消失),且客服難以聯繫
|
| 125 |
+
* 垃圾郵件偶爾會擋過頭
|
| 126 |
+
* 非開源,雖未出過大事,但無法檢核是否落實隱私政策、具有漏洞或後門
|
| 127 |
+
開源很重要,��其 Mailfence 設立在 14 眼聯盟成員國,比利時境內
|
| 128 |
+
_# 5 眼、9 眼、14 眼等聯盟,是美英為首的跨國情報合作組織,由 CIA 這類情報局主導,所以有可能配合大監聽計劃_
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+
### [Mailbox](https://mailbox.org/en/)
|
| 131 |
+
德國 email 公司,用 OpenPGP 做端對端加密
|
| 132 |
+
外圍組件如垃圾郵件過濾器開源,**核心架構閉源**
|
| 133 |
+
訂閱制、提供 30 天免費試用,似乎附帶線上文件編輯功能
|
| 134 |
+
100% 用再生能源驅動,和 Tuta 一樣
|
| 135 |
+
缺點:
|
| 136 |
+
* $$$
|
| 137 |
+
* 部分非開源
|
| 138 |
+
|
| 139 |
+
_# 有 Proton 和 Tuta,選這家幹嘛?_
|
| 140 |
+
|
| 141 |
+
<br/>
|
| 142 |
+
|
| 143 |
+
---
|
| 144 |
+
|
| 145 |
+
<br/>
|
| 146 |
+
|
| 147 |
+
### 總結~~來說~~
|
| 148 |
+
明明非開源,為何 Mailfence 也被放進來?
|
| 149 |
+
還有 Mailbox,並不符合「免費」定義
|
| 150 |
+
因為好的電郵服務商太少了,只能把「堪用但不建議」的也納入
|
| 151 |
+
資訊都揭露,至於是否要用,交給讀者們決定
|
| 152 |
+
其他選項如 [Fastmail](https://www.fastmail.com/) 同樣是部分開源、訂閱制,且位於澳洲 (5 眼聯盟成員、法規對隱私來說是場夢魘),風險過高就不介紹
|
| 153 |
+
_# Assistance and Access Act [要求](https://secureprivacy.ai/blog/what-australia-privacy-act-reforms-mean-for-your-business-2025)企業[協助](https://cowellclarke.com.au/insights/do-australia-s-impending-law-reforms-mean-it-s-finally-getting-serious-about-privacy)調查、讓執法單位獲得數據等,否則罰錢_
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+
### 給懶鬼的建議
|
| 156 |
+
個人推薦 [Tuta](https://mail.tutanota.com/login)、[Proton](https://proton.me/mail) 免費帳戶,都去辦個來玩玩
|
| 157 |
+
喜歡何者就選它,兩個兼用也行,多一組郵件地址無妨
|
| 158 |
+
如果嫌哪家 email 應用程式太爛,則可用 [Thunderbird](https://www.thunderbird.net) 代替
|
| 159 |
+
不是開發者的話,不太建議搞 [Nextcloud](https://nextcloud.com/) 串接,你可能會崩潰 (?)
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
---
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
如內容有誤,歡迎批評指教
|
| 164 |
+
|
deGoogle-keyboard.md
ADDED
|
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|
|
|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 替換鍵盤
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 我手機超方便的,可以直接用鍵盤搜尋
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
不少人享受[方便性](https://support.google.com/gboard/answer/9058099?hl=zh-Hant&co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid)的同時,疏忽了隱私與資安的風險
|
| 6 |
+
|
| 7 |
+
「手機鍵盤」接觸許多機敏資訊,說是「最貼身的程式」也不為過
|
| 8 |
+
傳訊息給朋友、輸入銀行帳密、寫電郵給老闆...
|
| 9 |
+
幾乎所有手機功能,都依賴鍵盤
|
| 10 |
+
_# 別以為語音、手寫輸入就沒事,那些攻擊面積更大_
|
| 11 |
+
若所有 app 都換了,卻用著預設鍵盤,形同資料裝進保險庫,但忘記關門
|
| 12 |
+
|
| 13 |
+
---
|
| 14 |
+
|
| 15 |
+
### 從圖開始看吧!
|
| 16 |
+

|
| 17 |
+
<sup>圖源:除了我還會有誰?</sup>
|
| 18 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指「免費開源軟體 (Free and Open Source Software)」</sup>
|
| 19 |
+
<sup>non-profit 指「不以營利為目的」</sup>
|
| 20 |
+
|
| 21 |
+
### 欠換鍵盤
|
| 22 |
+
#### Gboard
|
| 23 |
+
Android 手機預設鍵盤,多半為 Gboard (Google keyboard)
|
| 24 |
+
顧名思義來自 Google,有不少隱私問題:
|
| 25 |
+
* Gboard 使用[聯邦學習](https://security.googleblog.com/2020/10/privacy-preserving-smart-input-with.html) (federated learning),先將資料去識別化再傳給 Google
|
| 26 |
+
理論上 Google 不會看到輸入內容,但[特定情況](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.14793)仍有機會回推
|
| 27 |
+
* 語音輸入會[傳到雲端](https://www.wired.com/story/apple-googles-ai-wizardry-promises-privacy-cost/),模型運算完再送回
|
| 28 |
+
部分 Pixel 機型支援地端運算,但多數機種、語言並非如此
|
| 29 |
+
* Google 會儲存用戶和語音助理的互動內容,員工和承包商還會[抽樣聽取](https://www.wired.com/story/whos-listening-talk-google-assistant/)
|
| 30 |
+
據稱是用於改善服務,但問題是消費者並不知情
|
| 31 |
+
* 拼音輸入法風險高,資料常會上傳雲端
|
| 32 |
+
且加密多半[未落實](https://blog.lapcom.com.hk/2024/05/29/prevent-android-keylogging-and-ime-spying/),變成[安全漏洞](https://citizenlab.ca/2024/04/vulnerabilities-across-keyboard-apps-reveal-keystrokes-to-network-eavesdroppers/)
|
| 33 |
+
* 輸入語言、當下時間、在哪個應用程式打字、字串長度等 metadata,都會[被記錄](https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/prevent-android-keylogging-and-ime-spying/51281/)
|
| 34 |
+
* 索求[過多權限](https://medium.com/startup-grind/smartphone-keyboards-the-achilles-heel-of-data-privacy-182a69047a7b),包括網路、精確座標、硬碟、聯絡人、身份、麥克風、相機...
|
| 35 |
+
麥克風和網路權限,還能用語音輸入、優化服務當藉口
|
| 36 |
+
但請問鍵盤要你的座標 (你人在哪)、聯絡人、相機是想幹嘛?
|
| 37 |
+
|
| 38 |
+
寫到這裡,只能說喜歡被偷窺的可以繼續用
|
| 39 |
+
|
| 40 |
+
#### SwiftKey
|
| 41 |
+
微軟的手機鍵盤,同樣有多項隱私爭議
|
| 42 |
+
|
| 43 |
+
等等,微軟連手機市場都沒有,卻推出鍵盤!?
|
| 44 |
+
|
| 45 |
+
想笑死誰呀!
|
| 46 |
+

|
| 47 |
+
沒錯,他們就是出了鍵盤
|
| 48 |
+
而且華為、三星多款手機,都拿 SwiftKey 當預設鍵盤
|
| 49 |
+
先前 Gboard 的問題,SwiftKey 也不遑多讓:
|
| 50 |
+
* 要求[過多權限](https://medium.com/startup-grind/smartphone-keyboards-the-achilles-heel-of-data-privacy-182a69047a7b),包括網路、GPS 精確座標、儲存空間、身份
|
| 51 |
+
* Google 拿的 [metadata](https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/prevent-android-keylogging-and-ime-spying/51281/),微軟也都要
|
| 52 |
+
|
| 53 |
+
該傳到雲端的,當然也沒少
|
| 54 |
+
畢竟人家要練 AI,而你的資料剛好很可口
|
| 55 |
+
|
| 56 |
+
---
|
| 57 |
+
|
| 58 |
+
### 替代品
|
| 59 |
+
#### [HeliBoard](https://github.com/Helium314/HeliBoard?tab=readme-ov-file)
|
| 60 |
+
社群開發者[氦 314](https://github.com/Helium314) 推動的專案,開源、完全離線
|
| 61 |
+
是 [OpenBoard](https://github.com/openboard-team/openboard) 的分支 (fork),也是繼任者
|
| 62 |
+
_# OpenBoard 是廣受歡迎的開源鍵盤,但久未維護已被封存_
|
| 63 |
+
HeliBoard 可自訂:
|
| 64 |
+
* 個人字典 (包括 emoji、科學符號等)
|
| 65 |
+
也可拿[現成的](https://codeberg.org/Helium314/aosp-dictionaries#dictionaries)
|
| 66 |
+
* 鍵盤主題
|
| 67 |
+
風格、背景圖片、亮 / 暗色都行
|
| 68 |
+
* 鍵盤佈局
|
| 69 |
+
按鍵位置、快捷鍵設定等
|
| 70 |
+
|
| 71 |
+
支援單手模式、剪貼簿歷史紀錄、分拆鍵盤等
|
| 72 |
+
拼寫檢查、用字建議也沒少,很受社群推崇
|
| 73 |
+
|
| 74 |
+
缺點:
|
| 75 |
+
* 滑動輸入使用**閉源**函式庫 (但至少透明揭露)
|
| 76 |
+
* 注音輸入大有障礙,比較適合英語系使用者
|
| 77 |
+
東亞語言支援都較弱,尚在發展階段
|
| 78 |
+
|
| 79 |
+
僅上架 [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/packages/helium314.keyboard/),要跑對地方才能下載唷!
|
| 80 |
+
_# 不知道 F-Droid 的,可參閱[前篇文章](./deGoogle-appStore.md)_
|
| 81 |
+
|
| 82 |
+
#### [FlorisBoard](https://florisboard.org/)
|
| 83 |
+
同樣為社群驅動的[開源專案](https://github.com/florisboard/florisboard),成立 FlorisBoard.org 管理開發流程
|
| 84 |
+
[開發者](https://florisboard.org/legal/privacy/) [Lars Mühlbauer](https://github.com/lm41) ��德國人、[Patrick Goldinger](https://github.com/patrickgold) 是奧地利人
|
| 85 |
+
主打高度客製化、離線使用,同樣尊重隱私
|
| 86 |
+
同樣可自訂鍵盤排列、佈景主題、功能手勢、按鍵震動 / 聲響回饋...
|
| 87 |
+
支援滑動輸入、剪貼簿歷史紀錄、單手模式等
|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
缺點:
|
| 90 |
+
* 尚在 Beta 測試階段,有些功能不穩定
|
| 91 |
+
* **還**沒有拼寫檢查
|
| 92 |
+
但列在計劃中,可參見[產品規劃](https://github.com/florisboard/florisboard/blob/main/ROADMAP.md)
|
| 93 |
+
* 和 HeliBoard 一樣,不支援注音
|
| 94 |
+
畢竟開發者是歐洲人,對拉丁語系比較熟
|
| 95 |
+
其他語言,還有待社群開發者投入 (例如你我)
|
| 96 |
+
上架在 [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/packages/dev.patrickgold.florisboard/),[Obtanium](https://apps.obtainium.imranr.dev/redirect.html?r=obtainium://app/%7B%22id%22%3A%22dev.patrickgold.florisboard%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fflorisboard%2Fflorisboard%22%2C%22author%22%3A%22florisboard%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22FlorisBoard%20Stable%22%2C%22additionalSettings%22%3A%22%7B%5C%22includePrereleases%5C%22%3Afalse%2C%5C%22fallbackToOlderReleases%5C%22%3Atrue%2C%5C%22apkFilterRegEx%5C%22%3A%5C%22stable%5C%22%7D%22%7D%0A) 亦可取得
|
| 97 |
+
_# 應用程式商店請見[這篇](./deGoogle-appStore.md)_
|
| 98 |
+
|
| 99 |
+
#### [Simple Keyboard](https://github.com/rkkr/simple-keyboard)
|
| 100 |
+
直翻簡易鍵盤,超輕量、社群發起的開源鍵盤
|
| 101 |
+
_# 開發者是立陶宛人_
|
| 102 |
+
主打純粹、輕量、極簡主義
|
| 103 |
+
|
| 104 |
+
多輕量呢?
|
| 105 |
+
|
| 106 |
+
大小不到 1MB,非常省空間
|
| 107 |
+
_# 參考值:一般應用程式動輒幾十、上百 MB_
|
| 108 |
+
也因此僅具基本功能,花俏的東西都沒有
|
| 109 |
+
當然也可離線使用,因為它沒連網功能 XD
|
| 110 |
+
[F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/packages/rkr.simplekeyboard.inputmethod/) 和 Google Play 都能取得
|
| 111 |
+
|
| 112 |
+
缺點:
|
| 113 |
+
* 非常陽春,無滑動輸入、拼寫檢查、表情符號等
|
| 114 |
+
官方自己[說](https://github.com/rkkr/simple-keyboard#about),可能永遠不會加入那些功能
|
| 115 |
+
* 不支援中文
|
| 116 |
+
|
| 117 |
+
極簡主義者或許會喜歡
|
| 118 |
+
|
| 119 |
+
#### [AnySoftKeyboard](https://anysoftkeyboard.github.io/)
|
| 120 |
+
社群發起的離線、[開源](https://github.com/AnySoftKeyboard/AnySoftKeyboard)鍵盤,支援[多種語言](https://github.com/AnySoftKeyboard/AnySoftKeyboard/blob/main/addons/languages/PACKS.md)
|
| 121 |
+
_# 抱歉,**不**包括中文_
|
| 122 |
+
可自訂鍵盤佈局,預設就有不少選擇
|
| 123 |
+
甚至有終端機佈局,或許開發者會喜歡 (?)
|
| 124 |
+
支援拼寫檢查、暗色模式、建議選字、語音輸入等
|
| 125 |
+
平時能開按鍵震動、音效,亦可啟動省電模式 (震動音效都取消)
|
| 126 |
+
還有「無痕鍵盤」,拼寫建議不會從此學習
|
| 127 |
+
_# 做偷雞摸狗的事不影響正常選字_
|
| 128 |
+
滑動輸入仍在測試,[社群反映](https://discuss.techlore.tech/t/i-tried-11-mobile-keyboards/10627)該功能尚不穩定
|
| 129 |
+
最特別之處,莫過於可自訂手勢搭配執行的動作
|
| 130 |
+
_# E.g. 左滑換語言_
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
缺點:
|
| 133 |
+
* 不支援中文
|
| 134 |
+
* 滑動輸入測試中,功能不穩
|
| 135 |
+
_# I.e. 可能會失效_
|
| 136 |
+
|
| 137 |
+
[F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.menny.android.anysoftkeyboard/) 和 Google Play 都有
|
| 138 |
+
_# Google Play 有,代表[其他](https://anysoftkeyboard.en.aptoide.com/app)[地方](https://auroraoss.com/https://anysoftkeyboard.en.aptoide.com/app)也能找到_
|
| 139 |
+
|
| 140 |
+
#### [8vim](https://8vim.github.io/)
|
| 141 |
+
8vim 是社群推動、受 8pen 啟發的開源專案
|
| 142 |
+
名字很特殊,評價也頗兩極
|
| 143 |
+
8vim 不像傳統鍵盤,採用特殊佈局
|
| 144 |
+
向各種角度滑動,可產出不同字串、符號
|
| 145 |
+
_# 畫面可參考 F-Droid 上的[官方展示](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/inc.flide.vi8/)_
|
| 146 |
+
設計邏輯是熟悉輸入法後,能準確、高速打字
|
| 147 |
+
可自訂功能鍵、配合游標移動、打出特殊字元 (e.g. emoji)
|
| 148 |
+
|
| 149 |
+
缺點:
|
| 150 |
+
* 想當然爾,學習曲線陡峭
|
| 151 |
+
弄熟後或許能高速輸入,但「弄熟」本身就很難哪!
|
| 152 |
+
困難到官方寫一堆[教學](https://8vim.github.io/docs/category/guides/),幫助新手入坑
|
| 153 |
+
* 據我所知,應該僅支援英文
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+
有些人盛讚此鍵盤,它又開源、重隱私
|
| 156 |
+
就放這給各位參考,說不定你是萬中選一的超能使用者
|
| 157 |
+
|
| 158 |
+
#### [Thumb-Key](https://github.com/dessalines/thumb-key)
|
| 159 |
+
直翻拇指鍵盤,九宮格[佈局](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dessalines/thumb-key/main/fastlane/metadata/android/en-US/images/phoneScreenshots/1.png)類似按鍵式手機鍵盤
|
| 160 |
+
社群推出的開源專案,旨在「單手拇指即可操作」
|
| 161 |
+
支援離線使用、emoji、滑動和語音輸入、自訂功能鍵...
|
| 162 |
+
開發者[號稱](https://github.com/dessalines/thumb-key?tab=readme-ov-file#about-thumb-key)「變成肌肉記憶後,字可以打得像物理鍵盤一樣快」
|
| 163 |
+
> As the key positions get ingrained into your muscle memory, eventually you'll be able to approximate the fast speeds of [touch-typing](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_typing), your eyes never having to leave the text edit area.
|
| 164 |
+
|
| 165 |
+
���曾相識?
|
| 166 |
+
是的,8vim 也採類似哲學
|
| 167 |
+
Thumb-Key 比 8vim 易學一點,但仍有上手難度
|
| 168 |
+
|
| 169 |
+
缺點:
|
| 170 |
+
* 得花點工夫學習
|
| 171 |
+
* 似乎不支援中文
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
[多數商店](https://f-droid.org/packages/com.dessalines.thumbkey/)都能找到,免費使用
|
| 174 |
+
_# 要錢的我才不會推薦哩!_
|
| 175 |
+
|
| 176 |
+
#### [Futo Keyboard](https://keyboard.futo.org/)
|
| 177 |
+
本篇唯一「盈利導向」機構的產品,是家美企
|
| 178 |
+
創辦人 Eron Wolf 曾製作 Yahoo Games、種子輪投資並開發 What's App
|
| 179 |
+
現在全資挹注 Futo,使其不受矽谷投資人左右
|
| 180 |
+
_# 矽谷投資人的金錢遊戲,常會毀掉美妙產品_
|
| 181 |
+
Futo [使命](https://futo.org/about/what-is-futo/)是「取回數位主導權」,擺脫控制狂企業寡頭
|
| 182 |
+
> We used to control our computers. Now our computers are used to control us.
|
| 183 |
+
|
| 184 |
+
欸欸別急著走,Futo 鍵盤**免費**、公開原始碼,沒那麼可怕
|
| 185 |
+
之所以沒 FOSS 標籤,是因為它「公開原始碼,但不開源」
|
| 186 |
+
|
| 187 |
+
講什麼鬼話?
|
| 188 |
+
|
| 189 |
+
請稍安勿躁,**公開原始碼「不等於」開源**
|
| 190 |
+
開源定義更廣,必須能「自由取用、重新分發、可產出衍生作品」等
|
| 191 |
+
_# 詳見[開源簡介](./open-source-intro.md)_
|
| 192 |
+
Futo Keyboard [公開原始碼](https://gitlab.futo.org/keyboard/latinime),但對重置、分發有諸多[限制](https://gitlab.futo.org/keyboard/latinime/-/raw/master/LICENSE.md)
|
| 193 |
+
畢竟人家要賺錢,怕其他公司整碗端走
|
| 194 |
+
看看該產品好在哪,為何怕別人偷:
|
| 195 |
+
* 離線使用,包含語音功能
|
| 196 |
+
官方口號:你的鍵盤不應連網
|
| 197 |
+
* 支援滑動、語音輸入
|
| 198 |
+
語音模型架在本地,也就是你的手機裡
|
| 199 |
+
中文語音也行,但請選[專用模型](https://keyboard.futo.org/voice-input-models)
|
| 200 |
+
* 拼寫檢查、預測選字都沒少
|
| 201 |
+
* 預載少量佈景主題,可輕鬆個人化
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
語音輸入、預測選字功能強大,社群好評聲浪不斷
|
| 204 |
+
這就是為什麼明明一堆開源選擇、Futo 身為盈利美企、僅公開原始碼
|
| 205 |
+
卻仍被選入推薦榜,因為實在值得一試
|
| 206 |
+
_# 重點是離線使用,個資不怕被偷_
|
| 207 |
+
|
| 208 |
+
缺點:
|
| 209 |
+
* 還在 Alpha 測試階段,功能不太穩定
|
| 210 |
+
有些人回報自動選字、滑動輸入失靈
|
| 211 |
+
偶爾也會出現詭異的 bug,不過官方修復迅速
|
| 212 |
+
_# Alpha 完才換 Beta,所以仍屬開發嬰兒期_
|
| 213 |
+
* 尚無剪貼簿整合
|
| 214 |
+
* 缺乏注音鍵盤
|
| 215 |
+
* 美企
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
可一次性付費購買授權,但不給錢也無任何影響 (免費仔鬆一口氣)
|
| 218 |
+
類似捐助,確保 Futo 能存活下去
|
| 219 |
+
|
| 220 |
+
#### [Guileless Bopomofo (樸實注音鍵盤)](https://github.com/hiroshiyui/GuilelessBopomofo)
|
| 221 |
+
看完一堆美妙鍵盤,卻沒一個能打注音,很惱怒嗎?
|
| 222 |
+
這不就來了 - 本篇第一個 (也是唯一)堪用的注音鍵盤
|
| 223 |
+
由[台灣人](https://ghostsinthelab.org/)開發的[社群](https://bobtung.medium.com/)[專案](https://github.com/cataska),開源、尊重隱私、可離線使用
|
| 224 |
+
Guileless 指「誠實、老實的」,Bopomofo 就是ㄅㄆㄇㄈ啦!
|
| 225 |
+
援引[新酷音](https://chewing.im/about.html)輸入法,即你熟悉的注音鍵盤
|
| 226 |
+
一直有在更新,介面越變越好看 (維護錯重點?)
|
| 227 |
+
上架在 [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/zh_Hant/packages/org.ghostsinthelab.apps.guilelessbopomofo/),永久免費、無廣告
|
| 228 |
+
|
| 229 |
+
缺點:
|
| 230 |
+
* 無自動選字功能,得老老實實拼寫
|
| 231 |
+
* 偶爾會有 bug,畢竟開發者只有一人、也沒拿錢
|
| 232 |
+
_# 本文撰寫時,按下該鍵盤逗號都會變成「ㄝ」,後來已修正_
|
| 233 |
+
|
| 234 |
+
能切換英文輸入,還算堪用
|
| 235 |
+
|
| 236 |
+
#### [Unexpected Keyboard](https://github.com/Julow/Unexpected-Keyboard)
|
| 237 |
+
社群推出的開源離線鍵盤,不蒐集個資、也完全免費 (但你可以贊助)
|
| 238 |
+
配置乍看很普通,不過各按鍵四周都被標上小符號
|
| 239 |
+
按住按鍵後,往哪個角落滑就能輸出該角落的符號
|
| 240 |
+
免切換輸入法,就能打出各種文字
|
| 241 |
+
_# 不易想像的話,可參見[官方示範](https://github.com/Julow/Unexpected-Keyboard#unexpected-keyboard-)_
|
| 242 |
+
支援多語言,但不包括注音
|
| 243 |
+
不需學習,裝完大概就會用
|
| 244 |
+
|
| 245 |
+
缺點:
|
| 246 |
+
* 沒注音輸入
|
| 247 |
+
* 無拼寫檢查、建議詞彙
|
| 248 |
+
* 社群批評有點醜,不過審美觀因人而異
|
| 249 |
+
[F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/juloo.keyboard2/)、[Google Play](https://unexpected-keyboard.en.aptoide.com/app) 都能取得
|
| 250 |
+
|
| 251 |
+
---
|
| 252 |
+
|
| 253 |
+
#### iOS 鍵盤?
|
| 254 |
+
前面只提 Android 替代品,那 iPhone 用戶呢?
|
| 255 |
+
蘋果預設鍵盤 QuickType,難道不用換嗎?
|
| 256 |
+
|
| 257 |
+
QuickType 隱私政策較理想:
|
| 258 |
+
用[差分隱私](https://www.wired.com/2016/06/apples-differential-privacy-collecting-data/) (differential privacy)蒐集統計資料,去識別化才拿走
|
| 259 |
+
平常拼寫檢查、自動選字,都在你手機離線完成
|
| 260 |
+
不過若開啟 Siri 聽寫,資料同樣會[送到雲端](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/data/en/ask-siri-dictation/),用以處理、優化服務
|
| 261 |
+
雖然閉源,但未達隱私威脅,因此未呼籲替換
|
| 262 |
+
更重要的是,iOS 生態系封閉,想換也沒多少選擇啊!
|
| 263 |
+
唯一優質替代品 [kif - keyboard](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/qwerty-keyboard/id1434021039),2021 年已停止維護
|
| 264 |
+
|
| 265 |
+
---
|
| 266 |
+
|
| 267 |
+
背景故事:
|
| 268 |
+
開發者[表示](https://github.com/cemheren/akifkeyboard),當初受夠第三方側錄,所以自己做鍵盤
|
| 269 |
+
推出一款開源、尊重隱私,且功能幾乎等同 QuickType (iOS 預設鍵盤)的軟體
|
| 270 |
+
支援多語言、滑動輸入、暗色背景、拼寫檢查等
|
| 271 |
+
但 2021 年時,他說受夠蘋果各種詭異要求,決定不再維護 (說不定蘋果稅也是一環)
|
| 272 |
+
> I was sick of dealing with Apple's weird demands and focused on other projects
|
| 273 |
+
|
| 274 |
+
---
|
| 275 |
+
|
| 276 |
+
能換當然換,但沒選擇也沒辦法
|
| 277 |
+
買蘋果手機,就只好自認倒霉囉!
|
| 278 |
+
|
| 279 |
+
---
|
| 280 |
+
|
| 281 |
+
### 懶人包~~青天~~
|
| 282 |
+
~~抓到,偷懶仔,你是不是沒看文章就直接滑到這~~
|
| 283 |
+
* 拉丁語系 (e.g. 英文):
|
| 284 |
+
* 想要 AI 輔助、接受美企 → [Futo](https://keyboard.futo.org/)
|
| 285 |
+
* 喜歡滑動輸入、自訂佈局:
|
| 286 |
+
* 想要拼寫建議 → [HeliBoard](https://github.com/Helium314/HeliBoard?tab=readme-ov-file)
|
| 287 |
+
* 偏好高度客製化 → [FlorisBoard](https://github.com/florisboard/florisboard) / [HeliBoard](https://github.com/Helium314/HeliBoard?tab=readme-ov-file)
|
| 288 |
+
* 不需滑動輸入,但想要拼寫建議、自訂功能 → [AnySoftKeyboard](https://anysoftkeyboard.github.io/)
|
| 289 |
+
* 極簡主義者,只要最基礎、輕量的鍵盤 → [Simple Keyboard](https://github.com/rkkr/simple-keyboard)
|
| 290 |
+
* 不喜歡切輸入法,想全在同介面解決 → [Unexpected Keyboard](https://github.com/Julow/Unexpected-Keyboard)
|
| 291 |
+
* 嚮往單手打字:
|
| 292 |
+
* 願意花時間學、想特立獨行 → [8vim](https://github.com/8VIM/8VIM) (學不會不負責)
|
| 293 |
+
* 喜歡舊式手機九宮格排版 → [Thumb-Key](https://github.com/dessalines/thumb-key)
|
| 294 |
+
* 雙手打字時不想換軟體、想客製化 → [HeliBoard](https://github.com/Helium314/HeliBoard?tab=readme-ov-file) / [FlorisBoard](https://github.com/florisboard/florisboard) (單手模式)
|
| 295 |
+
* 注音輸入法 → [Guileless Bopomofo](https://github.com/hiroshiyui/GuilelessBopomofo) ([樸實注音鍵盤](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.ghostsinthelab.apps.guilelessbopomofo/))
|
| 296 |
+
* iOS 用戶 → ~~自生自滅~~ [kif - keyboard](https://github.com/cemheren/akifkeyboard)
|
| 297 |
+
_# 但專案已停止維護,能否下載、正常運作,全看你造化囉!_
|
| 298 |
+
|
| 299 |
+
---
|
| 300 |
+
|
| 301 |
+
細心的讀者可能有發現,以往圖片常加皇冠、偷渡推薦次序
|
| 302 |
+
_# 例如 [Searxng](./deGoogle-search-engine.md)、[Proton Mail](./deGoogle-email.md)、[F-Droid](./deGoogle-appStore.md)_
|
| 303 |
+
但鍵盤使用因人而異,本篇沒納入這種考量
|
| 304 |
+
[HeliBoard](https://f-droid.org/packages/helium314.keyboard/)、[FlorisBoard](https://f-droid.org/packages/dev.patrickgold.florisboard/) 很推薦給英文使用者
|
| 305 |
+
[Futo](https://futo.org/) 若非美企,其實也很推薦
|
| 306 |
+
[樸實](https://github.com/hiroshiyui/GuilelessBopomofo)是唯一堪用的注音鍵盤,台灣用戶可能需要
|
| 307 |
+
也可以裝一個好用的外文鍵盤 (e.g. [HeliBoard](https://f-droid.org/packages/helium314.keyboard/)),搭配[樸實注音鍵盤](https://f-droid.org/zh_Hant/packages/org.ghostsinthelab.apps.guilelessbopomofo/)使用
|
| 308 |
+
每個都玩玩,再做決定也無妨
|
| 309 |
+
|
| 310 |
+
|
| 311 |
+
|
deGoogle-map.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
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|
|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 替換地圖
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 糟糕迷路了,用 Google 地圖查一下地獄怎麼去
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
說到地圖,許多人直覺就想到 Google map
|
| 6 |
+
多數人根本不知道,還有其他選擇
|
| 7 |
+
|
| 8 |
+
#### 讓我們細說從圖
|
| 9 |
+

|
| 10 |
+
<sup>圖源:~~地獄歸來者~~我自己</sup>
|
| 11 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指免費開源軟體 (Free and Open Source Software)</sup>
|
| 12 |
+
<sup>non-profit 指「不以營利為目的」</sup>
|
| 13 |
+
|
| 14 |
+
### 該被換的地圖
|
| 15 |
+
#### Google Map
|
| 16 |
+
若未另行阻擋,Google Map 可定位使用者
|
| 17 |
+
官方號稱以之規劃路線、預測抵達時間等功能
|
| 18 |
+
也許定位的確有惠於正當功能,但廣告和侵入性個資取得,自然也躲不掉
|
| 19 |
+
|
| 20 |
+
你以為關閉定位,或未使用 app 就沒事嗎?
|
| 21 |
+
|
| 22 |
+
法院可[不這麼認為](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/15/google-privacy-settlement-location-data/),即便「關閉定位」,Google 仍偷偷追蹤用戶位置
|
| 23 |
+
蒐集用戶機敏個資以推送廣告,被美國 40 個州[開罰近 4 億美元](https://www.npr.org/2022/11/14/1136521305/google-settlement-location-tracking-data-privacy)
|
| 24 |
+
不僅地圖,多項 Google 服務都會定位使用者,就算從裝置設定擋追蹤也一樣
|
| 25 |
+
_# 果粉別笑太早,Android、iPhone 用戶都[沒能倖免](https://apnews.com/article/828aefab64d4411bac257a07c1af0ecb)_
|
| 26 |
+
|
| 27 |
+
#### Apple Map
|
| 28 |
+
就算選蘋果地圖,[資料蒐集](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/data/en/apple-maps/)只是比較輕微、可控,不是完全不做
|
| 29 |
+
蘋果[自家律師說](https://proton.me/blog/iphone-privacy),理性蘋果 app 用戶,不該指望其活動對蘋果有隱私性
|
| 30 |
+
> no reasonable user would expect that their actions in Apple’s apps would be private from Apple
|
| 31 |
+
|
| 32 |
+
除了從前的商業模式,蘋果也[靠廣告賺錢](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-08-14/apple-aapl-set-to-expand-advertising-bringing-ads-to-maps-tv-and-books-apps-l6tdqqmg)
|
| 33 |
+
個人化[廣告](https://asymco.com/2026/03/29/apple-maps-is-getting-ads-its-apples-riskiest-bet-yet/)那麼好賺,別以為當果粉個資就很安全
|
| 34 |
+
|
| 35 |
+
#### 百度地圖
|
| 36 |
+
至於百度,陸企就不用說了,中國企業須配合政府做事
|
| 37 |
+
若官方要求資訊,誰敢不配合?
|
| 38 |
+
不僅軟體不開源、埋設[漏洞](https://cyberscoop.com/baidu-maps-search-app-data-google/),也[蒐集](https://thehackernews.com/2020/11/baidus-android-apps-caught-collecting.html)用戶[機敏個資](https://www.zdnet.com/article/baidus-android-apps-caught-collecting-sensitive-user-details/)
|
| 39 |
+
[百度搜尋和地圖](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/android-apps-data-leakage/)都入列、和台灣又有直接利害關係,更該換掉
|
| 40 |
+
|
| 41 |
+
### 隱私替代品
|
| 42 |
+
本篇替代品全開源、非營利導向
|
| 43 |
+
#### [OpenStreetMap](https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=8/23.611/120.768)
|
| 44 |
+
OpenStreetMap (OSM) 直翻開放街圖,是類似 Google Map 的公開地圖服務
|
| 45 |
+
不只是地圖,它也存有各種地理資訊,能讓開發者串接、製作衍生產品
|
| 46 |
+
_# 商業使用也行,開放街圖用[開放資料庫授權](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/) (ODbL)開源_
|
| 47 |
+
|
| 48 |
+
---
|
| 49 |
+
|
| 50 |
+
講古 (~~不爽~~可略):
|
| 51 |
+
OpenStreetMap 簡稱 OSM,由英國人 Steve Coast 在 2004 年發起
|
| 52 |
+
當時英國地理圖資數據,由政府稅收支持測繪而來,但沒開放給公眾使用
|
| 53 |
+
Coast 覺得地圖資訊應能自由流通,而非受政府、商業寡頭把持
|
| 54 |
+
受維基百科的成功啟發,他發起 OSM 專案,讓群眾參與繪製、編輯、使用
|
| 55 |
+
初期由貢獻者持 GPS 記錄軌跡、實地勘察,土法煉鋼蒐集地理資料
|
| 56 |
+
後來加入航空、衛星影像,和政府公開資訊,計畫蓬勃發展
|
| 57 |
+
並成立開放街圖基金會 (OpenStreetMap Foundation, OSMF)維運
|
| 58 |
+
OSMF 是[非營利組織](https://welcome.openstreetmap.org/about-osm-community/donate-to-osm/),你也可以[捐款](https://supporting.openstreetmap.org/donate/)支持
|
| 59 |
+
|
| 60 |
+
---
|
| 61 |
+
|
| 62 |
+
開放街圖的資料,也為下文其他產品灌溉
|
| 63 |
+
且 OSM 有[台灣頁面](https://osm.tw/),你我都能加入!
|
| 64 |
+
缺點:
|
| 65 |
+
* 面對大眾的功能有限
|
| 66 |
+
* 只有線上版
|
| 67 |
+
* ~~介面有點醜~~ (個人觀感)
|
| 68 |
+
|
| 69 |
+
日常用途或許不那麼方便,但對研究、開發者來說,無疑是個寶藏
|
| 70 |
+
大眾可選用依賴 OSM 開發的 app,會比較人性化一點 (如底下介紹者)
|
| 71 |
+
|
| 72 |
+
|
| 73 |
+
#### [FacilMap](https://facilmap.org/)
|
| 74 |
+
FacilMap 是[社群開發者](https://github.com/FacilMap/facilmap?tab=readme-ov-file)基於開放街圖,整合第三方服務、調整使用者介面而成
|
| 75 |
+
資料來源仍是 OSM,不過功能更完善,也更能客製化
|
| 76 |
+
同樣非營利、接受捐助,能多人同時協作
|
| 77 |
+
伺服器可自行架設,也可用[官方服務](https://facilmap.org/)
|
| 78 |
+
缺點:
|
| 79 |
+
* 只有線上版
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+
#### [Organic Maps](https://organicmaps.app/)
|
| 82 |
+
直翻有機地圖,是[群眾協作](https://github.com/organicmaps/organicmaps)的行動版地圖
|
| 83 |
+
支援離線使用,起初��群是觀光客、旅行者、登山客、單車騎士等
|
| 84 |
+
_# 先預載地圖,到當地離線照樣能用_
|
| 85 |
+
可離線導航、自訂圖標、記錄足跡,而且有**暗色、語音模式**喔!
|
| 86 |
+
_# 開發者[說法](https://odysee.com/@techlore:3/the-maps-app-that-collects-zero-data:0)是,本地圖「離線優先 (offline first)」,從源頭設計保護隱私_
|
| 87 |
+
離線運作原理是:先下載壓縮過的向量指標,再即時依需求展開地圖
|
| 88 |
+
即使是舊手機,一樣能流暢使用
|
| 89 |
+
唯一需要連網的時間,只有初次下載 app 和地圖
|
| 90 |
+
鑑於口碑佳,很快擴散到一般大眾
|
| 91 |
+
許多追求隱私、程式效能者,也加入用戶行列
|
| 92 |
+
介面簡潔、運作效率高,操作也很直觀
|
| 93 |
+
_# 程式主體由 C++ 寫成_
|
| 94 |
+
缺點:
|
| 95 |
+
* 還沒找到 (歡迎提供)
|
| 96 |
+
|
| 97 |
+
資料來自開放街圖,但包成好用的手機 app
|
| 98 |
+
Android 和 iOS 都可取得,不妨立刻載來試試
|
| 99 |
+
|
| 100 |
+
#### [OsmAnd](https://osmand.net/)
|
| 101 |
+
全名「OSM Automated Navigation Directions」,意指自動導航
|
| 102 |
+
客群主要是交通工具使用者,e.g. 駕駛、騎士、登山客、船員等
|
| 103 |
+
同樣支援離線使用、語音導航、軌跡記錄、暗色模式等
|
| 104 |
+
多數功能和有機地圖相近,同樣基於 OSM (看名字就知道)
|
| 105 |
+
OsmAnd 甚至更多用途,恕無法一一列舉,堪稱「完整版萬能地圖」
|
| 106 |
+
_# 相較之下,有機地圖主打「簡單」、「易用」_
|
| 107 |
+
Android 和 iOS 都可取得
|
| 108 |
+
缺點:
|
| 109 |
+
* 分免費、付費版
|
| 110 |
+
免費版就很夠用,但既然出了收錢版,免費版功能就會被砍一些
|
| 111 |
+
* 功能多的缺點:複雜性較高,可能需摸索適應一下
|
| 112 |
+
* 效能較有機地圖低
|
| 113 |
+
_# Java 編寫而成_
|
| 114 |
+
離線地圖的好處,就是沒網路的荒山野地仍可用 (戰時斷網亦同)
|
| 115 |
+
平常情況下,不連網更省電、也更不怕個資被偷
|
| 116 |
+
|
| 117 |
+
---
|
| 118 |
+
|
| 119 |
+
### 懶人包
|
| 120 |
+
網頁版用 [OpenStreetMap](https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=8/23.611/120.768) / [FacilMap](https://facilmap.org/),你高興就好
|
| 121 |
+
至於手機 app:
|
| 122 |
+
一般用戶 / 極簡主義者 → [Organic Maps](https://organicmaps.app/) (有機地圖)
|
| 123 |
+
專業用戶 (例如越野車玩家) → [OsmAnd](https://osmand.net/)
|
| 124 |
+
|
| 125 |
+
---
|
| 126 |
+
|
| 127 |
+
這次比較簡短,因為地圖好選擇不多
|
| 128 |
+
不過這幾個替代品,就很夠用
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+
|
deGoogle-meet.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
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| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 替換會議軟體
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 我們用 Zoom 面試,到時候記得上線
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
線上會議軟體,主流莫過於 Google Meet、Cisco Webex、Microsoft Teams 和 Zoom
|
| 6 |
+
但此類軟體,全都有[隱私缺陷](https://www.consumerreports.org/electronics-computers/video-conferencing-services/videoconferencing-privacy-issues-google-microsoft-webex-a7383469308/)
|
| 7 |
+
|
| 8 |
+
|
| 9 |
+
|
| 10 |
+
#### 先看圖再說
|
| 11 |
+

|
| 12 |
+
<sup>製圖:移幣 aka 我</sup>
|
| 13 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指免費開源軟體 (Free and Open Source Software)</sup>
|
| 14 |
+
<sup>non-profit 指不以營利為目的</sup>
|
| 15 |
+
|
| 16 |
+
### 欠換產品
|
| 17 |
+
#### Google Meet
|
| 18 |
+
這就不用提了,Google Meet 無端對端加密,官方能取得會議資料
|
| 19 |
+
會儲存[地理位置](https://support.google.com/meet/answer/10382037?hl=en),IP、參與者名單、通話時長等 [metadata](https://support.google.com/meet/answer/9852160?hl=en),近期搜尋的[聯絡人](https://support.google.com/a/answer/7582940?hl=en)也會記錄
|
| 20 |
+
且 Google [素行不良](https://cybernews.com/security/billions-credentials-exposed-infostealers-data-leak/)、服務又不開源,難道它講什麼我們就信什麼?
|
| 21 |
+
_# 詐騙都沒那麼容易取信_
|
| 22 |
+
#### Microsoft Teams
|
| 23 |
+
微軟不遑多讓,預設蒐集用戶[影像、音訊](https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/may/19/nsw-education-department-caught-unaware-after-microsoft-teams-began-collecting-students-biometric-data)
|
| 24 |
+
Metadata [幾乎全拿](https://www.mozillafoundation.org/en/privacynotincluded/teams/),用於廣告行銷、和夥伴 (e.g. Meta)共用
|
| 25 |
+
_# 還會結合第三方來源,取得你沒給的資料_
|
| 26 |
+
對「資料如何用於 AI」也很不透明,是否以之訓練模型很難說
|
| 27 |
+
微軟的[劣跡](https://www.virtru.com/blog/industry-updates/microsoft-data-breaches-2025)和 Google 同個等級,難道還不換?
|
| 28 |
+
#### Zoom
|
| 29 |
+
這就[更精彩](https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/137076)了
|
| 30 |
+
Google 是官方會濫用個資,微軟更會分給合作者
|
| 31 |
+
Zoom 則是除了**自己拿,還附贈一堆漏洞,毫無安全性可言**
|
| 32 |
+
* 惡名昭彰的 [Zoom bombing](https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/zoombombing-fbi-warning-1.5519024) (Zoom 炸彈攻擊),指未經授權的使用者亂入會議
|
| 33 |
+
不速之客能劫持更高權限,恣意踢出與會人、播放各種惡意內容
|
| 34 |
+
* 安裝檔未經授權就會在背景運作、允許惡意程式碼注入 (故[被台灣政府禁用](https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/136851))
|
| 35 |
+
_# 台灣[非特例](https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/04/04/school-districts-including-new-york-citys-start-banning-zoom-because-online-security-issues/),[美國](https://stuyspec.com/article/zoom-banned-due-to-privacy-concerns)、[德國](https://www.mlex.com/mlex/articles/2143442/teams-and-zoom-banned-from-schools-in-german-state-hesse)等多方,都有學校、[各級機關](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spacex-zoom-video-commn/elon-musks-spacex-bans-zoom-over-privacy-concerns-memo-idUSKBN21J71H/)禁用 Zoom 的[案例](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pranavdixit/google-bans-zoom)_
|
| 36 |
+
|
| 37 |
+
---
|
| 38 |
+
|
| 39 |
+
_事件說明,可略_
|
| 40 |
+
技術上來說,Zoom 繞過 Safari 安全網,暗地[埋設後門](https://www.howtogeek.com/427964/how-to-see-if-zoom-is-running-a-secret-web-server-on-your-mac-and-remove-it/)
|
| 41 |
+
在 Mac 下載 Zoom 並執行時,會一併在背景啟動 localhost server (本地伺服器)
|
| 42 |
+
瀏覽網頁時,若有 iframe 嵌入 Zoom,且裝置相機未鎖定
|
| 43 |
+
鏡頭就會被自動打開、同時將你[拖入會議](https://appleinsider.com/articles/19/07/10/apple-removes-zoom-web-server-in-stealth-mac-update)
|
| 44 |
+
不僅如此,**即使拆除 Zoom 應用程式,本地伺服器仍會存在**
|
| 45 |
+
甚至**在背景「偷偷裝回」Zoom**,簡直就是惡意軟體
|
| 46 |
+
連蘋果都罕見[採取行動](https://techcrunch.com/2019/07/10/apple-silent-update-zoom-app/),發佈自動更新將 Zoom 背景伺服器拆除
|
| 47 |
+
_# 此類更新會自動下載,用戶毋需做任何事,以往多用於排除惡意軟體_
|
| 48 |
+
|
| 49 |
+
---
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
* 當然,用個資搞廣告、和第三方分享,他們[也沒少做](https://www.reco.ai/hub/zoom-privacy-issues#:~:text=Zoom%20has%20also%20faced%20issues%20with%20its,can%20be%20exploited%20if%20not%20carefully%20managed.)
|
| 52 |
+
* Zoom 曾號稱端對端加密,結果被發現只加密聊天室,會議本體[未落實](https://proton.me/blog/zoom-85-million-settlement)
|
| 53 |
+
加上未經用戶同意就[與 Google、Facebook 分享資料](https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/08/zoom-to-pay-85m-for-lying-about-encryption-and-sending-data-to-facebook-and-google/),賠上 8500 萬美元
|
| 54 |
+
* 原本說用 AES 256 做加密,卻[被踢爆](https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/)只用 AES 128,**公然謊言行銷**
|
| 55 |
+
簡單說就是加密金鑰強度差異,但資安為「非黑即白」
|
| 56 |
+
「強度不足易被破解」形同沒做,就像關了家門卻沒��上
|
| 57 |
+
你說「我有關門哪!」,東西就被偷了誰管你有沒有關門?
|
| 58 |
+
更糟的是,此舉誤導用戶產生「安全的錯覺」,可能致使機敏資料流出
|
| 59 |
+
即「你以為門鎖了,所以把鑽戒、金條放桌上」,徒增被盜風險
|
| 60 |
+
若你知道門沒鎖,貴重物品還會亂放嗎?
|
| 61 |
+
|
| 62 |
+
值得一提的是,Zoom 雖於美國上市,但在中國有三間公司、700 多位員工
|
| 63 |
+
部分伺服器設於中國,也曾將資料[送中](https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/)
|
| 64 |
+
簡言之,就是[美皮中骨](https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/)的假面公司
|
| 65 |
+
若美國政府要求,Zoom 會[配合](https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/3/21279355/zoom-end-encryption-calls-fbi-police-free-users)交出用戶資料
|
| 66 |
+
_# I.e. 貼心提醒,[稜鏡計劃](https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E6%98%AF%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84prism-%E7%A8%9C%E9%8F%A1%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB-%E9%80%99%E6%98%AF%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%8A%E5%B8%B8%E4%B8%8A%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF-%E3%80%81-%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E6%89%8B%E6%A9%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E6%87%89%E8%A9%B2%E8%A6%81%E4%BA%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%9F%E5%AF%86%E7%9B%A3%E8%81%BD%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB-132129828.html)就是**美國**國安局伸髒手進**美國企業**搞的_
|
| 67 |
+
中國政府也能干涉,例如[停止 64 學運領袖帳號](https://cn.nytimes.com/technology/20200612/zoom-china-tiananmen-square/zh-hant/)
|
| 68 |
+
**Zoom 是家「結合中資、美帝一切缺點的公司」,厲不厲害呀?**
|
| 69 |
+
軟體安全性漏洞,說是無心之過也罷
|
| 70 |
+
誤導行銷、政治干預、個資濫用、後門埋設...,顯然是蓄意為之
|
| 71 |
+
如此惡質的公司,能不換嗎?
|
| 72 |
+
#### Cisco Webex
|
| 73 |
+
Cisco (思科)同樣是美商,收購 Webex 後維運該服務
|
| 74 |
+
隱私政策稱不上透明,卻很愛用「安全」、「隱私」當[行銷口號](https://help.webex.com/en-us/article/nv2hm53/Webex-Security-and-Privacy)
|
| 75 |
+
蒐集哪些資料、metadata,拿個資來[做什麼](https://privacy.commonsense.org/privacy-report/Cisco-Webex)、與誰分享,都[不清楚](https://www.consumerreports.org/media-room/press-releases/2020/05/cisco-clarifies-privacy-policy-for-webex-videoconferencing-after-cr-study/)
|
| 76 |
+
Cisco Webex 也出過[安全性漏洞](https://www.techzine.eu/blogs/privacy-compliance/120809/sensitive-metadata-cisco-webex-was-childs-play-to-find-but-how/),[瀏覽器外掛](https://compciti.com/news-release-cisco-webex-security-issue/)、[亂入訪客](https://www.securityweek.com/cisco-webex-vulnerability-exploited-join-meetings-without-password/)、[ID 保護](https://www.grcworldforums.com/privacy-and-technology/vulnerability-found-within-cisco-webex-and-zoom/75.article)...
|
| 77 |
+
~~所以才叫「Cisco Webex,思科 - 違背個資」~~
|
| 78 |
+
雖沒 Zoom 嚴重,漏洞也多已修復
|
| 79 |
+
看在不透明隱私政策、非開源、美企的份上,仍該換一下
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+
怎沒提蘋果 Facetime?
|
| 82 |
+
|
| 83 |
+
Apple 也是美企,但預設端對端加密、蒐集有限度 metadata
|
| 84 |
+
_# Metadata 包括如何時通話、通話多久等_
|
| 85 |
+
官方隱私政策說明,最多保留 30 天
|
| 86 |
+
不值得推薦,但也沒到欠換的程度
|
| 87 |
+
_# 果粉可以歡呼了_
|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
### 替代品們
|
| 90 |
+
#### [MiroTalk](https://p2p.mirotalk.com/newcall)
|
| 91 |
+
MiroTalk 是社群自發建立的專案,開源、重隱私,且**無須下載 app**
|
| 92 |
+
仰賴 WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication)技術,用瀏覽器即可
|
| 93 |
+
免帳號、免登入、免瀏覽器外掛,支援各大平台 (有瀏覽器就行)
|
| 94 |
+
伺服器僅確認與會者、讓用戶得以對接,之後就採對等網路 (peer-to-peer, p2p)通訊
|
| 95 |
+
簡單來說,就是伺服器當月老,幫用戶牽線便功成身退
|
| 96 |
+
用戶彼此私下聯繫 (p2p),和伺服器再無瓜葛
|
| 97 |
+
因伺服器不儲存資料,媒合完資料就消失了
|
| 98 |
+
_# 即 STUN server (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT)_
|
| 99 |
+
通訊層加密、p2p,達成**端對端加密**
|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
擔心伺服器被駭怎麼辦?
|
| 102 |
+
|
| 103 |
+
別怕,p2p 讓參與者對接後,根本沒伺服器的事
|
| 104 |
+
若擔心 metadata 被儲存,可**自架伺服器**
|
| 105 |
+
缺點是 p2p 靠與會者互傳資訊,人數上升時負載會暴增,較適合小型會議
|
| 106 |
+
MiroTalk 作者早就想過,於是他開發了多款變體:
|
| 107 |
+
_# 以下依「人數少到多」排列_
|
| 108 |
+
* [MiroTalk c2c](https://c2c.mirotalk.com/) (Cam-to-Cam):專為「一對一視訊」打造
|
| 109 |
+
* [MiroTalk p2p](https://github.com/miroslavpejic85/mirotalk):上文介紹者
|
| 110 |
+
* [MiroTalk SFU](https://sfu.mirotalk.com/) (Selective Forwarding Unit):用戶將資料傳到 SFU 伺服器,由伺服器選擇性 (selective)轉發給特定與會者
|
| 111 |
+
適合中大型會議,靠伺服器解決前述負載問題
|
| 112 |
+
_# 建構在 [Mediasoup](https://github.com/versatica/mediasoup?tab=readme-ov-file) 上,亦可直接用 [mediasoup](https://mediasoup.org/)_
|
| 113 |
+
* [MiroTalk bro](https://bro.mirotalk.com/) (~~brother~~ broadcast):由單一廣播者發訊,其餘人口僅收聽
|
| 114 |
+
廣播、單向傳遞訊息時可用
|
| 115 |
+
|
| 116 |
+
若想靠帳號管理使用者,亦可架 [MiroTalk WEB](https://github.com/miroslavpejic85/mirotalkwebrtc) 平台以實現
|
| 117 |
+
各種場景都能應對,功能十分完善
|
| 118 |
+
缺點:
|
| 119 |
+
* 還沒找到
|
| 120 |
+
|
| 121 |
+
MiroTalk 也支援 iframe 嵌入網頁,對前端開發者很友善
|
| 122 |
+
點擊連結、發起通話,即可使用
|
| 123 |
+
夠簡單吧!
|
| 124 |
+
|
| 125 |
+
#### [BigBlueButton](https://bigbluebutton.org/)
|
| 126 |
+
BigBlueButton 直翻大藍鈕 (縮寫 BBB),2007 年加拿大學界推出的開源專案
|
| 127 |
+
開發者覺得
|
| 128 |
+
> 發起線上會議,應像按下一顆藍色大按鈕一樣簡單
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+

|
| 131 |
+
目標受眾是教學者,例如學校老師
|
| 132 |
+
主要[功能](https://bigbluebutton.org/tutorials/):
|
| 133 |
+
* 線上會議
|
| 134 |
+
課堂也能算一種會議,對吧?
|
| 135 |
+
* 螢幕分享
|
| 136 |
+
若無法分享螢幕,還要它幹嘛?
|
| 137 |
+
* 白板
|
| 138 |
+
除了基本繪圖、擦除等功能,亦可和學生協作
|
| 139 |
+
老師能個別輔導,讓虛擬課堂更逼真
|
| 140 |
+
* 分組討論室 (Breakout Rooms)
|
| 141 |
+
主持人能創建討論室,將參與者分派入小組進行協作
|
| 142 |
+
才不會所有參與者在同個空間討論,人多嘴雜互相干擾
|
| 143 |
+
且討論室內能共享筆記、白板,形同獨立小型會議
|
| 144 |
+
討論環節結束時,再將眾人拉回大會議室
|
| 145 |
+
_# 可設定討論時長,時間到由系統自動終止_
|
| 146 |
+
* 私訊功能
|
| 147 |
+
可傳悄悄話給特定與會者,例如~~小情人~~同學
|
| 148 |
+
* 匿名投票
|
| 149 |
+
可用於課堂互動,多選題也支援
|
| 150 |
+
* 學習分析儀表板
|
| 151 |
+
不開攝影機、不時刻緊盯,仍可掌握學生參與度、學習成效
|
| 152 |
+
|
| 153 |
+
可說是線上課程完善套組,台灣有[多所大學](https://moodletest.ncnu.edu.tw/mod/folder/view.php?id=653513)已投入使用
|
| 154 |
+
_# BBB 和許多學校的線上平台「moodle」相容,可無痛整合_
|
| 155 |
+
缺點:
|
| 156 |
+
* 無端對端加密
|
| 157 |
+
但伺服器可自架,若機構擔心安全問題,自行維運內部服務即可
|
| 158 |
+
_# 有[其他機構](https://nlnet.nl/project/BBBsecureChat/)為 BBB 開發端對端加密,不過原始碼似乎不見了_
|
| 159 |
+
* 架構龐大,稍嫌笨重
|
| 160 |
+
若只想和朋友視訊、三五人線上開會,整套系統未免太臃腫
|
| 161 |
+
* 有技術門檻
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
企業內部遠端會議、教育機構線上教學,不妨試試 BBB
|
| 164 |
+
|
| 165 |
+
#### [brie.fi](https://brie.fi/ng)
|
| 166 |
+
德國社群開發者創立的專案,開源、非營利,讀作 [briefing](https://github.com/holtwick/briefing/) (拆成 brie.fi/ng)
|
| 167 |
+
若要衍生閉源產品,可購買白標 (一次性付 499 歐元)
|
| 168 |
+
原理和 MiroTalk 幾乎一樣,靠 WebRTC 直接用瀏覽器通話
|
| 169 |
+
免下載、p2p (對等網路),伺服器可自架 (而且很簡單)
|
| 170 |
+
也因對等網路、通訊層加密,達成端對端加密
|
| 171 |
+
但沒擴展出其他版本,僅適合較少參與者的會議
|
| 172 |
+
缺點:
|
| 173 |
+
* 不適合太多人的會議 (e.g. 二三十人)
|
| 174 |
+
|
| 175 |
+
不知為何明明設計給瀏覽器,官方卻開發了 [iOS app](https://apps.apple.com/app/briefing-video-chat/id1510803601)
|
| 176 |
+
直接點[連結](https://brie.fi/ng)發起會議即可,應用程式實則多餘
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
#### [Nextcloud Talk](https://nextcloud.com/talk/)
|
| 179 |
+
又是老面孔,Nextcloud,下一朵雲 (?)
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
---
|
| 182 |
+
|
| 183 |
+
背景簡介,~~不爽~~可略:
|
| 184 |
+
受開發者歡迎的德國公司,產品 100% 開源
|
| 185 |
+
Nextcloud 是整合雲端服務,類似 Google 或微軟的雲端
|
| 186 |
+
有各種工具,包括文件編輯、雲端儲存、Email 收發等
|
| 187 |
+
當然,也包括視訊會議服務 Nextcloud Talk
|
| 188 |
+
任何人皆可自行架設,且**開源版和企業版`沒有差別`**
|
| 189 |
+
_# 官方也鼓勵大眾自架服務喔!_
|
| 190 |
+
商業模式為協助企業架設伺服器、排除問題等,簡言之就是賣服務
|
| 191 |
+
故無隱藏費用,也不貪個資
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
---
|
| 194 |
+
|
| 195 |
+
回到正題,Nextcloud Talk 是其整合服務中的一項
|
| 196 |
+
同樣用 WebRTC、DTLS/SRTP 加密傳輸
|
| 197 |
+
I.e. 只需瀏覽器,不必另外下載 app
|
| 198 |
+
小型會議會用 p2p,伺服器僅媒合用戶 (和前述 MiroTalk、brie.fi/ng 一樣)
|
| 199 |
+
_# p2p 指對等網路 (peer-to-peer),即與會者對接,不經伺服器_
|
| 200 |
+
藉傳輸層加密、p2p 達成端對端加密
|
| 201 |
+
有大型會議需求的話,可裝高效後端 ([high performance backend](https://portal.nextcloud.com/article/Nextcloud-Talk/High-Performance-Backend/Installation-of-Nextcloud-Talk-High-Performance-Backend), HPB)
|
| 202 |
+
_# 超過 10 人以上,可能就需要 HPB_
|
| 203 |
+
由伺服器協調流量,並提供錄影、電話撥入 (類似 Google meet)功能
|
| 204 |
+
且支援檔案分享、白板、投票與文字聊天等
|
| 205 |
+
體驗很完整,也很安全
|
| 206 |
+
但現階段文字訊息無端對端加密,會儲存在伺服器中
|
| 207 |
+
_# 若自架伺服器,就不擔心資料被偷_
|
| 208 |
+
缺點:
|
| 209 |
+
* 須自行架設伺服器,有技術門檻
|
| 210 |
+
* 文字尚無端對端加密
|
| 211 |
+
伺服器���架則不必擔心第三方盜取
|
| 212 |
+
* 小型會議才有端對端加密 (因為才是 p2p)
|
| 213 |
+
大型會議只有傳輸層加密,第三方無法介入,但伺服器擁有者能窺探
|
| 214 |
+
|
| 215 |
+
裝置有瀏覽器就能加入會議,各大桌面平台也有 app 可下載 (非必須)
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
#### [Jitsi](https://jitsi.org/)
|
| 218 |
+
最知名的開源會議軟體,莫過於 Jitsi
|
| 219 |
+
_# Jitsi 是保加利亞語「電線」之意_
|
| 220 |
+
功能完善、支援端對端加密、伺服器[可自架](https://github.com/jitsi/jitsi-meet),也可用[官方服務](https://meet.jit.si/)
|
| 221 |
+
|
| 222 |
+
---
|
| 223 |
+
|
| 224 |
+
講古 (可略):
|
| 225 |
+
Jitsi 最初由獨立團隊開發, 2015 年被 Atlassian 收購,為旗下 HipChat 加入視訊功能
|
| 226 |
+
但之後 Atlassian 把 HipChat、Stride 賣給 Slack,Jitsi 留著就沒用了
|
| 227 |
+
於是 2018 年 8x8 買下 Jitsi,承諾維持其開源性質,因此開發者沒跑光
|
| 228 |
+
從此 Jitsi 變成 8x8 的開源專案,至今仍是開源會議的首選之一
|
| 229 |
+
|
| 230 |
+
---
|
| 231 |
+
|
| 232 |
+
Jitsi 在「一對一」視訊時,採 p2p 對等網路
|
| 233 |
+
也就是伺服器僅媒合用戶,不經手視訊內容
|
| 234 |
+
而傳輸層有加密,藉此達成端對端加密
|
| 235 |
+
用 WebRTC 做視訊,因此瀏覽器即可加入 (和前幾者相似)
|
| 236 |
+
多人會議時,則使用 Jitsi 影片橋接 (Jitsi Videobridge, JVB)
|
| 237 |
+
伺服器轉發串流資訊給眾人,不會儲存經手資料
|
| 238 |
+
|
| 239 |
+
若伺服器擁有者,惡意儲存怎麼辦?
|
| 240 |
+
|
| 241 |
+
Jitsi 也想到了,有兩個方法可解:
|
| 242 |
+
* ~~轟炸伺服器中心~~
|
| 243 |
+
* 自架伺服器,總不會偷自己資料吧!
|
| 244 |
+
* Chromium 83+ 的瀏覽器,可用 Insertable Streams 做端對端加密
|
| 245 |
+
|
| 246 |
+
_# Chromium 是一種瀏覽器核心,可參考我[替換瀏覽器](./deGoogle-browser.md)一文_
|
| 247 |
+
由用戶端以每場會議的共用對稱金鑰,對媒體再行加密
|
| 248 |
+
確保伺服器的 Jitsi Videobridge 無法解密,只能轉發
|
| 249 |
+
_# 端對端加密用 olm protocol_
|
| 250 |
+
**簡言之,[Brave](https://brave.com/)、Chrome、Edge 等瀏覽器,能開啟端對端加密**
|
| 251 |
+
後來**行動版應用程式,也支援端對端加密**
|
| 252 |
+
_注意:端對端加密僅限影音。文字聊天、投票功能不在保護傘下
|
| 253 |
+
且 20 人以上會議,端對端加密效果有限_
|
| 254 |
+
缺點:
|
| 255 |
+
* 用官方服務發起會議,「須以 Google、Facebook 或 Github」連動登入
|
| 256 |
+
_# Github 是程式碼託管服務,已被微軟收購,三者都不是好選擇_
|
| 257 |
+
官方說法是避免濫用,所以要求身份驗證 (i.e. 登入)
|
| 258 |
+
不然從前,隨便個誰都能濫啟會議
|
| 259 |
+
有人問過官方,能否加上 email 登入選項
|
| 260 |
+
官方強硬回絕了,所以短期內應該都不用想
|
| 261 |
+
* **美國公司**,若無端對端加密則官方服務風險高
|
| 262 |
+
* 只在一對一視訊時,採 p2p 達成端對端加密
|
| 263 |
+
* 端對端加密僅支援 Chromium 系列瀏覽器
|
| 264 |
+
重視隱私者,只剩 [Brave](https://brave.com/zh-tw/download/)、[Bromite](https://www.bromite.org/) 等少數選擇
|
| 265 |
+
因為多數[隱私瀏覽器](./deGoogle-browser.md),都基於 [Firefox](https://www.firefox.com/zh-TW/)
|
| 266 |
+
|
| 267 |
+
好處是開源、可自架服務,多數問題能因此解決
|
| 268 |
+
Jitsi 架構完善,不少會議服務也是從 Jitsi 衍生而來
|
| 269 |
+
例如 [Calyx meet](https://calyxinstitute.org/projects/digital-services/calyx-meet) (似乎掛了)、下文介紹的 Brave Talk
|
| 270 |
+
也有許多[第三方](https://meet.init7.net/en/),架設 [Jitsi instances](https://pads.ccc.de/jitsiliste) 供大眾免費使用
|
| 271 |
+
**_# 第三方是否有惡意,本篇不作任何保證_**
|
| 272 |
+
|
| 273 |
+
#### [Brave Talk](https://talk.brave.com/)
|
| 274 |
+
此 Brave 即瀏覽器的那家 Brave,他們也有會議服務
|
| 275 |
+
Brave Talk 建構在 Jitsi 上,但移除了遙測
|
| 276 |
+
官方[宣稱](https://brave.com/blog/brave-talk-launch/)不會儲存任何資料、metadata (e.g. 通話對象、時長等)
|
| 277 |
+
支援端對端加密,但須手動開啟
|
| 278 |
+
_# 端對端加密仍在測試,有時會不穩定_
|
| 279 |
+
4 人以下會議免費,用瀏覽器即可加入,且不限時長
|
| 280 |
+
更多人則需訂閱,畢竟他們是公司,不是非營利機構
|
| 281 |
+
_# 現有 AI 新功能 [Leo](https://support.brave.app/hc/en-us/articles/25728936518285-How-to-use-Leo-with-Brave-Talk) 加入,可做會議記錄_
|
| 282 |
+
缺點:
|
| 283 |
+
* 美國公司
|
| 284 |
+
* 免費版有人數上限 (4 人以下)
|
| 285 |
+
* ~~發起會議須用 Brave 瀏覽器~~現已可用其他瀏覽器發起
|
| 286 |
+
_# 其他人可用任意瀏覽器加入_
|
| 287 |
+
* 端對端加密非預設開啟,且仍為實驗功能
|
| 288 |
+
|
| 289 |
+
鑑於 Brave Talk [開源](https://github.com/brave/brave-talk)、隱私政策友善,所以還是予以介紹
|
| 290 |
+
|
| 291 |
+
Proton (質子科技)也出了 [Proton Meet](https://proton.me/meet),[開源](https://github.com/ProtonMeet)、可免費使用
|
| 292 |
+
不過除非專門訂閱此服務,不然訂閱 Proton 生態系或免費用戶,最多都只能用 50 分鐘
|
| 293 |
+
|
| 294 |
+
---
|
| 295 |
+
|
| 296 |
+
### 懶人包
|
| 297 |
+
選擇障礙?
|
| 298 |
+
可參考以下推薦:
|
| 299 |
+
* **少數**朋友私下視訊:
|
| 300 |
+
* 極簡主義、不想下載軟體 → [MiroTalk](https://p2p.mirotalk.com/newcall) / [brie.fi](https://brie.fi/ng)
|
| 301 |
+
* 開發者,有在玩 Nextcloud → [Nextcloud Talk](https://nextcloud.com/talk/)
|
| 302 |
+
* 有自己的 [Jitsi](https://jitsi.org/) 伺服器 → [Jitsi](https://jitsi.org/)
|
| 303 |
+
* 有裝 Brave 瀏覽器 → [Brave Talk](https://talk.brave.com/)
|
| 304 |
+
* ~~詐團~~公司 / 機構 / 朋友**多人會議**:
|
| 305 |
+
* 能自架伺服器 → [Jitsi](https://jitsi.org/) / [Nextcloud Talk](https://nextcloud.com/talk/) / [MiroTalk SFU](https://sfu.mirotalk.com/)
|
| 306 |
+
* 若有細緻協作需求 → [BigBlueButton](https://bigbluebutton.org/)
|
| 307 |
+
* 教育機構會議、**線上教學** → [BigBlueButton](https://bigbluebutton.org/)
|
| 308 |
+
[MiroTalk](https://p2p.mirotalk.com/newcall)、[brie.fi](https://brie.fi/ng)、[Brave Talk](https://talk.brave.com/) 算最簡單的,進官網、點擊發起會議即可
|
| 309 |
+
若無法自架伺服器,[Jitsi](https://jitsi.org/) 官方登入途徑有隱私疑慮,但操作同樣簡單
|
| 310 |
+
[BigBlueButton](https://bigbluebutton.org/)、[Nextcloud Talk](https://nextcloud.com/talk/) 對一般大眾可能有點難度
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
---
|
| 313 |
+
|
| 314 |
+
### 跋
|
| 315 |
+
咱[葉次長](https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202512230371.aspx)曾對 Zoom 發表[高見](https://cofacts.tw/article/36r3h86c3wj7q),他做了**不詳盡**的調查,便一路滑坡到底
|
| 316 |
+
稱此「非資安問題,而是政治問題」,實則不想改變,所以只找有利觀點說服自己
|
| 317 |
+
忽略 Zoom 一路不慎、受迫、甚至蓄意的惡質行為
|
| 318 |
+
也完全不提威脅模式 (threat model),即不同人、不同內容的風險殊異
|
| 319 |
+
應以適當方式處理,而非全用相同手段
|
| 320 |
+
_# 例如險境中的人權倡議者需要 [Tor 瀏覽器](https://www.torproject.org/download/),一般人用 [Mullvad](https://mullvad.net/en/browser) 可能就足夠_
|
| 321 |
+
葉直接宣告「線上就是不安全」,既然其他選擇也不安全,那繼續用 Zoom 也一樣
|
| 322 |
+
_# 他說自己會繼續用 Zoom,問題是他所謂「其他選項」,皆為本篇屏棄者_
|
| 323 |
+
如同「反正走在路上都可能被車撞,那乾脆走車道,不必特地走人行道」一樣荒謬
|
| 324 |
+
_# 請問走人行道和走車道,兩者風險孰高孰低?_
|
| 325 |
+
|
| 326 |
+
本篇揭露的資訊,顯見 Zoom 存在重大缺陷 (不論系統設計、經營理念、或政治因素)
|
| 327 |
+
若評估後仍決定用 Zoom,那是你的選擇
|
| 328 |
+
如果是「什麼都不知道,隨便選個用」,那連「對自己負責」都稱不上
|
| 329 |
+
|
| 330 |
+
相信重視隱私的人,看完這篇後能做出明智的決定
|
| 331 |
+
|
| 332 |
+
|
| 333 |
+
|
| 334 |
+
|
deGoogle-mobile-OS.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,879 @@
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|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 換掉 Android
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 果黑:現在還買 iPhone 的都果盤
|
| 4 |
+
> 果粉:窮底層才買 Android
|
| 5 |
+
|
| 6 |
+
每次論壇有人問手機,總會引來兩派論戰
|
| 7 |
+
彷彿不買 iPhone,就只能選 Android
|
| 8 |
+
情況過於好笑,忍不住做了哏圖:
|
| 9 |
+

|
| 10 |
+
雖然標題說換 Android,但本篇**不支持任何一方**
|
| 11 |
+
因為兩邀都爛,都欠換!
|
| 12 |
+
|
| 13 |
+
### ~~大膽狂~~圖
|
| 14 |
+

|
| 15 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指免費開源軟體 (Free and Open Source Software)</sup>
|
| 16 |
+
<sup>non-profit 指「不以營利為目的」</sup>
|
| 17 |
+
<sup>in time update 指適時、及時更新</sup>
|
| 18 |
+
|
| 19 |
+
個別深入前,先補充背景知識 (開發者可略):
|
| 20 |
+
|
| 21 |
+
---
|
| 22 |
+
|
| 23 |
+
#### ROM
|
| 24 |
+
唯獨記憶體 (Read-Only Memory),行動裝置界指手機韌體
|
| 25 |
+
尤指 Android 作業系統 (Operation System),類似桌面平台的「OS」
|
| 26 |
+
_# iOS 閉源,幾乎無客製化彈性,所以通常不包含_
|
| 27 |
+
而 Android 是 Google 的**開源**專案,簡稱 AOSP (Android Open Source Project)
|
| 28 |
+
iOS 與 Android 幾乎二分市場,彼此時有消長
|
| 29 |
+
Google 問題很多 (稍後詳述),所以出現不少「去 Google 化」的 ROM
|
| 30 |
+
本篇會介紹者,部分是從 Android 分支 (fork)而來
|
| 31 |
+
畢竟開源的好處之一,即「爛就換」
|
| 32 |
+
其他則是 Linux 作業系統,完全獨立於二者
|
| 33 |
+
雖看似自由、理想,但 Linux 手機生存情況不樂觀
|
| 34 |
+
主要有兩大原因:
|
| 35 |
+
* 手機市場中,軟體也是至關重要的一環
|
| 36 |
+
OS 再棒,應用程式不好用也吸引不到人
|
| 37 |
+
_# 設想你買新手機,結果習慣的 app 通通裝不了,下次還會買它?_
|
| 38 |
+
手機軟體開發者,多已固著在 Android 和 iOS
|
| 39 |
+
公司開發新 app,通常也不會針對小眾平台
|
| 40 |
+
因此對一般用戶來說,轉換成本偏高
|
| 41 |
+
* 手機設計
|
| 42 |
+
很抱歉,多數手機商的硬、韌體,都針對 Android 設計
|
| 43 |
+
所以想灌 Linux 進手機,得處理一堆相容性問題
|
| 44 |
+
iPhone 更不用說,只能裝 iOS
|
| 45 |
+
導致許多 Linux ROM「無法鎖 bootloader」,具額外風險
|
| 46 |
+
|
| 47 |
+
#### Bootloader
|
| 48 |
+
管控 OS 進入主記憶體 (RAM)的程式,重灌前須先解鎖
|
| 49 |
+
Android 裝置的 bootloader 多有安全機制,防堵未授權的韌體刷入
|
| 50 |
+
意思是,舊版 Android、不明 OS 不可安裝
|
| 51 |
+
_# 預防駭客刷入舊版 Android,重新暴露已修補的漏洞_
|
| 52 |
+
且不是每家手機商,都允許解鎖 bootloader
|
| 53 |
+
例如[三星](https://sammyguru.com/breaking-samsung-removes-bootloader-unlocking-with-one-ui-8/)新款,幾乎全都無法解鎖
|
| 54 |
+
不能解鎖代表無法重灌、換系統,只能繼續用原裝套組
|
| 55 |
+
重灌 OS 後能否重新鎖上,也得看各家韌體設計
|
| 56 |
+
Google Pixel、[Fairphone](https://www.fairphone.com/) 這類品牌,**通常**可鎖回 bootloader
|
| 57 |
+
|
| 58 |
+
#### 刷機
|
| 59 |
+
「重灌」在手機界,常稱為「刷機」(flash)
|
| 60 |
+
指「安裝新的 OS 進手機」,原有資料會全洗掉
|
| 61 |
+
通常遵循以下流程:
|
| 62 |
+
1. 解鎖 bootloader
|
| 63 |
+
2. 連接電腦,用工具刷入你要的 OS
|
| 64 |
+
3. 如果可以,~~我想和妳 回到那天相~遇~~~重新鎖上 bootloader
|
| 65 |
+
_# 此為簡化版,刷 OS 前請詳閱各家文件_
|
| 66 |
+
|
| 67 |
+
---
|
| 68 |
+
|
| 69 |
+
枯燥的結束了
|
| 70 |
+
### 開始換吧!
|
| 71 |
+
#### Android
|
| 72 |
+
前面說 Android 開源,那為何要換掉呢?
|
| 73 |
+
嗯,Android 本身開源,但 Google 硬塞了超多自家**閉源**程式
|
| 74 |
+
_# 雖開源,但主要維護者為 Google,更新都由他們出_
|
| 75 |
+
和微軟一樣,市占率高就開始胡作非為
|
| 76 |
+
買來 Android 新機,裡面通常包括:
|
| 77 |
+
* [Google Play](./deGoogle-appStore.md)
|
| 78 |
+
* [Youtube](./deGoogle-video-platform.md)
|
| 79 |
+
* [Google 地圖](./deGoogle-map.md)
|
| 80 |
+
* [Chrome](./deGoogle-browser.md)
|
| 81 |
+
* 相機、計算機、簡訊、電話 app
|
| 82 |
+
別傻了,不少廠商直接預裝 Google 的閉源程式
|
| 83 |
+
* 鍵盤 ([Gboard](./deGoogle-keyboard.md))
|
| 84 |
+
* 新版還偷渡 Gemini
|
| 85 |
+
_# 超連結為替換文章_
|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+
重點是你頂多「停用」,沒辦法「解除安裝」那些數位針孔
|
| 88 |
+
礙眼就算了,還佔用儲存空間
|
| 89 |
+
而且有多少用戶,會替換原生程式呢?
|
| 90 |
+
別忘記,那些都是隱私噩夢
|
| 91 |
+
|
| 92 |
+
夠爛了嗎?
|
| 93 |
+
還沒完呢!
|
| 94 |
+
|
| 95 |
+
如果你姑息,Google 會[未經授權偷拿資料](https://cybermagazine.com/news/why-has-google-been-ordered-to-pay-android-users-us-314-6m)
|
| 96 |
+
當 Android 手機閑置時,許多個資已暗中傳回 Google
|
| 97 |
+
_# Google 因此被加州法院罰 3 億多美金_
|
| 98 |
+
加上[之前提過](./deGoogle-appStore.md),Google 準備限縮 Android 開放性
|
| 99 |
+
將來恐怕只能從 Google Play 下載軟體,變成近乎蘋果的封閉體系
|
| 100 |
+
屆時 Google 大概會進一步打壓,任何有競爭力的替代商店
|
| 101 |
+
若真走到那步田地,本篇的替代 ROM 會是重要救星
|
| 102 |
+
|
| 103 |
+
#### iOS
|
| 104 |
+
注意:以下內容會粉碎你對蘋果「尊重隱私」的**幻想**
|
| 105 |
+
首先不得不說���iOS 安全性還不錯
|
| 106 |
+
應用程式都關在沙盒裡,無法任意干預其他 app
|
| 107 |
+
_# 沙盒指隔離環境,像「虛擬世界中的虛擬世界」_
|
| 108 |
+
第三方非法入侵、app 越權相對**罕見**
|
| 109 |
+
然而,「第一方」濫權,不在防護圈內
|
| 110 |
+

|
| 111 |
+
最具爭議的,莫過於 Siri
|
| 112 |
+
Siri 「理論上」受關鍵詞啟動,例如「嘿 Siri」
|
| 113 |
+
平時為待命狀態,不會收集用戶音訊
|
| 114 |
+
不過前陣子[被發現](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/03/apple-siri-privacy-lawsuit-settlement),Siri 會在背景偷錄音
|
| 115 |
+
使用者毫不知情,蘋果也沒告訴過你
|
| 116 |
+
_# 隱私條款也沒寫喔!_
|
| 117 |
+
且[錄製](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/26/apple-contractors-regularly-hear-confidential-details-on-siri-recordings)的聲音,不只用於**廣告推送**,還拿去優化服務
|
| 118 |
+
|
| 119 |
+
你以為只是自動化練 AI 嗎?
|
| 120 |
+
不,他們還[人工聽取](https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/28/20836760/apple-apology-siri-audio-recordings-privacy-changes-contractors)
|
| 121 |
+
|
| 122 |
+
只要 iPhone 在身邊,家人對話、商務機密等私人內容,都可能被聽到
|
| 123 |
+
Apple 因此付出[九千五百萬美元](https://www.businessinsider.com/hey-siri-settlement-administrator-is-sending-letters-to-apple-users-2025-5),當平息的代價
|
| 124 |
+
所以才有個笑話:
|
| 125 |
+
使用者:幫我打給小明
|
| 126 |
+
Siri:您要先用『Siri』喚醒我
|
| 127 |
+
使用者笑了、Siri 笑了,Alexa 和祖克柏也都笑了
|
| 128 |
+
_# Alexa 是亞馬遜公司的智慧助手_
|
| 129 |
+
一個靠「尊重隱私」當噱頭公司,居然和 Google、微軟一樣糟
|
| 130 |
+
噱頭終究只是噱頭,想要隱私還請三思
|
| 131 |
+
畢竟多數軟韌體閉源,外界無從審核
|
| 132 |
+
尊不尊重隱私,全憑公司一張嘴
|
| 133 |
+
此外,App Store 閉鎖體系、橫徵暴斂蘋果稅,都對開源社群極不友善
|
| 134 |
+
_# 除了歐盟用戶,其餘果~~盤~~粉[下載軟體](./deGoogle-appStore.md)多半逃不過官方魔爪_
|
| 135 |
+
還沒完,iOS 也有個 Android 的弊病 - 預載軟體拆不掉
|
| 136 |
+
你不喜歡 Safari、Siri,頂多只能「關閉」
|
| 137 |
+
意思是,它們沉眠於手機中,但無法直接刪除
|
| 138 |
+
|
| 139 |
+
很嚴重嗎?
|
| 140 |
+
|
| 141 |
+
光 Apple Intelligence,就**至少**[佔據 7GB 容量](https://lifehacker.com/tech/apple-intelligence-will-soon-need-at-least-7gb-storage-on-every-device)
|
| 142 |
+
其他 app 更不用說,想清出空間都沒辦法
|
| 143 |
+
> 沒用的東西堆積,只會成為累贅 - 旗木卡卡西
|
| 144 |
+
|
| 145 |
+
還有 [VPN 問題](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/force-all-app-traffic-into-the-tunnel)
|
| 146 |
+
iOS 在設計上,就對網路流量開了不少[特例](https://www.wired.com/story/apple-ios-vpn-data-leak/)
|
| 147 |
+
就算你連 Wi-Fi,第三方 app 仍可存取行動網路、拿到真實 IP
|
| 148 |
+
還有 Apple 自家服務,天生就是例外,包括:
|
| 149 |
+
* App Store
|
| 150 |
+
* Health app
|
| 151 |
+
* 地圖
|
| 152 |
+
* 通知推送
|
| 153 |
+
|
| 154 |
+
即使你開 VPN、啟動 Lockdown 模式,那些 app 仍會規避 VPN 傳輸
|
| 155 |
+
_# 就是 Apple 給自家軟體開後門,拿到個資比用戶安全重要啦!_
|
| 156 |
+
鑑於以上問題,iOS 也該換掉
|
| 157 |
+
|
| 158 |
+
值得一提的是,iOS 和 Android 都有全硬碟加密 (Full Disc Encryption, FDE)
|
| 159 |
+
後來 Android 為了開機效率,改用逐檔加密 (File-Based Encryption, FBE)
|
| 160 |
+
對外接電腦暴力破解,都有不錯的防護
|
| 161 |
+
|
| 162 |
+
---
|
| 163 |
+
|
| 164 |
+
### 替代品們
|
| 165 |
+
#### [GrapheneOS](https://grapheneos.org/)
|
| 166 |
+
Graphene 是「石墨烯」
|
| 167 |
+
以此為名,旨在彰顯輕量、堅固、獨特等性質
|
| 168 |
+
|
| 169 |
+
---
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
### 替代品們
|
| 172 |
+
#### [GrapheneOS](https://grapheneos.org/)
|
| 173 |
+
Graphene 是「石墨烯」
|
| 174 |
+
以此為名,旨在彰顯輕量、堅固、獨特等性質
|
| 175 |
+
|
| 176 |
+
---
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
講古 (可略):
|
| 179 |
+
前身為 CopperheadOS,是營利導向的加拿大公司
|
| 180 |
+
起初程式碼公開,但非開源
|
| 181 |
+
_# 用 [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en) 授權,開源介紹可見[前文](./open-source-intro.md)_
|
| 182 |
+
2020 年起原始碼不再可檢視,變實實在在的閉源軟體
|
| 183 |
+
後來由於理念相左,創辦人之一 Daniel Micay 離開公司
|
| 184 |
+
他持續投入開發,2019 年定名 GrapheneOS
|
| 185 |
+
2023 年成立 GrapheneOS 基金會,確保專案永續發展
|
| 186 |
+
|
| 187 |
+
---
|
| 188 |
+
|
| 189 |
+
GrapheneOS 改自 AOSP (Android Open Source Project,就是 Android 啦!)
|
| 190 |
+
不只顧隱私,更為「安全性」[特化](https://www.allthingssecured.com/identity-protection/android-vs-grapheneos-compared/):
|
| 191 |
+
* 強化沙盒環境,限縮應用程式權限
|
| 192 |
+
不需要的資料就無法訪問,可細緻管理
|
| 193 |
+
* 網路權限
|
| 194 |
+
能完全禁止個別 app 網路權限,包括本地網路 (localhost)
|
| 195 |
+
不連網就不怕資料外傳,簡單又非常實際
|
| 196 |
+
* 感測器權限
|
| 197 |
+
可手動調控陀螺儀、氣壓計、羅盤...等感測器的權限
|
| 198 |
+
陀螺儀能推測滑手機姿勢,氣壓計、羅盤則透露地理環境
|
| 199 |
+
* 存取範圍
|
| 200 |
+
app 能讀取的目錄、檔案,都可以控管
|
| 201 |
+
* ��絡人
|
| 202 |
+
可僅開放特定聯絡人給 app,而非「**一旦授權就能讀取整個聯絡清單**」
|
| 203 |
+
光一個強化沙盒,就擴增了許多安全性
|
| 204 |
+
* 拔光 Google 服務,連 Google Play 都沒有
|
| 205 |
+
若真的很想要,你可以在沙盒裝回 Google Play
|
| 206 |
+
它享有的權限,和一般應用程式相同,眾生平等
|
| 207 |
+
_# 一般 Android 給 Google Play 系統特權_
|
| 208 |
+
* 記憶體分配器
|
| 209 |
+
使用後能立刻清除記憶體,防堵記憶體攻擊
|
| 210 |
+
_# 一般情況下就算你關分頁,駭客還是能從記憶體挖回暫存資料_
|
| 211 |
+
* 預設禁止動態程式碼執行
|
| 212 |
+
避免解譯器 (interpreter)執行遠端惡意程式碼
|
| 213 |
+
瀏覽器即時渲染 (Just In Time, JIT)也禁用,同樣因安全考量
|
| 214 |
+
* 系統硬體級加密
|
| 215 |
+
開發者選擇搭載 Titan M 晶片的裝置,專門對其優化
|
| 216 |
+
因此可驗證啟動 (verified boot),也能在刷入 GrapheneOS 後重新鎖上 bootloader
|
| 217 |
+
_# 防止被刷回舊版利用漏洞_
|
| 218 |
+
* Wifi 連線
|
| 219 |
+
能逐個隨機化 MAC 位址,強化 Wifi 匿蹤性
|
| 220 |
+
* PIN
|
| 221 |
+
解鎖螢幕時,若總是點擊固定位置,很容易被猜出 PIN
|
| 222 |
+
Graphene 輸入介面隨機化,按鈕不固定就不易猜透
|
| 223 |
+
最多能設 128 碼,甚至支援 2FA (PIN + 指紋)
|
| 224 |
+
支援脅迫防護,輸入特定密碼就能抹除設備資料,i.e. 格式化
|
| 225 |
+
如果人身安全受威脅,輸入安全碼就沒人能拿到你的資料
|
| 226 |
+
_# E.g. 到中國旅遊被公安要挾_
|
| 227 |
+
* 安全性更新
|
| 228 |
+
Graphene 安全補丁比 Google 還快,頻繁更新防堵漏洞
|
| 229 |
+
且 Android 更新時,Graphene 往往會在一天內跟上
|
| 230 |
+
* 應用程式
|
| 231 |
+
Graphene 分支自 AOSP,和多數 Android app 相容
|
| 232 |
+
它自己也有:
|
| 233 |
+
* Vanadium 瀏覽器:基於 Chromium,移除所有追蹤、遙測
|
| 234 |
+
* Secure Camera:安全相機,可移除 EXIF 資訊、也預設不存
|
| 235 |
+
_# EXIF 是圖片的 metadata,包括機種、時間、儲存方式等資訊_
|
| 236 |
+
* 還有更多[系統性強化](https://eylenburg.github.io/android_comparison.htm),無法全數枚舉
|
| 237 |
+
|
| 238 |
+
在隱私、安全性方面,可說面面俱到
|
| 239 |
+
稱為「[地表最安全 ROM](https://threecats.com.au/german-security-researcher-mike-kuketz-comparison-review-custom-secure-privacy-operating-systems-grapheneos-calyxos-iodeos-lineageos-divestos-eos)」,都不為過
|
| 240 |
+
連隱私英雄[史諾登](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden),也[說](https://x.com/Snowden/status/1588472045960327168?lang=en)自己使用 GrapheneOS
|
| 241 |
+
|
| 242 |
+
你以為 Graphene 完美嗎?
|
| 243 |
+
世上才沒完美的東西!
|
| 244 |
+
|
| 245 |
+
缺點:
|
| 246 |
+
* 只支援 Google Pixel
|
| 247 |
+
Titan 晶片安全性高,Pixel 對客製化 ROM 也很相容
|
| 248 |
+
當初作者選型時,就挑了這款
|
| 249 |
+
要知道,為硬體客製化韌體非常費工,Graphene 也因此不支援其他裝置
|
| 250 |
+
_# 真是個大諷刺:得買 Google 手機來 deGoogle,尤其 Pixel 不以耐用、客服見長_
|
| 251 |
+
2026 年初,Graphene Foundation 和摩托羅拉 (Motorola)[宣布](https://motorolanews.com/motorolanews.com/motorola-three-new-b2b-solutions-at-mwc-2026/)合作
|
| 252 |
+
未來可能會擴展支援,讓我們拭目以待
|
| 253 |
+
_# 小提醒:Motorola 已被聯想 (Lenovo)收購,現為中資公司_
|
| 254 |
+
* 新手不太友善
|
| 255 |
+
從前須以開發者工具下載、安裝,步驟也頗複雜
|
| 256 |
+
不過後來 Graphene 推出安裝程式,流程簡化許多
|
| 257 |
+
且[社群](https://discuss.techlore.tech/t/the-ultimate-grapheneos-guide-perfect-for-beginners/7776)[資源](https://github.com/iAnonymous3000/awesome-grapheneos-guide)不少,難度顯著下降
|
| 258 |
+
* DNS 預設由美企 Cloudflare 解析
|
| 259 |
+
網路連線的橋樑,沒開 VPN 則可能被窺探流量
|
| 260 |
+
* 開發者[毒性 (toxic)問題](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx7CZ-2Bajg)
|
| 261 |
+
Graphene 開發者社群,存在不少能力高超、追求完美的人
|
| 262 |
+
因此不容瑕疵,回話也很直白
|
| 263 |
+
那不是問題,問題是首席開發者 Micay
|
| 264 |
+
他常在官方頻道四處開戰,不允許不同意見、任何批評
|
| 265 |
+
還會無中生有,誣指別人詆毀、霸凌自己,或散佈假訊息
|
| 266 |
+
許多知名開發者,都因此被他恣意移出社群
|
| 267 |
+
不止自身社群,Micay 也說 CalyxOS (稍後介紹) 社群侮蔑 Graphene
|
| 268 |
+
甚至在自己頻道帶風向,讓疲於查證者誤信挑唆
|
| 269 |
+
_# 問題是 CalyxOS 社群很正常,也沒針對 GrapheneOS_
|
| 270 |
+
後來甚至攻擊**不相干的路人**,包括 [Signal](https://signal.org/)、[Mozilla](https://www.mozilla.org)、[隱私倡議者](https://sethforprivacy.com/archives/community-drama-and-mobile-os/)等
|
| 271 |
+
_# Signal 是隱私通訊軟體,以後會講;Mozilla 就是[推出 Firefox](./deGoogle-browser.md) 那家_
|
| 272 |
+
受害者過多,無法一一枚舉
|
| 273 |
+
請他提出證據,只會得到迴避、跳針
|
| 274 |
+
_# 跟我認識的一位教授,有 87% 像_
|
| 275 |
+
你可能說:「社群重要嗎?技術夠好不就行了?」
|
| 276 |
+
那可不一定
|
| 277 |
+
**開源**專案的社群,至關重要
|
| 278 |
+
不僅有人協助維護程式碼、推廣產品,**解答問題**更不可或缺
|
| 279 |
+
假設你要刷 GrapheneOS 進新買的手機,結果遇到困難
|
| 280 |
+
查半天沒找到類似情況,最快、可靠的方式,就是去論壇發問
|
| 281 |
+
然而,你上論壇可能會被抹黑,也可能莫名被踢出去
|
| 282 |
+
這樣的生態,令許多人卻步
|
| 283 |
+
> Leadership reflects the project - Daniel Micay
|
| 284 |
+
|
| 285 |
+
_# Micay 患有憂鬱症,但那不是造謠、為所欲為的藉口_
|
| 286 |
+
* 原生無 Google Play Service,也有許多 app 相容性不佳
|
| 287 |
+
你習慣的應用程式,可能會出狀況
|
| 288 |
+
* 介面比較像 iOS,是好是壞因人而異
|
| 289 |
+
|
| 290 |
+
好消息是,2023 年 Micay 已卸任
|
| 291 |
+
雖然在社群仍有影響力,但至少不再是官方統領者了
|
| 292 |
+
|
| 293 |
+
#### [iodéOS](https://iode.tech/iodeos/)
|
| 294 |
+
名字很難唸,畢竟是法文
|
| 295 |
+
法國公司 iodé 分支自 LineageOS (稍後介紹) 的專案,開源、尊重隱私
|
| 296 |
+
_# 雖然有營利,但 iodé 是社會企業_
|
| 297 |
+
iodé 指「碘化 (iodised)」,旨在去除 Android 剝削隱私的「毒性」
|
| 298 |
+
有許多人性化功能:
|
| 299 |
+
* 預裝 [microG](https://github.com/microg),替代 Google Play Service
|
| 300 |
+
microG 是 Google Play Service 的開源、隱私替代前端
|
| 301 |
+
代理用戶連線至 Google,最小化資料傳遞
|
| 302 |
+
會幫你偽造身份、地點,讓 Google 拿到假的資訊
|
| 303 |
+
類似[之前提](./deGoogle-appStore.md)的 Aurora Store,不過非商店本身,而是服務
|
| 304 |
+
_# 畢竟有些 app 沒 Google Play Service 幾乎無法運作_
|
| 305 |
+
當初設計給 LineageOS,身為分支當然也支援
|
| 306 |
+
* 拔除所有 Google 服務,以開源 app 替代
|
| 307 |
+
例如改自 Firefox 的瀏覽器、Thunderbird [郵件](./deGoogle-email.md)、Heliboard [鍵盤](./deGoogle-keyboard.md)...
|
| 308 |
+
舊版曾有少量閉源軟體,2022 開始已全用開源選擇
|
| 309 |
+
* 即時網路連線分析
|
| 310 |
+
內建[連線分析器](https://www.maxmind.com/en/home),會圖形化標示應用程式的網路連線
|
| 311 |
+
可從地圖介面知道,你的流量接往何處
|
| 312 |
+
* 內建[廣告攔截器](https://iode.tech/documentation/iode-adblocker-the-iode-blocker/),能擋廣告和流量 (酷似**網路防火牆**)
|
| 313 |
+
廣告攔截器嵌在「系統裡」,參考[開源協作清單](https://iode.tech/documentation/blocking-databases/)自動阻攔
|
| 314 |
+
也可以手動設黑名單,來往資訊就會被切斷
|
| 315 |
+
官方聲稱原理是「中間人攻擊 (Man-In-The-Middle attack, MITM)
|
| 316 |
+
不過嚴格來說只是網路關卡,可能用駭客技巧取名比較吸睛
|
| 317 |
+
平常連線是「用戶-服務」兩端對接,現在 iodé 站在中間,把不想要的連線都擋掉
|
| 318 |
+
|
| 319 |
+
這樣不會被流量窺視嗎?
|
| 320 |
+
|
| 321 |
+
不會,因為攔截於本地發生,一切都在你手機裡解決
|
| 322 |
+
* 可輕鬆拆除預載程式
|
| 323 |
+
點選圖形介面,就能刪掉~~看不爽的~~預裝 app
|
| 324 |
+
_# 美中不足的是,安裝檔 (APK)會留著_
|
| 325 |
+
* DNS 由瑞士非營利機構 Quad9 提供,不靠美企 Google、Cloudflare
|
| 326 |
+
不懂沒關係,總之網路解析較尊重隱私
|
| 327 |
+
|
| 328 |
+
有家長控制版,適合當兒女手機選擇
|
| 329 |
+
商業模式為「免費充值 (freemium)」,即「提供免費版,但可付費訂閱」
|
| 330 |
+
免費即享多數功能,訂閱僅追加家長權限、強化廣告阻擋
|
| 331 |
+
接受捐款,不捐也不會怎樣
|
| 332 |
+
_# I.e. 不付錢仍享完整隱私保護、正常功能_
|
| 333 |
+
支援多種裝置,官方有賣預載 iodéOS 的手機
|
| 334 |
+
物流以歐洲為主,軟體服務則全球都行
|
| 335 |
+
特定機種可鎖回 bootloader,請參見[官方說明](https://iode.tech/iodeos-official-supported-devices/)
|
| 336 |
+
Fairphone、Pixel 都高度相容,Motorola 也能鎖
|
| 337 |
+
不住歐洲沒關係,買手機自己刷就好
|
| 338 |
+
官方有[安裝精靈、教學](https://iode.tech/installation/),社群也**非常友善** (友善到令人發毛)
|
| 339 |
+
_# 這年頭抓個 AI 來問也行_
|
| 340 |
+
|
| 341 |
+
缺點:
|
| 342 |
+
* 更新延遲
|
| 343 |
+
雖定期維護,但 AOSP 推出更新後,往往無法快速跟上
|
| 344 |
+
可能要數週才會整併新版 AOSP 功能,有零日漏洞風險
|
| 345 |
+
畢竟維護作業系統,不是件容易的事
|
| 346 |
+
還得等上游 LinegeOS 先動,才能隨之整合
|
| 347 |
+
_# 由此可見 GrapheneOS 開發者多厲害、勤奮_
|
| 348 |
+
* [支援機種](https://iode.tech/iodeos-official-supported-devices/)不多
|
| 349 |
+
比 GrapheneOS 多很多了,但不是每款手機都能刷入
|
| 350 |
+
_# 你要硬刷也可以,出事不負責_
|
| 351 |
+
|
| 352 |
+
#### [/e/ OS](https://e.foundation/e-os/)
|
| 353 |
+
起初叫 Eelo OS,後來才改 /e/ OS (讀作 slash e),也是 LineageOS 的分支
|
| 354 |
+
_# LineageOS 文末會介紹_
|
| 355 |
+
法國開發者推動,由 e foundation 維運
|
| 356 |
+
後與法國商家 Murena 合作,部分商業化
|
| 357 |
+
支援[超過 200 種裝置](https://doc.e.foundation/devices),包括三星、ASUS、Sony 等
|
| 358 |
+
Murena 販售許多翻新機,買來就是 /e/ OS
|
| 359 |
+
_# 簡單說就是 Murena 幫你重灌了_
|
| 360 |
+
[Fairphone](https://www.fairphone.com/) 也有賣預裝 /e/ OS 的手機,且**可鎖 bootloader**
|
| 361 |
+
當然,你要自己刷機也沒問題
|
| 362 |
+
/e/ 去 Google 化,且十分新手友善
|
| 363 |
+
只需從網頁拉安裝器,照步驟走就行
|
| 364 |
+
體系和 Android 類似,最小程度犧牲體驗
|
| 365 |
+
至於拋棄 Google,主要靠**拼湊**方式達成:
|
| 366 |
+
* Google Play Serivce → [microG](https://github.com/microg)
|
| 367 |
+
* Google 雲端 → [Ecloud](https://e.foundation/ecloud/)
|
| 368 |
+
Ecloud 基於 Nextcloud,由 Murena 提供服務
|
| 369 |
+
旨在替代 Google 雲端同步,但免費戶只有 1GB
|
| 370 |
+
訂閱費又頗貴,還不如訂 [Proton Drive](https://proton.me/drive)
|
| 371 |
+
* Chrome → browser
|
| 372 |
+
他們似乎沒取名,不過瀏覽器基於 [Bromite](https://www.bromite.org/),內建廣告攔截器
|
| 373 |
+
* Google 搜尋 → Murena Find ([整合搜尋引擎](./deGoogle-search-engine.md))
|
| 374 |
+
* Google Play → App Lounge
|
| 375 |
+
整併 F-Droid 和 Aurora Store,不登入也能用
|
| 376 |
+
* Android launcher → /e/ OS launcher
|
| 377 |
+
啟動軟體的介面,是他們少數自製的軟體
|
| 378 |
+
_# 其他多取自開源軟體_
|
| 379 |
+
* DNS 由 Quad9 解析,不靠 Google、Cloudflare
|
| 380 |
+
* ...
|
| 381 |
+
|
| 382 |
+
列表過長,就不遍歷了
|
| 383 |
+
總之原本 Android 綑綁的 Google 軟體、*多*被換成開源替代品
|
| 384 |
+
用戶不需手動更換,開箱即用
|
| 385 |
+
/e/ 也有額外[隱私保護措施](https://doc.e.foundation/what-s-e),包括:
|
| 386 |
+
* 細緻調控 app 追蹤器功能
|
| 387 |
+
* 虛擬地理位置
|
| 388 |
+
可以把你的定位移到他處,例如冰島
|
| 389 |
+
* 隱藏 IP 位址
|
| 390 |
+
* 家長管理功能
|
| 391 |
+
買給小孩用也很適合
|
| 392 |
+
|
| 393 |
+
不錯的隱私保障,對大眾也相對友善
|
| 394 |
+
社群風氣友善,不怕遇到 _[某 OS](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/daniel-micay-publicly-steps-down-as-project-leader-of-grapheneos/12677)_ 引戰開發者
|
| 395 |
+
|
| 396 |
+
缺點:
|
| 397 |
+
* 綁定 Murena 生態系,預裝 app 無法輕易移除
|
| 398 |
+
雖免費可用、開源,但綑綁行銷有害自由
|
| 399 |
+
尤其 Note 筆記軟體,必須登入 Murena 才能用 (無離線模式)
|
| 400 |
+
且刪預設程式需開發者工具,一般用戶難以達成
|
| 401 |
+
* 非所有裝置都能鎖 bootloader,刷機前請查清楚
|
| 402 |
+
可以鎖的沒鎖:平白暴露安全漏洞
|
| 403 |
+
不能鎖的硬鎖:磚化手機 (brick),**會再也無法開機**!
|
| 404 |
+
因為形同變磚頭,所以俗稱磚機、磚化
|
| 405 |
+
Fairphone 和 /e/ OS 相容性高,是個不錯選擇
|
| 406 |
+
缺點是台灣已絕版,只能找存貨、海外購買
|
| 407 |
+
* 預裝**閉源**軟體
|
| 408 |
+
Magic Earch,類似 Google 地圖 / 地球
|
| 409 |
+
資料基於 [OpenStreetMap](./deGoogle-map.md),但軟體本身**不**開源
|
| 410 |
+
* 安全性更新延遲
|
| 411 |
+
沒辦法,和 iodéOS 一樣,得等 LineageOS 整併 AOSP 更新,才輪到他們
|
| 412 |
+
有時動輒數月,安全風險較高
|
| 413 |
+
|
| 414 |
+
雖不盡完美,至少 Murena [隱私政策](https://murena.com/privacy-policy/)友善,資訊也相對透明
|
| 415 |
+
因為基於 AOSP、有 microG,所以 Android app 幾乎都相容,轉換成本較低
|
| 416 |
+
|
| 417 |
+
<br/>
|
| 418 |
+
|
| 419 |
+
---
|
| 420 |
+
|
| 421 |
+
<br/>
|
| 422 |
+
|
| 423 |
+
抓穩啦!即將進入 Linux 手機,生態系大相徑庭
|
| 424 |
+
Linux 是開源的作業系統,主打開放、自由和自定義
|
| 425 |
+
發行版有眾多~~派~~支系 (distro),以桌面為主
|
| 426 |
+
每個支系風格迥異,支持者也很極化,是頗有趣的生態系
|
| 427 |
+
|
| 428 |
+
#### [Ubuntu Touch](https://www.ubuntu-touch.io/)
|
| 429 |
+
名字很眼熟嗎?
|
| 430 |
+
沒錯,這就是 Linux 發行版的那個 Ubuntu,「Touch」指觸控,簡稱 UT
|
| 431 |
+
2013 年由英商科能發起,是手機版的 Linux (Ubuntu)
|
| 432 |
+
2017 年發現不賺錢,便放棄該專案
|
| 433 |
+
_# 科能和 Ubuntu [爭議](https://www.reddit.com/r/linux4noobs/comments/1kantgo/can_someone_explain_me_ubuntu_hate/)[很多](https://thelinuxexp.com/Ubuntu-hate/),不過既然已退出,就姑且忽略_
|
| 434 |
+
|
| 435 |
+
等等,被放棄還拿來推薦!?
|
| 436 |
+
|
| 437 |
+
別急,放棄 UT 的是科能,社群接手開發了
|
| 438 |
+
現在完全由 UBports 維護,和科能沒太大關係
|
| 439 |
+
技術上,UT 使用 [Halium](https://halium.org/) 抽象介面
|
| 440 |
+
_# Halium 是設計給 Linux,使之可運用 Android 手機硬體的開源專案_
|
| 441 |
+
簡單說就是靠 Halium 橋接硬體,所以能刷進 Android 手機
|
| 442 |
+
支援 Fairphone、Pixel、小米等部分機種,詳見[官方列表](https://devices.ubuntu-touch.io/)
|
| 443 |
+
介面使用 Lomiri (前身為 Unity8),支援手勢、電腦與行動裝置
|
| 444 |
+
手機外接螢幕時,會自動切換成電腦桌面 (Ubuntu 桌面版)
|
| 445 |
+
旨在提供整合體驗,手機就像行動電腦
|
| 446 |
+
相較前幾者,Ubuntu Touch 有個莫大好處 - 完全脫離 Google
|
| 447 |
+
Linux 和 Android、iOS 沒半點關係,所以沒大公司的追蹤器
|
| 448 |
+
組件、應用程式、系統本身都開源,真正落實自由、開放
|
| 449 |
+
對隱私的保護:
|
| 450 |
+
* 首先,當然就是沒人偷窺
|
| 451 |
+
和 Google、蘋果無關,沒人盯著你
|
| 452 |
+
也不以營利為目的,完全沒收費機制
|
| 453 |
+
_# 官方沒賣預刷 UT 的手機,請自己裝、或向第三方購買_
|
| 454 |
+
* AppArmour
|
| 455 |
+
應用程式裝甲,不是用來強化 app 的
|
| 456 |
+
而是圍住 app,只讓它們存取必要權限
|
| 457 |
+
想讀取其他程式、用戶資料時,都須經「明確授權」
|
| 458 |
+
* 會定期推出更新,安全漏洞通常不久留
|
| 459 |
+
_# 不從別人那兒分支,還是有好處的_
|
| 460 |
+
檔案系統 (filesystem)唯讀
|
| 461 |
+
應用程式只能讀取,無法修改底層
|
| 462 |
+
大幅降低惡意攻擊機率
|
| 463 |
+
* 原生 app
|
| 464 |
+
預設瀏覽器為 [Morph](https://gitlab.com/ubports/development/core/morph-browser),是輕量版的 Chromium
|
| 465 |
+
可裝 [uAdBlock](https://open-store.io/app/uadblock.mariogrip) 保護隱私、擋廣告
|
| 466 |
+
|
| 467 |
+
有 [OpenStore](https://open-store.io/) 可下載 app,裡面都是開源軟體
|
| 468 |
+
想念 Android app 的話,能透過 [Waydroid](https://waydro.id/) (前身為 [Anbox](https://ubports.com/blog/ubports-news-1/android-apps-on-ubuntu-touch-with-anbox-3115))使用
|
| 469 |
+
_# 但不保證完全相容_
|
| 470 |
+
Waydroid 是「容器」而非模擬器,理論上更節省效能、支援性更好
|
| 471 |
+
且獨立於其他程式、作業系統,安全性更高
|
| 472 |
+
[Libertine box](https://docs.ubports.com/en/latest/userguide/dailyuse/libertine.html) 則可執行 Linux 桌面程式,實現「行動電腦」的野望
|
| 473 |
+
能執行多平台的程式,儼然是**跨平台的平台**
|
| 474 |
+
|
| 475 |
+
缺點:
|
| 476 |
+
* **Bootloader 無法鎖回**
|
| 477 |
+
設計給 AOSP 手機的 Linux 大概都有此缺點,對「降版利用漏洞」防禦力低
|
| 478 |
+
若裝置不會遭受「物理性」威脅,例如被搶、偷、或脅迫,理論上沒什麼問題
|
| 479 |
+
* 無全硬碟加密
|
| 480 |
+
很抱歉,此乃設計問題
|
| 481 |
+
連 Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS)都不支援,資料無法加密
|
| 482 |
+
要是手機被拿走,即使螢幕鎖上仍可能被盜取資料
|
| 483 |
+
_# 外接至電腦,把手機當硬碟讀資料,是常見的旁路攻擊 (Side-channel attack)_
|
| 484 |
+
[社群](https://forums.ubports.com/topic/1012/one-method-to-encrypt-home-phablet)有人成功加密「家目錄」,但此舉不受官方支援,穩定度不保證
|
| 485 |
+
* 下載程式**不**防呆,來路不明的東西別亂裝
|
| 486 |
+
沒集中化管理,缺點就是使用者得帶腦
|
| 487 |
+
* 許多裝置「無完整支援」,可能缺失部分功能
|
| 488 |
+
不過改進很快,之前連最相容的 Fairphone 4 都有些 bug
|
| 489 |
+
現在幾乎已無縫整合了,只有 bootloader 還是不給鎖
|
| 490 |
+
* 介面和傳統行動裝置很不同,需要適應一下
|
| 491 |
+
畢竟是不同系統,光桌面就長得很不一樣
|
| 492 |
+
不過有些人很喜歡,是否為缺點因人而異
|
| 493 |
+
|
| 494 |
+
#### [PostmarketOS](https://postmarketos.org/)
|
| 495 |
+
簡稱 pmOS,是社群發起的[開源專案](https://gitlab.postmarketos.org/postmarketOS?sort=stars_desc)
|
| 496 |
+
起初奧利佛史密斯 ([Oliver Smith](https://postmarketos.org/core-contributors/#oliver-smith-ollieparanoid)) 感嘆手機市場上,產品生命週期過短
|
| 497 |
+
許多手機還堪用,軟體卻已不再維護
|
| 498 |
+
便於 2017 年發起 postmarketOS,旨在提供「市場壽命結束後,仍長期支援的 OS’
|
| 499 |
+
_# 所以才叫 post-market,後市場作業系統_
|
| 500 |
+
期望能提供至少 10 年的安全更新、新功能
|
| 501 |
+
|
| 502 |
+
鑒於舊裝置硬體通常較受限,Oliver 選擇輕量的 Linux 發行版 - [Alpine Linux](https://alpinelinux.org/) (阿爾卑斯)
|
| 503 |
+
[輕](https://alpinelinux.org/about/)到 130MB 以下,史前時代的舊手機都能跑
|
| 504 |
+
同樣無特定企業置入 (e.g. Google、蘋果)、不以營利為目的
|
| 505 |
+
官方沒賣手機,請自己準備裝置
|
| 506 |
+
對隱私的防護:
|
| 507 |
+
* AppAmour
|
| 508 |
+
和 Ubuntu Touch 一樣,嚴管每個程式的權限
|
| 509 |
+
不過僅「相容」於 AppAmour,預計未來才會變成「內建’
|
| 510 |
+
* 全硬碟加密
|
| 511 |
+
和 UT 迥異, pmOS [成案首日](https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/About_postmarketOS#Encryption)就有全硬碟加密
|
| 512 |
+
面對旁路攻擊,至少有防護
|
| 513 |
+
|
| 514 |
+
使用者體驗,也有被納入考量
|
| 515 |
+
pmOS 支援多種桌面環境,[主流 Linux 介面](https://postmarketos.org/blog/2024/06/16/v24.06-release/#user-interfaces-uis),幾乎都可用
|
| 516 |
+
能刷的裝置很多,不過相容程度不一,可參見[官方表格](https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/Devices)
|
| 517 |
+
軟體部分:
|
| 518 |
+
* Linux 桌面軟體**完全相容**
|
| 519 |
+
甚至有預設套件管理器 `apk`,也支援 [Flatpak](https://ivonblog.com/posts/linux-flatpak-introduction/)
|
| 520 |
+
_# `apk` 正是 Alpine Linux 的套件管理器_
|
| 521 |
+
亦可用圖形化桌面環境 (e.g. GNOME、Plasma),簡單執行下載
|
| 522 |
+
* Android app 同樣可用 [Waydroid](https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/Waydroid) 運作
|
| 523 |
+
從前支援 [Anbox](https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/Anbox)、[Hybris](https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/Hybris),現在都封存了,統一由 Waydroid 接手
|
| 524 |
+
不過因開源考量,官方建議用 Linux 原生軟體
|
| 525 |
+
_# 畢竟多數 Android 軟體閉源_
|
| 526 |
+
|
| 527 |
+
缺點:
|
| 528 |
+
* Bootloader 無法重鎖
|
| 529 |
+
* 技術門檻較高
|
| 530 |
+
不過社群資源豐富,花點時間還是能學會
|
| 531 |
+
* 與傳統手機介面差異大���轉換成本較高
|
| 532 |
+
|
| 533 |
+
由於名字太難唸,今年有[改名打算](https://postmarketos.org/blog/2025/03/04/pmOS-update-2025-02/)
|
| 534 |
+
不知未來會改叫什麼,prior-marketOS?
|
| 535 |
+
|
| 536 |
+
#### [Mobian](https://mobian-project.org/)
|
| 537 |
+
行動 (Mobile)版 Debain → Mobian
|
| 538 |
+
|
| 539 |
+
---
|
| 540 |
+
|
| 541 |
+
Debain 是一款 Linux 發行版,由社群志願者驅動
|
| 542 |
+
最大特色是「穩定」、「長期支援」,因此廣受企業喜愛
|
| 543 |
+
_# 伺服器需要的就是穩定_
|
| 544 |
+
消費者端也有人用,不過礙於新功能推出較慢,普及率有限
|
| 545 |
+
|
| 546 |
+
---
|
| 547 |
+
|
| 548 |
+
[Mobian 團隊](https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Mobian)負責開發下游套件,[行動裝置 Debian 團隊](https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/DebianOnMobile)則將之整合到上游程式庫中
|
| 549 |
+
支援的裝置比較特殊,主要是 Pinephone、Librem 這類「設計給 Linux」的手機
|
| 550 |
+
_# Pinephone 是港商、Librem 背後的 Purism 是美商,兩者「手機」都**開源**_
|
| 551 |
+
Fairphone 和 Pixel 則「實驗性支援」,穩定度不保證
|
| 552 |
+
_# ~~投資一定有風險,基金投資有賺有賠~~,申購前應詳閱[公開說明書](https://wiki.debian.org/Mobian/Devices)*
|
| 553 |
+
* 100% 相容於 Debian 桌面軟體,可直接用 `apt` 下載
|
| 554 |
+
_# `apt` 是 Debain 的套件管理器_
|
| 555 |
+
Flatpak 也支援,看你喜歡哪個管理器
|
| 556 |
+
* AppAmour 預設安裝、啟用,隔離應用程式權限
|
| 557 |
+
* 有全硬碟加密
|
| 558 |
+
* 官方映像檔 (Image,就是 Mobian 本身)、套件,都有做簽名檢查
|
| 559 |
+
避免新手不慎下載盜版
|
| 560 |
+
* 桌面環境可自選,GNOME、KDE Plasma 等都能使用 (預設為 GNOME Phosh)
|
| 561 |
+
[桌面環境](https://ivonblog.com/posts/kde-plasma-gnome-comparison/)可理解為佈局,GNOME 比較像 Mac,KDE Plasma 比較像 Windows
|
| 562 |
+
「高度可自訂」是 Linux 獨有優勢,桌面、應用程式、生態系都超自由
|
| 563 |
+
* 可安裝 Waydroid 跑 Android 應用程式
|
| 564 |
+
雖已開好設定,但沒預裝 Waydroid
|
| 565 |
+
只要你喜歡的 app 有 Linux 桌面版,根本不用 Waydroid,直接裝就好啦!
|
| 566 |
+
|
| 567 |
+
缺點:
|
| 568 |
+
* Bootloader 無法重新鎖定
|
| 569 |
+
等等,Librem 和 Pinephone 不是設計給 Linux 的手機嗎?
|
| 570 |
+
還不能鎖!?
|
| 571 |
+
很遺憾,沒錯
|
| 572 |
+
為了開放性,那些手機都不讓鎖 bootloader
|
| 573 |
+
雖可輕鬆刷入作業系統,但也暴露安全性隱憂
|
| 574 |
+
* 支援機種較少,手上舊機不一定可刷
|
| 575 |
+
且社群非營利,沒在賣預刷 Mobian 的手機
|
| 576 |
+
|
| 577 |
+
好在資源多,可參考[中文教學](https://ivonblog.com/posts/pocof1-mobian/)
|
| 578 |
+
|
| 579 |
+
#### [PureOS](https://www.pureos.net/)
|
| 580 |
+
直翻「純粹作業系統」,不像*某些 OS* 含廣告、噁心追蹤
|
| 581 |
+
背後是美商 Purism,為推動自由與開放性而生
|
| 582 |
+
_# 2017 年已成[社會企業](https://puri.sm/posts/purism-now-a-social-purpose-corporation/),不以營利為主要目的_
|
| 583 |
+
PureOS 是 Debian 分支,通用於各種平台
|
| 584 |
+
他們自己有出 Librem 系列筆電、桌機、手機、甚至伺服器,都能跑 PureOS
|
| 585 |
+
自由軟體基金會 (FSF)嚴格審查後,認定 PureOS 為「[完全自由](https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-adds-pureos-to-list-of-endorsed-gnu-linux-distributions-1)」的發行版
|
| 586 |
+
_# I.e. 不含任何專有組件,不受特定廠商控制_
|
| 587 |
+
連驅動程式、韌體,也全開源
|
| 588 |
+
授權方式為 [CC-BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/),商用亦可
|
| 589 |
+
_# 各類開源差異,請見[本文](./open-source-intro.md)_
|
| 590 |
+
x86 的電腦大概都相容,手機則主要針對 Librem 優化
|
| 591 |
+
詳細硬體規格,參閲[官方說明](https://docs.puri.sm/Software/PureOS/Overview/Compatibility.html)
|
| 592 |
+
Android、Windows 裝置因韌體閉源,官方不提供技術支持
|
| 593 |
+
_# 就是「你要試可以試,卡關別找我」的意思_
|
| 594 |
+
隱私與安全性:
|
| 595 |
+
* 預設開啟 AppAmour
|
| 596 |
+
App 只能訪問**已明確授權**的資料
|
| 597 |
+
* 官方無遙測、資料搜集,也無廣告用 ID
|
| 598 |
+
和 Android、iOS 不同,沒人盯著你看
|
| 599 |
+
* 不綁定任何廠商,軟體全開源
|
| 600 |
+
[軟體](https://software.pureos.net/)都來自 Debian 程式庫、Purism 自建開源套件
|
| 601 |
+
你高興換就換,沒人阻止你
|
| 602 |
+
_# 相較之下,Android、iOS 預設軟體不給換_
|
| 603 |
+
和 Linux 桌面版完全相容,又是個**跨平台的平台**
|
| 604 |
+
* 更新頻繁,無延遲問題
|
| 605 |
+
_# 官方甚至[說](https://tracker.pureos.net/w/faq/?v=23),最快情況是「每日」發布更新_
|
| 606 |
+
* 全硬碟加密
|
| 607 |
+
* [Epiphany](https://puri.sm/posts/an-epiphany-regarding-purebrowser/) (頓悟) browser,Linux GNOME 瀏覽器
|
| 608 |
+
從前用 Firefox ESR,現在也還把它留在清單中
|
| 609 |
+
喜歡可以下載,但不再預裝
|
| 610 |
+
主要是 PureOS 希望有統一瀏覽器,各平台不需重複整合
|
| 611 |
+
但 Mozilla 有自己的商業模式,沒辦法配合
|
| 612 |
+
於是他們就換成 Epiphany,預設搜尋引擎為 DuckDuckGo
|
| 613 |
+
_# Firefox 預設用 Google,很受隱私社群反感_
|
| 614 |
+
當然,也支援 [Tor](https://docs.puri.sm/Software/PureOS/Tips/Tor.html) 連線 (詳見[前文](./deGoogle-browser.md))
|
| 615 |
+
* [PureBoot](https://puri.sm/pureos/pureboot/) 可信任開機鏈 (這條看不懂可跳過,一般人不會用到)
|
| 616 |
+
* [Coreboot](https://puri.sm/projects/coreboot/):代替 BIOS 的開源韌體
|
| 617 |
+
* [Heads](https://puri.sm/posts/demonstrating-tamper-detection-with-heads/) + TPM 2.0:使開機過程可驗證,並揭露竄改 (若有)
|
| 618 |
+
* [Librem Key](https://puri.sm/posts/the-librem-key-makes-tamper-detection-easy/):USB 安全金鑰,開機時用 LED 顯示韌體、boot 分區是否被修改
|
| 619 |
+
可同時用於 LUKS (Linux 全硬碟加密套件)解鎖
|
| 620 |
+
白話文:系統被滲透你會知道,是類似 Android 手機「bootloader」的角色
|
| 621 |
+
|
| 622 |
+
缺點:
|
| 623 |
+
* Bootloader 無法鎖定
|
| 624 |
+
嚴格來說,是官方用 PureBoot 替代此流程了,安全性沒被犧牲
|
| 625 |
+
和前述「將 Linux 塞入 Android 手機」不同,這是「把 Linux 塞進 Linux 手機裡」
|
| 626 |
+
只要 OS 有替代措施,就能達成相似安全性
|
| 627 |
+
_# Mobian 不行那是它的問題,不過原因可能是為了支援 Pinephone_
|
| 628 |
+
* 支援的行動裝置很少
|
| 629 |
+
除官方 Librem,幾乎沒其他機種相容
|
| 630 |
+
從前 Pinephone 也能用,但後來不再維護 Pinephone 版了
|
| 631 |
+
Android 裝置更不用說,誰叫那些手機有閉源韌體呢?
|
| 632 |
+
_# I.e. 想用 PureOS,只能買 Librem_
|
| 633 |
+
* 美企
|
| 634 |
+
雖為社會企業,但受制美國政府、法規
|
| 635 |
+
如果哪天政府要求禁售、後門,會直接影響生態系
|
| 636 |
+
唯一能慶幸的是,開源不怕隱藏後門 (程式碼都能看到)
|
| 637 |
+
* **公司營運問題多,訂了手機可能拿不到**
|
| 638 |
+
社群不少人[反映](https://odysee.com/@techlore:3/i-regret-buying-a-librem-5-here's-why!:a),下單後許久無消息,官方的退費機制也沒用
|
| 639 |
+
積極爭取下,才在[五年後](https://techlore.tv/w/s4ttnsvzTLyWUsd6UhTcSn)得到退款,更多的恐怕是錢機雙失的消費者
|
| 640 |
+
_# 在這中間,手機可沒送來唷!_
|
| 641 |
+
|
| 642 |
+
身為少數有公司撐腰的 Linux ROM,從 2014 年撐到現在,應該不會隨便倒閉
|
| 643 |
+
但你拿不拿得到手機,又是另一回事
|
| 644 |
+
|
| 645 |
+
#### [Sailfish OS](https://sailfishos.org/)
|
| 646 |
+
~~其餘~~旗魚作業系統,由芬蘭公司 Jolla 維護
|
| 647 |
+
最初目的是為 Nokia-Intel 聯盟開發的「MeeGo」續命,本身是 Linux 發行版
|
| 648 |
+
_# Jolla 由 Nokia 員工重組而成,高層近年[買回業務](https://nokiamob.net/2024/02/02/jolla-has-achieved-financial-stability-with-a-new-ownership-structure/)以擺脫俄羅斯_
|
| 649 |
+
核心是 Linux 移動平台 - Mer 的延伸
|
| 650 |
+
隱私防護:
|
| 651 |
+
* [三層式架構](https://docs.sailfishos.org/Reference/Security/):
|
| 652 |
+
* 港口 ([Habour](https://docs.sailfishos.org/Develop/Apps/Harbour/))檢疫應用程式
|
| 653 |
+
類似 App Store,上架程式須提交申請、經多步審核
|
| 654 |
+
避免假冒或惡意軟體,是種防呆機制
|
| 655 |
+
* 航行監獄 ([Sailjail](https://docs.sailfishos.org/Develop/Apps/Application_Permissions/))沙盒隔離應用程式
|
| 656 |
+
就是個沙盒 (sandbox),app 運作在受限範圍
|
| 657 |
+
出事不會影響整個系統,也保障其他資料安全
|
| 658 |
+
* 權限管控 (這個沒取應景名字)
|
| 659 |
+
機敏資料如通訊錄,和其他檔案分開放
|
| 660 |
+
僅少數獲准程式能存取,避免特定 app 濫權
|
| 661 |
+
* 全硬碟加密
|
| 662 |
+
* 因為硬體、韌體搭配,可以把 bootloader 鎖回去
|
| 663 |
+
* 每月更新
|
| 664 |
+
和 Android 頻率相近,避免漏洞久存
|
| 665 |
+
若有重大安全問題,也會提供熱修補 (hotfix)
|
| 666 |
+
_# 熱修補指即時、非常態更新 (補丁)_
|
| 667 |
+
* 原生應用程式
|
| 668 |
+
內建的 app 不搜集個資、不含追蹤器 (至少官方宣稱)
|
| 669 |
+
預設瀏覽器用 [Gecko 引擎](./deGoogle-browser.md),為 Firefox 系列
|
| 670 |
+
* 系統額外安全措施
|
| 671 |
+
指紋辨識、遠端鎖螢幕、遠端擦除 (系統重置)、VPN 等
|
| 672 |
+
|
| 673 |
+
目標受眾之一是「政府單位」,所以要夠安全
|
| 674 |
+
~~人家的政府跟我國不同,比較重視資安~~
|
| 675 |
+
相容硬體較受限,主要是 [Sony Xperia](https://jolla.com/sailfishxinstall/)、自家 [Jolla phone](https://docs.sailfishos.org/Support/Supported_)
|
| 676 |
+
_# 居然選擇 Sony,意不意外呀?_
|
| 677 |
+
自家手機會先灌好 OS,Sony Xperia 則需自行刷入
|
| 678 |
+
主要在歐洲銷售,但服務支援全球
|
| 679 |
+
Android 程式可用 AppSupport 執行,類似 Waydroid
|
| 680 |
+
Linux 桌面程式,能靠以下手段運作:
|
| 681 |
+
* ~~卑鄙手段~~
|
| 682 |
+
* 預裝 [Bash](https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/)、[glibc](https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/) 這類工具,可直接用命令列 (cli)操作
|
| 683 |
+
* 特化 Linux 容器 LXC (Linux Container)
|
| 684 |
+
社群專案 [habour-container](https://github.com/sailfish-containers/harbour-containers/blob/master/README.adoc),能在容器中啟動大型程式
|
| 685 |
+
* 官方也有封裝 [Flatpak](https://github.com/sailfishos-flatpak/flatpak-runner),可啟動部分 Qt / GTK 應用程式
|
| 686 |
+
|
| 687 |
+
不知上述是什麼不要緊,代表你不會用到
|
| 688 |
+
|
| 689 |
+
缺��:
|
| 690 |
+
* 採免費增值 (freemium),訂閱制收費
|
| 691 |
+
免費版能正常使用多數功能,但 AppSupport 是付費版特權
|
| 692 |
+
更新頻率也不同,**免費版兩個月更新一次**
|
| 693 |
+
零日漏洞風險高,請慎重考慮
|
| 694 |
+
* 使用者介面、多數預裝軟體[閉源](https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/73amlm/so_how_open_is_sailfish_os_really/)
|
| 695 |
+
據社群統計,總體約 7-8 成開源
|
| 696 |
+
|
| 697 |
+
#### [LineageOS](https://lineageos.org/)
|
| 698 |
+
屬 AOSP 分支,也是 iodéOS、/e/ OS 的上游
|
| 699 |
+
2009 年由開發者 Stefanie Jane (自稱 Cyanogen)推動,起初名為 CyanogenMod
|
| 700 |
+
2013 年成立公司 Cyanogen Inc.,不過 2016 年就重組、倒閉
|
| 701 |
+
社群於是接手開發,並更名為 LineageOS,完全開源
|
| 702 |
+
支援機型爆多,詳見[官方清單](https://wiki.lineageos.org/devices/)
|
| 703 |
+
摘除多數 Google 服務,旨在脫離大公司掌控、取回隱私
|
| 704 |
+
_# 但 DNS 預設靠 Google 解析_
|
| 705 |
+
因此無 Google Play、Google Play Service,可自選替代品
|
| 706 |
+
定期發布更新,通常在 AOSP 發布更新後,一兩週內跟上
|
| 707 |
+
有全硬碟加密,現隨 Android 改為逐檔加密
|
| 708 |
+
|
| 709 |
+
聽起來不賴,為何排序吊車尾?
|
| 710 |
+
因為安全性有些缺失,且技術水準要求高,對大眾不太友善
|
| 711 |
+
|
| 712 |
+
缺點:
|
| 713 |
+
* Bootloader 無法鎖定
|
| 714 |
+
身為 Android 系列卻不能鎖 bootloader,此交易不划算
|
| 715 |
+
* 非開箱即用,技術門檻高
|
| 716 |
+
* microG 沒預裝,要自己處理
|
| 717 |
+
* 部分網路元件仍靠 Google
|
| 718 |
+
* 更新有延遲,有時 1-2 週才跟上 Android
|
| 719 |
+
|
| 720 |
+
#### [CalyxOS](https://calyxos.org/)
|
| 721 |
+
基於 AOSP 發展而來,除去多數 Google 服務,並加入許多安全措施
|
| 722 |
+
由美國非營利機構 The Calyx Institute 開發、維護
|
| 723 |
+
[主打](https://calyxinstitute.org/about)「隱私優先」、「開箱即用」,提供「Google-less Android」選擇
|
| 724 |
+
除了用開源軟體替代 Google 組件,也有許多獨家[功能](https://calyxos.org/features/):
|
| 725 |
+
* 曼陀羅防火牆 (Datura Firewall)
|
| 726 |
+
手機的網路防火牆,可細緻調控網路連線
|
| 727 |
+
每個 app 都能控制連網功能,而且撥按鈕就行,超簡單
|
| 728 |
+
* 預裝 microG
|
| 729 |
+
和 iodéOS 一樣,事先裝好但可移除
|
| 730 |
+
可享有 Google Play 服務,但最小程度犧牲隱私
|
| 731 |
+
* 可鎖 bootloader
|
| 732 |
+
主要支援 Fairphone、Pixel、Motorola 機種,**前兩者**可鎖 bootloader
|
| 733 |
+
_# 請遵循官方步驟,別亂裝亂鎖_
|
| 734 |
+
* 內建 Calyx / Riseup **免費** VPN
|
| 735 |
+
翻牆不必另尋解方,都幫你想好了
|
| 736 |
+
* 視覺化呈現「哪個 app 有哪些權限」
|
| 737 |
+
不易發生噁心 app 濫權偷資料
|
| 738 |
+
* 緊急按鈕 (panic button)
|
| 739 |
+
自定義的安全按鈕,按下會啟動一串漣漪效應
|
| 740 |
+
能刪除 / 隱藏特定程式,也能選「還原出廠設定」
|
| 741 |
+
亦可自動撥號、傳訊息,通報信任者、特定機構
|
| 742 |
+
能設定在手機物理按鈕上,出事就按
|
| 743 |
+
就算人身安全受脅迫,資料也不會外洩
|
| 744 |
+
適合人權倡議者、或臥底人士 (很像諜報片,酷吧?)
|
| 745 |
+
* 種子金庫 (SeedVault)
|
| 746 |
+
可備份資料到 USB 硬碟、Nextcloud,且匯出前先加密
|
| 747 |
+
* 預設 app
|
| 748 |
+
* [Signal](https://signal.org/) messenger 類似 Line、What's app 的通訊軟體,但開源、保護隱私
|
| 749 |
+
_# 代替電話、簡訊軟體,詳見[這篇](./deMeta-messenger.md)_
|
| 750 |
+
* [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/)、[Aurora Store](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.aurora.store/)
|
| 751 |
+
兩者皆為 [Google Play 開源替代品](./deGoogle-appStore.md)
|
| 752 |
+
F-Droid 上都是免費開源軟體,Aurora Store 則匿名取用 Google Play 的 app
|
| 753 |
+
* [Chromite](https://github.com/uazo/cromite)
|
| 754 |
+
基於 Chromium 的開源瀏覽器,會擋廣告、追蹤器
|
| 755 |
+
* [Tor 瀏覽器](https://www.torproject.org/download/#android)
|
| 756 |
+
透過洋蔥路由連網,多層加密、高度匿蹤
|
| 757 |
+
_# 參閱我之前[替換瀏覽器文章](./deGoogle-browser.md)_
|
| 758 |
+
* 全硬碟加密 (現為逐檔加密)
|
| 759 |
+
|
| 760 |
+
---
|
| 761 |
+
|
| 762 |
+
講古:
|
| 763 |
+
The Calyx Institute [故事](https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/national-security-letter-recipient-can-speak-out-first-time-fbi-demanded-customer)很有趣,是段[人權捍衛史](https://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/dec/06/fbi-national-security-letter-gag-order-nick-merrill)
|
| 764 |
+
創辦人 Nicholas Merrill,原本是網路提供商 Calyx 的營運者
|
| 765 |
+
某個雪夜 FBI 拿著國安信件 (NSL)找上他,要求提供客戶資訊
|
| 766 |
+
National Security Letter (NSL) 類似傳票,但不需法院同意
|
| 767 |
+
沒要給 Merrill 等律師的意思,還伴隨封口令
|
| 768 |
+
Merrill 事後很不爽封口令,於是找人權團體的朋友、律師告 FBI
|
| 769 |
+
緘口令嚴重影響生活,女友問他也不能解釋
|
| 770 |
+
有種「什麼事瞞著我?你是罪犯嗎?」的包袱
|
| 771 |
+
畢竟一直有黑衣人相找,對家人、親友卻只能回「不可說」
|
| 772 |
+
而且這類國家監聽制度,很令人作嘔
|
| 773 |
+
長達 12 年的官司落幕後,Merrill 勝訴,得以撤銷緘口令
|
| 774 |
+
他於是公開信函內容,致力於人權、自由推行
|
| 775 |
+
使命為「讓人人都能取得數位隱私、資安與連線自由」,CalyxOS 便是旗艦產品
|
| 776 |
+
除 CalyxOS,也提供個人熱點、教育培訓、贊助研究等
|
| 777 |
+
|
| 778 |
+
---
|
| 779 |
+
|
| 780 |
+
無商業模式,全靠捐款、會員訂閱
|
| 781 |
+
* [行動網路會員](https://calyxinstitute.org/membership/internet/):捐款可獲得不限速網路服務
|
| 782 |
+
就像一般訂閱網路,只是同時贊助公益機構
|
| 783 |
+
* [CalyxOS 會員](https://calyxinstitute.org/membership/calyxos):首年 700 美金,會獲贈一台預載 CalyxOS 的 Pixel
|
| 784 |
+
之後每年 10 美金,當付錢買手機也不賴
|
| 785 |
+
|
| 786 |
+
_# 兩種會員都會拿到 T-shirt、筆電貼紙_
|
| 787 |
+
沒訂閱完全不影響功能,官方主打「去商業化」、「免技術門檻」
|
| 788 |
+
社群也很友善,不怕遇到問題求助無門
|
| 789 |
+
|
| 790 |
+
等等,那為什麼最後一個推薦?
|
| 791 |
+
圖上還標「有風險」,藏了什麼重大陷阱?
|
| 792 |
+
|
| 793 |
+
別緊張,沒偷埋炸彈
|
| 794 |
+
只是創辦人、[技術高層](https://www.reddit.com/r/CalyxOS/comments/1lxgnp8/a_personal_note/)[離開機構](https://calyxos.org/news/2025/08/01/a-letter-to-our-community/)後,有技術鴻溝待填補
|
| 795 |
+
_# 創辦人去忙其他專案,但細節不明_
|
| 796 |
+
2025 才發生的,專案預計**暫停 4-6 個月**
|
| 797 |
+
釋出[最後一次更新後](https://calyxos.org/news/2025/08/27/last-ota-update-before-new-calyxos-release/),就會暫時擱置
|
| 798 |
+
停更的專案,哪能優先推薦呢?
|
| 799 |
+
萬一沒恢復、中間出紕漏怎麼辦?
|
| 800 |
+
所以只好先放後面,等 Calyx 強勢回歸囉!
|
| 801 |
+
|
| 802 |
+
缺點:
|
| 803 |
+
* DNS 由美企 Cloudflare 解析
|
| 804 |
+
網路流量可能被監看,不過 VPN 可解決此問題
|
| 805 |
+
_# 別忘了 CalyxOS 很好心,有內建 VPN_
|
| 806 |
+
* 計劃暫停,不會跟進 AOSP 更新
|
| 807 |
+
|
| 808 |
+
社群當然哀鴻遍野,但大家也莫可奈何
|
| 809 |
+
|
| 810 |
+
_# [DivestOS](https://github.com/divested-mobile) 已不再維護,所以沒介紹_
|
| 811 |
+
|
| 812 |
+
---
|
| 813 |
+
|
| 814 |
+
### 如何取得?
|
| 815 |
+
|
| 816 |
+

|
| 817 |
+
|
| 818 |
+
上述作業系統中,基於 Android 者、部份 Linux 選項
|
| 819 |
+
可買特定機種自行刷機,或舊機換新 OS
|
| 820 |
+
_# 若你的舊手機剛好被某款 ROM 支援,就刷吧!_
|
| 821 |
+
PureOS、Sailfish OS 則大概得買新機,除非你剛好有相容機款
|
| 822 |
+
果粉就抱歉了,只有購機一途
|
| 823 |
+
因為 iPhone 無法刷客製化 ROM,想保障隱私只能換手機
|
| 824 |
+
|
| 825 |
+
---
|
| 826 |
+
|
| 827 |
+
### 懶人包
|
| 828 |
+
* 特務、國安人員,或渴望最高隱私者 → 不用想,就是 [GrapheneOS](https://grapheneos.org/)
|
| 829 |
+
* 手邊有 Pixel,~~偷來的更好~~:
|
| 830 |
+
* 若為隱私故,眾生皆可拋 → [GrapheneOS](https://grapheneos.org/)
|
| 831 |
+
* 一般大眾,能用最重要 → [iodéOS](https://iode.tech/iodeos/)、[/e/ OS](https://e.foundation/e-os/) (取那什麼名字,害我不能用斜線分隔)
|
| 832 |
+
* 喜歡 Calyx,甘冒風險 → [CalyxOS](https://calyxos.org/)
|
| 833 |
+
* 普通 Android 用戶,手機廠牌五花八門:
|
| 834 |
+
* 還想留在 Android 體系:
|
| 835 |
+
* 查查 [/e/ OS](https://e.foundation/e-os/)、[iodéOS](https://iode.tech/iodeos/) 列表,有支援就刷
|
| 836 |
+
* 前兩者不相容,就看看 [LineageOS](https://wiki.lineageos.org/devices/)
|
| 837 |
+
* 不排斥換平台、手機不會物理性被取得:
|
| 838 |
+
* 機種很舊 → 確認 [postmarketOS 清單](https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/Devices),有就刷
|
| 839 |
+
* 不知哪來一台 Pinephone → [Mobian](https://mobian-project.org/)
|
| 840 |
+
* 索粉 (Sony fan),都買 Xperia → [Sailfish OS](https://sailfishos.org/) (記得先[確定相容](https://docs.sailfishos.org/Support/Supported_Devices/))
|
| 841 |
+
* 查查 [Ubuntu Touch 支援名單](https://devices.ubuntu-touch.io/),你要的功能都有才刷
|
| 842 |
+
_# 或至少該功能缺失你能接受_
|
| 843 |
+
* ~~有錢人~~剛好想買新機、果粉跳槽:
|
| 844 |
+
* 喜歡 Linux、想嚐鮮:
|
| 845 |
+
* 極端開源主義者 → [PureOS](https://www.pureos.net/) (買 [Librem](https://puri.sm/products/) 系列)
|
| 846 |
+
* 崇尚穩定的開源主義者 → [Mobian](https://mobian-project.org/) (買 Pinephone,平板亦可)
|
| 847 |
+
_# 此二者硬體也開源,不過前者美商、後者港商_
|
| 848 |
+
* 喜歡歐洲替代品 (European Alternative) → [Sailfish OS](https://sailfishos.org/)
|
| 849 |
+
_# 是否付費訂閱,請自行決定_
|
| 850 |
+
* 環保或人權支持者、想一隻手機用十年 → [Ubuntu Touch](https://www.ubuntu-touch.io/) (買 [Fairphone](https://shop.fairphone.com/))
|
| 851 |
+
[Fairphone](https://www.fairphone.com/) 為荷蘭企業,研發團隊多是台灣人
|
| 852 |
+
所有手機組件,都確保生產者未受剝削、獲得公允報償
|
| 853 |
+
許多部件用環保材質,且手機模組化 (i.e. 可拆裝、更換)
|
| 854 |
+
螢幕壞了換螢幕、電池壞了換電池,不需專門工具 (一支螺絲起子足矣)
|
| 855 |
+
台灣似乎已絕版,剩遠傳有庫存
|
| 856 |
+
零件則可向[代理商](https://www.palcom-eshop.com.tw/pages/FAIRPHONES)購買,供貨沒有中斷
|
| 857 |
+
* 不排斥 Android 生態系:
|
| 858 |
+
* 新手上路,不想自己刷 ROM → [iodéOS](https://iode.tech/iodeos/)、[/e/ OS](https://e.foundation/e-os/)、[CalyxOS](https://calyxos.org/)
|
| 859 |
+
Fairphone 官方有賣預載 [/e/ OS](https://e.foundation/e-os/) 的手機,e 基金會也有賣二手重灌機
|
| 860 |
+
iodé 有賣裝好 [iodéOS](https://iode.tech/iodeos/) 的手機,不過物流主要服務歐洲
|
| 861 |
+
捐款成為 CalyxOS 會員,就能獲得有 [CalyxOS](https://calyxos.org/) 的 Pixel
|
| 862 |
+
_# 但此會員機制也隨計劃暫停了_
|
| 863 |
+
* 有技術背景,能自行刷機 → [GrapheneOS](https://grapheneos.org/) (那還用問!)
|
| 864 |
+
社群有種說法:既然都要買新手機刷 ROM 了,當然選最安全的
|
| 865 |
+
* 家長正要買手機給小孩:
|
| 866 |
+
_# 假設子女未成年,需~~奴役拘禁~~適當管控_
|
| 867 |
+
* 接受付費訂閱 → [iodéOS](https://iode.tech/iodeos/) (家長模式屬訂閱功能)
|
| 868 |
+
* 免費仔 → [/e/ OS](https://e.foundation/e-os/)
|
| 869 |
+
|
| 870 |
+
---
|
| 871 |
+
|
| 872 |
+
提醒一下,**再安全的 ROM 都不防呆**
|
| 873 |
+
詐騙連結勿亂點、公用網路請自行評估,檔案也不要亂裝
|
| 874 |
+
且如果螢幕都不鎖、手機隨便丟,別人「拿起來看」就行,根本毋需破解
|
| 875 |
+
|
| 876 |
+
還有想嘗試 DIY 的,請勿躁進
|
| 877 |
+
刷機前先查官方指引,多看網路教學也行
|
| 878 |
+
步驟亂搞造成手機磚化,一概不負責喔!
|
| 879 |
+
|
deGoogle-pswd-manager.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
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|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 密碼管理軟體
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 用 Email 註冊,或以 Google 連動登入
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
雖然那不是 Google 密碼管理軟體,但許多人用 Google 連動登入,無非就是圖個方便
|
| 6 |
+
_# 慶幸的是, Google 密碼管理員,似乎沒什麼人用_
|
| 7 |
+
|
| 8 |
+
好用的密碼管理工具,也能做到一鍵登入
|
| 9 |
+
且不必冒著交出密碼的風險,尤其對象是 Google
|
| 10 |
+
儲存帳密、連動登入,幾乎形同告訴 Google 你用哪些服務
|
| 11 |
+
甚至把「備用鑰匙」交給它,及[躲藏在後](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/02/global-googles-shameful-decision-to-reverse-its-ban-on-ai-for-weapons-and-surveillance-is-a-blow-for-human-rights/)的[美國國安局](https://epic.org/documents/epic-v-nsa-google-nsa-relationship/)
|
| 12 |
+
|
| 13 |
+
進入正題前,得先解釋一下「密碼管理軟體」
|
| 14 |
+
那是什麼、為什麼需要,已具背景知識者可略過
|
| 15 |
+
|
| 16 |
+
---
|
| 17 |
+
|
| 18 |
+
### 密碼管理軟體
|
| 19 |
+
#### 什麼是密碼管理軟體?
|
| 20 |
+
很簡單,就是記錄帳密的軟體,類似密碼本
|
| 21 |
+
好處是方便性高,登入時只需點擊按鈕
|
| 22 |
+
很多人用瀏覽器記錄密碼,也有異曲同工之妙
|
| 23 |
+
瀏覽器記錄密碼較危險,因為:
|
| 24 |
+
* 瀏覽器常綁定供應商帳號,例如 **Google** Chrome、**Apple** Safari
|
| 25 |
+
密碼管理工具多半獨立,且有主密碼、零知識端對端加密
|
| 26 |
+
* 瀏覽器的密碼工具,僅有基本功能
|
| 27 |
+
密碼管理軟體多附帶密碼強弱檢查、高強度密碼生成、多身份驗證、保險庫分群...
|
| 28 |
+
_# 想不到高強度密碼,可用軟體幫你生_
|
| 29 |
+
* 安全性低,只要瀏覽器被攻破,密碼就可能外洩
|
| 30 |
+
很多人瀏覽器裝滿外掛,往往沒先查過是否安全
|
| 31 |
+
攻擊面積太廣,甚至連怎麼被駭的都不知道
|
| 32 |
+
網站惡意腳本,也有機會入侵瀏覽器資訊
|
| 33 |
+
密碼管理軟體獨立分層,且靠主密碼隔離帳密
|
| 34 |
+
加密後哪怕瀏覽器真被攻破,也只是一堆亂碼
|
| 35 |
+
|
| 36 |
+
何況有些瀏覽器,[設計上故意開後門](https://cybernews.com/security/microsoft-edge-loads-cleartext-passwords-to-memory/),把你的密碼奉送給不肖人士
|
| 37 |
+
_# 微軟 Edge 會把瀏覽器密碼[明文](https://www.forbes.com/sites/daveywinder/2026/05/06/microsoft-says-edge-password-security-vulnerability-is-by-design-is-it-time-to-switch-to-chrome/?streamIndex=0)存在記憶體裡,比 Chrome 還不安全呢!_
|
| 38 |
+
想像瀏覽器是你家,為了正常活動,戒備通常不會太森嚴 (除非你是總統)
|
| 39 |
+
把存摺、印章一起放桌上,只要被闖空門就會損失慘重
|
| 40 |
+
密碼管理軟體就像保險箱,家門被入侵仍非常安全
|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+
若不綁帳號,換瀏覽器或裝置時,就得大量匯出、匯入資料
|
| 43 |
+
但密碼管理軟體可跨平台、跨瀏覽器使用,兼顧方便與安全
|
| 44 |
+
|
| 45 |
+
#### 為什麼需要密碼管理軟體?
|
| 46 |
+
除上述原因,密碼管理軟體對「資訊安全」有莫大幫助
|
| 47 |
+
大眾喜歡用「懶人密碼」,也習慣「重複使用密碼」
|
| 48 |
+
但以[資安角度](https://blog.trendmicro.com.tw/?p=81252)來看,那是非常[危險](https://specopssoft.com/blog/password-reuse-hidden-danger/)的行為
|
| 49 |
+
因為:
|
| 50 |
+
1. 進行破解、滲透行為時,駭客常會先用外流密碼表
|
| 51 |
+
各種常用密碼,如1234qwer (鍵盤左起第一、二排)、abcd1234 等當然都逃不掉
|
| 52 |
+
2. 若重複使用密碼,當一處密碼外洩,你的所有帳號都可能被破解
|
| 53 |
+
更別提如果用懶人密碼,駭客甚至不必破解你任一帳號,就能直接非法存取
|
| 54 |
+
_# 密碼不必環保,請每次都用新的_
|
| 55 |
+
3. 當然,拿生日、英文名當密碼,也很危險
|
| 56 |
+
危險的來源,主要是你的親友、知道你生日的人
|
| 57 |
+
~~畢竟撿到朋友手機,當然是先猜生日、男 / 女友生日、英文名啊!~~
|
| 58 |
+
|
| 59 |
+
既然那麼可怕、大眾也知道風險 (也許知道?),為何許多人仍照做呢?
|
| 60 |
+
|
| 61 |
+
因為「高強度密碼」很麻煩,而且多數人記不住啊!
|
| 62 |
+
高強度密碼需要:**英文大小寫 + 數字 + 特殊符號 + 沒在外洩密碼表上**...
|
| 63 |
+
設想當你辦帳號時,填了個超複雜密碼
|
| 64 |
+
|
| 65 |
+
完美,對吧?
|
| 66 |
+
|
| 67 |
+
那請問你辦其他帳號時,每次都會想一組高強度密碼、而且背起來嗎?
|
| 68 |
+
別忘了重複使用,一樣很危險
|
| 69 |
+
有些人怕忘記,會把密碼寫上便利貼、黏在螢幕或桌邊
|
| 70 |
+
|
| 71 |
+

|
| 72 |
+
|
| 73 |
+
此舉會讓同事、朋友、任何可物理性接觸你電腦的人,都能登入你的帳號
|
| 74 |
+
那我寫進筆記本,隨身攜帶好好保護,總行了吧!
|
| 75 |
+
那是個可行的做法,但有兩個缺點:
|
| 76 |
+
1. 不方便
|
| 77 |
+
每次要登入,都得翻筆記本,而且萬一筆記本損毀,你的帳號就...
|
| 78 |
+
2. 沒加密
|
| 79 |
+
如果被偷或遺失,別人可直接存取你的帳密
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+
所以密碼管理軟體就來啦!
|
| 82 |
+
|
| 83 |
+
類似瀏覽器,能記住你的帳密
|
| 84 |
+
需要時自動填入,非常���便
|
| 85 |
+
因此用再難的密碼都行,反正不用你背
|
| 86 |
+
_# 有些密碼管理軟體,還附帶「生成高強度密碼」功能_
|
| 87 |
+
選擇開源、端對端加密者,就不怕特定公司掌握你帳密
|
| 88 |
+
甚至能匯出密碼,換裝置時跟著連動,方便又安全
|
| 89 |
+
密碼管理軟體就像手抄密碼本,只是多了安全、方便性
|
| 90 |
+
|
| 91 |
+
若配合 2FA (雙因素驗證,Two Factor Authentication),能提升更多安全性
|
| 92 |
+
雙因素驗證指「除了密碼,還要再過一關」 (第二個因素)
|
| 93 |
+
是 MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication,多因素驗證)的一種
|
| 94 |
+
簡單說就是光密碼不夠,須更多條件才准登入,如同有兩道家門
|
| 95 |
+
常見做法有 Email 認證信、簡訊驗證,和其他 app 驗證等
|
| 96 |
+
_# 即使帳密被盜,對方沒你的手機 / 信箱 / 驗證 app,仍無法登入_
|
| 97 |
+
|
| 98 |
+
---
|
| 99 |
+
|
| 100 |
+
背景知識介紹結束
|
| 101 |
+
### 來看圖吧!
|
| 102 |
+

|
| 103 |
+
<sup>製圖者:只能是我</sup>
|
| 104 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指免費開源軟體 (Free and Open Source Software)</sup>
|
| 105 |
+
<sup>non-profit 指「不以營利為目的」</sup>
|
| 106 |
+
應該不必多說,鑑於 Google 過去[作為](https://campaignsoftheworld.com/news/the-dark-side-of-google/),只有傻子才把密碼給它管
|
| 107 |
+
|
| 108 |
+
替代品來嘍!
|
| 109 |
+
#### [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/)
|
| 110 |
+
|
| 111 |
+
---
|
| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
+
講古:
|
| 114 |
+
[KeePass](https://keepass.info/) 是密碼管理軟體專案,開源、由社群發起
|
| 115 |
+
僅支援 Windows,且介面不太友善、運作緩慢
|
| 116 |
+
_# Linux、MacOS 需安裝外掛_
|
| 117 |
+
於是社群開發者分支出 KeePass/L (KeePass Linux 版),後來又支援 Mac
|
| 118 |
+
因為變成跨平台,不只 Linux,於是改名 [KeePassX](https://www.keepassx.org/)
|
| 119 |
+
不過 KeePassX 開發緩慢,後來甚至不再更新
|
| 120 |
+
等不下去的開發者,~~憤而~~再分支出 KeePassXC
|
| 121 |
+
要知道最強的工程師,不在特定企業裡
|
| 122 |
+
而是分布在世上各角落,活躍於社群中
|
| 123 |
+
KeePassX 以 C++/Qt5 重構,比 C#/.net 寫成的 KeePass 高效許多
|
| 124 |
+
而且原生支援多平臺,不需外掛
|
| 125 |
+
KeePassXC 同樣為 C++ 專案,高效、跨平台特性都沒少
|
| 126 |
+
使用者介面也較佳,因此迅速竄紅
|
| 127 |
+
|
| 128 |
+
---
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+
KeePassXC 可離線存放密碼,支援 AES 256、ChaCha20、Twofish 等加密演算法
|
| 131 |
+
_# 不知道那些是什麼別緊張,裝作沒看到就好_
|
| 132 |
+
Linux、Windows、MacOS 都能用,也有瀏覽器外掛
|
| 133 |
+
開源、定期由第三方審查,內建 TOTP 功能
|
| 134 |
+
_# Time-based One-Time Password, 有時效的一次性密碼_
|
| 135 |
+
存取權受密碼保護,還需額外一層金鑰才能開
|
| 136 |
+
官方建議將金鑰檔存在 USB 等可移除裝置上,不用時就拔掉
|
| 137 |
+
_# 插上一個東西才能用,像特務片那樣,酷吧?_
|
| 138 |
+
|
| 139 |
+
缺點:
|
| 140 |
+
* 初次使用可能需摸索一下,詳見官方[說明](https://keepassxc.org/docs/KeePassXC_UserGuide)
|
| 141 |
+
|
| 142 |
+
社群自發、開源,完全免錢、無隱藏費用
|
| 143 |
+
想要功能強大、可自訂的密碼管理軟體,非此莫屬
|
| 144 |
+
|
| 145 |
+
#### [Proton Pass](https://proton.me/pass)
|
| 146 |
+
Proton 老面孔了,公司背景在 [Email 那篇](./deGoogle-email.md)介紹過
|
| 147 |
+
主打開源、保障隱私,有各種常用線上服務
|
| 148 |
+
_# [Email](./deGoogle-email.md)、[雲端硬碟](./deGoogle-drive-and-album.md)、[月曆](./deGoogle-calendar.md)... 都有_
|
| 149 |
+
Proton Pass 開源、端對端加密,支援電腦、手機、瀏覽器
|
| 150 |
+
瀏覽器外掛可獨立作業,不需先下載電腦端軟體
|
| 151 |
+
線上、離線服務都行,還能多設一層密碼保護
|
| 152 |
+
可儲存帳密、生成高強度密碼、自動填寫等
|
| 153 |
+
亦可當 2FA 應用程式,讓你登入不必拿其他裝置
|
| 154 |
+
還支援密碼金鑰 (passkey),功能非常完備
|
| 155 |
+
|
| 156 |
+
---
|
| 157 |
+
|
| 158 |
+
簡介 passkey:
|
| 159 |
+
密碼金鑰是認裝置的唯一碼,只要裝置不離手就不怕被盜
|
| 160 |
+
安全性的保障來自:**沒密碼就不怕偷** (Passkey ≠ Password)
|
| 161 |
+
_# 只要你確定裝置安全_
|
| 162 |
+
許多服務都可選密碼金鑰登入,比密碼更方便
|
| 163 |
+
_# Google 用密碼金鑰就不必 2FA_
|
| 164 |
+
|
| 165 |
+
Proton Pass 商業模式採訂閱制,但免費版非常夠用 (基本上不需訂閱)
|
| 166 |
+
_# 若認同 Proton 的理念,訂閱是一種支持,就像買專輯一樣_
|
| 167 |
+
|
| 168 |
+
缺點:
|
| 169 |
+
* 從前速度很慢,但近期已大幅改善
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
如有使用 Proton Mail,Proton Pass 還能幫你管理信箱別名 (Email Alias)
|
| 172 |
+
喜歡整合生態系的使用者,不妨考慮看看
|
| 173 |
+
|
| 174 |
+
#### [KeePassDX](https://www.keepassdx.com/)
|
| 175 |
+
KeePassDX 同樣是 KeePass 系列,開源、免費享有多數功能
|
| 176 |
+
_# 可購買 Pro 外觀、捐款贊助,但非強制_
|
| 177 |
+
鑑於 KeePassXC 支援各大桌面平台,但行動版付之闕如
|
| 178 |
+
[Kunzisoft](https://www.kunzisoft.com/) 便推出 KeePassDX,讓 Android 用戶也擁有 KeePass 服務
|
| 179 |
+
iOS 用戶可選 [AuthPass](https://authpass.app/)、[KeePassium](https://keepassium.com/pricing/),前者免費、與 KeePass 相容
|
| 180 |
+
後者免費版功能受限,兩個都開源
|
| 181 |
+
_# Strongbox 沒被推薦,是因為它閉源卻用開源行銷_
|
| 182 |
+
KeePassDX 支援各種 KeePass 加密演算法,也支援生物辨識解鎖
|
| 183 |
+
若你的手機能靠人臉、指紋解鎖,KeePassDX 就能用相同方式鎖定、解鎖
|
| 184 |
+
_# 這樣就算滑手機時突然被搶,也不怕密碼外流_
|
| 185 |
+
|
| 186 |
+
缺點:
|
| 187 |
+
* 僅支援 Android
|
| 188 |
+
iOS 系列有相應替代品,但鑒於生態系閉鎖、強制綁蘋果商店、與 GPL 授權不相容
|
| 189 |
+
此處就不特別提,要怪請怪蘋果 (蘋果稅阻卻許多開發者)
|
| 190 |
+
可從 Google Play、[F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/) 下載 (官方建議從 F-Droid)
|
| 191 |
+
_# [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/) 是免費開源軟體商店,本身也開源、去 Google 化,可見[這篇](./deGoogle-appStore.md)_
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
#### [Bitwarden](https://bitwarden.com/)
|
| 194 |
+
Bitwarden 是開源、知名的密碼管理軟體,訂閱制收費
|
| 195 |
+
商用有不同方案,個人用則有免費版
|
| 196 |
+
免費版功能齊全,和 Proton 的模式相似
|
| 197 |
+
支援各大平台,包括電腦和手機
|
| 198 |
+
也有瀏覽器外掛,一個軟體就能打天下
|
| 199 |
+
最大的好處是,伺服器可自架
|
| 200 |
+
同樣加密保護密碼,是廣受大眾喜愛的選擇
|
| 201 |
+
|
| 202 |
+
缺點:
|
| 203 |
+
* 美國公司
|
| 204 |
+
身在美國,受美國法律管束
|
| 205 |
+
好處是開源,至少能審核安全性
|
| 206 |
+
_# 相較之下,Proton 是瑞士公司,不受制於美國法律_
|
| 207 |
+
|
| 208 |
+
#### [Spectre](https://spectre.app/)
|
| 209 |
+
直翻幽靈,嚴格來說不算密碼管理軟體
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
不是密碼管理軟體,放這幹嘛!?
|
| 212 |
+
|
| 213 |
+
別急,就像[聯合國秘書長說的](https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-10-24/secretary-generals-remarks-the-security-council-the-middle-east%C2%A0),事出必有因 (?)
|
| 214 |
+
Spectre 是「密碼演算器」,可以做相似的事
|
| 215 |
+
開發哲學是:「唯一不會被偷、勒索、遺忘的密碼,只有不存在的密碼」
|
| 216 |
+
> The only password that can’t be lost, stolen, seized, ransomed or left on the bus, is a password that doesn’t exist.
|
| 217 |
+
|
| 218 |
+
[原理](https://spectre.app/#algorithm)是透過密碼學[演算法](https://spectre.app/spectre-algorithm.pdf),「生成」密碼:
|
| 219 |
+
使用者只需填入姓名 (或暱稱)、固定秘密 (可想成主密碼)
|
| 220 |
+
演算法會生成一把主鑰,碰到每個網站再依主鑰生成「唯一」、「不可逆推」的密碼
|
| 221 |
+
如此一來,就算某個網站出事,其他帳號仍非常安全
|
| 222 |
+
密碼不儲存在任何地方,就無法被偷
|
| 223 |
+
_# 此做法稱為「無狀態 (Stateless)」密碼管理_
|
| 224 |
+
|
| 225 |
+
---
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
講古:
|
| 228 |
+
比利時裔[加拿大人](https://lhunath.com/)開發,專案[開源](https://gitlab.com/spectre.app/)、支援各大電腦與手機平台
|
| 229 |
+
_# 作者專攻資安領域,自稱夢想家、理想主義者_
|
| 230 |
+
原本名為「One Password」,因其只需一支密碼
|
| 231 |
+
後更名為「Master Password」 (主密碼),從 App Store 開始上架
|
| 232 |
+
後來經過重構,程式邏輯優化、介面現代化,擴展到各平台
|
| 233 |
+
品牌也重塑為 Spectre,至今已有十年歷史
|
| 234 |
+
|
| 235 |
+
---
|
| 236 |
+
|
| 237 |
+
缺點:
|
| 238 |
+
* 使用有些微門檻
|
| 239 |
+
* Windows 用戶須先下載 Java
|
| 240 |
+
* Mac 套件管理工具 [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/) 似乎不支援了,得由蘋果 App Store 下載
|
| 241 |
+
* 主程式年久未維護,穩定與安全性堪慮
|
| 242 |
+
|
| 243 |
+
|
| 244 |
+
#### [LessPass](https://lesspass.com/)
|
| 245 |
+
原理和 Spectre 相似,都用「生成」取代「儲存」密碼
|
| 246 |
+
一樣是[開源](https://github.com/lesspass/lesspass)、社群專案,支援手機平台、瀏覽器外掛
|
| 247 |
+
_# Android 版在 [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/) 也能下載_
|
| 248 |
+
創建者是法國人 [Guillaume Vincent](https://github.com/guillaumevincent),紅帽 (Red Hat)公司首席軟體工程師
|
| 249 |
+
_# 熟悉開源的人鐵定不陌生,此紅帽即為 Linux 發行版那家公司_
|
| 250 |
+
開發者自稱「開源成癮者」、人文主義者,應不會隨意背棄專案
|
| 251 |
+
完全免費使用,沒有商業模式 (創立目的非賺錢)
|
| 252 |
+
原先伺服器位於法國,但侵害隱私的[情報法案](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/france-new-surveillance-law-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/)通過後,[伺服器遷至德國](https://medium.com/@guillaume20100/who-are-you-what-is-your-secret-where-are-you-going-60800e93f92)
|
| 253 |
+
_# 可離線使用,此處指網頁伺服器_
|
| 254 |
+
|
| 255 |
+
缺點:
|
| 256 |
+
* 無桌面程式
|
| 257 |
+
|
| 258 |
+
叫 'Less' 有種「少即是多」的意味,沒密碼就不用記密碼、不怕外洩
|
| 259 |
+
而且還有在積極維護,選 LessPass 比 Spectre 更安全
|
| 260 |
+
|
| 261 |
+
---
|
| 262 |
+
|
| 263 |
+
### 懶人包來啦!
|
| 264 |
+
* ~~無腦~~一般使用者,想要「方便就好」→ [Proton Pass](https://proton.me/pass)
|
| 265 |
+
* 樂意花時間設定:
|
| 266 |
+
* 桌面 → [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/)
|
| 267 |
+
* 手機:
|
| 268 |
+
* Android → [KeePassDX](https://www.keepassdx.com/)
|
| 269 |
+
* iPhone → [AuthPass](https://authpass.app/)
|
| 270 |
+
* 已在用 Bitwarden、可能需要中文社群支援 → [Bitwarden](https://bitwarden.com/)
|
| 271 |
+
_# Bitwarden 在台灣知名度不低,隨便搜都有很多文章_
|
| 272 |
+
* 喜歡酷玩意 → [LessPass](https://lesspass.com/)
|
| 273 |
+
* 有技術能力、願意冒風險 → [Spectre](https://spectre.app/)
|
| 274 |
+
|
| 275 |
+
---
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
其他隱私保障做再多,若密碼輕易被破解,帳號被盜、身份被竊一樣危險
|
| 278 |
+
選一款喜歡的,就只需記住一組密碼 (密碼管理軟體的密碼)
|
| 279 |
+
之後使用各大服務,都能暢行無阻又不失安全
|
| 280 |
+
_# 或是你也可以跟我一樣,用腦記住一堆高強度密碼,但哪天忘記帳密別找我_
|
| 281 |
+
|
| 282 |
+
**注意**:密碼管理軟體不防呆,把密碼貼在螢幕、桌上的,立刻給我撕掉!
|
| 283 |
+
|
deGoogle-search-engine.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 替換搜尋引擎
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 欸,Google 一下美國又用關稅勒索了什麼
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
日常生活中,是不是很習慣用「Google」直接替代「搜尋」呢?
|
| 6 |
+
外國人也是,用「Google」當「search」的替代詞,似乎再正常不過
|
| 7 |
+
此般盛況,可見 Google 市佔率多高 (中國人說「百度一下」也是同理)
|
| 8 |
+
_# Google 甚至曾[呼籲](https://www.nbcnews.com/technolog/no-googling-says-google-unless-you-really-mean-it-1c9078566)不要亂用他們的名字,但顯然沒人理_
|
| 9 |
+
如果你的瀏覽器首頁、預設搜尋引擎都是 Google,那你應該很熟悉上述情景
|
| 10 |
+
有些人甚至不知道,世上除了 Google 還有其他搜尋引擎
|
| 11 |
+
|
| 12 |
+
---
|
| 13 |
+
|
| 14 |
+
### 其他搜尋引擎
|
| 15 |
+
你可能聽過 [Bing](https://joindeleteme.com/is-site-safe/is-bing-safe/)、Yandex、百度等搜尋引擎,但此處「**不會**」仔細介紹它們,因為那些也是[隱私陷阱](https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/researchers-meta-yandex-broke-android-privacy-a-28578)
|
| 16 |
+
別忘記這趟旅程,目的是填平隱私坑洞、選擇更好的替代品
|
| 17 |
+
不囉唆,直接上圖:
|
| 18 |
+

|
| 19 |
+
<sup>圖源:我辛苦做的</sup>
|
| 20 |
+
<sup>圖中的「tracker-free」,指前端無可見追蹤器,意思就是至少不公然追蹤你</sup>
|
| 21 |
+
<sup>non-profit 不是指「非營利機構」,而是「不以盈利為目的」</sup>
|
| 22 |
+
左方的 Google、百度、Bing 是欠換的引擎,右邊的替代選項稍後會一一介紹
|
| 23 |
+
此處須先聲明,為何不全都用高隱私、開源產品替代
|
| 24 |
+
因為搜尋引擎的本質是資料庫,透過建立索引讓搜尋者找到特定內容,同時還提供排序
|
| 25 |
+
類似為書中每個章節編碼,並放到目錄頁
|
| 26 |
+
也就是,幾乎得爬下整個網際網路,並用特定演算法將內容歸類、排序
|
| 27 |
+
開發和維運都所費不貲,現階段無單一機構提供「不收費」、「保護隱私」、「開源」、「獨立」全數涵蓋的服務,只能適度妥協
|
| 28 |
+
右半邊的替代品,至少符合「免費」、「相對重視隱私」,也有些是開源
|
| 29 |
+
除 Whoogle 外,其餘選項都有瀏覽器外掛,可取代網址列的預設搜尋引擎
|
| 30 |
+
_# 許多瀏覽器也支援在設定中,手動替換預設搜尋引擎_
|
| 31 |
+
|
| 32 |
+
那就開始吧!
|
| 33 |
+
|
| 34 |
+
### [Searxng](https://github.com/searxng/searxng) (前身為 [Searx](https://github.com/searx/searx))
|
| 35 |
+
Searxng 是社群建立的開源專案,也就是一群人自發合作,**無**商業機構撐腰
|
| 36 |
+
它是整合搜尋 (meta search)引擎,沒有自己獨立的索引 (index),但會從各大搜尋引擎如 Google、Bing 抓取結果,混合後送給使用者,例如這樣:
|
| 37 |
+

|
| 38 |
+
<sup>圖源:本人搜尋結果</sup>
|
| 39 |
+
因為開源,各項設定皆可自訂,搜尋結果也較不易受單一引擎影響
|
| 40 |
+
你可能會問,結果來自 Google、Bing,還有隱私可言嗎?
|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+
有!
|
| 43 |
+
|
| 44 |
+
Meta search 的好處就是,作為使用者的「代理伺服器」向各引擎發送請求
|
| 45 |
+
什麼意思呢?
|
| 46 |
+
就像你叫別人幫你找資料,Google 蒐集到的資訊,來自**幫你搜尋的人**,不是你
|
| 47 |
+
而且代理伺服器,任何人都能自行架設 (只要你有資源),不必受制於誰
|
| 48 |
+
值得注意的是,如果該代理伺服器只有你一人使用,那就幾乎形同你自己做搜尋,只是換台電腦而已
|
| 49 |
+
理想的做法是,找個多人使用的實例 ([instance](https://searx.space/))當代理,讓大家的資訊混雜在一起,不易個別追蹤、也不用自己花錢架設
|
| 50 |
+
什麼!?哪有人那麼好心,免費架代理伺服器給大家用?
|
| 51 |
+
就是有,別小看重視隱私的人、機構,有些機構純粹追求「隱私是基本人權」,而無償提供服務
|
| 52 |
+
有些人則是想保障自己隱私,但單獨使用形同沒保護層,於是公開給世人用,順路保障自己
|
| 53 |
+
|
| 54 |
+
### [~~Mullvad Leta~~](https://leta.mullvad.net/)
|
| 55 |
+
**Mullvad 公司表示,將不再維運此服務**
|
| 56 |
+
Mullvad 是一家瑞典 VPN 公司,推出很多開源、保障隱私的產品
|
| 57 |
+
Mullvad Leta 是他們的代理搜尋引擎,「Leta」是瑞典文的「搜尋」
|
| 58 |
+
原理和 searxng 差不多,但介面比較友善,不過代理的對象只有 Brave search 和 Google
|
| 59 |
+
目標用戶比較像大眾,而非開發者
|
| 60 |
+
|
| 61 |
+
### [Whoogle search](https://github.com/benbusby/whoogle-search)
|
| 62 |
+
Whoogle 是個取名很針對的代理搜尋引擎,可想而知是衝 Google 而來,連首頁都十分神似
|
| 63 |
+
這也是社群自發的開源專案,沒公司撐腰、可自行架設
|
| 64 |
+
官方程式碼倉庫有列出幾個[實例](https://github.com/benbusby/whoogle-search/blob/main/misc/instances.txt),有些已下線,可自行試試
|
| 65 |
+
|
| 66 |
+
接下來要介紹的,就都是**非開源**的了
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
### [Brave search](https://search.brave.com/)
|
| 69 |
+
你可能聽說過 [Brave 瀏覽器](./deGoogle-browser.md#brave-browser),就是被大家當 Youtube premium 的那款
|
| 70 |
+
沒錯!是同一家美國公司!
|
| 71 |
+
Brave 有「自行建立」的索引,只有在搜尋結果不佳、內容過少時,才會導入其他引擎的結果
|
| 72 |
+
前端沒追蹤器、支援 AI 摘要、有適量可自訂功能,且隱私政策友善,算還不錯的替代品
|
| 73 |
+
從前 Brave search 很難用,但改進非常快,現已體驗良好
|
| 74 |
+
缺點:
|
| 75 |
+
* 非開源,無法驗證隱私政策是否落實
|
| 76 |
+
* 美國公司,會不會被國家要求提供資料,難以保證 (莫忘 PRISM 稜鏡計畫)
|
| 77 |
+
* ~~使用加密 VPN 的話,可能會陷入無止盡機器人驗證~~
|
| 78 |
+
_# 似乎已解決_
|
| 79 |
+
|
| 80 |
+
Claude 的搜尋 API,就是[用 Brave search](https://odysee.com/@techlore:3/only-3-search-engines-actually-exist:7) 呢!
|
| 81 |
+
|
| 82 |
+
### [Ecosia](https://www.ecosia.org/)
|
| 83 |
+
嗯,看名字就知道,這家德國社會企業很重視環境
|
| 84 |
+
Ecosia 是個代理搜尋引擎,從 Bing 獲取結果,靠非個人化廣告獲利
|
| 85 |
+
利潤全用在改善環境,尤其是種樹,所以如果你在乎環保,不妨把它換成預設搜尋引擎
|
| 86 |
+
_# 他們真的有做,這家企業的好處就是透明,捐助了什麼機構、在哪造林都能查到_
|
| 87 |
+
缺點:
|
| 88 |
+
* 有 10 個以下的可見追蹤器
|
| 89 |
+
* 隱私政策說明:「用戶資料會在一週內去識別化」,意思就是他們會蒐集 IP、搜尋內容等,但會在一週內將之斷開,僅知道有人搜尋什麼、用戶來自哪裡,但兩者配不起來
|
| 90 |
+
_# 有些人可接受,但「一週」對我來說太久,明明可以不蒐集、或即時解耦
|
| 91 |
+
所以我幾乎不用 Ecosia,因為`隱私不容妥協,不論任何原因`_
|
| 92 |
+
* 搜尋結果不佳,畢竟是來自~~破 Bing、有 Bing~~ Bing,微軟的搜尋引擎實在...
|
| 93 |
+
|
| 94 |
+
現在也有 AI 模式,運作都是靠再生能源,但畫面渲染頗陽春
|
| 95 |
+
|
| 96 |
+
### [Mojeek](https://www.mojeek.com/)
|
| 97 |
+
這是家英國公司,**有獨立索引、也可當代理搜尋引擎**,且[隱私政策](https://www.mojeek.com/about/privacy/)非常簡短、友善
|
| 98 |
+
|
| 99 |
+
不該拿的資料,幾乎都不拿
|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
對使用者,僅定位到「國家」層級,以提供較好的搜尋結果 (Google 可是連你在哪個行政區,都會知道)
|
| 102 |
+
獲利來源是非個人化廣告,網頁無可見追蹤器,算很棒的選擇
|
| 103 |
+
你可能會擔心,[英國對隱私很不友善](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgj54eq4vejo),不怕出事嗎?
|
| 104 |
+
若 Mojeek 有落實自家隱私政策,就不必擔心
|
| 105 |
+
因為它遵守歐盟 GDPR、不記錄使用者個資,[官方說](https://blog.mojeek.com/2020/12/frequently-asked-questions-about-mojeek-business-model-surveillance-privacy.html)「就算政府來要,他們沒記錄的東西如 IP,還是給不出來」,所以別怕!
|
| 106 |
+
一般搜尋模式介面類似傳統搜尋引擎,「summary」則會有 [AI 摘要](https://blog.mojeek.com/2024/04/mojeek-search-summary.html)
|
| 107 |
+
缺點:
|
| 108 |
+
* 有個很致命的缺點:非英語系的網頁幾乎都未建索引,意思是不支援中文搜尋
|
| 109 |
+
_# 我在社群問過官方,他們說「還沒」建,但為日、韓、中文網頁建索引在計劃中_
|
| 110 |
+
* 非開源之外,大概沒缺點了
|
| 111 |
+
|
| 112 |
+
我搜尋英文內容時,也很愛用 Mojeek
|
| 113 |
+
|
| 114 |
+
|
| 115 |
+
### [Startpage](https://www.startpage.com/)
|
| 116 |
+
顧名思義,它希望代替 Google,變成瀏覽器首頁
|
| 117 |
+
此公司歷史複雜,請容我細細說來
|
| 118 |
+
起初 Starpage 是家荷蘭公司,提供保障隱私的代理伺服器,讓用戶安全連線至 Google search (沒錯,搜尋結果來自 Google)
|
| 119 |
+
因為是荷蘭公司,所以遵守歐盟隱私法規,獲利來自非個人化廣告,且提供匿名造訪網站功能 (改從他們的 IP 進入網站)
|
| 120 |
+
有 Google 等級的搜尋結果,又保障隱私,聽起來很棒吧?
|
| 121 |
+
**注意了**,Startpage 後來被**美國廣告公司** System1 收購,儘管 System1 承諾不改變 Startpage 隱私政策、維持其獨立性 (被收購還獨立?)
|
| 122 |
+
但 System1 是美國公司、主業還是廣告、Startpage 又沒開源,背後究竟怎麼做,誰知道呢?
|
| 123 |
+
|
| 124 |
+
缺點:
|
| 125 |
+
* 有可見追蹤器
|
| 126 |
+
* 屬**美國廣告公司**、架構非開源
|
| 127 |
+
* 沒獨立索引,仰仗 Google 結果
|
| 128 |
+
|
| 129 |
+
### [DuckDuckGo](https://duckduckgo.com/)
|
| 130 |
+
DuckDuckGo (直翻為**鴨鴨跑**,有點可愛 XD) 是知名隱私搜尋引擎,靠非個人化廣告賺錢 (官方宣稱),幾乎可說是最早的 Google 替代品
|
| 131 |
+
NSA 稜鏡計劃曝光後,創辦人成立 DuckDuckGo,隱私政策聲明「不追蹤個人化資訊」,誓言提供保障個資的選擇
|
| 132 |
+
搜尋結果也加入「相對隱私」的 AI 統整,AI 來自主流供應商,但由 DuckDuckGo 提供代理橋接 (類似代理伺服器)
|
| 133 |
+
_# 討厭 AI 的人可以手動關閉,或改選[無 AI 版](https://noai.duckduckgo.com/)_
|
| 134 |
+
而且 DuckDuckGo 部分組件開源,和開發者社群整合良好
|
| 135 |
+
不過 DuckDuckGo 是**美國公司**,首頁和搜尋結果頁也有數個可見追蹤器
|
| 136 |
+
且旗下的閉源瀏覽器曾[開後門給微軟](https://cyberinsider.com/duckduckgo-browser-microsoft-tracking/)追蹤、投放個人化廣告,隱私保障不甚理想
|
| 137 |
+
鴨鴨跑還有另一個輕量化產品,[DuckDuckGo Lite](https://start.duckduckgo.com/lite),版面簡潔許多、沒可見追蹤器 (搜尋結果頁有一兩個),也沒 AI 統整
|
| 138 |
+
不論是 DuckDuckGo 還是輕量版,官方都宣稱「搜尋引擎」,不過它們其實是整合搜尋引擎 (meta search engine)
|
| 139 |
+
主要結果來自 Bing、少量來自其他引擎 (現在知道為何後門是開給微軟了吧?),並**無**獨立索引
|
| 140 |
+
烏俄戰爭爆發後,鑑於俄羅斯媒體假訊息氾濫,DuckDuckGo 不再從俄國搜尋引擎 Yandex 獲取結果,因此更依賴美國企業
|
| 141 |
+
缺點:
|
| 142 |
+
* 有追蹤器
|
| 143 |
+
* 美國公司,曾有劣跡
|
| 144 |
+
* 無獨立索引,搜尋品質不若 Google (畢竟是 Bing)
|
| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+
### 其他
|
| 147 |
+
可能有人好奇,怎沒介紹 [Qwant](https://www.qwant.com/)、[Kagi](https://kagi.com/)、[MetaGer](https://metager.org/)?
|
| 148 |
+
因為 Qwant 不支援台灣,本地 IP 無法使用
|
| 149 |
+
Kagi 和 MetaGer 是**付費**服務,此處以免費替代品為主,所以暫不考慮
|
| 150 |
+
_# Kagi 是**美國**公司,且**非**全開源_
|
| 151 |
+
_MetaGer 則是**德國**非營利機構維運、**開源**的 meta search 引擎,若想付費也是選這個_
|
| 152 |
+
|
| 153 |
+
---
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+
### 總結
|
| 156 |
+
~~總的來說~~ (這篇才不是 AI 寫的),本文提供的是「替代搜尋引擎的詳細比較」,優缺點都揭露、不偏袒特定公司 (沒人付我錢哪 XD)
|
| 157 |
+
至於選哪個,留給使用者 (對,就是你)決定
|
| 158 |
+
若有選擇障礙,可參考以下指引:
|
| 159 |
+
* 不想受制任何一方,可在最上排 Searxng、~~Mullvad Leta~~、Whoogle 擇一
|
| 160 |
+
_# 對一般用戶而言,Mullvad Leta 應該比較友善,可惜已停止服務_
|
| 161 |
+
* 依任務選擇
|
| 162 |
+
_# 英語系的搜尋,可用 Mojeek_
|
| 163 |
+
* 若可接受美國公司、又想有 AI 體驗,Brave search 是個權衡替代品
|
| 164 |
+
* 覺得隱私「比 Google 好」就行、且熱愛環保的話,不妨考慮 Ecosia
|
| 165 |
+
* 如果相信 System1 不會搞爛 Startpage,就用吧 (搜尋效果好,畢竟結果來自 Google)!
|
| 166 |
+
* 是老牌鴨鴨跑粉絲、願意再次信任~~等著被背叛~~,就用 DuckDuckGo 囉!
|
| 167 |
+
|
| 168 |
+
對習慣 Google 的人:
|
| 169 |
+
DuckDuckGo、Brave、~~Mullvad Leta~~ 都支援 Google 的語法、[快捷鍵](https://duckduckgo.com/bangs)
|
| 170 |
+
* 例如 `/` 進入搜尋列
|
| 171 |
+
* Google `"侵害隱私"` 表示搜尋結果需包含「侵害隱私」
|
| 172 |
+
* `!w` 直接進入維基百科
|
| 173 |
+
* ...
|
| 174 |
+
_# 第一次聽到嗎?那至少你也學會了_
|
| 175 |
+
|
| 176 |
+
---
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
如上述內容有誤,歡迎指正
|
| 179 |
+
|
deGoogle-translator.md
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
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|
| 1 |
+
# deGoogle - 替換翻譯軟體
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
> 要你逐字翻,還不如丟 Google 翻譯
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
撇除正確性問題,Google 翻譯也存在安全、隱私[風險](https://naipnews.naipo.com/17095)
|
| 6 |
+
此服務沒出過大事,但[隱私權政策](https://policies.google.com/privacy?hl=en-US)都有載明
|
| 7 |
+
用戶內容可能被用於「個人化廣告」、「改善服務」、「開發新產品」等
|
| 8 |
+
意思是,最好別用 Google 翻譯處理機敏文件
|
| 9 |
+
|
| 10 |
+
重視隱私者,也應儘量避免
|
| 11 |
+
畢竟把一堆資料交給單一實體 (Google),是非常危險的
|
| 12 |
+
別忘了,Google 十分擅長[違法蒐集個資](https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/google-hit-with-314-million-us-verdict-cellular-data-class-action-2025-07-01/)
|
| 13 |
+
|
| 14 |
+
### 「圖」個方便
|
| 15 |
+

|
| 16 |
+
<sup>圖源:不用想,當然是我</sup>
|
| 17 |
+
<sup>FOSS 指免費開源軟體 (Free and Open Source Software)</sup>
|
| 18 |
+
<sup>privacy proxy 為保護隱私的代理服務,但仍仰賴 Google 翻譯</sup>
|
| 19 |
+
|
| 20 |
+
### 該換掉的服務
|
| 21 |
+
撤換 Google、[百度](https://www.reuters.com/technology/cybersecurity/chinas-baidu-denies-data-breach-after-executives-daughter-leaks-personal-info-2025-03-20/)翻譯,可能沒太多疑慮
|
| 22 |
+
兩者都非開源、由[隱私爭議](https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1016839)[不斷](https://www.chosun.com/english/industry-en/2024/09/23/REM66Q63QRDX3AOXEIEBVSJHLE/)的企業維運
|
| 23 |
+
但不少台灣人,可能已習慣「沉浸式翻譯 (Immersive Translate)」
|
| 24 |
+
|
| 25 |
+
什麼,那也有風險嗎!?
|
| 26 |
+
|
| 27 |
+

|
| 28 |
+
|
| 29 |
+
|
| 30 |
+
沒錯,而且跟百度是同個等級
|
| 31 |
+
|
| 32 |
+
#### 沉浸式翻譯 - 資安風險
|
| 33 |
+
* 公司背景
|
| 34 |
+
[沉浸式翻譯](https://ithelp.ithome.com.tw/m/articles/10364522) 2023 年被「[推文科技](https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20230525A02W6N00)」收購,推文科技是中國公司
|
| 35 |
+
海外市場由 Funstory.ai Limited 負責,登記在香港 (本質上是同家公司)
|
| 36 |
+
_# Funstory.ai Limited 為推文科技 2020 年[在港註冊](https://www.ltddir.com/companies/funstoryai-limited/)的「海外實體」_
|
| 37 |
+
服務條款也誠實[標示](https://immersivetranslate.com/zh-TW/docs/TERMS/),自己是**中國公司**
|
| 38 |
+
* 隱私條款
|
| 39 |
+
沉浸式翻譯自家[隱私條款](https://immersivetranslate.com/docs/PRIVACY/),寫著:
|
| 40 |
+
* 網頁翻譯時,會將內容傳送給第三方 (你選的翻譯引擎)
|
| 41 |
+
此屬合理,因為它是橋接器,把網頁內容丟給翻譯引擎,再回傳結果給你
|
| 42 |
+
有點類似翻譯外包,沉浸式翻譯當郵差
|
| 43 |
+
第三方包括、Google、微軟、Qwen (阿里巴巴)...
|
| 44 |
+
那些公司的[黑歷史](https://phys.org/news/2018-01-china-alibaba-customer.html),可說十分「[輝煌](https://www.cpomagazine.com/cyber-security/web-scraping-on-alibabas-taobao-resulted-in-data-leak-of-1-1-billion-records/)」
|
| 45 |
+
* 收集的個資 (metadata)
|
| 46 |
+
* 各功能使用頻率
|
| 47 |
+
* 裝置 ID
|
| 48 |
+
* 瀏覽器版本
|
| 49 |
+
* IP
|
| 50 |
+
* Email (若有登入)
|
| 51 |
+
* 上傳的檔案、偵錯日誌,號稱用於「改善服務」(Google 也常這麼說)
|
| 52 |
+
用個翻譯,交出如此個人化的資訊,似乎不太划算
|
| 53 |
+
* 第三方共享
|
| 54 |
+
Mathpix:翻譯 PDF 時,會將檔案傳給 Mathpix 以獲得維持排版的結果
|
| 55 |
+
**Google** Analytics、Adjust、**Meta** Pixel
|
| 56 |
+
沒錯,就是 Google 和 Meta,人家要靠廣告賺錢哪!
|
| 57 |
+
Adjust 是美國公司 AppLovin 的產品,用於分析行動裝置活動 (e.g. 廣告歸因)
|
| 58 |
+
* 權限
|
| 59 |
+
* 沉浸式翻譯瀏覽器外掛,取得的是 <all_urls>
|
| 60 |
+
意思是「能閱讀並修改你開啟的**所有**網頁內容」,電商、網銀也不例外
|
| 61 |
+
蘋果瀏覽器 Safari 還會警告用戶,該外掛「可讀取信用卡等敏感資訊」
|
| 62 |
+
想清楚再裝吧!
|
| 63 |
+
* 它的手機 app 可就更有趣了,要求一堆權限:
|
| 64 |
+
使用網路、存取檔案、定位、相機、麥克風、剪貼簿、已安裝 APP 清單
|
| 65 |
+
當然號稱是「翻譯用途」,但權限大,風險就高
|
| 66 |
+
* 出包歷史
|
| 67 |
+
別以為新公司,就沒出過事
|
| 68 |
+
* 網頁 Snapshot 分享功能,曾將翻譯成果上傳騰訊雲端,並允許搜尋引擎建索引
|
| 69 |
+
什麼意思呢?
|
| 70 |
+
一、你的內容跑進騰訊雲了,而騰訊是中國公司
|
| 71 |
+
二、搜尋引擎建索引,代表[別人能搜尋到你的翻譯內容](https://www.techbang.com/posts/124832-immersive-translation-security-flaw),[形同公開](https://stable-learn.com/en/immersive-translate-2025-security-incident/)
|
| 72 |
+
如果翻譯重要文件、網頁,用 Google 都查得到喔!
|
| 73 |
+
* 曾想限制第三方 API,強制用戶都用他們的服務
|
| 74 |
+
社群諷刺此舉是故意收割 API 金鑰,然後再說不能用
|
| 75 |
+
太過依賴單一產品,就得承擔「養 → 套 → 殺」風險
|
| 76 |
+
養:先開放給你��,免費、自由度高
|
| 77 |
+
套:用戶固著,不容易隨便棄船
|
| 78 |
+
殺:收割行為,例如收費、限縮權益、置入討厭的功能 (但能賺錢)
|
| 79 |
+
_# 順帶一提,養套殺方面 Google、Meta 和微軟可是行家_
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+
---
|
| 82 |
+
|
| 83 |
+
給開發者:
|
| 84 |
+
沉浸式翻譯搞「假開源」,從[別人的專案](https://github.com/FilipePS/Traduzir-paginas-web)建立分枝 (fork),修改成[初版](https://github.com/immersive-translate/old-immersive-translate)
|
| 85 |
+
但初版程式碼已封存,沒意外不會再更新 (截稿時末次修改在 2 年前,只改了 readme)
|
| 86 |
+
新版的呢?
|
| 87 |
+
創了個[新倉庫](https://github.com/immersive-translate/immersive-translate),裡面卻只有文件和版型,根本空殼
|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
---
|
| 90 |
+
|
| 91 |
+
更重要的是,設立在哪國就適用該國法律
|
| 92 |
+
中國有多條法令,能讓政府向企業索取資料 (詳見我[另一篇](./chinese-service-risk.md)簡介)
|
| 93 |
+
何況兩岸關係微妙,對岸政權動機充分
|
| 94 |
+
|
| 95 |
+
#### Grammarly
|
| 96 |
+

|
| 97 |
+
你可能看過這個廣告,它就是 Grammarly
|
| 98 |
+
用途是修改文法、給寫作建議
|
| 99 |
+
由三位烏克蘭人創辦,後在美國成立公司,因此算**美國企業**
|
| 100 |
+
軟體架在 AWS (亞馬遜雲端)上,資料也是
|
| 101 |
+
鑑於閉源,只能透過 Grammarly [隱私政策](https://www.grammarly.com/privacy-policy-november-2024)一探究竟:
|
| 102 |
+
身為文法檢查軟體,當然會蒐集寫作資料
|
| 103 |
+
幾乎只要是你打的內容,都會被記錄
|
| 104 |
+
因此社群有[不少人說](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30470457),Grammarly 是[鍵盤側錄器](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacy/comments/toskoq/grammarly_is_a_keylogger/) ([keylogger](https://medium.com/@Anthony-Lam/grammarly-might-be-the-most-polite-keylogger-ever-made-05027b4c54d1))
|
| 105 |
+
Email 內文、主旨、收件人、Slack 頻道名稱等項目,也會收集
|
| 106 |
+
使用者的互動內容,預設拿去練 AI 模型、改進產品 (歐盟、英國用戶除外)
|
| 107 |
+
資料「一年內」去識別化,之後最長留存「 13 個月」,實在太久
|
| 108 |
+
Cookie 和個資,會與廣告夥伴合作使用
|
| 109 |
+
_# I.e. 拿你的資料推廣告,有沒有很眼熟啊 (Google、Meta)?_
|
| 110 |
+
也因為追蹤功能,常跳出[過多](https://100mediaflow.com/article/3751)視窗、建議
|
| 111 |
+
佔據大量資源,拖慢電腦效能
|
| 112 |
+
閉源美企,隱私政策也不友善,就換掉吧!
|
| 113 |
+
|
| 114 |
+
### 替代選項
|
| 115 |
+
#### [Lingva Translate](https://lingva.ml/)
|
| 116 |
+
~~凌華翻譯~~ (沒人那樣叫),是社群發起的[開源](https://github.com/thedaviddelta/lingva-translate)、非營利專案
|
| 117 |
+
_# Lingva 自己翻成「語言翻譯」,因 Lingua 是拉丁文「語言」之意_
|
| 118 |
+
[主要開發者](https://github.com/thedaviddelta)多為[歐洲人](https://github.com/thedaviddelta/lingva-translate/graphs/contributors),重視開源和隱私
|
| 119 |
+
原理是提供中間層,代替用戶訪問 Google 翻譯、再回傳翻譯結果
|
| 120 |
+
Lingva 不蒐集機敏個資,也不將之傳給 Google
|
| 121 |
+
本質上形同 Google 翻譯,但多了隱私保障
|
| 122 |
+
_# 稱為[隱私代理伺服](./deGoogle-search-engine.md):敵國很可怕,但信使幫你跑這趟_
|
| 123 |
+
代理伺服器可自架,也有[官方](https://lingva.ml/)、[志願者](https://github.com/thedaviddelta/lingva-translate?tab=readme-ov-file#instances)的服務
|
| 124 |
+
缺點:
|
| 125 |
+
* 依賴 Google 翻譯,內文仍會被 Google 看到
|
| 126 |
+
_# 使者替你犯險,但還是得讓對方讀信,不然怎麼回覆?_
|
| 127 |
+
* 翻譯品質就是 Google 翻譯水準 ~~(啊它就 Google 翻譯,不然你想怎樣?)~~
|
| 128 |
+
|
| 129 |
+
習慣用 Google 翻譯的人,可以無痛轉換
|
| 130 |
+
至少拿點隱私回來,又不會犧牲太多體驗
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
#### [LibreTranslate](https://libretranslate.com/)
|
| 133 |
+
社群自主開發的專案,靠 [Argos Translate](https://github.com/argosopentech/argos-translate/) 引擎驅動,非營利
|
| 134 |
+
LibreTranslate 自己翻成「自由翻譯」,「Libre-」前綴是拉丁文的「自由」
|
| 135 |
+
靠機器學習模型翻譯,但用的是開源、自架的模型
|
| 136 |
+
能翻譯文字、檔案,也可[訂閱](https://portal.libretranslate.com/)獲得 API 金鑰
|
| 137 |
+
伺服器可[自架](https://github.com/LibreTranslate/LibreTranslate)、也有[官方服務](https://libretranslate.com/),要包自己的 API 服務也行
|
| 138 |
+
幾乎可說是「人人能架設的翻譯服務」
|
| 139 |
+
缺點:
|
| 140 |
+
* 尚待發掘,歡迎讀者補充
|
| 141 |
+
|
| 142 |
+
介面簡潔乾淨,也很直觀,不妨試試
|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |
+
#### [SimplyTranslate](https://simplytranslate.org/)
|
| 145 |
+
直翻「簡單翻譯」,同樣是[社群](https://codeberg.org/ManeraKai/simplytranslate)非營利專案
|
| 146 |
+
其為隱私前端,連接至 Google 翻譯 (和 Lingva 類似)
|
| 147 |
+
_# 已可改選 iCIBA、Reverso 翻譯引擎_
|
| 148 |
+
[應用程式](https://f-droid.org/packages/com.simplytranslate_mobile/)只有 Android 版,網頁版則瀏覽器都能訪問
|
| 149 |
+
缺點:
|
| 150 |
+
* 頁面設計較舊,方便性不若其他選擇
|
| 151 |
+
* App 只有 Android 版
|
| 152 |
+
* 仍依賴 Google (或其他第三方翻譯)
|
| 153 |
+
|
| 154 |
+
適合原本有裝 Google 翻譯的 Android 用戶
|
| 155 |
+
|
| 156 |
+
#### [Linguist](https://linguister.io/)
|
| 157 |
+
社群創立的[開源專案](https://github.com/translate-tools/linguist),主要作者之一是賽普勒斯人
|
| 158 |
+
Linguist 為瀏覽器外掛,提供「離線翻譯」功能
|
| 159 |
+
也支援 ChatGPT、DeepL、Yandex 等翻譯服務,但就非離線
|
| 160 |
+
_# 線上服務的缺點,就是第三方會拿到你翻譯的內容_
|
| 161 |
+
本地翻譯使用「香檸翻譯器 ([bergamot-translator](https://github.com/browsermt/bergamot-translator))」,同樣開源
|
| 162 |
+
_# 好處是資料只經過你的電腦,沒外人會看到_
|
| 163 |
+
如果是開發者,也能架個 LibreTranslate 提供 API 給 Linguist 用
|
| 164 |
+
功能很全面,可翻譯:
|
| 165 |
+
* 輸入的內容
|
| 166 |
+
* 整個網頁
|
| 167 |
+
* 反白文字
|
| 168 |
+
* Netflix 字幕
|
| 169 |
+
* 私人訊息
|
| 170 |
+
* ...
|
| 171 |
+
亦可儲存個人字典、唸出譯文
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
缺點:
|
| 174 |
+
* 若選第三方服務,仍會交出資料 (但那是用戶自己選的,嚴格來說不算缺點?)
|
| 175 |
+
* 僅支援 [Chrome](https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/linguist-web-page-transla/gbefmodhlophhakmoecijeppjblibmie)、[Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox/addon/linguist-translator/) 外掛商店,Safari 無福消受
|
| 176 |
+
|
| 177 |
+
定位像「開源版的沉浸式翻譯」,但不局限於中文 (支援 130 種語言)
|
| 178 |
+
|
| 179 |
+
#### [Harper](https://writewithharper.com/)
|
| 180 |
+
[社群開發者](https://elijahpotter.dev/)做的文法檢查工具,主打[開源](https://github.com/automattic/harper)、重隱私 (本地運作)、高效能
|
| 181 |
+
可完全離線運作,資料不離開你的電腦
|
| 182 |
+
由 Rust 編寫,執行效率極高
|
| 183 |
+
類似 Grammarly,但更快、更輕量、更保障隱私
|
| 184 |
+
本身以外掛形式推出,兼容於許多軟體
|
| 185 |
+
[Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/private-grammar-checker-harper/)、[Chrome](https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/private-grammar-checker-h/lodbfhdipoipcjmlebjbgmmgekckhpfb) 商店、[VS code](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=elijah-potter.harper) (程式開發工具)、Obsidian 都能用
|
| 186 |
+
缺點:
|
| 187 |
+
* 現為美國公司 [Automattic](https://github.com/Automattic) 所有 (專案被收購後,作者也加入該公司)
|
| 188 |
+
Automattic 創辦人之一,也建立了 [WordPress](https://wordpress.org/)、並構築周圍生態系
|
| 189 |
+
_# WordPress 是知名開源部落格工具_
|
| 190 |
+
鑑於 Harper 開源、離線運作,該公司也尚無隱私爭議,仍值得推薦
|
| 191 |
+
|
| 192 |
+
#### [LanguageTool](https://languagetool.org/)
|
| 193 |
+
直翻為「語言工具」,可協助文法、拼字檢查,和文章改寫
|
| 194 |
+
_# 類似 Grammarly 或 DeepL Write_
|
| 195 |
+
有官方網站服務,和支援各種軟體的外掛
|
| 196 |
+
例如[瀏覽器](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox/addon/languagetool/)、[Office](https://languagetool.org/insights/post/product-libreoffice/#how-to-enable-languagetool-on-libreoffice)、[Email](https://languagetool.org/thunderbird)、[iOS app](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/languagetool-grammar-checker/id1534275760),以及[桌面版](https://languagetool.org/mac-desktop)
|
| 197 |
+
免費版即享多數服務,也可付費訂閱
|
| 198 |
+
|
| 199 |
+
---
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
公司背景:
|
| 202 |
+
德國計算語言學者所創,公司設立於德國漢堡
|
| 203 |
+
因在歐盟境內,適用歐盟隱私法規
|
| 204 |
+
2023 年初被**美國**公司 Learneo 收購,法定資料主體也在同年底移替
|
| 205 |
+
Learneo 併購後,仍維持 LanguageTool 的開源性,且號稱不會拿用戶資料練 AI 模型
|
| 206 |
+
不過 Learneo 前身 Course Hero,曾出過[隱私爭議](https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/02/15/course-hero-contends-student-privacy-concerns)
|
| 207 |
+
_# 鼓勵學生上傳機敏內容,以獲得免費獎勵。但移除流程、授權條款不友善_
|
| 208 |
+
* 偵錯、記錄工具和許多第三方[合作](https://assets.coursehero.com/privacy-policies/privacy_policy_master.html),包括 FullStory、Amplitude 和**微軟** Clarity
|
| 209 |
+
可能蒐集 IP、裝置資訊、互動行為與按鍵記錄
|
| 210 |
+
雖侵入性,但至少做到透明、揭露
|
| 211 |
+
* 改寫功能與模型供應商合作,例如 OpenAI、Aleph Alpha
|
| 212 |
+
* 雲端用 Cloudflare、AWS、Google Cloud
|
| 213 |
+
|
| 214 |
+
---
|
| 215 |
+
|
| 216 |
+
缺點:
|
| 217 |
+
* 美國公司擁有
|
| 218 |
+
* 改寫功能合作企業,對隱私很不友善 (e.g. OpenAI)
|
| 219 |
+
* 速度較 Harper 慢、所需資源較多
|
| 220 |
+
[Harper](https://writewithharper.com/) 說法,速度差距 50 倍以上 (但都比 Grammarly 快)
|
| 221 |
+
* 自行架設的社群版,幾乎只有免費功能
|
| 222 |
+
畢竟他們想要你付錢哪!
|
| 223 |
+
* 網頁很繚亂
|
| 224 |
+
|
| 225 |
+
---
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
### [DeepL](https://www.deepl.com/en/translator)?
|
| 228 |
+
DeepL 前身是 Linguee 字典服務,累積許多高品質資料
|
| 229 |
+
後來訓練了人工神經網路 (AI 模型),提供優質翻譯
|
| 230 |
+
2017 年改名為 DeepL,成為專業翻譯知名品牌
|
| 231 |
+
旗下有:
|
| 232 |
+
* [DeepL Translator](https://www.deepl.com/en/translator) (翻譯)
|
| 233 |
+
類似 Google 翻譯,但品質好很多,還能[翻譯檔案](https://www.deepl.com/en/translator/files)
|
| 234 |
+
* [DeepL Write](https://www.deepl.com/en/write) (改寫工具)
|
| 235 |
+
用於檢查文法錯誤、提供修訂建議
|
| 236 |
+
亦可改善文風、措辭語氣,讓內容更道地
|
| 237 |
+
品質非常高,甚至可用於論文、商業文書撰寫
|
| 238 |
+
* [DeepL Voice](https://www.deepl.com/en/products/voice) (語音處理)
|
| 239 |
+
即時語音翻譯,或為語音產字幕
|
| 240 |
+
|
| 241 |
+
有網頁服務、瀏覽器外掛、Office 整合等
|
| 242 |
+
亦提供 API,對開發者算友善
|
| 243 |
+
雖為付費服務,但也有免費版
|
| 244 |
+
對散戶來說,免費版就很夠用
|
| 245 |
+
|
| 246 |
+
那為什麼不推薦呢?
|
| 247 |
+
|
| 248 |
+
DeepL 付費版[遵守歐盟 GDPR](https://www.deepl.com/en/pro-data-security),資料僅存於記憶體、客戶端,且不用於模型訓練
|
| 249 |
+
翻譯完成即刪除資料,不永久儲存
|
| 250 |
+
_# 通過 ISO/IEC 27001 與 SOC 2 Type II,也合規於 HIPAA (可進美國醫療場域)_
|
| 251 |
+
伺服器主要部署在歐洲、傳輸有 TLS 加密,防止第三方竊取
|
| 252 |
+
|
| 253 |
+
!!!但是!!!
|
| 254 |
+
|
| 255 |
+
免費版的互動資料,會被用於改善服務、訓練模型
|
| 256 |
+
雖匿名化蒐集,依舊不適合上傳機敏資訊
|
| 257 |
+
**那些美妙的個資保護,是付費用戶 (DeepL PRO)才有的福利**
|
| 258 |
+
_# 但對免費戶的隱私政策,仍比 Google 翻譯友善得多_
|
| 259 |
+
且 DeepL **非開源**,無法審視原始碼
|
| 260 |
+
不能檢查,如何相信他們的承諾呢?
|
| 261 |
+
|
| 262 |
+
---
|
| 263 |
+
|
| 264 |
+
### 懶人包
|
| 265 |
+
* Google 翻譯愛好者 (有這種人?):
|
| 266 |
+
* 習慣至特定網站翻譯 → [LibreTranslate](https://libretranslate.com/) / [Lingva Translate](https://lingva.ml/)
|
| 267 |
+
* 想下載手機應用程式 → [SimplyTranslate](https://simplytranslate.org/)
|
| 268 |
+
_# 只有 Android 版_
|
| 269 |
+
_# 若身為開發者,不妨自架伺服器_
|
| 270 |
+
* 開發者,有翻譯 API 需求 → [LibreTranslate](https://libretranslate.com/)
|
| 271 |
+
* 想替換「沉浸式翻譯」外掛 → [Linguist](https://linguister.io/)
|
| 272 |
+
Linguist 亦可自架翻譯服務,或完全本地運作
|
| 273 |
+
* 想替換 Grammarly 者 → [Harper](https://writewithharper.com/) / [LanguageTool](https://languagetool.org/)
|
| 274 |
+
* 開發者,會在 IDE 寫文件 → [Harper](https://writewithharper.com/)
|
| 275 |
+
* ~~盤子、傻子~~不排斥付費、閉源產品者 → [DeepL **PRO**](https://www.deepl.com/en/pro)
|
| 276 |
+
_# 沒訂閱的話,資料一樣會被拿去練 AI 唷!_
|
| 277 |
+
|
| 278 |
+
---
|
| 279 |
+
|
| 280 |
+
若「Google 翻譯」在你瀏覽器書籤裡,可以現在就換掉它
|
| 281 |
+
|