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README.md
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---
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license: gpl-3.0
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pipeline_tag: graph-ml
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tags:
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- gnn
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- sampling
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- triangulations
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- lattice-polytopes
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- calabi-yau
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- string-theory
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---
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# dualGNN
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dualGNN is an autoregressive message-passing GNN for sampling fine, regular
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triangulations (FRTs) of convex lattice polytopes. It operates on a
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generalization of the dual graph of a triangulation, with edges labeled by
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"signed circuits" -- combinatorial invariants from oriented matroid theory
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that are necessary and sufficient for exposing regularity. The model is
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independent of the number of points in the polytope, invariant under its
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orientation-preserving symmetries, and guarantees (in 2D) that every rollout
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is a fine triangulation. On unseen polygons it is the most uniform FRT
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sampler tested, with ~92k parameters, trained in ~7.5 hours on a single
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consumer GPU. Applied to string theory, it uniformly samples Calabi-Yau
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threefolds at $h^{1,1} = 86$ (consistent with uniformity at
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$h^{1,1} = 128$) -- an order of magnitude beyond previous learned methods
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with a ~1000x smaller model.
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## Files
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| file | what it is |
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|------|------------|
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| `reinforce.pt` | D=32, K=16 model after REINFORCE fine-tuning -- **the default** |
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| `D32K16.pt` | the same model before fine-tuning (SFT only), for comparison |
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## Usage
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The weights here are the same files bundled inside the
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[`dualgnn`](https://pypi.org/project/dualgnn/) pip package, so the simplest
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path needs nothing from this page:
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```python
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# pip install dualgnn
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import numpy as np
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from dualgnn import sample_frts
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pts = np.array([[x, y] for x in range(5) for y in range(5)]) # [0,4]^2
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fts = sample_frts(pts, 1000, only_regular=True, seed=0)
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```
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To load this repo's checkpoint explicitly:
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```python
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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from dualgnn.model import DualGNN
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path = hf_hub_download("natemacfadden/dualGNN", "reinforce.pt")
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net = DualGNN.from_ckpt(path)
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```
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## Links
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- **Paper:** [Sampling Triangulations and Calabi-Yau Threefolds with
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Autoregressive GNNs](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.27770) (arXiv:2605.27770)
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- **Code / training scripts:**
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[github.com/natemacfadden/dualGNN](https://github.com/natemacfadden/dualGNN)
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- **Benchmark protocol** (evaluate your own sampler against dualGNN):
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[`eval/`](https://github.com/natemacfadden/dualGNN/tree/main/eval)
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- **Archive:** [doi:10.5281/zenodo.20622920](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20622920)
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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@article{MacFadden:2605.27770,
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author = {MacFadden, Nate},
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title = {Sampling Triangulations and Calabi-{Y}au Threefolds with Autoregressive {GNN}s},
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doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2605.27770},
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url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.27770},
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}
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```
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